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THE CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE
r
HICAGO BOARD OF TRADF
" URBS RECONDITA."
HISTORY
OF
CHICAGO
FROM THE
EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. •
IN THREE VOLUMES.
VOLUME III. — FROM THE FIRE OF 1871 UNTIL 1885.
BY A. T. ANDREAS.
CHICAGO :
THE A. T. ANDREAS COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.
1886.
R. R. IM'VMl.Il v \ SONS,
PRINTERS,
THE LAKESIDE 1'RESS.
A. J. COX & CO.,
BINDERS,
144 MONROE STREET.
COPYRIGHT SECURED, 1886.
THE A. T. ANDKKAS COMPANY.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
F
V. 3
BLOMGKKN 11K1IS. s CO.,
ILBCTROTYPERS,
162 * 164 CLARK STKKI.T.
Ill (J1IKS i JOHNSON,
253 K1N/.IE STREET.
PREFACE.
\lt TE herewith present to the public the third volume of the History of Chicago. The publishers, in
the preceding volumes, acknowledged their indebtedness to the hearty cooperation of many
leading citizens and to various societies, and they take pleasure in saying that similar favors have been
extended in the preparation of the third volume. The mere enumeration of such obligations would not
do them justice, no matter how amply they might be detailed.
A glance at the index will make manifest the comprehensiveness of the work, and give some idea
of the amount of labor necessary in the preparation of this volume. It is a matter of pride to the
publishers, and it is hoped to the patrons of the work also, that all the labor has been performed by
Chicago men ; from the gathering of facts, to the printing, engraving, electrotyping and binding of the
books. It is a history of Chicago, by its people, and for its people.
At the commencement of the work, there were many who predicted a failure of the enterprise, from
a lack of public spirit in our citizens. A sufficient refutation of that statement is found in the appearance
of this volume. It is natural that a people who redeemed Chicago from a morass in 1836, and made it,
in some respects, the greatest city on the Continent in 1886, should desire to peruse a narration of the
causes that led to such a result. We trust a perusal of this work will satisfy that desire.
In reviewing the events that occurred during the epoch covered by this volume, it has been the
desire of the publishers to avoid invidious criticism or unjust discrimination. In many cases, the golden
mean was hard to preserve, not from an individual preference on the part of the writer, but from a
partisan view perceptible in the source of information. In such instances, we have always given a plain
statement of facts, leaving the reader to make his own deductions.
As historians and compilers, we leave the public to judge of the merits of our work, but we feel
that unstinted eulogium is due to the people the recital of whose magnificent achievements reads more
like a fable than a narrative of actual accomplishment.
To the people of Chicago, unsurpassed in their loyalty in war, indefatigable in their benevolence in
peace, irrepressible in their energy and enterprise in commerce and trade, these volumes are dedicated.
THE A. T. ANDREAS COMPANY.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
RF.-BUII,niNO OF CHICAGO.
, by II. W. Thomas... - 51-56
WORK COMMENCED: Additional relief contributions.. 57 — Mu-
nicipal indebtedness at close of 1871. .58— Mayor Medill's
inaugural message; Extracts from.. 58.. - 57~58
OP.STACI.KS ENCOUNTERED: Removal of the debris. .59 — Diffi-
culty of establishing titles to real-estate. .59 — Length and
si-verity of the winter. .59 — Strike of the Trades- Unions .59
— Ilig'h price of building material. .59 — Building commenced
..59 — Statistics.. 59, 60 — Fire-limits extended^. .60 — Bridges
and viaducts re-built. .60 — Streets and sidewalks destroyed
and re-laid.. 61 — Water Works re-constructed. .61 — First
business building erected. .61 — l.ake Front temporarily occu-
pied by mercantile structures. .62 5°~°2
ARCHITECTURE: Resume 1872-85. .62 — Inception of lire -proof-
ing. .63 — Church architecture- .66 — Building 67 --62-67
AKCIII ri-:< I s : Biographical mention of ..67-74
lirn.DlNd TRADES: Brick manufacturers. .75 — Building con-
tractors .77 — Marble and stone manufactures . .84 — Mason
contractors. .89 — Sewer l'ipe.-93 — Plumbers, (iasand Steam
fitters, etc. ..93 — Painters and decorators.. 97 — Wall Paper
_ .99 — Plate glass dealers. .99 _ .75-101
CORPORATE HISTORY.
CITY OFFICERS AND ALDERMEN, from 1872 to 1885, inclu-
sive... ..101-103
Cm HAI.I. : Temporary quarters.. 103 — The "Old Rookery "..
104 — City Hall and Court House. .104 ...103-106
I'OI.K E I iF.i'Ai; TMKNT : Losses in lire of 1871. .106 — Temporary
headquarters.. 107 — Strength of force, 1872 to 1884, inclusive
..107 — Statistical resume of operations, 1872 to 1884, inclu-
sive__iO7 — Location and value of buildings, etc. , in 1884..
107 — Distribution of precincts and value of property, 1871
to 1884, inclusive ._ 107 — Police Commissioners, 1871-75,
inclusive __ 108 — 'Superintendents, 1871 to 1884, inclu-
sive..108 — Inspectors, iSSo to 1884, inclusive. .108 — Police
telephone and signal system. . 108, no — Detective force.. 108
— Labor riots of iS77-.Io8 — Policemen's Benevolent Associ-
ation of Chicago. .115 — House of Correction.. 115 — Com-
mitments, 1872 to 1884, inclusive. _Ji6, 117, 118 — Receipts
and expenditures on account of House of Correction .117 —
Board of Inspectors, 1872 to 1884, inclusive _IlS — Detect-
ive agencies.. 1 19 106-120
FlRK DEPARTMENT: Losses in lire of 1871.. 120 — Officers, 1871
in i -S4, inclusive ..I2o — Companies and expenditures, 1870 to
|S^4, inclusive.. 120 — Fires, monetary losses, insurance, etc.,
1870-1884, inclusive -.120 — Noteworthy conflagrations since
1871 121 — Officers and men at close of 1884. . 121 • — Appara-
tus, value of Department property, etc., in 1884. .121 — Fire-
alarm telegraph ..123 — Firemen's Benevolent Association
..125 _ 120-126
BOARD MF Prm.ic WORKS; Register of Department, 1871 to
[884, inclusive. . 126 — Summary of work done in I884-.I26
— Assessments made during years 1871 to 1884, inclusive.. 126
— Losses in lire of I87I..I26 — Street statistics. 126 — Side-
walk statistics. .127 — Public lamps.. 127 — Gas supply.. 128
— Bridges and viaducts.. 128 — Water Department- . 132 —
Sewerage system - - 1 34 — Pumping- works -.135. 1 26-141
COMPTROLLER'S DF.PAUTMENT : Resume.. 141 — Property values,
tax totals, and bonded indebtedness during years iS7i'to 1884,
inclusive.. 142 -"-Funded debt.. 143 — Comptrollers and Coun-
cil finance committees, 1870 to 1885, inclusive. _ 143 141-143
SCHOOL l)]-:i'ARTMKNT: Resume.. 143 — Statistics. .144, 145, 146
— Board of Education ; officers during 1871 to 1885, inclusive
-- 14° — Changes in School rules.. 147— Music. .147 — Di aw-
ing..148 — German.. 148 — livening schools.. 149 — Deaf-
mutes. .149 — Chicago Institute of Education. . 150 — School
Section. .150 — Kindergartens.. 152 — Chicago Manual Train-
ing School.. 152.. 143-154
HEALTH DEPARTMENT: Department reorganized. .154 — Mor-
tality statistics for 1872 to 1884, inclusive. . 155 — Work done
by Department during years 1874 to 1884, inclusive. .156 —
Register of officers, 1871 to 1884, inclusive. . 156 — Births dur-
ing years 1872 to 1885, inclusive. . 157 — Mairiage licenses
issued during years 1831 to 1885, inclusive. . 157 — Meteorolog-
ical statistics for 1872 to 1885, inclusive.. 157 154-157
Coi NTY INSTTITTIONS : Cook County Hospital. .157 — Cook
County Infirmary. .159 — Cook County Insane Asylum. 160
— County Agency. -i 63.. 15/-IU3
LOCAL TRANSPORTATION.
OMNI m -s LINKS.. 164
STRKKT RAILWAYS: North Chicago Railway Company. . 164 —
Chicago City Railway Company. . 164 — Chicago West Division
Railway Company. .166. .164-166
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
SOUTH PARK: Organization of South Park Commission. .167 —
Work commenced in 1869. .167 — Commissioners' offices and
records destroyed in fire of 1871.. 167 — Work done. .167,
169, 170 — Bonded indebtedness. .171 — Commissioners and
officers, 1869 to 1885, inclusive .. 171 — Areas of the South
Parks and lengths and widths of their boulevards. .172 — Bond
statements.. 172 ...167-172
WEST SIDE PARKS: Organization of West Side Park (Commis-
sion..175 — General sketches of operations.. 175 — Douglas
Park. .178 — Garfield Park. .179 — Humboldt Park, i So —
Boulevards.. 180 — Cost of the system.-iSi — Areas of parks
and boulevards, and other tabulated details.. 182 — Commis-
sioners and officers, 1869 to 1885, inclusive. .182 .175-182
LINCOLN PARK: Organization of Lincoln Park Commission ..182
— Work done.. 183 — Expenditures and receipts from 1869 to
1885, inclusive ..184 — Commissioners and officers, 1869 to
1885, inclusive.. 184 182-184
RAILROAD HISTORY.
INTRODUCTORY: Railroad statistics for 1884.. 189 189-190
THE LAKE FRONT — 190-192
COMPANY SKETCHES: Illinois Central. 193 — Chicago & North-
Western.. 197 — Chicago & Alton.. 203 — Chicago, Burlington
&Quincy..2O7 — Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific. 211 — Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. .214 — Lake Shore & Michigan
Southern__2i6 — Michigan Central.. 219 — Baltimore & Ohio
-.222 — New York, Chicago & St. Louis._223 — -Chicago &
Grand Trunk.. 223 — Chicago & Eastern Illinois. .224 —
Louisville, New Albany & Chicago. .226 — Chicago &: Atlantic
..227 — Chicago & Western Indiana.. 228 — Belt Railway..
228 ..193-229
MISCELLANEOUS : Pullman's Palace Car Company.. 229 — Chicago
and ( >hio River Pool. .232 — Chicago F'reight Bureau.. 233 —
Ticket Brokers.. 233 189-234
BENCH AND BAR.
UNITED STATES COURTS : Schedule of judges, district attorneys,
and marshals. .234 — 234-237
STIT.RIOR COURT OF COOK COUNTY: Schedule of judges_.237
— Schedule of clerks.,238 237-238
CIRCUIT COURT: Schedule of judges.. 238 — Schedule of clerks
..239 238-239
COUNTY COURT: Schedule of judges, clerks and sheriffs..
239 - - 239-2-40
CRIMINAL COURT: Schedule of State's attorneys and clerks..
240 240-242
APPELLATE COURT: Organized in 1874. .245 — Judges and clerks
--245 -245-246
PROBATE COURT: Organized in 1877. .246 — Judges and clerks
-.246 — Its constitutionality questioned and established. _
246 246-247
REHABILITATION OF THE COURTS: Number of lawyers in the
city during years 1871 to 1885, inclusive. .242 — Cases com-
menced in the several courts during years 1872 to 1885, inclu-
sive.. 242 242-243
CRIMINAL COURT CASES : Table of, with results, during years
1872 to 1885, inclusive.. 243 — Death sentences, 1871 to 1885,
inclusive. .243 — Change of jurisdiction. .243 .243-245
JUSTICES OF THE PEACE 247-248
PROMINENT CASES: The Burned-Record Laws.. 248 — The Raf-
ferty Murder Case. .250 — The Great Contempt Case.,252 —
The Hanford Murder Case. .253 — Sherry and Connelly.. 254
— The Murder of Albert Race. .255 — The Law's Delays and
Contingencies.. 257 — The Rights of Married Women.. 258 —
Board of Trade Contracts. .259 — The Location of the Board
of Trade Building. .260 — Membership in the Hoard of Trade
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
not Property.. 262 .. The City vs. Kx-Treasurcr Gage et ;il.
— 262 — Sleeping Car ( 'oinp.mii -s not liable :is Innkeeper-; or
Carriers. .264 — Liability of the City for Accidents from De-
fective Sidewalks or Streets.. 265 — Liability of Street-Car
Companies for Accident- L'O/> — Kerr vs. The Smith I'.irk
Commissioners.. 267 — Liability of Express Companies. .268
— Conflict of Jurisdiction: The Tire Meier Case..268 —
" Mark Twain " in Court. -270 — The " Fund \V." < 'asc 271
— Liability and Duty of Telegraph Companies. .272 — Con-
tracts made on Sunday. .274 — The Douglas Monument- .275
— Masses for the Soul. 276 — The Wilson I lomicide. .277 —
The Flection Conspiracy Case of 1884. .278 — Trial of Mackin
for rerjury.-28o — Assessments against Eleemosynary Institu-
tions. 282- Sexton vs. The City.-2S2 — Validity of a Gam-
ing Statute.. 284 — Power of the Legislature to Lxempt Prop-
erty from Taxntion__384 — Disbarment of an Attorney. .285
— The Circuit and Superior Courts the Same. .286 — The
Constitutional Power to License.-287 — Power of the City to
licence Packing- 1 louses.. 288 248-288
LAW AND ORDER: The Citizens' Law ami Order League. .288 —
Officers of the National Law and Order League.. 289 — Offi-
cers of the Chicago Citizens' League. .290 — Table of cases
prosecuted and statement of arrests made since organization
of Chicago ( 'iti/ens' 1 ,eague._29O 288-290
ILLINOIS STATE M\K ASSOCIATION--... 290
AMI KITAN HAR ASSOCIATION 291
HARBOR AND MARINE.
II \RIIIIR : Appropriations and expenditures up to and inclusive of
July 5, 1884.. 291 — Engineer officers and light-house keepers
Ml ice 1.871 _ .291 29!
MARINE: Resume from 1871. .291 — Statistics. . 292 291-295
THE HOARD OF TRADE.
1872: Re-building and opening of Chamber of Commerce.-295
— Financial statement .. 296 — Corners.. 296 — Changes in
rules.. 296 295-298
1873: Officers. _ 298 — Financial statement- . 299 — Membership. .
299 — Financial panic.. 299 — National Board__2g9 — Stock-
Vards..29<) — Short weight.. 299 — New rules. .299 298-302
iS~.f: Membership and officers.. 302 — Financial statement ..302
— Trade review. .302 — Produce Exchange organized. .302 —
Transportation.. 302 302-304
1875: Membership and officers. .304 — Financial statement. .304
— Trade review . _ 304 3°4— 3°5
1876: Membership _ . 305 — Financial statement ._ 305 — Trade
review. .305 — Court decisions. . 305 305-306
1877: Membership .. 306 — Financial statement .. 307 — Trade
review .. 307 — Transportation. .307 307-308
iSfS: Membership ._ 308 — Financial statement .. 308 — Trade
review.. 308 — Transportation .309 308-310
1879: Officers and membership. .310 — Financial statement. .310
— Trade review.. 310 — Inspection.. 310 310-311
1880: Membership -.311 — Financial statement .. 311 — Trade
review. . 311 — Ocean-carrying trade. .312 — Transportation . .
312 — More room required, and new quarters determined on. _
312 — Commissions scheduled. .312 ..311-313
iSSi: Membership.. 313 — Financial statement.. 313 — Hoard of
Keal-Fstate Managers created. .313 — Trade review. .313 —
Transportation.. 313 313-314
/A'.S'_>.- Membership . . 314 — Financial statement .. 314 — Trade
review .. 314 — Manufactures .. 314 — Export trade .. 314 —
Transportation. .314 ._ 3I4~3'5
iSSj: Membership .315 — Financial statement_.3i5 — Clearing-
house..315 — General trade. .315 — Prohibition of American
Pork .. 316 — Transportation _. 316 3 15-31 6
1884: ( Miicers and membership.. 316 — Financial statement-. 316
— C'.all Hoard. .3 1 7 — General trade.. 3 17 — Spring wheat, prices
of, from 1872 to 1885, inclusive.. 317 — Transportation 317
— The Receivers' Association -.317. 316-318
Officers and membership. .318 — Financial statement. .318
- Trade review. .318-- Hog-packing and provisions .318 —
An era of low prices.. 318 — Average prices of leading articles
in the Chicago market from 187310 1885, inclusive. .319 —
Import a in act ion. .3 19 — New Hoard of Trade Huildingand its
dedication..3I9 _. 318-3 19
( Miicers.. 3 19 .. The outlook. .319. --3'9
OLLICLRS : 1872 to lSS(>, inclusive- _. 320
DIRECTORS AND COMMITTEES: 1872 to 1876, inclusive 320
Oi'i.N HOARD OK TRADE: Organization, objects, location, etc. .320
— Membership .. 321 — Financial statement- .321 — Officers,
directors, and committees, 1880 to 1885.. 321 320-321
RECI I ITS, Smi'Mi NTS, ETC., of seeds, salt, wheat, corn, oats, rye,
and barley, during years 1872 to 1885, inclusive .321-322
Mil. MM; AND I-'IOCR lirsiNi.ss: Introductory.. 322 — Receipts
and shipment of barrels of flour, during years 1858 to 1871,
inclusive.. 323 — Same, during years 1872 to 1885, inclusive..
324 — Manufacture of barrels of Hour during the years 1858 to
1885, inclusive.. 325 322-325
HAKKKS : Sketchesof prominent linns and establishments .325-330
GIJMN \\Ai;iiioisiNii: Introductory .330 — Schedule of h
tors-in-Chief and Warehouse Registrars during years 1871 to
1885, inclusive. .331 — Chicago as a grain market.. 332 — In-
spection statistics for 187210 1884, inclusive. .332 — Receipts
and car inspection for 187210 1884, inclusive.. 333 — Elevators
and their capacity. .333 33O-333
UNION STOCK YARDS: Description of._334 — Tables of live-
stock receipts and shipments during years 1866 to 1885, inclu-
sive. .335 — Statement of cattle packed, and prices, 1872 to
1885, inclusive. .335 — Value of stock yarded during (real
i860 to 1885, inclusive. .336 — Beef and pork product during
years 1872101885, inclusive. . 336 334-33"
ICE : Sketches of dealers in, and their establishments 337-338
YY \KL'Hi>rsiNC, : Descriptions of leading warehouses . 338-339
COGNATE INDUSTRIES: Hides and leather. .339 — Furs. .341 —
Wool 342 — Hroom corn.. 345 — llutter and cheese. .346 —
Art i licial butter. . 347 — Groceries, etc. _ _ 347 — Auctioneers. _
352 - 339-353
HOTEL HISTORY.
INTRODUCTORY. --35.3
SKETCHES OF LEADING HOTELS : Sherman House. .353 — Grand
Pacific. _354 — Palmer llouse.-354 — Tremont House. .355 —
Hotel Richelieu. -35 5 — Clifton I louse.. 357 — Matteson House
..357 — Hriggs House. .357 — Commercial Hotel.. 357 — Le-
land Hotel. 357 — Kuhn's European Hotel. .358 — \Yind-or
IIoteL-358 — Hurkc's European IIotel__358 — ]!n
I louse. .359 — Iteming European Hotel. 359 — Atlantic I lot el
--359 — Revere House. .359 — City Hotel. . 360 — Anna House
-.360 — Continental Hotel ..360 — Globe European Hotel
360 — Clarendon I louse. .360 — St. Charles IIotel_-36i —
Ma— asoit House. .361 353~3"2
Rl.Sl Al K \NTS - -.362-363
LlVERY l.USINESS 363-364
THE LUMBER TRADE.
INTRODUCTORY 365
ASSOCIATIONS: Lumberman's Exchange 365 — Lumber Manu-
facturers' Association ..366 — Chicago as a lumber market..
366 — New lumber district--3GS — Statistics .369. .365-386
THE COAL TRADE.
RESUME. .386 — Receipts and shipments of coal during years
1871 to 1885, inclusive.. 387 — Leading agencies and dealers
3«7 - 386-389
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
IN TRllDl ('TORY - 390
Cl.uiis : The Chicago.. 390 — The Calumet.. 392 — Old Settlers. _
394 — The Iroquois .401 — The Commercial. .404 — The Illi-
nois.-4O5 — The Union League. . 406 — The Union }<>- —
The Standard (on — The Sons of Vermont. .409 — The Sons
of Maine--4<>9 — ' 'le Irish-American. .410 390-410
CHICACO 1 1 ISTC IRICAL Si ICIKTY 410-414
CHICAGO PUBLIC LIBRARY 414-416
UNION < vmoi.ic LIIIRARY ASSOCIATION ..416
CHICAGO ATHEW.UM 416-417
VOUNC. MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION — 417-419
ART: Introductory. .419 — Vincennes Gallery of Fine Arts (19
— Academy of Design .420 — Art Institute.. 421 — Exposi-
tion Art Hall. .421 — Illinois Art .\ssociation.-423' — Calumet
Club. .423 — Hemis Gallery.. 423 — Society of Decorative Art
t24 — Photography and Art materials. .425 — Mouldings
and picture-frames-. 425 419-428
Sill NIK: Chicago Astronomical Society. .428 — Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences. .429 — Stale Microscopical Society 131 —
\Ycstern Society of Engineers. .431 — Smoke-consuming appa-
ratus.. 432 428-432
BANKING HISTORY.
RESUME OK HISTORY, 1869 TO 1871, INCLUSIVE : Exhibit of busi-
ness during years 1869, 1870, and until October, 1871. .433 —
Hanks burned out during the great fire.. 433 — Operations
immediately following.. 433 — Limited payments made to de-
positors. .433 — Resumption of business.. 434. 433~435
OK.NK.UAI. HISTORY, 1872-1" 1885, iNCUsni. : Condensed exhibit
of Chicago banks in 1872.. 435 — Effect of Panic of 1873. .435
— Hank failures in 1873 101877, inclusive. .435 — Failure of
the " Hee Hive" (Merchants'. Fanners' and Mechanics' Hank)
..435 — Of the German Savings Bank.. 435 (foot note)
— Of the State Savings Institution. .436 — Of the " Fidelity"
..436 — "Savings Hank crash" in 1877. .436 — Clearing-house
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
vn
returns, 1880 to 1885, inclusive.. 437 — Tabular summary of
the condition and business of the Chicago National Banks on
October I, 1885. .438 — Chicago Clearing-House Association
-.438 - - 435-438
BANKS BANKING INSTITUTIONS, AND BANKERS: Union National
]iank-_43S — Continental National Bank. .439 — Merchants'
Loan and Trust Company.. 439 — Northwestern National
Hank.. 440 — National Bank of Illinois.. 441 — Illinois Trust
and Savings Bank. .441 — Corn Exchange Bank.-44i — Bank
officers.. 442 438-443
AMICRIC\\ I !.\N KICKS' ASSOCIATION... _ 443
BANKING lIlHSES 443-445
REAL-ESTATE INTERESTS.
SI-MMARY OK OPERATIONS SINCE THE FIRE OF 1871 : Eastern
investments in 1871-73. .446 — Effect of the Panic of 1873..
446 — Fire-debt mortgages generally satisfied by 1880. .446 —
Character of building improvements. .446 — Department of
Building records referred to. .447 — Real-estate sales, October
9, 1871, to December 31, 1885.. 447 — Building statistics for
years 187310 1885, inclusive. .447 — Changes in business and
residence districts. .448 — The new wholesale district. .448 —
Values of real-estate in the South, West, and North Divis-
ions__44S — Real and Personal Property valuations in years
1871 to 1885, inclusive. .448 — Phenomenal enhancement in
tract values. .448 — Amount of real-estate transfers during
years 1874 to 1885, inclusive. .448 446-448
REAL-ESTATE BOARD: Organization of.-448 — Members and
officers in 1886. .449 — Annual banquet. .449 448-449
PROMINENT REAL-ESTATE DEALERS: Sketches 0^.172-175;
184-187. 449-457
THE ABSTRACT BUSINESS: History of since 1871.. 458 — Promi-
nent firms; sketches of. .459-461. 458-461
INSURANCE INTERESTS.
PREFATORY : Chicago buildings before and after the fire of 1871
..461 — Chicago Board of Underwriters reorganised; officers
and members in 1872. .461 — Underwriters' Exchange organ-
ised; members in 1880 461 — Fire of July 14, 1874. .461 —
Chicago Fire Department reorganized. .462 (61-462
FIRE PATROL : Organised on October 2, 1871. .462 — Fire Patrol
No. i — (62 — Summary statement of its services._463 — De-
scription of its headquarters, No. 176 Monroe Street .463 —
Fire Patrol \o. 2._462 — Summary statement of its services. .
463 — Stock- Yards Fire Patrol, its duties, etc. .463 (62-464
REPORTS i )F FIRES, ETC.: Summary of special hazards in 1873. _
464 — Building inspections during years 1874, 1879, 1881, and
1884. .464 — Total fire-losses during 1879 to 1884, inclusive..
465 — Table of fires, losses, insurance, etc., from year 1863-64
to, and inclusive of, 1885 (exclusive of the great fire of 1871)..
465 — Serious fires in 1884-85.. 465 464-466
CIIICAC.O INSURANCE UNDERWRITERS' EXCHANGE : Organized
on January 27, 1880. .466 — Officers 1 880-84.. 466 — Consoli-
dated with Fire Underwriters' Association. .466 (66
CHICAGO FIRE UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION: A consolidation
of Board of Underwriters and Underwriters' Exchange.. 466
— Officers in 1885. -466... 466
CHICAGO BOARD OF UNDERWRITERS : Officers 1872-86 466
INM-RANCK COMPANIES AND AGENTS : Sketches of 466-470
THE IRON TRADE.
CiENERAi. REVIEW : Chicago's rank (third in 1880) as an iron
manufacturing centre. .471 — Tables relating to the manufac-
ture of iron and steel throughout the United States, as shown
by Census Reports of 1870 and 1880. .471 — Effect of Panic of
'873--47' — Reviews of years 187410 1885, inclusive. .471-77
— Tabular exhibits as to Chicago iron manufactories during
years 1874 to 1885, inclusive.. 472-477 — Pig iron product in
tliis country during 1872-1875 . .472 — Shipments of Lake Supe-
rior iron ore a"nd pig iron in 1874 and i875-_472 — Pig iron
sales in 1877 to 1885, inclusive.. 473-77 — Railroad building
(by miles) during years 1872 to 1879, inclusive.. 474 — Iron ore
(in tons) mined in the United States during year ending May
31, 1880. .475 — Output of Lake Superior mines in i88i.-475
— Schedule of gain-percentages in the iron industry during
1880 as compared with 1870. .475 471-477
IRON AND STEEL ESTABLISHMENTS; SKF.TCIIES OF : Pig iron. .477
— Rail Mills. .478 — Foundries 479 — Pattern-makers.. 482
- Stoves. . 483 — Boiler-works. .485 — Machinery. .487 —
Steam-fitting, etc. ..492 — Galvanized iron and cornices. .494
— Safes and vaults. .497 — Iron work. .498.. 477-500
BRASS AND COPPER WORKS.. __ 500-502
VARIOUS MANUFACTURES ..502-503
LEAD PIPE --.503
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS: Exhibit of Chicago manufactories
during years 1860, 1870, and iSSo__5O3 — Like exhibit for
years 1881 to 1885, inclusive -.503 — Agricultural-implement
dealers during years 1871 to 1885, inclusive 503 5°3-5°4
HARDWARE : State of this trade during years 1872 to 1885, inclu-
sive.. 504 — Carriage hard ware -.505 5°4-5°7
MEDICAL HISTORY.
INTRODUCTORY - -- 5°7
ALLOPATHIC COLLEGES; SKETCHES OF: Rush MedicaL.so? —
Chicago Medical. .512 — College of Physicians and Surgeons
..514 — Woman's Medical. .518.- 507-519
HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGES : Hahnemann Medical. . 531 — Chicago
Homeopathic.. 534 531-533: 534~535
ECLECTIC COLLEGE : Bennett Medical 539
HOSPITALS : Chicago Hospital for Women and Children.-Sig —
Woman's Hospital of Chicago.. 520 — St. Luke's Free Hospi-
tal. .521 — Presbyterian Hospital. .522 — Augustana Hospital
and Deaconness Institute.. 523 — German Hospital- .523 —
Michael Reese Hospital .. 524 — Mercy Hospital- .524 — Alex-
ian Brothers' Hospital_-524 — St. Joseph's Hospital. .525 —
Chicago Floating HospitaL-525 — Illinois Charitable Eye and
Ear Infirmary. .526 — Maurice Porter Memorial Hospital for
Children.. 527 ..519-527
Hahnemann- .533 — Central Homeopathic Hospital and Free Dis-
pensary--535 533; 535-53"
Bennett Hospital 539
MEDICAL SOCIETIES: Chicago Medical Society (Allopathic)..
527-528 — Chicago Academy of Homeopathic Physicians and
Surgeons.. 538 — Woman's Homeopathic Medical Society. .
538 — Chicago Eclectic Medical Society.-54i 527-541
Fl.ECTRIC --- -- 542
DENTISTS: Chicago College of Dental Surgery.. 542 — North-
western College of Dental Surgery. .543 — Chicago Dental
Society--543 — Odontological Society of Chicago. .544 — Ec-
lectic Dentistry.. 545 -542-546
DRUGGISTS: Wholesale. .546 — Exhibit of drug and chemical
laboratories for years 1870 and IS8O.-546 — Chicago College
of Pharmacy. 547 - 54&~553
MEDICAL SUPPLIES .553
ARTIFICIAL LIMUS --553
DRUGGISTS' SCALES 553
MEDICAL WORKS _ __ 554
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
PREFATORY : New Custom House and Post-office Building crit-
icised - — 5 54
THE POST-OFFICE : Since 1871 has ranked second as to volume of
business. . 554 — Locations of general post-office subsequent to
the fire of 1871.. 554 — Business transacted in 1871 554 —
Same in 1872.. 555 — First stations established 555 — Post-
master McArthur and his troubles.. 555 — Exhibit of business
in 1874. .555 — Additional stations established ..556 — -Postal
receipts from July I, 1876, to June 30, 1884, and for the eleven
months ending May 31, 1885. .556 — Money-order receipts
from July I, 1877, to June 30, 1884, and to May 31, 1885..
556— "Postmasters from 1871 to date (1886) .556 — Statistics
..556-57 — Railway Mail Service.. 559 554~56o
THE CUSTOM HOUSE: History since 1871. .560 — Collectors..
560 — Business statistics. .561 — Schedule of vessels owned in
the District of Chicago on December 31, I885--562 — List of
Collectors, with dates of commission and terms of service,
since September i, 1875. .562 560-564
INTERNAL REVENUE DEPARTMENT : Whisky frauds of 1875
.-564 — • List of Collectors since 1872.. 565 — Collections from
July i, 1871, to June 30, 1885 .565 — Grand total of collec-
tions since establishment of this collection district in 1862..
565 564-5f>6
CHICAGO PENSION AGENCY: History since 1871.. 566 — Dis-
bursements from July I, 1870, to June 30, 1885. .567 .566-567
UNITED STATES SUH-TREASURV : History since its establishment
in March, 1874.. 567 — Regulations governing its operations
..567 — Receipts and disbursements from 1874 to June 30.
1885.. 568 _ 567-568
FEDEKAI. JUDICIARY : Locations of the Courts, etc., since the lire
of 1871. .568 — Brief mention of Judges and other officials. .
568 .568-569
SPECIAL AGENTS OF THE TREASURY .... 569-570
UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL : Continuation of its history
from second volume of this work. .570 — Surgeons-in-charge..
570 — Local dispensing office. .570 — 570
LIFE-SAVING SERVICE: Station established in i876.-57o —
Descriptions of station, apparatus, etc 570 — Illustrations of
duty and service._57O _ --57°
DISTILLING AND BREWING INTERESTS.
DISTILLERIES: Resume and statistics.. 571 — Selling prices of
highwines during year 1871 to 1885, inclusive.-57i — Receipts
TAI'.I.K 01' CONTENTS.
St. Peter's.. 768 — St. Mary's. .768 — St. John's. .769— St.
Paul's. .769 — Immaculate Conception. .7(19 — St. Michael's. .
769 — St. Joseph's 770 — St. Plus's .770 — Holy Family..
770 — Xotre Dame de Chicago -77? — St. Procopins'. .773 —
St. Elizabeth's.. 773 — St. Malachy's ..773 — St. Adelhert's. _
775 - 7"4-775
Institutions; St. Patrick's Commercial Academy. .767 — St. Igna-
tius' College. .771 — Holy Family parochial schools. .772 —
Convent cif St. . Uoysius .772 — Convent of the Congregation
de Notre Dame.. 773 — St. Joseph's Home.. 774 — Academy
of the Sacred Heart-. 774 — St. Patrick's Academy- .774 — St.
Francis Xavier's Academy for Females. .778 — Convent of the
Immaculate Conception.. 778 — Convent of the Benedictine
Sisters_-77$ — Servile Sisters' Industrial Home. .779 — House
of the Good Shepherd 779 — House of Providence- -779
7«7-768; 772-774; 778-779
Tm. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH: Death of Kt. Rev. Henry
John \\hilehonsc_-779 — Rev. William Edward McLaren
chosen bishop. .779 — Illinois divided into three dioceses. .779
Cliurc/ics; .S'/v/c/v.f of: Cathedral of SS. Peter and PauL-78o —
Trinity -."S I — St. James's.. 781 — Calvary. .782 — St. Mark's
-.782 — Grace. .783 — St. Clement's. .783 — St. Andrew's..
783 — Ascension.. 783 — The ritualistic difficulty.. 784 — Epi-
phany..785 — St. Ansgarius'_.7S5 — Other P. E. parishes..
786 780-786
Institutions: Western Theological Seminary .. 786 — Wheeler
School for Boys.. 786 ...786
THK RKKORMKD EPISCOPAL Carnal : Organized in December,
1873.. 786 — Polity.. 786 786-787
Clnirchcs: Sketches of: Christ.. 787 — St. Paul's. .787 — Other
R. E. Churches- -788 -.787-789
THE MKTIIHIIIST EPISCOPAL Cnrucn — Churches, Sketches of:
First. .789 — Trinity 789 — Marie Chapel. .789 — Grace..
789 — Centenary ..790 — Grant-place.. 790 — Park-avenue..
791 — Wabash-a venue.. 791 — Michigan-avenue- -792 — Wes-
tern-avenue _ . 792 — Langley-avenue . . 792 — Fulton-street. .
792 — Lincoln-street.. 793 — Other M. F>. Churches. .793 —
Portland-avenue German- -793 — Other German M. E. Church-
es..794 — Swedish M. E. Churches. .794 — Norwegian M. E.
Chnrches__7g4 7^9-794
DH. THOMAS'S ARRAICXMKXT -794-795
THK PKKSHYTKKIAN Ciirnrn — C/iurc/ies: Sketches of: First. .795
— Second . . 796 — Third . _ 797 — F'ourth _ _ 798 — Jefferson-
Park. .798 — Sixth.. 799 — Eighth __8<x) — First Scotch. .800
— Holland __8oi — Other Presbyterian Churches- _Soi.. 795-801
Institutions: Presbyterian Theological Seminary 801-802
THK TRIAL OF Ri.\ . DAVID SXVINC; 802-805
I KITED l'KKsl:YTKKI AN M F.Mi iRI Al. < 'lU'RCII 805
TIIK CIIM:RKC;ATK>XAI. Cm urn — Churches; Sketches of: First..
805 — New England Church. .806 — Plymouth- -807 — Union
Park_-8oS — Tabernacle. .808 -- Other Congregational
Churches. .809 805—809
Iiistitu/iniis: Chicago Theological Seminary 809-811
TIIK IiAPTLsT ClirRrll — C/iui-c/ies; Sketches of: First. .811 —
Second- -812 — Fourth. .812 — ImmanueL _8i2 — Centennial
..814 — \Vestern-avenue__Si4 — Central. .815 — Other Baptist
Churches.. 815 .. .811-815
Institutions: The University of Chicago 815-818
Can IGO SOCIETY OF THK NEW IKKISAI.KM ._ SiS
CIIKIS! i \x CnrkriiF.s 818
EvAXi;r.i.K'Ai. CurRaiKs: First German EmanucI Church of the
Evangelical Association. .818 — Second Church of the Evan-
gelical Asssociation.. 819 — Salem Church of the Evangelical
Association- -819 — Evangelical Lutheran FjtnanueL.Sig — St.
Stephen's German Evangelical 1 .utheran. .820 — St. Matthew's
German Evangelical Lutheran. .820 — Swedish Evangelical
Lutheran Salem.. 821 — German United Evangelical St. Peter's
-.822 — German United Evangelical /ion. .823 — Third Ger-
man United Evangelical Salem. .823 — The Chicago-avenue
Church. .823 . .818-823
TIIK I'MTARIAX Cm KC H — Churches: .Sketihcsof: Church of the
M essiah _ _ 824 — Unity Church ..825 _ 824-825
TIIK UXIVKRSAI.IST CHURCH— Churches; Sketches of: First. -826
— Second UnivcrsaliM Society- -826 826-827
CKNTU \i. Cm urn OF CHICAGO. _ .827
TIIK I'KiU'i.K.'s Ciirncii 827-829
CHICAGO i'.n:i.i s<>< IKTY. ..829
Tin. UKTHKI... 829-830
TIIK JKAVISH CONGREGATIONS: Kehilath anshe Maraab, or Con-
gregation of the Men of the West -.830 — The Sinai Congre-
gation..830 — The North Side Congregation. .83I...83O-S3I
'1 in: SIM RITUALISTS 831-833
POLITICAL HISTORY.
RKSIMI'. (IF GEXF.RAI. l'"i ITIC8 : F'rom the Free-Soil movement of
1848 to the present lime.. 833 — The Anti-Slavery movement
..833 — Zebina Eastman's "Western Citizen" established in
1842; name changed to "The Free West " in 1853.. 834 —
The Liberty Party and its growing strength .834 — Anti-
Nebraska Parly -^34 — National Republican Party Organized
..834 — General Politics. .834 — Went worth's reminiscences of
lion. Thomas II. Uenton. 834 — First National Convention
(Republican) held at Chicago in l86o_.84I — Democratic Na-
tional Convention of 1864 held here.-844 — Republican Na-
tional Convention of 1868. .845 833-835; 841; 844; 845
KF.SIMK <>K LOCAL AND STATF. POLITICS (1847-71). Conventions
of 1848, and their nominees- -836 — Election of March 7, 1848,
and the results- -836 — Municipal legislation against gambling
(1848). .836 — City Council criticises the Fugitive Slave Act,
reconsiders the adoption of the condemnatory resolutions, and
then lays on the table a motion to expunge said resolutions
from the record. .837 — Presidential and Congressional vote in
the Fourth District in 1848. .837 — Cook County on Congrc-s-
ional, Legislative and County tickets in 1848. .837 — Fourth
District, under the re-apportionnment of 1850, becomes the
Second District- .837 — List of Cook County delegates to
Democratic Congressional Convention of I852..837 — Plat-
form adopted ..837-38 — Election returns..838 — Hon. John
Wentworth as a colonel, and his " inaugural address "_ -838-39
— His proclamation, as Mayor, in I86I..83Q — Some of the
early ami salutary official acts of Mayor Wentworth ..839-40 —
His Congressional record- .840 — Author of the bonded ware-
house system. -840 — National issues in city politics__84O —
The Mayoralty from 1848 until the commencement of the War
of the Rebellion ..840 — Chicago's peace-with-the-South com-
mittee and its interview with President Buchanan. -840 — The
Douglas-Lincoln delegates of 1858. -841, 842 — State General
Assembly (\\IId) of 1861, and its Chicago members. .841 —
Extraordinary session of April 23, 1861, and, at which Gov-
ernor Vates, in his opening message, compliments the war
spirit of Chicago. .841 — Hon. Stephen A. Douglas's patriotic
speeches. .841 — Whigs elect their first and only United States
Senator in 1855.. 842 — Union mass-meeting of August 8,
1862, and speeches of lions. Owen Lovejoy, John F'. F'arns-
worth, and Isaac N. Arnold. .842-43 — Constitutional Conven-
tion of lS6l__S43 — " Peace-at-any-price " meeting of August
27, 1884 ; and Hon. John Wentworth's review of the speech of
Clement L. Vallandigham, "the Ohio apostle of peace" — 843
— Chicago in the NXIIId General Assembly. .844 — Result of
the elections of 1864.. 844 — " Memorial of the public meeting
of the Christian men of Chicago" (proposing to liberate the
Southern slaves), and report of the Committee which presented
it to President Lincoln. .844-45 — The Mayoralty in 1862,
1863-64 to 1870-71.. 845 — Mayor Medill's administration in
1872-73.. 845 — State politics in 1868.. 846 — Campaign of
1870. .846 — Legislature called in special session to take action
with reference to the October, 1871, fire, and the relief granted
..846 — Chicagoans in the Assembly of 1871. -846 836-846
GKNKKAI. Pm.rncs FROM 1872 TO 1884: Presidential campaign of
1876- -847 — Chicagoans on the Presidential electoral tickets
of 1876. .847 — Republican National Convention of 1880, and
its important local events. -847-51 — Speeches by General
Green B. Raum, and lions. Elliott Anthony and Emery A.
Storrs. -849-50 — Nominating speeches by General John A.
Logan, and lions. Pixley, of California, Emery A. Storrs
and by Roscoe Conkling, of New York_.85i~52 — Greenback
National Convention of iSSo is held at Chicago__852 — Presi-
dential vote of Illinois in iS8o..852 — Cook County members
of the several electoral colleges.. 852 — The Greeley movement
of 1872. .858 — President Garfield ; Mayor's messages and
Council resolutions relative to assassination and death of__
867-68 — Republican National Convention convenes in Expo-
sition Building on June 3, 1884; proceedings. .871-72 — Dem-
ocratic National Convention convenes at same place, on July
8, 1884; proceedings.. 872-73 847-873
STVIT. AMI CITY PHI.ITICS FROM 1872 TO 1884: Election of
Lieutenant-Governor in 1872 and of United States Senator in
i873-_84&- — Congressional elections of 1874, in the Chicago
districts- .846 — Congressional elections in 1876, in the Chicago
districts.. 847 — Election of State ticket in 1876, and of United
Stales Senator in 1877.. 847 — Congressional elections of 1878,
in the Chicago districts. .847 — Election of United States Sen-
ator in 1879. .847 — Chicago Socialists in General Assembly of
I879--S47 — State Campaign of 1880. .847 — Aggregate vote
in the State .for President and Governor in 1880. .852 — Cook
County vote for President, Governor, and Congressmen. .852
— State Campaign of 1882. .852 — Congressional election of
1882, in the Chicago districts. .853 — Election of United States
Senator in i883_.S53 — Passage of the Harper Liquor-License
Law.. 853 — Mayor Roswell B. Mason's administration (1870-
7l)__853 — Mayor Joseph Medill's administration (1871-73),
the " tire-proof " ticket, and Sunday saloon-closing law. .853
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XI
— The " People's Party" of 1873, in city politics- -854 —
l):ivitl A. < ia^e, city treasurer, and his defalcation- -856— 860
- The " Law and Order Party" of 1873, in city politics.. 857
— City election of 1873. .857 — Mayor Colvin's term (1874-75)
__86o — -Aggregate vote in State for President and Governor
in 1872. .858 — Congressional elections in 1872, in the Chicago
districts. .858 — The "Granger" Legislature of 1873.. 858 —
General Act of Incorporation adopted by election of April 23,
1875, and city re-districted and other governmental improve-
ments made thereunder. .861 — Hoyne vs. Colvin; "the time
when Chicago had two Mayors "..861-63 — Special Mayoralty
election of July, 1876. .861-63 — Mayor Heath's administra-
tions .863-65 — City election of April 3, i877__864 — Labor
riots of July, 1877.. 864 — Mayor Harrison's administrations
..865 — City elections of April I, 1879 (p. 865); of April 6,
i8So"(p. 866); of April 5, 1881 (p. 867); of April 4, 1882 (p.
868); of April 3, 1883 (p. 869); of April I, 1884 (p. 870); of
April 3, 1885 (pp. 871-874) — Hon. Thomas Hoyne; Mayor's
message and Council resolutions on death of. .869 — Frauds
in municipal election of April 3, i883_.S7O — Mayor Harri-
son nominated for Governor in 1884. .872 — National and State
campaign of 1884.. 873 — Aggregated votes on Presidential
and State tickets of 1884.. 873 — Aggregated returns from
Chicago Congressional and Legislative districts, and for the
Cook County tickets, at same general election. .873 — The
Eighteenth Ward case. .873 — The Senatorial contest. .874 —
The city campaign of 1885. .874 — Chicago and Cook County
Senators and Representatives in the Illinois General Assemblies
of 1857 to 1885, inclusive.. 875 — Chicago and Cook County
Congressmen from 184310 1885, inclusive. .876 — Table show-
ing the registration and actual votes cast in the several city
wards at the elections of 1884, 1885, and 1886. .876 — Popula-
tion of the several city wards according to the school census
and the registration of voters by wards and nationalities in
March, 1886.. 876 846-876
SPECIAL INDEX.
Aagen, Antony
Page
291
99
526
276
712
290
91
451
676
817
875
442
866
59°
649
69
394
694
263
794
392
684
151
586
320
852
608
&43
672
490
493
866
787
498
78
672
72
875
372
490
490
826
650
490
368
Adams, M. Elma
Page
Abbott, Abigail C
Adams, Mil ward
Adams, Mrs. E. L. S
652
422
fici
Abbott, K. C _.
Abbott, Kdwin Fletcher.
Abbott, James
Adams Mrs Hannah
Abbott, Lyman
Adams, Mrs. J. McGregor 518,
Adams, Mrs J N
519, 520
Abel], Amanda-
Abercrombie, Annie ..
Adams & Price Machinery Co. -.
Adams, Joseph . Rev. 397
490, 491
677, 679
790, 792
Abercrombie, E. B
Abernethy, Alonzo _
Abrams, I saac
Adams, S. W
Acker, Frederick E.
Adams (S. W.) Manufacturing Co.
.... 494
397, 836
67 1
Ackerhoff, II
Ackerman, I )
Addy, Robert
Ackerman, William K. _ 522, 542
Adley, Henry
Aekermann, John \V.
Ackley, Benjamin F
Adler, Rev L
Rio
Acres, Standish 617
Adair, John Dunlap .. -
Adney J D
f)T7
Adam, Louisa Amelia
Adolphus, E
Adams, Abbott L 372
522, 6O6
Adams, Blackmar & Lyon «
Adsit, James M
Adams, Carrie Gwynne
A fin
Adams, Charles 394,430 535
Agard, Rev J W
Adams, C. H.
569. 6f>5
Adams, Charles 11.
Adams, C. J.
Agramonte, C. H. Montgomerie..
109, 588
Adams, Charles R.
Adams, C. W. .622,
Adams (Cyrus II.) & Co '
Adams, Eliza __
Aiken, Frank E. _.
664
Aiken, W. E._. _
Aitchison, R F
321
821
Adams, Francis 103
Alabaster Rev ]
Adams, Franklin W.
Adams, Fred T.
Albrecht C J
Adams, George
Albright J J
690
rtQQ
Adams, George A.
Albro E S 118
418, 871
277, 407
Adams, George C
Adams, George E. -.421, 649, 853 873
Aldis, Owen F 257,
Aldrich, Amaret O
Adams, Hastings & Co.
Aldrich Henry II
303, 320
Adams, Hugh
Adams, James W
626,
852, 862
Adams, John Coleman
787, 847.
Alexander, E. S
Adams, J. McGregor 120, 156, 184,
407, 608, 609,
Adams (J. W.) & Co.
Aiken, Rose
683
Adams, Lord & Co
Allen 13
Pa.ee
Allen, Charles Billings 547
Allen, Charles F. M 286
Allen, Charles L 608, 609
Allen, Edward R. 394, 603
Allen, Egbert Fillmore 262
Allen, Ellen A.. __ 725
Allen, Ethan uy
Allen, Evelyn M 260
Allen, Frank S _. 589, 617
Allen, Heman __ 631, 632, 638
Allen, J. Adams 508, 525
Allen, James L 865, 866
Allen, Luman 275
Allen & Mackey 99
Allen, Marshall B 590
Allen, Martha P. 182
Allen, Nathan __ 177 837
Allen, O. D 320
Allen, Pamelia V 5^9
Allen Paper Car-Wheel Co. 230
Allen, Rev. John W 818
Allen, William J 402
Allen, William R. __ 629
Allerton, S. W. 68, 164, 165, 290
Alles, John F. 97
Alles, John, Jr _ 173
Alles, Joseph W 97
Alles (John F.) & Bro 97
Ailing, John _ 79(1
Ailing, Rev. J. H 793
Ailing, Rev. Robert __ 794
Allison, Rev. R. P _ 815
Allison, Thomas H. . 397
Allport, W. W 431, 542
Allston, John 555
Allyn, A. W _ 590
Almini, Peter M._ 420, 624
Alsip, Frank.' 75
Alsip, William _ __ 75
Alsip, William II
Altgeld, JohnP 873
Althrop Publishing & Mailing House .. 685
Althrop, Thomas 685
Altpeter, John J 102, 852, 853, 865, 867
Alvord, G. G.__ _ 433
Amberg, A. L 866
SPECIAL INDKN.
Amberg, Franc ........ - ........ _____
Amberg, lf'r:in/. ....... ... __ .........
\mbcrg, John II .................. .
Ainberg, Theodore |. ___ ............ .
Amberg, William A". ______________ 416.
Ambrose, Rev. Joshua K ..... ______ .
Ambrose, \V. H. C ..... . ..... ____ 617,
Ambrosini, I'cter ................... .
Ambs, Lawrence - ....... _______ .....
Ament, FdwaidG. _______ '__ ... _____
American Bridge Co -------- ..........
American Machinery Co. ____ _________
American Strain Boiler^ Machine Woi I,
American Steam Engine Works ____ (87,
Amerson, William ___________ . _______
Ames, W. B.. ______________________
Amick, Pleasant _____ ____ 177, 184, 449,
Amsile.il, A. G _______________________
Andersen, Sebastian Drake. ....... ___
Anderson, Annie Sophia ..... _ .......
Anderson, A. A ..... . ......... ______
Anderson (II. 1..) Company . _ ..... ____
Anderson, Catharine A. ___ ...........
Anderson, Elizabeth ________ ...... __
Anderson, Gustavus _________________
Anderson, James _ ........... _ .......
Anderson, John ____ .. _____________
Anderson, Magnus _ ............. ____
Anderson, Nils ........ ______________
Anderson, I'eter \\' ...... ____ ...... ___
Anderson, Rev. A. ____ ....... _ ......
Anderson, Rev. Cialusha ______ 8n, 812,
Anderson, S. C _________ ......... ____
Anderson, William B.._ ............ ..
Andre, A. ___ ..... _____ .............
Andreas, A. T ........ ____ ______ _____
Andrencelti, A ....... ________________
Andrews, Alfred Hinsdale ____ ________
Andrews (A. II.KVCo ....... 735, 737,
Andrews, David ______________ .......
Andrews, Kilmund.-43o, 431, 513, 520,
524, 526,
Andrews, 1-Mwin .................. __
Andrews, K. Wyllys ..... ______ .....
Andrews, Frank ..... _______________
Andrews, II. 1 ...... _ ........ --------
Andrews, John W. ________ ......... .
Andrews, Kittie M ___ .......... _ .....
Andrews, I.ucy W. . ............. ____
Andrews Lumber Company ._ ..... ___
Andrews, Mrs. M... ......... „_ ____
Andrews, Mrs. S. M. ___________ .....
Andrews, William Ii. ________________
Angear, J. J. M ............ ---- .....
Angell, William A ____ ............ 232,
Anvils, John _______ ..... _____ 82. 104,
Angus, William ........ _____ ..... ___
Anncke, Fmil ...... . ....... . ........
Anson, Adrian!.'. __ ................ _
Anson, Luman Clark ..... . ....... 539,
Anthon, 1'hilippa Howe .... ........
Anthony, Annie C. ----- ....... ____ -
Anthony, Elliott ____ 415, 843, 846, 848,
849, 850,
Anthony, Robert ........ ___ ...... __
Appel, Henry- .................. ____
Appleton, James T. . ____ IO2, 867, 869,
Arado, G. ____________ ......... ___ ..
Arado, Mary. ....... . ...... . ........
Arata, A ---- ............. ... ........
Arata, G ________ ......... . ..........
Archibald, E. ._ ...... . .............
Archibald, Jean A. ________ ...... _.
Arianscn, II ................ ._ ......
Arley, Bridget .......................
Armitage, II. A. ___ ................
Armor, Samuel G _ _ ...... ___ ..... ___
Armour, Amelia G ...................
Armour, Dole A: Co ....... ....... .69,
Armour, George ........ 320, 421, 439,
Armour, Joseph F. __.... ________ 32O,
Armour, I'hilip I) ............ 290, 206.
Armour, Mrs. I'hilip I) _____ . _________
Armour, Rev. George A ........ --522,
Arms, Julia II .............. . ........
Armstrong, George I!. .. ..... -.795, 865,
Page
364
(117
688
619
87
553
394
130
576
618
544
(126
218
7)<i
822
694
368
70
329
450
358
423
619
294
73
794
817
584
847
614
827
615
735
871
397
528
626
524
553
735
|8o
228
480
735
522
419
304
515
393
622
82
453
673
540
103
625
862
486
91
871
615
361
615
615
584
(102
694
485
542
559
807
333
>|7
807
333
520
783
148
867
Armstrong, Mrs. George I! —
Armstrong, I'crry A —
\rmstrong, R. A .
Armstrong, Rev. J. C
Armstrong, T. R. —
Armstrong, William
Arnd, Charles. ..
Arnold, Isaac N 184, 290, 291, 397,
411, 412, 413, 685, 816, s
841. Sf>4,
Arnold, |. M
Arnold, M. I!.
. 560
526
. 354
394
. 226
. 248
Arnold, T. II.
Arnot, W. C.
Arrison, Mary
Artesian Well Ice Company.
Arthur, Chester A. 857,
Arlingstall, S. C,
Artley, J. W.
Artley, Sylvester 847, 853,
Arund-Vassy, Henrietta
Arwedson, J. S
A say, 1''.. G - --
Asay, William C.
Asch, M. J,.----
Ash, Lucy E
Ash, L. il...
868,
126,
867",
Ashburnrr, Marie I!
Ashley, Evelyn ..».
Ashley, E. M. —
Ashworth, Miss A. .
Aslund, L. E.
Aspinwall, Caroline S_ _.
Assenheim, Sarah __
Astor, W. W...
Atkins A. R
Atkins, A. R. II
Atkins, Mis. Sarah Thomas Gray.
Atkinson, J. W.
Atkinson, Rev.
-320,
619,
J.
Atwater, S. T.
Atwood, Charles . . _.
At/el, Tobias
Aubery, J. M
Auer, II. B
Augenstein, Rev. C
Austin, Henry \V._
Austin, J. F
Austin, S. II., Jr..
Austrian, Joseph
Averill, A. J.
verill, Anna M
Avers, Frederick Henry .
Avery, Charles O
Avery, I). J .
Avery, Henry Cyrus
Avery, I.ydia C
Avery, Mrs. P. A...
-"77.
Avery, Thomas Morris — 290, 365, 371,
519, 605, 608, 609,
Avery (T. M.) & Son
Axtell, Minnie M _
Axtell, Rev. N. II 791,
Avars, James -.. — ..
Aye, Fred —
Ayen, Anthon O
Ayer, Anna M
Ayer, B. F
Aver, Edward E. -.385,
Ayer, Herbert C._
Ayer 1 .umber Company
Ayer, Mrs. B. F __
Ayer, Mrs. Herbert C
Avers, B. B
Aykroyd, George M
Ay res, Enos
Ayres, Mary A. _
Azari, ( 'liovanni
Aze, E.
Babbitt, William U
Babcock, C. F. .
Babcock, D. M
Babcock, II. II... [69,
Babcock, |. II
Babcock oi I'ark
ck, S. V
(X),
430,
875
490
351
7"
590
73"
337
871
134
592
§75
(140
875
286
286
608
82
320
781
467
618
457
694
602
625
467
619
621
396
496
789
610
697
394
624
695
819
875
543
58i
408
447
249
79
37i
617
679
182
419
806
371
303
794
461
868
590
621
291
440
385
385
424
782
68 1
616
866
553
243
614
4=o
615
"33
679
547
378
378
Pago
Babcoek & Wilcox 165
Babcock, W. S _. 378
Bach, Lena... 579
Bacon, A. M 684
Bacon, Roswell B 253
Badenoch, John J ...320, 622, 625
Badger, A. C. — 373. 374
Badger, A. S. 374
Badger, Belle S 374
Badger, Ella A. - 302
Badger, II. II --373, 374
Badger, Octavius - 390
Badger, Samuel E 219
Baeslaw, F. W. 617
Baeuerlen, Frida ... 754
Uaggol (1C.) & Co 569
Baicrlc, Julia .247
Bailey, Amos - 394
Bailey, Bennett 397
Bailey, E. S '. 532. 533
Bailey, Edward W. - 306
Bailey, E. II .. - 126
Bailey, I'' ranees II 318
Bailey, Henry--- 394
Bailey, Isa M' 53&
Bailey, [. C. 617
Bailey, John C. W _ 624
Bailey, loseph M. 245, 258
Bailey, "Michael B. 101, 860
Bailey, Thomas II. - 101
Bailiss, Rev. J. II 789
Bain, Rev. ]. W 805
Bain, L. R.' . 626
Baird, Absalom _ 583
Baird, Frank Theodore ... 635
Baird, Frederick 875
Baird, Frederick Silas . 274
Baird, l.yman 449
Baird, W. W 449
Bairstow, John 672
Baker, I). W 32°
Baker, Emma - - - 647
Baker, Fannie S..--. 3IJ8
Baker, Fanny 412
Baker, F. M' P7
Baker, Franklin ---269, 397, 868
Baker, G< >i ham F y*)
Baker, G. W - 624
Baker, Henry ...1 - 868
Baker, Henry S 842
Baker, John M 552
Baker, "Mrs. J. M. 4' 9
Baker, S. F. - 419
Baker, Samuel 1 875
Baker, Sarah F. - 513
Baker, William - 78, 353
Baker, W. B. _. 384
Baker, William Taylor.. .290, 312, 404,
405,417, 421, 429, 649, 873
Balatka, Chr. 636
Balatka, Hans - - 636
Balch, Mattie 357
Baldrige, Almarinda — -- 231
Baldwin, Byron A _ 98
Baldwin, C. D.-- — - 80
Baldwin, E. B 32°
Baldwin, Eliza Jane 329
Baldwin, Emma. 520
Baldwin, G. I) - 320
Baldwin, Lewis Sherman 501
Baldwin (\.. S. ) Manufacturing Co 501
Baldwin, M. II -- 77
Baldwin, S. I) 866
Baldwin, William Anson.. 394' 54"
Baldwin, William II 4'"
Balestier, Joseph N. . 394
Ball, Farlin Huigley, 258, 590, 619, 621, 794
Ball, GeorgeC 320
Ball, J. M _ 320, 788
Ballance, C 848
Ballantyne, John F. . .669, 701, 702, 705, 706
Ballard, Addison 76, 101,102,366,
372, 374, 865, 867
Ballard, Hannah A 547
Ballard, Henry C 250
Ballard, J. Harry - 7°6
SPECIAL INDEX.
Ballaseyus, Francis Albert
Ballenberg, Jules
Ballentine, Mrs. Agnes Myer
Uallingall, P.
Baluff, Rev. Ignatius ...
I lander, Leander
Bane, Oscar F
Hank, Carl
Banks, A. Arthur
Banks, James N
lianks, Mary Clara
Banks, Mrs. S. M.
Banks, Nathaniel 1'. 90,
Banga, Henry _ __
Bangs, Dean
lianas, George S
Bangs, Isaac VV.
Bangs, John I). ... 485,
Bangs (John IX) & Co
Bangs <\; Kirklaml
Bangs, Mark 234, 565,
Bann, Charles H
Bannarcl, Henry C .
Banning, Ephraim _
Banning, Thomas A. .
Banton, J. Floyd
Baragwanath, William _.
Barben, Angelina __
Barber, Edward L. _ _
Barber, Iliram 617,
Barber, James S.
Barber, Lemuel .
Barber, Mary P
Barber, R. E. 802,
Barclay, Mary Lee __
Barclay, P. \V. ...
B.-.riatti, Elvira __
Barker, Hiram
Barker, John C 616,
Barker, S. B 393,
Barker, Susan C
Barker, William
Barker, William Abner.
Barker, W. C
Barlen, Mrs. A. H.
Barlow, Henry C
Barlow, Kate
Barnard, Gil. W 618, 622, 623, 624,
Barnard, Josiah
Barnard, M. R.
Barnard, Richard
Barnes (A. S.) & Co
Barnes, Charles J 392, 393,
Barnes, C. T 633 646
Barnes, C. W. _
Barnes, Elizabeth
Barnes, F. A
Barnes, II
Barnes, Joseph A
Barnes, Linnie L
Barnes, Luella
Barnes, Mary _ _.
Barnes, Metta B
Barnes, Mrs. Anna M. Fitch
Barnes, Roscoe C .
Barnes, Mrs. Willis A
Barnes, W. H ~__~
Harriet, Alexander
Barney, John F
Barney, William J
Barn um, Eleanor B
Barnum, William II
Barr, William V.
Barrell, James _„
Barrel!, Mrs. Elizabeth A
Barrensheim, Henry
Barrett, Charles R
Barrett, Edward P 102, 865,
Barrett, John P. _ _12o, 121, 124!
Barrett, Oliver W. .. 461, 466, 600, 620,
Barrett (O. W.) & Co.
Barrett, Rev. E. W __. "I"
Barrett, Rev. Newton
Barrett, Richard I.
Barrett, Thomas D
Barriger, John W..
Page
642
726
396
836
769
591
722
820
808
626
457
522
413
524
485
567
485
586
485
235
568
291
392
800
276
542
613
34i
255
847
"5
397
521
804
245
625
638
406
375
650
826
800
534
506
521
221
712
625
351
449
613
684
650
647
650
95
449
836
397
223
387
752
745
396
f>73
853
872
801
93
39°
264
238
847
787
538
580
417
867
125
865
461
802
804
854
240
583
Page
Barrington, P. F _ 466
Barren, Elwyn A -684, 700, 705, 706
Barrows, Mrs. John H. 290, 522, 796
Barrows, Rev. John II. __ 419
Barry, J. K 72
Barry, John S. 334
Barry, Julia D.__ 450
Barry, P. T. __ _. 875
Barry, Rev. William. - 411
Barry, Robert _ 230
Barry, Samuel Stedman.. 98, 99
Barry, Thomas 125
Barstow, G. S _ 621
Bartalott, G. P 584
Bartholomay & Burweger Brewing Co 577
Bartholomay, Lena .... 577
Bartholomay, Phillippe 577
Bartlett, A. C. 233, 290, 417, 609,
650, 796, 865
Bartlett, Buel H. _ ._ 693
Bartlett, Charles G 583
Bartlett, Charles Herbert __ 394
Bartlett, John A 173, 449, 518, 519, 520
Bartlett, Julia Sophia .. 96
Bartlett, Maro L __ 806
Bartlett-Davis, Mrs. Jessie 637, (146,
647, 670, 705
Bartlett, N. Gray 513, 547
Bartlett, Rev. W. A . .684, 807
Bartlett, Richard _ __ 115
Bartlett, Rufus II --.529
Bartlett, S. M 625
Bartling, Rev. William H. F 821
Kartoli, L 615
Bartolmy, Bartholomae 163
Barton, Charles R. _ _ 374
Barton, Jesse Billings 277
Barton & Jones . 374
Barton, Sarah 271
Barton, Viola P _ 454
Bartrain, Wheeler 115
Barzynski, Rev. Vincent 777
Bascom, A. D _ 617
Bascom, Rev. Flavel.. 394, 834
Base, Joseph 186
Bash, Daniel 875
Bash, D. N _ 875
Basilia, Sister Mary (Callaghan) .. . 775
Bass, J. \V._ 394
Bass, Perkins 610
Basse & Co. r__ 383
Basse, Ferdinand L. F _ 383
Bassett, C. W 553
Bassett, George 394
Bassett, Jared 827
Bassett, J. S 95
Bassett, N. Josephine 537
Bassett, O. P 690
Bassett, S. W 321
Bast, Amanda 69
Bastin, E. S -.431, 547
Batchelor, Ezra 394
Batchelor, Rev. George 825
Batches, James 85
Batches, John S. F 86
Bateham, William B. . ..101, 143, 156,
857, 865
Bates, Clara Doty _ 684
Bates & Co _ 365
Bates, D. H 596
Bates, Eli 365
Bates, George C. _ __ 258
Bates, John ___ 394
Bates, Marianna 282
Bates, Mary E 518
Bates, Morgan _ 684
Bates, Myra E _ 542
Batten, John H 785
Battershall, Frank II --564, 565, 590
Bauer, August 72, 861
Baugh, Rev. J. M 805
Bauland, Jacob H 719
Bauland, Joseph II 719
Batimbrucker, M. _ 866
Baumgarten, Charles 397, 836
Bauingarten, John 102, 397
Page
Baumgras, Mrs. Peter 422
Baumgras, Peter 422
Baur, Hugo Franklin.. 552
Baus, John 113
Bausher, H.,Jr 782
Bavznister, J. 871
Baxter, A. J 525, 6oS
Baxter, D. F. 320
Baxter, Lizzie 422
Baxter, Thomas M.. 321
Baxter, William 617
Bay iS: Baldwin. — _ __ 546
Bay, Edwin K __ 546
Bay, George P.. .444, 449
Beach, Elli A. _ 297
Beach, James Sterling 397
Beach, James W _ 875
Beach, Mrs. Sarah.. _. 396
Beadell, Madison 114
Beagen, John 80
Bea], F. E. L 153
Beale, Mrs. G. II 625
Beall, Eliza W 427
Beam, Stella M _ 293
Beard, John P. _ 114
Beard, O. P 673
Beardsley, Mrs. Caroline Gurnsey 396
Beasley, J. R 521
Beaubien, Jean Baptiste 190
Beaubien, Mark 397
Beaubien, Medore Benjamin 397
Beaver, James E 95
Beaver, Jennie _ 95
Beazley, John G 304, 320
Beck, C. H (19
Becker, A. G. 409, 445
Becker, Frederick Walter 260
Becker, Jacob 854
Beckett, Frances E 514
Beckwith, Amos.. ._ 583
Beckwith, Corydon 316
Beckwith, Harriet H 251
Beckwith, Mrs. Corydon 424
Beckwith, Mrs. F. II 612
Bedell, Lelia G 538
Beebe, Albert G 535, 798
Beebe, Curtis M. 535
Beebe, G. T. __ 320
Beebe, Henry T. 394
Beebe, Luther A --617, 619
Beebe, Mary _ 647
Beebe, William II 320, 798
Beecham, H. K _. 617
Beecher, A. D. ... _ 422
Beecher, Fred G. 616
Beecher, Jerome.. 83, 129, 394
Beecher, Rev. William ..802, 804
Beeh, Edward __ _ 690
Beem, Martin 109, 591
Beers, J. H 687
Beers, Rissa J 687
Beers, Samuel __ 399
Beggs, Rev. Stephen R 394
Behrens, Max 550
Behrle, Raymond 686
Beiersdorf, Jacob 736
Beidler, Aaron 369
Beidler, Francis 369
Beidler, Henry 72, 369, 498, 499
Beidler, Herbert A... _ 499
Beidler, Jacob... 72, 101, 102, 365, 366,
369, 499, 522
Beidler (J.) & Bro. Lumber Co 369
Beidler, W. H 369
Beilman, Edith _ 582
Belden, Charles W 493
Belding (George T.) & Co _ . 654
Belding, H. II ... 69
Belfield, Henry II 85, 150, 152, 153
Belliekl, William T .510, 542
Bell, Digby V 817
Bell, Lizzie 340
Bellows, George C. _ 251
Belmont, A 57
Pieman, Solon Spencer --64, 72, 152
Bemis & Curtis Malting Company 573
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
la-mis. 11. V. .--65, 355,423, 575, 676
I Semis, Joseph G. ._ 541, 542
Ik-mis \ McAvov (>-(>
Ik-mis «V Mi-Avoy Brewing Co 576, 577
Ik-mis, Mary A 468
Ik-ni-iiick, Amzi 717
Benglev, A 614
Ikuhain, John __ 418
Benjamin, Francis W 795
Henjamin, S. S 359
Bcnner, Mathias 125, 498, 860, 865
Bcnner (M.) & Co 498
Bennett, Abia 113
Bennett, A. (', 681
Bennett, E. P.. 616
Bennett, Frank M 153
Bennett, F. 0 705
Bennett] lames 680
Bennett, John Hughes 539
Bennett, John Ira 236, 569, 844
Bennett, J. L 590, 714
Bennett, John W... 182, 787
Bennett, Rev. G. \V 794
Bennett, Rev. II. W 794
Bennett, Rev. J. J 769
Hennoit, Fred 586
Bcnsinger, F 865
Bensley, George E 808
Bensley, John R.._ 302, 319, 320, 331
Benson, Herman H. 626
Ik-nson, John A. 570
Benson, Olof __ 184
Bent \ lUlvali IOO
Bent, Thomas. 672
Bent, William M. 358
Bentley, Cyrus 816, 817
Bendy, Charlotte 120
Benton, Elizabeth J 558
Benton, George C. _ 797
Benton, Thomas II 834
Benyaurd, \V. II. II. __ 291
Berael, Charles 394
Berdel, Susan 327
Berdell, Nicholas 397
Berg, Anton _ 394
Berg (Henry) A: Son 360
Berg, Joseph 394
Berg, Ole __ 426
Berger, Harry 727
'. Rev. J 794
Bergeron, Rev. Achille 769
Bergeron, Rev. A. I 773
lein, Carl 630,631, 632
Berlin, Robert C 74
Berry, Ellen 625
Berry, Harriet A 752
Berry, Henry J __ 497
Berry, Isaac 15 394
Berry, Isadora 127
Berry, John 613, 614
Berry, Joseph ._ 836
Berry, Oliver A 197
Berry, W. M.__ 172
Bert, Eddy 509
Berteau, F. G. _ 614
v, E. I) ._ 579
Besley, William -.. . 579
Besley, W. Bryant _ 579
Best, Henry 239
Best, Martin SGl, 871
Best, Mrs. William 419
Best, Russell & Co 581
Best, William _ 581
he, Charles W. 739
Betsche iV Ricke .Manufacturing Co 739
Betlenger, Elizabeth __ 362
Bettman, Boerne 515, 516, 523,526
i, Thomas 513
Beveridge, Mm I.. 249, 567, 846, 858, 875
Beverly, Mrs. |. N... 625
Bickford, C, I) 436
Bickford, C. M 584
Bickford, Richard K 365, 366
Bidwcll, Mrs. Maria 396
Piiehl, Henry 278, 279
Biehl, J. ..1 695
Page
Bielefeldt, J. S 875
Bielfeldt, F 865, 866
Bierbower, Austin 794
Bigelow, Arison A. 366, 376, 377, 393
Bigclim- Bros 368, 376
Bigelow, Catherine Seymour 478
Bigelow, Charles II 376
Bigelow, 1). F. — 420, 422
Bigelow, Ellen 249
Bigelow, Hattie 531
Bigelow, Hiram — 288
Bigelow, Liberty 166
Bigelow, William II 376, 377
Billigmann, Augusta — 445
Billings, A. M 860
Billings, Cornelius Kingsley Garrison.- 128
Billings, Frank 512,676, 677
Billings, II. C 806
Billings, II. F 622,677, 867
Billings, II. S 866
Billings, Sarah A 383
Bills, "Elizabeth 123
Bines, Robert... 290
Bingham, David 467
Bingham, S. R 800
Binz & Weiss _ 576
Birch, Susan.. 345
Birchard, Matthew 190
Bird, C. W 631
Bird, J. A. T -619, 623
Bird, Hannah I,ee 700
Birdsall, Jane Eliza.. 792
Birk, Jacob 577, 578
Birkhoff, George 449
Birotli, Henry 547, 617
Birren cS; Carroll 762
Birren, Cornelius. __ 762
Birren, Nicholas. 762
Bisbee, Lewis II 266, 521, 875
BischofT, Alexander 631, 632
Bischoff, H.Alexander.- 389
Bischoff, J. W 629
Bishop, Charles N 584
Bishop, F. A._ 584
Bishop, Hutiry W 407,408, 569
Bishop, Isabella Chinn ._ 83
Bishop, James E 394
Bishop, Julia S 185
Bishop, Mrs. Sophronia Julia Steele 396
Bishop, O. A _ _ 852
Bishop, Rev. II. N 785
Bishop, Richard 846
Bishop, R. W _- 512
Bishop, S. S._ _-_ 526
Bishop, W. I)., Jr 413
Bishop, W. W 584, 585
Bissel, Ellen S 600
Bissell, George F 796
Bissell, William H. _ 834
Bixby, Mary E. 265
Bixby, Mrs. C. II 522
Bjorgelfsen, T 694
Black, Emma 119
Black, Francis 395
Black, G. V 542
Black, John C.-3I9, 320, 402, 421, 439,
567, 650, 847, 858, 873
Black, Sarah _ 352
Black, William P. 853
Blackburn, Anna 77
Blackburn, C. O 507
Blackburn, I. like P. 576
Blackburn, Rev. William M..-799, So2, 804
Blackler, W. II.. 624
Blackmail, ('. II. 320
Blackmail, Edwin 395, 439
Blackman, Isabella 682
Blackmail, James M ... 500
Blaekman, Mrs. Edwin. 612
Blackman, O. M 630
Blackman, Orlando 150, 629
Blackstone, Mrs. T. B .. 424
Blackstone, T. B. 334, 335
Blackwell, L. 522
Blaine, James G 413, 591, 871, 873
Blair & Blair 756
Page
Blair, C. B 142, 290
Blair, C. B. ,V 1 756
Blair, C. 1 184, 310, 320, 393
Blair, E. T 418
Blair, Francis P.
Blair, Francisco 627
Blair, Frank M.. 102, 233, 827, 867
Blair, Horatio Porter 04
Blair, Lyman -334, 7^5
Blair, Mrs. Chauncy J 424
Blair, Mrs. William 411;
Blair, Watson F 393, 422, 650
Blair, William 522
Blair, William Thomas. .286, 320, 421, 649
Blaisdell, S. E 617
Blake, E. C 518
Blake, E. Nelson 290, 316, 318,
319, 320, 598, 873
Blake, John Oliver 682
Blake, L. S. 395
Blake, Mabel E 362
Blake, Rev. James 405
Blake, Rev. James V 711
Blake, S. C. 527
Blakely & Brown .._ 688
Blakely, Brown & Marsh 689
Blakely, C. F 688
Blakely, David 567
Blakemore, Joseph 426
Blanchard, William 365, 366
Bland, Rev. R. Wr 791
Blaney, J. II 547
Blaney, J. R._ 156
Blaney, J. V. Z 816
Blaney, T 836
Blaney, Thomas W. 461
Blasey, Barnhard 397
Blasheg, Agnes 312
Biasser, Gertrude 794
Blatchford E. W 79. 118, 152,291),
299, 421, 430, 518, 526, 807, 871
Blatchford, Mrs. E. W --152, 520
Blatz, Valentine _ 579
Blenu, E. 1) _ 848
Bletsch, Rev. Jacob 793, 794
Bleltncr, August 114
Blickhau, Lizzie 525
Blinn, Odelia.- .- 419
llliss, E. Raymond 406, 407, 624
Bliss, George Harrison 598, 808
Bliss, Mrs. Henry W... 419
Bliss, Samuel 827
Block, John J 868
Block, Sophia 297
Blodgett, Edward A 588, 590, 827
Blodgett, G. R. .._ _ 677
Blodgett, Henry W -234, 429, 568, .^74
Blom, John...'. ... 866
Blomgren Bros. iV Co _ 691
Blomgren, Clans G 691
Blomgren, Oscar X. __ 691
Blood, Rosa F. 414
Bloomlield, Elizabeth (jo
Bloomingston, J.S 622
Blount, Fred M" 182
Bluhm, Carl 855
Blum, Alfred 234
Blume, A 501
Blunt, A. W ._ 535
Bluthardt, Theodore J 82, 163, 864
Boardman, Rev. George Nye joy, 809
Boddic, M. M. 404
Bodeman, William 547
Bodley, Eva __ 382
Bodmer, Anna C 159
Boema, Gabriella __ 633
Boenert, Anton 294'
Boerlin, Louis 431
Bogardus, A. H 683
Bogardus, Sarah Elizabeth 326
Bogart, Robert I) 702
Boggs, C. T 816
Boggs, Mrs. C. T. 419
Bogles. Walters. 387
Bogue, George M 172, 407, 449,
522, 651, 847, 875
Sl'KCIAL IXDKX.
Pasc
Bngilr, II. B 449
Bogue, Roswell G -.518, 520, 525,
528, 606, 608
Bohanan, George W 626, 627
Bohman, G. A 523
Bohmann, Joseph 653
Bohner, George 404
Bohner (George) & Co 752
Boice, II. M 384
lioise, James R 684, 816
Kni. mil, Margaret 86
Bolinger, Lila 363
Holies, Caroline _ 257
Holies, Mrs. Sarah K 396
Holies, Nathan H.__ 836
Bolton, Rev. II. \V. 789
Bolton, William H ._ 50,0, 50,1
Homan, Rev. Carl Bernhard Leonard ..
523, 821
Bond, A. II. 672
Bond, Charles I. 449
Hond, Enos ._ _ 50,0
Hond. K. N 422
Hond. Lester L 101, 143, 619, 621,
794, 845, 846, 854, 857, 875
Hond, Thomas N 102, 143, 512, 798,
866, 868, 870
Hi mi I, William _ 395
Hond, William A. 449
Hon Field, John 617, 856
HimHeld, L F _ -1/2, 864
Bonfield, Mrs. J. F. 277
Hon field, M. W 762
Honnell, J. M._ 622
Bonnell, Mellie 625
Bounell, Sarah A. 625
I lonner, Robert . _ 57
Bouncy, Charles C 289, 290, 291, 535
B' mney, C. L. _ _ _ 402
Hunter. V. W. I!. II. "_ 680
Honville, Elizabeth 127
Hunk-slaver, Mrs. I,. E. 6n
Hoomer, L. H. 83
Boomer, N. \V. 150
Hoone, I.evi I) 397, 710, 816, 840
Hoone, Mrs. Louisa M. Smith -51/1
Booth, Alfred 295, 613
Booth (A.) & Sons 680
Hooth, Daniel 292, 293, 875
Booth, Dwight 840
Booth, Ella C. 227
Booth, 1C. M _ 630
Booth, K _ 677
Booth, Henry 4'7, 535, 816, 817
Booth, Henry I) 238
Booth, Stephen B 335
'. S. M .._ 708
Booth, William Vernon 679
Borchert (F.) & Son 579
Boiden, John 667
Borden, T. C __ 618
Bordwell, Frances N 494
Bordwell, Nellie. 625
Boring, Charles O. 431
Boring, K. M 6n
liorland, C,. W. ~~ 688
Borland, |. J . 366
Borland, M. W _ 621
Born, Lilly -j2(,
Bornemann, E. B __ .. 616
Bonier, William 617
liorreli. A... 6l5
Bosche, Rev. Aloysius 771
Bii'-'ovitz, Frederick 639, 640
Boser, Jacob.. 102
Bosley, Margaret. ._ 351
Bostwick, E. M. 621
Hosworth, Increase Child 395
Bosworth, Sarah A _. 739
Bothman, Anna 294
Botkin, A. C 697
Botsford, Henry _ 4-5,,
Botsford, Jabez Kent 395, 853
Botsford, Mrs. Frances Dolly '_ 396
Boucher, Mary '_ ((),,
Boughman, H. G 693
Page
Bourgeois, Margaret 773
Bour'ke, J. E 585
Bourke-Freret, Mother 774
Boiirke, Maggie E _ 389
Bournique, A 614
Bournique, Augustus Eugene . 654
Boutell, Henry S .._ 875
Boutelle, C. A 410
Bouton, N. S. _. 69, 83, 418, 482, 557,
(107, 608, 609, 655, 657
Bowden, Thomas A. 466
Bowen, Chauncey T IOI, 143, 167,
171, 436, 854
Bowen, Emma 389
Bowen, Frank A. . 629
Bowen, George S ... 655, 847
Bowen, John S. . 69
Bowen, Mary D. 258
Bowerman, Martha Almina ~ 534
Bowerman, Nelson 534
Bowers, Nellie 647
Bowie, James R 800
Bowker, Andrew G. 626
Bowlby, Lillie 223
Howler, I lenry S 584, 586
Bowman, Eliza W. ._ 521
Boyce, L. M 546
Boyd, Charles L 101
Boyd, John C 868
Boyd, Robert 816
Boyd, Thomas A. B 837
Boyd, W. H 512
Boyden, Noel B. - 860
Boyer, Mary 451
Hover, Valentine Aurand 395
Boyesen , J. K 403
Boyington, Levi C 739
Boyington, W. W OS, 861
Boyles, Samuel 345, 827
Boynton, Daniel M 617
Boynton, George W. 576
Boynton, \V. W 629
Brabnnd, Edward E _. 732
Brachtendorf, Barney.. 875
Brachvogel, Charles 425
Brachvogel, Lena T __. 293
Brachvogei & Press Manufacturing Co. 425
Brackebush, Alfred C. ._ 387
Braekett & Waite 458
Bracken, William 458
Braekett, William W 395
Bradbury, Bion __ 410
Bradbury, Sarah 185
Bradford, Mary J 600
Bradford, Rev. D. C 805
Bradley, Asa Foster 395, 836, 837
Bradley, David 395, 798
Bradley, David C. 592
Bradley, George W. _ 673
Bradley, J. Harley 233, 405, 609, 650
Bradley, Luther P. 592
Bradley, Mrs. D. C. 424
Bradley, Sidney S. _ 395
Bradley, Timothy M. 239, 567
Bradley, William H 182, 184, 234,
407, 441, 535, 568, 593, 609, 807, 847
Bradner, Smith &Co._ 465
Bradshaw, J. H 788
Bradwell, James B 290, 407, 624,
625- 7°5, 706, 875
Bradwell, Myra _ _ 625
Brady, Charles B _ 871
Brady, Charles P 869
Brady, Luther B. 357
Brady, Matthew P 270
Brady, O. M.._ _ 102, 590, 866
'!ra:-;K, Braxton __ 141
Bragg, F. A 449
Brahm, George. 871
Braiden, May A. 512
Br.-iinard, William N 296, 298, 318, 320
Brainerd, C. A. 584
Braley, Ellen 99
Bramhall, G. R. _._ 126
Brand, Eliza 580
Brand & Hummel _ ... 579
Page
Brand, Michael.. 86, lot, 578, 597, 844, 875
Brand (Michael) & Co 465, 578
Brand, Rudolph 102, 278, 280, 578,
579, S67, 871, 873
Brand, Virgil M. 578, 579
Brande, Mary E. _ 710
Brandsville, Howell £ Co 579
Brandt, George W 244
Brandt, Maggie 731
Branigan, Hugh 654
Brannan, Elizabeth 78
Branson, Phil 647
Branson, Shelton S 800
Brant, Augusta 375
Brass, Roger J 416
Braun, David 617
Braun, Eva 86
Braun, Frank 615
Braun , George 865
Brauns, Leopold 307
Brawley, Francis W. S.. 258, 680
Brayman, Mason 816
Bra'yton, H. B 846, 875
Brazee, C. M 586
Brazee, T. H _. 574
Brechback, Augustus _ 627
Breck, Joseph C. 817
Breckenridge, John C.__ 103
Breckenridge, W. C. P _. 402
Breda, Charles 501
Bredberg, Rev. Jacob 785
Bredberg, Rev. John. ^_ 786
Bredow, Minnie 69
Brega, C. \V. 320
Bremner, B. E 404
Bremner, David F 326
Brenan, C. II. 617
Brenan, Thomas 172, 184, 416, 856,
865, 867, 871
Brenckle, Frank C __ 690
Brennan, Michael __ 115
Brennen, Mary 495
Brenock, John _ 182
Brentano, Lorenz 844, 847, 875
Brew, William 617
Brewer, Elizabeth 350
Brewer, Emma 745
Brewer, J. S 409
Brewster, Edward Lester 442, 650
Brewster, John E . 675
Brewster, Mrs. Charlotte Rhines 396
Bridge, Norman 146, 409, 430, 518,
519, 522, 542, 867
Bridge, Norman T _ 508
Bridges, C 816
Bridges, Lyman 121, 591
Bridges, Thomas B 395
Br'ggs. Clinton. 101, 325, 429, 861, 862, 864
Br'ggs. J- G 102
Briggs, J. H 143
Briggs, Mary M. 453
Briggs, Mrs. Emma 640
Briggs, Samuel A 431
Bright, Orville T _ 150
Brine, George J .320, 598
Brine, John F __ 584
Brinkerhoff, George M 478
Brinkerhoff, Mrs. Septima S 396
Brinkmann, Clement _. 358
Brinkmeier, C 617
Briot, Charles H 713
Bristol, E. S 503, 504
Bristol (E. S.) & Co 503
Bristol (E. S.) & Gale 503
Bristol, Rev. Frank Milton ...290, 789,
791, 792, 829, 871
Brittan, Charles H. 636
Britton, Mary E _ 553
Brobston, Rev. William 804
Brock, John S _. 395
Brockmann, Minnie 821
Brockway, James W 590, 857
Brockway, Mrs. L. Freeman 153
Brockway, S. B. 154
Brodie, Mrs. James 419
Bromley, Frank C. 420, 422
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Bronsgeest, Rev. Henry C 771, 772
Brook, Mary 84
Brooker, Klsie S 504
Brookes, Joshua 395
Brookes, Samuel 395
Brookman, Josephine 624
Brooks, A. F. . 422
Brooks, D. C 708
Brooks, E. F 590
Brooks, Frank H 702
Brooks, F. L 502
Brooks (George II.) & Co 222
Brooks, Henry 397
Brooks, J. C 366
Brooks, J. T 295
Brooks, John \V __ 228
Brooks, Midas 491
Brooks, Mrs. A 522
Brooks, Rev. Arthur 781
Brooks, S. N 520
Brooks, Thomas _ 619
Broome. Sarah M _.. 511
Broomell, Chester C.._ 460
Broomell, George D. _ 460
Brophy, Truman W. 542, 543
Bross, William 165, 430, 827, 844, 858
Brothers, John T 4<)c>
Brower, C. H. 620
Brower, Daniel R. 518, 519, 525
Brower, R. C. 521
Brown, Andrew . 320
Brown, Andrew Jesse. _ .94, 395
Brown, Ann Elizabeth 737
Brown, Arthur K — 731
Brown, A. T _ 272
Brown, Carrie H ._ 282
Brown, Charles . 126
Brown, Charles B 479
Brown (C. B.) & Co 479
Brown, Charles Everts 395, 618
Brown, C. H. 617
Brown, Charles T -. 125
Brown, Cora A. _ 553
Brown, Dan - 713
Brown, Dell 103
Brown, Edward Osgood .268, 401, 4112
Brown, Edwin __ 629
Brown, Edwin Lee 610,657, 873
Brown, Eliza Buckley 485
Brown, Enos 617
Brown, Francis F 684
Brown, G. B 684
Brown, George Francis 230, 625, 787
Brown, Hannah __ 152
Brown, H. H -- 461, 617
Brown & Holland. 713
Brown, H. T 103
Brown, J. A., Jr 128
Brown, James Clement _. 397
Brown , John 61 8
Brown, John M 132
Brown, John W 321, 618, 624, 625, 627
Brown, Joseph E 673
Brown, Joseph H -- 478
Brown, Lemuel 395, 397
Brown, Mary N. 295
Brown, Mrs. Sarah Dunn Howe 396
Brown, Mrs. Susan L. - 396
Brown, Nathaniel J ._ 395
Brown, Paul 422
Brown, Rev. \V. F 802, 804
Brown, Samuel 618
Brown, S., Jr 584
Brown, S. A. 382
Brown (S. A.) & Co 381
Brown, Stephen F _. 590, 626
Brown, Sylvester E — 94
Brown, T. D 609
Brown, Theodore F 629, 630
Brown, Thomas — 548
Brown & Van Arsdale Manufacturing Co., 479
Brown, Walter Lee _ 477, 684
Brown, William H 395,412, 479,
731, 841, 875
Brown (W. H.) & Co 731
Browne, Anthony- 306
Page
Browne, Edwin F 681
Browne, F. V 704, 710
Browne, Fred. H _ 681
Browne, Ida F __ 727
Brownell, Mary 152
Brownell, Mrs. A „ _ 419
Browning, Mary 723
Browning, ( ). 11 _. 290, 534
Browning, Williams Granville 284
Brownlee, Mary M 805
Bruce, E. K 461
Brucker, M. 485
Brucklacher, Emma 501
Bruhnke, J. C _ 732
Brumbach, Ida.. _ 486
Brim, Rev. X. C 822
Brunei!, Moses _ 502
Bruner, Anna B __ 372
Brunswick it Balke Co. _ 683
Brunswick, Benjamin. __ 683
Brunswick, Charles 683
Brunswick & Co 682
Brunswick, Joseph _ 682, 683
Brush, Edward 797
Brushingham, Rev. J. I'. 793
Brusnen, Mary 498
Bryan & Borden 458
Bryan, Byrd 422
Bryan, Frederick Augustus 395
Bryan, Lucinda __ 822
Bryan, T. A - .. 787
Bryan, Thomas B (29, 609, 757
Bryan, W. H 449
Bryant, George H 690
Bryant, J. H .496, 497
Bryant, James M 306, 307
Bryant, John 695
Bryant, John J._ 311, 320
Bryant & Meserve 496
Bryant, T. E 335
Bryant, Thomas W 599
Bryar, W. J 618, 619
Bryson, William 134
Buchanan, Edward P 127
Buchanan, James 800
Buchanan, James N 127
Buchanan, Mabel R 441
Buchanan, Milford DeWitt _ 387
Buchanan, Robert S 440
Buchman, H. W 549
Buck, Dudley 637, 641
Buck, E. L 672
Buck, George 547
Buckie, John, Jr. 695
Buckingham, C. P --478, 479, 684
Buckingham, E 440
Buckingham, Ebenezer _ 478
Buckingham, Edward II .- 479
Buckingham, J. & E. 333
Buckingham, John _ 478
Buckingham, John H 479
Buckingham, May ._ 613
Buckingham, Reuben D 745
Bucklen, H. E. 752
Buckley, Thomas 462
Buckley, William in, 115
Buckman, R. M. __ 800
Buckner, S. B 411
Buecking, E. F 539, 541
Buehler, John 101, 143, 182, 855, 875
Buel, James M 395
Buell, "Carolina B 871
Buell, Elijah _ __ 395
Buell, George C 282
Buell, Ira Warren 249, 406, 407, 616
Buffum, J. H.... -. 535
Buffum, Mary 625
Buffum, S. S 618, 625
Buhmann, Theodore W 740
Buhrer, John S 481
Buldenwech, Caroline __ 495
Bulkley, J -- 816
Bull, Charles D 383
Bullard. Charles William 507
Bullard & Gormley 507
Bullen, George 575
Page
Bulk-n (George) & Co 575, 576
Bullen, John F. - 618
Bullock, J. C .- 81
Bullock, M. C 622
Bullock, Walter H 431
Bullwinkle, Ben B. _ 462
Bundy, Fanny L 516
Bundy, John ('.__ ... 832
Bundy, W. F._ 541
Bunge, Christoph .. 308
Btinn, Jacob — 478
Bunn, J. W 478
Bunte Bros. & Spoehr 753
Bunte, Ferdinand 753
Bunte, Gustavns 753
Burbank, Emma 385
Burbank, W. II 622
Burbank. W. M _6iS, 625
Biirch (I. II.) & Co 558
Burchell, J. K 456
Burcky, Frederick _ 327
Burdett, Edward A ._ 483
Burdick, Oscar 75
Burdick, William P.. 856, 857
Burdsal, C. S., Jr 380
Burford, Belle C 813
Burgess, Rev. Alexander 779
Burgess, Alonzo _ 507
Burgess, Mrs. W. T 419
Burgess, William T._ 852
Burgett, John M. H... 276
Burghoffer, J. J. G 420, 422
Burgweger, Leonard 577
Burke, Edmund 827
Burke, Edward P 102, 866, 868, 870
Burke, Michael 867
Burke, Rev. Maurice F _ 768
Burke, Rev. T. F _ 767
Burke, Walker & Co (.50
Burkert, A. J _ 591
Burkhart, Ellen R 151
Burkhart, Henry S __ 182
Burley, Arthur Oilman 394, 395
Burley, Augustus Harris 102, 143,
395, 439, 886, 868, 870, 875
Burley, Charles 395
Burling & Adler 93
Burling, Edward 72, 626, 861
Burmeister, John C - 491, 523
Burmeister & Lundt 491
Burnet, William II _ 650
Burnett A 520
Burnett, Elizabeth Bertha 482
Burnett, Mary Weeks 536
Burnett, Robert A 536
Burnett, Vanderkloot & Co. _ 482
Burnett, Ward B 397
Burnham. Ambrose. 836
Burnham (E.) & Son 546
Burnham, Sherburne W. 409, 428
Burnham & Smith 546
Burnham, T 521
Burnham & VanSchaack 546
Burns, Mrs. J. A. 625
Burns, Oscar .._ 120
Burns, Rev. W. II. 792, 793
Burns, Thomas. 125
Burns, Thomas E 673
Burns, Zora _ 119
Burnside. Thomas E. ., 705
Burpee, Helen 625
Burr, Jonathan __ 411
Burr, Rev.J. D. 815
Burrell, Rev. D. J _ 804
Burrell, Louis F __ 798
Burroughs, Charles J 613, 625
Burroughs, George 565
Burroughs, George T _ 592
Burroughs, Lester M. 395
Burroughs, Rev. John C 146, 429,
710, 815, 816, 817, 866, 869
Burrows, Mrs. Thomas _ 451
Burrows, Thomas 451
Burt, A. S 320
Hurt, William 442
Burtis, James C 128
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
F.iirtis, lames K 816
Burtis, Peter T. 626
Burton, Arthur M. 289
Burton, Mrs. Ann W. Germain 396
Bums, Garrott 695
But-wash, Henry John 531
Burwell, W. B 485
Busbey, L. White 700
Busbey, William II 699
Busch, Hattie 579
Busch, M 615
Busche, H 501
Buschman, William 617
Buschwah, Matthew 617, 619
Buschwah, Peter _ 865
Bush, T. Merrick _. 846
Bush, Lewis 491
Bushnell, A. S 504
Bushnell, G. K 533
Bushnell, William H 816
Bushnell, Winslow - 375, 376
Buskirk, Samuel A _ 231
Basse, Christian 856, 857
Busse, G. A 101
Butler, Annie __ 625
Butler, Benjamin 872
Butler, Benjamin F 873
Butler, Betsey 396
Butler, C. W 584
Butler, Ettie 633
Butler, John H 128, 395
Butler, Joseph _- 616
Butler, I. S 128
Butler, Julius W 409. 808
Butler, "Mrs. Elizabeth 625
Butler, Mrs. Joseph 625
Butler, Nathaniel, Jr 817
Butler, Rev. A. F. 787
Butler, Rev. II. F._ 787
Butler, Rev. P. T 769
Butler, Rev. Thomas 766
Butler, William H 395
Butler, William P ___ 128
Bull in, Laura R. 262
Butterfield, Frank II 122
Butterfield, J. A. 629, 648
Butters, Mrs. C. E 419
Butterworth, B. S 618
Button, Peter __ 397
Butts, Kate _ 152
Butz, Caspar 101, 102, 861, 875
Bve, James W __ 358
Byford, Henry T 521
Byford, William H 508, 512, 518,
520, 521, 542
Byl, Erne. 100
Cable, J. R. ._ _ 335
Caddoe, Rebecca 747
Cady, Marie 740
Cady, Mary J _ 240
Cady, Rev. M. E. 792
Cady, Samuel P __. 867
Calahan, J. E.. , _ 403
Calder, A ___ 869
Calder, A. J 871
Caldwell, F. C 543
Caldwell, Jeanette B _ Si
Caldwell, John 395
Caldwell, Rev. J. M 792 795
Caldwell, W. W. _ 470
Calhoun, Henrietta 383
Calhoun, Jt)hn C 190, 412
Calhoun, Mrs. Parmelia C. Hathaway. _ 396
Calkins, A. C .__ 365, 366
Calkins, C. R. 44^
Calkins, E. A 703
Calkins, Mrs. John 419
Calkins, J. W 369,375, 502
Catkins, W. W. 366
Call, E. B. „. 542
Callaghan, Bernard 171, 866, 869
Callahan, Michael 115
Callahan, Patrick 485
Callis, Mrs. Susan. 396
Cameron, A. C 847
Cameron, 'Amberg & Co. 688, 691
Page
Cameron, Charles S 837, 86(
Cameron, Daniel 614, 846
Cameron, Daniel R. 688
Cameron, Elizabeth _ 35
Cameron, John 461, 4(2
Cammack, John 395
Camp, Cecelia Crawford 799
Camp, Isaac N. . 653
Camp, Lavinia M . 832
Camp, Mrs. Isaac N. 519
Campau, Mary A. 372
Campbell, Alexander. 81, 847
Campbell, A. Courtney _ 405
Campbell, Bartley__ _ 672
Campbell, Benjamin C. 166
Campbell, B. H 234, 568
Campbell, Charlotte 216
Campbell, Emma _. 510
Campbell, Franklin .. 626
Campbell, George _ 625
Campbell, James 216, 395
Campbell, James L 101, IO2, 846,
854, 870, 875
Campbell, John 626
Campbell, John D 227
Campbell, Kate . 357
Campbell, Murdoch 81, 625
Campbell, Nettie B _ 625
Campbell, R. D. 694
Campbell, Rev. W 767
Campbell, S. C 629
Campbell, Sarah E 729
Campbell, Stephen 395
Campbell, Thompson 835
Campbell, William J 848, 852, 853, 875
Campion, John _. ._ 121
Canda, F. 614
Candee, George W _. 583
Candidus, William _ 649
Candler, A 616
Canfield, Corresta T 538, 539
Canfield, Eugene 409
Canisius, Charles 617
Canman, Leo 706
Cannon, George R 590
Cannon, Thomas 101, 867
Cantine, Rev. R. S 793
Cantwell, Rev. J. S 711
Cantwell, Thomas 875
Caproni, A _ 615
Carbine, Thomas 185
Garden, John 575
Garden, John, Jr _ 575
Carder, George Herbert 536
Carey, Adelaide S 534
Carey, Mrs. Priscilla 713
Carey, Ogden & Parker. 90
Cargill, Frank R 501
Cargill (F. R.) & Co... 501
Carleton, Henry G 684
Carlisle, Jane _. 382
Carlisle,}. B 126
Carlisle, John G 872
Carlisle, J. S. - 869
"arlson, Gustaf Henry __ 432
"arlsson, Emmy C 822
^arlsson, Rev. Erl 523
Carman, William H 108, 115
"armichael, Adelaide 337
armichael, D. L 590
Carmichael, G. S 320
Carne & Drury 460
Carne, John, Jr. 460
'arney, James _ _ 836
barney, Thomas 101, 854
Carpenter, A. A 290, 366, 377, 405,
408, 417, 873, 874, 875
'arpenter, Abel E 393
Jarpenter, A. M 515
Carpenter, Flora M 653
"arpenter, George B 293, 299, 652,
807, 827
Carpenter (George B.) & Co _ 293
Carpenter, George N 417
'"arpenter, Mason B 585
'arpenter, Mrs. George B, 629
Page
Carpenter, Mrs. L. H 419
Carpenter, N. H 421
Carpenter, Philo 395, 834
Carpenter, Sarah L. Warren 396
Carpenter, W. O 377
Carpenter, W. S _. 584
Carr, Clark E 871
Carr, George _. 83
Carr, Frances _ 83
Carr, Henry H 297, 317
Carr, J. D. M 622
Carr, T. T._ 289
Carreno, Teresa 639
Carrey, Edmond 390
Carrington, Abbie 633
Carrol, William 121
Carroll, John __ _ 762
Carroll, Minnie _ 378
Carroll, M. J.. 694
Carroll, Rev. John Joseph _ 765
Carroll, Rev. Thomas __ 769
Carroll, Robert Stevenson 267
Carroll, Thomas J 871
Carroll, W. C 591
Carse, Mrs. T. B 853
Carseley, Francis M 737
Carson, James D 228, 451, 666, 672
Carson, John B 226, 227, 228, 666
Carson, Nellie M. 696
Carson & Pine _ 716
Carten, Rev. Joseph 767, 776
Carter, Artemas 295, 365, 370, 846, 875
Carter Brothers 116
Carter, Consider B 81, 182
Carter, Helen Anderson 780
Carter, James 780, 781
Carter, James B 309
Carter, Jennie 306
Carter, Johanna S 351
Carter, John W. 871
Carter, Leslie _ _ 522
Carter, Thomas Butler 395, 797, 829
Carter, W. H 126
Carter, Zina R 309, 320
Gartner, D. Knight... . 419
Cams, W. W 802
Caruthers, Malcolm 402, 403, 404
Carver, Benjamin F _ 166
Carver, Victoria _ 249
Gary, Anna Louise 633, 649
Gary, Eugene.. 102, 407, 417, 462, 592,
651, 869
Case, Ann 252
Case, Aurelia 721
Case, C. H 101, 290,462, 466
Case, Edward B 806
Case, Elisha W. 329
Case, Mrs. C. H 853
Casel, C. H. ._ ... 609
Casey, John 397
Casey, Thomas S _ 416
Cashman, D. A 539, 617, 619
Cashman, Rev. Thomas Francis 586,
588, 777
Cass, Edward H 328
"ass, George 681
!ass, George Willis 270, 334
:ass, W. H 672
^asselberry, W. E 513
Cassidy, John P. 673
"assleman, Cornelia E 559
'astello, Mary 427
:aster, W. H] 395
Castle, Alfred H.. 800
"astle, C. W. 787
:astle, Edward H. 837
Caswell, Sidney 395
"ater, Henry 94
'ater, Lizzie 94
Ratlin, Charles 184
atlin, George 616
atlin, W. W. 320
'aton, Arthur J... 393, 649
Caton , John Dean --395, 684
"aton, William P 395
Mattel!, D. M 544
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Cauley. Thomas
'< •"• 856
_;naro, ]•"
.•naro, G. - "*5
iiagh. I'atrick. 4»r
i nigh, John
Cavanangh, Nellie 7")
l Vila, G -
Chackslidd. George 397
Chadwick, Edmund S 395
Chadwick, Frances Xavicr 549
Chadwick. lames K 619. ''22. 853
Chadwick, I 1 -
Chadwick. \V. 11.
617
302
Chalice, C. W - ("7
Chatter, Francis --- 7°2
Chaffer, G. B - 435
Chalender, George F. 210
ners, George 89
Chalmers, \V. J 290
Chalterton, Cordelia 742
Chamberlain, 1!. 1
Chamberlain, Cordelia 1 -
Chamberlain, E. W.. ---5')°. 624
Chamberlain. C,. M 522
Chamberlain, Mrs. L. A 521
Chamberlain, Rev. I.. F 4M. «°4, »°6
Chamberlain, \V. W._ 617
Chamberlin, Everett- 684, 6.17
Chamberlin, G W. _ - 631
Chamberlin, Rev. Jacob Sherrill - 395
Chamberlin, Rhnel Hampton .. 214
Chambers,!1, R. --- "22
Chambers, Emma 3°9
Chambers, George.. 7
Chambers. 1. B - 751
Champion, Hattie 492
Chandler, B. B. --- 335
Chandler, Charles W 101
Chandler, Cornelius C 83
Chandler, E. It.-- 1 20, 124, 125, 622
Chandler, E. E - 393
Chandler, F. K 449
Chandler, ]. A - °°2
Chandler. James E._ 125
Chandler, P. R. 44')
ndter, William P I°9
Chandler. William W Goi, 602
Chape, Clara V... '"'7
pin, Amelia E. -- s'7
/cr I
Chapin, Ellen I! 3<>2
Chapin, G. M. --- - 677
Chapin. JohnP 840
Chapin, Kate - 211
Chapin, Marietta 4'4
3f>5
Page
'hcrbon, Marie ..................... 5°5
•herry. |ohn I ...... .... .......... --- '"'-'
Chesb'rough, Ellis S. ---- 126. 431, 806,
Cheseldine, Martha Frances . ..... 455
Chetlain, Augustus 1.. 24.1.
591, 592, 827, 865
/hew. lohn H. ... ------
, Di-tilling Co. --
>rge and Holt Co .......... 5°3
0 l-nundry Company -.
o Horseman Newspaper Co. --
go Lumber Company --3('~
0 and Minonk Coal and Coke
Company ...... - .....
Chicago \ Pacific Elevator Company -
igo Tie Company ..... - 329
Chicago, Wilmington and Vermillion
Company ----- ........ ----- 388
Her, N. r.. .......... ----- - 328
Uberl A. ...- ...... -- - 349
Childs, Mrs. Eliza Woodburn Aiken ... 396
Chllds, 11. S ......... -..- ........ 618
Childs, Shubart 1>. ...... - ........... 834
Childs, T. T ------- ............. --.
Chisholm, lames _________ .........
Chisholm, Mrs. M. H ....... . ........ 4'9
Chisholm, William _____ .......... 39-
Chittenden, George R ............. 608, 620
I, Martha ______ ................
Christensen, R ----- ............. ---- 855
Christcnson, Maren Sophie ........... 483
Christian, George. C ...... - ........... 539
Christiansen, C. 1. . ................. 694
Christiansen, C. t ............. -----
Christiansen, E. C ............ - .....
Christie, John
;.in, Marsh 8
Ch,,pin, Wheeler <\ ' --439. 55s
Chapman, Cass.
Chapman, E. R
74
595
Chapman. Mary ........ ............. 723
Chapman, S. S ..................... - 622
Chappel, Henrietta .................. 293
Charbonncan, Adaline .............. - 480
Chat i Lumber Company ... 368
Cha- inF ---- ............... 98
Chase llros ---- ...................... 621
Cha ''o ........... - ..... --- 458
M, Charles C ............ ... I4<>, 449
I.. - .................. 46l
< &Co ............. 580, 755
('have. Henry I -------- ..... ......
Chase, I ). I1. ____________ .......... 755
Chase, Rev. Dudley ....... - ........
,, Rev. George ...... 792
mncl H
Chatario, A. . ......... - ........... -- 422
Outfield, E. r
Chatter-on, A. F
Cheilus, Eredrika ----- .......... --. 35"
Cheney, Eucian 1'rciUiss
'. 11. . .. ...126, 616
Cheney, Rt. R< rd.-2go,-
588, 780, 787
Cheney, Rev. 1). H .................. 812
Cheno'wcth, \\ . II ................... 59°
395
'hristmann, G. A 544
'hristoph, Henry Jacob. 445, 449
.'hristoph, Rev. Giles _ 770
Chumasero, Edward R - 5S4
Church, Firman 86
Church, F. 1 59C
Church, T. E -616, 623, 624
Church, 'Mary- - 37
Church, Mrs.' Rebecca Sherman (I'ruyne) 39
Church, Mrs. Koxanna Pike 39
'hurcll, Rev. I.e Roy.- 7"
Church, Thomas - 836
Church, William 1 397. 836, £37
Churchill, Jesse 3'>5
Clallin, Janies F 873
Clagborn, James 1 422
Clait, Henry 35f)
Clancy, Mark B. - 4"<>
Clapp, Caleb 622, 749
Clapp, William 1! - 672, 868
(lark, Abby -- 633
Clark, Albert B. 798
Clark, Alson E. 4°5
Clark, A. E 320
Clark, C. II 647
Clark, Caroline 1) 80
. Charles M. 617
Clark. Clara M. |8o
Clark, David W. 182, 875
Clark. David \V., Jr -
Clark, Ellen Frances 676
Clark, Eunice \1._ - - 587
Clark, Fanny 1 731
Clark, Francis
Clark, Frederick .664
Clark, George 320
Clark. '- 347,625, 836
---- 347
Clark & Griffith 496
Clark, Henry I! 836
. Horace F 216
Clark, H. T... - 539
dark, Ichabod 816
Clark, Mm - 489
n) ,\ Son 489
l 'lark, John M... ...102, 393, 598, 641),
S65, 867, 869, 871
Clark, i 433
Clark, Kiltie Dexter 282
Page
lark, Mary B - J°f
'lark, Mrs. E. B | ' *
L'lark, Norman
'lark, Ratten \ Co
'lark, Robert 262. 4*9, 614
'lark, R. S 63L f>32
Clark, Stewart
•lark. S. C. - - -- - 321
Mark, S. M
'lark, Watson ('>'
•lark W. H... --633,647, (>4S
Clark, W. . I - 48o
'larke, Abraham Fuller 395
'larke, Annie 238
Clarke, Carrie 4°4
Clarke, C. C --- • 59f'
Clarke, E. A
Clarke, George C 404, 405. 462, 466,
649, 650, 797, 873
larke (George C.) >V Co 4f'i
larke, Haswell C ("9
Clarke, Henry W. --395, 6'°
Clarke, James C - '94
Clarke, "|. D - - $<)<>
Clarke, John M. -- - 4<J4, 4"5
Clarke, M. Louisa ...
Clarke, Mrs. A. B 798
Clarke, Mrs. U 4'9
Clarke, R. M... --- »3', 632
Clarke, Samuel Clarke - - - 395
Clarke, Thomas C. 101, 102, 619, 870 '
Clarke, Virginia O 19°
Clarke, Ward Greene 522
Clarke, William E 520, 527, 806
Clarke, William H 126
Clarke, William M mi
Clarkson, John G . 673
Clarkson, Joseph "4"
Clarkson, Joseph? 857
Clarkson, Robert 11. ...816, 817
Clary, Stephen 331, 840
Clary, William James - 541
Claude, Samuel I - 792
Clausen, Otto 495
Claussenius, Custavus Adolphus 293
Clay, Henry... 412, 4'3. 833
Clayton, C. B. 672
Cleary, Enright & Weadley - 573
Cleary, lames M 573
Cleary, P. M... - --- - 856
Cleaver, Charles. — 395
('leghorn, John A.. 59!
Clemens. Samuel E. ... -- 270
Clemens, William - S66
Clement, Bane \- Co 721
Clement, 11. C 722
Clement, Stephen _.. 395
Clendenen, 1 — - 543
Clendenning, Rev. T. C. 791, 792
Clettenberg, F. W. (117
Cleveland, Edwin 492
Cleveland. F. A. _.. 592
Cleveland, Grover 872, 873
Cleveland, II. W. S. ---167, 684
Cleveland, ].. I) 104. 865
Cleveland, M. I! 617.619
Cleveland, Mrs. S. G 418
Cleveland, Reuben 370, 616, 855, 857
Cleveland, Rev. 1-'. I1 791
Cleveland, S. D 864
Cleveland, S. V. IOI, 102, 629, 854
Cliff, James 395
Clifton, Frank 320
Clingen, \V. C 869
Clingen, W. J _ ... 109, 866, 874
n, DeWitt _ 403
Clinton, George O. 215
Clinton, Mark J . 875
Clirehugh, William P. .- 467
Cloon, Sarah E 566
Cloonan, Thomas 875
Clough, John H 547, 875
Clouse, Emeline 819
dowry, James 131, 854, 867
dowry, Jeremiah '. 101
Clowry, R. C 505
Sl'KCJAI, INDEX.
Page
Cluett, JohnC .--617, 619
Clybourn, Mrs. Mary Galloway 396
Coats. Henrv H 626
Cobb, Albert W 407, 408
Cobb, Ansel R 232
Cobb, Henry Ives _ 73
Cobb, Isabella C 358
Cobb. James W 486
Cobb, Jerome T. 290
Cobb, Mrs. E. I' .__ _ 422
Cobb, Mrs. George D . . 422
Cobb, Silas B...I28, 165, 166, 394, 395, 409
Cobb, Walter Franklin 312
Cobb, \V. S __ 489
Cobb, Zenas ._ 232
Coburn, James __ 680
Coburn, John . .... 231
Coburn, Lewis L. 251,406,407,409, 416
Coburn, Mary L 400
Cochrane, J. C 69, 74, 296, 420
Cochrane, Mamie 239
Cochrane, Mary Lizzie 762
Cochrin, J. Lewis 581
Cody, Charles _ 727
Coily. Hiram II 256, 281
Coe, Albert L 449, 592, 807
Cocy, David 101
Coffin, C. C 498
Coiiin, Devoe & Co. 425
Cotlin, Frederick.... 397
Coffin, Gorham B 425,619, 625
Coffin, Mrs. Harriet Delia Dole (Rich-
aids) 306
Coffin, Mrs. Maria Rhines 396
Coffin, Warren C _. 629
Coffing, C. C. 835
Cogan, Ann M _ 573
Coghlan, Rev. John C 771
Cohen, Charles 617
Coignard, Alexander 401, 614
Coka, Krv. William 773
Colbert, Klias 428, 684, 696, 817
Colbert, Moss E 429
Colbnrn, Joseph Elliott -._. 526
Colburn, I,. J 787
Colby, Eben F 397
Colby, Francis Theodore 285
Colby, George E._ _. ._ 422
Coldwell, Archibald 395
Cole, Adelaide K _ 285
Cole & Co _ 45y
Cole, David 182
Cole, Emory ..864,865
Cole, H. P 533
Cole, J. A 590
Cole, Mrs. Jirali D 635
Cole, Moses T 457
Cole, Samuel 518
Coleman, Joseph G 392, 393
Coleman Lumber Company 386
Coleman, Martin 573
Coleman, Mrs. J. G 410,
Coleman, Rupert 0.6, 97
Coleman, Seymour 386
Coleman, Thomas Daniel |io, 573
Coles, Edward 412
Coley, Melinda I! 318
Colfax, Schuyler (I3> 845
Collier, Frank H 871
Collier, Rev. Robert Laird (H, 0,0,
416, 6<>S, dm), 124
Collier, Samuel 416
Collins, Denis 531
Collins, Downing \- Co 722
Collins, IlattieJ 420
Collins, James A 626
Collins, James H 834, 836, S}S
Collins, John 800
Collins, Joseph H _ 761
Collins, Lorin C., Jr. 238, 853, 875
Collins, I,. D. 631
Collins & Newland 726
Collins, \. G __ __ _ 816
Collins, S. C _ 871
Collins, William James.-, 706
Collins, W. R 677
Page
Collins, William T 455, 705
Collins, William W 216
Collisson, H. M 787
Collyer, Rev. Robert 57, 416, 518,
684, 710, 711, 803. 804, 825, 832
Colne, T __ 614
Colnon, Jane 762
Colorado Loan and Trust Co 457
Colson, Mary K 308
Columbian Iron Works - 480
Colvin, Edwin 395
Colvin, Harvey D 101, 118, 156, 602,
845, 856, 859
Colvin, John H 102, 868, 872
Combs, G. W 622
Comiskey, "J 126
Commercial Mill & Lumber Company. _ 368
Compson, II. B . 590
Compton, Ellen M. (Brintnall) 119
Comstock, Julia S 702
Conant, R. W. 538
Condee, L. D. _ ._ 875
Condit, X. W. _ 626
Condon , J. II ._ 847
Condon, William H 416, 614, 875
Cone, A. G. 632
Cone, Catherine 120
Cone, Cora — 120
Cone, Flora 120
Cone, Mary ._ 221
Congdon, C. B 320
Conger, C. H. . .... 375
Conger, J. N _ 375
Conger, Moore 854
Conger, William P. _ 407, 408
Conkey, Walter B. 690
Conklin, G. D _ 682
Conklin, Jennie 83
Conkling, Llewellyn \V._ ,. 681
Conkling, Rev. Charles 829
Conkling, Roscoe 263, 851, 868, 871
Conley, Anna B 521
Conley, Isabelle 351
Conley, John W. 521
Conley, Philip 361, 560
Conlon, Peter 869
Connecticut Pie Bakery 328
Council, Charles J _ 379
Connell, John 867
Connelly, Jeremiah 243, 254
Connelly, Michael 115
Connor, Freeman 590
Connor, Mrs. Clarissa Grannis 396
Connor, William Henry 98
Connors, James . 626
Conover, Allan C 85
Conrad, G. E. 325
Conro, Starke & Co 130
Considine, Dennis 875
Considine, Michael ,_ 311
Converse, C. H 376
Converse, George I 872
Conway, M. 866
Conway, Michael W. .. _ 121
Conway, R. T 127
Conway, Very Rev. Patrick |oseph 765,
769, 777
Cook, Alexander 613
Cook, Ansel B 89, 102, 844, 875
Cook, Burton C 334, 542, 842, 871
Cook County Abstract Co 460
Cook, Daniel P 412
Cook, Edward 61 6
Cook (E.) & Co __ loo
Cook, E. H 95
Cook, F'rederick 684
Cook, George T _ 377
Cook, George W 591
Cook, Ida May 151
Cook, Isaac. 395
Cook, James I) 619
Cook, J. F 539
Cook, J. P 626
C»<,k, John R 875
Cook, Julia M 752
Cook, Mrs. Amanda S. Newton 396
Cook, Mrs. C. W .'. 520
Cook, Mrs. George F 419
Cook, Mrs. Thomas 396
Cook, Nellie Blanford 707
Cook, Orrin S 875
Cook £ Rathborne. 377
Cook, Thomas 397, 401
Cooke, E. D 875
Cooke, Jay & Co 435
Cooke, H. C _ _ 590
Cooke, Retta.- 202
Cool, Daniel M -617, 619
Coolbaugh, William F 69, 295, 296,
390, 416, 4^3, 438, 478, 655, 846, 862
Cooley, Clara 260
Cooley, Mary E 78
Cooley, William H 77
Coonley, John C 407, 649
Cooper, A. J _ 450, 451
Cooper, Arthur N 495
Cooper, George W. 453
Cooper, John S 254, 592
Cooper, Rev. William H 787
Cooper, William & Co . 564
Coosemans, Rev. Francis 770
Copeland, A. G (iS, 800
Copeland, Fanny 372
Copeland, W. L 542
Copp. A. J 739
Corbin, Caroline F 684
Corbin, Henry C 583
Corbin. May & Co 348
Corbinian, Rev. M -.- 770
Corby, F. M 827
Corcoran, John 618, 673, 856
Corcoran, John Joseph 388
Corcoran, John T._ _ 101
Corcoran, Thomas 590
Corcoran. W. W 57
Corel! , Mary E _ 425
Corey, A. L 618, 619
Corgan, John F 592
Corkery, Daniel M 871, 875
Corlett, George 427
Corlies, John 62 1
Cormlish, Thomas _ 617
Cornell, A. B 847
Cornell, Anna __ 87
Cornell, C. J. •. 438
Cornell, Jennie A 87
Cornell, Lizzie E. 625
Cornell, Paul _. 167, 171, 172
Corning, Elizabeth Ann 654
Corning, H. K 802
Corrigan, William , 397
Corse John M __ 592
Corwith, Henry 593, 796
Corwith, Nathan 438, 522
Corydon, Charles B 418
Cosio, Angel 582
Cossitt, Mary E 254
Cossman, Mathias 482
Cothran, G. W. 290
Cottier, Josie 517
Cottle, Elizabeth R 720
Cotton, Ella 452
Couch, G. W 320
Couch , James _ 395
Couch, Lillian N 534
Couch, Mrs. Caroline E 396
Collision, William II.. 590, 591, 629
Counselman. C. 320
Coup, W. C 672
Cours, Lucy L 269
Courtney, Rev. F'rederick 522, 649, 781
Courtney, Thomas E 403, 404, 868
Courtney, William 635
Cousins, Elizabeth 83
Couzett, Conrad 694
Covert, Abram II. _ 452
Cowan, Margaret - 746
Cowan, Olive A. 69
Cowan, William-. 865
Cowen, Zilpha M 164
Cowles, Alfred_-393, 649,695, 696, 796, 827
Cowles, Geraldine _._ 432
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Cowles, J. T 498
Cowles, Torris /, ...68a
Cox, Henry Clay 151
I.D. _ 5»4
Cox, "Matilda - 94
. lea, William 629, 630, 631, 632
Cox, William D 134
Edward I> 45')
, Patrick 7<>2
,, lames Robert 552
Cozzens, N. R - 7«3
(rafts, Clayton F. _ 875
Crafts, Rev. \V. F 7»9
r, Robert 492, 493
Cragin, E. F 290,873
Cragin, Rev. Charles C._ 809
Cramlall, .Mrs. C. K 522
Crandall, Schult/ ,\ Co 368
Crandon, Frank P - - 853
Crane Brothers _ -94, 493
Crane Bros. Manufacturing Co 494
Crane, Charles S 292
Crane, Frank R - 292, 293
Crane, Mrs. Simeon II 012
Crane, Richard T...I52, 166, 290, 405,
417, 439, 441, 609, 649, 650, 651,
655, 806
Crane, Simeon II -- 4°5- 592
Crapo, Louisa M .- 173
Crapser, A. 1' 374
Craig, Marguerite II. _ 552
, Rev'. Willis C. 522, 799, 802
Craig, Robert - ('i'i
Crary, C. \V. 4«S, 489
Crary, Hamilton 489
( 'rary \ Ingersoll — 489
(rater, Sarah !•'. 495
Craven, Rev. William. 794
Crawford, Allie Arnold - 684
Crawford, Alexander King .- 533
Crawford, Charles H._ 875
Crawford, Frank J
Crawford, C,. orge — 68.J
Crawford, Hiram -- -- l6-(
Crawford. 11. M.-.. --- 539
Crawford, Mrs. Harvey - 52°
Crawford, John A. -.617, 6:8, 619, 622, 625
Crawley, ]". A. -455
Cree, Jane K -• - 245
Cregier, DeWitt C. ..126, 431, 616, 617,
618, 620, 862, 867, 869
Cregier, E. T 121
Cregier, Mrs. Libbie Lyke 528
Orgn, U. R. f>20
o, Myron S. 619
Crepin, M - 6l.(
Crerar, Adams \ Co 678
Crerar, John. -.152, 404, 411, 441, 649,
650, 797
Creswold, Arthur J f>37
ler, Rev. II 77
Crewes, Charles 576
..•n, Sexton & Co. -- 4f>5
Crighton, Isabella 798
:iton. John --- 799
Crilly, Daniel Francis 80, 521
., John D 80
man, Ira 1! - 545
Cristie, Eli/abeth._ 86
hell, Roberts 4117,4(11
Crittenden, I V... 320
Crocker, An»d I.eland 739, 74<
ker, Fannie - - 722
ker, Hans 395
ker, Josiah l>._- 395
ker, Mary A 722
Iter, Mrs. 1.. V 62
Crorker, Oliver C 397
Crocker, \V. II. 320, 626, 62
i 8
Croft. F. \V.._ 622
tot. W. A.. 684
( T.nnbic, Charles I! _ 38
Cronin, 1'hilip 1'atrick Henry 53
Crunk, F.. 1 -- '"
Crook, John
Page
'rooks, Ellen M 682
'rookshanks, ]. II 625
isby, Albert 57&, 577, 860
Crosby, Marie - 345
rosby, Mary E 44=
'rosby, Rev. Howard 290
Crosby, U. II 577, 668
Jrosby, W. S._ 320, 649, 650
'rosby, Wareham W 387
'ross.'c. 1 ---373, 374
. Ellen Faith -- 4'""
'ross, J. G. 684
Cross, Lucy G - 460
Jross, Robert W._ 591
.'rouse, J. N. - 542, 543
Jrouse, William F ' 672
Crow, Rev. W. S 826
Crowhurst, Charles T 83
rowley, Jeremiah 1 5'>9> 846
^rowley, Nora G 544
Jroxon, F. T. .... 618
'ruikshank, Charles Eli 286
Brumbaugh, E — 69
CrutchcT, Howard - 535
.'ruUenden, ThomasS -- 720
>uver, Adelia E - -.- — -- 488
Oliver, Austin 488, 673
ruver, Austin John 488
'ruver, |ohn 488
•ruver, J. II -- 866
C udell & I.ehmann--- 74'
Culbertson, Blair & Co 756
Culbertson, Charles M 320, 334
Cullen, Matthew 358
Cullerton, Edward E .101, 102, 143,
854, 866, 868, 870, 872, 875
Cullom, Shelby M...I63. 621, 847, 853, 871
Culloton, Thomas P - 97
Culton, Mary - 621
Culver, BeMen E., 182, 184, 214, 410,
413, 420, 450, 609, 610
Culver, Charles E 295, 296, 298,
299, 320, 407
Culver, Charles N._ - - 320
Culver, George N _ 421, 423
Culver, II. Z. .- 405, 418, 805
Culver, John B 395
Culver, Margaret VanSlycke — 355
Culver, Page, Hoyne & Co 450
Culver, Washington 1 526, 617, 657
Cuyler, R. W. S - 617
Cuyler, W. H 321
Cumins, Arcadia 530
Cummings, Andrew 363
Cummings, C. R --438, 649
Cummings, Edmund A 448, 449
Cummings, George W 706
Cummings, John 11 357
Cummings, Mrs. M. A 853
Cummins. W. G. — . .- 785
Cuniffe, E. J 585
Cunningham, James 76
Cunningham iV Keepers 131
Cunningham, Margaret <)<}
Cunningham, Thomas Scott. .462, 466,
ids, 782
Cunningham, William II 762
Cunningham (W. II.) & Co 469
Curran, J. |._ 865
Curran, Margaret 370
a, William 866, 868
Currer, William 489
Curry, I. Seymour 425
Currier, Alice G 537
Currier, Charles E. 798
Cuni'-r, C'. L. 418
Currier, Charles S. 798
Curlier, Thomas II 108
Curry, W. Kate 547
Curtis, Charles II, 89, 575, 676
Curtis, Ellen P. . . . 262
Curtis, |. S
Curtis, Lester. 431, 512, 518, 524
Curtis, Louis S 150
Curtis, M. __ 659, 695
Curtis, Rev. Edward I.. . 802
Curtis, W. I).. --- 80
Curtis, William F 699, 706
Curtiss, Charles C 629
Curtiss, Charles P 613
Curtiss, James 836, 837, 840
Curtiss, "Mrs. Mary 396
Curtiss, Rev. Samuel Ives 806, 809
Curtiss, Romaine J - 5'5
Curts, Rev. I.. E 791
dishing, George II 542. 543, 544
dishing, Harriet 6i3
Gushing, Nathaniel Sawyer 395
Cushman, John Clark 600
Cuthbert, Edward - &73
Cutler, White & Boice 384
Cutting, Helen H. 5°2
Dabb, C. \V.
Dacey, James 243, 870
Daggett, Samuel J. 869
Daggett, W. E 299
Daggy, Julia A 521
Dasgy, Peter 101, 521, 617, 619
Dahinten, Carl 855
Dahl, J .- - 694
Daily. B. - 836
Dake Bakery _. 325
Dake & Woodman.. 222
Dakin, R. 1 627
Dakin, Thomas — 462
Dal, John W 514
Dale," John T 254
I >ale, Samuel Emmet 251
Dale, William M. 547, 613, 614, 68l
Daley, Ella 282
Daley, John 836
Dalrymple, A. 673
Dalton, James P 521
Dalton, John E. IO2, 267, 866, 868, 870
Daly, James H. B 109
Daly, Rev. P 769
Dalziel, Davison ... 672
Dalziel, \V. I) 672
Damen, Rev. Arnold 764, 766, 771, 772
Dandy, John Milton 677, 705, 707
Danenhower, James I 590
I lanenhower, W. W. ._ 840
Danforth, Isaac N. .-508, 513, 518, 519, 526
Danforth, Jerome D 460
Danforth, Mary L 321
Danforth, Willis 532, 535
Daniels & Brown 96
Daniels, C. W _. 867
Daniels, John B 101, 383
Daniels, Mary E. 333
Daniels, Mary J 276
Daniels, William _. ._ 872
Daniels, William V 582
Danton, Mary F 540
Dare, Benjamin E 719
Darger, Dora 308
Darling, J. G <,-,
Darling, J. M. _ 627
Darlington, II. P 677
Darmstadler, I'hillipena 579
Darrow, Archibald 114
Darrow, Julia N __ 82
Dater, P. W._ _ 320, 331
Dauphiny, R. J . 617
Davenport, A. M... 521
Da\enport, B. F 126
Davenport, George 526
Davenport, Mrs. M. A 422
David, Elorestine 530
David, Rev. Joseph S 794
I lavidson, A 407
Davidson, Frank S -706
Davidson, Rev. E. A 704
Davics, Rev. D. D 809
Davis, Annie L _ 264
Davis, Charles J 320
Davis, Charles W. 378, 592
Davis, David--234, 290, 834, 847, 853', 858
Davis, Elva M. con
Davis, E. P. 522
M 'ViS' r' !!'Y, "-""."."."."."430" 528
Davis, 1' rank B 586
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Davis, Fred --- 293
Davis, Fred J. ___ 672
Davis, George B 621
Davis. George M. 676
Davis, George R 584, 702, 847, 852,
853, 871, 873
Davis(James) & Co 548
Davis (John) & Co 94, 487
Davis, [. De la Croix 626
Davis, [ M 676
Davis, K. B 542
D.u-is, Lewis H 461,462,466, 532
Davis, L. 1 542
Davis, L. William 468
Davis, Morse & Co.- _ 164
Davis, Mrs. Eliza 396
Davis, Mrs. Emma _ 396
Davis, Myra Delia 396
Davis, Nathan S 512, 524
Davis, N. S., Jr 430, 524
Davis, Noah __ 289
Davis & Requa 461, 462
Davis, Rev. Edwin R 796, 799, 804
Davis, Rev. J. W -... 791
Davis, Rev. S. M 793
Davis, Sumner . 535
Davis, William A 560
Davis, W. E 584
Davis, Wilson H. 539, 540, 541
Davis, William J. 468,637, 670
Davlin, John 397
Davison, Mrs. John 419
Dawes, Chester M. 103
Dawson, I). M 430
Dawson. J. W 430
D.iwson, Martin 754
Day, A. M 873
Day, Ann S.._ _ 2IO
Day, Charles W 483, 616
Day, Clara Irene _ 288
Day, F. R 535
Day. Hannibal 395
Day, Joseph Leverett . 727
Day, Minnie E. 422
Day, Miss V. E. . 422
Day, T 816
Dayton, Frederick 684
De iiliek, Rev. J 771
DC Dycker, Rev. John 769
D'Hlpeux, A. Ravin 614
DC Gilio, M 615
De Golyer, K. G 619
DC I iolyer, Watts 824
DC (i root, Mrs. C. A 625
De Jonge, Kate 647
De Koven, John — 184, 390, 392, 405,
406, 408,439, 521, 526, 650, 782
De Koven, Mrs. II. 1 782
DC Koven, Rev. James 779, 781
De Lano, Edward C, 146
DC 1. any, F. C 875
DC I. any, Martin A. 146, 875
DC 1-ong, Amelia ._ 455
DC l.uce, Eugene F 616, 624
De Luce, Inez 625
DC 1'elgrom Valentine ._ 525
DC I'rosse, Angelo 639
DC Roode, Ilolger 467
DC Vry, II. [. .' .__. I84
DcWald, lohn 616
De Wakl, William _ 868
De \Volf, Calvin 395, 521, 627
De Wolf, Mrs. Calvin 521
De Wolf, Oscar C._ 154, 290, 513, 864,
867, 869
DC Wolfe, Rev. C. H 815
De Young, B. R 449, 450
De Young (B. R.) & Co. 450
Deal, Mary A. 625
Dean, Eliza 222
Dean, H. S 584
Dean, Mabel _ 720
Dean, M. S 543, 544
Dean, Mrs. M. C _ 520
Dean, Munson D _ 455
Dean, Rev. A. II 804
Page
Dean. Thaddeus _ IO2, 365, 366, 867
Dean (Thaddeus) & Co.. 368
Deane Bros, & Lincoln. _ 348
Deane, Cyrus W. 619
Deane, Harry S 331
Dearborn, Henry G. R - 397
Decatur, Mrs. H. E 419
Decevee, Mme. Alice 631, 632
Decker, Henry 268
Decker, Marcellus 618
Decker, Myron A — _ 262
Deircks, Caroline 351
Deist, Christiana 122
Delafontaine, M 518
Delamater, Mrs. Samuel. 4:9
Delamater, Nicholas B 532, 535, 542
Delaney, M. A 868
Delaney, Rev. J. 769
Delano, E. A _ 491
Delano, F. C _ 150
Delanty, Michael 395
Dellenbaugh, Sarah D 341
Delos, Sarah 611
Deloynes, George 614
Demarteau, Rev. Suitbert __ 770
Dement, Isaac S __ 712, 713
Dement, John. 816
Dement, Merritt H 713
Dement (M. H.) & Co. 712, 713
Deming, R 359
Demmler, Francis A 126
Dempsey, Ellen 345
Dempsey, Samuel H. _ 381
Dempsey, Sarah A 399
Dempster, Rev. John 844
Denier, "Tony" 670
Denison, Eudora E 369
Denison, Franklin. 409
Dennehy, Charles. 573, 856, 857
Dennett, Charles R 697
Dennett, Mrs. C. R.__ 419
Dennis, Charles H 706
Dennis, Emma A 309
Dennis. J. L. 864
I tennis, Mary J 691
Dennis, Paul H. 196, 619
Dennis, Rev. J. S. 826
Denny, Patrick 836
Denslow, Van Huren. 290, 684, 699, 701
Densmore, E. W 320,442
Dent \ lilack ___ 218
Dent, Thomas 290, 291, 407, 522, 797
Denton (D. Il.)£Co 678
Derby, Philander 735
Derickson, R. P 141, 526, 585, 610,
846, 857, 862, 875
I leschauer, Joseph 544
Deuker, P. J 836
Devine, Arthur __ 485
Dcvine & Bro 485
Devine, M.A _ 143, 875
Devine, Peter _ 485, 486
DC vine's Steam Boiler Works 485
Devine, William M --568, 874, 875
Devlin, James 673
Devoe, Martha J. ._. 89
Dewald, M. J 869
Dewes, Francis) 579
Dewey, Charles Alfred 534
Dewey, C. B _ 69
Dewey, Dennis S 397
Dewey, James R 808
Dewey, -Mrs. Adeline S. Lincoln 396
Dewey, Mrs. J. R. 419
Dexter, Albert Augustus 395
Dexter, Ransom __ _. 528
Dexter, Wirt 365, 390, 542, 608, 609,
649, 650, 655, 827
Dezendorf, J. D. _ 787
Dezenclorf, Mrs. J. I). 419
Diamond, Henrietta.- 625
Dibble, Charles A. 265, 591
Dibblee, E. R 82
Dibblee, Henry 82
Dick, A. B.... 386
Dick (A.-li.) Company.. 386
Page
Dickenson, George 1 395
Dickenson, Thomas C _ 6n
Dickerson, Emma R __ 710
Dickerson, John 0 618, 619
Dickerson, J. Spencer 710
Dickey, Andrew T 390
Dickey, Fanny DeKoven 782
Dickey, Hugh Thompson 395
Dickey, T. Lyle 276, 290, 842, 860
Dickinson, Augustus _ 395
Dickinson, Cora D 635
Dickinson, D. H 617
Dickinson, George 576
Dickinson & Leach.. 571
Dickinson, Leach & Co 565
Dickinson, L. L. __ 617
Dickinson, O. B 565
Dickinson, O. P 405
Dickinson,'!". G._ 449
Dickinson, William.. _. 320, 807
Dickinson, William B 101
Dickinson (William) & Co 333
Dickover, Rev. S 819
Dickson, Alice C 512
Dickson, T. S. E 711
Didier, Etara 625
Diebold Safe & Lock Co 497
Dieden, John 163
Diehl, Charles S 584, 585, 586
Diener, T 865
Dietzsch, Emil 240, 855, 869
Diez, John L 80
Dillhoff, Gertrude 742
Dillingham, E. R 706
Dillingham, John 611
Dillon, Abbie 502
Dillon, Elroy A 153
Dillon, John _ 866
Dimock, Mrs. Elizabeth F 148
Dimock, Mrs. Mary Ann Stow 396
Dinet, I 614
Dinet, Joseph 397
Dinet, Louise 509
Dinsmore, J. W 602
Ditman, Henry V 488
Diversey, Michael 802
Dix, John A _ 257
Dixon, Arthur 101, 102, 846, 848,
854, 865, 867, 869, 871
Dixon, Charles G 852
Dixon, C. G 866
Dixon, Joseph 860
Dixon, Joseph!!. 108, 158, 624, 865
Dixon, Lavall B 68, 73, 6n, 620
Doane, John Wesley .84, 90, 152,
393, 404, 405, 439, 522, 649, 650, 757,' 853
Doane, Mrs. J. W 520
Doane, Rt. Rev. W. C 780
Dobbins, Annette S 520
Dobbins, Thomas S — 436
Dobson, W. H. 869
Dodge, Agnes A 74
Dodge, George E. P 729
Dodge, Harriet 697
Dodge, Mrs. P. G - 419
Dodge, P. G 377
Dodge, Usel S 395
Dodson, Christian Bowman 395
Dodson, Henry . 397
Doern, Ophelia S ._ 576
Doerner, Charles F. L 102, 867,
869, 870, 871
Doggett, Samuel J 867, 870
Doggett, William F. 439, 608, 827
Doherty, J. T. 158
Dohn, A. W 629, 630
Dold, Anthony 525
Dole, James II., 334, 420. 421, 422, 439, 657
Dolese, John _ 187, 188
Doll, Mary A 485
Dolweck, Rev. Bernardine 770
Donahue, Florence 115
Donahue, Francis X. 601
Donahue & Henneberry — 690
Donegan, James 254
Donley , Bessie 509
Sl'KCIAI. 1NDKX.
Page
Donlin, Mary A 667
Donnan, \V. G _ 871
Donnell, E. I' 691
Donnelly, J. P 158
Donnelly, Neil 843
I lonohtie, James 590
Donovan, Henry K.. __ 5 =
I >i >m> van, Sarali 122
Doolittle, C. C 6iS, 619, 022
Doolittle, James R. 264, 272, 277.
279, 402, Si(>, Si 7, 847
Donlittlt, James R., |r. __ 146, 869
Dorchester, Helen 425
Dore, John C. TJO, 2i)(), I'H'. •*)(>, 875
I loria, Clara 630, 63 i
Dorlaiul, Walter.. 518
Donnan, Mrs. R. M 83
Donnan, William.. 875
Dorr, George J. 612, 808
Dorset, Rev. Charles 1' jSo, 7,^3, 785
Dorwiii, Mrs. Arilla B .. 396
Doi » in, Thomas 196
Dos'.al, Joseph 732
Doty, Duane 146
Doty, Melinda 260
. Theodorus 397
I >ougal, Thomas 351
Dougall, Naomi 339
iierty, William E 700
Doughty, AiUlison 676
Douglas, Edwin S. 672
Douglas, John 569
las, J. M 335
Douglas, Stephen A 89, 258, MS,
816, 817, 833, 834, 841
Douglass, Mrs. E. J._ 41,)
Douglass, W. A 522
man, T. C 395
I lovtnmuehle, H. C. 731
Dovenmuehle, H. F. C 731
1 low, Asa 310, 320, 40
Dow, p'rancis.. 24*
I low, Mrs. John H 519, 520
Dow, Samuel K 261, 875
Dow, \\iliiam C 825
Howling, Rev. D. M. J 766
I 'owner it litmis Brewing Co 576, 577
Downer & Co 223
1 lowner, Caroline ._ 481
Downey, Joseph 89, 92
1 lowney, Thomas 92
Downs, Charles S -<>77, 679
Downs. William Smith _ 727
Do.vs, David _ 438
Doyle, Austin J 108, in, 240, 614,
856, 857, 868, -IM, 871
Doyle, John E 588
Doyle, J. Edward 79
Doyle, Mary _ 79
Doyle, Simon 397
Drake, Chester T 618
Drake, Frank 309, 331
Drake, Ida F 173
Drake, John Ii 334, 354, 405, 441,
522, 597, 6=0, 71,!), S27, 860
Drake, Mrs. G. li 419
DrandorfT, Charles 458
Drant, N. li 584
i, Emil _ 182
Drew, Charles \V. ..102, 392, 393, 462,
466, 592, 871
I )rrw, Edward \V 829
Drew, H. H. _ .571,
Drew, \V. C. ;4i,i
Brothers 171
Driver, Edward S. 444. 449, 593
Dreyer (1 . S.) \ Co 444
Driesslein, Charles I, 71-,
Driscoll, M. A 871
I 'river, George 243
I irucry, I .ew II . . 1 84
Drum, Riehard C _ 583
Drummond, Josiah H _ 621
Drnmmond, Thomas 150,234, 2di,
395, 4'«), :l
Drummond, \VillisJr. - .. 452
Drtiry, Benjamin C _
Drury, Edwin
Drury, Helen Kate _.
Drury, J. H
Drtn v, Lewis H. . . . _
Drury, \V. G. — ...
Dryden (E. W.i & Co
Dryer. II. \Y
1 lubois, Lincoln
Dubuis, O. F _
Ducat, Arthur C. ...461, 4(12, 4(1! •
592,
Duck. C. H _ _
Duck, Mrs. Charles Hill ._
Dudley, B. F
Dudley, E. C 512,
Dudley, II. \V
Dudley, 1
Dudley, L. Edwin
Dudley, Rev. J. F
I hiell, Alice A
Dueusing, Charles H.
Dufer, Abel II.
Duff, lane __
•Id, Charles
Duffield, Mary _
Id, Rev.' S. li _
Duffield, Rev. Samuel \V.
Duffy, Catharine .
Duffy, Charles
Dutfy, Joseph _
Duffy, Patrick
Dugan, John F
Duggan, Rt. Rev. James __
Duguid, James _.
id, Mary E..
1 1 ii n bar, i .corge \V
I ) unbar, Jennie
I luncan, James
Duncan, J. M.__ __
Duncan, Robert ...
I liiucan, Sherman & Co. _
Duncan, Thomas C _. 431,
Dunham, John H 237,
Dunham, J. S _
Dunham, l.ix/ie II. ..
Dunham, Ransom \\ ., 83, 301, 320, 853,
Dunham Towing and Wrecking Com-
pany
Dunklee, William A !
I luulap, Alexander
Dunlap, G. ._
Dunlap, George I... 164, 407, 411,
612, 649, 650, 860,
Dunlap (George L.) & Co
Dunlap, James.. .
Dunlap, Joseph R ..620, 700,
Dunlap, Mrs. Kmeline
Dunlap, Mrs. George L. is2,
Dim levy, John C _
Dunn, J. A.
Dunn, John
Dunn, Mary Jane Frances..
Dunn, Michael
Dunn, P
Dunn, T. W ^
Dunn, Viola
Dunn, W. P.. ".'_'."_
Dunne, Michael J 146, 416, 614,
Sd6, 869,
Dunne, Rev. Edward J 768, 775,
Dunne, Very Rev. Dennis
Dunne, \V. P 586,
Dunphy, John M 7(5, 102]
Dunphy, Martin '_
I lunton, Frank H
Dunton, Mrs. E. M ]~"
Dunton, Thomas E _.
Dupee it Judah
Du Pont de Nemours (E. ].) &
Dupper, Margaret
Dupper, Sabine I
Dupuy, Leon
Durand, El licit .
Din-ami, II. C. .
Durand (II. C.) ,\ Co
Page
395
.)(><>
723
422
59'
677
745
625
875
182
865
397
396
626
524
829
610
2C)C)
824
740
6I5
626
493
566
720
780
800
727
673
836
875
-66
798
798
487
745
68 1
58l
68 1
57
612
875
294
237
873
294
4»7
726
875
861
333
816
705
396
782
827
542
613
342
837
871
386
735
118
875
776
766
866
869
79
682
682
345
172
761
H3
"3
614
584
439
34S
Page
Duranl, lames T 395
Durfee, Bradford K 852
Durgin, John C 290
Durham, W. J 598
Durhan, Lucy -. 422
Duval, Harry 680
Duvcrnay, Louisa M._ 372
Dunce, R. 596
Dutch, J. B 320
Duteher, George N 493
Dutton, Silas 360
Dwight, A. F 366
Dwighl it Gillette _ 306
Dwight, John H 306, 320,429, 438
Dwyer, Emma _ 277
Dwyer, James B 582
Dwyer it Miles. 66S
Dyas, Mrs. W. G 518, 519, 520
Dyas, W. Godfrey 518, 520, 525, 527
Dyche, D. R '. ". 547
Dyer <.t Chapin 698
Dyer, Clarence H _. 387, 592
Dyer, C. V. 834
Dyer, Edwirl 480
I Iyer, George R. , 395
Dyer, Lamb & Co. 480
Dyer, Mrs. Elizabeth Sebor DeKoven
(Hubbard) 396
Dyer, Thomas 128,840
Dyke, Ora L 197
Dysart, J. W 608
Dzievvior, Paulina . 564
Eagan, J. J 861
Eager, George 120
Eagle. Helen Gertrude 268
Eagle, Joseph .. 585
Eames, H. F. __ _ 649
Eames, Melville C. _ 626, 627
Eames, Mrs. Fred. _ 424
Earle, Charles Warrington 515,516,
518, 519, 526, 527
Earle, John Estcourt 294
Earle, Lawrence C 422
Earley, George W. .. 626
Earnshaw, Emanuel 70, 84
Earnshaw & Gobel 134
Easter, John D.. 875
F.astman, Francis A 554, 556, 558,
564, 691, 844, 875
Eastman, Sidney C 407
Eastman, Zebina 397, 412. 833
Easton, Alonzo 625
Easton. Charles L 255, 875
Eaton, Alonzo __ 321
Eaton Brothers _ 507
Eaton, Charles _ 507
Eaton, Daniel _ 507
Eaton, Emma Elizabeth 507
Eaton & Prince 491
Eaton, Thomas \V 491
Eaton (Thomas \V.) <t Co 401
Eaton. William D... 669, 672, 684, 702, 706
Eaton, W. R 422
Eberhardt, Max. 523,855, 857
Eberhart, John F .".' 147
Ebersold, Frederick.. 110,615, S7'
Ebert, Albert E 169' ,47
Ebert, Katie .' 549
Ebertshaeuser, Henry __ 86
Ebertshaeuser, Jacob 86
Eckhardt, Nicholas 101, 163
Eckhardt, Rose 78
Eckhart, Ii. A 788
F.dbrooke, George H. 514
Eden, John R.. _ §46
Eddy, A ,2o
Eddy, A., Jr. " 320
Eddy, Albert M 479,480
Eddy, Ansel D 802 804
Eddy, Augustus N. 392, 393, 847
Eddy, C.larence ,649, 796
Eddy, Devotion C. 30,0
Eddy, George D '." •"_" '""_ *£
Eddy, II... _8_
Eddy, H. Clarence... 636
Eddy, Ira B. ... " f
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Eddy, Mrs. Cynthia E. King 396
Eddy, Mrs. J. I --- 419
Eddy, Mrs. T. M - 418
Eddy, Philander 397
Eddy, Rev. Alfred 799
Eddy, Kev. A. 1) _ 815
Eddy, Rev. T. M 709
Eddy, Robert M 479
Edgell, Stephen M 397
Edgeriy Annie. ._ 309
Edgertoii, Annie E 261
Edmonds, William 98
Edmunds, George F 871
Edsall, Emma . 698
Edsall, lames K. ...290, 291, 847,848, 858
Edsall, Mrs. J. K. 522, 613
Edson, Josiah 785
Edson, Julia O 338
Edwards, Arthur .. 592
Edwards, Ebenezer 312
Edwards, E. N 622
Edwards, Francis Myers 395
Edwards, George D _ 745
I'M wards & Guhl 312
Edwards, Henry K 745
Edwards, Henry J 745
Edwards (Henry )L)&Sons__ 745
Edwards, I ames Augustus 315
Edwards,]. T. '. 816
Edwards, Mary S. .... 274
Edwards, Xinian _ 412
Edwards, Rev. Thomas _ 766
Edwards, Thomas C.. (07, 592
Eells, Thomas S. 1 395
Egan iV Hill 74
Egan, James 89
Egan, James J._ 79, 104
Egan, Marion E. - 548
Egan, Mary -- 122
Egan, Mrs. William !',.__ 396
Egan, Rev. 1'. A. L 767
Egan, Wiley M.-Ss, 90, 320, 405, 625,
657,846, 875
Eggleston, Charles K 314
Ehman, Charles 739
Ehrhardt, Charles 875
Ehricli, Fannie. 719
Eichelstein, Bettie 830
Eichheim, M. 638
Eilenberger, Herman _. 81
Einstein, Jennie 264
Eisen-Bockius, F. B _ 515
Eisendrath, Adelaide 274
Eisendrath, B. 855
Eisfeldl, William 869
Eisfeldt, William, Jr 103, 871
Eiszner, John __ 102
Eklund, Rev. Henry Werner 794
Ela, Mrs. John 4111
Eldred, |i; |[. _ _ 5g7
Eldredge, George C 320
Eldredge, John Woodworth 397
Elfring, Bernhardine ._ 724
Elisoii, John A. 352
Elkins, Henry Arthur 419
Ellefsen, J . F _ . . 694
Ellers. ( '.. Howard ... . 126
Ellert, Peter J 874
Ellick, Christina __ 686
Ellingwood, Finley 539
Elliott, Eliza .'._ 314
Elliott, E. M 44,j
Elliott, |essie 598
Elliott, Mrs. A. N.. 633
Elliott, Rev. Charles 802
Elliott, William II. 617
Elliott, William S., Jr. 285, 631, 632
Ellis, Almon D __ 730
Ellis, Faulkner 360
Ellis & Fergus 833
Ellis, Joel 30,5
Ellis, |nlia _ 275
Ellis, j. Ward 026, 627, 865
Ellis, I.ettie M. 527
Ellis, Rev. Frank M. 812
Ellis, Kev. John 794
Page
Ellis, Rev. Sumner 826
Ellis, Samuel 115
Ellis, Samuel A 108
Ellithorpe Air-Brake < 'o 498, 499
Ellithorpe, A. B 498, 499
Ellithorpe, Albert C. . . 198, 499
Ellilhorpe, ('line & Bradley 499
Ellithorpe, F. T... 498
Ellsworth, J. W. 233
Ellsworth, Lewis 267
Ellsworth, Louis 397
Ellsworth, Mary Catherine 531
Ellsworth, Milton S 268
Ellwood, Isaac L. 263
Elmendorf, Frederick F. . 289, 868
Elmes, Carlton 1) 480
Elmes, Charles F. 480
Elmes & Son 480
Elphicke, Charles W 470
Elred, D. W 449
Elston, Mrs. Daniel 396
Elstrom, Rev. K. H 794
Elstun, Louisa . ... 699
Elton, Zaida M._ 625
Elvig, Albert J. — . 260
Elwood, James G 625
Ely, Charles F 535, 538
Ely, D. J 429
Ely, Laura Elizabeth 802
Ely, Rev. Ben. Ezra S 799, 802, 804
Embler, A. J 94
Emerentienne, Sister 773
Emerich, J. T 582
Emerson, Louise 490
Emerson (O. P.)&Co... 501
Emery, Felix J 496
Emery, Joshua _ 798
Emery \" Me Farland 496
Emery, 1". A. 150
Emery, Sarah A 480
Emmett, William 676
F.mmons, Francis A. 113, 163
Emrich, Rev. Frederick Ernest 809
Ender, John C 865
Enderlin, Katie 553
Enderly, Louisa 783
Engberg, J. J _. 694
Engel, Edward.. 341, 614
Engel, Samuel _ 865
Engelbrecht, Rev. H _ . 820
Engelhardt, George A 485
Engert, Rosa Henrietta 521
Engle, Augustus 341
English, G. 522
English, William J 146, 261, 860, 865
Ennis, Alfred. 231
Ennis, Lawrence M 284, 402
Enright, James 122
Enright, John W 868
Enright, Kelly & Coleman.. 573
Ensign, II. !,.__ 710
Ensworth, Mrs. H. B 419
Ensworth, Rev. H. B 783
Entwistle, Joseph 573
Entwistle & Lomax.. 573
Epler, E _ 160
Elbe, Arthur.. 590, 855
Erdman, Rev. J 824
Erdman, Rev. W. J 808
Erickson, Charles 694
Erickson, Helen M. 267
Erlandes, John __ 523
Ernst Brothers' Brewing Company .. . 577
Ernst, Charles Emil 577
Ernst, Leo 577
F.rskine, I). M., Jr 441)
Erskine, F. P 303
Ertz, George 495
Escher, Rev. George 819
Eschke, Oscar.. ._ 422
Esher, Edward B. 558
Essing, Rev. Joseph 769, 770
Essner, Matthias E. ._ __ 868
Estabrooks, ( iertrude 422
Estes, Elijah Stone __ _. 395
Estey & Camp 653
Page
Estey, Flora 508
Estey, Florence — 70
Estey, H. W 70
Etheridge, James H 508, 522, 528
Eunson, Alexander 801
Eustace, John V 858
Eustace, Mary J _ 481
Evald, Rev. Carl A. 523, 821
Evans, Annie 221
Evans, Clinton B __ 696
Evans, D. L 617, 619
Evans, George 413
Evans, Hugh Davey 780
Evans, II. J. - 328
Evans, Kate - 349
Evans, Michael 856
Evans, Rev. W. A - 791
Evans, W. N 166
Evarts, William M _. 263
Everest, Rev. Charles Hall 808
Everett, Edward 534
Everett, Francis Denison 729
Everett, John C 245
Everett, John S . 837
Everett, Joseph D 102, 865, 867
Everett, William S 244
Everhart, George 860
Everts, Rev. W. W 684, 817
Ewing, A. T 404
Ewing, William C. 804
Fair, Minnie Alice Si
Fair, M. Q 617
Fairchild, Lucius 290
Fairfield, John M 68 1
Fairbank, Nathaniel K...I52, 290. 299,
300, 320, 390, 301, 392, 404, 405,
421, 521, 522, 606, 608, 621, 649,
650, 655, 827
Fairbank (X. K.) & Co ". 99
Fairbank, Mrs. N. K. 521, 522
Fairbanks, John 685, 788, 875
Fairbanks & Palmer 685
Fairley, Rev. J. W 787
Fake, Josephine E. 783
Falk, Franz Brewing Company 580
Falk, Louis 629, 635
Falk, L. W 580
Fallows, Rt. Rev. Samuel 405, 535,
591, 787, 788, 829
Falter, Peter 86
Falter, Philip 86
Fanning, J. D 359
Fargo, Charles _ 600
Fargo, James C. 600
Faris, Rev. J. M 804
Farling, Samuel D._ 404
Farnon, J. W. 449
Farnsworth, John F 842, 843, 844,
846, 852
Farnum, George A 328
Farnum, Henry 429
Farnum, W. W 429
Farqnhar, John M _. 693
Farr, Marvin A .. 405
Farrar, Ada J 625
Farrar, Henry W 592, 703
Farrar, John 619
Farrell, M. P -- 573
Farrell, Mary Ramsey 763
Farson, Robert B. .."... 384, 385, 832
Farwell, Charles B. ..249, 295, 390, 411,
438, 562, 657, 846, 858, 874
Farwell, George E. _ - 808
Farwell, Granger 373, 584
Farwell, John A 142, 143, 865
Farwell, John V. .61, 83, 290, 418, 542,
607, 608, 842, 862
Farwell, John V., Jr 233, 418
Farwell (J. V.) & Co. _ .60,448, 716
Farwell, Marcus A 761, 865
Farwell, Mrs. J. A -.631, 632, 633
Farwell, \\ . W 238, 259
Fassett, A. C 848
Fatzinger, Mattie K 206
Faulkner, William ... .681
Faust, John. 672
10
Sl'KCIAI. iXDI'.X.
Page
Fawcett, Jessie L
Celt, Re\. William 7-
Faxon, K. (',. 1 99
Faxon, Nat _ QC
Kay, Amy 633, 636
Fay, C. N. 290,41
la), I. Edwards .- 800,804
KayO. A.) & Ct 49
lames W.. 720
Fay, Mr-,. I-al.rlle Kiel Kingston . ... ;<)<
Kav, Rose 42
Feder, K. \. _ 616
Feehan, Must Ki-v. Patrick Augustine
763, 7/6
Feeny, Annie 96
Fclch, James 847
Fcldekamp, lohn 617
Feldkamp, R. C
Fell, Annie 456
Fellows. Charles S. _ _ 318, 430, 431
Fellows, Edgar A 284
Fellows, E. J 875
Fellows, II. 'I!. ... .,532,533,608
Felsenthal, Gross & Miller 443
nthal, Herman 443, 615
nthal iV Ko/minski__ 443
Felsenthal, Rev. H 831
Feltes, John 865
Felton, Charles Kmory 116, 117,
Fellon, Rev. C. E 789
Fellhausen, Jacob D 856
Fenderson, F'. F,.._ 584
Kenger, C 513, 523
Fenn, C. F _ _ 528
Fenner, Irwin R . 553
Feiinimore, Fmma li 422
F'ennimore. Fannie 374
F'ennimore, lane A... 305
Feiinimore, Richard, 395
F'ennimore, William 617
Fenton, William L 837
Fergus, Robert 395
Ferguson, Andrew 397
Ferguson (15. L.) & Co 720
Ferguson, John 249
Ferguson, Robert 673
Ferguson & Winston 621
F'ernandez, Annie 582
Fernandez, E. M. 8 542
Fernandez, Francisco 582
Ferns, John I'orter _ 625
F'errier, Thomas E 875
Ferris, Frank 221
Ferry (A. DJfcCo 345
Ferry. James II. _ 375
Ferry, Mary -- 749
Ferry, \ . II. 384
Ferry iv Sons ._ _ 305
Ferry. Thomas W __ 384
. William M. 384
Ferson, liarl li 153
mien, C. N ._
Fickett, Franklin II. N>
Field, Benjamin M. 717
Henedict & Co.... 716, 717
Field, Cyrus W 304
I >aviil Dudley . ._
Field, K. I.. 422
. Edward M. - -304
'•lie 701
320, 331
i. on, 651, 657
Field, John's. 338
Field, I. aura __ 82
Field A I.eiter 59, <>i, .(47. 4(8, 607
Field, I .tiler <v Co. _ 90, 121,678, 679
F'ield, Marshall.- 72, 79, 152, 104, 2911,
326, 392, 404, 411, 421, 43-1. '
i'1'i. '
Field (Marshall) & Co. 65, 598. 678
, Mrs. Marshall _ 71)11
Field, Oscar -
Field, Palmer <.V I.eiter.. 716
.louse, I htteher & Belden 493
ph. 493
Fields, Henry D 590
Page
Filer, Alanson 395
Filkins, Mrs. Joseph 396
Finch, E. !!..'_ __ 545
Finch, Mary Tomlinsoii 302
Fincrty, John F 707,853,873, 874
Finley, Mary | 782
Finley. Rev" R. S. _ 793
Finney, Mrs. \\alter_._ 419
F'isch, Simon 617
Fischer, Edward J. . - 549
Fischer, Fred 380
Fischer, Kate 739
Fischer. Rev. P 768
Fish, Alexander J 330
Fish, Benjamin 31)5
Fish, Carrie J 313
Fish, Clara A 253
Fish, Hamilton 88
Fish, James 397
Fish, Simon 871
Fisher, Albert J 320,680, 708
F'isher, Augustus F. 384
Fisher, li. (.; 310
Fisher Brothers 461
Fisher, Emmett C. .. 401,402, 404
Fisher, F 867
F'isher, Henry | 287, 627
F'isher, J. A.L.". 823
Fisher, J. K. 320
F'isher, 1 .ticitis ( leorge 395
Fisher, Lucius G., Jr 500, 755
Fisher, Rev. James A 787
Fisher, W. E 619
Fishleigh, John 345
F'isk, Clinton B 281
Fisk, D. B... 657, 725
FisMD. B.) & Co 122
Fisk & Hall 57
F'isk, Jennie A 519
Fisk, Rev. F. W. 520
Fitch, M. J 808
Fitch, T. D 518, 616, 626
Fitch, Timothy 1 672
Fitch, William H 526
Fithian, W. W _ 626
Fitzgerald, Emily 90
Fitzgerald, Maggie _ 115
Fitzgerald, William _ 101
Fitzgibbon, John 854
Fit/hugh, C. M. 617
Fitzpatrick, John 121, 125
Fitzsimmons, Charlotte 337
Fitzsimmons, James _ 836
Fit/ Simons, Charles 379, 586
F'itz Simons iV Connell 379
Fitz Simons, Mrs. Charles _. 520
Fleming, J. E 627
Fleming, John McLean 511
F'lemming, John 271
Flaherty, Rev. James J 767
Flaherty. Rev. Joseph 775
Flanagan, Patrick 427
Inlanders. E. J _. 72
I Ian, Ins, John I _. 72
Flanders, Rev. (1. T _ 826
, F'.rnst 627
Flencr, Mrs. J. M 424
Flesh, Simon 722
Fletcher, Abraham 86
her, Cecil 87
Fletcher & Clark 458
Fletcher, Isaac 86
Fletcher, Japhet 86
Fletcher, John 848
»1. Mrs. B. F 419
Flcetwo,..,!, Rev. B. F._ ... 782
Fleetwood, Stanley II _ 782
Flinn, John J ___ 705
•'linn \- I'hrich 368
•'linn, William W 480
•lint, Edward E _ 302
•"lint, Francis 673
•'lint, Udell & Co _."" 333
390,439", 854
Hood, J. k 5qo
Flood, ivtcr F ,,,,
Page
Floto, William - 855, 867
Flournoy, Mrs. M. A. .-- --- 625
Flournoy, R. T - 621
Flower, George 412
Flower, James M - - 269
Flower, "Mrs. James 419
Floyd. Charles 3*5. 32°
Floyd, James B 4(>I
Floyd, John R... 591, 60 1
Flynn, leremiah.. ..866, 869
Flynn, John 7°i
Foerster, Charles K __ 619
Foerster, Charles F 182
F'ogarty, William - 126, 410
Fogg &Son - 97
Foley, Rt. Rev. Thomas 764, 765,
766, 768, 779
Foley, John H ..869, 870
Folcy, Rev. Michael 766
Foley, Thomas — IOI
Foley, T. J - 672
Follansbee, Charles 395, 840
Follansbee, Frank II -869, 871
Follon, Catherine _ — 311
Folsom, Charles A 274
Foltz, Fritz 629, 630, 631, 632
Folz, John C 865
Fontaine, Bertha J 453
Foote, D. H 501
. DavidP _ 395
Foote, D. S 632
Foote, Erastus - _ 797
Foote, Peter 869
Foraker, T. B. .
Forbes, Aurelia A
Forbes, Daniel
Forbes, Harry .
Forbes. Mrs. Elvira Bates
Force, D. W...
Ford, B. M __ 320,
Ford (David M) & Co. ..
Ford, II. C.
Ford (J. S.), Johnson & Co
Ford, Lydia J. _ _
Ford, W. H
Fordham, O. C
Foreman, Belle
Foreman Brothers .
Forhan, Rev. M
Forman, Edward )oi,
F'orrest Bros. & Co
Forrest, Joseph K. C 101, 701,
Forrest, Mrs. T. L
Forrest, Philip R _.
Forrest, William. __
F'orrest, William S 245,
Forrester, Rev. J. E
Forrester, R. H 521,
F'orshell, Henrica
Forstall, Theodore
F'orster, |. W.
F'orster, Marcus P.
Forstman, Rev. Symphorian
Forsyth, Andrew '. __
Forsyth, James W. . -583,
Forsyth, Rev. Walter _...'
Forsyth. William K 617, 618, 619,
Forsythe, John 3^
Forwood, William H
Foss, John P (,26
Foss, M. II _._..
Foss, Robert II ---365, 836,
Foss, Sylvester D 102, 320 331'
Foster, A. II [_._.'
Foster^ Edith I "
Foster, Edward __
Foster, Emma
Foster, Frances S
Foster, Harriet A
F'oster, Henry A.
Foster, H. II
Foster, J. F ....'...
••'oster, Jacob Thomas
? oster, John W
poster, Marcella - '""'"
H'oster, Miss M. F',. ..
871
401
612
618
396
673
564
482
420
735
482
867
695
7:8
720
766
404
558
856
522
558
68 1
255
826
866
53S
128
430
720
768
257
592
804
622
429
583
627
320
875
868
518
265
395
732
349
350
283
520
"172
141
684
341
152
SPECIAL INDEX.
n
Page
Foster, Nancy II. 610
Foster, R. N _ --- 535
Foster, Thomas 375
Foncek, Charles 186
l''oulds, Eugenie 406
Fountain, Ada 103
Fowler, Charles C._ 83
Fowler, Imogene _ 127
Fowler, Rev. Charles II 790, 792
Fowler, Robert 1) .--290, 868
Fowler, R. N. 467
Fowler, Stanly (', 708
Fowler. \V. F 677
Fox, Mrs. L. 1' 611
Fox, Mrs. <). I.. 630, 631, 632
Fox, Ri-v. Charles M 785
Frake, James 260, 865
Frana, Veronica 732
Franchere, IX- ... 614
Francis, T. S — 320
Franck, John August 548
Frank, Babbetta 718
Frank, Emma 297
Frank, Henry -408, 524, 610, 615
Frank, 1 461
Frank, Mrs. F.liese _. 614
Frank, Rosa _ 731
Frankenthal, E _ 408
Fran/en, Matthias 866
Fraser, C. | 681
Fraser & Gillette 365
Fraser, James 798
Fraser, Susan 798
Frazier, Anna 731
I'l'.uld, H 614
Frederic!, Eliza 330
Frederick, Lucian 1). _ 761
!• R-dcriksen, Niels C. .. . 454
Fredigke, Charles Christian 547
Fredin, A __ 614
Freeman, A. W 544
Freeman, D. B 542, 543, 544
Freeman, George _. 255
Freeman, Isaac A. _ 808
Freeman, Lucy 625
Freeman, Mrs. A. M 684
Freeman, Robert 395
Freer, Joseph W 431, 508, 526, 606, 608
Freer, Lemuel Covell Paine... 395, 508, 834
Frees, I. H. ..
617
Frehse, Caroline 732
Freiberg, Frederick 654
Fremont, John C._ ._ 833, 834
French, Augustus C._ 233
French, A. 1' 412
French, Charles G _ 109
French, J. II 320, 785
French, J. J 619
French, I'inckney ... 515
French, Potter & Wilson 752
French, Rev. John A. 798
French, W. D 321
French, \V. H... 705
French, W. M. R. 420,421
Freret, Mother Bourkc... 774
Freshwaters, Milton R. 268
Fretts, Joanna _ 311
Frcy, C. L !6o
Frieberg, R __ 855
Friedlander, Nancy _. 301
Friedrich, Anna 552
Fricdrich, Kcv. Franz.. _ 815
Friese, William 875
Frink, Charles 695
Frisbie, Mrs. P. \V. 419
Fritz, Elizabeth 746
Frorlich, Rev. Edward 768
Frost, Apphia B 601
Frost & Bradley _ _ 365
Frost, Carrie 389
Frost, Charles S 74
Frost, Laura Elizabeth 807
Frost, Rufus S . 289
Frost, W. E 376
Frost (W. E.') Manufacturing Company, 376
Fry, George C. 617, 619
Page
Fry, Jacob 560
Fry, James B 583
Frye, Carrie E._ 563
F'uchs, Charles 694
Fuchs, Gustav 582
Fuchs, T 631, 632
Fucik, Frank 870
Fuller, C. E 83
Fuller, Charles Gordon 537
Fuller, C. G. S _. 625
Fuller (E. S.) & Co 572
Fuller & Finch _. 546
Fuller, Finch & Fuller 546
Fuller & Fuller 90
Fuller & Fuller Company 545
Fuller, George \V _. 166
Fuller, Harry C. 223
Fuller, Henry \V 431, 546, 547
Fuller, J. C tet
Fuller, James E. S 572
Fuller, JohnJ.. 706
Fuller, M. A 684
Fuller, Melville W 172, 261, 290,
402 410, 782, 843, 873, 875
Fuller, Mrs. \V. \Y 419
Fuller, Oliver Frank 546, 827
Fuller, O. P.. 545
Fuller cS; Roberts 545
Fuller, William A. 152, 290, 378,
386, 393, 404, 650
FuIIerton, Alexander N 397
Fulton, H. L 834
Fulton, Jefferson L 405, 788
Funk, Mary Ann 369
Funk, Rev. E. J 794
Funke, Caroline __ 482
Furey, John V 583
Furguson, B. F _ 369
Furst, Bertha _ 549
Furst, Henry 84, 85, 86
Furst, Henry, Jr 84, 85
Fyfe, Eliza 494
Fyfe, George 494
Fyffe, Max _. 266
Gabriel, Rosalie. 831
Gaer, A. F 69
Gaffny, B _ 836
Gage, A. S. -650, 675, 716
Gage Bros. & Rice 354, 358
Gage, Uavid A 101, 166, 262, 392,
416, 655, 855, 857, 860
Gage, George W 167, 170, 171,
172, 844, 860, 875
Gage, Jared 397, 436
Gage, J. D 420
Gage, John 395
Gage, L. G 622
Gage, Lyman J 290, 303, 335,
405," 408, 418, 421, 443, 650, 847
Gage, Mrs. I). A 608
Gage, Mrs. Sarah Merrill. 396
Gage, Thomas!) _. 397
Gagne, Ambrose. 614
Gaide, George.. S66
Gaines, William 395
( 'iale, Abram 395
Gale, Anthony 119
Gale, Ellen J 119
Gale, F. M 503, 504
Gale, George G 119
Gale, Mary Louisa 119
Gale, Stephen 392, 395
Gale& Van Wyck 716
Gale, \V. Seldon 848
( Sales, John 243
( lallagher, Joseph 617
Gallagher, Mrs. Joseph 625
Gallagher, Rev. J. S 776
Gallagher, William J 278, 279, 874
Galli, V. 615
Galligan, Rev. T. F 767, 770
Gallaway, A. J 846, 857, 875
Galpin, Homer B 240
Gallup, Benjamin E._ 657
Galvin, Edward 1 417, 610
Galvin, Mrs. F. I. 520, 613
Page
Gamble, James M 449
Gannett, Rev. W. C 711
Gapen, W. E 848
Garber, Chris. C 483
Garcia, Antonio 582
Garcia, Bonifacio. 582
Gardanier, Lillian L. 422
( iarden City Warehouses 338
Gardin, Alice T. 422
Gardner, Charles 173
Gardner, E. J 526
Gardner, Freeland B 69, 372, 519
Gardner, F. H 538, 542
Gardner, George 405, 616, 785
Gardner, Henry A 873
Gardner, Horatio H _ 357, 372
Gardner, James _ _ 479
Gardner. Mrs. F. H 419
Gardner, S. S 101, 857
Gardner & Spry Company 372
Gardner, William 320,341, 616
Garfield, James A. 851,867, 868
Garland, Flora A. 88
Garns, Anna 709
Garnsey, George O IOI
Garrett, Manila E. 795
Garrett, Mrs. James 419
Garrick, John 365
Garrison, H. D _ 539, 547
Garrott, E 156
Gartside, John M _ 264
Garvey, John W.._ 868
Gary, Flbert H 256
Gary, Joseph E 237
Gaskill, Maggie 618
Gassette, Norman T. 238, 239, 449, 619, 620
Gaston, Emma Frances 520, 526
Gatchell, H. P 535
Gates, Caleb F 609, 807
Gates, Harry 629, 631
Gates, Philetus Woodworth.. 175, 395,
486, 490
Gates, William 80
Gatzemeyer, Marie 423
Gaubert, Charles H 357
Gauci, Mother 774
Gault, John C 221
Ganlt, T. B 221
Gaunt, Sylvester 618
Gaunthreaux, Mother 774
Gavin, John B 482
Gavin & Whitney 482
Gay, George H 442
Gay, Henry Lord 68, 69, 73
Gay, William F 97
Gaylord, Frederick 442
Gaylord, II. G. 320
Gaynor, John 102, 416, 614
Gaynor, Michael ...102, 868, 870
Geager, George I. 672
Gear, Mrs. Lydia A. Jackson 396
Geary, Marie. 738
Gebel, Angelica 577
Gebhard, Miss Sophia 421
Geble, Peter 395
Gedde, Ove 338
Geddes, Alexander 320
Gehr, Samuel 449, 785
Geiger, Henry 156
Geiles, Elizabeth 501
Gelardi, Agostino 243
Gelder, John 868
Geller, Kittie 733
Gentry, Annie M 521
Genung, W. II. 156
Geohegan, John E 102, 868
George, Hattie L 540
George, Rev. A. C. 790, 792
George, Thomas 95
Gerardin, Victor 614
Gerbing, Frank 115
Gerger, Henry 156
Gerhardy, Anna 364
Geringer, Jan 1 86
Germain, George H._ 397
Grrnhardt, Julia 85
12
Gerould Brothers
Max M 524, 615
Gerten,' Nick 869
.'T, L. B, 592
teld. Theodore 7"5
Geti-hell. Edwin F 392,31)3. 449
'' :
(iet/Ier, A in Ire W 836
Ghisolli, I 6'5
Gibb, Amelia Maria 232
Gibb, Richard Holt --
Gibbons, John 283
Gibbs, Fannie 349
Gibbs, F. C --- 449
Gibbs. i leorge \ 375
Gibbs, lames S -- 441
Gibbs, O. C 604, 608
Gibbs, S. P. - 377
Gibson, Alexander F'
Gibson, Charles li... 5 '5, 543
Gibson, M 59°
Gibson, Rev. J. M --- 79''
Gibson, Sarah Jane __ 5'4
Giddings, L. R 449
Giese, l-lricke 579
Gifford, Mrs. C. E 4"9
Gilbert, C. J - 622
Gilbert, Emma 5'°
Gilbert. E. E.. -- 126
Gilbert, Frank su7, 68 (. 685, 688
(albert, 11. I) -
Gilbert, lames II. IOI, tO3, 862, 86;
Gilbert, '-Mary M 5<r
Gilbert. Mrs.' Frank 424
Gilbert, Myra C - --
Gilbert, Rev. Charles M -.787, 809
Gilbert, Rev. Selden - --- 7"
Gilbert, Rev. Simeon 7°9
Gilbert. Samuel H. -- 397
Gile, David H 592
Giles Bro. & Co 74<
Giles. Charles K. 749
Giles, Edwin A.. - 75°
Giles, William A.... 749
Gililand, T. F 61-
Gill, Addie 385
Gill, Benjamin E. 395
Gill, H. c; 10
Gill, James -- 62c
Gill, 'lames it. 866
Gill, John - .- 35'
Gill, John I)... -- 28
Gill, Rev. P -
Gill, Rev. Patrick David.- 76
Gillan, Rev. J. C. _ -- 76
Gillen, Frances 4s
Gillcspie, G. I .- 29
Gillespie. J - - 4'
Gillett, Jennie K 38
Gillette. Edwin I 4-
Gilletle, I. F 30*
Gillette. I.ydiaA -- 24
Gillies, Thomas 79
Gilliland, Margaret I(X
Gilman, John Ellis -532,60
Cilmeister, Joseph .. - 87
..ore, A.'l' 404, 52
Gib: ea Emery — -.271),
Gilmore. Genevie\e 52
Gilmore, Nellie 55
Gilmore, Pollock \ Co 45
Gilmore, Robert A 55
Gilpin, Henry I) 41
Gilpin, Mrs. Henry D 41
Gindele 1'rothers .
Guide!.-, Charles W. 8
( lindele, Franz _ 8
Gindele, John G. ..8a, 2-,
C.iiio. rhio. Charles 61
Giiio.-i hio, l.inda 8
Gimher. William E -(
Gipke, Christian — 82
Gird, Mary 4
Gittinys, Fran.-rs A. __ 87
Given. Welkcr
(livens, K. C. 4-
SPECIAL INDKX.
tup
ladden, \Vasliington 289
--- I01
ladwin, Helen Grace 811
Ian/. Charles 342
•lasgow, A. M - 866
lassbrook, Elizabeth 99
jleason, Arthur 278, 279, 6:6
, Bridget - 9°
• leason. Fanm M -- --- 4l(>
,leason, Frederic Grant ..-640, 641
lleason, Mi'.'- F. - -- 625
'ileasou, M. K I5&
'deason, William II 239
ileed, Emily 5°S
ileeson, I). F 126
;ienn, Archibald A 847
llenn, John _ &73
;iessn«-r. ) oh n I.. 417,423. 5"4, OIO
rlessner, Mrs. J. J 424
'.lick, George \V 873
llobe Foundry 479
'.lube Warehouse - 338
Hock, Kniily -- 2<M
Uody, Thomas I' 867
, Joseph O._ 234, 565, 568
Hover, Lyiiian 1! -- °77
Jlover, Samuel J 392, 393
loan, Orrin S -- 328
lobel, Elias F QO
Joddard, Lester O 782
loddard, Rev. John C 806
iodfrey & Clark. 754
Godfrey, Joseph C._ 754
lodfrey, Laetitia 547
lodma'n, W. C, 617
Jodwin. Clara — 35°
, ley, Rev. Amos... 819
loeltz, Lena. . 97
Goessele, Rev. \V._ 819
loet/. iV 13rada - 5O1
Cioetz, Husche & Co 5O1
Goetz, Fritz 5O1
C.off, Florence -- 5'9
'Oggin, James 146. 4'°
oing, Alvina. 485
Goldbeck, Robert. ' 631, 632
Goldenberg, Rachel 830
Goldie, William 78
Goldrigg, W. J. N 627
Goidsborough, C. 1! 570
Goldsmidt, Jenny I.iiul 785, 786
C.oldsmitli, A. I 629
Goldsmith, Fred K 673
Goldsmith, I,. 686
Goldthwaite, James C -- 670
C.olihvatcr, G... 867
Gollhardt, I - 617
I lo] si MI, William S 56,
Gooch, George E. __ 61;
Good, Edward G 48*
Good (F. G.I \ Bro.- 488
Good (F. G. \ (.) Co 488
Good, John 488
t, "o.l, Nlartin, 615
Goodale, Edward 62.
GoodaU (H. L.) & Co 335
,11, |. \\ 397
Goodi-11, R. E. 107, 108, 862
•ng, A. I 83
Goodkind, Fannie II 727
I H (Oilman, Charles 45.
I '» ">ilman, Christian .. _ 627
Goodman, David 6iS, 622
Goodman, Eihvard.. _ 710
nan, II 408
Goodman, II. W 402, 40.
Goodman, James I! 380, 393. 451, 65,
Goodman (Ji'inrs 1!.) & C'o 45
( "loodman, James S. 8cx
Goodman, Thomas .. }6i, 79!
ui, William Owen. . 381
Goodno, G. \V. R. 22
Goodnow, \V. H 32
Goodrich, Albert E 35
Goodrich, Cornelia 7
( ioodrich, F'. .... 44
Page
'.oodrich, Elizabeth Osgood - 333
'ioodrich, E. S. — — 73
Cioodrich, Grant. ...395, 5°8, 816, 817,
836, 853
ioodrich, H.A 449
, h, Herman B... 395
.ooilrirh, II. C 6ll>
ioodrich, H. I '"'!
ioodrich, J. G -
l.iodrich, JuKllS T.- 584
ioodrich, Philena 1' 74<'
Goodrich, Timothy Watson 395
Cioodridge, Lottie 210
Goodsmith, William 5'5
'loodspeeil, J. W. 865
ioodspeed, Rev. E. J 518,684, 812
Soodspeed, Rev. T. W..... 812
ioodwin, Daniel, Jr - 52°
Goodwin, E. P 290
[ioodwin, J., Jr 41'''
ioodwin. Miss V. A 75°
Goodwin & Pasco -- 4f)I
Goodwin. Rev. E P... -608, 806
inoihvillie, Thomas 631, 632
Goodyear, William 732
iookin, F. W 44"
iookins, J. F 4?<>
Gookins, S. B. - 857
loold, Nathaniel... - - 395
ordon, Jonathan W - - 231
lordon, J. K . 49<>
'lOrdon, Rev. John.. 814
"lore, George F (>73
Jorin, Jerome R - 120
Gorman, Joseph R - 875
Gormley, James Henry. 5°7
'iorton, Anson — 601, 620, (-22
Gorton, Edward Fisk 277
Gorton, F. S - 59s
-oss, Frank F 672
Goss.John -- - 395
Goss, Rev. Charles F'rederick 824
( iossage, Charles 94, 649, 719
Gottfried Brewing Company 578
Gottfried, Ida - 505
Gottfried, Mathieu *.. 578
Gottschalk, Rev. Friedrich 794
Goudie, Mary C. 7°°
Goudy, Mrs.'W. C -- 612
Goudy, W. C -.402, 535, 804, 847, 874
Gould, A. 866
Gould, Elizabeth 353
Gould, F'rederick -. 357
Gould, G. T 619, 622
Gould, Irving 7*>2
Gould, J. E 416
Gould, John S 82, 797
Gould, William R 82
Gotilet, Rev. Ambrose 768
Gove, F'lijah _ 816
Gradle, Henry 431, 512, 524
Graffiti liros. & Hall 566
Grafton, Rev. F. R. 784
Graham, Adam _. 864
Graham, Benjamin . ..... 843
Graham, D.W -.518, 519,522, 527, 528
Graham, George. 190
Graham, J. P 848
C.ramer, Valentine 740
Granger, Eliliu 395, 836
Granger, Smith & Co .... 461
Grannis, Amos 78, IO2, 617, 620, 865
Grannis, Henry F. 78
Grannis, Samuel J 78
Grannis, Samuel Willis --395. 397,626
Grannis, W. C. 1) 438. 439, 650, 840
Grant, James _ 395
Grant, John C. 418
Grant, Josiah .. 435
Grant, l.evi _ 395
Grant, Lillie M 538
Grant, .Mrs. J 6ll
Grant, Orville _ ... 560
Grant, U. S 57, 303, 560, 591, 845
Grant, William Cutting 250, 593
Grant, W. J. 617
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Grassly, Charles William 548
Cratiot, Adele 413
Cratiot, Henry 413
Grauer, Rosina 719
Cravt-s, Henry 395
Craves. Leila W 254
Craves, M. M 610
( !ray. Anne 452
('.ray, A. R 380
( Iray, A. \V 590
Gray Brothers & Phelps 442
Cray, Hurt it Kingman. 348,442
Cray, Charles M 397, 840
Cray, Cornelia A. .. 792
Cray, Densmore & I'helps 442
Cray, Klisha 593, 594
Cray, Kmilv ... 399
Cray, Francis!) 611, 797
Cray, Franklin I). 394. 395, 442
Gray, George M 69, 395
Gray, Henry C. _ 321
Gray, II. G.' 788
Gray, John - - -395,.7'3
Cray, "John A ... '848
('.ray, Joseph Henry 395
Ci:iv, Joseph Lucius 514
Cray, Moses \V._ 442
Gray, Mrs. F. I) 6n
Cray, I'helps & Co ._ 442
Cray, \V. B. H. 857
Cray, William Cunningham 522, 709, 804
Green, A. \V._ 320, 874
Green, Charles 316
( ireen, (.'. \V. ... 521
Green, Daniel M 395
Green, K. K. . _ 69
(ireen, Frank Russell __ 420
Green, Helen 425
Green, Mary — 113
Green, Mrs. Caroline Milliard.. 396
Green, Nena Arvilla 452
Green, Oliver I! 807
Green, Rev. II. K 816
Green, Rev. Thomas E 522, Soo, 827
Green, Russell 397
Green, Walter*R 395
Greene, Carrie R _ 703
Greene, Frank C 563
Greene, John H. 121
Greene. M. T 379
Greene, Rev. James S -788, 789
Creenebaum, Henry. I 75, 182, 506, 614, 855
Greenebaum (Henry) it Co. ._ 461, 506
Greenehaum, Isaac 506
Greenebaum, Jacob. 506
Greenebaum (Michael) & Co. 506
Greenebaum, M. \-J.__ 506
Greenebaum, Michael, Sr 506, 507
Greem-baum's (Michael) Sons _. 506
Greenebaum, Moses 506
Creenebaum's Sons 506
Greenfield, Lottie _ 625
Creenhood. Lizzie _ 338
Greenleaf, W. I _ __ 172
Greenlee, Mrs. R. 853
Greenough, Jennie 625
Greensfekler, Isaac --524, 615
Gregg & Ayers 461
Gregg it Hughes _ 563
('regg. John I) 521
Gregg, Mary E. __ 750
Gregg, William M 313, 320
Gregorie, Mrs. M. 625
Gregorie, Thomas II 625
Gregory, Charles F 173
Gregory, J. F. _.. 291
Gregory, John M 814
Gregory, R. B _. 634
Gregory, S. S 401, 402, 403, 404
Gregory, Walter D 304, 320
Cregsten, Samuel 358
Greiner, William H 340
Greisheimer, Fred 871
Grenier, Thornas L 671
Gresham, Walter Q 234, 568, 871, 874
Grey, Clark & Engle 341
Page
( irey, Josiah . ..... _- 869
Grey, William 1 341
Crier, II. B. 782
Crier, John A -..522, 785
Crier, John I J2
Griffen, Alonzo M. 714
Griltin, A. T. _ 87
( Iriffin, Byron __ 518
Grillin, S. G 222
Griffin, Thomas A ugustin . 480
Griffith, Mary A _ . 634
Griffith, Robert 496
Griffith, R. C 617
Griffiths,?:.. - 618
Griffiths, John 91
Griggs, Mrs. S. C 424
i iriggs (S. C.) it Co 684
Grimwood, Newton S. 704
Grinnell, Julius S 102, 103, 240, 241,
280, 403, 865, 867, 869, 871
Griswold, Edward P 723
Griswold, Harriet 468
Griswold, J. W. 723
( Iriswold (J. W.) it Co 723
Gritzmaker, Bertha .... 114
Grob, Rev. J. F 819
Groff, Peter 397
Grogan, Rev. I. II 769
Cross (D. F.)'itCo 368
Gross, Jacob ..-184. 239. 401, 443, 591, 873
Cioss, Johnetta .. _ 375
Gross (j". P.) it Co. 345
Gross, Kathrina _. 444
< '.rnss, Katie M 445
Gross, Samuel E. 449, 451
Crosscup, I'eter S 279
Crosse it Co 722
Crosse, Henry 722
Grosvenor, Lemuel Conant 535, 536,
537. 538
Groot, Samuel 573
Grove, Ann F: 268
Grover, Alonzo J 693, 847, 853
Crover, Dennett 422
Grover, D. D. 422
Grover, Juliet A 668
('.rover, Leonard ... 150,664
Grover, Zuinglius 71)7
Groves, Mrs. D. V (18,411)
Grow, Jennie M 240
Gj-nda, Gustave Maria 822
Gruener, Rev. M 770
Grund, James P __ 401
Grundy, Mrs. J. C. 613
Grusendorf, Henry _ 380
Grusendorf, Ott & Co. 380
Guerin, John 118
Gneroult, Theolilus 614
Guerra, V 582
(iuffin, E. L __ _• . 539
Guhl, Frederick H 312
Guild, E. C 395
Guilford, Andrew J 617, 618, 621
Gtiilfoyle, Rev. P 769
Guiocchio, G _ 615
Gulbrandsen , M. 694
Gulich, E 848
(lump, Benjamin F. 91
Gund, Fred 113, 114
Gunderson, G. M .- 374
Gunderson, Lena _ 625
( lundcrson, S. T. _ 101, 625
Gumlruni, Ferdinand 578
Gundrum, Marie 578
Gunn, Catharine M 713
Gunn, John Ross 598
Gunn, Moses 508, 522, 525, 526
Gumiigen, Thomas 83
Gunther, Amos G 875
Gurley, Nahum _ 341
Gurnee, Walter Smith 395, 429, 840
Gurney, James _„ 480
Gurney, Rev. Aaron 795
Gurney, Theodore Tuthill 142, 143,
310, 331, 620, 623, 866, 867, 869
Gustus, Afmeda C 794
Guthrie, Alfred 397
Guthrie, O. W. _ 83
Haack, Josephine 755
Haaker, R. B 733
llaasc, Ralph J. 150
Haase, William II 458
Hackett, John 395
Haddock,' Charles (1 459
Haddock, Co.xe it Co 459
Haddock, Vallette it Rickcords 459
Hadduck, Edward II. 264, 397
Hadduck (E. H.) & Co 308
Hadduck, Mrs. Louisa Graves 396
Iladley, Hiram 684
Haeger, Ismma 548
Maefting. William A 875
Haffey, Michael 397
I lagan, Rev. James M. 766
Hagans, Mrs. L. A 853
Hagenbach, A. W 160
Hagenbauch, Mary 686
Hagenson, H. S 291
Ilager. Albert David.. ..409, 4", 4'3, 4M
Haggerty, Michael C. 727
Ilah'n, Herman F 524, 615
Hahn, J. A 156
Halm, Julia Sophia Ill
Hahn, Rev. Charles 770
Haight, Eliza Helen .- 396
Haight, Harriet M... 258
Haight, Vincent 531
Haines, Elijah Middlebrook.. 395, 436,
508, 859
Haines, John Charles 116, 118, 246,
395," 508, 632, 836, 840, 846, 847,
859, 865, 875
Haines, Walter S 508, 513, 526
Hair, Annie F,. P 798
Hair, Eliza J 798
Hair, George R 202
Hair, James A 378, 798
Hair, J. S 378
Hair, John V. 449
Hair it Ridgway .. . .. 378
Hair, Robert Stanley 202
Hair, Samuel G 378
Halbert, R. A 871
Hale & Ayer 478
Hale, C. B 677
Hale, E. M 535, 688
Hale, E. N. . 80
Hale, George W --- 522
Hale, W. E 78
Hales, B. F _ 575
Halford, Elijah W 698
Halket, George 798
Hall, A. O 755
Hall, Amos T 535. 827
Hall, Benjamin 395
Mall, B. R 672
Hall, Charles 416
Hall, Charles H 732
Hall, Christopher 566
Hall, Cyrenius 422
Hall, D. E _ 591
Hall, Elizabeth 259
Hall, E. A. 82
Hall, E. G 69, 295
Hall, Eugene J 684
Hall, E. P 620
Hail, Frederick H 695, 696
Hall, George Alexander 532, 533
Hall, J. B 785
Hall, Joseph 395
Hall, J. L. S .- 627
Hall, f. M 156
Hall, T. Sherman 343
Hall, L. E _ 321
Hall, L. R 798
Hall, Mrs. George — 520
Hall, Mrs. L. R. _ 519
Hall, Philip A .392, 395
Hall, Robert C 566
Hall, R. N. 515
Hall, Robert Samuel ---5l8, 519
Hall, Sarah C 678
SPECIAL INDIA.
Hall, Thomas \V - ill
Hall, William -
II. ill, William Fdward 376, 511
Hall, William F. - 7()5. 7'"'
Hall \ Winch. 115. 573
llalla, Frederick 619
Hallam. Rev. Isaac Williams ._ - 395
llallbuif;. L. C.nstave :.- 69
llailctt, Sarah F 449
Mailman, James. - 673
Hallock, Isaac P... 395
Halpin, Thomas M -.
llalscv. Rev. l.eroy I 802, 804
Ham, Charles II..'..". 152. 5"I. =64
Hamblen. liiantha ( Allen) 119
Hamblen. Lewis A... - "9
llamblen, Walter - "9
llamblcton. Chalkley I 460
Hambletoii, loseph W 460
llamblin, Fannie. 269
llamblin, John J. 95
llamblin, Mary F 5°°
Hamill, Charles I). ..301, 309, 320, 392,
421, 422, 649, 650, 796
llamill, F. A 320
Hamill, E. C -- - 526
llamill, I. C. 8oi
llamill, John - 125
llamill. Mrs. C. I). 418, 4'9
Hamill. R. C -.- 5t>8, 522
Hamilton. L). C 618
Hamilton, D. C.. ---617, 622
Hamilton, Edward II. - 544
Hamilton, George S — 156
Hamilton, Henry E. - -617, 656
Hamilton. I. K - 381
Hamilton, John M 291,309, 871
Hamilton, J. S. 632
Hamilton & Mrrryman Company 381
Hamilton, PolemusI). -. 395
Hamilton. Richard | - 837
Hamilton, \V. C. -- 381
Hamilton. \V. |. 584
Haniler, I - 486, 4
Hamlin, Hannibal 4'°
Hamlin, [.A 597,657, 667
Hamlin, L. H. 667
Ilammel, Jacob - (
Hammer, 'D. Harry 69, 261
Ilammerschmitt, Peter 733
Hammond, Charles G. ..lid, iiS, 605,
608, 609, 807. 809, 853, 865
Hammond, C. I -- 449
Hammond iV Fry 461
Hammond, II. A 619, 624
Hammond, J. R 622
Hammo-Hl, Thomas C - 34°
Hammond, W. A 4"5. 44'
llanaford, Amanda M.._ -- - 653
llanbnry, T. II. --- 291
Hanchett, John I --- -- 3°5
H.mchctt, Seth I 239, 246, 501, 868
Hancock, John L 295, 296, 334
Hancock, W. S 345
Han.:. B. 1 .. 624
Hand, John P 845
Hand, Peter 855
Handbury, Thomas II - 583
Handlin, William 617
llandrnp, F. F --6l7, 6l<
Ilandt, I.illie 2O;
Handy & Co 4 = 8, 4«<
Handy, Henry II 45
Handy, Mrs. Lama W. I'.ellows y)(
ll.mccy, Elbridge .. -- 27"
Hanford, Francis.... 14
Hanford, Hall & Co. -- 75
Hanford, Philander! . 755, 75
Hanford I P. C.) Oil Company 75
I lankins, George V
Hanky, James --43
Hanley, Mary
Hanna, Jane - 7')
llanna, Sarah 71)
I (anna, S. | )'
llanna, \V. |._ 79
lann.dord, (K.) \ Co ......... - ...... <>*4
lannah, Mattic- ...... ---- ......... 454
lannah. Lay & Co ............... 3°5, 37°
lannah, I'erry.. .................... 37°
lannan. Fanny ....... - ........... 634
lannan, James ................... - ' 5"
lansbrongh, W". . ................... 449
laiiscom. P. 1 ..... ----- ............ 874
lanscom (I1. L.) \ Co. ._ ......... - -- 874
lanscom, W. 1' ................... - 7<>5
I insen, Cordelia M ............... --- 270
(ansen, Henry C ..... . ............. 74°
tansen, I ______ ........ -------- ..... 694
[anaen, Rev. Dr. William ---- ....... 823
lanson, Clara M. ---- ............... 4°8
lanson, Franklin S.. .
lanson, ILmsS ........ - ............ 291
lanson, Louis ........... -- ---- 42&
lanson, Rev. J. \V ................ 7"
lanstein, Herman ........ . .......... 424
[arbridge, William A ......... ----- 673
1 arbridge. Thomas -------- ..... -- 78
larden, O. K ------- ................ 522
lardi -nlmrgh, Kate L .............. 802
lardin. I >.' J ..... ---- ..... --------- 9"
lardin, Isaac N._- ................ I72
lardin, Rev. F. A .............. ----- 789
lardin, S. W ............. - ...... 257
larding, A. C ...................... 5<>6
larding, Amos J ................ -5Q2, 798
larding, Charles .................. -- 397
[arding, George F ...... ---- ------ 651
lardman, Mam 1 .................... 374
lardy, James ..... .. ............. --- 695
lardy, Lawrence.. ....... -------- - 7°5
lare, R. W .......... 418, 657, 7§7
larkin, James M ------ ............ - 7-4
larkins,' Ellen .......... ------ ...... 329
larkness, F.dson J ..... --------- ..... 282
larlan, A. \V .............. 515,542, 543
llarlan, John M ........ -- ........... 234
Harland, L. M ...... ------ ....... ... 618
Marlon, J. IJ ...... - ..... - .......... - 357
ilarlow, George M .............. ----- 782
llarlow, Mrs. G. H .................. 419
ilarman, Daniel II. ............... . 395
llarman, William ________ ...... ----- 395
Harmon, Edwin R... ........... ----- 395
Harmon, H. \V. ________ ............ 17
Harmon, Isaac Dewey --------------- 395
Harmon, John K ------ ...... -------- Sod
Harmon, Lucy liell ..... ------ ....... 79
llarpel, Charles ...... .. -. - 412,451
llarpur, Cecilia ---- ................ 427
Harper, George \V ------- ............ 197
Harper, John Erasmus- ---- 515, 516, 526
Harper & Skinner _ ............ ------ 96
Harper, William ....... . ...... 197, 742
Harper, William II ...... 331, 677, 706,
853, 873, 875
Harper, William M .............. — - 676
Harries, Rev. David- ..... ----------- 79;
Harrington, E. R .................... 42
Harrington, James Jay ----- .......... 549
Harrington, R. R. .. ............... - 33C
Harriott, Frank _._ ....... . .......... 596
Harris, Arthur ---- ................ .. 502
Harris, Charles Murray ..... ------- - 257
Harris, Edward I' ...... — ........... 563
Harris, Elijah T ............ ---- 497, 502
Harris (E. T.) & Co. ______ ..... _____ 502
Harris. George I'. ... .......... ______ 502
Harris (George \'.) \ I'.ro ---- ....... __
Harris, Harriet S ----- ........ _______ 753
Harris, Jacob ....................... 360
Harris, Jennie W ..... — ...... ----- 587
Harris, Myron ---- _____ ........ _____ (in
Harris. NL K ......... ____ ...... . . 875
Harris, Rev. Samuel ____________ 711, 781
Harris, Robert . ............ ._. ..... 827
Harris, Samuel II ........... ________ 497
Harris. Sarah ____ ________________ 75, gr
Harrison, Carter II. 102. 103, IiS, 402,
I" |, fx>9, 846, 858, 865, 867, SI,,,,
8yj, 872, 873
Harrison, Mrs. Carter II. __ ......... . 42.
Page
larrison, Mary Ann
larrison, Mary E - 422
larrison, N. P... 422
larrison, \V. II. 539. 541
larrison, William I lenry ]"3
larrison, \V. K. 5'5
lart, Abraham - 524. "15, 723
lart Brothers
Hart, Henry N - »"'
Hart, Henry T - - ''4''
Hart, Marvin G -•- 539, 5 4«, 541
Harte, Gregory 1'. - 35"
Harter, Elizabeth J - - 5('o
Hartley, C. S. - '"7
ilartman, Emanuel ._ - 627
lartman \ F.rtz 495
Ilartman, Fred - 495, 49°
Hartman, George A "9
Ilartman, Joseph !'9
Ilartman, Louis - 627
Ilartman. Mary (Patterson)-. 119
[lartman, Rev. Joseph. -
Hartman, Simeon - 627
Hartmann, Adolph -- 495
1 1 arlmann & Clausen 4')?. i')'1
Hartsuff, George I - 5*3
llartwell, A. V 827
Hartwell, Fred G - 388
llartweli, Mrs. A. V 4'9
Hartwig, Charles Ferdinand --- - 551
Harvey, E. S - 449
Harvey, Herbert C 449, 4*'"
Harvey, Joel D 535, 5«4, 5&5
Harvey, Mary 5"
Harvey, Mary M. - "99
Harvey, Mrs. E. C 625
Harvey, T. \V. 368, 373, 374, 4'8.
605, 608, 609, 650, 655, 657, 829
Harvey (T. W.) Lumber Company 373
Haskell, F. T 077
Ilaskell, Jessica .._ -631, 632
Haskell, I.oomis 1' 542, 543
Haskett, Mrs. K. E 4:9
llaskins, Clark C. .., - 121
Hass, Lewis - 395
Hasse, Frederick ---* -- 542
llasser, Elizabeth .. 123
Hasting, Maria I. ._ - 483
Hastings, George \V 372
Hastings, Hiram 397
Hastings, Scott - 073
Ilastrieter, Mine. Lena 633
Hatch, A/.el F 272
Hatch, Henry I. 723
Hatch, Mrs. Caroline C. 396
Hately, J. C - 320
Hatfield, M. I' - -- 513
Hatfield, Mrs. M. P - 4'9
Hatfield, Rev. R. M 789, 790, 792
Hathaway, C. F. 498
Hathaway, J. 1 409
Hathaway, Mrs. L. M 625
Hatheway, F _ 449
Hatton, Frank 707
Haven
Haven
Haven
llauk, Minnie ........................ 633
Haverly, John H. .-.150, 664, 669, 670,
671, 676
J. _ ............... . ......... 543
Luther ____________ ..... _____ 560
Nathaniel A ................. 365
I laven, Rev. Joseph ............ _____ 809
Havens, E. O. _____ ............. 518, 648
Havens, Laura V... ................. 740
Hawes, Kirk ________________ ____ ____ 237
Ilawes, Mary J ..... _____ ............ 96
Hawkes, Henry F ........... _ ....... 591
Ilawkes, Marion A. -------------- ___ 479
Hawkes, W. J .............. _____ 532, 533
Hawkins, Willis ___ ...... . ..... ______ 701
Hawkinson, I'eter L ................. 248
llawkinson, S. A ............... _____ 6gi
llawley, George Fuller ....... ____ 526, 527
llawley, James A ..... _. ............. 618
llawley, John 1!. _________ ........... 874
Hawley, John S ........ ... ........... 395
llawley, Joseph R ...... „_. ..... ..... 871
SPECIAL INDEX.
Han-ley, Uriah R — _ 45
Haworth, Dennis 617, 61
Hay, Alexander B 49
Hay, Malcolm 87
Hay \ Prentice -.493, 49
Hay, \Valter 431, 51
Hay den, Albert. 393,421, 50
Hayden, II. \V .._ 42
Hayden, Mrs. A. G 63
Hayden (P.) & Co 50
Hayden (P.) & Son 501
Hayes, Mamie 37,
Hayes, Mary A 37
Hayes, Michael _ 87
ll.i\o, Plymmon 54
Hayes, P.'S 51!
Hayes, Rev. Dennis _ 76:
Hayes, Samuel J.._ 195
Hayes, S. S 69,141, 143,415,846,
847, 856, 860, 86
I layman, Caleb G 85 <
Hayman, Mrs. C. G. 41
Hayner, Amaziah 61
Haynes, Carrie J 268
Haynes, C. M 538
Hayt, Henry C.-. 75
Hay ward, liartlett & Co. _. 87
Hazel, Maria __ 485
Ilazelette, Laura 59'
Ha/eltine, Rev. T. H. _ 79*
Hazen, Adelaide E _
Hazlett (I. M.) & Co . 359
Heafford, W. H .864, 865
Heafield, John W ! _"
Heald, Darius . 391
Ilrald, Horatio N 397
Healey, I). D 125
Healy, James G. 567, 591
Healy. James T. 867
Healy, John J 238, 245, 591
Healy, Patrick J. 614,634
Healy, Rev. J. W._ 8o£
Healy, Thomas. _ 871
Healy, T. M. _ 410
Heaney, Agnes go
Heart! , Mrs. Jane 396
Heartt, Robert 166, 395
Heartt, William I __ 121
Heath, Ernest W. _ _ 98
Heath, Francis C... 83
Heath, Frederick C. 83
Heath, Monroe, 97, 98, 101, 102, 108,
118, 142, 143, 609, 854, 861, 863,
864, 865
IIe.iton, \V. \V. 245
Heckle, Emma 633
Hedblom, Augustus 158
Hedges, S. P 532, 535
Iledman, Rev. John _. 786
Heermans, Thomas _. 320
Heffron, Helen 538
Hefter, Charles B 627 866
Hegley, \V. K 430
Hehn, Eliza __ 86
Height, A. B._ _6i8, 625
Height, Carrie 625
Height, M. A. _ 625
Height, Mrs. A. B __ 625
Heimbrodt, Joseph _ 627
Heimendahl, Edward 640
Heinberg, Fred _ 871
Heinemann, William 445, 617
Heinrich, Max 650
Heintz & Ertz 495
Heintz, P. F _ ] 4g5
Heissler & Junge _ 91
Hejduk, Martin . 186
Helder, Christian. 627
Heller, Rabbi Max _ ,. 831
Hellreigel, Augusta _ 294
Helm, H. T. 237
Helmer, Frank A 261
Helmer, J. S. 320
Helmer, Rev. C. !)._ 611, 710
Helmhol/, Ilermina ' 568
Helmick, C. C,.., 4x8
Helmuth, Charles A.
Hemelgarn, Henry ._
Hemingway, A. T 290,
Hemingway, Hannaniah W.
Hemple, M. E
Henderson, Abner W
Henderson, Andrew M 317,
Henderson, Charles Mather. .404, 407,
522, 649, 650, 729, 796,
Henderson (C. M.) cS; Co 465,
Henderson, David. 669,
Henderson, E. F.
Henderson, G. L. _.
Henderson, Howard .... 265,
Henderson, Mrs. C. M. ._ __
Henderson, Mrs. W. F
Henderson, Samuel M...5SS, 617, 618,
620,
Henderson, Thomas J
Henderson, Wilbur Solon 729,
Hendricks, Thomas A 231, 402, 872,
Hendrickson, Samuel __
Hengle, Sarah A
Henkle, E. F. W
Henley, J. R
60
6 1
41
544
I5:
26
86
72<
70
39
68
684
51
5*
62
843
827
873
29
4<)5
54
627
llriilock, Rev. John A ......... . ..... 766
Ilenly & Campbell ________ ..... . ..... 116
Heiin, August ____ ..... _ ........... . 69^
Ilenne, Philip .......... . ............ 8(
Henneberry, Rev. Francis S._ ......... 77!
Hennemann, Minnie ....... . ......... 53,
Henness, W. T ____________ .......... 320
Hennessey, Rebecca A. ___ ....... ____ 122
Hennessey, Sadie I .............. _____ 70!
Heunessy, Elizabeth .............. 360, 490
Ilennessy, M. D ___ ..... _______ ..... 166
Hennessy, Peter J ....... . ....... -4IO, 55!
Ilennessy, Rt. Rev. John .......... __ 77-
llenning, F. F ........ ___ ......... . . 52"
Ilenrici, Henry ........... ____________ 362
Henrici, Philip ........ ..... _ ....... 362
Ilenrici, Wilhelm ______ ........ ______ 362
Henrotin, Charles ............ 439, 614, 650
Henrotin, F .......... . .......... no, 525
Henrotin, Fernand .................. 16;
Henrotin, F'ernand, Jr .............. _ 6o£
Henrotin, Mrs. Charles .............. 425
Henry, Charles .............. _ ..... __ 747
Henry, R-. L ...................... _. 381
Henry, William ..... . ............. _. 626
Henschel, George ____ _ ....... ________ 649
Henschel, Herman ........ . ...... _.. 627
Henseler, Rev. Augustinus . .......... 768
Henshaw, F. A .................. ... 449
[lenson, Mrs. P. S.. ......... _ ....... 412
Henson, Rev. P. S _______ ............ 812
Hepburn, Alexander.. ...... ___ ..... 626
Hepburn (John W.) & Co. ___________ 303
k-quembourg, J. E .......... _____ ___ 543
erald, Charles ..................... 824
lerhert, Mrs. George _________ ....... 419
Herely, M. B. ______________________ 875
Herhold & Bush _____________ ........ 491
Herhold, F ......... _ ...... ____ ...... 491
German, E. W _______ .............. _ 576
-lerman (E. W.) & Co ................ 576
Hermann, C. F... ................... 619
lerrick, Charles ......... _ ..... _____ 395
Ii-rrirk, Jeannie ......... _______ 646, 647
lerrick, Martha ........... ______ ____ 232
li-irick, R. Z --------------------- 618, 622
lerrick, William li _____ .............. 836
ierrington, Augustus M ...... ____ 841, 846
lersey, Henry A ........ ____________ 409
Hers'ney-Eddy, Mrs. Sara ____ ....... _ 637
lerting, John --------- ..... _____ 856, 857
lerting, William A _______ ........... 399
lertz, Henry L ................ _____ 156
lervey, Robert ................. 614,868
lerz, Minnie ...... ............ __ ____ 265
lerzberg, August .............. _____ 694
lesing, A. C. ..184, 565, 655, 704, 855,
856, 857
lesing, Washington _____ 416, 704, 706, 848
lesler, Alexander ........ __ ......... 425
less, C. I) ......... ....... . ......... 667
Page
Hess, Caroline _ 654
Hess (E.) & Co _ 333
Hess, Frederick Andrew 510
Hesselroth, II 694
I lewes, Nelson W 307
Hewett, Alfred B 317
Hewitt, Rev. C. E 814
Hewittson, Jane 132
Hewlett, J. R. 592
Hews, Isabella . 295
Heydock, M. 0 522, 608
Heyl, Rev. Michael 819
Heylmann, Charles 547
Hiatt, A. H __ 539
Hibbard, F. A _ 83
Hibbard, Homer N 169, 421, 429,
430, 569
Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co _ 483
Hibbard, Thomas M. _ 785
Hibbard, W. I! 395
Hibbard, William G.-43g, 522,611, 612, 649
Hickey, Eliza Jane 762
Hickey, Margaret 187
Hickey, Michael C...IO8, 855, 860, 862, 865
Mickey, P. J _ ...101, 875
Hickling, William 264, 397, 412
Hicks, John J . 746
Hicks, W. H 705
Hienerring, Martin 525
Hieronimus, Fritz — 576
Higginbotham, H. N._ 290, 532, 789
Higginbotham, Marie __ 789
Higgins, Cecilia 488
Higgins, Ebenezer 397
Higgins, E. L. 585
Higgins, J. J _ 584
Higgins, J. P 383
Higgins, J. S 687
Higgins, Kelley & Co 506
Higgins, Mary 398
Higgins, Miss D. C 559
Higgins, Van II 875
Higginson, Charles M 210
Higginson, C.N.. 430
Higginson, George M ...210, 431
High, George M __ 418
High, James I 2I8
Mild, F. W ... 6l6
Hildreth, James II _ioi, 102, 863,
865, 866, 868, 870
Hildrup, Jesse S _ 234, 568
I lilger, Jenkins & F'axon 99
Hill, Adelia M 385
H, E. J 431
Hill, F. H
Hill, H. II . 6l6
Hill, Henry I 44<)
Hill, Horatio _ 412
Hill, Jane A. -j,,s
Hill,). M. ..; 666
lill, Lysander __ 285
Jill, Mrs. Thomas A . 418 6n
Hill, Rev. Walter N 772
Hill, Robert _ 317
Hill.T.C : 604
Hill, Thomas E 610 685
Hill, Thomas W. 870
iillabrant, W. I) 575,676, 679
lilliard, Emma 222
lilliard, H 5go
lilliard. Howard & Morton 365
lilliard, Laurin Palmer 222, 395
iillock, Charles 870
li'Is. C. M 422
Idls, John II 409
lills, Turner.& Co iOi
iilton, J. C 620
Hilton, Mrs. J. C __ . _ 519
Iilton, Mrs. I.. E. 520
Hiltz, Grace 637
limmel, Rev. J. 819
linckley, H. N _ 492
Hinckley, N. B._ __ _. _ 210
linckley, Samuel Taylor 395
linckling, William 413
lines, B. II . c(,n
i6
SPECIAL INDEX.
Ilines, Emeline A - 564
Mines. Paul A (173
Ilinkinv |. !•'.. 542
Ilinnian, !•'. A. 291
Ilinman, Jane 1C — 267
llinm.ii), John 11. _. 705
Hinners, Rev, I' (115
Mime/, Rev. II. 819
Hint/e \ Haker Company . 384
Ilinl/.e, Robert A '. 384
llipwall, \V. ().... 438
llirsch, A.. 301
I lirsch, Clemens 102, Si ,7
llirsch, Rev. Emil G - -
I 1 irschburger, A f><)4
Hirschorn (L.) & Co - 5*2
Ili-e, John 126, 875
Hitchcock. Augusta 241
Hitchcock, A. II. 366
Hitchcock, Charles - c
Hitchcock, C. I'..... _ _ 74?
Hitchcock, James
Hitchcock, j. M 4i>v 608, .sj.|
Hitchcock Manufacturing Co, - 745
1 lil« -brock, Mrs. Charles 424
1 litrhcock, Reuben A. .. ... 715
Hitchcock, Rev. A. N.___
Hitchcock, Rev. Luke 393, 710, 792
Hitchcock, Komyn . . . . 535
Ilite, Jani'-v 802
Hilt, Isaac R. 175,182
iliit. |ohn ... 560, 562
I liorstsbcrg. Max - 184
llo.idlrv, . \lber I 1C. _ 515
lloag, Mrs. G. C =r-
I loan!, Samuel 13(1. 397, 558, 8l6, -17
Hoard, Mrs. Sophronia Conant 396
Hobart, Henry Martyn 532, 535
llohbs, James 1!. 320, 410, 872, 873
Ilobbs, lennie 298
Hobbs, John O. 518
iiobbs, "MIS. i. i: 853
Hobson, K. 11 128
llodgr, Mamie. 92
H"dges, Fannie Louise ... 517
I lodges, John — 625
Hodges, Leonard _. 455
Hodges, Lothrop Smith 258, 798
Hodgkins, Jefferson . 127
llo.lnett, Rev. Thomas 1' 773. 77;
I lodnot, Joseph O --- 817
I loiUon, John K 320, (117
lloelsciier, Sophia 501
lloelter, Rev. Henry Louis 819, 820
lloerber, J. I - 577
lloerr, Daniel 617
I loes, James II 186
Hofllin, Mary 815
Hoffman, A. G iGo
Hoffman, Charles Fenno 397
llolfman, Francis A. 244,458,84), 858
Hoffman, Francis A., Jr. 846, 852, 855, 875
Hoffman, George I) oS i
Hoffman, John 239, 624
Hoffman, Michael 395
Hoffmann, Amelia 427
lloffmire, Hattie.. 541
I logan, Alice Agnes 152
Hogan, C. L. 1' 836
Ilog-aii, Daniel 115
I logan, Ella 3(14
I logan, Joseph 116
I I "gaii, I ). 1C 59!
1 logi-y. Julius II . 550
I logg. ( M'orgina 492
Ho.lirook, Ldmnnd S. «. 252, 257
Hoibrook, Rev. /.. S 711, 735
llolbrooks, Elkins&Co 365
Ilolcomb, II. F. 616, 624, 625
Holcomb, \V. II 848
llolilen, Cliarlrs C. !'.__ 101. 175, 182, 854
Holden, Charles Newton 395, 429, 816
Hoklen, Henry I — 609
lloldrn, lli-nn V 375,43'
HtiMcn. Isaac II. |r 375
Holden, J. II ". 785
Ilolden, Nelson I!. 731
1 1 olden, Rev. C. II 815
Holdout, Jesse 264, 265
Iloldn-.-' Live Stock Company 375
Holland, Mrs. F. A '. 713
Holland, Rev. Robert A. 522, 781
Ilollingsworth, Emily 729
I lollingsworth, Josephine .... _ 729
Hollinshead. William 395
llollister, lamest! '. 513,524, 528
llollister, John H. 808
llollister, Mrs. Angcline Peck - 396
1 lollowell, Sarah T. ... 422
Holly, L. G 320
Holman, C. T 92
llolman, Louisa C 6ll
Holman, Si range A 720
Ilolmboc, Leonhard 432
Holmburg, C. P .; 829
Holmes, Albert A. 357
Holmes, C. I! 165, 166, 827
Holmes, Daniel W _ 377
Holmes, Ellen 123
Holmes, Ellen A 422
Holmes, Edward L 508, 526, 606
Holmes, 1C. T 522
Holmes, G. M. . -617, 6iS, 620, 624
Holmes, George P. 404
Holmes, M. II _ .. 422
Holmes, Mrs. II. V 422
Holmes, Rev. 1). J 793
I ["lines, Samuel 840
Holmes, William G.. _ 798, 799
Holroyd, Elwyn Ashworth 551
llolroyd, 1C. 1C ---S'S, 551
Holt, 1). R. 804
Holt, Elizabeth 450
Holt, J. G 479
Holt & Mason 365
Holton, Albert 488
Holton, Charles C. . . 738
Holt/, Christopher 68, 423
llol/heimer, Charles W. 524, 615
Homer, P.. F._ 808
Ilonan. William 875
llonore, 11. II _ 95
Honsiger, Julia __ 494
Honsinger, ICmanuel _ 544
Honsinger, Mrs. E •_ 419
H 001 1 , Edward 115
II 1, Josephine 99
Hood, Thomas 290, 522, 800
Hoodless, Garrett 1 177
Hooke, Moses. 156
Hooker, H.M.. _ 612
Hooker, Mrs. John W 396
Ilooley, Richard M. 665
Ib'oper, Henry -525, 6oS
Ilopekirk, Mme. Helen 639
Hopkins, C. R. _. 466
Hopkins & Hasbrouck 461
Hopkins, John Faulkner .... . 529
Hopkins, John L. __ 601
Hopkins, "Martha E 745
Hopkins, Rev. Theodore . 809
Hopkins. Sol. P 853, 875
llopkinson, Thomas. _. 627
Horner, I!. F _ 622
Homer (Henry) & Co. 348
HornerlW. H.) & Co 549
Ilorsman, Helle 533
Ilorton, Dennison 395
llorion, 1C. M 617
I lorton, George 1> 357
Horton, J. M _ 522
Horton William E 672
Hosbury, John 619
Hosfonl, Ella Adelaide 511
Hoskins, William _ 431
Hosmer, Charles Kingley 395
Hosmer, R. W (61,466
Hotchkin, C. II 618
Hotckkin, C. Marion 622, SoS
Hotchkiss, Charles T 101, 366
llotlingrr. \. 855
Hot/, Christoph 863, 864
Hot/, F. C. ...518, 520, 52s. 521.. 528
Hough. 1C. M 584
Hough, George W -.428, 429
Hough, Resell M - 334
I loiighton, G. N --- 617
Houghton, Rosa 1C 824
Ifoughtcling, L 1 407, 418, 782
Houghtcling, W. I). 365, 366, 840
Hoiighteling. W. F. '"i
Houston, I). C. 58
llovey, Miriam Priest 826
I low, Emma -- .- 506
How, George M.. -.298,299, 302, 317, 320
Howard, Anna Augusta 461
Howard, C. II. 410
Howard (Chailes 1I)& Co 709
Howard, Emma 492
Howard, 1C. I! -- ?i)<)
Howard, F 622
Howard, Fox & Co 130
Howard, John Henry --34-I
Howard, Gen. O. O 290
Howard, Patrick J 102. 143, 865, 867
Howard, Philip 395
I toward, Talitha 93
Howard, W. li. 130, 438, 6(9
Howard, William Aldrich 511
I 1 owe, Alonzo J.. 817
Howe, Arthur j 5*4
Howe, Arthur T 585
Howe, Charles M 804
I lowe, C. T 393
Howe, Delia 161
Howe, 1). \V 592
Howe, F. A -. 320
Howe, II. T.. ... 866
ITowe, Mrs. Rose Victor liailey 396
I 1 owe, Nellie 276
Howe, O. H 541
Howe, Timothy O 262
Howell, C. G.'... 618
Howell, J. C 616
Howell, Mrs. John C. 625
Howell, s. R.".._ 383
Howell (S. R.) & Co.. 368, 383
Howes, Oscar 817
I lowison, ( leorge 617, 618
I lowland, George 146, 150
llowland, Isaac. 870
Rowland, Walter Morton. 260
Howling, James II 83
Iloyne, Frank G .401,402,404
Hoyne, James T. (01,403
Iloyne, Mrs. Leonora M. Temple 396
Iloyne, Philip A 406, 407, 568, 840,
854, 864, S66, 86q
Hoyne, Temple S 532, 533, 606
Hoyne, Thomas. 101, 141, 150, 291, 394,
'397, 4<>3.4H. 412, 413,415, 428,
429, 478, 532, 585, 762, 816, 817,
847, 86 1
Hoyne, Thomas M .401, 402, 403, 404
lloyi, A. W 544
Hoyt, Douglas 439
Hoyt, H. H. --35S, 449
Hoyt, Isaiah F 564, 565
Hoyt, James J _ 408
Hoyt, James I _ 592
Hoyt, Kate I _ 439
Hoyt, Mary P.... 376
Hoyt, Mrs. II. C 419
Hoyt, Rev. Charles S. Soi
Iloyt, William M _ Si, 542
Hoyt (W. M.) Co 348
lloxie, II. M _ 206
Hoxie, John R 847
Hradil, Barbara 544
Ilubbard, Elijah _ 521
I lulibard, 1C. K _ 522, 608
Ilubbard, George W. 112
Ilubbard, Gilbert 519
Ilubbard, Gurdon Saltonstall 395, 787
Ilubbard, Gurdon S., Jr... 585
Ilubbard, Hiram W..." 619
Ilubbard, James S __ 798
Ilubbard, John M 345
SPECIAL INDEX.
Ilubbard, Moses _
ilubbard, Mrs. Anna Ballon —
Hubbard, Mrs. Julia F'lvira Smith
Hubbard, N. T
Ilubbard, Prudence E
Ilubbard, Sarah J.
Ilubbard, Thomas R
Hubbard, William C,
Hubbard, W. H.
Hubbell, Jennie M.
Hubbell, Orrilla J
Hubberd, Cornelia A
Iluber, John P
lluber, Julius IT
Huber, Sister M. Luitgardis
Hubka, Frank
lluck, Louis C 320
Iluck, Mrs. Clara 629,631
Hudson, Carrie — _
Hudson, C. II.
Hudson, E. V
Hudson, L. S. _
Hudson, Mira.
Hudson, P. S.
I luffner-IIarken, Mrs. H
Huffaker, T. S.
Hughes, Elizabeth
I lughes, Hendrick
Hughes, James
Hughes, John B
I lughes & Johnson . ...
Hughes, Thomas 414,
Hughes, William T
llughitt, Martha
llughilt, Marvin, 74, 197. 335, 405, 535,
llughitt, Mary .
Hugunin, II. M
II igunin, James R _ 395,
1 lugunin, Leonard C.
Hugunin, R __
Huidekoper. F _
Hulbert, Alvin 102,
Hulbert, Rev. E. B.
Hulburd, C. II.
Hiding, A. H._ 624,
Ilulitt, Moffit
Hull, H. I
Hull, M. B 360
Hull, Mrs. E. H
Hull, Perry A
Hull, T. D
Hull, Walter S. 102 S6o
Ilult, Rev. A
Hume, S. J
Hummel, Ernst
Humphrey, II. M
Humphrey, James Oscar
Humphrey, John
Humphreys, Andrew A
Hunt, Bela T.
Hunt, Charles II.
Hunt, Ed
Hunt, George W. __
Hunt, James B.
Hunt, Peter
Hunt, S. W ."
Hunt, WilliamC --43I, 525,
Hunter, David _. 89,
Hunter, George W
Hunter, John S
Hunter, Rev. J. W
Hunter, Robert _
Hunting, A.
Huntingdon, Henry A.
Huntington, Agnes
Huntington, Alonzo
Huntington, Henry A __uo,
Huntington, Sally Ann.
Huntley, N. W _
Huntoon, George M.
Hurd, Daniel
Hurd, E. B
Hurd, Eben C 97
Hurd, Frank H _
Hurd, Harvey B 817
Hurd, L
Page
395
396
396
675
37
276
395
397
609
231
54i
354
72
72
778
869
576
632
625
596
221
59°
88
625
635
543
S3
95
397
393
692
692
563
202
79*
74
7<>4
592
397
836
826
S66
812
320
710
590
865
375
419
268
433
871
821
848
875
796
395
875
397
395
466
125
321
627
856
321
608
395
395
827
787
402
871
592
648
397
720
1 66
875
397
812
762
120
402
860
359
Page
Hurd, Rev. E. L. 804
Hurd, Stephen N 755
Hurford, W. D ._ 321
Huribert, William A. 673
Hurlburt, E. R _ 456
Hurlburt, H. 677
Hurlburt, W. H 206
Hurlbut, A. C ' 83
Hurlbut & Edsall 698
Hurlbut, Fred. J 698
Hurlbut, Horace A 698, 798, 804
Hurlbut (II. A.) & Co 698
Hurlbut, J. H. 320
Hurlbut, Miss S. E 419
Hurlbut, Vincent L. 527,617, 618, 620
Hurst, S. L 626
Husband, John J 69
Huse, F. G. _._ 526
Hutchins, Albert E 755
Hutchins, J. W 606
Hutchins, Mattie 214
Hutchinson, A. C 584
Hutchinson, B. P 304, 441
Hutchinson, Charles L. 290, 304,
320, 417, 421, 422, 441, 506, 649, 650
Hutchinson, James C 527
Hutchinson, Mahlon 530
Hutchinson, Mathew Maria Louis 530
Hutchinson, O. K. ._ 295
Hutchinson, Sarah F. 696
Ilutchinson, Sir Edward Synge 374
Hutchinson, Sophie S 374
Hutchinson, William A 693
Hutchison, L 609
Hutt, Louis 377, 848, 865
llutton, Tames. 68l
Huyck, John H 618
Hyatt, Henry Enos __ 395
Hyde, Amos M _ 497
Hyde, Anna Isabella _. 812
Hyde, Asa D 449, 452
Hyde, Benjamin 152
Hyde, Charles Edwin 726
Hyde, James Nevins 407, 508, 513,
520, 522, 524, 526, 592
Hyde, Rev. J. T 809
Hyde, Thomas Worcester 816
Hyland, David M _ _ 121
Hyman, Gertrude 443
Hyman, R. W., Jr 449
Hynes, William J 244, 261,410,
852, 864, 867, 871
Ide, George O 257
Imhoff, Anton 102, 866, 868
Ingalls, Kufus ___ 592
Ingals, E _ 527, 528
Ingals, E. Fletcher 518, 519, 525, 528
Ingersoll, Agnes 638
Ingersoll, Annie K 625
Ingersoll, L. D _ 684
Ingersoll, O. P 866, 869
Ingersoll, R. B 489
Ingersoll, Robert G._ 565, 591
Ingledew, L 449
Ingraham, Granville S 349, 357
Ingraham, Hiram F 357
Ingraham, J. M 871
Ingraham, Sereno Wright 540
Ireland, John 290
Irish, S. A. 366
Irving, Rev. John _ __ 814
Irving, William 210
Irwin, Carrie _ 310
Irwin, Edward . 694
Irwin, David R 302
Irwin, D. W... 290, 320, 331, 421, 650, 796
Irwin, Jennie 428
Irwin, S. A 565, 566
Isaacson, Gabriel 74
Isbell, Edgar 617
Isham. Edward S._ _. 875
Isham, Maria __ _ _ 697
Isham, Ralph N 513, 827
Ives, A. B 395
Ives, George A 438
Ives, J. M 691
Page
Ives, WilliamC 261
Jack, Albert 616
[ackman, Hazen 320
Jacks, Rev. W. D. 805
Jackson, Agnes ._ 82
Jackson, Andrew 403
Jackson, A. Reeves 515, 542
Jackson, Benjamin V 207
Jackson, C. E 492
Jackson, Dwight 687
Jackson, George M 403
Jackson, Huntington Wolcott 257, 592
Jackson, John P 257
Jackson, John William 395
Jackson, M _ 732
Jackson, Rev. II. G 790
Jackson, William. _ 848
Jackson, W. G. 449
lackson, William J Sol
Jacob, N. W _ 672
Jacobs, B. F" 418, 449
Jacobs, FZlizabeth 731
Jacobs, Gabriel 87
Jacobs, Hiram T. 81, 618, 622, 625
Jacobs, Lewis F 109, 590, 591
Jacobs, O. B 864
Jacobs, W 871 '
Jacobs, William V. 407, 586, 588
Jacobsen, John 615
Jacobson, Augustus 152, 237, 238, 547
Jacobson, Isaac 243
Jacobson, Judson S. - 547
Jacobson, Rev. O _. 794
Jacobson, S. L 523
Jacobus, A. L __ 626
Jacobus, D. L 816
Jacobus, Judson Shardlow __ 547
Jacobus, O. I 622
Jaffray & Co. 720
Jaggard, W. W 512, 524
James, Florence. 652
James, F'rederick S — 72, 405, 462, 466,
548, 616
James, G. W 130
James & Hammond 452
James, J. J. 465
James, josiah L. 264, 373, 452
James, Kittie 119
James, N. S.. 785
James & Springer 452
Jameson, John. 560
Jameson, John A. 237, 290, 817
Jameson, T. N. — 627
Jamieson, Egbert IOI, 856, 857, 861
Jaquish, L. C 712
Jansen, McClurg & Co 684
Janssens, Bernard 102, 865
Jardine, Anna D._ 493
Jarman, W. S . 618
Jay, Milton 539, 541, 542
Jefferson, Hiram 395
Jefferson, Thomas __ 103
Jefferson, \V. J._ _ _ 691
Jeffery, Edward T. 195, 335
Jeffery, John B 101, 280, 622, 672,
690, 847
Jeggle, Rev. Meinhard.. 770
Jenkins, Robert Edwin 257, 808
Jenkins, Robert H 617
Jenkins, Thomas R 393, 394, 677
Jenkins, W. A 357
Jenks, Edward W 512
Jenks, Willet B 76
Jennings, John 490
Jennings, John D. 757
Jennings & Savage 490
Jenney, Schermerhorn & Bogart 178
Jenney, W. L. B. 182
Jensen, Paul Christen _ 530
Jerome, Benjamin M 602
Jerome, Irene 684
Jerrems, William George __ 727
Jerusalem, Joseph 579
Tessup, J. R 694
Jesup & Co 57
Jevne, Christian 349
IS
SPECIAL INDIA.
.
Jewell. James S 51-,. ;j4
Jewell, \\illiamj 51,2
ewett, Edwards Adams... 231
cwett, John N 128, 411), 846, 874, 875
ewett, Mrs. John N _. 424
Jewctt & Root 483
Jewett, Sherman S 483
Johansen, A.. (1114
ohn, James 616
Johnson, A. B -856, 857
ohnson, Andrew Gustave 389
Johnson, Bettina 426
Johnson, 1!. li 290
Johnson, C. N 542
Johnson, C. W 525
Johnson, David . 617
Johnson, Kdgar H 363
Johnson, Edwin C 816, 817
Johnson, Emily 88
Johnson, Enos __ 827
Johnson, !•',. M. 126
Johnson, E. P _ 690
Johnson, Ernest V 87, 88
Johnson, F. B 677
Johnson, Fanny F. 277
Johnson, Frank F. 680, 706
Johnson. Frank S 512
Johnson, George H. (.4, s-
johnson, II. 865
Johnson, Hans 483
Johnson, Hattie E 70
Johnson, Helen M 602
Johnson, Henry W 735
Johnson, Herbert B 264
ohnson, Hosmer A. 156, 429, 430, 431,
512,513,521, 522, 524, 526, 606,
608, 609, 827
Johnson, J. F 166
Johnson, James I,. 377
Johnson, John B __ 395
Johnson, J. M - 732
Johnson, Lathrop 397
Johnson, Laura E 800
Johnson, M. C.
Johnson, Mary I). . 533
Johnson, Matts 746
Johnson, Mrs. (). K. 630, 631, 632
Johnson & Metzler 746
Johnson (Peter) & Co 690, 697
Johnson, Peter C 692
Johnson, Rev. Herrick. 522, 798, 802
Johnson, R. M 624
Johnson, Samuel __ 649, 657
Johnson, Samuel F 77
Johnson, T. __ 677
Johnson, T. L 165
Johnson, T. R 435
Johnson, William E _ 847
Johnson, William Herbert. 282
Johnson, W. J _ 619
Johnson, W. S. _ 411
Johnson, W. T 875
Johnston, Annie 761
Johnston, J 834
Johnston, John 449
Johnston, J. P. 750
Johnston, P. I) _. 598
Johnston, Shepherd 146, 148
Johnston, William J. 545
Johnston, W. S. 4^4
Johnston, William V. 77
Jonas, Julius 101, io-j, .109
Jones, A. M _. 234. 508, 702
Jones, Annie W 422
Jones, Benjamin _ 397
Jones, I!. F. _ 17-
Jones 625
Jones, < 'Lira M._ 385
Jones, Daniel A . 160, 295, 296, 320
Jones, Ella 719
Jones, Gabriel 412
Jones, II. J. 126, 864
Jones, II. \\Vbster
ones, J. Blackburn 281
John Howard,. 559
Jones, John J 12,404
Jones
Jones
Jones,
Jones,
Jones
Jones,
Jones,
Jones
Jones,
Jones,
Junes
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones,
Jones,
Jones
Jones
Jones,
Jones,
Jones,
Jones,
Jones, William P
Jones, Wilson
Jordan, C. H
Jordon, Kate
Jordon, R. H
Jorgensen, N. H ...
Joseffy, Rafael
Joslin, Zenana
Joslyn, A. J _ 710,
Journal of Commerce
Joy, Diantha
Joy, James F 2H),
Judd, EdwardS.
Judd, Helen.
fudd, Mrs. N. P
I. M. W
(j. M. W.) \ Co
J. Russell, i6(>, 405, 502, 535, 5(10,
502. 564, 649,
KilerK
X Langhlins _
Mary E
Mis, DeWitt C
Mrs. Frances Maria Northam —
Mrs. J. C
Mrs. Moses
Nathaniel A
Nathaniel Magruder _ - .
Nathaniel S. 392,
Perdue cS; Smalls
Rev. Jenkin Lloyd 711,
Richard
\ Sellers
- 513,
S. J. .
S. M.
Stevens S 526,
William 153, 39,, 816, 817,
W. H...
Judd, Mrs. W. M
judd, Norman B. 128, 150, 560,
562, 834, 837, 840, 842, 875
Judd, S. Corning, 402, 404. 535, 556,
SSS.S^
Judd, S. S
Judson, Julia Isabella
Judson, William B.
Judson, William D
Juergens & Anderson
J uergens, Carolina
Juergens, Paul
Jung & Borchert _ _
Jussen, P. L. W
Justrow, Sarah
Juul, Rev. Ole
Kabler, Conrad
Radish, Leopold J 184, 526, 575,
Kadlec, L. W 866,
Kami, Constantine ._
Kainder, Lydia
Kaiser, S
Kales, Francis H 182, 184,
Kammerer, Frank G. _. 314
Kane, E. K ..
Kane. Thomas. 290, 522,
Karieher, Rev. J
Karit/, II !
Karls, Theodore 69,
Karpen. Adolph
Kaspar. William
Kasperek, \\enxel
Kasthohn, !•'.. I...
Kastler, Adam P
Kastler Brothers.. _
Kastler. Philip -025,
Kaitendidt, C _",
Kat/., Andrew .
Kauffman, A. E
Kan (Tina nn, Rev. Solomon
Kavanaugh ,v Merriman _
Kay, William V
Kav/er, Sam
Keaeh, MelinaA
Kean \ Lines
Kean. S. A
Kearney. Joseph J
Kearney,
69]
450
650
854
47S
833
625
396
63I
4ic
39
270
650
691
825
865
458
52
374
832
836
375
684
395
7»5
488
626
865
f'39
565
816
353
262
334
558
383
522
522
.418,
875
539
244
386
334
749
749
749
579
59°
548
822
695
578
869
875
493
751
290
320
412
798
770
820
865
550
870
871
87
724
724
724
501
79
522
830
116
505
647
245
745
875
751
Ke.mis. John J 871
Keating, Edward f - 108
Keats, James 617, 618, 619
Keek, Biihmann iV Ilansen 740
Keek. I. Martin 74°
Kedzic", lolinH. 875
Keefe, Thomas II 5°9, 588
Keeler, Bronson C 684
Keeley, Michael.... 410, 416, 856, 868
Keen, B. I - 478
Keen, Joseph 128
Keen (W. B.) & Co ,. 684
Keenan, John 243
Keene, M. J -- 410
Keener, W. T - 554
Keeney, Bertha 487
Keeney, Charles P 454
Keeney, James F 454
Keep, Albert 128
Keep, Frances 424
Keep, Frederic A , 392
Keep, Henry 780
Keep, William B. 393
Keese, (julia E 302
Keel on, Theodore A 515
Kehoe, Edward 856
Kehoe, John \Y._ 276
Kehoe, Michael 395
Kehoe, Miles --847, 856, 875
Kehoe, P - I()I
Keil, M.-.- ..' (.17
Keith, A _ 609
Keith, Abijah ..--. — oos, dm)
Keith, Charles II ... 634
Keith, Edson 152, 233. 392, 393, 404,
421, 535, 644, 649, 650
Keith, Elbridge G...29O, 406, 407, 409,
418, 009, 610, 787, 848, ,sii,4,
86S,
Keith iV Faxon 71(1
Keith, Henry A. --4»S, .p,,
Keith, Osborne Rensselaer 68, 717
Keith, S. A. 649
Keith, W. Scott 392
Keller, Daniel- 376
Keller, Frederick 739
Keller, George _ 867
Keller, John 359
Keller, Maria . 426
Keller, Rev. J. J 615
Keller, Rev. William 793
Kelley, Adelia 41)1)
Kelley, Asa P ,_ 379, 506
Kelley, David 438, 506
Kelley, Charles B _ 506
Kelley, James 395
Kelley, John 869
Kelley, John W. 335
Kelley, J. P 649, 650
Kelley, Mans <Si Co 506
Kelley, Rathbone & Co . 379
Kelley, Rev. C. V 782
Kelley, Waller ].. 524
Kelley, William E 379
Kelley, Wood & Co _ 506
Kellogg, A. N 412
Kellogg, Artemus B.. 395
Kellogg, A. \V 827
Kellogg, Charles P --4°4, 439, 862
Kellogg (Charles P. ) & Co 722
Kellogg, Clara Louise 643
Kellogg, E. II 788
Kellogg, Fanny. 633
Kellogg, W. II 233
Kelly, Henry Dennis 481
Kelly, James 868
Kelly, James J. 388
Kelly, John 872
Kelly, J. W. D 782
Kelly, M. ] 673
Kelly, M. W 614
\clly, Nettie 601
\elly. Patrick nj
Celsey, Chauncey 206
Kemp, Amos 627
Kemp, George W. . f,Si
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Kcmpton, Elizabeth K 377
Kendall, Martha 384
Kennard, Rev. J. Spencer 812
Kennedy, David J. 584
Kennedy (F. A.) Company 328
Kennedy, J. H. -. 627
Kennedy, Rev. John E 771
Kennedy, Robert B 875
Kennedy, Robert Lenox. 467
Kennedy, William D._ 101
Kennedy, \V. W 108, 115
Kennicott, Ada _ 422
Kennicott, Joseph E 397
Kennicott, Mrs. Caroline Chapman 396
Kennicott, Mrs. M. A 422
Kenney, A. \V. 422
Kenny, Robert 856
Kent, B. F 466
Kent, Ellen 99
Kent, Sidney A 320, 334, 441
Kent, W. V.. _.. 501
Kenyon, IX B _ 125, 590
Kenyon(II. O.) & Co 679
Keogh, S. R 870
Kepler, J. \V._ _ 339
Kerber, Henry 84, 101, IO2
Kercheval, Alice 226
Kerrhevul, I,. C 836
Kercheval, Mrs. Eelicite Hotchkiss 396
Kril.x.t, \V. 1). 61, 449, 782
Kern, Charles 239,403,404, 858
K email, Francis 872
Kerney, William Biddle 566
Kerr (Charles H.) & Co 711
Kerr, Emily E. 94
Kerr, Samuel 618
Kerr, William 617, 618
Kerr (William) & Co. __ 94
Kerr, W. R 465
Kerrott, E. M 693
Kersten, George... 247, 869
Kcrstens, Fred 868
Kcrsting, Henry C 868
K easier, Peter 308
Kester, P. J 542, 544
Keti-ham, J. P 366, 798
Ketcham, Mrs. J. P 419
Kettlestrings, Joseph ._ 397
Kettelle, George II 245
Ketter, Anna _ 732
Kettner, M 617
Kcdzie, John 89
Kedzie, John H. 407
Keyes, Rollin A. 407
Keystone Bridge Co 130, 131
Kickhom, Marie 573
Kidder, U. B 611
Kiefer, Elizabeth 401
Kiefcr, P 525
Kiernan, J. G. 513
Kilbourne, E. A 409
Kiley, Lee M. _. 695
Kilianus, Rev. Father.. 768
Killen, George S 703
Killick, James E 395
Kilmer, Henry 120
Kilmore, D. H _ 617
Kilt, Nicholas 694
Kimball, Charles P 403, 409 410 744
KimbaIl(C. P.)&Co. .' 743
Kimball, George F 100, 744
Kimball, Harlow 397
Kimball, H. M. ... 848
Kimball, J. M 743
Kimball, Lucia 853
Kimball, Mark 394, 861, 863, 866
Kimball, Mrs. W. W 5ig
Kimball, Peter 744
Kimball, Rev. John 808
Kimball, R. II. ~ 544
Kimball, R. W 544"
Kimball, Walter 397 rSe
Kimball, W. W 650! 827
Kimbell, Martin N _ 395] 837
Kimbell, Spencer F. __"
Kimberly, Edmund Stoughton 854
Page
Kimberly, John L. 592
Kimberly, Mrs. Maria Theresa Ellis — 396
Kimblock, W. E. 626
Kindred, Martha J. 739
King, Andrew T 372
King, Charles 617, 869
King, Fred W -. 372
King, Henry W 522, 526, 607, 608,
609, 612, 649, 650, 721, 798, 804
King (Henry W.) & Co 681, 721
King Iron Bridge Company 130
King, J. A -827, 875
King, John Blair Smith 532, 534
King, J. C 584
King, Kellogg & Co. 720
King, Mark ._ - 673
King, Mrs. Henry W 424
King, Oscar M 515
King, Philo R 535
King, Rev. W. E 793
King, Rockwell 480
King, Sarah M. _ 459
King, Tuthill 290, 395, 522, 802
King, William H 146, 591, 846, 875
King, Wendell R.. 387
Kingman, Charles II 442
Kingsbury, Mrs. Jane Creed Stebbins.. 396
Kingsbury, Nancy 328
Kingsland, Abraham W 407, 502
Kingsland, George __ 492
Kingsland, Jackson & Co — \()l, 492
Kingsland, J. D 502
Kingsland & Munn ._ 492
Kingsland, M. S 320
Kingsland, P. C. 492
Kingsley, E. B 626
Kingsley, Helen _ 418
Kingsley, Helen M 454
Kingsley, S. W 857
Kingston, John Tabor 395
Kink-head, William 320
Kinley, J. R . 526
Kinney, Elijah 395
Kinney, Helen A. 602
Kinney, Joel A. 121, 125
Kinney, O. S _ _. 72
Kinney, Mary 345
Kinsella, F. D 410
Kinsella, Rev. G. A 770
Kinsella, Rev. William T 771
Kinsella, Thomas 560
Kinsley, Frances 304
Kinsley, II. M 65
Kinsman, Charles 720
Kinsman & Holman 719
Kinzie, John H 412, 816, 836
Kinzie, Mrs. Robert Allen 396
Kinzie, Walter H 673
Kiolbassa, Peter 563, 875
Kipley, Joseph 108
Kippax, John R 535, 684
Kirby, Abner 377
Kirby-Carpenter Company 377
Kirchner, John A 735
Kirk, Alfred 150, 616, 808
Kirk, C. W 622
Kirk, James A 102,852
Kirk, MacVeagh & Co 589
Kirkland, Alexander. .74, 132, 614, 866, 869
Kirkland, Eliza Maria 132
Kirkland, Elizabeth. 684
Kirkland, James. 132
Kirkland, Joseph _ no, 235, 565
Kirkman, M. M 440
Kirkwood, A. J.. 8 1
Kirkwood, A. J _ 480, 487
Kirkwood (A. J.) & Co. 487
Kirkwood & Dunklee 487
Kirkwood, Thomas S 392, 480, 487, 622
Kirkwood, T. S. & A. J 487
Kirton, I). M. 871
Kirwan, John 80
Kistler, Louis 247
Kistler, Rev. A. II 793
Kiss, V _ 524, 615
Kite-hell, Rev. II. D 809
Page
Kitchen, C. A 542
Kitchen, Sarah .• 351
Kitt, A. Marie _.. 751
Kittredge, Esther Haslett 683
Kittredge, Rev. A. E. .. 290, 522, 6n,
612, 797, 798, 804
Klassen, Christina. 112
Klehm, G. C 875
Klein, Leona 92
Klein, Martin C _ 341
Klein, Rev. Philip 823
Klein, Simon . 718
Kleinecke, Hermina 81
Kleinschmidt, John 626
Kley, John A 492, 493
Kley, Mrs. J. A _ 625
Klicka, Joseph 426
Klimes, Albert 186
Klinck, Dwight 617
Kline, John V ,. 247
Kling, Christina 823
Kling, Rev. John Louis 823
Klingenberg, Anne — 742
Klingston, Charles 291
Klok'ke, E. F. C .108, 239, 855, 860
Klokke, F. C - 134
Kluge, Clara — 349
KIupp, Gregory 875
Knab, Louisa 821
Knapp, Charles Hunt 202
Knapp, Elizabeth _ — 82
Knapp, Sister M. Frances 778
Knapp, Mrs. S. II 519
Knapp, Roena 546
Knerr, George 870
Knickerbocker, H. W. — 395
Knickerbocker, John C 846, 875
Knickerbocker, John J 101, 393
Knickerbocker, Joshua C 246, 247
Knight, Clarence A.. 103, 871
Knight, Frank __6i8, 625
Knight, John 103
Knight, John B 404, 449
Knight & Leonard 684, 690
Knight, Sarah - 625
Knight, William S 393
Knights, Darius 397
Knisely, Abraham 82, 116, 495
Knisely (A) & Co 495
Knisely, John A 495
Knisely & Miller 495
Knisely, Richard 495
Kniskern, W. B 677
Knobelsdorff, Ernst 1 615
Knoed ler, Caroline 495
Knoll, W. F. _. 535
Knopf, A. C 102
Knorr, Charles A. 633
Knowles, M. 695
Knowles, Rev. John H 649, 780, 783
Knowlton, Rev. W. F 783
Knox, Edward B 585, 586
Knox, James S. . 798
Knox, John K 258
Knox, J. S._ 156
Knox, J. Suydam 522
Knox, Kittie L 262
Knox, W. M 706
Knutson, Agnes R 74
Koblitz, A 617
Koch, C -_ 694
Koch, C. R. E.-.iog, 542, 553, 544, 590, 591
Koch, Edward 593
Koch, Franz 867
Koch, Henry 422
Koch, Laura 579
Kock, G. II 649
Koehler, Annie M. (Does) -. 120
Koehler, C 856
Koehler, Clifford P 120
Koehler, Jacob A 120
Koeliler, George 120
Koehler, Peter I2O
Koehler, Rev. Leonard Charles 820
Koelling, Adolph 640
Kocnig, F. . 820
20
SPECIAL INDEX
jtoenig, JoliB 523
Koerner, (iustavus 558
Koerner, Rev. Charles 821
Koerner, Rev. Christian.
Kohlmann, Herman 615
Kohn, Abraham 731
Kohn, Bertha 751
Kohn iV Brothers 720
Kohn, IX A Sdj
Kohn, Jennie .. _ 751
Kolm, Nellie _ 301
Kohlsaat, Christian C 182,418, 814
Kohlsaat. Herman II 70, 290, 362
Kohlsaat, Mrs. C. C 419
Koning, Meis _ _ .|Si>
Koopmans, Rev. C. - 771
Koplien, Frederick 746
Korn, Ci. K._ 855
Kost, Mary -7
Kossakowski, Mathew 1'ankracy 531
Koupal-I.usk, Mrs. M _ 422
Koupal, Marie ._ 422
Kowalski, Joseph Henry 642
Kraemer, j. II 615. 616
Krainer. 1'hilip. 325
Krans, Adolph 146, 867, >;i
Kraus, Mary 702
Kreigh, David 320, 334. 362
Kreigh, C. \V. 320
Kressmann, F'red OS(>
Kretzinger, George Washington ...218, 270
Kreysler, C. K. __ (117
Krick, George 866
Kroeschell, Albert 487
Kroeschell Brothers 4*7
Kroeschell. Charles 487
Kroeschell, Herman, Jr. — 487
Kroeschell, Herman, Sr 487
Kroeschell, Otto 487
Kroll, George W. __ 871, 875
Krueger, ¥ -S2o
Krueger, Theodore. 485
K rug (Sister) M. Teresa 778
Kruger, Augusta __ 749
Kubicek, Ferdinand iSC>
Kubin, Otto. .185, 186
Kucffner, William K. 848
Kuh. Edwin J._ 524
Kuh & Leopold _ 720
Ktihart, Louis 627
Kulil, John 395
Kuhn, Fanny 625
Kuhn, J. 625
Kuhncn, Nicholas _ _ 746
Kuhns, F'rank C 358
Kuhns, William J . 358
Kiinkel Brothers... 652
Kunz, Elizabeth Clara 531
Kuppenheimer, I! 524, 722
Kuppenheimer (B.) & Co 722
Kuppenheimer, Louis B 409
Kurr, Andrew 869
Kurt/ Brothers & Bnhrer 480
Kurt/, Frederick W. _ 480,481
Kurtz, George 481
La Itaume, Felix _ 5110
l.alierg, M. A 869
Lackey, John _ 848
Ladue, Theodore F 619
Laflin, George II (>2o, 657, 796, 854
I.aflin, George W 655
Laflin, Marie L 440
Laflin, Matthew 395, 862
I ..iLMimarsino, G. B _ 615
Laguische, M. 614
Laing, Cuthbert \Vard 288
Lalor, J. J.... 684
Lamar, L. Q. C 402
Lamb, Catharine 98
Lamb, Charles A 411 1
Lamb, Edwin L. 480
Lamb, F. R _ 622
Lamb, Horace _ 621)
Lamb, John 255
Lamb, Lovina W 98
Lamb, Matthew .. ... 156
Lamb, P. B
Lamberson, D. II _
Lambert, Charles E._
Lambert, F. X
I.ambin, Frederick II. J
Lambrecht, Rev. Gotthelf
I.ampert, Rev. B 793,
Lampman, Henry S
I.amson, L. J. _
I .:l]]<lrl!, lohll K. ..
l.amlon, Albert W
Lane, Albert G 150,
1 ane, Charles II ._ 622,
Lane, Elisha —
1 ane, FiWia I!. ._
Lane, Frank B
Lane, ( icorge W ._
I ane. lames 395,
Lane, Joseph S
Lane, Nellie M.
Lane & Rock
Lang, Joseph ._
1 .angdon, Annie
Lange Bros .
I ange, Leonard A __
Langc, ( Iscar G 395,
I.:tn^e, Rev. L.
Langson, R. K _
Lanigan, John no, jSj,
I, aning, Charles Elmer 532, 533,
Lanlin, Maggie
Laparle, W. B
Lapp. Peter ..
I .appi n , R ichard .
Larimer, Joseph M
Larimore, lames W. 150,
Lark, l^li/.abeth Ann ...
I.arkin, F'rank
Larkins, Robert
Larminie, S. II
Larmon, Marion
Lamed, \. II.
Larned, Fid win C 522, («'-
Larned, ]•'.. P
Larned, Mis. F'rancis
Larned, Mary __"
Larned, Mrs. Walter C.
Larned, WalterC. .....
Larrabee Brothers
Larrabee, Charles 1).
Larrabee, Charles R 102,782, 785,
829, 861
Larrabee, Miss E. W 422
Larrabee, Mrs. Mary Margaret Haight, 3110
Larrabee, Rev. Edward A 785. 786
Larrabee, William I) _. 468
Larrabee, William M _ 397
Larrabee, W. R 126
Larsen, Charles C 863
Larsen, Tver _ 483
Larsen, Lars I 483
Larson, Sophia Charlotte . 72
LaSalle, Chevalier 412
Lashore, Susan _ 329
re, L _ 614
Latchum, Alfred _ 627
Lathrop, Bryan 449
Lathrop, J. L 210
Lathrop, Mrs. Bryan 424
Lathrop, Samuel 395
Lauer, Laura G 692
Laughlin, Edward _. 112
Laughlin, William M 857
Lauman, J. C, 266
Launder, William H 619
Lauth, Benjamin 478
Lavezzi, G 615
Law, Annie ._ 692
Law. Robert 657, 866
Lawinski, Sylvester 653
Lawler, F'rank 101, IO2, 143, 863,
866, 868, 870
Lawrence, Charles B. 257, 409, 847, 864
Lawrence, F'dimmd Clark 222
Lawrence, F". F d|<,
Lawrence, J. E , 865
Page
626
636
206
I'M
426
822
794
395
321
761
dm
857
S27
626
397
247
395
398
S9I
238
97
546
479
819
535
586
537
625
614
622
397
478
703
83
673
382
320
96
376
836
284
419
284
424
422
468
Page
Lawrence, |. Frank 182, 875
Lawrence, j. W 617
Lawrence, Rev. William Mangam 8:2
Lawson, Iver - 846,875
I.awson, 1'ennilla - 248
Lawson, Victor F 700, 701, 706
Lawton, F'.dgarC.. 52f>
Lay, Albert Tracy - 37"
Layng, ]. D <M9
Leach, Rev. William 11 793
Lcahe, William - 156
I.eake, |oscph H...234, 235,290,568,
592, 626
I.eander, John 695
Learned, Rev. J. C 711
Leal Herman, Abraham 837
Leave!!, Sarah W. 306
Leavenworlh, Jesse II _ 397
I.eavenworth, Mrs. Elvira C. .... 396
.. M. W 875
Le.ivitt, S. 532, 533
Leavitt, W. II 584
LeBailley, Celia F 326
Lebolski, John 847
Lcchler, Rev. G. W 615
Lechner, Rev. A 786
Ledochowski, Napoleon. .422, 631, 632, 639
Leduc, J 6:4
Lefens, T. [. 320
Leffingwell, Rev. C. W. 7:1
Lee, Benjamin P 672
Lee, Franklin 128
irorge F' 128
Lee, George P 780
I-ee, J 733
Lee, Jennie 83
Lee, John 128
Lee, Oliver II :2O, 804
Leeb, Henry 579
Leech, Monroe S. . 512
1 .res, Edward — 314
Lehman, Edwin 91
Lehman, George 91
Lehmann, Alfred A. 741
Lehmann, F'rederick 740
Lehrkamp, Frederick 617
l.eidel, Rev. J. - - 820
Leiter, Levi Z 404, 405, 4:1, 421,
44:, 462, 609
l.cith, Alexander 522
I.eith, A. J 649
Leland, M. J 338
I. eland. Warren F 357, 358, 650
1. email, Henry W 278, 280, 422, 875
Lemon, Phcebe J - 540
LeMoyne, John V. . 402, 827, 846, 847, 858
LeMoyne, W. M. . 404
I.engaclier, Jacob 101, 102, 143,854
Lennox, John F'. 870
Leonard, Cynthia 625
Leonard, I). 800
Leonard, George II. 262
I .eonard, James __ 486
Leonard, Mrs. lames 419
Leonard, Raymond Lockwood 5:0,
617, 829, 830
Leonard, Rev. J. H. --829, 830
Leone, J 615
Leopold & Austrian 63
".eopold, Charles M 409
.eplae, Rev. M _. _. . 777
_e Roy & Co. _ 94
.esch, Henry _ _. 6:6
:.eslie, Lillie R 691
.ester, Helen _ 680
.ester, Henry 121
.ester, J. J. "... 320
'.ester, John T _ 649
.ester (John T.) & Co 680
.etcher, James H _ 515
Letton, Theodore W. _. 468
,etz, F'rederick 395
.evi, Abram 627
Levy, Matilda 516
.ewald, Frank 751
Lewis, Anna 630
SPECIAL INDEX.
21
Page
Lewis, A. M. 344
Lewis, H. Z 386
Lewis, I. J - 461
Lewis, James R 617
Lewis, Jennie -- 127
Lewis, Joseph B 619
Lewis, 'Leslie. _. 150, 619
Lewis, Margaret _ — 793
Lewis, Nichols 88
Lewis, Ransom .. 591
Lewis, S. B 505
Lewis, William 631, 632, 636, 638
Libby, Archibald McNeill .757
Libby, Arthur A.__ 83, 409, 757
Libby, C. P._. 4°9
Libby, McNeill & Libby 757
Libefe, Mathilda 188
Lichtenberger, Charles 617
Lieb, Clara A _ 739
Lieb, Hermann 126, 134, 239, 855, 856, 857
Liebenstein, Albert _-- 738
Liebenstein, Joseph 738
Liebenstein & Co 740, 741
Liebling, Emil 631, 632, 633, 636
Lightner, Milton C 315, 320
Lightner, Kev. C. I 766
Lill & Diversey 578
Lill, William 575, 802
Lilla, Jacob 775
Lilies Manufacturing Co . 742
Lilies, Thomas G 742
Lillie, James 87
l.illie, Susan I'earson 537
Lilly, I. N 529
Lilly, Thomas A... 529
Lincoln, Abraham 834,841, 842
Lincoln, David II. 320
Lincoln, Robert T. 258, 413, 797, 852, 871
Lincoln, Solomon 726
Li ml, Dallas 688
Line!, Sylvester _ 395
Lindauer, Benjamin 724
Liml.-uier Bros. & Co. 724
Liudberg, Lmil 694
Lindburg, Gust 70
Linde, C. P. G 68
Lindemann, Charles _ 491
l.inderbery-, C. L. . 875
Lindgren, John R __ 441
Lindley, Daniel A. .. 304
Lindsey, William L 586
Lindsley, Hattie __ 152
Lindstrom, Andrew 617
Lines, David J 745
Lines, Henry 745
Linn, John A. IO2
Linn, William R 303
Linscott, A. 1 864
Linscott, A. N _._ 865
Linsted, 1). B. 622
Linstrom, Rev. <). !•"._ •_ _ 794
Linton, Mary L. 89
Lipe, Clark 175, 182
Lippert, Christiana 425
Lippincott, C. E 858
Lithgow, Charles H 869
Litten, Nelson I 808
Little, Luella V __ 150
Little, Rev. Arthur 807, 829
Livermore, Mrs. I). I". 711
Livermore, Rev. D. 1' 591, 711
Livesy, Rupert James 551
Livingston, Jacob 506
Livingston, Simon. _ 95
Ljunggren, Emil 694
Lloyd, Charles C 113
Lloyd, Elisha Emmons 113
Lobingier, Rev. Henry Schell 818
Lochner, Kev. Louis F. J 821
Lock. Mrs. William.. 396
Lock, William. _ 397
Locke, B. B. W 620
Locke, Mrs. Clinton 424
Locke, Rev. Clinton 319, 521, 522, 783
Lockwood, Elizabeth D 455
Lockwood, H. T 586
Page
Lockwood, L Le Grand... 223
Lockwood, John J 77
Lodding, Charles S. 182
Lodding, Frederick 101, 102
Loder, Caroline C 740
Loeb, Betty 582
Loeb, Emma 301
Loeber, Matilda L 514
Loeber, Rev. C. A.. 615
Loehr, Lizzie 426
Loewenthal, Berthold _ 182, 866
Logan, Frank G._ 69,311, 320
Logan, John A 585, 590, 591, 705,
846, 847, 848, 850, 871, 874
Logan, Rev. C. A. 627, 793
Logan, Robert E 848
Lomax, John A 573, 875
Lombard, J. L. 449
Lonergan, Rev. Arthur P 768
Lonergan, Thomas 856, 857
Long, D _ 866
Long, James 837
Long, John Conant 456
Long, John II 513, 547
Long, William II 570
Longenecker, Joel M 280
I.ongley, Albert 361
Longley, William M 806
Loomis (C. F.) & Co 334
Loomis, Henry. 395
Loomis, Horatio G 394, 395
Loomis, John Henry 150, 151
Loomis, John Mason _ 592, 608, 609
Loomis, Mrs. J. Mason 608
Loomis, Mason B., Jr _. 239
Loomis, Sarah Jane (93
Loranger, Joseph . 732
Lord & Bushnell Company 376
Lord, Edgar A. 372, 376
Lord, G. S 546
Lord, Owen & Co 546
Lord, Rev. Willis 802
Lord, Smith & Co 546
Lord, Stoutenburgh & Co. ..•. 121, 546
Lord, Thomas 546
Lorenz, Reinhardt 102,852, 865
Lorimer, Rev. George C 449, 8n, 813
Lorimer, Mrs. G. C. 419
Loring, Frank L. 271
Loring, Malek A. 357
Loring, Mrs. S. D 419
Loring, Virginia _. 790
Loud, Edward DeCormis.. 305
Louderback, D. H 598
Lounsberry, George E 618, 619
Love, J. M 69, 677
Love, Thomas 481
Love, William A. 867
Love, W. H 584
Lovejoy, Elijah P 834
Lovejoy, Harriet L 380
Lovejoy, Owen 234,842, 843
Lovejoy, Sarah J 506
Lovejoy (W. B.) & Co. 720
Lovell, Mrs. Madora Hugunin 396
Lovering. Hattie G. 237
Low, E. T. 616
Low, F. _"_ 848
Low, James E. 545, 546
Lowe, E. J. 624
Lowe, H. E 439
Lowe, William 617
Lowell, B. F _. 668
Lowenthal, B 404
Lower, W. H. 591
Loyd, Alex 78
Ludington, Ellen 380
Ludington, Harrison 380
Ludington, Wells & Van Schaick Co. .. 380
Ludlam, Reuben ...440, 532, 533, 534, 608
Ludlow, George W._ _ 730
Lud low (George W.) & Co 729
Ludwig, Sister M. Nepomucene 778
Luette, Rev. Fridolinus 770
Lull, A. G. 626
Lull, Louis J _ 860
Page
Lund, Edward 694
Lund, O ' 694
Lundgren, Leonard 538
Lundh, Charlotte 152
Lundquist, Eva C 691
Lundt, F.William H 491
Lunt, E. _ 521
Lunt, Mrs. Fannie Goodwin. 631, 632
Lunt, Orrington_. (iS, 608, 791
Lunt, Preston & Kean 589
Lussan, Zelie de__ 648
Lutz, Annie 85
Lutz, Isabel.. __ 740
Lyckberg, Samuel 694
Lydston, G. Frank. 515, 516, 543
Lydecker, G. J. 291
Lydston, J. D _ .. 543
Lyke, John W ...102, 869, 871
Lyman, Daniel 397
Lyman, David Brainard 254, 258
Lyman, E. W 465
Lyman, Harriet L. 156
Lyman, Henry M. 508, 518, 522, 527
Lyman, Mrs. Sarah Alexander 396
Lynch, John .122, 125
Lynch, Julia 92
Lynch, Lawrence L 684
Lynch, Thomas 101, 143
Lyndon. John H 629
Lynn, E. A. 857
Lynn, James 865
Lynn, W. R. 86
Lyon, Addie 100
Lyon, David J._ 866
Lyon , George II.. .. 542
Lyon, George M 402
Lyon, George W. 634
Lyon & Healy 629, 634
Lyon (Lester) & Co. 679
Lyon, Mary Swynburne _. 353
Lyons, J. W. _ 126
Lyons, Rev. Daniel 770
Lyons, Rev. M _ _ 776
McAllister, Jesse 800
McAllister, W. K 238,245, 832
McArthur, Cuthbert 86, 87
McArthur, John 86, 87, 554, 556,
558, 613, 614
McArthur, Lewis L __ 542
McAuley, Daniel R 196, 449
McAuley, George 76
McAuley John T 76, 101, 102, 592, 824
McAuley, Michael 102, 865
McAuliff, John 847
McAvitt, Bridget __ 762
McAvoy, John H 101, 143, 402,
404, 576, 622, 854, 857
McBride, Catharine _. 642
McCabe, J. E. _. 596
McCabe, Thomas _. 397
McCaffery, John 101, 102,441, 585
McCagg, Ezra B 182, 184, 390,
392, 413, 526, 608, 609, 649
McCagg, G. B 429
McCailum, Eliza 798
McCallum, Jennie A 250
McCailum, W. C.._ 798
McCarthy, Lillian C _ _ 211
McCarthy, Owen 395, 854
McCartney, Joseph A 95
McCann, Rev. M 777
McCauley, Henry 837
McCauley, James 854
McCauley, John 868
VIcChesney, J. H 817
\IcChesney, R _ 182
VIcChesney, Rev. S. M... 789'
VlcClory, Henry 271
VlcClory, P 101
VIcClowry, Patrick _ 854
McClellan, A. H .... 75
McClellan, G. A 677
McClellan, George B 844
McClellan, George R 616, 624
McClellan, John I 258
McClenthan, Frank 697
22
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
McCIernand, John A 841
McClintock, James 395
MeCIory, Rev. Augustin 768
Mci'lure, Esther 732
Mel 'lure, Rev. J. H 710, 804
Mel.' lure, Josiah E 395
McClure, \V. <'.. 870
McClurg, Alexander (.'.. 413, 585,
586, 649, 650, 782, 804, 873
McConnell, Charles II 666, 667, 1,72
Mci 'ounell, J._ 69, 449
Mc< onuell, John S.__ 666
M. •' unnell, Mrs. Charlotte McGlashan 396
McConnell, Samuel 1'. 402, 405, 423
Mi'i'onville, Hugh 254, 255
McCormick, Cyrus II., 84, 89, 290, 309,
402, 418, 490, 655, 676, 709, 801, 802, 844
McConnick Cyrus II., Jr 439, 522, 649
Md . 'urmick, Kmma [. _. 278
McCormick fames . ... _ 673
McCormick, Mrs. R. Hall 408,424
McConnick, William G., 102, 404, 424, Sin
McCoy, William 358, 870
McCrea, Samuel H 102, 143, 182,
320, 366, 405, 657, 862
McCuen, H. II.. t25
McCnllagh, J. Ii. -.697, 698
McCullough, Anna 726
Met 'ullough, Hiram. 202
McCullough, J. N. 335
McCully, John 100
McCutcheim, F 621
McDancld, 1). II... _ 625
\lclianiel, Alexander 395
McDermid, J. I 320
McDermott, Joseph.. 156
McDole Helen L 783
McDonaKI, Eliza _ 489
McDonald, Eliza A. 374
McDonald, E. S 158
McDonald, Godfrey 614
McDonald, Jessie.. 492
McDonald, Malcolm 366, 374.
619, 621
Mel innald (Malcolm) Lumber Company, 374
McDonald, Margaret 493
McDonald, M. C. 868
McDonald, P. C _ 101
McDonald, P. S 518
McDonnell, Charles 147, 397, 614
McDowell, E. H. H 543
McDowell, John Adair 432
McDowell, Malcolm 478
McDowell, M. E 581
McDowell (M. E.) & Co 581
McEldowny, John __ 395
McElroy, P. II 156
McEwen, Janet _ 494
Me E wen, John 78
McEwen, John, Jr 78
McEarlane, Norman 86
Mi I'arland, J. __ 486, 487
McFarlaml, '| . C 496
McFarland <"|.) \ Co. (86, r7
Mcl-'arland, J. S _ 617
McFarland & Price 411(1
McFarland, R. !>._._ 14?
McFarland, W 627
rrau, [i>hn II. 397
Mi Fatrich, James Burton 539, 541
McGarigle, William |._. loS, IK
866, 867, 868
M c( Jury, Daniel
\Ic< larry, Patrick
Mcl.ee, Eldora A 310
McGennis, John \V lol, 143, 854
McG' r ... 429
:i, William 681
Mil iirr, John E 837
McGovern, John 684, 688, 706
McGnwan, Annie 1,1,
McGlashan, Mrs. Jessie Guthrie . 396
McGlashen, Alexander 191
McGrath, J. 875
McGrath, James J 101, 14;. ^=).
863, 81
Page
McGrath, M. J.. 591
McGrath. Patrick 163, 238
Mel, rath, Patrick J. _ 182
McGrath, Rev. !>.'.\.__ 773
Mci .raw. Clara 92
M.I. raw, fames . 89, 92
McGregg, D. M 589
McGlory, Alice 337
McGuirc, Itarbara 347
McGnirc, Rev. Hugh 116, 767, 770
McGuire, Terence 500
Mi 'I .tlire >V Wolff... 500
M.I I ale, James.. _ 875
Mcllenry, William E 320, 616
Me Hugh, Eva 1 625
McIIugh, Patrick 410, 614, 854
Mclntosh, J. I). 649
Mclntosh, John A. 483
Mclntyre, Charles Joseph 531
McKay, Francis Marion 151
McKay, James R 649
McKay. Mary.- - 798
McKay, Samuel .. 836
McKeague, Neil 277
McKee, C 126
McKee, David _ 397
McKee, James 834
McKee, Julia A 489
McKee, Melvin 321, 868
Me Kenny, Thomas 96
McKenzie, Ezra _ 395
McKenzie, George. _ 618
McKeough, John 410, 588
McKeown, Rev. J. L. G 791
McKerson, Frida 422
McKey, Ilattie.- 236
McKey, Henry 264, 272
McKil'lup, Daniel 837
McKillip, Thomas R 83, 84
McKillip, William 84
Mi Kinclley, Gilchrist & Co 348
McKinney, Frances W. 460
McKnight \- Richardson 501
McKone, Thomas II 875
McLandburg, John. 804
Mcl.ane, E. A." 418
McLaren, John 366, 618, 621, 798
McLaren, Rt. Rev. William Edward...
29°, 779. 78o, 781, 783, 784, 785, 786
McLaughlin, A. H 694
Mcl.aughlin, Hugh 158, 875
McLaughlin, Mary _. 115
McLean, C. A — ,. 622
McLean, Cornelia . 232
McLean, James E 560, 562, 563
McLean, Peter 824
McLenahen, George 695
McLennan, John A _ 69, 74
Mcl.eod, Rev. James 804
McLogan, P. H. 694
Mel .oraine, D. J 596
McMahon, Patrick _. 395
McMahon, P. J 875
McMalley William 395
McMannis, Catharine.. 875
McMaster, Rev. E. D _ 802
McMillan, James.. _ _ 798
McMillan, Kitty too
McMillan, William G (08
McMillia, John _. 695
McMullen, David 486, 487
Me Mullen, James 370, 854
McMullcn, J. C. 335, 441
McMullen & Officer.. 370
McMullen, Rt. Rev. John 765, 766,
776, 779
McMnlty, John 683
McMurrin. Mina E 541
McN'ab, Flma 89
McVdly, Andrew 619
McNally, John 102, 865
McNally, Thomas 875
McNamara, S 695
Mi \amara, Thomas.. 854
M.Naiighton, David 824
Mc.V-al, A 83
McNeal, William
McNeil & Higgins -
McNeill, H. C
McNnrney, Michael 102, 865, 867,
McThelim, E. J.
Mcl'herson, James Birdseye 69,
McPherson, Mrs. S. J._
Mcl'herson, Rev. S. J 522, 797,
McMuaid, Mary
McOuiston, \\'. E
McRae, William
Me Roberts, Mortimer -
McRobie, John
McVey, Calvin
McVickar, Hrockholst 154, 608, 860,
862, 863,
McVickar, Brock 1 156,
McVicker, James H 241, 290, 620,
684, 827,
Me Wade, Ada Somers .-
Me Wade, lohn
McWade, John E
Me Williams, George
McWilliams. Samuel A 515, 518,
Maas, Frank A.
Maas, F. A. E.
M aas, Louis
MacArthur, R. D
Mac-Donald, F. A
MacDonald, James __
MacDonald, Walter..
Page
92
348
109
870
684
5S3
419
798
863
405
81
672
595
673
864
684
860
646
633
646
616
625
869
866
"39
522
59°
95
866
Macfarland, H. J... 393, 404, 532, 533,
649, 824
Macfarlane, John W. 350
Mack, Mary'E _ 417
Mack, Rev. J. A 827
Mack, \V. K. 478
MacKenzie, George W. _ 617
MacKenzie, Mrs. E. J 303
Mac-key, John W. 596
Mackey, Spoor 99
Mackin, Anna 852
Mackin, Joseph C. 278, 280, 868, 874
Mackin, Rev. M. C 773
Mackin, Rev. Thomas 767
Mackin, Thomas 358
Mackintosh, James D. 619
MacLachlan, Lachlan 350
Maclaughlan, Rev. James 800
Mac.Millan, Thomas C 699, 700,
705, 706, 868, 871, 875
Macomber, Rev. W. W 806
MacVeagh, Franklin, 258, 392, 405, 649,
650, 827, 873
MacVeagh (Franklin) & Co. 348
Madden & Wall 573
Madden, Rev. W. J 768
Matldox, Joseph 672
Magee, Guy 705, 706
Magie, H. H .. 439
Magill, C. W 690
Magill, Julian 395
Magill, Rev. C. J... 320, 349, 780, 785
Maginn, James E 622
Magnusson, II. C 543
Magonn, l.elia P 253
Maguire, Rev. Hugh __ 770
Malier, Hugh. _. 397
Maher, Michael 837
Maher, Phijip _ 351
Maher, W.'l _. 126
Mahla, Frederick 864
Mahr, Peter _ 101
Mahoney, Joseph 875
Mahoney, William F 102, 870, 871
Mahony, John L. _ _ 115
Mair, Charles A. _ 429
Mair, G. A 320
Maison, John A 848
Maitland, James 684, 705
Malam, Edward 351
Malcom, Robert 77, 89, 618
Mallen, Hermann \V 742
Mallen, Hermann Z...
Mallen (H. /.)& Co.. 742
Maloney, Rev. S _ 767
SPECIAL INDEX.
Mailman, A. S. 452
Mailman (A. S.) & Co 452
Maller.J. B 72
Mallison, J. I1. - 627
Mailman, Rev. Malernus 768
Mallory, Herbert E 102, 866
Mamer, Chris 875
Manahan, Thomas — 626
Manahon, Jennie E 749
Mandel Bros 598, 718
M.imlel, Emanuel - 718
Mandel, Leon — 7'^
Mandel,; Simon 718
Mangold, Maggie 733
Manierre, Mrs. Ann Hamilton Reid — 396
Manierre, Edward 395, 836
Manierre, George — 261, 836
Manierre, William R 102, 338, 869, 871
Mann, Edwin 1' 115
Mann, Elizabeth A 150
Mann, Lydia 86
Mann, O. H 622
Mann, Orrin L 109, 239, 591, 875
Mann, Simon F 591
Mannheimer, Michael 156, 524, 608
Manning, Caroline E .. 538
Manning, John L 591
Manning, William J._ — 262
Mansfield, Rev. L. 1) 783
Manson, Thornod 694
Manson, W - 622
Mansur, George 116
Manton, |. II 816
Manvel, C. J 618, 622
Maple, Thomas 816
Mapleson, J. II 643, 666
Marble, A. J 320
Marble, Charles E 690
March, Calvin Cale ._ 288
Marchbank, George 618
Marck, A 694
Marcusshon, W. B 522
Marder, John 102, 868
Marder, Luse & Co 691
Margueral, A 614
Marguerat, E 518, 520, 614
Marine Engine Works 489
Marinette Iron Works 488
Markham, Emma.. 79
Mark-ley. Ailing & Co 558
Markoe, Hartman 397
Marks, Stewart 622
Marouly, P. 695
Marovilz, Barbara 653
M arquis, Rev. C. L). 798, 802
Marr, Charles 673
Marrenner, E 87
Marsh, C. W ..688, 848
Marsh, D. M 848
Marsh, Frank M 569
Marsh, Frederick H 234
Marsh, George B __ 378
Marsh. J. I?. T 709
Marsh, Joshua L 837, 846
Marsh, J. S. _ _ 629
Marsh, Mrs. W. I) 419
Marsh, Rev. T. P _ 791
Marsh, Sylvesler 397
Marsh, William 585
Marsh, William D 806
Marshall, Caleb H 326
Marshall, Emma C. O._ 756
Marshall, F. C 543
Marshall, Francis 626
Marshall, James Augustus 395
Marshall, James M 449
Marshall, J. E._ 526
Marshall, J. S 524, 544
Marshall, Tom _ _ 103
Marten, R. B .. 393
Martin, A. C _ 72
Martin, D. N 800
Martin, Everelda 330
Martin, Forman M _ 731
Martin, George Pallerson 552
Martin, John 496
Martin, Kate Bryan - 684
Martin, Louis 865
Martin, Louis F. 625
Martin, Mary Baker 312
Martin, N 622
Martin, Robert L 800
Martin, Robert T 99, 787
Martin, Stephen E. W 329
Martin, S. K 378
Martin, William. 588
Martin, William M 619
Marx, Joseph 525
Mason, Alfred B. 407, 684, 866
Mason, Carlile.-486, 542,610, 846, 855, 875
Mason, David H._ 699
Mason, Edward G. 291, 413, 649, 650,
684, 873
Mason, Emma Jean 543
Mason, George _ 657, 864
Mason, H 126
Mason, Henry 126, 134
Mason, Hugh 617
Mason, Ira J 290
Mason, Kate — ._ 520
Mason, Mary E. . 321
Mason, Mathias. 397
Mason, M. G 694
Mason, Parker R 564
Mason, Roswell B. 104, 116, 368, 431,
608, 709, 798- 845. 853
Mason, William E 182,280,873, 875
Massillon Bridge Co 131
Mathay, David 617
Mather, John H 268
Mathews, Alice S 386
Mathews, W. S. B 629
Matlack, J. H 617
Matson, Canute R 617, 854, 857
Matson, C. W 591
Matter, John. 558
Mattern, F. W 626
Mattes, Clotilda 72
Matteson, A. E 619
Matteson, Andre 691
Matteson, C. F 544, 590, 631, 632
Matteson, Joel A 842
Matthews, Henry M 270
Matthews, H. W 792
Matthews, John T 618
Matthews, Rev. J. T 804
Matthews, William ._ 710
Mattock, Rev. J. A.. 793
Mattocks, John. 283, 852
Mattocks, Walter. 282,401, 404
Matz, Mrs. Otto H 519
Maurer, Cass F 616,622, 624
Mauritzon Bros 456
Mauritzon, Hakon A 456
Mauritzon, M. Josephus 456
Maus, Fred K 506
Maxwell Bros 384
Maxwell, Henry B 384, 588
Maxwell, James 384
Maxwell, J. C 366
Maxwell, Ophelia 836
May, John W. 618
May, Julia 633
Mayer, David 718
Mayer, Rev. Dominic 775
Mayer (F.) & Co 735
Mayer, Frank. 735, 736
Mayer, John Albert 552
Mayer, Nathan 524, 615
Maynard, H. S 547
Maynard, J. P 681
Maynard, Preston C 392, 827
Maynard, William 91, 518
Maynard, William J 518, 608
Mayor, Lucy. 750
Meacham, Lewis 409
Mead, Abbie 222
Mead, A. B 449
Mead, C._ 584
Mead, D. S. 126, 132
Mead, John B 289
Meade, Rev. S. H 787
Page
Meadowcroft, W. R... 672
Meaney, Thomas .,.. 585
Mears, Nathan 825
Mechanical Bakery 325
Medill Joseph, 58, 81, 101, 118, 156, 244,
296, 608, 655, 695, 696, 706, 827,
845, 846, 854, 858
Medill, Samuel J 227, 406, 695, 696, 705
Meech, Miss J. M 422
Meehan & Kelley.. 481
Meehan, Patrick H 481
Meeker, A. B. 477, 608, 649
Meeker (A. B.) & Co 477
Meggy, Percey . 700
Meglade, Eliza 798
Meglade, William 798
Mehlig, Anna 630, 632, 641
Mehren, Jacob F. 121
Mehring, F 525
Mehring, N 525
Meier, Chris 865, 867
Meier, Rev. Jacob. 815
Meigs, Gen. M. C 78
Meilbeck, Leo. _. 847, 875
Meiners, Caroline 383
Meinhard, May 351
Meissner, Linda. 97
Melcher, Frank T 76
Melecker, Caroline 79
Meli, E. G 615
Mellinger, J. H 626
Mellish, E. J _ 522
Melody, Bridget 751
Meloy, Rev. William Taggart 805
Melvin, John 395
Melvin, Thomas 397
Melville, Peter Dominique 397
Mendsen, J. F. 381
Mendsen & Winter 381
Mennicke, Amalie Maria Katharina 821
Menominee River Lumber Company 368
Mercer, Rev. L. P 610, 818
Meredith, Rev. Louis 792
Mereness, A. J. 616
Mergenthein, B.. 409
Mergler, Marie J 518, 521
Merigold, William A 448, 449
Merki, Louis 156
Merriam, C. N 69
Merriam, Collins & Co 348
Merrick, Emeline C 828
Merrick, Richard T. 402
Merrill, George 395
Merrill, G. W 156, 619
Merrill, H. P. 787
Merrill, J. C 320
Merrill, Jacob Dewitt 397
Merrill, Mary E 270
Merriman, Henry — 521
Merriman, H. P 513, 522, 797
Merriman, Mrs. John W... 419
Merryman, A. C 381
Merserau, R. C. 564
Mertage, Mamie A 551
Meserve, George I _ 590
Meserve, W. P. ¥ 359, 496, 497
Mesmer, Mrs. Abramice Harmon 396
Messenger, Alice E. 143
Messenger, E. D 630, 631, 632
Messersmith. George 91
Messinger, William D 798
Mestling, H. W 576
Mette, August 875
Metzger, Henry. _ 523
Metzler, Jacob M 746
Metzner, W. C. 485
Metzner, (W. C.) Stove Repair Co 484
Meyer, Adam 102, 865, 867
Meyer, August 383
Meyer, Charles G 523
Meyer, Christian 847, 869, 875
Meyer, C. J. L 377
Meyer, F. C 126
Meyer, Fred 616
Meyer, John C 617, 855
Meyer, Julius P 377
.SPECIAL INDKX.
Page
Meyer, Margaret Augusta 531
Meyer, \Villiani._ 866
Meyerle, LeviS 673
Meyers, Frank 869
Meyers, Leo 121, 125
Miehaells, ('.__ 6:5
Michnelis, Richard 855
Miehaelson, Albert 854, 85(1
Mieliie, Catherine M 326
Middleton, J. \V 691
Midilleton, Thomas 617
Midler, \V. I.. 418
Mieroslawski, S. 1) 875
Miessler, Earnest Gustavus Hermann.. 533
Miguly, Rudolph _ .. 395
Miksch, A. J _. 590
Milek, Catherine 538
Miles, Delia 539
Miles, Holland K . 100
Miles, James II 618, 619, 620, 623, 624
Miles, Rev. Thomas II 771
Millard, A. C 182
Millard, Ira 395
Millard, Mrs. P. \V 625
Millard, I'. \V 625
Miller, Adam 443,444
Miller, Benjamin C 156
Miller, Brice A 854
Miller, Charles C 69
Miller, Charles P 683
Miller, C. R 69
Miller, DeLaskie 508, 521, 522
Miller & Drew 461
Miller, Ellen M. 340
Miller, Elizabeth 272
Miller, Kniily lluntington
Miller, Frederick 443, 444
Miller, II. B... 284, 565, 846, 855, 856,
857, §75
Miller, Henry G 804
Miller, II. if. C 622
Miller, II. M 360
Miller, Henry T. 800
Miller, Jacob 395
Miller, James A. 495
Miller, John ._ 341
Miller, John K. 867
Miller, Mary 739
Miller, Matilda C. _ 147
Miller, Michael L 115
Miller, Michael M 244, 875
r, Mrs. Barbara 3<>d
Miller, Oil 418
Miller, 1'eler S 616
Miller, R.C 608
Miller, Rev. Emory 794
Miller, Rev. Michael 769
Miller, Robert M 397
Miller, Thomas E. 625
Miller, T. S 6Si
:. Trtiman \V.._ 523,527, 570
Miller, \V. H 567
Miller, \V. II. C. _ 750
Miller, Watts T 371
Miller, William. 115
Milii),'ati, II. I. 621,1)22
Milligan, William F._ 97, 98, 863
Milligan, W. 1 1,2?
Millikcn, Isaac Lawrence 395, 840
Milliken, W. T. I!
Mills, I). W..._ 158
Mills, John Rodney 395
Mills, I.nther l.aflin iiS. 240, 254,
Mills, M. I)
Mills, Morgan 1!. 693 694
Mills, Ph.cbe R
Mills, S. I! 631, Gv_
Mills, W. F
Miln, Rev. George C
Milne, lames II 31-
Milne (J. H.),VCo 679
Milne, Roberts. 395
Milord, I. .... 627
Milstead, Rev. Thomas ( i. 825
Miltimorc, Ira 197, 397
Miner, Noycs Billings
Miner, < >. 'l I
Miner. Rev. N. M
Miner, S. C,
Minges, Julia II
Miniler, Michael
Mi nken berg, Ignatius
Minor, Anderson
Minor, William . .
Page
64I
.... 8I7
.. 816
Minnis, Anna
M inly, William
Misel'i, Adolph
Misch, CieorgeA..
Mitchell, A..
Mite-hell, Alice
Mitchell, AndrewJ
Mitchell, Mrs. Charlotte Eli
Mitchell, C. M
Mitchell, Charles 1'
Mitchell, Clifford
Mitchell, D. M
Mitchell, 1). \V
Mitchell. Ellen ..
Mitchell, Francis M.
Mitchell, Henry
Mitchell, Henry A..
Mitchell, H. P. .
400
374
.... 525
80
.... So
.... 582
---- 5f'5
.... 854
IOO
.... 798
522
602
zabeth Yard 396
.499, 500
468
-535, 537
. 411
- 449
.684, 692
693
395
837
584
Mitchell, I.J 441
Mitchell, j. S 535
Mitchell, Rev. Arthur 795. 796
Mitchell, Ross. 504
Mitchell, Thomas F 627
Mitchell, Walter B. 407
Mitchell, Watson \ Co ... 468
Mitchell, William C 331
Mitchell, William H
Mixer, Albert II
Mixer, Charles H. S 309, 429,
Mi/.e, Hattie A.
Mi/e, Theodore S
Mlejnek, Vaclav
Moelier, Mary Catherine
Moczygemba, Rev. Leopold
Moelier, C. C...
Muhr, Hertha _
Mohr, [ohn .
Mohr (John) & Son
Mohr, Joseph _.
Mohr, M
Mole, Sarah Eleanor
Molinelli, A
Moloney, Matthew S
Molony, Richard S
Molter, John
Monahan, James ....
Monear, Charles A
Monheimer, Rachel _
Moninger, Frank
Moninger, J. C
Monoghan, Thomas
Mi >n rail, Ada
Monroe, Henry F.....
Monroe, May C _.
Montague, Gilbert
Montague, Montague
Montgomery, ( ieorge \\ . . 392,
Montgomery (George W.) iV Co. ..
Montgomery, J. A
Montgomery, Liston H. ......
Monigomery, Mrs. Elizabeth
Montgomery, William A
Montgomery, William H...
Montgomery, W. T. _
Moody, Alexander _
Moody, C. S. _
Moody, I). 1 417, 789,
Moody, J. D
Moody, Orrin C
Moody, Mrs. S. A
Moody iV Waters
Moore, Amos M. .
Moore, A very _
Moore, Charles K
Moore, Daniel B
Moore, Daniel Grove
441
.816, 817
608,
609, 868
.... 389
.... 387
186
775
.... 775
.320, 578
739
.... 486
486
.... 486
395
796
- 615
395
.... 835
640
870
.870, 871
.... 731
.... 80
80
121
---- 455
431
502
618
309
416, 466
461
.... 854
.156, 528
.... 396
.... 251
•553, 625
.518, 526
329
.... 617
808, 824
542
---- 397
.... 0,3
329
395
.101, 860
.... 156
800
529
I>aKe
Moore, Fannie 74
Moore, French 118, 522, 867
Moore, G. G 320
Moore, Mrs. G. II 59O
Moore, Mrs. Henry 39"
Moore, Isaac A 742
Moore, Isaac A., Jr 742
Moore, lames E - 742
Moore, Joseph II 334
Moore, J. H. 4'">
Moore, Logan F --- 211
Moore, Mary _ -- — 360
Moore, Mary E. 384
Moore, Silas M 407, 418, 522. 688
Moore, S. M., 320, 449, 461, 466, 856,
857, 860
Moore (S. M.) & Co 461, 568
Moore, Thomas A __ 115
Moore, V. M __ 68 1
Moran, John 590
Moran , Patrick 346
Moran (P.) & Co _ 34<>
Moran, Thomas 254
Moran, Thomas A. 2f,S, 261, 41(1
More, Rev. J. H - 792
Morehouse, Julia Catherine — 219
Morehouse, S. P 431
Moretti, Rev. Sosteneiis. . . . 777
Morey, Anna R. 422
Morev, C. II 449
Morey, Marie 78
Morey, Henry C 449
Morgan, E. IS." _ 321
Morgan, F'rancis.. 392, 592
Morgan, G. W.
141
Morgan, James --.171, 172, 3711
Morgan, James F 2IO
Morgan, John II. [28
Morgan, J. S 57
Morgan, J. W. 591
Morgan, Lucy 573
Morgan, Patrick Richard _. 39^
Morgan, Rev. P. ]!. 787
Motgan, T. J 865
Morgenthau, Bauland & Co 719
Morgenthau, Gustav L. 7111
Morgenthau, Maximilian 719
Morhn. Louis __ 627
Morrill, F 584
Mori ill, Fred K 405
Morrill, Mary A. 37(1
Morrill, Wesley 453
Morini, Very Rev. Austin 776
Morris, BucknerS _ 397
Morris & Dickey 69
Morris, F.lias 749
Morris, George W 694, 875
Morris, Margaret E 371
Morris, Maude 678
Morris, Mrs. T. G 419
Morris, Mrs. \V. K 625
Morris, Robert (124
Morris, R. W 371
Morris, Thomas G did
Morris, W. K 624
Morrison, A. I 846,857,864, 875
Morrison, Alexander M 3m
Morrison, Daniel 351, 397
Morrison, Ephraim 397
Morrison, Ezekiel 395
Morrison, James L. D _ 841
Morrison, John 824
Morrison, Mrs. Lucy Paul 396
Morrison, O 836
Morrison, Rev. T. N., Jr 522, 785, 786
Morrison, William R..1 872, 874
Morriss. J. I 485
Morrisson, Plummer & Co. 540
Morrisson, Robert 546, 547
Morse, Albert .. __ 321)
Morse, Charles M. _ 410
Morse, Edwin D __ 304
Morse, L. Oo -
Morse, Lydia 552
Mortensen, Alfred __ 294
Mortensen, Lena 426
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Mortimer. Arabella 89
Mortimer & Tapper 104
Mortimer, William K._. 89
Morton, Charles M. Soi
Morton, Emma 241
Morton, George C 365, 370
Morton, Paul, _ - 210,404
Morion, Rev. C. M 824
Most-ley, Flavel - 797
Moser, Philip 854
MO-OS Ailolph 868, 875
Moses, Anson F 92
Moses, Charles Alonzo. 92, 625
Moses, II. P. _ 490
Moseback, William 787
Moss, Frank (iodine 597
Mo-s, Gertrude L 723
Moss, J. £. _ 89
Moss, John J .- 77
Moss, Leonora J 77
Moss, Rev. Lemuel __ 817
Moss, Robert Edward 77, 429
Moss, S. J -. 91
Moss, William Lathrop 266
Mott, John A. - 600
Motter, Mary E 582
Moulding, Thomas - 75
Mouldy, Dell I) 611
Mouldy, Mrs. M. II. 611
Moulton, Byron 1' 79, loo, 407, 610, 649
Moulton, liyron W _ 417
Moulton, Frank . . 422
Moulton, George M...S7, 88, 588, 619,
622, 623, 625
Moulton, Joseph T. - 88, 619
Moulton, Julia A 757
Moulton, Mrs. liyron 424
Mover, II. X...J _ 528
Mudge, Mary I-'. 836
Muehlbauer, Aloys _ 686
Muehlbauer & Behrle 686
Mueller, A. F. C 458, 875
Mueller, C. E. 617
Mueller, Charles 579
Mueller, George 564
Mueller, P.... 615
Mueller, William Oliver 564
Mugridge, I). S 321
Muhlke, Anna 362
Muhlke, Kinil 855
Muhr's (II.) Sons 751
Muir, George W 622
Muir, S 627
Mullinger, John 1 869
Mullinger, Rev. G. A 794
Multin<jer, Rev. V. L. _ 615
Mulkowski, Frank 243
Mullen, Ann.. 575
Muller, Rev. F.usebius 768
Mulliken, C. II 410, 449, 798, 829
Muliin, Emily B 384
Mulliter, Rev. John 775
Mulvane, Joab 290
Muney, F. A. _ 616, 621
Munford, M. M. 214
Munger, Albert A 411
M linger Bros 357
Munger, David S 806
Munger, Wheeler & Co 333
Munu, Adelia I 132
Munu, Charles A 438
Miinu, Dan __ 565
Munn, James M _.. 566
Munn, L. 1 625
Munn, S. C, 4^2
Munsell, Anson Smith. _. 513
Munson, Charles ._ 808
Munson, C. S 362
Munson, F. 846,875
Munson, May K. 263
Munson, Mary Agnes 553
Munster, R. 866
Munsterman, Henry 617,618
Murchland, Janet G 726
Murdoch, Thomas 405, 649
Murdock, E. 1' 515
Murison
Murison
Murphy,
Murphy
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy,
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murray,
Murrav,
Alexander
George \V
Almeda
& Anthony
David _
Edward C
Edward W
James C
John, 102, 489, 490,
618, 621
John D
J- K
Mary
Matthew
Mrs. I larriet Austin
Nick
Rev. Thomas...
Page
320
-3°3, 677
455
486
_ fOI, IO2
585,
866
.486
R. J.
R. P.
____ 121
374
586,
868, 869
626, 865
.461, 617
---- 114
.... 875
---- 396
____ 869
____ 766
Savage & Co
& Tarrant
Theodore D
W. Timothy.
Donald
E. D. .
706
320
490
489
245
486
624
600
Murray, James
Murray, J. E
Murray, Jennie E
Murray, Mrs. William H. .
Murray, Robert .:.
Murray, Robert Nelson
Murrav, W. H. .
870
875
Mnsgrove, Susan I._
Musham, William _.
Musham, William H
Musin, Ovide- ... .
Minis, A...
-572
-409.
Myers, E. B
Myers, Frank
Myers, Jerome ..
Myers, |. C.
Myers, 'M
Myers, Mary E _
Myers, Minnie
Myers, Philip
Myers, Samuel .
Myers, S. G
Myers, Sidney
Myers (S.) & Son __
Myers, Theresa
Myrick, Willard Eranklin .
Nachtsheim, Christiana
Naghten & Co
Naghten, John
Naper, H. G
Nash, Frederick A
Nash, H. B
Nash, Harriet L
Nash, Henry H
Nash, I. N
Nash, Lydia
Nash, Thomas
Nashbaum, A
Xasher, H
National Lumber Company
National Tube Works Co
Xaulty, William II
Near, Sarah
Neddermeyer, Dora
Neebe, Oscar
Needham, Rev. G. C _..
Needles, Thomas V
Neeley, John Chamberlain 442,
Neely, Alexander
Neely, A. T ___
Neely Bros
Neely, Joseph C
Neely, M. C
Neely R
Neemes, fohn C
Neemes ( fohn C.) & Co _
Neil, Mary J
Neil, William John
Xcill, Thomas
Xeilson, Ellen _
Neisen, Frank
227
520
680
395
522
---- 595
.... 1 20
-I2O, 121
639
I82
. 62O
87I
572
.... 321
---- 435
573
239
.... 418
573, 6(>4
573
435
572
486
-395, 398
.... 427
461
614
126
395
---- 567
303
413, 520
320
196
.... 165
269
525
---- 373
494
416
.... 489
.... 381
.... 852
.... 824
626
592, 619
395
786
731
731
.... 731
73'
754
754
553
511
.... 617
.... 156
. IO2
Nelson, Andrew 182,
Nelson, C. B
Nelson, Daniel 102,
Nelson, Daniel T
Nelson, Eleanor
Nelson, John
Nelson, Maren
Nelson, Murry_.2go, 320,
429, 542,
Nelson, Robert W
Nelson, S. I'
Nelson, Thomas ,
N'eu, Peter W
Neuberger, Abraham J. .
Neumeister, John G
Neustadt, Frederick
Nevill, II...
184, 395, 399'
----585, 796
865, 867, 869,
431, 512, 521
404, 405. 420,
608, 609, 650,
.84, 85, 86,
..869, 870,
Newberry, Walter Cass _
New-bold, J
Newcomb, H. A
Newcomb, Rev. G. T. ..
Newcomb, W. H
Newell (Augustus) & Co,
Newell, Edgar F
Newell, E.G...
Newell, John
Newell, J. W.
Newell, L. C.
630, 631, 632,
Newell, Maria N
Newhall, Hattie M..
Newkirk, Hawley A
Newland, William Darius
Newman, Frank H.
Newman, Henry Parker..
Newman, Jacob
Newman, Thomas G.
Newman, William L.
Newquist, John
Newton, C. W
Newton, F. C
Newton, John
Nicholas, Fannie
Nicholas, Norton
Nicholes, Thomas
Nichols, C. K
Nichols, Emma
Nichols, Evelyn L.
Nichols, Frank M. .
Nichols, G. W
Nichols, Hannah
Nichols, Isaac Watts
Nichols, Luther __
Nichols, P. M.
Nichols, W. A. .
Nichols, W. C
Nicholson, Robert
Nickerson, Mrs. F
Nickerson, O
Nickerson, Samuel M. 84,
335,
Nickerson, Mrs. O
Nickerson, Mrs. S. M
Nicoll, Mary
Niederkorn, Caroline
Niederkorn, Mother
Niehoff, Conrad
Niehoff, Conrad I
Nieman, Albina__
Niemann, William
Niemoeller, Rev. Eustace
Nightingale, A. B
Nihen, Kate M
Niles, Mary
Nilson, Kama
Nilsson, Christine
Ninde, Rev. W. X
Nixon, Mary
Nixon, Oliver W
Nixon, William Penn 406,
Noble, Adelia
Noble, E. J _.
Noble, George W..
Noble, John
Noble, "O. I)
Noble, Rev. Calvin Day .
537, 538,
... .258, 5i5;
276, 409, 524,
518,
-539, 542,
166, 182, 184,
411, 421, 649
855,
868,
631,
-__ 592, 698,
407,542,561,
651, 698,
397,
Page
83(1
802
870
606
79
»5
483
827
706
291
98
102
741
874
97
412
756
694
691
793
868
653
618
638
335
116
723
383
791
101
726
586
517
615
618
359
83
829
515
258
676
334
461
388
88
544
489
750
397
617
583
6n
579
618
650
625
424
727
341
774
866
875
73"
768
150
2IO
443
495
785
792
97
699
699
430
321
626
397
592
818
26
SPECIAL INDEX.
808
75;
709
86
33*:
7&i
647
831
591
780
49
39
497
531
480
53:
39
281
4*1
502
386
872
598
835
62.)
320
669
486
Noble, Rev. Frederick A ..............
Noel, Theodore _____ .......... ______
N olden, Jane .................... —
Noll, Isabella L .....................
Nolton, Robert .....................
Noonan, Rev. Patrick M .............
NOTCrOM, Webster ___ ............. ___
NonU-ii, Krv. Aaron __________________
Nordheim, J. B ............. . .......
Norris, G. S. _ ......................
Norris & Ilyde.. ......... __ .........
N'urris, James Wellington -------------
N orris, John W. ____________________
North, Charles Frederic ...... -. ......
North Chicago Rolling Mills ..........
V. th, R. L .......... . ......... ____
Xortham, Robert R. ___________ ......
Northrup, George Washington. .......
Northwestern Holler Works ...........
Northwestern Horse Nail Company ____
Northwestern Lumberman ............
Norton, Anthony ..... — ............
.on, Edmund _____ ........... 320,
Norton (Horace) & Co ....... _________
Norton, J. E ......... ____________ 616,
Norton,). H _____ ................. ..
Norton, John \V ...... ---------------
Norton, Julia . ......................
Norton, L. 1) .................. _____
Norton, Libbie M ....... -------------
Norton, Mary .............. - ........
Norton, N. J ....... _ ............. ___
Norton, Nelson R ........ . ........ ..
Norton, Octavia E ........ ___________
Norton, S. F ......... . ........ ----- -
Norton, Son & Co ..... _ .............
Nourse, 15. E ............ _ ...........
Nonrse, C. C .................. ---- .-
Nourse, John A ......................
N < >v y, Fred _______________________ .-
Nowak, Frank _ ...... _ ..............
.Noyes. Charlotte E _______ ..... .. ..... .
Noyes, Edmund ................. 542,
No\es, John T .......... 102, 143,407,
Noyes, Mrs. I. E.. ............. _____
Nugent, Michael _ ................. ..
Nussbaum, Ambrosius ...... -------- .
Nuttall, L. W .................... _..
Nyberg, J. A._ ......................
Nviivist, Rev. P. ---- _ .......... . ----
O'Brien, George ......... ------------
O'Hrien, James... ........... 101, 103,
O'Brien, ]. H. . .....................
O'Hrien, Rev. Patrick ............ ----
O'ISrien, William W .............. 254,
O'Connell, P. J ......................
( >Vonnor, A. j. - ....................
i >'( onnor, Charles ...................
O'Connor, Dennis ______________ .. —
O'Connor, Margatvtta Anna __________
O'Connor, Mary ____________ ..... ----
O'Connor, Maurice _ .................
O'Connor, I'. J ......................
O'Connor, T. P ---- ......... . ........
o'Day. Michael .................. S68,
O Donaghue, P ........... ___________
O'Donoglme, Horace ........... ___
( i I lonoghiie. Joseph ----------- ......
O'Donohue, Mrs. Margaret Maria Wil-
liams, ",()()
O'Dnnncll. C. W ..................... 617
mnell. John _____ ................ 108
( )'Donnell, Simon ________________ 108, 866
o'llalloran. Mary ................ __. 122
O'Hara, Daniel, '101, 240, 856, S^7
860, 862, 865
o'llara. Edward .................... 868
O'Kecfe, "Dntchy" ....... _________ 870
()' \Ialley, Thomas !•'.. ............ ... 875
( )' Mara.' Timothy ...... ____ ......... - 867
O'Meara, Patrick ____ ................ 252
O'Neil, A. O ................. . ..... M:
i. F.dward .......... ____ ....... 856
O'Neil, Ellen ....................... 80
< I'Ncil \ Griswold .................
O'Neil, W. T ............ . .......... I .....
320
47S
39'
67
395
693
847
679
2go
1 86
1 86
1/4
72
544
870
422
500
525
383
694
821
836
865
416
769
846
163
872
80
869
152
84
869
585
410
869
626
1^,,
125
, 618, 619
."760"
O'Neill, I air.es. _
O'Neill, John 617
O'Neill, Rev. Andrew..
O'Neil], Rev. I. S
t I'Neiii, Rev. Thomas..
i )' Neill, Thomas
i I'Reilly, John Boyle
O'Reilly, Rev. Edward
< I'Rnarc, Henry
( I'Shea, John
O'Toole, Patrick
Oakley, 11. D
Oakley, lames
Oakley, J. W
Oakley, May
Oakley, Mrs. II. I)
Oakley, Rev. M
Oakley, W. C
Obenauer, Eva Margaret
Oberly, John H
Oberne, George
16, Ilosick & Co
Oberne, Mrs. George
Oconski, Alexius
Odell, John J. P '-409, 417, 439
Odgers, Rev. Joseph
Odiorne, William 11
Officer, Alexander _ .
KH
(.24
772
767
77
706
585
770
410
875
121
785
228
64'
Offield, Charles K
Offield & Towle..
Ogden, E. J
Ogden, Henry
Ogden, Mahlon D. . .101, 143,
Ogden, Mary Bostwick
Ogden, Mary Jane
Ogden, Milton David..
Ogden, William K. ..135, 230,
412, 782, 802, Si6~, 817,
397, 681,
854,
Ogden, W. L
Oglesby, Richard J 134,
Okes, J. D
Olcott, J. B
Olcott, William
Oldberg, Oscar
Oldenberg, A. C...'.
Oldershaw, P. P
Oleson, Ingmell
Oik, Margaret
Olin, Henry
Olin, S
Olinger, J. P
Oliphant, R. C
Olmstead, Catherine
Olmstead & Vaux
Oliver, John A
Oliver, John M
Oliver, Lura S
Oliver, R. M. .
3')0, 411,
834, 841,
844.
22b
5
771
438
823
872
520
465
520
525
. 443
793
378
370
263
68 1
508
857
379
625
533
508, 705,
858,
864,
539- 540-
Olsen, Maggie
Olski, Frances _
Olson, N. F.... _.
Onahan, William l._2i/o, 41(1,
585, 586, (>I4, 854, 856,
Dngman, Rev. E.
)ppenheimer, I.ma
Orchard, J. (',.
Ircntt, M'rs. W. E.
Orcutt, W. P,
Orcutt, William F
'rendorf , Alfred _
Jrmsbee, Roanna
Ormsby. Norman I)
Jrr. William M
irton, I. M....
)rvis, O. D
Orvis(0. D.) & Co
Ortmayer, Andrew
Ortma'yer (A.) it Co
)rtmayer(A.) \ Son _.
Ortmayer, C. G
)rtmayer, Lewis it Co _
Osborn, Andrew 1
478, 570,
860, 865,
866, 867,
875
622
873
582
816
680
547
875
320
875
762
541
857
864
677
625
167
395
626
690
867
741
691
.626,
-5"5,
869
815
234
681
419
692
360
873
89
121
625
804
432
432
505
505
505
506
505
395
1'axc
Osborn, Charles.. .- . 617
Osborn, Emma 597
i Kliorn, Henry A 798
( (shorn, William 397
Osborne & Co 121
Osborne, F. C 431)
Osborne, Rev. Louis Shreve 522, 781
Oshby, Laura Gorin 548
Osgood, George L 641
Miult. Lev! M 397
Ostrander, John W 617, 625
Ostrander, Mrs. L. M 625
Ostrum, Henry 397
Oswald, F. A 485
Oswald (F. A.)& Co 485
Otis, George L 393
otis, James 804
I His, John 413
Otis, Joseph E ___ 101, 143
Otis, Lucian B 780, 858
Otis, Philo 187
Otis, Philo A 629, 631, 632, 649, 650
Otis, SethT 397
Otis, Xavier L _ 393
Otley, Samuel. 94
Ott, John 380
Ott, Oran 196
Ott, Rev. Christian 819
Ott, William C 376
Otter, John 70
Ottman, J. G So
Otto, Emil 549
Otto, Joseph 509
Otto, Julius _ 513
Outhet, Mrs. Maria Sherman 396
Outhet, R. M _ 449
Overmeyer, J. B._ 622
Oviatt, T. T .618, 619, 620, 624, 625
Ovington Bros. & Ovington. 752
Ovington, Charles K 752
Ovington, Edward J. 752
( Ivington, Edward J., Jr.. _. 752
Ovington, Theodore T 752
Owen, B. F _ 360
Owen, James R._ 546
Owen, T. J. V 190
Owens, F'rank E._ . 874
Owens, John E 508, 513, 518, 522, 526
Owens, Owen _. _ 500
Paaren, N. H _ 54i
Packard, Frederick William 276
Packard, Samuel Ware _ 253
3ackham, H. M 617
3addock, George I 257
"'addock, James H _ 618, 624
'age, Benjamin V 410
Page, D. W 785
'age, Milton E 754
'age, Miss S. M _ __ 141
Page (M. E.) & Co _ 754
'age, Peter _. 69, 397
'age, William R. 41 ~lt 827
'aige, Lucy F _.. 340,
'aine, B. F. _ _ 617
'aine, Charles _ _. 431
'aine, Henry W._ _. 4IO
'aine, Minnie E 315
'aine, O. G 513
'ainter, Edwin J 551
'ajeau, Joseph 762
'aimer, Alfred W 6?2
'aimer, Azariah R 378
'aimer, Byron D 543
'aimer, 1). S.__ 525
'aimer, E 67-
'almer, Frank W 556, 558, 698, 699, 702
'aimer & Fuller . I2i
Calmer, Fuller & Co "'.'.'.". 378
'aimer, Henry 515
'aimer, John J ..."."."487", 488
'aimer, John M 128, 842, 846, 847
850, 853, 858, 872
'aimer, I.onn _ 5gj
'aimer, Louis *O2
'aimer, L. T ".' " "f'sj _ 688
'aimer, I.ydia "
SPECIAL INDEX.
27
Page
Palmer, N. 1" 729
Palmer, Philip A. -_ 544, 545
Palmer, Potter. .59, 64, 79, 82, 63, 171,
404, 424, 597, 649, 655
Palmer, Robert C 122, 125
Palmeter, James II ,. 383
Paltzer, Charles A. 381
Pank, J. II 576
Paoli, G. C 518, 519, 520, 527, 528, 543
Pardee, J. W 387
I'anlee, Rev. Luther 405, 782
Park, George H 378
Park, Roswell 512,518, 526
Parker, Anna M 538
Parker, Charles I -'5O, 584
Parker, Charles J. E 683
Parker, Edwin S. - .- 524
Parker, Eliza Jane 80
Parker, Elizabeth M.. 682
Parker, F. L. 295
Parker, Francis \V._ 624, 875
Parker, G. G _ 320
Parker, Hilon A. ._ 875
Parker, James O._ 388
Parker, J. Mason -3QO, 458
Parker, John 395
Parker, John K._ __ 276
Parker, L. D 595, 596
Parker, Mary 114
Parker, Mrs. K. W._ 419
Parker, Mrs. J. C . 419
Parker, Rev. A. K. 405, 814
Parker & Stearns __ 8l
Parker, T. S. 369
Parkes, Charles T... 508, 522, 525, 528, 608
Parkes, Mrs. L. D 520
Parkhurst, Adella S. 272
Parkhurst, J. J. 233
Parkhurst, Rev. M. M... 789, 791, 792, 795
Parish, F. K. _ 382
Parish, John L. 875
Parish, S. M. __ 449
Parish, William II. 847
Parmelee, Franklin 164, 166
Parmelee, Helen. 315
Parmelee, Mrs. H. A 419
Parnell, Charles Stewart 866
Parrish. Minnie E _ 725
Parry, Rev. Thomas 799
Parry, Samuel 395
Parsons, E. L._ 375
Parsons & Foster _ 375
Parsons, J. B. _ log
Parsons, John H. __ 227
Parsons, Mrs. James „ 522
Parsons, William 375
Partridge, F. _ _ 69
Partridge, John C _ 581
Partridge (John C.) & Co. 581
Pasro, H. L 461,466
Pasdeloup, Francis 458
Patchin, A. 1) _. 483
Paton, R. S. G 156
Patrick, Milton S 655
Patten, Charles I lutchinson 94
Patten, EdwardS 596
Patterson, Alexander 798
Patterson, Austin 1 697
Patterson, George 552
Patterson, Isabella _ 798
Patterson, I. H 547
Patterson, Jane 798
Patterson, John Gibson 395
Patterson, Margaret W 281
Patterson, Maria L 521
Patterson. Mrs. L. E 625
Patterson, Nelson _ 591
Patterson, R. A 705
Patterson, R. W 295, 296, 513, 696,
802, 803, 804
Patterson, Sarah_ 798
Patterson, T. D 521
Patterson, T. E 44,)
Patterson, W. F 788
Patterson, William Jeffrey 837
Patti, Adalina 644
Pattison, J. L 0.5
Pattison, T. 126
Patton, Francis L 796, 799, 802
Patton, Rev. A. W. 791
Patton, Rev. W. W 709, 844
Patton, Robert II 401, 402, 404
Paul, Charlotte V. 196
Paul, James Kirk 397
Paul, Louisa 736
Pauli, Richard __ 422
Patilin, Louisa 647
Pauline, Eleanor 85
Paulsen, Christina 863
Paulsen, William A 282
Pauquette, Matilda 346
Pavey, C. W 586
Paxton, Andrew 289, 290
Payne, Elsie . 152
Payne, H. C - 422
Payne, William H 395
Pazen, Joseph C 121
Peabody, F. B 535, 612, 782
Peabody, Francis S 388
Peabody, J. B _ 520
Peabody, S. H _. 430
Peacock, Elisha 395
Peacock, Joseph 372, 395
Pearce, Frank I _ 657
Pearce, J. Irving 172, 655, 657
Pearson, E. H 373
Pearson, Helen _ 625
Pearson, James Henry --373, 806
Pearson( J. H.) & Co 373
Pearson, Leonora — 582
Pearson, N. P.. - 539, 543
Pearson, Viora _ _. 745
Pearsons, Daniel Kimball, 101, 102, 143,
411, 413, 414, 522, 796
Pearsons, D. M 295
Pease, Benjamin L 449
Pease, C. C _ 633
Pease, George II 449
Peasley, James C 392
Peasley, Mrs. J. C. _ _ 424
Peattie, Mrs. Elia W 684, 702
Peattie, Robert B 684, 701, 702, 706
Pebbles, Frank M _. 420
Peck, Azel _ 77
Peck, Charles Edwin 395
Peck, Clarence I 827
Peck, Ebenezer 397, 875
Peck, Ferd. W .290, 393, 417, 421,
610, (51, 827
Peck, Hattie A. 297
Peck, Mary J 479
Peck, Miss A. E 611
Peck, Mrs. Mary Kent Wythe 396
Peck, Nathan S __ 401
Peck, Rev. J. O 790
Peck, Walter S 827
Peckham, Willimene W 420
Peddie, Rev. John 812
Pederson, Julius 875
Peevey, James 102, 865, 867
Peiri, Gregory. 243
Peironnet & Co 308
Peironnet, James S 308, 320
Pell, Elizabeth F 83
Pellet, O. B._ 461
Peltzer, Otto 459, 875
Peltzer (Otto) & Co 459
Pena, A. D. 804
Pence. A. M 827, 875
Pendleton, George H . 844
Pendleton, Lavinia B 603
Penfield, H. S 677
Penguet, A 614
Pennington, T. C 166
Pennock, Nellie Ilatfield __ 664
Pennoyer, Henry _ 395
Pennoyer, James Monroe.. 395
Penny, Arthur W 76
Penny (Arthur W.) & Co 684
Penny, George W ._ 76
Penshorn, Emma 552
Peppard, J. A 584
Page
Perren, Rev. C 814
Perce, L. W .• 303, 590, 591
Percise, Addie 128
Periolat, Clemens F. 342, 854
Perkins, Amos H. 126
Perkins, Barclay William 214
Perkins, Charles 545, 619
Perkins, David Walton. 642
Perkins, J. A 521
Perkins, Jane 376
Perkins, W. W 146
Perry, John H.. 290
Perry, John S 99
Perry, Lucy A 808
Perry, Mary J 853
Perry, Mrs. Abijah S 396
Perry, Oliver H 703, 706
Perry-Pearson Company 373
Perry, Rev. H. G 672
Perry, Robert L. 392, 393
Perry, S. B _ 409
Perry, S. Q._ __ _ 373
Perry, William N 676, 677
Persse, Matilda 271
Perteet, Andrew J _. 243
Peters, George 395
Peters, Henry M 160, 163
Peters, Herman 616
Peters, John A 673
Peters, Joseph G._ 546
Peters, Mar
ary .
625
Peterson, Andrew 444
Peterson & Bay 444
Peterson, Emma 692
Peterson, Hannah 432
Peterson, Helen M 510
Peterson, James 291
Peterson, J.C 868
Peterson, Louisa 362
Peterson, Peter. 867
Petrie, Charles S 120, 121, 125
Petrie, Mrs. E. D __ 625
Petrie, Rev. W. J... 786
Pettibone, Amos G 623,624, 797
Pettibone, John E 617, 625
Pettibone, R. F. 680
Pettie, Sarah 361
Pettiford, Lovina 733
Pettingill, R. T 617, 620
Pettit, Abbott & Co 713
Petlit, Abbott, Scales & Briot 713
Pettit, Briot & Co 713
Pettit, Frank W. 713
Pettitt, Smith & Co _ 689
Pflaum, M , 617
Pfeffer, Fred _._ 673
Pfeifer, Catharine 724
Pfeifer, C. H _ 726
Pfeifer, Mrs. A. M 726
Phelps, Ann O. 442
Phelps, C. A 331
Phelps, Dodge & Palmer 729
Phelps, Egbert 684
Phelps, E. P... 321
Phelps, Erskine M... 402, 403, 404, 532,
533, 650, 729, 873
Phelps, George H 442, 840
Phelps, John S 590
Phelps, Luman A 631, 638
Phelps, Rev. Joseph W 792, 794
Phelps, Rev. M. M 795
Phelps, O. B 102, 657, 867, 869
Phelps, Simon D 846, 875
Phelps, Sophia A. 150
Phelps, William A 875
Phelps, William W 354
Philbrick, C. C _ 360
Phillips, Alfred 121
Phillips, Andrew Jackson 639
Phillips, Charles B. 267, 618, 619, 629
Phillips, Edward 856
Phillips, G. W 320
Phillips, James M 738
Phillips, John.. - 737
Phillips, John F 214
Phillips, Rev. W. E. 522
SI'KCIAI, INDEX.
Page
Phillips, \V. I). 366
1'hilpot, B 787
Phoenix-Cameron, Mrs. May 633. 637
Pickands, Brown \ ('o 477
1'ickard, HarlowS <>Ii), <><i(
Pickard, Josiah I 14!), dii
Pickerel), James II. 847
Pickering, A. II 101
Pickering, Arthur [ 420, 422
I'ickering, Philander 307, 521
Pickery, Charles \V 591
Pickett, H. E 78
Pierce, A 720, 836
Pierce, Arnold 706
Pierce, Asahel 395, 44S
Pierce, Carrie C 452
Pierce, C. \V _ 449
Pierce, Frank 617
Pierce, Franklin.. 833
Pierce, Gerald _ 684
Pierce, Gilbert A 698, (
Pierce. I.. W. 109
Pierre, Mrs. C. F 419
Pierre, Mrs. I.. A 62?
r, Osborne I. 7}, 148
Pierce, Rev. K. R. 815
Pierce, Smith I). __ 395
Pierce, \V.G. K. 681
Pierce. William I 448, 449
Pieroni, G. L. 615
Pierson, Henry R 390
Pierson iV Messer __ 365
Pierson, R. N 875
Pieser, Isaac 871
1'ieser, Samuel _. 351
Pigott, William 689
Pike, Eugene S._ 449, 827
Pike, Martha I, 494
Pike, Mrs. E. S 519
Pilgrim. Henry C 552
Pimperton, Joseph 395
Pinkerton, A. -E __ 119
Pinkerton, Allan . . 119, 684
Pinkerton, Eli/abeth II 119
Pinkerton, Matt. W 119
Pinkerton, Worth H. 119
Pingree, William 619
Pinkham. Ed 673
Pinney, E. S 359
Pinocei, L 615
Pinta, S. E. 614
Piper, Anson S._ 337
Piper (A. S.) & Co... _ 337
Piper. C'. E. __ _ ._ 871
Piper, Jonathan 150
Piper, Maria Dora 383
Piper, Seth N. _ 337
Piper, Thomas 337
Pirrung, Conrad __ 362
Pitlaway, James 613
Pittman, Barbara 741
Pitcher, I,. W 677, 678
Pk-tsch, Mrs. E. F. _ 1 520
Pitkin, Caroline D 488
I'itkin, Mrs. Lorraine J 625
Pitkin, Stephen G 619, (172. 673
I'itkin, Vaughn & Cruver 465
Pitts, A. V _ 501
Pitts (A. V.) >V Co 501
Pitts (II. A.) A: Co. 483
Pitts, .1. -- 72
Pitts, Lucy _ 72
Plamomlon, Ambrose (io. 487, 488
Plumondon ( A. ) Manufacturing Co 487
Plamomlon, Charles 487
Plamondon, George.. 487
Plant, George I) _ 856, 857
Plass, I.i/.zie _ 747
Platt, George W 422
Platt, J. M 320
Platt, Lewis 705
•Platt, Lucius C 808
PI. ill, Mrs. Lucius C 419
Platt (M. E.) & Co 686
Platt, Sarah. 426
Plant/., C. H -017, 870, 874
Pleasants, George W
Flecker, James H
Plotke, Nathan M 854,
Plows, William 1
Plum, W. H...:
Plum, William R
Plum, William V..
Plumb. P. B
PI urn be, George E '__ _.
Pltimmer, C.G. ... ...
Plummer, Jonathan W.. 546,
Plunkett, Emma L .
Podd, Rev. A. D
Pohle, Rudolph
Pohle & Klopp
Polk, Rev. J. W
Polkey, Samuel
Pollak, Joseph 524,
Pollard, J. K 429,
Pollard, L. D
Pomeroy, Harriet Cornelia
Ponieroy, }. A. -.
Pond, F. S 629, 631,
Pond, George E
Pond, H. H 620, 621, 623,
Pond, Lucretia
Pond, W. M
Ponig, Herman-
Pool, Jasper W
Poole, William F
Pope, Charles 1! 264,
Pope, Rev. R. B
Pope, Samuel Isaac
Pope, W. I 320,
Pope, Will'ard S
Porter, Abel Duncan
Porter, Alfred S 676, 677,
Porter Brothers Company
Porter, Duff
Porter, F. D
Porter, Frank I,
Porter, F. \V
Porter, Hibbard
Porter, H. H 365,
Porter, II. T
Porter, John Bliss
Porter, Mrs. Julia F
Porter, Mrs. Laura E. (Kenny)
Porter, Millett N __"
Porter, Rev. Frederick
Porter, Rev. Jeremiah
Porter, Rev. fonathan G
Porter, Robert P
Porter, Washington
Porter, William A
Porter. William II
Porteous, William
Possel. H. K. Edward..
Post, Charles N
Post, Lilly : 647,
Post, Rev. lacob Sol,
Post, Rev. John C
Post, Rev. Truman M
Post, Rev. William S
Post, W. R
Postgate, John W
Postlethvvahe, Rev. W. M.
Potter, D. J
Potter, Edwin A __
Potter, Mrs. O. W 424,
Potter, O. W...I52, 290, 405, 418, 535,
6<xi, 649,
Potter. T. J
Potts, John G
Pot win, I lenry
Poulson, William E 6iS, 619,
Powell, Edwin . 508, 526, 608,
Powell, George __ . 101
Powell, M. A._ '
Powell, Margaret _.
Powell, Mary
Powell, Matilda
Powell, Samuel. ..
Powell, W. B...
Powell, William S .854,
Power, Mary P.
Page
245
265
875
6lC
684
256
395
871
701
677
547
248
8i5
742
742
815
449
615
816
624
234
485
632
583
624
411
72
616
397
415
295
789
94
423
431
395
678
348
684
527
551
616
396
649
365
288
527
490
551
793
395
397
699
349
237
857
626
545
634
648
804
395
809
798
800
684
787
335
752
520
827
649
626
827
624
616
854
397
247
427
341
596
150
875
157
Page
Power, S. T -- 5*5
Powers, E. E 321
Powers, Elizabeth M 95
Powers, H. G 441
Powers, Miss Carrie E.. 148,422
Powers, Rev. H. N. 608, 611, 710
Powers, Richard- - 852
Powers, William C - 395
Prager, Eugene 869
Prato, A... - 615
Pratt, Cyrus N --. 457
Pratt, C. O f'i7
Pratt, Edwin Hartley 535, 536, 629
Pratt, George O. ..-' 618
Pratt, Henry 618
Pratt, Horatio 388
Pratt, James 866
Pratt, Julia 337
Pratt, J. T _ 591
Pratt, Leonard 535, 536
Pratt, Parker & Co.. 388
Pratt, R. S 865
Pratt, Silas G 629,640,651
Pray, Lucinda A 344
Preble, Nancy L. 497
Preble, W. lf.___ 502
Prendergast, Richard 239
Prentice, John H. - 403
Prentice, Leon H 493, 494
Prentice, Sartell 449, 592
Prentiss, Benjamin C 798
Prentiss, L. M 629,631
Prentiss, William P. 617
Prescott, D. Clint 488
Prescott, Joel A 125
Press, Adam J 425
Press, Jacob 747
Preston, Deniing A 798
Preston, Emma — _ 685
Preston, E. B 725
Preston (E. B.) & Co 724
Preston, G. E 725
Preston, Josiah W 296, 298, 318, 320
Preston, Kean & Co 792
Preston, Noble D _ _. 745
Preston, Sophy 103
Preussner, Mrs. R. B 422
Prickett, David 412
Price, Amy B. 119
Price, Abner 77
Price, Cornelius 77, 171, 172, 395
Price, Frederick J 119
Price, George W 1 19
Price, Ida M. 119
Price, Isaac N 496
Price & Kaufman 496
Price, Minnie A 119
Price, Mrs. A. D 519
Price, Mrs. O. J. 625
Price, O. J 625
Price, Peter 694
Price, P. Bird 331
Price, Vincent C 330
Price, William ... 77,397
Price, William D. 89
Priestly, Howard 298, 320
Prince, Frederick H 491
Prince, Martin M 552
Prindiville, Redmond __ 126, 862
Pring, Charles N. ._ _ 629
Pritchard, Rev. Calvin W 711
Proctor, Maria __ 287
Proctor, Rev. Robert __ 794
Proebsting, Charles 182
Prosser, T. T. 604
Proud, Abbie 349
I'roiity, Ellen M '_ 537
Prudden, Elizabeth 810
i'russing, Ernst 449, 864
Pruyne, C. P ----543. 544
Pruyne, Peter 854
Pncetti, P 615
?udewa, H _. 694
Puetz, Rev. Anselm 768
?ugh, Esther. _ __ 872
Pugner, Josef _. 186
SPECIAL IND1.X.
29
Page
Pulley, Elizabeth A 541
Polling, Howell 357
Pullman, Charles M.._ 560
Pullman, George M.--72, 79, 152, 229,
232, 290, 393, 405, 416, 417, 439,
542, 560, 608, 609, 649, 650
Pullman Iron iV Steel Co 230
Pullman, Mrs. George M 519
Pullman, Mrs. M. McD... .. 422
Pumpelly, James K _ 427
Purcell, Thomas 102, 865, 867, 869, 871
Purdy, C. \V. 528
I'imly, John II. 750
Piinly (j. II.) & Co. 750
Purely, Warren G. 588, 617, 619, 622
Purington, II. V. __ 609
PuriiUon, II. G.- 619
Puscheck, Charles _ 163
Pusheck, C. G.-- 604
Putnam, Carrie T 298
Putnam, Helen A 504
Putnam, J. K. — 449
Putnam, Mrs. A. II 152
Pyatt, Frank 550
Pyburn, Annie _;_ 290
Pyne, James 854
Pyott, Ida .-- 481
Ouackenbush, Sarah M 479
<>uales, N. T 608
yuan, W. J _ 290
Oueal, O. H 381
nueal, K. F 365, 415
yuerolli, A 615
nnest, Joseph 1 673
Ouick, |. II. S 401, 402, 404
Ouill, Dennis 186
Ouine, William E. . 513, 515, 518,527
Otiinlan, Elizabeth G 285
Ouinlan, Simon .. 625
l.luinlin, Simon J.- 672
Ouinn, Gordon H 587
Ouinn, James _ 410, 875
Ouinn, James N 102, 868, 870, 871
niiinn, Mary E ._ 573
Ouirk, liart 101, 143, 865, 868
Ouirk, Daniel 585
(juirk, James 109,586, 587, 588
Kaab, Henry-.- _.. 853
Raber, John 867
Race, Albert 255
Radell, MaryE 529
Kadziejewski, Rev. John 775
Rae, Robert _. 677
Raffen, Alexander W 489
Raffen, John T... 489
Rafferty, Christian 243
Rafferty, Christopher . 250
Rafferty, Patrick 854, 866
Ragan, John Grover . 395
Raggio, Charles A _ 361
Kaggio, John G. 361
Rahlfs, George 182
Rahmanop, Elizabeth 375
Rainey, George W 787
Ralston. H. M. .. 797
Ralston, Mrs. H. M 419
Rambo, E. B 622
Ramsey, C. D 592
Ramsey, T- L _ 681
Ramsey, W. W 800
Rand, C. \V 584
Rand, M. L _ 521
Rand, McNally & Co. 690
Rand, Socrates 395
Randall, Eloise O _ 150
Randall, G. P 617
Randall, Mary J 370
Randall, Mrs. O. D 613
Randall, Sadie 122
Randall, Samuel J. 872
Randolph, Charles.. 298, 299, 310, 320,
316, 684
Randolph, George F. 854
Randolph, Johanna 724
Randolph, Mahlon _ 70
Randolph, Smith M 70, 590
Rankin, Annie 7gf
Rankiu, John _ 798
Ranney, Henry Collings, 320, 331, 429,
618,620, 622, 623, 629
Ranney, Joseph N. 22
Ranney, J. S - .- 45
Ranney (J. S.) & Co 453
Ranseen, Rev. Matthew C 523, 822
Ransome, R. W 706
Rapke, Jacob 254
Rapp, Magdalena . . 819
Rascher, Charles 70
Rasmussen, Oluf A _. 694
Rastall, Samuel 694
Raster, Herman 415, 564, 704
Rathbone, Joseph 69, 379
Rathbone, Sard & Co 483
Rathborne, William W 377
Rathbun, Charity J. 370
Rathburn, R. W 584
Ratlidge, Annie 625
Ratto, G. R._ 615
Raubold, John G._ 426, 427
Raubokl & I,ambin. 426
Rauch, Albert 615
Rauch, J. H _ 156, 608
Raum, Green 15 849
Ravenot, O 614
Rawle, John 86
Rawleigh, James T 102, 320
Rawleigh, William .. 854
Rawson, S. W 405, 522
Ray. C. H _ 834
Ray, Frank D 360, 361
Ray, S. A 360
Rayman. Mary. 97
Raymond, Benjamin Wright- -397, 526, 610
Raymond, C. L 295
Raymond, H. W. 407, 408
Raymond, James H 274
Raymond, J. N _ 503
Raymond, Marcia 257
Raymond, Mrs. Amelia Porter 396
Raymond, Samuel 1? 871, 875
Rayne, Mrs. M. L 684
Raynolds & Co. _ 121
Kazzio, G. D 615
Rea, John H 558
Rea, R. L. 508, 512, 515
Read, Benjamin F 338
Read, Harry J 337
Read, Juliet E 544
Read, Rev. E. B __ 809
Read, T. M _. . 590
Read, William T. B 337
Read, William T. B., Jr 337
Reader, Daniel L 395
Reading, Edgar _ 539
Reading, E. M 539
Ream, Cadurcis P _ 422
Ream, Norman B 298,320,429, 650
Rech, Rev. P ._ _ 794
Rector, Charles E 362
Redfield, Alice __ 639
Redfield, Bertha E 753
Redington, F. A __ _ 800
Reece, Jasper N --586, 590
Reed, Charles 860
Reed, Charles H 240, 254, 864, 868
Reed, Charlotte S - - . . 245
Reed, E. H 375
Reed, F. B 584
Reed, F. J 126
Reed, George W. ._ 191, 875
Reed (J. H.) & Co 698
Reed, Nate A. 706
Reed, P. Fishe 684
Reed, Roland __ _ 705
Reed, W. II 591
Reed, W. I 375
Reedy, James W 499
Reedy (J. W.) Elevator Manufacturing
c°- -- 499
Reeme, J. B 320
Rees, James H 394, 397
Rees, Mrs. Harriet F 396
Rees, Mrs. James II. 521
Reese, Frederick -. -.So, 617
Reese, Michael,- _ 524
Reese, Rev. W. II 793
Reeve, George Bell 224
Reeve, Tappin 82
Keeves, Margaret T. 727
Regan (J. I..) & Co. 6S(,
Rehm, Jacob.. 108, 115, 182, 184, 565,
855, 856, 860
Reid, Harvey . <>s |
Reid, lames G. 515, 544
Reid, J. M 519
Reid, John ...156, 606, 608
Reid, John Adams 395
Reid, John W 80
Reid, Kate 625
Reid, Murdoch & Fisher 348
Reid* Phelps.. 467
Reid, Rev. j. M 70.1
Reid, Rev. L. II 804
Reid, Rev. Lewis R 800
Reid, Robert _ 563
Reid, Rupert F. 80
Reid, Simon 233
Reid, Thomas _ 467
Reidy, Philip 101, 854, 869
Reifschneider, Charles L. 578
Reifsneider, Charles 618
Reifsneider, P. O 618
Reilly, Thomas D 854
Reis, Alphons . 525
Reis, Mrs. Elizabeth Baumgarten 396
Reis, Nic 870
Reis, Jacob Nicholas 395
Reis, John P., Jr _ 397
Reisig, Matilda 387
Reitzell, Mary 258
Religio-Philosophical Journal 832
Remick & Newell __ 723
Remmertz, Franz.. 633, 649, 650
Remsen, John J. 673
Remy, Curtis II 277
Rend, W. P. 290, 614
Rendtorff, Emma 485
Rendtorff, S. E 485
Renn. George 83
Reno, Charles A 108, 855, 856, 857
Renlner F 820
Requa, Stephen F 827
Reutel, Letta 689
Reuter, Henry • 548
Revell, F. H 824
Revere, Stephen P 102, 871
Rew, Annie M. 247
Rexford, Heber S 397
Re.xford, Stephen 837
Reynolds, A. B._. _. 156
Reynolds, Alice F. 751
Reynolds, B. P 684
Reynolds, B. W 82
Reynolds, Florence C _ 260
Reynolds, Frank D _ _ 82
Reynolds, George W 525
Reynolds, H. J 515
Reynolds, John P _. 331, 655, 657
Reynolds, J. S.. 846, 875
Reynolds, Maria E 236
Reynolds, Mary L 247
Reynolds, Silas __ 395
Reynolds, William C _ 667
Reyburn, W. H. 590
Rhinehart, Mary A 582
Rhines, Mrs. Minerva 397
Rhode, Rudolph E 552
Rhodes, George L 214
Rhodes, John Foster. 281
Rhodes, Kufus Napoleon 287
Riall, J. G 150
Riboni, G 615
Rice (C. L.) & Co 487, 492
Rice, Elliott Smith 761
Rice, F. L . 430
Rice, II. W . 808
Rice (H. \V.)& Co 461
Rice, James H. - 100
3°
SPECIAL INDEX.
Kiev, John A. V
Kir*-, lohn 1? 249, 2<>,, S45, 858
Rjce, 'Mrs. II. II 419
Rice, Mrs. John A 419
Rice, Patrick __
Rice, 1'. II
Rice, Rev. Nathan I 802
Rice, Theodore F 82<)
Rice, \V. II 418
Rich, Frank 345
Richard, I.ncy Larned 521
Richards, Cornelia 642
Richards, John T __ 617
Richards, J. \V. 622
Richards, Mary - .. 747
Richards, Rev. J. \V 792, 71)3
Richardson, John Rayner 51''
Richardson, Lloyd Huranl ...233, oji, 624
Richardson, Mrs. C. 1. t 419
Richardson, Sarah J ... 74S
Richardson, William A 844
Richardson, \V. I). 478
Richardson, William E 320
Richardson, William II. 101
Richbcrg, |ohn ('. 146, 864, S66, 874
Richey, George II. 374
Richev, S. O. _ 520
Kicholson, Benjamin F _ 282, 809
Richon, Ilattie,. 98
Richmond, Mrs. Cora I,. V. ... 831
Richmond, Thomas _ 832
Richmond, William 832
Rickaby, Richard W 146, 865
Rickc, Henry __ 449, 739
Kickords, George E 459
Rickords >V Huntoon 357
Riddell, Lizzie 690
Riddle, Francis A. 256
Riddle, Francis II - 875
Riddle, Rev. Francis A 804
Rideout, Maria S 90
Ridge! v, Charles . 47^
Ridgway, Hamlet C 350
Ridgway, Ilattie 378
Ridgway, James V 749
Kidgway, William 378
Riebe, Slarie Clotilda _ 547
Riedler, Frank 449
Riehs. Mary \ 491
Rieke, Henry 615
Rielly, James, Jr 344
Rietz, August 375
Kiel*. Charles 375
Rietz (Charles) Brothers Lumber Com-
pany 375
Riet/, Edward G. W 375
Kiel/, Frederick 375
Riggle, Millard F 625
Rings, L. C _ 624
Riker, Mary K. 203
Riley, Augusta M. ._ 379
Kiley, George 86
Riley, Mary A _ 479
Riley, Richard u(>
Rinaker, John A 871
Kinehart, George F. _. 307
Riordan, I). M 385
Riordan, John 102, 865, 867, 869, 871
Riordan, .Mary 529
Riordan, Rev. I ). J . 773
Riordan, Rev. I'. W 767, 769, 773, 776
Rising, C. L. 216
Ritchie, Rev. Arthur 784, 785
Ritchie, Esher & Judd
Ritchie, John 706
Ritchie, William 558
Rittler, Johanna 362
Rittmiller, George H 617
Rivera, T. C. 543
Roach, Andrews iV Co 304
Roach, O. II. 304
Robb, lames.
Robb, Mary . ._ 521
Robh, Nellie . 239
Robe. Harriets _ 562
Robert, I'.eck 865
Roberts, I'.essie 348
Roberts, David 613
Roberts, Frances 1 711
Roberts, George I! 365
Roberts, George F 535
Roberts, George R 366, 369, 375, 626
Roberts, Isabel 492
Roberts, Juan nctte 492
Roberts, John A. G. _ 601
Roberts, John II 416
Roberts. Lizzie I? 538
Roberts, Maria K 707
Roberts, Myron P ._ 546
Roberts, Norman W 543
Roberts, R. Kiddle 291, 618
Robertson, Eli/abeth 345
Robertson, J. II 320
Robertson, Mary... 94
Robbins, Henry S 277
Kobbins, Joseph 618
Robbins, Lina 750
Robins, Mrs. Richard _ 612
Robins, Richard 592
Robinson, ('.]•'.._ 93
Robinson, Elisha A .. 349
Robinson, F. II. 788
Robinson, Harriet 577
Robinson, Henson _ 625
Robinson, J. A 522
Robinson, J. K._ 7S2
Robinson, John C 80
Robinson, M. F. _ 875
Robinson, M. S 272
Robinson, M. W. 875
Robinson, Robert W 249
Robinson, Sabrina 400
Robinson, Sarah R 563
Roby, Kdward 253
Roby, Ida II 625
Roche & Farrell 573
Roche James II. __ 96
Roche (James) & Spencer 492
Roche, John A. _ 492, 875
Roclier, II __ 616, 629
Rockwell, Addis L _ 875
Rockwell, F. M 604
Rockwell, James 395
Rockwood, Frank li 807
Rockwood, W. II _ 546
Rodatz, Jacob __ 93
Rodemeyer, Louisa 739
Rodman, Florence _ 128
Rodriguez, Antonio _ _. 582
Roe, Charles Hill ... 816, 817
Roe, John 374
Roemheld, Mrs. Natalie 148
Roffmot, P 614
Rogers, Edward Kendall 397, 439, 762, 854
Rogers, F.llen 612
Rogers, George Mills 103, 402, 404
Rogers, Ilattie E 274
Rogers, Henry 548
Rogers, H. W 290, 869
Rogers, H. W., Jr 310, 320, 807
Rogers, J. C 320
Rogers, John G 103, 172, 238, 405,
610, 626
Rogers, John Gorin _ 548
Rogers,}. Howard 672
Rogers, J. M 423
Rogers, Joseph M 267, 421
Rogers, Mary F.. _ 540
Rogers, Mrs. Mary K 397
Rogers, Rev. 11. A 785
Rolule, Rev. Nemesius 768
Rolilcr, Rev. II. _.. 830
Rohner, Frank G. 629
Roland, Rev. II _ 819
Roler, K. ( ). F. 5i2i 534
Roles, Rev. Joseph P. 768
Rollins, Charles K. 404
Rollins, C. I-!. _ 520
Roll.. (W. K.} \ Son 46!
Kollo, William K. jS6, 461
Komayne, Charles 617
Rumvall, Ida Sophia 821
Rook, Jesse J 875
Rooney, William 397
Roos, liernhard L 552, (.17
Root& Cady. 636
Root, Charles T. 629
Root, Chester L. 565
Root. Eliza II 520
Root, Enoch. — — 420
Root, E. T 638
Root, Fanny 631, 632
Root, Francis II 483
Root, Frederic W 637
Root, George F 542
Root, James I' 846,847, 852, 875
Root, Joseph Sackett 397
Rosecrans, W. S 873
Rosen baum, Joseph 297
Rosenbaum, Morris 297
Roseboom, Vi"illiam I. ._ 345
Rosenberg, II. M 422
Rosenberg, Jacob.. 101, 102, 143, 524,
615, 655. ''57
Rosenblatt, Henrietta 724
Kosenfcld, Augusta 722
Koscnheim, Hannah 724
Rosenthal, Julius 415,608,609, 615
Ross, Julius C. I) 453
Ross & Foster 96, 654
Ross, G. H. -. __ 210
Ross, H..H 32..
Ross, James 1 461 , 466
Ross, |oseph I' 508, 522, 798
Ross, Richard C 836
Ross, W. M. iV Co in
Rossitur, Newton .. .. 834
Rossow Brothers 747
Rossow, Charles _ 747
Rossow, F'rederick _ 747
Rothwell, II. R 617, 619
Roubik, Josef 186
Roundy, I). C _. 624
Rounseville, Mdme. Christine Nielson.. 635
Rounseville, William 412
Rountree, Anna ... 77
Rountree, John M 875
Rourier, Sarah J. I __ 150
Rowe, Anna 363
Rowell (George P.) & Co 412
Rowles, J. A _ 570
Rowley, Rev. Joseph 815
Roy, Rev. John E _. 816
Roys, Cyrus D 218
Rozet, George II. 478
Rubens, Harry 281, 865, 866, S6S, 872
Rucker, Henry L. _ 836
Ruddock, Charles H. 383
Ruddock, Nuttall & Co 383
Ruddock, Thomas S 383
Ruddy, Watson ._ 869
Rue, John C. 395
Ruehl, William _._ 577
Ruehling, E. W _ 631
Ruff, Joseph 680
Ruger, W. H 871
Ruggles, Hattie M 681
Ruhbaum, Rudolph 864
Ruhling, Adolph 755
Rullman, Marie 513
Rummell, Franz 639
Rumsey, George D 319. 320
Rumsey, George F 392, 397, 411, 413
Rumsey, Israel Parsons. ..290, 303, 320, 522
Rumsey, J. F __ 411
Rumsey, Julian S. --44I, 609, 840
Rundell, Adeline _ _ _ 186
Rundlett, Taylor P 592
Runnion, James B 392, 684, 695
Runyan, Eben F .146, 175, 182
Rupert, A. J 421, 422
|*usl1- i':- F 539, 541
Russ, A. B . 762
Russ, Mrs. A. B 025
Russell, AIfred__ .589, 616, 623,624
Russell, Charles II 232
Russell, Francis William 232
Russell (Gholson G.) & Co 564
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Russell, J - 172
Russell, Jacob 395, j(jp
Russell, J. K.-_ 370
Russell, I. K. & Co 370
Russell, J. W 156
Russell, Martin J 171, 403, 697, 702, 706
Russell, Sarah K 112
Russell, \Villiam 103
Russell, W. H __. 581
Rust & Coolidge 131
Rust, H. A. ._ _ 521
Rust. Mrs. H. A 419
Rutherford, William 800
Rutter, Charles L 512, 526
Rutter, Esther E._ 387
Rutter, Joseph O. .._ 862
Ryan, Bridget 727
Ryan, Cornelius 867
Ryan, I) _ 585
Ryan, Daniel 870
Ryan, Dennis 358
Ryan, Edward E 416
Ryan (E. E.) & Co... 461
Ryan, E. G 397
Ryan, Frank J _ 626
Ryan, James Ellsworth 541, 542
Ryan, J. J 695
Ryan, M.__ __ioi, 102, 126
Ryan, Michael 96, 868, 870
Ryan, Michael W ..... 239, 278
Ryan, P. _ 866
Ryan, Rev. Francis 771
Ryan, Thomas 96, 617, 866, 867
Ryan, Timothy K... 868
Ryder, Andrew 685
Ryder, Rev. \V. II 290, 518, 520, 826
Rye. Caroline 544
Ryerson, Arthur 522, 407
Ryerson, John F 411
Ryerson, J. T. 519, 526, 608, 609
Ryerson (Joseph T.) & Son 480
Ryerson, M. A. 610
Ryerson, Martin ._ _ 372, 650
Ryerson (Martin) & Co _ 371
Ryerson, Mrs. James 522
Ryerson, Mrs. Joseph T. . 782
Ryland, |. II 782
St. Cyr, Rev. John Mary Ireneus. 397
St. George, Dora .. 754
St. John, E 616, 622, 787, 788
Si. |ohn, T. M. 625
St. John, John P 872, 873
St. lohn, Leonard 515
St. John, Mae I 646, 647
St. Peter, Telesford 570
Sabin, A. R 629, 631
Sackett, Delos B _. 592
Sackett, Joshua S 395
Sackrider, A 627
Sackrider, Christian 396
Safford, Truman Henry 817
Sage, John. 329
Sage, Rose 732
Sale, Rev. Samuel _ 830
Salisbury, C. H... m 406
Salisbury, Jerome __ jjg
Salisbury, O. H 407
Salomon, L 233
Salomon (L.) & Co _ 233
Salsbury, Nate R 34q
Sammonds. Sarah 490
Sanimons, Maria L. _ _ 40.9
Sammons, Medora A _. 727
Sampsel, Annie 214
Sampson, Osborne 418
Sams, J. H. I72
Sanborn, John F 618
Sanburn, f. H _ g2i
Sandell, Rev. K. """ 815
Sanders, Louise ._ 509
Sanders, Mrs. C. A j2o
Sanders. Patrick 102, 143, 866, S68, 870
Sanderson, Annie E._ 388
Sandham, Frederick __ . 483
Sands, Emily. _ f,.j_j
Sands (L.) & Co 36S
Page
Sands, Obadiah __ 360
Sandstrom, August 481
Sandstrom (A.) & Co 482
Sandstrom, Charles Emil 482
Sanford, Annie H. 745
Sanger, Joseph P _. 583
Sanger, Mrs. Catharine McKibben 397
Sa nter, C. J _ 416
Sard, William H._ --233, 393, 483, 484
Sardam, Samuel Johnson 396
Sargeant, Mary L 150
Sargent, E. H 169, 542, 547
Sargent, Homer E., 334, 418, 522, 6oS,
650, 713
Sargent, Mrs. Homer E 522
Sargent, John 385
Sargent, Welland Fairbanks 432
Satterlee, Le Roy 816
Satterlee, Merrill Lawrence _. 396
Satterlee, Minnie. 84
Satterthwaite, Elizabeth 761
Sannders, 1!. M 404
Sanret. Emil __ 639
Sauret, G 614
Savage Brothers 489, 490
Savage Bros. & Co 490
Savage, Tames I). . 619
Savage, Rev. G. S. F 810
Savage, Rev. J. Minot 804
Savage, Richard ._ (89, 490
Savage, Stephen D 619
Savage, William Maurice 489, 490
Sawers, Rev. Henry _. 800
Sawin, George .. _ 625
Sawin, (J. W.) & Co 131
Sawyer, Alonzo J 816, 817
Sawyer, C. B. 69, 520
Sawyer, Charles S _ 328
Sawyer, Edgar P 380
Sawyer, Erna M 380
Sawyer, E. W 156
Sawyer, Franklin 340
Sawyer-Goodman Company 380
Sawyer, H. E 409
Sawyer, Joseph 364
Sawyer, L. N 222
Sawyer, Nathaniel 396
Sawyer, Offie 582
Sawyer & Paige 546
Sawyer, Philetus 380
Sawyer, Sidney 396
Sawyer, Susan 364
Sayer, Rockwell _ 412
Sayers, Joseph 99
Savers, Zelina .. 342
Sayre, Mrs. Harriet Lovett 397
Sayrs, Mary L 76
Scales, Frank 747
Scammon, Charles Trufant 816
Scammon, Franklin 558
Scammon, John Young -.396, 407, 409,
410, 428, 429, 430, 532, 533, 558,
610, 689, 698, 761. 816, 834, 841,
871. 875
Scammon, Mrs. J. Y 424
Scanlan, John F. 875
Scanlan, Kate 244
Scannell, Nellie T. 186
Scales, Walter B 563
Schaack, Michael John 112
Schaapman, Rev. Henry A 771
Schack, Frank 102, 869, 871
Schack, Marcus 590
Schade, Emma 444
Schaefer, Frederick C. 512, 513, 526
Schaefer, H ermine 70
Schaefer, Matthew ._ 427
Schaefermeyer, Rev. Liborius 768
Schaeffer, W. 855
Schafer, Mary _ 120
Schaffner, Herman 445. 524, 615
SchafTner (II.) & Co.._ 445
Schaffner, Joseph 524, 615
Schaffner, J. S 022
Schaffner. Louis 101, 143, 847
Srliull, A. 614
Pagt
Schaller, George J 523
Schaller, J. __, 523
Schailer, Mrs. Andrew 397
Schandlin, H 855
Scharff, Arthur H 587
Scharlau, Charles E 875
Schaub, Louis J. 74
Schell, Augustus _. 219
Scheppers, Desire (^uirini 525
Scherer, Andrew _ 547
Schesswohl, Jacob C 619
Scheuermann, Frederick 538
Schiellinger, J 855
Schiffer, lodocas 525
Schilling, Alexander 422
Schilling, A. M 376
Schilling, Emma 308
Schilling, George 866, 867
Schilling, George A. __ --847, S65
Schilling, John _ 61)4
Schillo, Anthony 482
Schillo, Cossman & Co 482
Schillo & Senn _ 482
Schimmels, Christian 123
Schimpferman, W. II. 350
Schlacks, Charles 486
Schlacks, Henry 197
Schlesinger, J. J._ 875
Schlesinger, Leopold 718
Schlesinger & Mayer 718
Schlesinger, R. J 186
Schlitz, Joseph 580
Schlitz (Joseph) Brewing Company 580
Schloesser, Rev. Kirlianus. 768
Schloetzer, George__ _ 156
Schlossman, J. B. 408
Schmedtgen, William 422
Schmely, John 865
Schmid, George 79
Schmid, Godfrey --449i 453
Schmid, John M 79
Schmid, Robert 694
Schmidt, Annie 68
Schmidt, Eliza 240
Schmidt, Ernst 524, 525, 608, 865, 867
Schmidt, Fred. M 547
Schmidt, J 615
Schmidt, Kasper George lor, 578, 617
Schmidt, Louisa 523
Schmidt, Mary 340
Schmidt, Otto I 525
Schmidt, Rev. Eugene M 770
Schmidt, Robert 579
Schmitz, Michael IO1, 617
Schneider, George -.172, 441, 610, 651,
834, 852
Schneider, Josephine F 384
Schneider, Martha B. 576
Schneider, Nicholas 486
Schneider, Rev. John 615, Big
Schneider. Rev. S __ 770
Schneider, Samuel Newton __ 538
Schnell, Rev. J 615
Schnerr, Rev. Leander __ 770
Schnur, Peter __ 121
Schoch, J 615
Schock, Adam 74, 397
Schock, Frederick R. 73
Schock, Frederick, Sr. 73
Schoenhofen, Peter 578
Schoeninger, Adolph 855, 856, 867
Schofield, Charles D. 583
Schofield, H. 617
Schofield, John McAllister. _ 583
Scholl, B. 616
Scholle, Henry E 740
Schoth, Johanna 739
Schrader, Frederick 724
Schrader & Neuzeit 724
Schraeder, Henry 869
Schraeder, W. L 449
Schrenk, August 80
Schroeder, A. W 619
Schroeder, Henry __IO2,S66, SdS, 869
Schroth, Catharine Christina 819
Schrumm, Lena 425
SPECIAL INDKX.
Schucker, Mauritz 54?
Schulenberg. J. 11. 246
Schultz. Albert _ 619
Schultz, August F. _ 427
Schult/. (A. F.KtCo 427
Schtiltze, E 631
Schult/e, Louis
Schulz, Lizzie 549
Schumacher, (C'. I-'..) ,\ Sons 185
Schuster, Antoine 574
Schuster, Paul 574
Schuttler, Peter. 64, 86, 847, 863
Schwab, Charles II . 524, 615, 7
Schwab. McOuaid \ C... 573
Schwab, Pauline. 718
Schwabacher t.x: Co. . 301
Schwabacher, Julius . 301
Schwabacher. Morris _ 301
Schwartz, Charles _ __ 650
Schwartz, J. 614
Schwartz, William II 590
Schwarz, William — 855
Schweich, Josephine Helen. 562
Schweinfurth, Frank 855
Schweisthal, Felix J 568
Schweisthal, M. -.102. 143, 865
Sehwencke, 1\ 694
Schwerdt, C. F ., . 421
Schwerdt, II. C. 420
Schwingschagl, Theresa 579
Schwiperich, Stanislaus 525
Schwuchow, 1 855
Schyus, Aloysius 525
Id, T. Walker ... 546
Scolield, Lewis . 426
Scott, George E. 365
Scott, lames W. 669, 702, 703, 706
Scott, Mrs. Robert 419
Scott, Rev. Hugh Macdonald SlI
Scott, Rev. W. M. 802
Scott, Rev. William Richardson Sol
Robert •-'<)<>
Willard 39f>
Willis 396
Winfield 833
:, Harry M 696
Scovil, Mrs. M. M 419
Scoville, George 518
Scranton. Abner R 397
Scribner, S. A 320
Scribner, Wiley S .-247, 459, 591
Scripps, John I 558
Scudder, Mrs. H. M... 419
Scudder, Rev. H. M. _. 808
Scudder, W. L. 684
Scudder, W. M ---. 441
Scully, John K. 685
Scully. "Martin 856, 857
Searl, George A - 449
Searle, Belle C 285
Sears, Edwaid II 396
Sears ,V Foster - 245
Sears, John, Jr 54°
Sears, Joseph 610
Sears, Nathaniel C... - 245
Sears & Smith 546
Seaton, S. G 102, 143
Seavern, George A. 90, 465, 649
Seaverns, W. S 320
Seavey, V. A. 108, 865
Sebastian, Michael. 736, 868
Secomb, J. J 617
vick, S". P 526
Seeberger, A. F 405, 561, 562, 650,
657, 865. 875
Seeboeck, William C. E 633, 636
Seeley, Eli/a A. 426
Si-gal'e, G. - 615
Seiben, Michael 7.1
Seiden, Emile.... .. --"
Seidenschwanz, C. 578
Seiffert, Rud . 525
Seinberger, Rev. Isaac 7<H
Seipp, Harriet . (|^
Seipp iV Lehman
Seipp, William C. 102.429,852, 865
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott,
Selkirk, lames
Selkregg, Eliza J
Selle, .Max
Sel/., Morris
Sel/, Schwab >V Co —
Sempill, Walter M.
Sendlebach, Joseph
Sengi, F.._
Senn, Solomon
Senne, Henry* '
Sennott, Thomas W. __
Sensor, John W
Severance. Luther
Severin, Henry . , 102.
Severinghaus. Kev. |. I) .
Seward, William H."_
Sewell, Alfred 1 .
Sexton, Austin O
Sexton, James A
Sexton, J. 1"
-233,
P*g.
39f
865
730
730
551
91
24<>, 247,
241, 869.
-->. 853
Sexton, P. J
Seymour, Edwin * )
Seymour, Horatio
Seymour, II. F.
Seymour, Horatio W
Seymour, Kev. G. F ..
Seymour & Sargent
Sevmour, T. 1 1. .
-»97.
Shackelford, Amelia
Shackford, Elizabeth L
Shackford, Samuel
Shackley, John
Shaddle, Mrs. Ellen Cadmas.
855
482
875
867
39f'
413
871
S2(
255
684
»75
591
104
80
870
846
3»5
702
779
385
331
7"4
422
82
Shaddle, Peter
Shader, Augustus Edward
Shaffer, ll.'k.
104
397
397
75'
622
Shaffer, J. C
ShafTner, Benjamin F'
Shaffner, Joseph .
Shaler, William II. .
Shapley, Morgan I
Sharp, William
Sharp, William II
290
264
409
462
396
626
Shattuck, C. II
Shaver, C. H
Shaw, Annie C
Shaw. Annie I1'.
Shaw, Eleanora
Shaw, Elijah
.616.
Shaw, Gilbert I!
Shaw, Joseph..
Shaw, "Mrs. S. Van I).
Shaw, Nettie
Shaw, Siremba - _
010
624
686
422
255
467
626
787
741
422
62;
Shaw, Thomas Jefferson.
Shaw, Thomas M
Shaw, William
Shaw, William W
Shay, Maurice W
Shea, John J
Sheahan, James W _
Sheald, Catherine
Shear, Emma C
Shears, * i. 1' . -
415, 684, 691
Shedd(E. A.) ,V Co
Shedd, Mary
Sh.ee.hy, Rev. Eugene
Sheeler, Harvey
Shelby, IJan'l
Sheldon, A. 11.
Sheldon, Kdwin II., i?<>.
-532
410,
Sheldon, E. L
4", 4'3,
449.
heldon, Henry I _
Sheldon, II. W
Sheldon & Me* .'agg
Sheldon, Minnie.
Sheldon, Mrs. M.O
Shelton, li. M
•hepard, I >aniel ..
Shepard, Henry M 237
Shepard, Jason H.
Shepherd, Delia M.
Shepherd, Edward T
Shepherd, Henry L.
Sheppard, Mrs. Samantha I >.
-11-2 ,
26l, 4O2,
187, iSS,
512
509
853
625
326
121
108
695
676
429
533
338
422
410
84
664
854
532
827
827
522
9i
152
522
690
846
875
189
594
465
7"
397
Sheppard, Rev.R. I). 542, 789, 790,
Sheppard, Richard Alexander
Sheppard, T. II.
Sheppard (T. II.) & Co
Sheppard, William II
Sherer, S. H
Sherer, W. G.
792
Shergold, Thomas
Sheridan, Henry F. . . 102, 853, 867,
Sheridan, Mark lor, 108,
Sheridan, M. J
Sheridan, Philip II
Sheridan, Redmond I1' IO2, 866,
Sheridan, Redmond, Jr
Sheriden, Henry F._
Sherlock, P. T
Sherridan, F.lvira C.
Sherman, Alson Smith ...
Sherman, Benjamin Borelen
Sherman, Cora F'.
Sherman, I ). S. . -
Sherman, Edwin
Sherman, Elijah I!. 236, 290, 291,
569, 590, 626,
Sherman, Ezra L
Sherman, Francis C .128,834,
Sherman, Frank T. 558,
Sherman, ( Irace
869,
871,
855,
592,
869,
684,
~_89;
4<>9-
627,
174,
843,
584,
Sherman, I. N.Walter
Sherman, John..
Sherman, John K 78, 171, 262,
Sherman, Josephine
Sherman, J. Sterli
334.
335.
Sherman, Julian S.
ng-
Sherman, Mrs. ]•'.. I!
Sherman, ( (wen
Sherman, Wells
Sherman. W. T
Sherry, George _
Sherry, Patrick..
3"3
Shervey, G. C.
Sherwood, George 143
Sherwood, George A.
Sherwood, George W _
Sherwood, II . M 290, 522,
Sherwood, William II. __
Shields, Charles J
Shields, James
Shiler, Sarah ._
Shi 1 1 , Jacob
Shimp, Peter _
101
610
Shipley, Jacob M
Shipley, Phirbe A
Shipman, Eliza
Shipman, George E. 532,
Shipman , Mrs. S. V _
Shipman, Stephen V. .
Shippen, Joseph
Shipperman, Sarah E.
Shippy, Frederick N .
Shippy, George M.
Shire, Adolph
Shirland, William Harrie
Shober & Carqueville
Shoemaker, Walter
Shoemaker (Walter) & Co
Shorey, Daniel I 102, 415, 626,
Shorfenburg, F
Short, John
Short, Mrs. |. I _
Shortall & Hoard '..
Shortall, John G 610,
'hourds, C. B.
Shover, Cyrus
Shufeldt, George A
Shufeldt, II. II.
Shufeldt (H. H.) &Co. .
^hulak. Rev. F. X
Shull, Kate
Shuman, Andrew 151, 684,
Shumway, Waite & Towne .'
Shurly, Edmund R. P...
Shiirly Manufacturing Co
611
866,
868,
458,
827,
258
572,
703
Page
794
113
380
380
113
log
584
98
875
862
321
605
871
873
854
374
396
467
597
39''
837
875
397
845
875
374
744
871
860
174
396
513
418
39s
108
584
243
694
857
544
854
706
639
451
842
36.3
627
119
546
54<~'
522
612
419
72
258
75'
125
122
6I7
284
121
383
383
870
522
627
419
459
866
750
397
804
-565
577
771
383
.847
75"
750
SPECIAL INDEX.
33
Page
Shute, Emma A. 173
Sibley, Benjamin.. 847, 865
Sibley, D. E -- -- 320
Sibley, Hiram.. go
Sibley (Hiram) & Co 121
Sickel, H. E. D 867
Sickles, Isabel _ 625
Sidney, Alma. 351
Sidway, L. B 167, 171, 172. 441
Sidwell, George 101
Sidwell, G. II 317, 320
Sieber, Francis Adam Paul 512
Sigmund, Herman 618
Sigwalt, J. - 692
Sigwalt Manufacturing Co 692
Silhanek, Albert.... 186
Silke, James Freeman 72
Silva, C. P 449, 515
Silvers, Joel 683
Silvers, Joseph 417, 683
Silversmith, Julius 711, 712
Silvester, Ignazio 243
Silvey, Edward _ — 83, 799
Simmen, John 736
Simmonds, Charles E. 458
Simmons, Charles A. .... .... 619
Simmons, Charles E. 617
Simmons, Conrad 81
Simmons, Joseph 673
Simmons, Mrs. Edward ._ 522
Simmons, Rev. H. M. 711
Simon, Johanna 482
Simon, P 694
Simonds, Edwin A 469
Simons, Charlie B. 401
Simons, Edward 400
Simons, Edward N. . .. 280
Simons, Franklin P. _ 244
Simons, H _ . 69
Simons, Rev. George H 793
Simons, Samuel 102, 868, 869, 870, 871
Simpson, John __ 508
Simpson, Marcus D. L. ._ 583
Sims, Mrs. Laura Bronson Sprague . .. 397
Sinclair, Annie H _ 818
Sinclair, Charles Frederick 527
Sinclair, George E. __ .. ._ 622
Sinclair, George F._ 616,618
Sinclair, Mrs. Jane 397
Sinclair, Mrs. Lydia Ann Nichols 397
Sinclair, Peter __ 798
Sinclair, Mrs. P 798
Singer, Mrs. Ann 397
Singer & Co 565
Singer & Hall 566
Singer, Horace M .849, 875
Singley, Charles Cleary -515. 517, 518
Sister Ambrose __ 778
Sister Barromeo ._ 778
Sister Dominica 778
Sister M. Antoina 778
Sister Mary Clement.. 778
Sister M. Frances 778
Sister M. Gonzaga _ 778
Sister Mary Scholastica Drum .. 778
Sister Thomasina 778
Sister Villana 778
Sittig, C. F 617
Sittig, Eugene A _ 875
Sitts, George. _ 626
Skaats, Lilly N. E._ 150
Skeen, J. C.__ ---687, 688
Skeen & Stuart Stationery Company.. . 687
Skeliy, W. H., Jr _ 875
Skiles, Hugh P _ _ 800
Skinner, A. D 854
Skinner, Chloe M _ 268
Skinner, Julia M _ 726
Skinner, Mark 81, 128, 396, 411, 798, 834
Skinner, Rev. Thomas H 802
Slaby, John 427
Slater, George R _ 396
Sleeper, F. II 626
Sleeper, J oseph A 598
Slichter, J. B. 623, 624
Sloan, Henry Harrison 510
Page
Sloan, Henry L...'. 630, 631,632
Sloan, Jennie R. 422
Sloan, J. R. 420
Sloan, Robert 602
Sloan, Samuel 467
Sloan, W. L 464
Slocum, J 150
Slosson, Julia 371
Slyke, J. R _. 590
Sriiale, C. F 591
Smail, William 626
Smailes, Samuel 397
Small, A. E 532, 533
Small, D "
J-
448
Small, Edward A 407
Smalley, G. L._ 502
Smeal, J. G 621
Smiley, Mary J 76
Smith, Abiar __ ... __ 396
Smith, Abner _. 258
Smith, Abner C 68
Smith, Ada C 258
Smith, Andrew F 74, 101
Smith, A. J._ 122
Smith, A. M _ 563
Smith, A. P 438
Smith, A. W 541
Smith, Benjamin 396,801
Smith, Byron Larlin.128, 290, 316, 320,
411, 417, 439, 532, 649, 656, 796
Smith, Catherine 344
Smith, C. E 502
Smith, Charles Gilman 518, 520
Smith, Charlotte 260
Smith, C. M .. 264
Smith, C. Stoddard 542
Smith, C. W 206, 523
Smith, David Sheppard 396, 436, 532
Smith, Edwin Burritt. ji8, 873
Smith, Eli. 245, 622
Smith, Elijah 397
Smith, Ella B. __ 68
Smith, Emma F 502
Smith, E. S - 459
Smith, E. W 619
Smith, Fannie J. _ 197
Smith, Frank J 261
Smith, Gean 422
Smith, General J. C 331
Smith, George 128, 396
Smith, G. C 617
Smith, George T. . .316, 320
Smith, George W., 167, 172 ,182, 413,
575.617, 619, 713
Smith, Gilbert R 617, 618
Smith, Giles W 396
Smith, Gneme Lisle 689
Smith, Hattie W 70
Smith, Haydn Kellogg .. 697, 698
Smith, Henry P -676, 677
Smith & Hogey — - 550
Smith, Ida B 726
Smith (Ira) & Co 334
Smith, J. A 684
Smith, James B 407
Smith, James P. , Jr 410
Smith (James P.) & Co 337
Smith, Jeanie 216
Smith, Jennie .. 236
Smith, Jennie E 538
Smith, J. Eugene. _ 502
Smith, J. G 591
Smith, John _ 85
Smith, John 762
Smith, John C 622, 626, 627, 628, 853
Smith, John M 396
Smith, Joseph E 875
Smith, Joseph F 396
Smith, Julia Holmes 538
Smith, Junius J 548
Smith (J. J.) & Co. 548
Smith, Kate 206
Smith & Koplien 746
Smith, K. G. 86
Smith, Lafayette H 546
Smith, Lot B 385, 848
Page
Smith & Malam 351
Smith, Marian Agnes 72
Smith, Mary 77,78
Smith, M. B '. 816
Smith, Margaret Dabney 287
Smith, Marianda R. 470
Smith, Marvin E. 618
Smith, Mrs. L. H. 419
Mrs. Matilda 149
Mrs. Orson 522
Mrs. Perry H 782
Mrs. Willard 419
Mrs. W. E 419
Mrs. W. S... 611
Oliver 249
Orson 318, 320
O. J - — - 706
Perry II 401, 649, 827, 861
Perry H., Jr _ _ 277, 522
Peter 254, 746
Pliny B. 393
R. D 848
Rev. E. H... ..806
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith,
Smith, Rev. Justin A. 710, 816
Smith, Rev. Robert A 817
Smith, R. J. .. 403, 404, 405, 461, 462, 466
Smith, Robert W. — 590, 591, 616
Smith, Sarah Ella 690
Smith, Sidney 319, 846, 864, 874
Smith, Solomon A 413, 439, 440
Smith, Susie R 720
Smith, T. C — 500
Smith (T. C.) & Co. 500
Smith, Thomas M 351
Smith, U. P 69
Smith, W. B _ 69
Smith, Waldo Watt _ 397
Smith, Willard 711
Smith, William C 550
Smith, William E 470
Smith, William F 72
Smith, William Henry.. 441, 560, 562,
590, 706, 752, 847
Smith, William Sooy 431
Smull, Lizzie Barker 506
Smyth, John M 102,852,866
Snider, Alonzo 854
Snigurski, Rev. Adolphus 775
Snitzer, John .. 627
Snitzler, John H._ 798
Snoden. C. A 705,706
Snow, Edgar M. 449
Snow, Helen 424
Snow, Mrs Elizabeth. 397
Snow, William B. 197
Snowden, Clinton C 401
Snowell, John 320
Snowhook, William B 397, 560
Snydacker, A. G 409
Snydacker, Godfrey 85
Snyder, Elizabeth 80
Snyder, John M . 590
Snyder, Lizzie 707
Snyder, MarvA. 625
Snyder, Mrs.' W. H 625
Snyder, O. C 535
Snyder, Otho W. F 541
Snyder, Rev. A. W 782
Snyder, Rev. Gerrett 801
Snyder, William H 618, 625
Sobraro, Margaret 372
Soden, Mary J. 673
Soden, Mrs. William H 397
Soetre, Allan 694
Soller, John R 866
Sollitt, John 77, 396
Sollitt, Oliver N. 79
Sollitt, Thomas 78, 79
Sollitt, William 78
Solomon, Amelia 342
Solomon, G. S 542
Somerville, Mary 78
Somerville, William 565
Somers, Richard 143
Somerville, Rev. E. T 787
Sommer, Frederick 101, 102
34
SI'KVIAI, 1NDKX.
Sopet, Altx-rt 378
Soules, Rufus 397
Smith Branch Dock Company 368
South Branch Lumber Company-- 368,369
South, Caroline II <i<i
South I (aisled-street Iron Works 482
Southwell, C. P. 542
Southwick, Charles II 101
Southworth, John Moore 876
Southworth, \V. I. 365,366
Southwortb, William P 93
Spalding, Albert G. 673
Spalding(A. G.KV I'.ros 681
Spalding, A. \V. 469
Spalding, Jesse 101, 143, 366, 561, 562, 847
Spalding, Rev. John I — 769
Spang, Peter _ _ ,sj
Spatholt, H _- 619
Spaulding, Julia S. 316
Spaulding, P MS
Spanlding, S. T 396
Spar, Kli/a A. 374
Sparks, \V. A. J 872
Sparr, Augustus — 84
Speakman, Rachel 538
Spears. Harry D 422
Speer, Isaac — 397
Spelz, Mary 112
Spencer, Alice E 218
Spencer, Bernard Hake 360
Spencer, I >. I'. --.- 436
Spencer, !•'. !•' 290, 796
Spencer, U.K... 94
Spencer, Louisa L 253
Spencer. Rev. \V. A 789
Sperling, I. I). 543
Sperry, E. A _. 598
Spiegel, Joseph 524, 617, 738
Spiegel, Sarah - 507
Spink, A. 614
Spink, !•'. W. 590
Spoehr, Charles A. 754
Spooner, Frank E, ... 798
Spooner, J. A _ 687
Spork. Emelie 538
Sporlein, Chrisline .- 91
Sprague, A. A. 404, 405, 609, 649, 650, 651
Sprague, Laura B 401
Sprague, O. S. A.. 290, 409, 417, 421,
423, 650, 865
Sprague, Warner & Co 348, 582
Sprague. William..- 410, 629, 630631, 632
Spray, John C 162
Spread, H. F 420, 422
Spring, C. A., Jr . 827
Spring, Giles 836
Springer, George A 452
Springer, Milton C 565
Springer, W. \._ 449
Springfield Iron Company-. 478
Spry, John 372
Spry, Mrs. John _ 419
Squ'iers, Collins S .- 406, 555. 556, 557
Squires, Caroline _ 625
Staats, William 684
Stabler, James 680
Stacey, Mrs. T. E 630, 631, 632
Stacy', H. C 627
Stade, Mary 732
Stafford, J. F 864
Stager, Anson 72, 100, 219, 227, 390,
3Q2, 393, 4<>4. 4"s, 44L 595. 597.
'•=!<>. 847
Stahl, Esta J 94
Stahl, Henry 865.866
Stambach, Annie M 417
Stambaugh, J. W. K 109
Stamm, Rev. Martin
Stampen, Jacob 868
Stanford, George F 182
Stanford, George W 175
Stanley, Giles A 617
Stanley, 1'. E 451
Slanton. Daniel D 396
Stanton, Edwin M i ig
Stunton, Gertrude M 7411
Page
Stanton. James P - 114
Stanton, William |H
Staples. Frank M 678
Starbuck, Henry E 72
Stark, H
enry.
397
Stark, J. L 258
Starkey, II. M.. 524
Starkweather, C. C 584
Starkweather, F. A 584
Starkweather, Mrs. L. H 631, 632
Starne, Alexander 559
Starr, II. A 591
Start, Joseph 673
Start, Rev. W. A 711
Statten, Katherine 746
Stauber, Frank A... 102, 485, 865, 866,
867, 868
Stauenberg, Hugo C 579
Stauffer, John - 420
Stearn, Delia 387
Stearns, Georgiana — 350
Stearns, John 874
Stearns, J. William 817
Stearns, Marcus Cicero -390, 394. VIM.
439. 447, 854, 862
Stearns, Marguerite E. .. 103
Stebbin, George C 629
Steel iV Mc.Ma'non 133
Steel, Mrs. Aslibel.. 397
Steele, Daniel A. K 513, 515, 528
Steele, Edward J ....108, 114
Steele, Henry T... 808
Stiele, James 5^5
Steele, J. E. _. 677
Steele, James \V _. 397
Steele, Julius 676
Steele, Mrs. Rebecca Allen 397
Steele, Samuel V 705, 706
Steen Brothers _ 747
Steen, Julius W. 747
Steen, Mathias H 747
Steffens, M. J... .. 681
Stehman, H. 15 522
Stein, Leopold 750
Stein, Louis 723
Stein (Louis) & Co. 723
Stein, Mrs. Maria A 397
Stein, Philip .408, 855
Steingardt, Benjamin __ 617
Steinnielz, Conrad 81
Stelle, E. T 657
Stensland, P. O 866, 868
Stephan, Hanna 485
Stephens, Henry _. 521
Stephens, John __ -.240, 241
Stephenson, G. F 590
Stephenson, Robert _ 380
Stephenson, S. M 377
Sterling, L 614
Sterling, Louise C __ 581
Sterling, W. H 308
Stern, Max 685
Sterner, Albert E . _ 422
Stettauer, D 408
Stevens, A. G. 617
Stevens. Emma 740
Stevens. II. F _ _ 533
Stevens, John K 800
Stevens, 1.. \l.._ _ 872
Stevens, R. E _ 618
Stevens, Rev. John M 782
Stevens, Sarah 134
Stevens, Thomas H ... . _ 396
Stevens, Walter A. - 544, MS, 620, 625
Sir vcns, William 382
Stevens, William (,'. 424
Stevens, W. E . 618
Stevenson, A. F. 872
Stevenson. Alcxandel F.... ..238,875
Stevenson, Sarah I lackett - 5 iS, 511). 520, 521
Stevenson, William C. 163
Stewart. Archibald A 619
Stewart, A. T ;;, <,,,;
Stewart, Elizabeth <>Sjj
Stewart, Ellen. 738
Stewart. George. „ -;,,., 'VJ<.
Page
Stewart, Gnmie --5S4, 5^5. 869
Stewart, Hart I - 397
Stewart, James F ''24
Stewart, John - 613
Stewart, John E. - 834
Stewart, John F - 15°
Stewart, John W lot, 102, 622, 657, 862
Stewart, Mary A - 733
Stewart, Mrs. C. A. .. - 419
Stewart, William - 613
Stickney, Edward S 335, 782
Stickney, W. II -*54. §75
Stiles, Aaron 59*
Stiles, A. B - <>29
Stiles, A. K -- 502
Stiles, Israel V, 101, 279, 280, 290, 403,
592, 854, 857, 866, 873, 874, 875
Stiles, Josiah 32"
Stiles. W. A. 502
Stillwell, John 568
Slimming, Theodore 875
Stimpson, W 429
Stinson, Joseph N. . 800
Stinson, Rebecca 347
Stimson, Mrs. II. P 419
Stirling, William R 610
Stilts, I. A --' 608
Stobee, Belle 419
Stockbridge, George E \\tiii
Stocking, Charles H 785
Stockman, Emma 669
Stockton, F'. O - 515
Stockton, Joseph ... 182, 184, 526, 59;, 612
Stoddard, J. A 616
Stokes, Clements _ 397
Stokes, Edward J 402, 404
Stokes, Eliza 496
Stokes, T. Oliver 786
Stone, A. J 449
Stone, George F 316, 318, 320
Stone, Jason D 389
Stone, Leander 610
Stone, Melville E... 700, 701, 705, sfq,
873, 874, 875
Stone, Mrs. A. B 520
Stone, Mrs. II. O 522
Stone, Mrs. Leander 418, 419, 613
Slone, Mrs. N. R 419
Stone, R. B 143, 854
Stone, Rebecca C 309
Stone, Rensselaer 101, 564, 565
Stone, Rev. Luther 521, 710
Stone, Rev. Morton F __ 422
Stone, Samuel 610
Slone, Sidney M 68
Slory, Mrs. R. E 522
Storey, A. C 279, 868, 874, 875
750
• 750
Storey, Mrs. J. B 419
Storey, WTilbur F 390, 698
Storrs, Emery A., 255, 280, 290, 319,
849, 850, 851, 874
Stoughton, J. C 846
Stoughton, Malinda 77
Stout, Irene A _ 496
Stout, Thompson W. 101, 854
Stoulenburg, G. W 546
Stow, Henry 396
Stow, Mrs. William H. 397
Stow, William II. 397
Stowe, E. L. ..
Storey, J. B
Storey, J. W. & J. B.
676
Stowell, Corydon G 150
Stowell, James Herbert 514
Stranahan.J. L 345
slratford, II. K 521, 539, 541
Stratton, Annie E 563
Straiten, Charles J 345
Stratton, Charles T 853, 871
Stratton, Josephine 232
Straus, Simeon 274
Strattsberger, Eliza __ _ 341
Strausel, Mrs. Katherine Berg 397
Strauss, Sigismund _ 694
Stiaiit. George 440,441
Strawbridge, William 321
SPECIAL INDEX.
35
Pas-
I.I
Ilf
820
782
733
345
613
847
535
618
121
70
70
79'
508
70!
553
449
800
535
848
560
621
869
541
875
545
798
396
687
238
707
818
691
743
Streat, II. S
Streator & Eddy
Streckfuss, Rev. John Adam
Street, Charles A 610,
Street, Rev. George C — 613,
Street, Richard
Street, W. W -
Streetor, A. J —
Streetor, John \V
Strening, John -
Stringer, Richard —
Strippelman, Fred. K. _
Strippelman, William
Strobridge, Rev. Thomas R
Strong;, Albert B -
Strong, Charles E..-
Strong, C. H
Strong, D. O.
Strong, Harriet W. _ _
Strong, Henry _ -165,
Strong, William E 379, 592, 847,
Strother, Holton F
Stroud, Esther __ -.
Struhbe, Charles E. _
Strubie, J
Strufkman, G. G --
Strueh, Mary -
Stryker, Rev. M. \Volsey-_ 522,
Stuart, Alexander
Stuart, E. C
Stuart, Frances \V
Stuart, James E . ._
Stuart, Lewis
Stuart, Owen 109, 591,
Studehaker Brothers
Studebaker, P. E
Studebaker, Wilbur F
Stuff, Rev. (',. L. S.
Sturges, Frank . _
Sturges, George 440, 441, 649, 650,
Sturges, James D
Sturges, Lee
Sturges, Lucy
Sturges, Stephen I! _.
Sturges, William N _
Sturgis, McAllister & Co
Sturm, Adolph
Sturtevant, Austin D._
Sturtevant, Charles H -90,
Sturtevant, Edwin ._
Suddard, Thomas J.
Sugg, George _ 735
Suits, S. A. 397
Sulkheld, Maria 87
Sullivan, Alexander 126, 254, 872
Sullivan, Andrew J 869
Sullivan, David 875
Sullivan, Dennis J 447
Sullivan, Eleanor C 570
Sullivan, Eugene 121, 397
Sullivan, James Bernard 99
Sullivan, Johanna 112
Sullivan, J. J 279. 280
Sullivan, Margaret B 702
Sullivan, Mark _ _ __ 329
Sullivan, Michael Joseph 99
Sullivan, Rev. Edward 519, 781
Sullivan, Rev. James _ __ 768
Sullivan, R. F 695
Sullivan, Stephen F __ 875
Sullivan, W. B 698, 705
Sullivan, William K._I46, 703, 704, 705,
846, 857, 875
Sulzbacher, Solomon 409
Summerlield, John (124, 854
Summers, W. H 431, 782
Sunbridge, F. G 684
Sunday, \VilliamA._ 673
Sundberg, Francis A _ 547
Sundelius, Peter _ 875
Surbridge, Arabelle. 534
Sutton, Fannie i r4
Sutton, John .go, 617
Sutton, Thomas.. _ 626
Snydam, Abraham. 119
Suydam, Kittle irg
743
743
793
429
827
440
422
479
440
320
333
739
396
396
go
182
Swagers, Rev. !)._
Swain, Edgar D .542, 543, 544, 586,
Swan, Mary W.
Swan, T. II..
Sward, Alexander ...
Sward, Charles J
Swartz, Josiah
Swasey , James Atwood
Swayne, Wickersham
Swazey, Rev. Arthur (30,803,
Sweet, Ada C —
Sweet, Alunson...
542,
804,
Sweet, Albert I
Sweet, Benjamin J.
Sweet, George
Sweet, Henry
.388,
-637,
. 101,
Sweet, J. W.
Sweet, Martin P
Sweet, Rev. R. F
Sweet, Sarah
Sweeney, John 102, 131, 396,
Sweeney, M.
Sweney, Alexander
Swenie, Dennis J... 120, 121, 125,
868,
101.
Sweenie, Sernatta __ ........... ___
Swett, Leonard, 254, 279,409,410,
827, 841,
Swett &Grosscup.
866,
867,
804,
858,
Swift, George B 102,
Swift, Lemuel J.
Swift, Lewis
Swift, Rev. Carlos
Swift, Rev. Horace J
Swift, Rev. P.- 11. .
1 86,
Swift, Richard Kellogg
Swift, William H
Swinborne, Charles C._ __
Swinburne, William
Swing, Rev. David, 70, 84, 96, 290,
710, 796, 798, 802, 803,
Swinton, T. R
Swisher, Stephen G
Swissler, William
S\vit/er, Lizzie II.
Swords, Mary M.
Swords, Thomas.
Syer, E. W _
Sykes, A Ibert
Sykes, James W._
Sykes, M. L., Tr
Szymanski, Francis
Tabberner, William Walter
Tabor, Mervin..
Taft, Lydia
Taft, O. S
Tagert, Adelbert Hugh
Tagert, Mrs. A. II _
Tail, Ralston
Talbot, Emma A
Talbot, Eugene S 508, 518,
Talbott, E. H
Talcot, Edward Bentbn
Talcott, Mancel .108, 335,
Talcott, M. D
Talcott, Mrs. Mary
Talcotl, Xaney A __ ...
I'allmadge, Fannie C
Talmage, T. F. ...
Talman, George L.
Tanner, William Augustus
Tansill, R. W .
I'ansill (R. W.) & Co
1'appan, Mrs. Cora L. V
1'apper, George
I'arnow, Charles 102,
T.irrant, Robert
Tarrant, Sarah __
Tascher, John .
Tatham, Robert L. 405, 616,
Tayler & Batchen .
1'ayler, Mrs. Mary Olin __
I'ayler, Reuben __
Taylor, Abner 409, 410, 436,
Taylor, Atigustin Deodat 396,
Taylor, Bert
77'
59"
77
366
694
694
33"
543
868
871
567
871
5f>7
642
854
68g
258
785
274
870
102
156
869
358
864
874
865
449
428
815
99
79°
564
796
441
626
827
290
404
617
422
-... 750
too
680
119
806
---- 334
775
221
470
101
.... 69
511
419
.... 82
439
543, 544
708
396
on, 855
-•-- 785
.... 827
610
250
616
467
395
582
397.
804,
402,
581,
741,
621,
836,
832
520
863
489
625
539
624
85
397
397
875
837
120
Page
Taylor, C 836
Taylor, Charles II _.no, 320
Taylor, Edmund Dick -3g6, 816
Taylor, Ezra _ 397
Taylor, E. S --.184, 846
Taylor, Francis Horace 396, 836
Taylor, Fred. P.. 501
Taylor, George 143
Taylor, George II. _ _ 122
Taylor, James A. 875
Taylor, James B. ... 875
Taylor, Jane _ 78
Taylor, John _ 570
'Taylor, John B - _ 875
Taylor, John Lu 285
'Taylor, John M _ 590
Taylor, Joseph W 690
Taylor, Margaret M 189
Taylor, Mrs. Charles _ 397
Taylor, Napoleon B 231
Taylor, Rev. E. G Si 2, 814
Taylor, Rev. E. O 815
Taylor, Rev. J. H 804
Taylor, Sophia A 456
Taylor, S. G 502, 503
Taylor, William A. 702, 703, 706
Taylor, William Hartt -?q6
Taylor, William Henry 509
Taylor, William R 703
Taylor, Z. B ._ 806
Teall, Edward M._ 466, 798
Teall (E. M.) & Co 461
Teall & Fisher 461
Tefft, Pope C - 304
Tegtmeyer, C. . 855
Telks, J. T 515
'Temple, Isabel F _ 419
Temple, John F 808
Temple, Peter 396
Temple, William Chase 599
Templeton, Hugh 86, 798
Tennent, Adaline S 541
Tennis, John C __ 725
Tennis, Orestes B 725
Tennis (O. B.) & Co. ... 725
Terrell, Lydia J. 432
Terry Clock Company 752
Terry, Gen. Alfred H 583, 584
Terry, Rev. E. A 767
Terry, Franklin S 599
Terry, Rev. Patrick 767
Terwilliger, J. M 617, 624
Ten, Walter 626
Thacher, Chester L. _ 542
Thatcher, Augustus T 387
Thatcher, John M __ _. 275
Thatcher, Mrs. Susan 397
Thauer, Elizabeth C 559
Thayer, Charles H 542, 544
Thayer, F. Porter __ 734
Thayer, H. E.
687
Thayer, John H 738
Thayer, Lydia A 310
Thayer, Moses A. 590, 617, 854
Thayer, Nathaniel, Jr. 335
Thea, Dora _ 746
Theim, Robert 875
Thexton, William M .. 618
Thibodo, R 608, 617
Thielen, Christine 197
Thielke, Harry 459
Thielepape, Edward F. A 577
Thieme, R 855
'Thomas, A. C. 320, 428
'Thomas, Agnes E 338
Thomas, B. W 430, 43 1 , 626
Thomas, C. W 848
'Thomas, Gen. Geo. H 70,90, 584, 590
Thomas, Gerhard Henri _. 396
'Thomas, Horace H 590, 852
Thomas, H. M 875
Thomas, Homer N 518
Thomas, H. R 617
Thomas, J. W. E 875
'Thomas, Louie 427
'Thomas, Mrs, Charles G 613
Page
Thomas, Rev. Hiram W... 50, 147, 586,
710. 789, 790, 791, 794, 795. 827,
828, 832
Thomas, Rev. Jesse B - 812
Thomas, Rev. Travis B 815
Thomas, R. S 816
Thomas (Si-th) Clock Co 75'
Thomas, Theodore. .301, 630, 633, 640, 650
Thomas, W. B - 449
Thomasson, Nelson.. 172, 449
Thometz, John James 525
Thomlinson, Jane 89
Thomlinson & Reed 104
Thompson, A. M. 617, 624
Thompson, Corwin C 366, 381
Thompson (C. C.) & Walkup Co 381
Thompson, C. II. - 35S
Thompson, Daniel - 1 66
Thompson, Elvira T 121
Thompson, H. G. 617
Thompson, Harvey L 182
Thompson. Harvey M. 101, 360
Thompson, Henry 626
Thompson, Henry T 825
Thompson. Henry Wendell 279, 874
Thompson. Hiram P -..102, 590, 865
Thompson (II. R.) & Co 684
Thompson, Irene 121
Thompson. I. B - 381, 584
Thompson, James K 126, 626, 627, 862
Thompson, Jane C._ — 544
Thompson, J. F - - 544
Thompson, John Howland _ 249
Thompson, John L 101, 102, 407, 863
Thompson, John M _ 847
Thompson, Louise - 678
Thompson, Mary.- 121
Thompson, M. A 605
Thompson, Mrs. Mary H 518 519,
520, 528
Thompson, Mrs. M. J
Thompson, Merrit Walter 513
Thompson, Rev. C. L 804
Thompson, Rev. Hugh Miller - 781
Thompson, Rev. J. E - 786
Thompson, R. S. 875
Thompson, Sarah 329
Thompson, Slason 669, 701, 702, 873
Thompson, Somerville 798
Thompson, William 359
Thompson, W. A - --.381, 393
Thompson, William II.. .449, 617, 619,
622, 875
Thompson, W. II., Jr 618
Thomson, Alexander M 613
Thomson, D. \V._ 625
Thorn, William Henry 551. 672
Thorn Wire Hedge Co 502
Thornbush, Henry K._ -- 868
Thorndike, Charles H. 289
Thome, W. C -- 681
Thornton, Charles S 271
Thorpe, J. H - 358
Thorpe, Selina 97
Thoreson, Annie E 597
Thorson, Soren D - 74 1
Throop, Amos G. 102, 143, 844, 875
Throop, Lainnl ,V Co 365
Thurber, Winlield S. _.. 424
Thurston, Benjamin F 263
Thwing, W. U - 619
Tice, Isaac P..- - - 269
Ticknor, Tames S 626
Tidd, W.'L. ...626, 690
Tiedemann, P. T 626
Tiernan, F 284
Tierney, Patrick .866, 869
Tierney, Patrick 11 - 866
Tiffany, H. C - 621
Tiffany, Harry S. 617, 620
Tiffany, Rev. O. H. 789
Tiffany, S. 619
Tighe, Rev. Denis Aloysius 776
Tilden, Samuel J 872, 873, 875
Tilden, Mrs. W. M 419
Tilden, William M - 873
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
Tilley, Robert - 512. 525. 52(>
Tillinghast, William 817
Tilton, MissC. P 6l3
1'ilton, I.ucian '°4
'Pimm, August 869
Pinan, Rev. P. J 77°
Pinerotte, R - - 695
Tinker, Charles A 59°
Pinkham, Kdward I 39°. 392. 825
PinkhamtK. I.)&Co -- 558
Pipple \ Coleman 9"
Tipple, George - 96
Pitman, G. B - 279
Tobey & Booth 605
Tobey, Charles 734
Tobey, Edgar P 586, 589, 617, 618, 623
Tobey, Frank B -- 734
Tobey Furniture Co 74°
Tobey, II. S 617
Tobin, Hamler & Co - 486
Tobin, Thomas 2^4
Tobin, Timothy 486,487
Todd, Ellen 452
Todd, George 870
Todd, lames F - 588
Todd, "Mrs. A. A 419
Todd, Rev. George C - 522,786
Toedt, Theodore J.-- 633, 649, 650
Toley, D 585
Tolles, Harriet F. - 344
Tolman (Henry) & Co 634
Tolman (John A.) & Co - -- 348
Tolman, Samuel A 348
Tomlins. Bella ... 633
Tomlins, William 1 630, 631, 632,
649, 650, 796
Tomlinson & Carseley 737
Tomlinson, Isaac -- 737
Tomlinson & Reed --- 87
Tompkins, Charles H 583, 785
Tompkins, D. D - 591
Tompkins, William Franklin 331, 752
Tooker, R. N 535
Toomey, Rev. Daniel B 776
Torrence, Joseph Thatcher .. 109, 478,
586, 591
Torrey, G. H .- 868
Touissi, Rev. J -- 777
Tourtellotte, F. W 243
Tourtellotte, Marie 80
Tower, Calvin David 748
Tower (I. S.) & Co 748
Powers, Mary Townsend 73
Towle, Henry S 263
Town, J. W - 295
Towne," J. W 360
Towner, H. A 320,782
Towner, H. N 164
Towner, Norman Kellogg 396
Townsend Fredericks 73
Townsend & Gordon — _. 496
Townsend, G. B -. 418
Townsend, J. P - 496
Townsend, T. B 786
Townsend, William II 125
Tracey, William 101, 854
Tracy, Frank W 596
Tracy, James 243
Tracy, John F 334
Tracy, Rev. William 787
Trainor, Peter 121
Trainman, Mrs. Susanna _ 397
Trautmann, F. 126
Traver, T. H 449
Travis, Rev. Joseph 711
Treacy, Ed _ 673
Treadway & Jewell 461
Treat, Robert Byron 541
Tree, Lambert 238, 421, 847, 853, 874
Trein, Charles 732
Trego, C. T 320
Tremble, David 547
Trimble, Maggie A.. 69
Trimen, John W. 54<;
Trimmingham, Ralph N _. 466, 79?
Trimmingham, William D 46?
Page
Tripp, Charles - 5°i
Tripp, Dwight K. - - 594
Tripp, layE...
Tripp, Robinson --- 396
Pristam, Mary 1C I27
Protter, C. J --- - 617
Protter, Hester - 341
Prowbridge, C. J 618,622
Prowbridge, Rev. J. H 804
Troy Stove Works -- 483
Truax, Charles
Truax (Charles) & Co - - 553
True, Mrs. D. J -- - 419. 853
Prue, Miss M. E. - 4'9
Pruesdale, Calvin - 128
Pruesdell, John P - 3°4
Prtiman, Henry - - $86
Prtimbull, J. H --- 449
Trumbull, J. R 8°
Tnimbull, Lyman, 238, 291, 402, 542,
834. 841, 842, 846, 847, 852, 858
Trumbull, R. H 4»8
Trumbull, W. J - 126
Trunkey, A. J - 387
Trusdell, Rev. C. G. 608, 609, 792
Tubbs, F. H. --- 595
Tubbs, Henry 848
Tubbs, Ira H .868,869
Tubman, John - 94
Tucker, Albert L 152, 153. 824
Tucker, Carrie Isabel 538
Pucker, E. N. 618, 619
'Pucker, Hiram A .816,817
Tucker, H. S. 539. 54i
Tucker, Ida 625
Tucker, Rev. Charles H 787
Tucker, William F. ..78, 262, 335, 840, 860
Tuerk, Charles E 688
'Puller, Henry L --- 396
'fuller, W. G 39f)
Tuley, Murry F. 102, 238, 273, 698, 854, 866
Tully, John D. --76. 102
Tully, Thomas - 7&
Tully, T.&J. D 76
Tumey, J. K - 126
Tuohy, James W. 7J8
Tupper, Mrs. Chester 397
Turbot, Peter _ 836
Turk, Joseph - - 735
Turner, E. H 69
Turner, Frank - 874
Turner, F. D 279
Turner, George - 102, 866
Turner, Hannah Maria C75
Turner, Henry 620, 622, 625
Turner, H. L._ --449, 7°9
Turner, John 396
Turner, John B --.164, 182, 184
Turner, John M 397
Turner,}. T 627
Turner, Laurin Milliard -.720, 827
Turner, Leighton 396
Turner, M. E 633
Turner, Mary P 479
Turner & Ray -- 340
Turner & Sidway — 5°5
Turner, Thomas 672
Turner, Thomas J .258, 857
Turner, V. C 164, 402, 408, 827
'Purner, William Harbron 505,623,629
Turpin, Virginius A. 334, 436
Tustin, Thomas 197
Tustin, T. J. 616
Tuthill, Richard S., 101, 102, 234, 235,
279, 568, 848, 861, 864, 874
Tuttle, Frederick 394, 396, 756
'Puttie, Frederick B 392, 393
Tuttle, LuciusG - 397
'Puttie, Percy 396
Tuttle, Sarah E 150
Tuttle, Thompson & Co 720
" Twain, Mark" 270
Twiness, Eliot - 592
Twitchell, Carrie L 73
Twitchell, Eli _ 73
Tyler, Harriet 186
SPECIAL INDEX
37
Page
Tyler, Mrs. John 419
Tyler, Mrs. J. E 608
Tyler, Mrs. L. W. 613
Tyler, Mrs. Sarah M. Stoughton 397
Tyler, W. H __ 692
Tyndale, Triolus II 331
Tyrrell, John 233, 439
Tyrrell, Phcebe .„ 98
Tyson, George — _- 210
Uhlendorf, Bodo --547, 549
Uhlich, Clara __ 579
Uihlein, Edward G. 580
Ullman, Joseph — 342
Ullmann, Emma _. 377
Ulrich, Julius... _ 617
Umbdenstock, M. _ .. 591
Umhof, Adolph ._. 615
Underbill, Volney 150
Underwood, Benjamin — 592
Underwood, John Milton. 396
Underwood, Mrs. P. L 418
Underwood, R. Abbey 538
Underwood, W. D 867
Underwood, William H. 627
United States Boiler Works 487
Union Bag & Paper Co 500, 754
Union Steam Boiler Works _. 486
Updike, Mrs. Mary Trowbridge 397
Updike, P. L _ 77, 78
Upjohn, Richard 72
Upman, Frank. 357
Upton, George C 640, 649
Upton, George P. 629, 630, 650, 652, 684, 696
Urban, William 694
Utter, Rev. David 711, 825
Vail, H. S 591
Vail, Lewis D._ 290
Vail, Margaret A 380
Vail, Sarah _ 233
Vail, Walter .. 396
Vaile, E. O 150
Valentine, D 816
Valentine, R 615
Valestra, A 615
Valin, Honore Dieudonne 530
Vallandigham, Clement L 843
Vallette, Frank H 459
Valletta, H. F 290
Van Arman, John 255
Vanarsdale, Mrs. W. W 419
Vanarsdale, W. W 418
Van Buren, Albert H 416
Van Buren, Barent 550
Van Buren, Martin 833
Van Campen, Charles _ 618
Vancleave, James R. B 562, 617
Vande Laar, Rev. M ... 766
Van Depoele, J 598
Vanderbilt, Cornelius 216, 219
Vanderbilt, William H. . 219
Vanderbilt, William K 219
Vandercook, Charles Raney. 396
Vanderhook, Rev. John __ 801
Vanderkloot, Adrian 482
Vanderkloot, Marinus ._ 482
Vanderpoel, J. H 421
Vanderveer, Rev. David N . 808
Van Dervoort, Alexander B 364
Van Deventer, D 865
Van Doren, Rev. W. H 802
Van Hollen, George 684
Van Horn, Rev. G. R._ 792, 794
Van Inwagen, James_3g3, 461, 632, 649, 650
Van Nortwick, John 396
Van Ordel, William C 70
Van Orden, Emanuel 801
Van Osdel, Jesse Redifer 396
Van Osdel, John Mills, 70, 87, 101, 102,
"5, 355, 394, 39°, 861
Van Osdel, John M., 2d 70
Van Osdel, Mrs. J. M 419
Van Pelt, John E 869
Van Schaack, Henry C. 677, 678, 679
Van Schaick, Anthony G 290, 365,
366, 380, 393, 439
VanSicklen, N. H 681
Page
Van Valkenburg, G. P 541
Van Vlissengen, J. H. 449
Van Winkle, Kate 376
Vanzwoll, A. Henry 150
Varges, Emilie 755
Varnell, J. H. 625
Varnell, Mrs. J. H. 625
Vaughan, C. E 590
Vaughn, C. A 673
Vaughn, Eliza 453
Vaughn, Mrs. S. M 419
Vaughn, Sage — 521
Vehmeyer, H. F... 345
Velie, Jacob W... — 429, 430
Venable. William 848
Venn, Charles ... 509
Venne, Henry 626
Venires, Mrs. O. G 422
Ventuti, Rev. A _ 777
Verbeck, J. E 420
Verdier, T. T 101
Verdin, Rev. J. S . .769, 771
Vergho, Charles 755
Vergho, Ruhling & Co. 755
Vermilye, Jacob D 467
Vestergren, Matilda 762
Vette, Charlotte. 341
Vette, Julia H 341
Vetter, Rev. G 819
Vibbert, Rev. William H 522, 782
Vidal, J. P 626
Vierling, F. C. 449, 590, 625
Vierling, Margaret 625
Vigneron, Eugene 543
Vilas, C. H 532,533
Vilas, William F — 402
Vilas, William H 872
Vincent, Aiken ... 396
Vincent, Mae 511
Vincent, M. E 357
Vincent, Nelson & Co. 333
Vivian & Henry 747
Vivian, Thomas 747
Vocke, William 846, 864, 875
Vodoz, Julie 432
Voice, John 396
Volk, Leonard W.. 420
Von Ame, Mary . 624
Von Hollen, George, 142, 854, 856, 857, 864
Von Moeser, Catharine 542
Von Schierbrand, Wolf 684
Vopicka, Charles J -.185, 186
Vopicka & Kubin _._ 185
Voss, Arno 844, 847, 856, 867, 875
Voss, Augusta ... 746
Vowell, Mrs. S. B . 419
Vreeland, John E .. 591
Vulcan IronWorks 486
Wachenheimer, Bertha 722
Wachtel, Theodore.. 643, 644
Wachter, Henry _ 507
Wachter, Margaret.. 507
Wacker & Birk __ 577
Wacker & Birk Brewing Company 578
Wacker, Charles H 577,578
Wacker, Frederick- 578
Wacker (F.) & Co 578
Wacker (F.) & Son 578
Waddell. William G 83
Wade, Carrie D 422
Wade, Daniel.. 83
Wade, Jennie I _ 442
Wade, John 290
Wade, Louis F. ... 584
Wadhams, Carlton __ 396
Wadhams, Seth 396
Wadskier, Theodore VigO-. 67, 72
Wadsworth, E. I _ 525
Wadsworth, Elisha Seymour .. 396
Wadsworth, F. L — -518, 519
Wadsworth, Julius ._ 396
Wadsworth, L. L 616
Wadsworth, Philip -.390, 392, 564, 565, 857
Wadsworth (P.)& Co 720
Wadsworth, T. I) 608
Wadsworth, Tertius . 840
Page
Waescher, Fred. II 72
Wagener, Barbara. 578
Wager, Catherine .. 230
Wager, Eugene E 388
Wagner, John .... 869
Wagner, Louise 94
Wagner, Rev. A 820
Wagner, Rev. H. A _ 794
Wagner, William 606, 608
Wahl, Christian .. 532,649
Wahl, Louis. .116, 118, 126, 171, 608,
651, 853, 862, 865
Wainwright, J. W _ 624
Wait, Charles C 396
Wait, Horatio L. 592, 610
Wait, John 396
Waite, Charles B 458
Waite, F. L 690
Waite, George A -617, 618
Waite, George Washington . 167, 396
Waite, Rev. Horace F 798, 804, 875
Waite, William H .....166, 369
Waixel, Isaac 441
Wakeman, Edgar L 684, 706
Waldmann. Adolph .. 852
Waldo, A. W 102,863
Waldron, Asa D. — 619
Walker, Carrie 549
Walker, Charles 816, 817
Walker, Charles H 166
Walker, David T 98
Walker, E. A 622
Walker, Francis W ... 241
Walker, George C... 295, 609, 649, 650, 816
Walker, Ginevra 378
Walker, Houghton C 396
Walker, H. D 869
Walker, J. B 864, 866
Walker, J. H 404, 526
Walker, James H 392
Walker, James M 261, 335
Walker, John 331, 787
Walker, Lavina 267
Walker & Lowell 461
Walker, Martin O .- 249
Walker, Mary E 517
Walker, Mrs. Abigail F 397
Walker, Mrs. Evans 522
Walker, Mrs. William 424
Walker, Oakley & Co. 340
Walker, Rev. J. F. 782
Walker, Rev. John II .801, 804
Walker, Rev. W. F 819
Walker, Samuel J 115
Walker, W. B 320
Walker, Wirt Dexter 287
Walker, W. S. 706
Walker, W. W 684
Walkup, Thomas 381
Wall, Alice 302
Wall, Charles A 617
Wall, Edward 867
Wallace, Carrie — 490
Wallace, Carrie Barstow 73
Wallace, Dan_. 119
Wallace, J. B 599
Wallace, Kingman & Co.__ 121
Wallace, Logan D 866
Wallace, M. R. M.._239, 846, 856, 857, 869
Wallace & Sons 599
Wallace, Thomas 599
Wallace, Thomas, Jr 599
Wallace, W. H. L 303
Wallach. D 409
Waller, Charles S 126, 866, 867
Waller, Henry . 522
Waller, Henry, Jr 402, 403, 404
Waller, R. A... 465
Waller (R. A.) & Co 461
Wallin, Thomas S 825
Walser, J. J - 233, 234
Walser(J. J.) & Co. 233
Walsh, Celia C. 703
Walsh, Charles _. 397, 614
Walsh, David 866
Walsh, David W 875
SPECIAL INDKX.
Walsh, James 854, 869, *-\
\\aisli, John R 169, 171, 290, 651, 702
Walsh, Joseph J... 122
Walsh, L. J 125
\\alsh, Maggie 690
Walsh, Mary M. T. IM
Walsh, T. J 875
Walshe, R.'j 622
Walrath, Catharine C 717
Walter, Joel Clarke 394, 396, 835
Walter, Mrs. Eliza Collins 397
Walters, Charles Edward 330
Walters, Lorenz 123
Walt man, O
Walton. Nelson C. 396
Walworth, Hubbard \ Co. 94
Walworth & Hubbard . 487
Walworth (J. J.) & Co . 94
Walworth, X. H. _ 375
Walworth & Reed 375
Walworth & Reed Lumber Company — 375
\\ampold, Louis 408, 417,650
Wanamaker, John 290
Wan/er, James M. ._ 102,302, 867
Ward, Electus Backus 559
Ward, E. P •_ 108
Ward, < leorge F 396
Ward, (ieorge L . .. 617
Ward, James 146
Ward, James II... 132,873
Ward, James L. 320,824
Ward, Jasper 1) 182, 234, 564, 565,
568, 844, 846, 858, 895
Ward, Maggie B. .. ._ 314
Ward, Mary.. _94
Ward, Mary E ._ 566
Ward, O. H. 723
Ward, Richard 626
Ward, Samuel I) _. 436, 757
Ward, Sarah Agnes 688
Wardell, Charles Frederick _ 492
\\ardell .V Hinckley 492
Warden, S. Annie 305
Warder, 13. H 504
Warder, Bushnell & Glessner _. 504
\\arder, Mitchell & Co 504
Wardner, Sylvia J. _ 625
Ware, E. C 449
Ware, Lyman __ 522, 526, 619
Ware, Mrs. J. W 419
Wargowski, Rev. Carl 823
Warne, MidaD. 260
Warner, Augustus 686
Warner, A. N 521
Warner, Ezra J 409
Warner, G. L._ 449
\\arner, Henry D _ 308,320
Warner, Herman 396
Warner, Lizzie 554
Warner, Mrs. Chester 418,419
Warner, Seth Porter 396
Warner, Spencer 397
Warner, William C 94
Warren, Calvin A. 841
Warren, C. Steward - 104, 785
Warren, E. S 785
Warren, Francis W . . 101,866
Warren, Hooper 833
Warren, Israel P 289
Warren, Rev. I). F. 782
Warren, Rev. 1I.W 792
Warren, Robert 320, 429
Warren (Robert) & Co 'vi
Warren, William 4(11
Warren, W. G 496
Warren, W. S. ...465,649
Warrington, A 617, 618, 622
Warrington, II. H _ 486, 494
Warvelle, George W -619, 625
Washburn, Edwards 304
Washburn, Elmer--. 108, 335, 564, 855
Washburn, Emory, Jr 390
Washburne, Elihu B. ..238, 410, 411,
413, 684, 835, 848, 851
Washburne, (ieorge E
Washluirne, llempstead 238, >;|
Washburne, John 413
Washburne, William 1'iit 413
\\asmansdorff & Ileineman 445
Was-all, J. W. 542, 544
Wasson, Sarah E 543
Waterbury, Mary 1 381
Waterburv, Mrs. \. M 419
Waterloo, Stanley 696
Waterman, Arba N IOI, 409, 41 1
Waters, Benjamin .. 397
Waters, Charles Edward 329, 330
Waters, C. O 804
Waters, L. C 401, 402, 404
Waters, Thomas J. ._ 109
Waters, W. B. 320
Walkins, Anna M 378
Walk ins, E. T _ 128, 411, 439, 657
Watkins, John 396
Wat kins, Sirs. W. W. 522
Watkins, Sarah 75
Watkins, Vine A 378,386
Watkins, William W. 102,311, 782, 866, 868
Watrous, C. ... . 86
Watrous, Mrs. W. S -631, 632
Watson, Elias 1) 397
Watson, Matilda .. 550
Watson, Mrs. L. H 631, 632
Watson, Mrs. Regina 632
Wat-.<m, William H 127
Watt, Hugh 96
Watt, |. M. 6
27
Watt. R. G. _ 672
Watterson, Henry (02,872
Watts, Alexander 422
Watts, Emily 507
Waughop, John W 249
Waxham, Frank E. 512, 515
Way, Jeannie W 244
Way, John S. 501
Wayland. Rev. Francis 816
Wayman, Mrs. Mary Wayman Hoult.. 397
Wayman, Samuel 396
Wayman, William -.396, 875
Weare, John 396
Weare, P. B 320, 405, 535
Weadley iV Cleary ._ 573
Weadley, Detmehy & Cleary 573
\Veatherson, C 503
Weaver, James H. _. 591
Webb, Caroline 501
Webb, George L 166
Webb, | ames Watson __ 397
Weber, B. F 449, 453, 875
Weber, C. Frank 735
Weber, J. T 591
Weber, Joseph M. .102, 871
Weber, Rev. E. .. 769
Webber, E. P. 255
Webster, Bessie 214
Webster, Daniel _ _ 412
Webster, G. H 522
Webster, John G. 290
Webster, Joseph I).. 51.4, 565, 567, 584, 827
Webster, Lucinda 529
Webster, Marsh & Co 720
Weed, Ella 487
Weed, Thurlow 255
Weeds, Caroline A _ 678
Weeks, J. A 824
Weeks, Jerome V. 396
Weeks, John O _ 536
Weems, Mason Locke 582
Weick, Louis _ 0,3
Weidner, Angelica 547
Weigley, Wellington 458
Weigley, Fillmore 458
Weihe, George W... _. 427
Weinhardt, Hermann 736
Weinreich, Rev. Charles G 794
Weir & Craig 492, 493
Weir, Henrietta C 704
Weir, Mrs. Mary Catherine Perine 397
Weir, Robert ..'. 492, 493
Weiss, Frank _ §4
Wei--, ( ;( ,>rge A... _ j^f,
Weiss (George A.) \ Co 576
Pag*
Weis-. (George A.) Malting & Elevator
( imipany _ 57^
Weiss, John H 578
Weil her, J - 616
Welch, Henry 126, 397
Welch, Rodney --532- 705
Welling, John'C 196
Wellington, Charles L 206
Wellman, Joseph H - 467
Wells, Daniel, }r 380
Wells, D. H. .'. -- 90
Wells, Edward P 79°
Wells, Ellen E 481
Wells, John Ouincy.. 174
Wells, M. D 69, 90, loo, 649, 650, 733
Wells, Mrs. Henry G 397
Wells, Theodore B 128
Wells, W. A 90
Wells, "William II., 146, 186, 429, 430.
520, 864, 868, 871
Welter, Dominick 108, 109, in
Wendell, A 875
Wendte, Rev. C. W 416, 711
Wenham, Mrs. J. C 631,632
Wenler, Frank 617, 869
Wentworth, Frank W 359
Wentworth, George 396
Wentworth, John. -1 13, 136, 146, 172,
1/3, 192, 334, 394, 396, 4<>7, 4",
412, 413, 542, 834, 835, 837, 838,
839, 843, 844, 846, 858
Wentworth, Joseph A. _. 870
Wentworth, Lydia A 377
Wentworth, Mosesjones 861, 875
Wentworth, Sarah A 173
Wentworth, William _ 397
Wentworth, W. F (172
Wesencraft, Mrs. William 397
West, A. F. 866
West, Edward Fitch 389
West, John 320
West, John A _ 642
West, J. J _ in
West, Mrs. A. F 625
West, Rev. Robert 709
West, Sadie H -,84
West, William II 871
Westfall, R. B. 43^, 584
Weston, H. C 618
Weston, H. G 710, 816
Westover, George P 272
Wetherell, J. M 657
Wetherell, O. D .102, 290, 867, 871
Wetmore, John O. 95
Wetmore. R. C. 597
Wetmore, S. W. 539, 541
Wetterer, Peter S ___ 102
Whalen, William. -.569, 585, 866
Wharton, Rev. R. K. 804
Wheaton, Helen M 623
Wheaton, Mary L. . 309
Whelan, William P. 102, 870
Wheeler, Adelaide 470
Wheeler, Calvin Gilbert.-532, 610, 802; 817
Wheeler, Calvin T... 69, 320, 390, 438, 439
Wheeler, C. W. .. _ 300
Wheeler, D. H .". 684
Wheeler, E. I _ 320
Wheeler, Fanny... _ 277
Wheeler & Fisher. 754
Wheeler, Francis T _ 154
Wheeler, Frank S 407
Wheeler, George Henry 320, 390, 650
Wheeler, George W 239
Wheeler, Gregory & Co. _ 304
Wheeler, Harris A... 397, 586, 588, 620, 621
Wheeler, H. N. . 787
Wheeler, J. F '_ 3O4
Wheeler (J. H.) & Co. ... " I2l
Wheeler, J. R g7I
WTheeIer, Mary S. ._ .388
Wheeler, Mrs. F. W ."."" 611
Wheeler, Xewton Calvin 275
Wheeler, Sarah B __ 566
Wheeler, Sarah E._ 507
Wheeler, William 102
SPECIAL INDKX.
39
Page
Wheelock, Jerome... 165
Wheelock, Otis Leonard 69, 396, S6i
Wherry, William M _ 583
Whiffen, Thomas 705
Whipple, Henry 174
Whipple & True 175
Whipple, William I). 583
Whitcomb, Helen S 532
Whitcomb, R. T 787
White, Alexander 621, 68t, 758
White, Alexander, Jr __ 457
White, A. H. 625
White, Ann O'Neill 573
White, Charles 869
White, Charles J. 248, 614
White, C. M. 617
White, Ella 630, 631, 632
White, ( leorge 664
White, George E. 101, 102, 868, 875
White, Harriet 330
White, Henry T _ _ 701
White, Horace 695
White, Hugh A. 521
White, Isabella ' 537
White, James C _ 592
White, James E._ 560,591
White, James L __ 673
White, James S. 404
White, Jessie 581
White, |ohn S 622
White, John W 672
White, Julia Edith 280
White, Julius 560, 591
White, l.yman A. 360
White, Mary- . 76
White, Mary L._. ' 387
White, M. W. 172
White, Patrick . 871
White, Randall H. 875
White, Rev. H. H 815
White, S. F 720
White, Warren .. .. 673
White (Warren) & Co 496
White, William 627
White, William H 406
White (William B.) & Co. 496
Whitelield, George W... ... .. 672
Whiteford, James Crawford 548
Whitehead, Helen 223
Whitehead, Jesse 264
Whitehead, Mrs. Henry 397
Whitehead, Rev. Henry _ _ 397
Whitehead, Rev. J. M.' 815
Whitehouse, Rt. Rev. Henry |ohn 779,
780, 782; 784, 785, 786
Whitehouse, William F 780
Whiteside, Thomas C. . 267
Whittielil, Thomas 547
Whitford, Henry K _ 539
Whiting, Mrs. C. H. ~ 419
Whitely, William N 504
Whitely, John. 618, 619,622
Whitlock, Charles __ __ _ 597
Whitlock, Frances E. . 344
Whitlock, J. I 4,8, 871
Whitman, C. M. 688
Whitman, George R. 390
Whitman, Jennie R ._ go
Whitman, Mary A 859
Whitney, D. P 800
Whitney, Elizabeth .. •><:
Whitney, E. H... Soo
Whitney, E. W. _ __ 522, 525
Whitney, Fannie Louise . .' 277
Whitney, Kanny .. 633
Whitney, Myron W. 630, 631, 633, 648, 649
Whittemore, E. E. 147
Whittle, 1). W. ..".'.'". 808
Whitton, Mrs. H. K. ... 522
Whyte, Harry I) ~ 4g2
Whyte, James 492
Whyte, William H. ... 49-,
Whyte, (W. H.) Machine Works 492
Wicker, Charles ( ;. . 420 875
Wicker, C. M. ."."."... 233
Wicker, Joel Iloxie 396
Page
Wicki-rsham, Charles I 478, 589
Wickersham, Swayne 102, 866, 867
Wickersham, W. B _ 415
Wickes, Thomas H. 231
Wickes, William R 153
Wieland, Henry 156
Wiersen, Rev. O. A 794
Wiese, Wilhelmina __ _ 530
Wight, Thomas _ 320
Wightman, Juliett G 723
Wignall, Thomas M 730
Wikoff, B. I) 542
Wilce, E. P _ 382
Wilce (E. P.)&Co 382
Wrilce, S... 864
Wilce, Thomas 143, 382
Wilce (T.)& Co. 382
\Vilcox, Ella 277
Wilcox, Erastus 396
Wilcox, George G 371
Wilcox, Jewett 357, 460
Wilcox & Mailman 452
Wilcox, Mrs. W. W 418, 419
Wilcox, Sexttis Newell. .182, 371, 397,
405, 609
Wilcox (S. N.) Lumber Company. 371
Wilcox, William J 460
Wilcox, William LeRoy 539, 540, 541
Wilcox, W. W .'. 502
Wild, Witte _ . 646
Wilde, George W 396
Wilde (James, Jr.) & Co.. 654
Wilder, A. E _ __ 404
Wilder, Nathaniel? 860
Wilder, S. . _ 449
Wiley, B. B._ 618
Wiley, fames _ 573
Wiley, Willard R. 677, 678
Wilke, William Matthew 533, 534
Wilken, Emil. 182
Wilkie, Daniel H. 92
Wilkic, Franc 1! --684, 701, 705
Wilkie, John K. 696, 705
Wilkins, F. H 538
Wilkins, J. R _. 619
Wilkins, S. G 619
Wilkinson, Ella H 702
Wilkinson, E. E. 422
Wilkinson, Henry 573
Wilkinson (Jacob) & Son _ 573
Wilkinson, John 417, 682
Wilkinson (John) Company 682
Wilkinson, Mrs. Henry 519
Wilkinson, Rev. John _ 780
Willard, Alonzo Joseph 396
Willard, A. L 539, 541
Willard & Driggs 429
Willard, Elisha Wheeler. 396
Willird, Frances E 853,871
Willard, Hattie M 425
Willard, Peter llaskill 333, 429
Willard, Samuel 627
Willcox, Rev. G. B 809
Wilier, Louis. 87
Willett, Consider H 406
Williams, Abram 467
Williams, Asa__ _ _ 800
Williams, Benezette 126, 431
Williams, Charles A 688
Williams, Eli B. _ 397, 837
Williams, Elizabeth A 870
Williams, Erastus S 238, 255
Williams, Frank B 409, 629
Williams, George A 622
Williams, Giles.. 396
Williams, G. Titus . 335
Williams, Helen M _ 256
Williams, J. C... 526
Williams, Jesse I . 802
Williams, John _ 478
Williams, John E __ 672
Williams, J. F _ 608
Williams, J. H 785
Williams, John M 365, 371
Williams, Julia K 399
Williams, Louisa 491
Page
Williams, Martin I) _ 93
Williams, M. K 683
Williams, Mrs. Eli B 397
Williams, Mrs. F. B. • 519
Williams, Mrs. S. A 625
Williams, Norman A. — 93, 409, 597
W'illiams, Read A. 120,371
Williams (Read A.) & Co. — 365
Williams, Rev. E. F 604, 808. 809
Williams, Richard 619
Williams, Robert 583
Williams, R. P. 866
Williams, S. B 804
Williams, Stella C _ 276
Williams, W _ 126
Williamson, Corinne ... 594
Williamson, C. O 694
Williamson, Ed. N 673
Williamson, Helen C 258
Williamson, Mannie 563
Williamson, Mrs. J 419
Williamson, Rev. John -"89, 791, 792
Williamson, R. S 875
Williard, Elvira J 378
Willing, H. J 411, 522, 798
Willing, Rev. W. C 792,794
Williston, Horace 393
Willoughby, Hill & Co 597
Wilmanns, A. IX 458, 615
Wilmanns & Thielcke . 459
Wilmarth, Henry M .96, 649. 824, 827
Wilmarth (H. M.) & Bro. 96
Wilmarth, Homer 397, 841, 875
Wilmarth, Thomas Wadsworth 96
Willmin, Joseph. 397
Wilmott, James. 449
Wilsey, A'lmira 497
Wilson, A. A.. _ 134
Wilson, Benjamin M 875
Wilson, Catharine 96
Wilson, Charles H 358
Wilson, Charles L 252, 703, 834
Wilson, Clara F 76
Wilson, Clara J 271
Wilson, Cleon Bruce 549
Wilson, Emily _. 551
Wilson, George 68 1
Wilson, George W. .126, 130
Wilson, Isaac G — 245. 396
Wilson, James ... 680
Wilson, James A 449, 618
Wilson, James J 591
Wilson, James L. 277
Wilson, Jere M 874
Wilson, John 80, 626
Wilson, John Lush 396
Wilson, J. J. S 595
Wilson. John M. 167, 171, 277, 816, 817, 836
Wilson, John P 807
Wilson, John R 703
Wilson, John S 362
Wilson, Lee H 672
Wilson, Mrs. Agnes Spence 397
Wilson, Mrs. E. Crane 419
Wilson, Mrs. H. R 526
Wilson, Mrs. John E _ 419
Wilson, Rev. J. D __ 430
Wilson, Richard _ 840
Wilson, Robert F.._ 591
Wilson, S. M 841, 875
Wilson, W. G 69
Wilson, W. H 627
Wilt, Mrs. Charles T 625
Winans, Eva Louise 818
Winans, Orange S. 206
Winant, Emily. 650
Winch, William 648
Windett, Mrs. A. W 424
Wineman, Mark 868
Wingate, Ella 152
Wink, Henry. 617
Winn, Madalena.... 422
Winne, Archibald 622
Winsiow, Ann J. .. 4<)i
Winston, Frederick H., 83, 86, 103, 184,
287, 334. 335- 403. 52f>. 856
SPECIAL INDEX.
Pig
Winston, Frederick S 869, 87
Winston, Frederick S., Jr 10
Winston, Mrs. F. II _ jg
Winter, Julius ._ 62 -
Winter, Sarah !' 266
Winter, T . 38
Wint.-r, W. W 627
Wintermeyer, Julius C 38
Wintenneyer, William 626
Wintlircip, Marion 503
Wins, lacob C. _ 74(
Wirts, M. K.._ 740
Wise, Mrs. A. J 41
Wise, Rev. Isaac M. . 711
Wisner, Rev. Christian 80.
Witbeck, Henry 101
Witbeck (H.) Lumber Company. _ 368
Witbeck, John II 81, 620, 621
Witheroll, Sarah Elizabeth 373
Withrow, Thomas S. 184, 218, 526
Witkowsky, Conrad 466
Wittmever, Ciiistav 616, 725
Woelfel, Camilus __ 525
Wolcott, Alexander . 190, 397, 62^
\\ "oirott, G. G _ 366
Wolcott, Henry Huntington 396
Wolcott, Oliver 257
Wolcott, Roger 257
Wolf, Frederick William
Wolf, George | _ 160
Wolf, John . 820
Wolf, Rev. George Frederick 68
Wolf, Rev. Theodore 68
Wolfarlh, Max.. 426
\\oiif, Jacobs -v Co 84
Wolff, l.udwig 500
Wolff (1,.) Manufacturing Co 500
Wolff, MaryC 553
Wolff. William . 647
Wolfsohn, Carl 633. 636
WoKeley, II. W 617
Woltersilorf, I.ouis
Wood, Adelbert C ...II 596
Wood, Albert I'. 90
W,,od, . \lonzo C .90, 396, 617
Wood, Andrew... _ _ 121
Wood, Andrew J 150, 151
Wood, B. F 077
Wood, Carrie Lee 599
Wood, Charles II. . 221
Wood, 1'.. Knvin 182, 222, 704, -7,
Wood, George E._ 380
Wood, Rev. Glen 804
Wood, James 673
Wood, Rev. N. E Si4
Wood, Rev. W. F 804
Wood, Silas Lee 151
Wood, T. R 97
Wood, W. ![.... 535
Woodard, Charles Sumner.. 685
Woodard, Willard 182, 415, 846, 875
Woodard, William K 227
Woodbridgc, Mary A 872
Woodbridge, Rev.' W. G 801
Woodbury, Mrs. Sarah Emeline Clarke. 397
Wood bury, William H 293,1121
Woodcock, Arthur 808
Woodcock, Elizabeth M 529
Woodcock, John I 357
Woodcock, Lindsay J 798
Woodford. O. F ". ...126,800
Woodman, Charles I .101,854
Woodman, Fdwin 837
Woodman, John 94, 618, 620
Woodman, John A. __ 622
Woodruff, Henry 695
Woodruff, H.W 575
Woodruff. Mary. .. 718
Woodruff, Mrs. Delia Gurley 397
Woodward, A. K. - 114
Woodward, A. W 535
Woodward, Helle 286
Woodward, J. I 871
Woodworth, James M. 816,817, 835, 836, 840
Woodworth, John M._ 816
Woodworth, Mrs. Mary J. Houghton.. 397
Woodworth, Mrs. J. M
Woodworth, I'. M."....
Woodyatt, W. II
\\oollacotl, John S
Wnoley, G. A
Wooley, J. H
Woolsin, A. C
Worcester, I'M win 1)
Worcester, Rev. John Hopkins, Jr
Work, Ida
WormiT, I1'. I1'
Wormer, G. S
Wormer (( ', S.) \ Sons
Wormer, 11. G
Worrall, Rev. John M
Worihington, Blanche.
Worthington, Daniel...
Worthington, G. II ..
Worthington. Rev. George
Woud, John Vant . .
W ray, Sarah Jane
Wren, John S
Wrenn, John H 80, 272
Wright, 'A. H
Wright, Aimer M.....
Wright. Alfred 461
Wright, Almira
Wright, A. M 299 319, 320, 787,
Wright, Andrew J
Wright, B. F
Wright. Charles B 618,
Wright, Charles D
Wright, 1). D...
Wright, Emma I.
Wright, ( leorge C
Wiight, George E. _
Wright, 11. 1' 156,
Wright (John) & Co
Wright, John Murray..
Wiight, Joseph 610,
Wiight, Laura L
Wright, L. P 610,
Wright, Mrs. \. H...
Wright, Mrs. M. A
Wright, N. T
Wright, Rev. [. E
Wright, S. H."
Wright, Sarah C
Wright, Timothy *
Wright, Truman G
Wright & Tyrrell . .
Wright, W. .'.
Wright, W. A
Wright, W. II
Wright, W. M
Wroblewski, August
Wroe, Thomas J "
Wuest, S
Wurmsur, Irene
Wyant, A. H.
Wyatt, Sir Digby...
iVyeth & Vandervoort Malting Company
Wygant, Alonzo _
Wygant, Bernard. ..
Wygant, Julia E.
ylie, David
.Vyman, C. W '.".'.'.
iVyman, Walter C
A vman (W. C.) & Co ~~
•Vynkoop. Mrs. Hannah T. Lowe
Xavier, Sister M
aggy, I.evi W._
Mrs John A
Vales, Horace H 396,
. Richard 833, 841 844'
Yerkes, C. T., Jr ...82,
Mrs. Catherine A. Gurnee .
•" 1'. L. I2g
Vohn, W. A
V'ordley, Sarah Ann
Yore, I """.".
York, John
'ouker, J. Clayton
Vouker, Rev. Alexander 792, 793,
'oung, Addie .
Young, Alexander McDonald...
P«R
. 81
- 52
- 53
- 7
. 86
- 54
. 62
. 21
. 8oc
- ('4
. 48
. 48'
. 4-
. 48.
. 8cx
. 'jc>
- 396
. 58.
- 78
85.
- 325
393
393
622
865
466
363
84
363
617
622
706
68 1
37<
aqt
706
864
875
35<
613
545
S?5
625
422
320
799
280
45?
78
396
8?
836
618
280
619
775
691
615
35i
59'
70
575
602
600
588
338
290
388
388
397
775
798
424
400
858
84
397
439
515
197
8/1
6i5
7'2
808
625
301
Page
Young, Ammi B 68
Young, A. N... 320
Young Bros. & Co 720
Young, Ella F 150
Young, Emma - 685
Young, Florus li... - -- 396
Young, H. N 539
Young, Mary A. 370
Young, Mary Caroline — 498
Young, Phebe Jane. 625
Young, Rev. W. C 804
Young, Sarah -• 127
Young, William J - 196
Young, William S. .. .866,868,874
Young, William S., Jr IO2, 279, 870
Young, W. W .. 677
Younggren, Ernest 694
love, Ira S._ _ 320
Young love, P. Y _. 616
Zabka, Francis 775
Xander, E. W. 449
Xasadil, Jan 186
Zavaell, Ludvik 186
Zealand, Rev. I. G ... . 771
Zearing, H. II. 422
Zernitz (John D.) Company 739
Zettlein, George. 673
Zeublin, J. E 596
/.irk, Augusta E 86
Ziegfeld, Dr. Florence. 616, 635, 640
Ziemsen, Paul. -.. . _ 617
Zimmer, Rev. Peter.. . 769
Zimmerman, Henry W. . 837
Zipf, Sabina . 736
Zuber, Magdalen _ 86
VUTOG*APHS —
Aiken, Mark E 664
Armour, Philip I). 296
Asay, Edward G _. 286
Barrows, Rev. John Henry. .. 796
Belfield, Henry II 152
Bemis, H. V 423
Bigelow, D. F. 422
Blodgett, Henry W 235
Brophy, Truman W 543
Bryant, James M 307
Bundy, John C 832
Burrows, Thomas _ 451
Byford, William II 508
Cheney, Rt. Rev. Charles Edward. 787
dowry, P. M _. 556
Collins, Lorin C., Jr ... 239
Conway, Rev. Patrick Joseph 766
Cowles, Alfred 696
Cregier, Dewitt Clinton 617
Crombie, Charles B _ 385
Culver, Charles E 295
Dennis, Paul H 196
Dexter, Ransom. 528
Donovan, Henry F 559
Dow, Asa 310
Downey, Joseph 92
Drummond, Thomas 261
1 'wight, John H 311
Earle, Charles Warrington 516
Ellis, Almon D 730
Ennis, Lawrence M. 284
Fairbank, Nathaniel K. 299
Falk, Louis 635
Fallows, Rt. Rev. Samuel 788
Farwell, William W . _ 259
Feehan, Rt Rev. Patrick Augustine 763
Forrest, William D .. 255
Gage, Lyman J. ... .
Gobel, Elias F 9I
Gray, Elisha . 504
Gridley, N. C ""' 288
Hager, Albert David 413
Hamill, Charles D 309
Ilaverly, John II .. 666
Hawes, Kirk.
237
Henderson, Abner W 265
Henderson, David 669
I lesing, Washington 704
Hitchcock, Luke 710
Hobbs, J. B 3I5
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
AUTOGRAPHS —
Hodnett, Rev. Thomas Pope 774
Holdom, Jesse , — - 265
Holmes, C. B 165
Hooley, Richard M 665
Hurlbut, Vincent L 623
Jennings, John D .. 758
Johnson, Lathrop _ 353
Jones, Fernando 458
ones, N. S. 313
Jones, William... 458
Kern, Charles 859
Knight, Clarence A 103
Leech, Monroe S - 512
Lorimer, Rev. George C — 813
Lydston, G. Frank .... 517
McGarigle, William J 159
McLaren, Rt. Rev. William Edward 782
McMuIlen, Rt. Rev. John 778
McPherson, Rev. Simon John 798
Mattocks, John 283
Mattocks, Walter 448
Montgomery, Liston H _ 528
Moore, Daniel Grove . 529
Myers, Sidney 435
Nelson, Andrew.. 399
Nixon, William Penn 699
Oram, Joshua F 554
Phelps, Erskine M 402
Pickering, Philander 307
Pratt, Edwin Hartley 536
Purington, D. V 90
Ross, Joseph P 508
Rubens, Harry. 281
Rutter, Joseph O ,.. 443
Ryder, Rev. \V. H .".. 826
Schofield, John McAllister. 583
Sexton, Austin O 289
Shepard, Henry M 237
Sherman, Elijah B 236
Shuman, Andrew 703
Slosser, Mac 5^5
Smith, Perry H., Jr 278
Spencer, D. D 436
Spray, John Campbell .. 162
Stevenson, Sarah Hackett 519
Storrs, Emery A _. 254
Stowell, James H 514
Strong, William E 379
Swain, Edgar D 587
Sweeney, John 131
Thomas, Rev. Hiram W 828
Thompson, Mary Harris 518
Thurston, Ebenezer H.._ 527
Tomlins, William L _ 631
Tuley, Murry F. 273
Tuthill, Richard S 235
Tuttle, Frederick 756
Van Pelt, John E 869
Walter, Joel Clarke 835
Wanzer, James M._ _ 102
White, Charles J _ 248
Winston, Fredericks., Jr. 103
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Abbott, Edwin Fletcher.. 276
Abbott, James ._ 712
Acker, Frederick E 442
Ackerman, John W _ 69
Adair, John Dunlap 263
Adams, Abbott L 372
Adams, Carrie Gwynne 151
Adams, Hastings & Co 372'
Adams, James W 490
Adams, Milward 652
Adams, Mrs. Florence James 652
Adams, Rev. John Coleman. 826
Adams & Price Manufacturing Co. . 490
Adams, S. W 494
Adams (S. W.) Manufacturing Co. . 494
Adley, Henry. 427
Adley Manufacturing Company ... 427
vEtna Iron Works 489
Agnew, Francis. 80
Albrecht, C. J _. 690
Aldis, Owen F 277
Aldrich, Henry H ._ 303
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Allen, Charles Billings 547
Allen, Charles F. M 286
Allen, Edward R._ 603
Allen, Egbert Fillmore. 262
Allen, Frank S 589
Allen, Luman 275
Alles, John F 97
Alles (John F.) & Brother ' 97
Alles, John. Jr 173
Alles, Joseph W. 97
Almini, Peter M 62^
Alsip, Frank 7
Althrop Pub. and Mailing House.. 685
Althrop, Thomas..... 685
Amberg, Franc 36^
Amberg, William A._ 688
Ambrosini, Peter
Ambs, Lawrence _ 55;
American Machinery Company 491
American Steam Boiler Works 486
American Steam Engine Works 488
Amick, Pleasant . . 1
Amsden, A. G 218
Andersen, Sebastian 749
Anderson, Gustavus 450
Anderson, John 423
Anderson, Nils. 29.)
Anderson, Peter W 73
Andrews (A. H.) & Co.. 735
Andrews, Alfred Hinsdale. 735
Andrews, Frank . 553
Andrews Lumber Company 735
Andrews, William B 304
Angell, William A. 232
Angus & Gindele.
Angus, John 82
Appel, Henry .. 91
Armstrong, William 226
Arnd, Charles _ 248
Arnold, J. M __ 490
Arnold, M. B 357
Artesian Well Ice Company 337
Asay, William C 286
Avers, Frederick Henry 79
Avery, Henry Cyrus. 679
A very, Thomas Morris ... ._ 371
Avery (T. M.) & Son 371
Ayer, Edward F 385
Ayer Lumber Company 385
Babbitt, William D._ 450
Babcock & Park 378
Bacon, Roswell B 253
Badger, A. C 374
Badger, H. H 374
Bailey, Edward W 306
Baird, Frank Theodore 635
Baird, Frederick Silas 274
Baker, Frank __ 269
Baker, John M 552
Baker, W. B 384
Baker, William. 353
Baker, William Taylor 312
Baldwin, Byron A. 98
Baldwin, Lewis Sherman 501
Baldwin (L. S.) Manufacturing Co. 501
Ball, Farlin Quigley 258
Ballard, Addison _. 372
Ballard, Henry C . 250
Ballaseyus, Francis Albert 642
Ballenberg, Jules. 726
Bane, Oscar F 722
Bangs, Dean.. 485
Bangs, John D 485
Bangs (John D.) & Co 485
Bangs, Mark.-. ._ 234
Banning, Thomas A . .. 276
Banton, J. Floyd. 542
Barber, Edward L 255
Barker, William Abner 534
Barlow, Henry C 221
Barnard, Josiah 351
Barney, John F 93
Barney & Rodatz 93
Barrensheim, Henry 580
Barrett, Oliver W 600
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Barren, Elwyn A _. 700
Barrows, Rev. John Henry 796
Barry, Robert 230
Barry, Samuel Stedmaii 98
Bartholomay & Burgweger Brewing
Company 577
Bartlet, John A 173
Bartlett, Buel H 693
Bartlett-Davis, Jessie _ 637
Bartlett, Maro Loomis 642
Bartlett, Rufus II 529
Bartling, Rev. William H. F 821
Barton & Jones. 374
Barton, Jesse Billings 277
Barzynski, Rev. Vincent 777
Basse & Co 383
Basse, Ferd. L. F 383
Bassett & Beaver. 95
Bassett, C. W._ 553
Bassett, James Smith 95
Bassett, O. P 690
Batchen, James . 85
Batchen, John S. F _ 85
Bauland, Jacob H . 719
Bauland, Joseph H 719
Baur, Hugo Franklin 552
Baus, John 113
Baxter, Thomas Marshall 321
Bay, George P 444
Beach, Elli A 297
Beadell, Madison __ 114
Beard, John P.. 114
Beaver, James E.__ _ 95
Beazley, John G 304
Becker, A. G 445
Becker, Frederick Walter. 260
Beeh, Edward, Tr __ 690
Beers, Samuel 399
Behrle, Raymond _ 686
Behrens, Max 550
Beidler, Henry 499
Beidler, Jacob 369
Beidler (J.) &Co. Lumber Company 369
Beiersdorf , Jacob 736
Belfield, William T . 510
Bellows, George G 251
Beman, Solon Spencer 72
Bemis & Curtis Malting Company.. 575
Bemis, Dwight L - 575
Bemis, H. V 355
Bemis, Joseph G 542
Bemis & McAvoy Brewing Company 576
Benedict, Amzi 717
Benner, Mathias. 498
Benner (M.) & Co 498
Bennett, Alfred Allen 817
Bennett, John Ira 236
Bennett, J. L. 714
Berg, Ole _ . 426
Berger, Harry _ 727
Bergeron, Rev. A. L 773
Berlin, Robert C _ 74
Bernardine (Dolwek) Rev. Fr 770
Berry, Henry J 497
Berry, Oliver A _ 197
Bert, Eddy 509
Besley, E. D... 579
Besley, William 579
Best, Henry 239
Best, Russell & Co 581
Best, William 581
Betsche, Charles W 739
Betsche & Ricke Manufacturing
Company. 739
Bigelow, Anson A.. 377
Bigelow Brothers ... 376
Bigelow, Hiram 288
Bigelow, William H 377
Billings, Cornelius Kingsley Garri-
son ._ 128
Birren & Carroll 762
Birren, Cornelius 762
Birren, Nicholas _ 762
Bisbee, Lewis H 266
Bischoff, H.Alexander 389
SPEC! \l. IXDK.V
BIOGRAPHICAL MKNMON —
Blair, Horatio Porter. 94
Blair, l.yman •_ __ 756
William T
Wake, lohn Oliver (>Sj
Blafceljr, C. F 688
lilakemore, |oseph 426
lilatx., \'alentine _ 579
Blettner, August 114
Bliss, George Harrison - 5<i>
IModgett, Edward Angn-llls
Blomgren Bi"s. ,\ Co 691
Bliinigren, Claus G... 691
Blomgrcn, Oscar N
Blum, Alfred ... . 234
Bockius, F. B. Eisen . 515
Boenert, Anton . . -.'1)4
Boernc, Bettman 516
Bogaidiis, A. II 683
Bogle, \ValterS 3*7
Bohmann. Joseph.. 653
Bohner, George 404
Bohner (George) & Co 752
Boice, II. M 384
Boman, Rev. Carl Bcrnhard Leon-
hard ._ 821
Bontield. M. \V 71.2
I'.ooth, Alfred.. 295
Booth, Daniel _ 2<)3
l!< mill, William Vernon 679
lloscovit/, Frederick 640
Bonrniqtie, Augustus-- 654
Bowernian, Martha Almini _. 534
Boyington, I.evi C .. 739
UK!. Edward E 732
Brachvogel, Charles 425
Brachvogel <v Press Manufacturing
Company... .......... 425
Brackeimsh, Alfred C 3*7
Urada, Charles ... 501
Brady, Matthew 1' 270
Braiiiard, William X 318
Brand, Michael 579
Brand (Michael) & Co 578
Brand, Rudolph. 579
Brand, Virgil M 579
Brandt, George \V 244
Brauns, Leopold 307
Brawley, Francis \V. S ._ 258
Bremner, Benjamin E 404
Bremner, David !•' 326
Brenckle, Frank \V. 690
Brewster, Edward Lester. 442
Brewster, lolin E 675
Briggs, Clinton 325
Bristol, E. S. _ 503
Bristol (E. S.HVGale . 503
Bristol, Rev. Frank Milton. 789
Brittan, Charles II. 636
Brockw.iy, Mrs L. Freeman 153
Bromley, Frank C 420
Broomell, ( lenrge D. . . 3152
Bronsgeest, Rev. Henry C.. 772
Brophy, Truman \V 542
Brown, Arthur K 731
Brown, Charles 1! 479
Blown, Dan.. 713
Brown, Edward < K^ood . 268
Brown, George Francis _ 230
Brown, John M 132
Brown, John W 625
Brown. S. A _. 382
Brown (S. A.|\ Co. 381
Brown, Sylvester F. . 114
Brown, William II 731
Brown (W. H.) & Co.. 731
Brown. \V. I,.. 477
Browne, Anthony 306
Browning, Granville Williams. . ... 284
Bruhnke, I. C. 732
Brim, Rev. N. C 822
Brunswick, Benjamin. 683
Brunswick, Charles.
Brunswick & Co.. 682
Brunswick, Joseph I'-i
Brushingham, Rev. John P., .. 7<i;
MlOCKAI'IlH M. Ml N I KIN
Bij.uit, James M 306
Bryant, I. II 4<)d
Bryant, John |._ 311
Bryant ,V Mcscrve
Buchanan, Fdward P 127
Buchanan, lames N - 127
Buchanan, Milford DeWiU 387
Buchanan, Kobcrt S. 440
Biichmau, II. \V... 549
Buckingham, Catharinus I' 479
Buckingham, Fbenc/.er 479
Buckingham, Reuben I) 745
Bncklen, II. E 752
Buell, George C.. 282
Bucll, [ra Warren 249
Buhmann, Tliemlore \V._ 740
Bnhrer, John S 4,Si
Billiard, "Charles William . 507
Billiard \ Gurmlcy. .- 507
Bullen, George 575
Bund), John C 832
Bunge, Christoph 308
Bunte Bros ,V Spoehr 753
Burehell, J. E 456
Burcky, Frederick 327
Burdett, Fdward A . __ 483
Burgess, Alon/o — 507
Burgett, John M. II 276
Bnrgweger, Leonard 577
Burmeister, John C.. 491
Burnett, Mary Weeks. 536
Burrows, Thomas 451
Burrows, Mrs. Thomas . 451
Burwash, Henry John 531
Burwell, W. I!.'. 485
Busscy, L. White 700
Bussey, William H 699
Bush, Lewis __ 491
Bushnell, Winslow 376
Butler, Jonathan Selby 128
Butler, Nathaniel 817
Butler, Rev. Patrick T 769
Butler, Rev. Thomas 766
Butler, William Patterson. 128
Byford, H. T 521
Caldwell, W. W 470
Calkins, J. W _ 502
Callaghan, Sister Mary Basilia 775
Callahan, Michael 115
Callahan, Patrick 485
Cameron, Amberg & Co _. 688
Camp, Isaac N 653
Campbell Brothers' Manufacturing
Co... -. Si
Campbell, Murdoch 81
Canfield, Corresta T 538
Carbine, Thomas __ 185
Carder, George Herbert 538
Cargill, Frank R..... 501
Carlson, Gustaf Henry 432
Came \ Drury 460
Carne, John, fr _ 460
Carpenter, A. A 377
Carpenter, George B 293
Carpenter (George B.) & Co 293
Carr, George — 83
Carr, Henry H 297
Carroll, John _ 762
Carroll, Rev. John Joseph 765
Carroll, Robert Stevenson _. 267
Carseley, Francis M 737
Carson, James D 228
Carson, John B 226
in, Rev. J. M . . 776
Carter, Artemas.. _ 370
Carter, James B._ 309
Carter, Zina K 309
Carter (7.. R.) & Co . 309
Case, Flisha W 329
Cashman, Rev. Thomas Francis... 777
(a-,s, Edward II 328
Cass, George Willis.. 270
Chaffee, Francis 762
Chamherlin, Rhuel Hampton 214
< 'handlers, i leorge ... 89
, MKNTION —
Chambers, J. B
Champion 'Reaping and Mowing
Machines
Chandler, Cornelius C
Chandler, William W
Chandler, William W., Jr
Chase, Benjamin F
Cheney, I.ucian Prentiss
Chicago Chain Works
Chicago Cooling Rooms
Chicago Dredging and Dock Com-
pany ...
Chicago Foundry
Chicago Gas-Light and Coke Com-
pany..
Chicago Horseman Newspaper Com-
pany
Chicago Journal-Bearing Works —
Chicago Lumber Company..
Chicago & Minonk Coal & Coke
Company — —
Chicago News- Letter —
Chicago Pie Company. --
Chicago Steel Works ...
Chicago & Vert Island Stone Co...
Chicago, Wilmington & Vermillion
( 'oal Company
Chidester, N. B.
Child, Albert A 1..
Christoph. Henry Jacob
Clair, Henry
Clancy, Mark B _
Clapp, Caleb
Clark, Anson Luman _
I iark, George W
Clark (G. W.) & Co
Clarke, Ward Greene _.
Clary, William James —
Clausen, Otto .
Claussenius, ( itistavus Adolphus. . .
Cleary, James M...
Clement, Bane & Co — _.
Clement, H. C
Cleveland, Reuben .
Clinton, George O
dowry, Robert C
Cobb, Henry Ives
Cobb, Waiter Franklin
Cobb, Zenas
Coburn, Lewis L
Cody, Charles .
Cody, Hiram H
Coffin, Devoe & Co
Coffin, Gorhani B _.
Colburn, Joseph Elliott
Colby, Francis Theodore
Cole & Co
Cole, Moses T
Coleman Lumber Company
Coleman, Rupert
Coleman, Thomas Daniel
Collins, Denis..
Collins, Downing & Co
Collins, Joseph B
Collins, Lorin C., Jr
Collins tV .\ewland__
Collins, William James
Collins, William 'I'
Collins, William W
Colorado Loan and Trust Company
Columbian Iron Works
Conkey, Walter B
Conkling, Llewellyn W
Connecticut Pie Bakery
Connor, William Henry
Considine, Michael
Constantine (Francis Leber) Rev.
Fr
Conway, Rev. Patrick Joseph
Conway, R. T
Cook County Abstract Company...
Cook, Ida May
Cook & Rathborne
Cooper, A. J
Cooper, Arthur N •_
Page
751
504
83
602
do I
98
547
502
339
292
480
128
676
50'
379
387
672
339
478
86
388
328
349
445
35''
4CXJ
74')
540
347
347
522
54i
495
293
573
721
722
370
215
595
73
312
232
251
727
281
425
425
526
285
457
457
386
97
573
S3'
722
76i
238
72(1
726
455
216
457
4811
600
68 1
328
98
3"
77"
7»5
127
460
151
377
45"
495
SPECIAL INDKX
43
Page
l!hn;i;AI'III( AI. MKVI'ION —
Cooper, George W 453
Cooper, John S 254
Copp, A. J 739
Corcoran, John Joseph 388
Corlett, George _ 427
Cosio, Angel 582
Cossman, Mathias 482
Covert, Abram H._ 452
Cowles. Alfred 696
Cowles, Torris Z 682
Cox, Henry Clay 151
Coyle, Patrick _ 762
Cozine, James Robert 552
Craig, Robert _ 493
Crane, Charles S 292
Crane, Frank R _ 293
Crary, C. W _ 488
Crary, Hamilton 489
Crawford, Alexander King 533
Crawford, Frank J _ 266
Crawley, J. A 455
Creswold, Arthur J 637
Crilly, Daniel Francis 80
Crissman, Ira B 545
Crocker, Ansel Leland 739
Crombie, Charles B 385
Cronin, Philip Patrick Henry 530
Crook, John 115
Crosby, Albert 577
Crosby, Wareham W 387
Cross, C. L. 374
Oowhurst, Charles C 83
< towley, Jeremiah J 569
Cruikshank, Charles Kli 286
Cruttenden, Thomas S 720
Cruver, Austin 488
Cullton, Thomas P 97
Culver, Belden V 450
Cummings, Andrew 363
Cummings, George W.__; 706
Cunningham, Thomas Scott 468
Ciirrey, J. Seymour 425
Curtis, Rev. I'M ward Lewis 802
Cushman, John Clark.. 600
Cutler, White & Boice.. 384
Dake Bakery. _ _ 325
Dal, John W 514
Dale, John T 254
Hale, Samuel Emmet 251
Dalton, John E 267
Dalziel, Davison 672
Dalziel National Printing Company 672
Dandy, John Milton 707
Danforth, Jerome J _. 460
Daniels, John B 383
Dart', Benjamin E __ 719
Darrow, Archibald 115
Davis, Charles \V 378
Davis, Fred 293
Davis, J. M.__ 676
Davis, William J. 468
Davis, William J _ 670
Davis, William 1 468
Davis, Wilson 11... 540
Dawson, Martin 754
Day. Joseph Lcverett 727
Dean, Munson 1) 455
Decker, Henry 268
Decker, Myron A... 262
Delamater, Nicholas B.. 532
Delano, E. A 491
Delaware & Hudson Canal Co 387
Dement, Isaac S 713
Dement (M. 11.) & Co 712
Dempsey, Samuel II 381
Denier, Anthony... 670
Deimehy, Charles 573
DC I'rosse, Angelo 639
Derby, Philander 735
Deschauer, Joseph 544
Divine, Peter 486
Devine's Steam Boiler Works 485
Devine, William M 875
Dewes, Francis J. 579
Dewey, Charles Alfred 534
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
DeWolf, Oscar C ._
Dexter, Ransom. _ 528
DeYoung, B. R. _ 450
DcNoung(B. R.)&Co. 450
Dibble, Charles A 265
I libblee, Henry
Dick, A. li 386
Dick .(A. B.) Company 386
Diebold Safe and Lock Company.. 497
Diet/sell, Emil 240
Diez (John L.) & Co 80
Dixon, La vail B 68
Doane, John Wesley 757
Dolese, John. iSS
Dolese & Shepard 187
Dolwek, Rev. Fr. Bernardine 770
Donnell, E. P 691
Donovan, Henry F 559
Doolittle, James K.__ _ 264
Durwin, Thomas 196
Dostal, Joseph.. 732
Dougal, Thomas _ 351
Doughty, Addison..- 676
Dovcumuehle, II. C 731
Dovemnuehle, II. F. C 731
Dovenmuehle (H. F. C.) & Son... 731
Dowling, D. M. J 766
I )o\vney, Joseph. 92
Downs, Charles S. ... 679
Downs, William Smith 727
D" vie, Austin J in
Drake, Frank 309
Drcyer, E. S 444
Dreyer (E. S.) & Co. 444
Diiesslein, Charles L 713
Drummond, Willis, Jr 452
Drury, Edwin 460
Dryden, Edward W 745
Dryden(E. W.) & Co... 745
Duffield, Charles 566
Dunlop, Alexander 726
Dunlop, Joseph R 700
Dunne, Rev. l-'r. Edward J 775
DuPont Gunpowder Company . 761
Dunham, J. S 294
Dunham Towing and Wrecking Co. 294
Dunphy, John M 79
DuiHon, Frank H 682
Dunton's Spirit of the Turf 682
Dunton, Thomas F 345
Dutcher, George N 493
Dwight & Gillette 306
Dwight, John II 306
Dwyer, James P 582
Dyer, Clarence H 387
Earle, Charles Warrington 516
Earle, John Estcourt 294
Earnshaw, Emanuel 84
Easton, Charles L 255
Eaton, E. E 507
Eaton & Prince _. 491
Eaton, Thomas W 491
Eberhart, John F 147
Ebersold, Frederick no
Ebertshaeuser, Henry 86
F.bertshaeuser & Riley. 86
Eddy, Albert M 480
Eddy, Clarence 636
Eddy, Devotion C _. 399
Eddy, George D 479
Eddy, Robert M 479
Edmonds, William 98
Edwards, Ebenezer 312
Edwards, George D . 745
Edwards & Guhl 312
Edwards, Henry B 745
Edwards, Henry J. — 745
Edwards, James Augustus 315
Eggleston, Charles B 314
Ehman, Charles 739
Eilenberger, Herman 81
Eklund, Rev. Henry Werner 794
Elison, John A 352
Elliott. William S., Jr 285
Ellis Almon D. _ 730
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Ellithorpe, Albert C 499
Ellithorpe Air-Brake Company 498
Ellsworth, Lewis . 267
Ellsworth, Lewis C 268
Ellsworth, Milton S 268
Eimes, Carlton D __ 480
Elmes, Charles F _ 480
Elphicke Charles W 470
Elvig, Albert J.. 260
Ely, Charles "F 538
Emerich, J. T 582
Emrich, Rev. Frederick Ernest 809
Engert, Rosa Henrietta 521
Engle, Augustus . 341
Engle, Edward 341
Englehardt, George A 485
English, William J. 261
Ennis, Alfred 231
Ennis, Lawrence M 284
Ernst Brothers Brewing Company. 577
Ernst, Charles Emil 577
Ernst, Leo 577
Esher, Edward B 558
Essing, Rev. Joseph 770
Estey & Camp 653
Evald, Rev. Carl A 821
Evans, H. J 328
Everett, Edward 534
Everett, Francis Denison 729
Everett, John C 245
Everett, William S _ 244
Exhaust Ventilator Company 500
Fairbank, Nathaniel K 299
Fairbanks, John 685
Fairbanks & Palmer 685
Falk (Franz) Brewing Company 580
Falk, Louis 634
Fallows, Rt. Rev. Samuel 788
Falter Brothers 86
Falter, Peter 86
Falter, Philip 86
Fanning, J. D 359
F'argo, Charles ._ 600
Farnum, George A 328
Farrell, M. P 573
Parson, R. B 385
Farwell, Marcus A 761
Faxon, Nat 99
Fay, James W 720
Feehan, Mother Mary Catherine ... 775
Feehan, Most Rev. Patrick Augus-
tine 763
Fellows, Edgar A 284
Felsenthal, Gross & Miller 443
Felsenthal, Herman 443
Felton, Charles Emory-- 118
Fenner, Irvin R . 553
Fernandez, Francisco 582
Ferris, Frank 221
Field, Benedict & Co 717
Field, Benjamin M 717
Field, Eugene 702
Field, John S 338
Field, Oscar 363
Fieldhouse, Dutcher & Belden 493
Fieldhouse, Joseph 493
Finerty, John F 707
Fischer, Edward J 549
Fischer, Rev. Peter 768
Fish, Alexander J 330
Fisher, Albert J 708
Fisher, Augustus F 384
Fisher, B. G 310
Fisher, Henry J 287
Fisher, L. G., Jr 755
FitzSimons, Charles 379
FitzSimons & Council _ 379
Flanagan, Patrick 427
Flanders, John J _. 72
Fleetwood, Rev. Benjamin Franklin 782
Fleming, John McLean 511
Flesh, Simon 722
Fletcher Brothers 86
Fletcher, Isaac 86
Flower, James M. 269
44
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Floyd, Charles 315
Floyd, John R 601
Folsom, Charles A. 274
Ford, John Sherlock 735
Ford (J. S. ), Johnson & Co 735
Foreman, Edward. 404
Forrest, Philip K 558
Forrest, William S 245
Forster, Marcus ]'. 720
Foster, Henry. \ 283
Foster, Jacob 'I'homas 141
:, Thomas 375
Fowler & Carr_ 83
Fowler, Charles C 83
Frake, James 260
Franck. John August Krnst 548
Frederiksen, Neils C. . 454
Fredigke, Charles Christian 547
Freiberg, Frederick 654
French, I'otter & Wilson 752
French, W. A 752
Freshwater*, Milton R — 268
Frost, Charles S 74
Frost, W. E 376
Frost (W. K.) Manufacturing Com-
pany -. 376
Fiichs, Gustav — 582
Fuller, Charles Gordon 537
Fuller & Fuller Company 546
Fuller, Harry C 223
Fuller, Oliver Frank 546
Fuller, William A 378
Fulton, Jefferson 1 405
Fnrtt (Henry) & Co 84
Furst, Henry, Jr. ... 85
Furst, Henry, Sr 84
Fy f e, George . - 494
Gale, F. M. 504
Galligan, Rev. T. F 767
Galpin, Homer B. . 240
Galvin, Rev. Fdward 1 417
Garber, Chris. C 483
Garcia, Bonifacio - 582
Garden City Warehouses 338
Gardner, Charles ._ 173
Gardner, Freeland B 372
Gardner & Spry Company — 372
Gardner, William __ 341
Gartside, John M. 264
Gary, Klbert 11 256
Gaston, Emma Frances _ 520
Gauit, T. B... --- - 221
Ga\in, John 1!.., 482
Gay. Henry Lord. 68
Gay, William F 97
Gay (William F.) & Co 97
Gedde, Ove 338
Gibbons, John 283
Gibbs, George A 275
Gibson, Alexander F 86
Giles, Charles K... 749
Giles, Edwin A 750
Giles Bro. & Co - 749
Gill, John 1). 283
(Jill, Rev. Patrick David 764
Gillette, J. F. . 306
Gilman, John Ellis.. 532
Gilmore, Pollock & Co.._ 459
Gimlele, Charles W 82
Glanz, Charles 342
Gleason, Frederic Grant 641
mi, William II 239
i Foundry - 479
Globe Warehouse 338
< Hover, l.yman I! 677
Goan, Orfin S 328
i lobel, Klias F. 90
Godfrey .Y Clark - 754
Godfrey, Joseph C 754
r,"rt/,v lirada --- 501
Gorl/, Fritz _ - 501
ie, William 7»
Goldthwaite, lames C 670
C,o,»d, Edward G. - 488
Goodman, Charles. 454
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Goodman, Edward 7IG
Goodman, James li 451
Goodman, William Owen 380
Goodno, G. W. R 222
Goodyear, William 732
Gormley, James Henry 507
Gorton, Edward Fisk 277
Goss, Rev. Charles Frederick , 824
Gottfried Brewing Company 578
Gottfried, Mathieu - 578
Gottschalk, Rev. F 794
(iramer, Valentine - - 74°
Grannis, Amos 78
Grannis, Samuel Willis 397
Grannis, W. C. D -- 439
Grant, William Cutting .. 250
Grassly, Charles William -. 548
Gray, Elisha — 593
Gray, Franklin D 442
Gray, Henry C. 321
Gray, John 713
Gray, Joseph I.ncius. 514
Gray, William Cunningham 709
Green, Charles _ 316
Green, Frank Russell 420
Green, Rev. James S. _ 788
Green. Rev. Thomas Edward 800
Greene, Frank C 563
Greene, John H 121
Greene, M. T 379
Greenebauni, Michael 507
Greenebaum's (Michael) Sons 506
Gregg, William M 313
Gregory, Charles F. 173
Gregory, Walter B 304
Greiner, William II 340
Greiner, Thomas 1 671
Grey, Clark \- Engle... 341
Grey, William L._ - 341
GrilTen, Alonzo M 714
Griffin, Thomas Augustin . 4^0
Griffith, Robert 496
Griffiths, John 91
Grinnell, Julius S 241
Griswold, Edward P 723
Griswold, Joseph W 723
Griswold (J. W.)&Co 723
Griswold, R. S 690
Gross, Jacob _ 401
Gross, Jacob 443
Gross, Samuel E 451
Grosse iV Co ._ _. 722
Grosse, Henry. 722
Grosvenor, Lemuel Conant 536
Grover, Alonzo J. 693
Grusendorf, Henry . 380
Grusendorf, Ott & Co. 380
Guhl, Frederick H 312
Gunderson, G. M 374
Gunn, John Ross 598
Gurley, Nahum, . . 341
Haaker, R. B 733
Haddock, Charles G. 459
Haddock, Vallette cv. Kii kcords ... 459
Hagan, Rev. James Monroe _ 766
Hager, Albert David 414
Haggerty, Michael G . _ 727
Haight, Vincent 531
Hair, B. M 378
Hair & Ridgway 378
Hair, Robert Stanley 202
Hall, Charles H. 732
Hall, Christopher W 566
Hall, George Alexander 532
Hall, J. Sherman 343
Hall, Robert Samuel. 519
Hall, Thomas W 344
Hall, William Edward 511
Hallberg, L. Gustave 69
Ham, Charles II. 564
Hamblen, Lewis A.- _ . 119
Hamblin, John J _.. 95
Hamilton, Edward II. 544
Hamilton, I. K _ 381
Hamilton & Merryman Company .. 381
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Hamler, J - 4»6
Hammerschmitt, Peter 733
Hammond, Thomas C 340
Handy & Co 458
Handy, Henry H - 458
llanecy, Elbridge - 271
Ilanford, Hall & Co 755
llanford (!'. C.) Oil Company 755
Hanford, 1'hilander C. 756
Hannah, Lay & Co 370
Hansen, Henry C. 740
Hanson, Franklin S _. 738
Hanson, Louis - 426
Harkin, James M 724
Harkness, Edson J 282
Harpel, Charles ... - 451
Harper, John Erasmus .. 516
Harper, William 197
Harper, William II 853
Harries, Rev. David.. 793
Harrington, James Jay.- 549
Harris, Charles Murray _ 257
Harris, Edward P 563
Harris, E. T. 502
Harris (E. T.) & Co 502
Harris, George P - 502
Harris (George P.) & Brother 502
Harris, Samuel II 497
Harrison, Carter H. 103
Hart, Abraham _ 723
Hart Brothers 723
Hart, Marvin G. 540
Harte, Gregory P 356
Hartman-& Ertz 495
Hartman, Fred.. . ._ . 495
Hartman, George A 119
Hartmann, Rev. Joseph. 823
Ilartmann, Adolph 495
Hartmann & Clausen . 495
Ilartwell, Fred G 388
Hartwig, Charles Ferdinand 551
Harvey, T. W 374
Harvey (T. \V.) Lumber Company 373
Ilaskell, Loomis P 543
Ilasse, Frederick 542
Hastings, George W. 372
Hatch, Azel F 272
Hatch, Henry L _ 723
Hatlon, Frank _ 707
Haven, Rev. Joseph 809
Haverly, John II 670
Hawes, Kirk. 237
Hawkinson, Peter L . 248
Ilawley, George Fuller 527
Hay, Alexander B 493
Hay & Prentice 493
llayden, Albert - _ 506
Hayt & Alsip __. 75
Hayt, Henry C 75
Mealy, John J... 238
llealy, Patrick J... 634
Heartt, Robert 166
Heath, Frederick C 83
Heath &• Milligan Manufacturing
Company _ 97
Heath, Monroe 97
Hedman, Rev. John . 786
Heineman, William . .. 445
Hemingway, Hannaniah W .. 544
Henderson, Charles Mather 729
Henderson (C. M.) & Co 729
Henderson, David 669
Henderson, Howard _ 265
Henderson. Samuel M. 621
Henderson, Wilbur Solon 729
llenneberry, Rev. Francis 770
Henrici, Henry 362
Henrici, Philip 362
Ilenrici, Wilhelm .. 362
Henry, Charles 747
Hepburn (John W.) & Co 303
Hershey-Eddy, Mrs. Sarah 637
Herting, William A 399
Hertz, Henry I 156
Hesing, Washington ....... 704
SPECIAL INDEX.
45
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Hesier, Alexander 425
Hess, C. I). ..-- 667
Hess, Frederick Andrew 510
Hewett, Alfred B 317
Heyl, Rev. Michael 819
Heylmann, Charles -. 547
Hicks, John J 746
Higginson, Charles M._ .. 210
Hill, Lysander. _. 281;
Hill, Thomas E 685
Hill, Rev. Walter H 772
Hinckley, N. B 210
Hintze & Baker Company 384
Hintze, Robert A 384
Hitchcock Manufacturing Company 745
Hitchcock, Rev. Luke 792
Hitchcock, Reuben A 735
Hitt, John -_ - 562
Hobart, Henry Martyn — 532
Hodges, Leonard 455
Hodges, Lothrop Smith 258
Hodgkins, Jefferson - 127
Hodnett, Rev. Thomas Pope 773
Hoelter, Rev. Henry Louis 820
Hoffman, Francis A., Jr 244
Hoffman, John 624
Hogan. Alice Agnes 152
Hogey, Julius H. 550
Holbrook, Edmund S 252
Hoklen, Henry N. 375
Holden, Nelson B 731
Holdom, Jesse 264
Holdrege Livestock Company 375
Holman, Strange A .. 720
Holmboe, Leonhard 432
Holmes, Daniel \V 377
Holmes, M. H 422
Holroyd, Elwyn Ashworth ._ 551
Holton, Charles C . 738
Honsinger, Emanuel 544
Hopkins, John Faulkner 529
Hough, George \V.__ 429
Howard, John Henry 344
Howard, Patrick J. — 143
Howard, William Aklrich 511
Howell, S R 383
Howell (S R.)&Co... 383
Howes, Oscar 817
Howland, Walter Morton .. 260
Howling & Crowhurst . 83
Howling, James H 83
Hubbard, George W 112
Huber, Julius H — 72
Huefner-llarken, Mrs. II 635
Hughes & Johnson 692
Hughes, Thomas- 692
Hughes, William T 563
Hull, M. B 369
Hunl, Charles H 466
Hurlburl, W. H 206
Hurlbut, E. R 456
Hurlbut, Fred. J 698
Hurlbut, Horace A 698
Hutchinson, Charles L _ 304
Hulchinson, Mahlou 530
Hutchiiison, Malhew Maria Louis . 530
Hutt, Louis 377
Hyde, Asa D 452
Hyde, Charles Edwin 726
Hynes, William J. 244
Illinois Pressed Brick Company 76
Illinois Street-Gas Company ... 128
Ingersoll, Miss Agnes 638
lugraham, Granville S. 349
Ingraham, Sereno Wright 540
Irving, William 210
Irwin, David W 302
Isaacson, Gabriel-- 74
Isham, Ralph N 758
Jackson, Benjamin V 207
Jackson, C. E _. 492
Jackson, Iluntinglon Walcott 257
Jackson, M. 732
Jacobs, Gabriel .. _ 87
Jacobs, Michael A. 87
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Jacobs, William V 588
Jacobus, Judson Shardlow — 547
Jaffray & Co. 720
James, Josiah L. 452
Jaquish, L. C. 712
Jefferson, W. J ... 691
Jeffery, Edward T, -. - 195
Jenkins, Robert Edwin. 257
Jenkins, Thomas R. ... 393
Jennings, John D 758
Jensen, Paul Christen.- 530
Jerome, Benjamin M. ... 602
Jerrems, William George 727
erusalem, Joseph 579
{evne, Christian 349
ewell, William J 562
Jewett, Edward Adams 231
Jewett (Sherman S.) & Co 483
Johnson, Andrew Gustave. 389
Johnson, Edgar II 363
Johnson, Ernest V 88
Johnson, Frank E 680
Johnson, George H 87
Johnson, Hans... 483
Johnson, Henry W. 735
Johnson, Herbert B - 264
Johnson, J. M 732
Johnson, Mats 746
Johnson & Metzler 746
Johnson, Peter 690
Johnson (Peter) & Co 690
ohnson, Peter C 692
Johnson, Rev. Ilerrick 802
Johnson, William Herbert ... 282
Johnson, William J 545
Johnston, J. P 750
Johnston, P. D 598
Johnston, William V 77
Jones, J. Blackburn _ _ 281
Jones, John Howard 559
Jones, Nathaniel Magruder 270
Jones, Rev. Jenkin Lloyd _ 825
Jones, Stevens S._ 832
Judson, William B 386
Juergens & Andersen 749
Juergens, Paul 749
Jung & Borchert 579
Juul, Rev. Ole 822
Kadish, Leopold 1 575
Kaiser, S.. 751
Kammerer, Frank G __ 314
Karls, Theodore 69
Karpen, Adolph 550
Kastholm (E. L.) & Co 87
Kastholm, Emil L. _. 87
Kastler, Adam P 724
Kastler Brothers 724
Kastler, Philip 724
Kauffmann, Rev. Solomon 830
Kean & Lines 745
Kearney, Theodore _. 751
Keck, J. Martin__ 740
Keen, B. L._ 478
Keener, W. T 554
Keeney, Charles P 454
Keeney, James F 454
Keith, H. A __. 480
Keith, Osborne Rensselaer 717
Keller, Frederick . 739
Kelley, Asa P 379
Kelley, Charles B 506
Kelley, David 506
Kelley, Maus & Co _. 506
Kelley, Rathbone & Co 379
Kelley, William E. 379
Kellogg (Charles I'.) &- Co 722
Kelly, Henry Dennis __ 481
Kelsey, Chauncey.- . .. 206
Kennedy (F. A.) Company 328
Kepler, J. W 339
Kern, Charles _ 858
Kerney, William Biddle__ _ 566
Kersten, George 247
Kessler, Peter _ 308
Kettelle, George H 245
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Kilianus (Schloesser), Rev. Fr 768
Kimball, Charles P 744
Kimball (C. P.) & Co 743
Kimball, George F...'. . 100
King & Andrews. 480
King (Henry W.) & Co.. 721
King, Henry William 721
King, John Blair Smith __ 534
King, Rockwell . 480
King \Vhitfle-tree Co 747
Kingsland, A. W 502
Kinysland, Jackson &Co._ __ 491
Kinney, Chester 253
Kinsman, Charles 720
Kinsman & Holman .. ... 719
Kiolbassa, Peter 563
Kirby-Carpenter Company 377
Kirkland, Alexander 132
Kirkwood (A. J.) & Co 487
Kirkwood, Arthur J 487
Kirkwood, Thomas S 487
Kistler, Louis 247
Klein, Martin C 341
Kley, John A .. 493
Klicka, Joseph 426
Kling, Rev. John Louis 823
Knapp, Charles Hunt . 202
Knickerbocker, Joshua C _ 247
Knight, Clarence A ... 103
Knisely, Abraham 495
Knisely & Miller. 495
Knisely, Richard 495
Korhler, Peter 120
Koehler, Rev. Leonhard Charles.. 820
Koerner, Rev. Charles _ 821
Kohlsaat, H. H ... 362
Koplien, Frederick _ 746
Kossakowski, Mathew Pankracy 531
Kowalski, Joseph Henry 642
Kressman, Fred _. 686
Kretsinger, George Washington 270
Kroeschell, Albert 487
Kroeschell Brothers 487
Kroeschell, Herman 487
Krueger, Theodore 485
Kuhnen, George 746
Kuhnen, Nicholas 746
Ktippenheimer, B _. 722
Kuppenheimer (B.) & Co.._ 722
Kurtz Brothers & Buhrer 480
Kurtz, Frederick W 481
Kurtz, George. 481
Laing, Cuthbert W _ 288
Lamb, Charles A 494
Lambert, Charles E 206
Lambin, Frederick J 427
Landell, John E 761
Lane, Frank B __ 247
Lane, James 398
Laning, Charles Elmer 537
Larkins, Robert __ 382
Larimer, Joseph M 478
Larimore, James W 150
Larrabee Brothers 468
Larrabee, Charles D 468
Larrabee, Rev. Edward A. 785
Larrabee, William D.._ 468
Larsen, Charles C ... 863
Larsen, Iver 483
Larsen, Lars I 483
Lathrop, J. L 210
Laughlin, Edward 112
Lawinski, Sylvester 653
Lawler, Frank 863
Lawrence, Edmund Clark 222
Lawrence, Rev. William Mangam . 812
La wson, Victor F _ 701
Leake, Joseph B __ 235
Leber, Francis (Rev. Fr. Constan-
tine) __ 770
Ledochowski, Napoleon 639
I-ee, J . . 733
l.eeb, Henry 579
Leech, Monroe S 512
Lees, Edward 312
46
SPECIAL INDEX.
BlOGRAPHll Al Ml-.N I [ON —
Lehman. F.dwin ____ _____ ..... ___
Lehman, ( io >i gc ____________ _____
Lehman (George) \ Son ..........
Lehmanit, Alfred A _____ ........ .
Lehmann, Frederick _______ ......
I .eland, M. J _____ ...... ____ .....
I.eland, Warren !•' ...... ________
Leonard, George II ..............
Leonard, James ..... __________ ..
Leonard, Raymond l.ockwood ___
I .etlon, Theodore \V .............
I.ewald, Frank ...... ____________
Lewis, A. M _________________ ___
Lewis, William ---- ___ ...........
Libby, McNeill ,V I.ibby - - ..
Lieb, Hermann ------------- _____
Life Insurance Information, liureau
I'MO
91
91
91
. 741
740
338
358
262
4*6
510
468
751
344
638
757
134
°f ..... ---------------------- 4/0
Lightner, Milton C _______ ........ 315
Linn, William K ..... ____________ 303
Lilies Manufacturing Company ____ 742
Lilies, 'Thomas G ....... . ........ 742
Lilly, I. X _____ ................. 529
Lilly, Thomas A. ......... - ..... 529
Lindaucr, Itenjamin. . ____ ..... ___ 724
Lindaner lii..s. ,v<'o._. .......... 724
Lines, David J ------- ........... 745
I. ingle, S. I! ...... _ ....... __ ..... 452
Little, Rev. Arthur _______ ..... 807
Livesy, Rupert James ___ ._ ...... 551
Lloyd, Elisha Emmons _______ ._ 113
Lobingicr, Rev. Henry Schell _____ 818
l.ochner, Kev. Louis K. J ......... 821
Loekwood, I. LeGrand ..... ______ 223
l.ockwood, John J ............. .. 77
Lock\vood iV Kimbell ...... ____ .. 77
Logan, Frank G _______________ .. 311
T.oma.x, John A ------------ ...... 573
Lonergan, Rev. Arthur P.. ....... 768
Long, John Conant ____ .......... 456
Loomis, John Henry _____________ 151
Lorangcr, Joseph ................ 732
Lord & Bushnell Company ________ 376
Lord, E. A ...................... 376
Lord, Owen & Co ....... ___ ...... 546
Lord. Thomas ___________ ........ 546
Lorimer. Rev. George C .......... 813
Loring, Malek A _______ ____ ...... 357
Loud, Edward de Cormis ......... 305
Love, Thomas .................. 481
Low, James E ....... ____ ...... 545
Ludington, Wells & Van Shaick
Company ________ ..... -- ..... 380
Ludlow, GeorgeW... ............ 730
Ludlow (George \V.) & Co ....... 729
Luette, Rev. Fridolinus ---------- 770
Lundgren, Leonard. ............. 538
Lundh, Charlotte .......... ------ 152
I.unt, Orrington ------- .......... 791
Lydston, G. Frank ...... _________ 517
Lyman, David Brainerd .......... 254
Lyon, George W ................. 634
I, yon (S: Healy .......... . ........ 634
McArthur, Cuthbert .............. 87
McAuley, Daniel R... ........... 186
McAuley, John T .............. __ 76
McAulift, John. ................. 847
Mi -Avoy, John II ------- .. ....... 576
McClory, Henry ................. 271
Mi I 'omiell, Charles H ............ 667
McConnell, |ohn S _____ . . _. 666
McCoy, William.-. ........ ______ 358
McCullough, Hiram R .......... . 202
McCully, John ________________ .. 100
McCnlly \ Miles _______________ loo
Mi- Donald,- Malcolm ............. 374
-McDonald (Malcolm) Lumber Com-
pany ---- ..................... 374
Mi- 1 kmnell, ( Iharles.. ............ 147
McDowell, lolin Adair __________ 432
McDowell (M. K.) \ Co __________ 581
McKwcii, lolin . ________ ........ 78
Mi l-'.wen, |olin. |r.- ________ ____ 78
MrFwen (John) & Son ______ ____ 78
McFarland, J ..... .. ............ 487
BIOGRAPHICAL MKNTION —
McFarland, J. C
McFarlane i\ Gibson .-
Mcl-ailane, Norman
Me Fat rich, lames liurton -
Mil i.triglc, William J.-
MI-I ;.irry, Patrick
Mc( !raw, James. . — —
McGnire, Kev. Hugh
Mclntosh, |ohn A
Mclntyre, Charles Joseph —
McKay, Francis Marion
Me Key. Henry
McKillip, Thomas K.. . .
McLaren, Rt. Rev. William Edward
Mcl.aughlin, Mrs. Mary
McLennan, John A
Mtl. orainc, Daniel J. _. ..
McMulIen, James.
M< Mullen & Officer
Mcl'herson, Rev. Simon John
McRobie, John
Macfarlane, John W
Mackey, Spoor
Mad .achlan, l.achlan
MacMillan, Thomas C
Maher, 1'hilip -
Malam, Edward
M alien, Hermann Z
Mailman, A. S. . .
Mandel Brothers
Mamie!, Emanuel ..
Mandel, Leon
Mandel, Simon .._
Manierre, George
Manierre, William Reid
Manning, William J
Marble, Charles E
March, Calvin Gate
Marine Engine Works
Marinette Iron Works
Marsh, Rev. T. I'
Marshall, Caleb II
Martin, Forman M
Martin, George Patterson . .
Martin, Robert T ..
Martin, Stephen E. W. ..
Mary Basilia (Callaghan) Sister ...
Mary Catherine (Feehan) Mother..
Mason, William Ernest
Matter, John,
Matthews, Henry M
Mattocks, Walter
Mauritzon Brothers -_
Mauritzon, Hakon A
Mauritzon, M. Josephus
Maus, Fred K
Maxwell Brothers
Maxwell, Henry B
Maxwell, James
Mayer, David
Mayer, Frank --. _.
Mayer (F.)& Co
Mayer, John Albert--.
Mead, David S
Mechanical Bakery
Medill, Samuel John
Median \ Kelly
Meehan, Patrick Henry -
Meier, Rev. Jacob _
Meilbeck, Leo -.
Meloy, Rev. William Taggart
Memlsen & Winter
Mercantile Agencies
Merriam. Collins \- Co.
Messersmith, ( k-orge
Mestling, II. W
Metallurgist Publishing Company..
Met/.ler, Jacob M. ._ ..
Met/.ner, W. C'.
Met/.ner (W. C.) Stove Repair Com-
pany..
Meyer, August-.
Meyer, C. j. I
Miessler, Earnest Gustavus Her-
mann —
Pmge
4<y
86
86
54'
158
486
89
7f>7
483
53°
151
272
84
780
762
69
59fl
370
37°
797
595
35"
99
35t>
700
35i
35i
742
452
718
718
718
718
261
338
262
690
288
489
488
791
326
731
552
99
329
775
775
280
558
270
282
456
456
456
506
384
384
384
718
736
735
552
132
325
696
481
481
815
847
805
38i
353
S48
91
576
708
746
485
4*4
383
377
533
Pagt
I:IOI;I;AI'|||CAI MKNTION —
Miles, Holland F. ... - too
Miller, Adam - 444
Miller, Charles C 69
Miller, Charles P. 683
Miller, Frederick . 444
Miller, James A 495
Miller, John - 341
Miller, Michael M. .- - 244
Miller, Thomas Spencer.- 68 1
Mills, Luther l.atlin 240
Miner, Noyes Billings — 641
Minor, Anderson — So
Misch, George A 100
Mitchell, Andrew J _ 602
Mitchell, C. II 4H9
Mitchell. Charles P 468
Mitchell, Clifford 537
Mitchell, Ellen. _ 692
Mitchell, John J 441
Mitchell. Watson & Co .. 468
Mixer. Charles II. G 309
Mixe, Theodore S 387
Moczygemba, Rev. Leopold 775
Mohr, John.. __ . . 486
Mohr (John) & Son 486
Molter, John (140
Montague, Gilbert 309
Montgomery, Listen Homer 528
Montgomery, William A .... 251
Montgomery, William II. 553
Moody, Alexander. _ 329
Moody tV Waters 329
Moore, Daniel Grove 529
Moore, Isaac A., Jr 742
Moore, James E 742
Moore, Logan K 211
Moran, Patrick 346
Moran (P.) A: Co 346
Moran, Thomas A _. 238
Moretti, Rev. Sosteneus __ 777
Morgan, James F _ 210
Morgenthau, Bauland tV Co. 719
Morgenthau, Gustav L. ._ 719
Morgenthau, Maximilian 719
Morini. Rev. Austin 776
Morrill, Wesley 453
Morris, Elias 749
Morrison, Alexander M 351
Morrison, Daniel 351
Morrisson, Plummer & Co 546
Morse, Edwin I) 364
Mortensen, Alfred 294
Mortimer, William E 89
Morton, George C 370
Morton, Paul 210
Moses, Charles Alonzo 92
Moss, Frank (iodine 597
Moss, Robert Edward 77
Moss, William Lathrop 266
Moulding, Thomas 75
Moulton, George M. 88
Muehlbauer, Aloys 686
Muehlbauer & Behrle 686
Mueller & Hardekopf 763
Mueller, Peter _ 763
Muhr's (II.) Sons 751
Mulliken, Charles Henry ..- 449
Munn, James M .' 566
Munsell, Anson Smith _. 513
Murison, George W 303
Murphy, Edward C. 398
Murphy, Edward W. . 121
Murphy, John I) 486
Mutual Trust Society _ 757
Myers, Samuel 573
Myers (Samuel) & Co 572
Myers, Samuel Groot __ 573
Myrick, Willard Franklin 398
National Lumber Company 373
National Tube Works Company... 494
Neely Brothers 731
Neely, John Chamberlain 442
Neely, Joseph C. 7-11
Neely, M. C " „,
Neely, R "„"". J,
SPECIAL IN HEX.
47
r,ioi;i;Arni( Ai. MKVI ION —
Neemes, John ('. .... 754
Neemes (John C.) & Co 754
Neil, William John 511
Nelson, Andrew 399
Nelson, Robert \V 706
Nelson, Thomas 98
Neu, 1'eter \V. . 85
Neuberger, Abraham J — 741
Ncustadt, Frederick __ 97
Newberry, \ValterCass. — 756
NYwell, Augustus - 653
Newell (Augustus) <X: Co 653
\e\vell, L. C 723
Newkirk, Hawley A 101
Newland, William Darius 726
Newqnist, John 83
Neu'inan, Frank H. _ 537
Newman, Henry Parker 517
Newman, lacob 276
Nichols, Frank M 88
Nichols, Isaac Watts _.. 750
Nicholson, Robert-- -- 579
Nietnann, William 736
Nix, Charles II 760
Nixon, Oliver W 699
Nixon, William 1'enii 699
Noble, Kev. Frederick A._ 808
Noel, Theodore 753
Norden, Rev. Aaron . 831
Nmns, John W 497
North, Charles Frederic __ 531
Northrup, George Washington, Jr. 288
Northwestern Boiler Works 486
Northwestern Horse-Nail Company 502
Northwestern Lumberman 386
Norton, John Walter _. . 669
Norton, Nick 676
\owak, Frank- 174
O'Brien, James ... 163
O'liricn, Thomas 364
O'Connor, Anna Margueretta 152
O'Oonoghue, Horace 689
O'Neil, W. j. 690
(Well, John J. P... 439
Officer, Alexander 370
Offield, Charles K 263
Olheld & Towle 263
Ogden, Henry 508
Ogden, Milton David. 533
Okes, J. D.-_ 582
Olin, Henry _ 539
Olson, N. F 691
Orcutt, W. B 692
Orcutt, William F 360
Ortmayer, Andrew 505
Ortmayer, C. G 505
Orvis, O. D 432
Osborne, Rev. Louis Shreve 781
Oswald, F. A 485
Oswald (F. A.)&Co... 485
Otley Manufacturing Company 94
Otley, Samuel _ 94
Ott, Oran._ 196
Ott, William C 376
Otter, John _ 70
Otto, Emil 549
Otto, Joseph _ 509
Otto, Julius 513
Ovington Bros. & Ovington 752
Ovington, Charles K. 752
Ovington, Edward J., Jr 752
Ovington, Edward )., Sr 752
Ovington, Theodore T 752
Owens, Owen 50(3
Packard, Frederick William 276
Packard, Samuel Ware _ 253
Paddock, George 1 257
Page(M. E.) & Co 754
Page, Milton E 754
Painter, Edwin J 551
Pajeau, Joseph 762
Palmer, Azanah K... 378
Palmer, Frank W 699
Palmer, Fuller & Co 378
Palmer, l.orin , r 581
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MKN i ION —
Palmer, L. T 685
Palmer, Philip A 544
Pank, J. H - - 576
Pank (F. H.) & Co 576
Park, George H 378
Parker, John R 276
Parker, Leander D 596
Parry, Rev. Thomas.- 799
Parsons & Eoster 375
Parsons, John II- 227
Patten, Charles Hutchinson, ... -. 94
Patten, Edgar S 596
Paulsen, William A _ 282
Paxton, Andrew 290
Peabody, Francis S -_; 388
Peacock, Joseph — — . 372
Pearson, James Henry. 373
Pearson (J. H.) & Co 373
Pearsons, Daniel Kimball 413
Peattie, Mrs. Elia W 702
Peattie, Robert B 702
Peck, Nathan S 401
Peirronet, James S. 308
Peirronet (J. S.) & Co 308
Pelt/er, Otto 459
Pelt/.er, (Otto) & Co 459
Penny, Arthur W 76
Penny, George W 76
Periolat, Clemens F' 342
Perkins, Amos H 127
Perkins. Barclay William 214
Perkins, David Walton 642
Perry— Pearson Company 373
Peterson, Andrew. 444
Peterson & Bay.. 444
Pettit, Briot & Co. _ 713
Pettit, Frank \V 713
Pfeifer, Mrs. A. M 726
Phelps, Dodge & Palmer 729
Phelps, Krskine M 404
Phelps, Luman A. _ 638
Phelps, William W 354
Philbrick, C. C 360
Phillips, Andrew Jackson- 639
Phillips, James M 738
Phillips, John 737
Phillips, John F 214
Pickands, Brown cV Co _ 477
Pierce, Osborne J 73
Pieser, Samuel 351
Pigott, William 689
Pilgrim, Henry C. _ 552
Pinkerton, Matt. W 119
Pioneer Fire-Proof Construction
Company 87
Piper, Anson S 337
Piper (A. S.) & Co. 337
Piper, Thomas . 337
Pirrung, Conrad : 362
Pitcher, Lewis W 678
Pitkin, Stephen G 672
Plamoudon (A.) Manufacturing
Company 487
Plamondon, Ambrose 488
Plum, William R 256
Plummer. Jonathan W 547
Pohle, Rudolph E 742
Poole, William Frederick. 415
Pope, Samuel Isaac _ 94
Porter, Alfred S.. 678
Porter Brothers Compan'v 348
Porter, Frank I 551
Porter, John Illiss... 288
Porter. Millett N _ 551
Porter, Washington. 349
I'nssel, II. K. Edward 545
Potter, Edwin A 752
Pratt, Cyrus N. _ 457
Pratt, Edwin Hartley _. 536
Pratt, Parker \- Co 388
Prentice, I. eon II 494
Press, AdamJ... - 425
Press, |acob ._ 747
Preston, George E 725
Preston, E. !!.-,_._ ,,, 725
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Preston, William I) 760
Preston (E. li.) tv Co 724
Preston, Noble D .' 745
Price, Abner 77
Price, C. & A 77
Price, Cornelius 77
Price, Vincent C. . r 330
Price, William 89
Price, William D 89
Price (William) & Son 89
Prince, F'rederick II 491
Prince, Martin M 552
Pmnpelly, James K 427
Purdy (J. !-!.)& Co 750
Pyatt, Frank 550
Ouiil, Dennis 186
Quinn, Gordon II 587
Radziejewski, Kev. John 775
Raffen, John T 481;
Raggio Brothers 361
Raggio, Charles A 361
Raggio, John G 361
Randolph, Smith M 70
Ranney, John S 453
Kanney, Joseph N 228
Ranney (T.S.)& Co 453
Ranseen, Rev. M. C. _ 822
Rathbone, Sard X: Co 483
Raubold, John G 427
Raubold S; Lam bin 42*1
Rawle, John 86
Ray. F. D 359
Raymond, James II 274
Raymond, J. N 503
Rea, John II 558
Read, Benjamin F".. 338
Read, Harry J 338
Read, William T. B 337
Read, William T. 1!., Jr 337
Ream, Cadnrcis Plantagenet 422
Ream. Norman B._ 298
Rector. Charles H 362
Reedy, James W 499
Reedy (J. W.) Elevator Manufac-
turing Co 499
Reeve, George Bell 224
Reid, John W... 80
Reid, Robert 563
Religio-Philosophical Journal 832
Remick & Newell __ 723
Remy, Curtis H 277
Reuter, Henry _. 548
Reynolds, F'rank D ^_. 82
Rhode, Rudolph E __ 552
Rhodes, George L 214
Rhodes, John Foster 281
Rhodes, Rufus Napoleon 287
Rice, Elliott Smith __ 761
Rice, James H 100
Rice, John A 355
Rich, Frank __ 345
Richardson, John Rayner 516
Richardson, Lloyd Durant 232
Richey, George H._ 374
Richmond, Mrs. Cora L. V __ 831
Richolson, Benjamin F 282
Rickcords, George E.._ 459
Riddle, F'rancis A _ 256
Ridgway, Hamlet C 350
Ridgway, James V 749
Ridgway, William 378
Rielly, James, Jr 344
Rietz, August . 375
Rietx (Charles) Brothers Lumber
Company 375
Kiel/, Edward G. W 375
Rietz, F'rederick 375
Riley, George 86
Riordan, Rev. I). J 773
Rising, C. L. 216
Robbins, Henry S 277
Roberts, George R 369
Roberts, John A. G 601
Robinson, F'lisha A., Jr 349
Robinson, John C „ 80
48
SPECIAL INDEX.
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Robinson & Minor 80
Robinson, M. S 272
Roby, Edward 253
Roche, James H 96
Roche, John A 492
Kocl.it/, Jacob 93
Knurrs, George Mills 103
Rogers, Henry 548
Rogers, Joseph M — 467
Roode, Holger de 467
Roos, Bernhard L 552
Root, James P 852
Koseboom, William I . 345
Rosenbaum, Joseph 297
Rosenbaum, Morris __ 297
Ross, (i. II 2IO
Ross, Julius C. D 453
Rosso\v lirothers _ 747
Rosso w, Frederick __ __ 747
Rounseville, Mme. Christine Niei-
son 635
Uovs, Cyril-. 1) 2lS
Rubens. Harry -- . 281
Ruddock, Charles II 383
Ruddock, Nuttall & Co 383
Ruddock, Thomas S 383
Ruhling, Adolph 755
Rumsey, Israel Parsons. 303
Rupert, A. J 421
Russ, A. H 762
Russell, Francis William 232
Russell, J. K 370
Russell (J. K.)&Co .. 370
Russell, Martin J 702
Russell, W. II 581
Rv.in, James Ellsworth . 541
Ryan (M.) & Brother 96
Ryan, Michael .. 96
Ryan, Michael W 239
Ryan, Rev. Francis 771
Ryan, Thomas 96
Ryerson, Martin 372
Ryerson (Martin) <.V Co 371
Sage, John 329
Sale, Rev. Samuel 830
Salomon, I 233
Salomon (!,.)& Co 233
Salsbury, Nate R._ 349
Sandham, Frederick 483
Sandstrom, August 481
Sandstrom, Charles Emil — _ 482
Sard, William H 484
Sargent, Welland Fairbanks 432
Savage Brothers 489
Savage, Rev. George S. F 810
Savage, Richard . 490
Savage, William Maurice. 490
Sawers, Rev. Edward Henry 801
Sawyer, Charles S - 328
Sawyer, Franklin 340
Sawyer—Goodman Company 380
Sawyer, Joseph 364
Sawyer, 1.. N 222
Scales, Frank 747
Schaak, Michael John 112
Schaefer, F. C... 513
Schaefer, Matthew 427
Schaffner, H 445
Schaffoer (H.) & Co 445
Schaller, George John 523
ScharfT, Arthur H 587
Schaub. Louis J 74
Scheppers. Desire Quirini 525
Scheuermann, Frederick 538
Schillo, Cossman & Co 482
Schimpferman, W. II 350
Schlacks, Henry 197
Schlesinger, Leopold. . 718
Schlesinger & Mayer 71^
Schlitz (Joseph) Brewing Company. 580
Schloesser (Rev. Fr. Kilianus) 768
Schmid, George — 79
Schmid, Godfrey.. 4= ;
Schmidt, Kaspe'r George 578
Schmidt, Robert 579
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MKNTION —
Schneider, Nicholas 486
Schneider, Rev. John.. 8l(;
Schneider, Samuel Newton. 538
Schock, Frederick R 73
Sehoheld, John McAllister 583
Scholle, Henry E 740
Schrader, Frederick 724
Schradcr & Neu/.eit 724
Schuckrr, Mauritz. 545
Schultz, August I-' . 427
Schult/ (A. F.)&Co 427
Schuster, Paul 574
Schwab, Charles II 731
Schwabacher & Co 301
Schwabacher, Julius. 301
Schwabacher, Morris. 301
Scliweisthal, Felix J. 568
Schwerdt, C. F 421
Schwiperich, Stanislaus. _ 525
Scolield, Lewis _ 426
Scott, Rev. Hugh Macdonald 811
Scott, James W 703
Scott, Rev. William Richardson 801
Scribner, Wiley S. 247
Sears, Nathaniel C 245
Sebastian, Michael 736
Seeboeck. William C. E._ _ 633
Selz, Morris 730
Selz, Schwab & Co 730
Sempill, Walter M 551
Sennott, Thomas W 247
Severin, Henry 241
Seymour, II. F 385
Seymour & Sargent. 385
Shader, Augustus Edward 751
Shaffner, Benjamin M 264
Shaver, C. II 686
Shaw, Joseph, 741
Shaw, Siremba 512
Shaw, Thomas Jefferson 509
Shaw, William \V 326
Shedd (E. A.)&Co 338
Sheeler, Harvey 84
Shelby, Dan'l 664
Shepard, Henry M 237
Shepard, Jason II 189
Shepherd, Edward T.__ 465
Sheppard, Rev. Robert I).. 790
Sheppard, Richard Alexander 113
Sheppard, T. H 380
Sheppard (T. II.) & Co... _. 380
Sherman, Elijah B 236
Sherman, I. N. Walter 744
Sherwood, George A 544
Shields, Charles 451
Shipman, Stephen V 72
Shirland, William Harrie 284
Shoemaker, Walter 383
Shoemaker (Walter) & Co _ 383
Shurly, Edmund R. P 750
Shurly Manufacturing Company 750
Sieber, Francis Adam Paul 512
Sigmund, Herman.. 618
Sigwalt, J. 692
Sigwalt Manufacturing Company.. 692
Silversmith, Julius '.._ 712
Simmen, John 736
Simonds, Edwin A 469
Simons, Charlie B _ 401
Simons, Edward 400
Simons, Franklin P 244
Simpson, |ohn 508
Sinclair, Charles Frederick 527
Singley, Charles Clarey 517
Skeen ..V Stuart Stationery Company 687
Slaby, John.. 427
Sloan, Henry Harrison 510
Smith, Abner 258
Smith, A. P _ 438
Smith, Frank J _ 261
Smith, Grame Lisle 689
Smith, Haydn Kellogg 698
Smith, Henry P 677
Smith & Hcigey 550
Smith (James P.) & Co ~ 337
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Smith, John 7°2
Smith, Junius J - . 548
Smith & Kopfien - 746
Smith & Malam - 351
Smith, Mrs. Marianda R 470
Smith, Mrs. Matilda 149
Smith, O. J 706
Smith, Perry IL.Jr 277
Smith, Peter. _. 746
Smith, Shea 586
Smith, Solomon Albert 440
Smith, Thomas M 351
Smith, Willard A 708
Smith, William C 550
Smith, William E 470
Smith, William Henry _. 752
Snow, William B 197
Snyder, Otho W. F __ __ 541
Sol'litt, John __ 77
Sollitt, Oliver N 79
Sollitt, Thomas 78
Sollitt, William 78
South Branch Lumber Company 369
South Ilalsted-street Iron Works.. 482
Southworth, John Moore 876
Spalding, A. W 469
Spang, Peter 87
Sparr, Augustus. 84
Sparr & Weiss 84
Spencer, Bernard Dake 360
Spiegel, Joseph 738
Spoehr, Charles A _ 754
Spray, John Campbell _. 162
Springer, George A 452
Springer, Milton C 565
Springfield Iron Company 478
Squiers, Collins S 557
Stamm, Rev. Martin 819
Stanford, George Wilson 182
Stanley, P. E 451
Stanton, James P 114
Staples, Frank M 678
Starbuck, Henry F 72
Stauber, Frank A 485
Stauber (Frank A.) & Co. 485
Stearns, Marcus Cicero 854
Steele. Edward J 114
Steen Brothers 747
Steen, Julius W 747
Steen, Mathias II 747
Stein , Louis 723
Stein (Louis) & Co 723
Steinmetz, Conrad 81
Steinmetz & Eilenberger Si
Stephens, John 241
Stern, Max 685
Stevens, William C 424
Stevenson, William C 163
Stone, George F 316
Stone, Jason I) 389
Stone, Melville E 701
Stone, Rensselaer 565
Storey, J. B 750
Stowell, James Herbert .. 514
Stratton, Charles J 345
Straus, Simeon .._ 274
Streckfuss, Rev. John Adam 820
Street, Richard 345
Strippelman, William 70
Strong, Charles E.__ 708
Strong, William E 379
Stuart, Edward Chatfield 687
Stuart, James E 707
Stuart, Lewis SiS
Studebaker Brothers 743
Sturges, George 440
Sturgis, McAllister & Co _ 338
Sturm, Adolph.. 739
Sturtevant, Edwin _ 90
Sullivan, Dennis J 427
Sullivan, James Bernard 99
Sullivan, Mark 329
Sullivan, Michael Joseph 99
Sullivan, William K 704
Sutton, John go
SPECIAL INDEX.
49
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Swasey, James Atwood 543
Swartz, Josiah -"- - 330
Sweet, Albert L 388
Sweet, George . . _ 637
Sweet, J. W... 689
Swivey, Matthew 1!. ... ._ 82
Swift, Lemuel J... 186
Swinborne, Charles C. 441
Tabberner, William Walter 221
Tabor, Mervin 470
Tagert, Adelbert Hugh . 511
Talbot, Eugene S 508
Talbott, E. H 708
Tansill, R. W 582
Tapper, George 89
Tarnow, Charles — 741
Tarrant, Robert 489
Taylor, John Lu 285
Taylor, S. G 502
Taylor, William A 703
Taylor, William Henry 509
Temple, William Chase 599
Tennis, John C ._ 725
Tennis, Orestus B - 725
Tennis (O. B.) & Co 725
Terry Clock Company 752
Terry, Franklin Silas 599
Thacher, Chester I 542
Thacher, John M 275
Thatcher, Augustus T 387
Thayer, Charles II, 544
Thayer, John II 738
Thomas,' Rev. Miram W 828
Thomas (Selh) Clock Company — 751
Thomasson. Nelson __.. 172
Thnniet/, John James 525
Thompson, Corwin C _ 381
Thompson (C. C.) eV Walkup Co... 381
Thompson, John I lowland 249
Thompson, Merrit Walter 513
Thompson, W. A _ 381
Thorn, William Henry 551
Thorn Wire Hedge Company 502
Thornton, Charles S . 271
Thorson, Soren D 741
Tluirber, Winfield S 424
Tiffany, Henry Stanton 620
Tighe, Rev. 1 >cnis Aloysius 776
Tipple, George _. 96
Tipple & Coleman 96
Tobey, Charles _ 734
Tobey, Frank B.._ 734
Tolman, Samuel A __ 348
Tomlins, William L 630
Tomlinson & Carseley 737
Tompkins. William Franklin 752
Toomey, Rev. Daniel B 776
Torrence, Joseph Thatcher 478
Tourtellotte, F. W 243
Tower, Calvin David 748
Towle, Henry S 263
Towusend, Frederick B. 73
Townsend, J. P _ 496
Trainor, Peter. _.. 121
Treat, Robert Byron 541
Trein, Charles _. 732
Trimen, John W 549
Tripp, Charles _ 501
Tripp, Dwight K __ 594
Troy Stove Works _ 483
Truax, Charles 553
Truax (Charles) &Co 553
Trumbull, R. H 488
Trusdell, Rev. Charles C, _.. 609
Tuerk, Charles E._ 688
Tully, Thomas _ 76
Tally, T. & J. I).. 76
Tuohy, James W _. 718
Tuttle, Frederick 756
Turner, I.aurin Hilliard _. 720
Turner & Ray _ 340
Turner, William Harbron 623
Tustin, Thomas ._ 10,7
Tulhill, Richard S . 235
Tyler, W. H 692
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MKNTION —
Uhlendorf, liodo. 549
Uihlien, Edward G 580
Ullman, Joseph. 342
Union Paper Bag and Paper Co — 754
Union Steam Boiler Works 486
United States Boiler Works — 487
Upman, Frank 357
Utter, Rev. David 825
Valin, Honore Dieudonne 530
Van Buren, Barent 550
Vancleave, James R. B 562
Van Osdel, John M., 2d 70
Vanderkloot, Adrian 482
Vankerkloot, Marinus 482
Vanderpoel, J. II .- 421
Van Dervoort, Alexander B 364
Van Pelt, John E 869
Van Schaak, Henry C .- 679
Van Schaick, Anthony G 380
Velie, Jacob W 430
Venn, Charles 509
Vergho, Charles 755
Vergho, Ruhling & Co 755
Vierling, Frank C. 449
Vivian, Thomas.. 747
Vopicka & Kubin 185
Wachter, Henry 507
Wacker & Birk 577
Wacker, Charles II 578
Wacker, Frederick 578
Waddell, William G 83
Wade, Daniel 83
Wade(D.)&Co 83
Wadskier, Theodore Vigo ... 67
Waescher, Frederick H. 72
Wager, Eugene F _. 388
Walser, J. J. 233
Walser (J..J.)&Co 233
Walsh, MaryM. T.... 151
Walker, Francis W 241
Walker, Wirt Dexter 287
Walker, Joel Clarke 835
Walker, Oakley & Co 340
Walters, Charles Edward. 330
Walworth £ Reed 375
Walworth & Reed Lumber Co 375
Wanzer, James M .-- 302
Ward, Electus Backus 559
Ward, O. H. 723
Wardell, Charles Frederick 492
Warner, Augustus 686
Warner, Henry D 308
Warner, William C 94
Washburn, Edward S 304
Washburne, Elihu B 413
Washburne, Hempstead 238
Wasmansdorff & Heineman 445
Waters, Charles E 329
Watkins, William W 311
Watson, William H 127
Watt, Hugh ...: 96
Waughop, John W 249
Weatherson, C 503
Weber, Rev. E 769
Weigley, Fillmore 458
Weihe, George W 427
Weinhardt, Hermann 736
Weinrich, Rev. Charles G 794
Weir & Craig 492
Weir, Robert 492
Weiss, Frank 84
Weiss, George A 576
Weiss (ffieorge A.) Malting and Ele-
vator Company 576
Welling, John C 196
Wellington, Charles L 206
Wells, John Quincy 174
Wells, W. A 90
Welter, Dominick in
Wcntworth, John. . 146
Wentworth, Moses Jones 861
West, Edward Fitch 389
Western Carriage Repository 745
Westover, George P 272
Whalen, William 569
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL MENTION —
Wheeler, Calvin T 439
Wheeler, Francis T ,. 754
Wheeler, Gregory & Co 304
Wheeler, Harris A 621
Wheeler, J. F 304
Wheeler, Newton Calvin. — 275
Wheelock, Otis Leonard 69
Whipple, Henry _ 174
White, Alexander 758
White, Alexander, Jr 457
White, Charles J 248
White, James E 560
White, "William B 496
Whiteford, James Crawford 548
Whiteside, Thomas C 267
Whitlock, Charles 597
Whyte, Harry D 492
Whyte, William II 492
Whyte (W. H.) Machine Works... 492
Wicker, C. M ... 233
Wickersham, Charles 1 589
Wickes, Thomas H . 231
Wilce, E. P 382
Wilce (E. P.)cS:Co.- 382
Wilce, Thomas — 382
Wilce (T.) & Co _ 382
Wilcox, George G 371
Wilcox, Sextus Newell 371
Wilcox (S. N.) Lumber Company.. 371
Wilcox, William LeRoy 540
Wilcox, W.W 502
Wiley, Willard R 678
Wilke, William Matthew. _ 533
Wilkie, Daniel H 92
Wilkie, John E.. 696
Wilkinson, Henry. ... 573
Wilkinson (John) Company 682
Willard, Peter Ilaskill....'. 333
Williams, Abram .. 467
Williams, Benezette 431
Williams, Norman A 93
Wilmarth, Henry M 96
Wilmarth (H. M.) & Brother 96
Wilmarth, Thomas Wadsworth 96
Wilson, Cleon Bruce 549
Wilson, John S 362
Winans, Orange S 206
Winston, Fredericks., Jr.. 103
Wirts, Jacob C. 740
Wittmeyer, Gustav 725
Wolfarth, Max 426
Wolf, Frederick William 68
Wolff (L.) Manufacturing Company 500
Wolff, Ludwig 500
Woltersdorf, Louis 548
Wood, Adelbert C 596
Wood, Albert E go
Wood, Alonzo C 90
Wood, Andrew Jackson 151
Wood Brothers go
Wood, Charles H 221
Wood, Elmer H 222
Wood, George E 380
Wood, Silas Lee 151
Woodard, Charles Sumner 685
Woodard, William R 227
Woodbury, William H 293
Woodman, John - - g4
Woodman & Warner 94
Woollacott, John 78
Woollacott, John S 78
Woollacott (John) & Son 78
Wormer, F. F 489
Wormer (G. S.) & Sons 489
Worcester, Rev. John Hopkins 800
Wright, Andrew J 363
Wright, John Murray 350
Wygant, Alonzo 602
Wygant, Bernard 600
Wylie, David 338
Wyman (W. C.) & Co 388
Yates, Horace II 400
Young, Alexander McDonald 301
Young, William J 196
Zealand, Rev. Joseph G. _. 771
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Adams' Express Building 352
Adams Street Bridge 129
Alexian Brothers' Hospital ... 524
Armory First Regiment . ;M>
Hoard of Trade Frontispiece
Board of Trade, ( >pen 321
vard System, Map of H>.i
Bryant Block 306
I'.ucklen, The II. K., Building.. . 753
Calumet Club 393
Central Music Hall 652
\.\V. Railway Depot 199
C..B. >V O. Railway (')l'tices 208
Chicago Club _ 391
Chicago Homeopathic College 535
Chicago Opera House 643
Chicago Cniversity - 816
CiifitriiKS —
Cathedral of the Holy Name 765
Cathedral of SS. I'etcr and Paul... 781
Centenary M. E 790
Central Baptist __ 814
Chicago Avenue (Moody's) _ 822
Christ K. E 786
Church of the Epiphany. — 784
Church of the Messiah 824
First Baptist Sio
First Congregational . 805
First Presbyterian. 795
Fourth Presbyterian 799
Immanuel Baptist, Interior 813
Plymouth Congregational 807
St. James Episcopal 783
Second Presbyterian ._ 797
Union Park Congregational 629
Zion Temple .- 53
City Hall, old 104
College of Physicians and Surgeons 515
Commercial National Bank 352
Cook ( 'ouuty Hospital 158
Cook County Infirmary- - 160
Cook County Insane Asylum 161
Council Chamber — 106
Counselman Building- 300
Court House 105
Court House, Interior 250
Crib 123
Criminal Court Building 241
Dearborn Station-. 225
Exposition Building 655
First Brick Building after fire . 63
First Building after fire 62
First National Bank 434
Foundlings' Home oil
Grand Pacific Hotel - 361
Haven School 148
Historical Society's Building 410
Home Insurance Building 463
Hospital for Women and Children 520
Insurance Exchange 464
Iroquois Club — 403
'lice Building 68
Manual Training School 153
Masonic Hall, Interior. - 616
Michael Reese Hospital 523
Montauk Block 66
Old People's Home 612
I'almer House 359
Page
PARKS —
Central, view in 175
Central, view in. 176
Douglas, view in ...-. — 177
Douglas, view in 178
Douglas, view in... - -- 186
Garlield, pavilion in... 174
( iarlK'Id, view in _..--- 179
llumboldt, view in 180
Humboldt, view in. I.-7
Jackson, entrance to 169
Jefferson, view iu iSl
Lincoln, view in 183
South, Drexel Fountain in 170
Union Park, view in. 185
Police Patrol Service, five views Iio-m
Pullman Building _ 71
Pumping Works, Bridgeport- 137
Pumping Works, Bridgeport, plan of.. 136
Pumping Works, Fullerton Avenue 138
Kathbone, Sard \ Co.'s Warehouse 484
Residence of 1'. Schuttler 64
Royal Insurance Building 469
Rush Medical College 510
Rush Street Bridge 131
St. Francis Xavicr's Academy — .. 777
Sodality Building, Church Holy Family 771
Standard Club 409
Studebaker Bros. ' Building 743
Union Club 408
Union Depot — 229
Union League Club 406
U.S. Building 569
VlKU'S
Ashland Avenue, from Madison 327
Bird's-Eye, from Water Works iSS
Clark and Adams streets. 273
Dearborn and Monroe Sts., se. cor. 352
Dearborn St., south from Wash'ton 76
La Salle Street, north from Madison 81
Michigan Avenue and Jackson St.. 8S
Michigan Av.. n. from Thirty-first. 85
Monroe Street, west from Clark 79
Ontario and Rush streets 287
Prairie Av. and Twentieth Street. 65
Prairie Av. and Twenty-second St. 95
Prairie Av., north from Twentieth. 382
Randolph Street, east from LaSalle 665
South Water St., e. from Franklin. 367
State Street, north from Madison.. 74
State Street, north from Monroe 671
Van Buren St., from Michigan Av_ 55
Washington Driving Park 675
Wentworth.Hon. John, as Aide-de-Camp 838
Western Theological Seminary 785
White's (Alexander) Block 759
Woman's Medical College 518
PORTRAITS.
Allen, J. Adams 509
Barrows, John H 796
Blair, C. B 438
Blake, E. Nelson 318
Brophy, T. W 543
Bryant, James M. 307
Bundy, John C 832
Burrows, Thomas 451
Page
Cheney, Charles E 787
Conway, P. J - 766
Cowles, A 696
r, DeWitt C - 617
Crombie, C. B 385
l)eWoll, Calvin 394
DeWolf, Mrs. Calvin 394
Dexter, Ransom... - 528
Donovan Henry F — 559
Downey, Joseph 91
Drummond. Thomas 261
Karle, Charles \Yari ington 516
Fbcrhart, J. F 147
F.llis, A. D 730
Falk, Louis — 635
Fallows, Samuel.. 788
Fcehan, P. A 763
Foley, Bishop 764
Cage, l.yman J 437
Gobcl, E. ¥ 92
Goodwin, E. P 806
Gray, Elisha.. 594
Grosvenor, L. C _ 537
Harrison, Carter II 102
llenson, P. S SlI
Hesing, Washington 704
Hitchcock, Luke 710
Hodnett, Thomas Pope 774
Ilolden, C. C. P 101
llurlbut, Vincent Lombard 623
Jennings, J. D 758
Kerfoot, William D 02
Kern, Charles 859
Leech, M. S 512
Low,). E 545
Lydston, G. Frank 517
McGarigle, W. J 159
McLaren, W. E 782
McMullen, John 778
McPherson, S. J 798
Mason, William E 278
Mattocks, John 283
Moody, Dwight L 823
Moore, D. G _ 529
Nelson, Andrew 399
Nixon, William Penn. 699
Pearsons, I). K 414
Pigott, William 689
Pratt, E. H 536
Ream, Norman B 298
Rutter, Joseph O 443
Ryder, William H 826
Schneider, George 441
Sherman, E. B _ _ 236
Shuman, Andrew "03
Spray, J. C 162
Stone, Melville E _ _ 701
Stowell, J. H 514
Swain, Edgar D . 587
Thomas, II. W 828
Thurston, E. II 527
Tomlins, William L 631
Tuthill, RichardS 235
Tuttle, Frederick... 756
Van Pelt. J. E 869
Walter, J.' C 835
White, Alexander 759
Whitehouse, Henry John 780
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
THE RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
History, in any worthy sense of the term, should be
more than a bare statement of facts — of dates and
names and numbers and events. It should ask the
deeper questions as to why things have come to pass?
And it should also give some reason for the order and
the manner of their appearing.
The re-building of Chicago is an accomplished fact;
and to give the number of laborers employed and the
material required, and the time occupied in that great
work, might be interesting as details; but it would offer
no explanation of the causes that led up to, and made
possible so great a result. And when one asks for
these, he is led to ask still another question, and that is
what were the causes that led to the building of the
first Chicago ? In the answer to these will be found
most of the reasons for the re-building.
Why, then, was there, and is there, a Chicago ? It is
not a sufficient explanation to say, that the early settlers
were men of foresight and energy. That they were
such may be cheerfully admitted; but any power of
foreseeing, however large, would have been of but
little value had there not been a something to be seen;
and energy, however great and tireless, could have
accomplished no such wonderful results had there not
been the pre-existent conditions for its successful exer-
• tion. The world abounds with men of prevision,
of will-power and strength; but cities can be founded
and built up only where nature, by supplying the neces-
sary conditions, has made their existence possible.
Any one studying the general geography, the physical
structure and outlines of our continent, may see that in
the nature of things its great cities and its special and
mixed characters of population and industries have
been the result of natural surroundings, rather than of
the will or choosing of the people. A continent lying
between two oceans and with a vast sea-coast would
naturally have sea-coast cities, and the forms of indus-
tries and commerce and the kind of a population neces-
sary to all these manifold forms of business and labor.
One, studying the great mountain ranges of our coun-
try, with their wealth of coal and iron and precious
metals, must see that these conditions will call for the
corresponding forms of business and social develop-
ment. And so, the long rivers and the great valleys of
our country invite every form of agriculture; and the
vast forests attract the lumber interests; and the upland
prairies, less suited to farming, become the great cattle-
ranges and the home of the herdsmen.
And with these suggestions before us we may begin
to see the great cities and the vast industries and the
increasing population of our country, all taking shape,
not by accident, nor as arbitrarily determined by men,
but in accordance with the plans and the ordination of
nature. It was not the fact of the Dutch landing
at New York, that made that great city, but the greater
fact of the East and the Hudson River and the Long
Island Sound forming a natural harbor, and thus inviting
the ships and the commerce of two continents. Nor
did William Penn, nor Lord Baltimore, nor the French,
cause Philadelphia and Baltimore and New Orleans to
take their places; nor did the Puritans build Boston'.
Nature located all these splendid cities long before the
feet of the white man had touched our shores. It is
true that our civilization and the character of the people
have been the great factors in the growth and develop-
ment of these cities, but a power higher than man, and a
wisdom beyond that of the civil engineer, determined
their location; and the same is true of San Francisco,
the leading city of California. That State, for nearly a
thousand miles, lies along the Pacific coast, and its
mountain ranges are so disposed as to form, of its one
hundred and sixty thousand square miles, a basin
whose largest diameter is from north to south, and this,
by its natural drainage system, forms the two great
rivers, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, which
receive the waters from the mountain streams and carry
them to an inland sea, the Bay of San Francisco, and
thence, by the Golden Gate, to the Pacific. And thus,
long before the soldiers of Cortez landed in Mexico,
nature had determined the location of San Francisco.
From these general observations it should now
appear evident that certain things must occur along the
great line between the East and the West. As civiliza-
tion pressed back the savage life there would come to
be a great highway between the two oceans. This
might be determined by water-courses or the best
routes for constructing railways, or other conditions.
And here come in also the influences of climate and
production upon the number and character of a popu-
lation. But without entering at length upon this large
question, it may be sufficient for our present purpose to
state the general fact, that the great historic move-
ments of our world have been along the belt lying
between the 3oth and the soth degrees of latitude
north; and that the greater activities have been upon
the northern half of the latitudes named. This may be
accounted for on the ground of the more even balance
between the winters and the summers, the less enervat-
ing effects of a colder climate, and the wider range of
industries and the greater needs of life. All these
combine to produce and develop a healthy industrious
and progressive people.
A line drawn directly east from New York leads to
Gibraltar; but owing to the effect of the warmer ocean
currents, the temperature that would equal that of New
York is found ten or more degrees further north; and
with it the greater industry and progress of the coun-
tries of Europe, and there is still another fact to be
considered in reference to the natural water communi-
cation of our country. The Mississippi, with its tribu-
taries, the Missouri and the Ohio rivers, is the one
great outlet to the South of that wonderful valley lying
between the Allegheny and the Rocky mountains. The
Northern water-way to the Atlantic is by the great
chain of lakes and the St. Lawrence River. The head
of Lake Michigan is the head of this vast water com-
munication, and is on an almost direct line between
New York and San Francisco; also, in the line and
HISTORY OF CHICAf.n.
region of the largest and most general productiveness
of our country and of the greatest activity of our
people.
And now, when these facts are considered, it will be
seen that Chicago is in the direct line of communication
between London and New York, and between New York
and our other great Eastern cities and San Francisco.
And hence Chicago is directly on the line of the great Na-
tional highway between the two oceans that bound our
country on the East and the West. And hence nature
located Chicago; and in the plan of a continental
development nature settled the question long before
the ships of Columbus set sail, that here there should
be a great city.
Having said these things, we have given a stiggesi ive
answer as to why the first Chicago came to be. It came
as a natural and a necessary part of the development of
the country. There may be, and there are, other lines
of communication between the two oceans; but in the
nature of things, that by Chicago is, and must be, the
greatest. And what nature decreed, man has come
along to fulfill. The beginnings of Chicago were neces-
sarily small; and no one, fifty years ago, even dreamed
of what was soon to be. Nor did any one at that time
imagine what was to be the wonderful growth of the
great Northwest. The city naturally kept pace in its
growth with the growth of the country. In 1837,
there was a population of only four thousand one hun-
dred and seventy; and in 1850, only twenty-nine thou-
sand nine hundred and sixty-three; and ten years later
it numbered but one hundred and nine thousand two
hundred and six.
In 1870, or a year before the city was burned, the pop-
ulation had increased to three hundred and six thousand
six hundred and five. And when we consider the rela-
tive growth of the country in these years, and what the
growth of the city meant in the way of business and in
the increase of railroad and lake commerce, and the
large amount of money and labor and the number of
public buildings required to handle all this commerce,
and transact this vast business, we must perceive that
the burning of the city, whilst it must affect outlying
interests, could not destroy the conditions that called it
into existence, and upon which it depended. The
location was left, and the ruins of what had been were
on the line of the Nation's great highway; and not only
this, the lake was here, and the twenty miles of dockage
along the river were not destroyed. The three hundred
thousand people were here; and the eighteen great
trunk lines of railroads, with their nearly ten thousand
miles of direct connection, were not destroyed. The
country was all around us; its sympathies were aroused
and help came; and the energy that had helped build
the city, though almost paralyzed for a time, quickly
recovered and stood undismayed in presence of a loss
so great, and faced resolutely the larger task of the
years of hard struggle that would be required to make
good what, on that one terrible night, had been swept
away.
We can form some conception of the extent of the
buildings and the property destroyed by the number of
acres burned over, which were— on the West Side,
one hundred and ninety-four acres; South Side, four
hundred and sixty acres; North Side, one thousand
four hundred and seventy acres; making a total area of
two thousand one hundred and twenty-four acres,
or nearly three and a half square miles, being about
four miles in length and from one to one and a half
miles in width. The number of buildings destroyed
was seventeen thousand four hundred and fifty; and
nearly one hundred thousand persons were left home-
less. The custom-house, the court-house, the post-
office, the chamber of commerce, the hotels, the depots,
many churches and the great business blocks, the
banks, the theaters, and the newspaper offices, all went
down together in the awful conflagration. Some further
idea may be formed from the statement that seventy-
three miles of street frontage were burned, and the
total loss of property could not have been less than
§200,000,000.
The first thought of all was, the relief of the suffer-
ing; and through the generous donations of the people
of almost every land — amounting in all to nearly
$5,000,000, and by a system of distribution soon set in
motion, this immediate necessity was met. And then
came the first thoughts of re-building. It was a dreary
waste of tottering walls and smouldering ruins to look
upon, and enough to almost discourage the stoutest
heart. Hut courage revived, and soon — before the
embers were cold — hundreds of men began to venture
around where had stood their stores and offices, and to
search for safes, books and papers.
Then they began to prepare temporary quarters; but
all this time the thought of a permanent and speedy
re-building, as an imperative necessity, was present
to every mind. All felt, all knew, and all said, the city
must be re-built. The vast railroad, and lake and com-
mercial interests of such a great business center de-
manded it; the generous confidence of the capitalists of
the Eastern cities gave assurance of help in so costly an
undertaking. Delay was impossible. Every great busi-
ness interest must in some way be set in motion.
How vast these interests were may be approximately
estimated by a special reference to some of the more
important. The estimate of these, for the year 1873,
aggregated a total of $180,000,000; and when it is
remembered that the grainj meat and lumber markets of
Chicago are, and even then were, the largest in the
world, it will be seen that the speedy re- building of
Chicago was a commercial necessity. This vast busi-
ness, in which the railroads and the lake commerce and
the whole country were interested, could not be aban-
doned ; nor could it in any large sense be diverted. It
had to be continued, and it had to be carried on, in, and
through, Chicago; and had the entire city been de-
stroyed and all the inhabitants burned up, a new
city must have soon arisen, and other people have come
to fill its streets and carry on its work.
When it is said that the largest grain, meat and lumber
markets in the world were a part of the vast business
of Chicago at the time of the fire, it must not be
supposed that these forms of business meant no more
than the handling of such products on their way for
distribution and consumption in other and smaller cities
and towns. It is true that for a large amount of grain
and lumber and great numbers of cattle, Chicago is
a wholesale market; but this, of itself, represents but a
small part of the business and labor that these lines of
commerce bring to the city. Chicago was and is a vast
manufacturing center.
That this is, and must be so, will appear evident
from the consideration of a few facts. In the State of
Illinois there are over thirty thousand square miles
of coal, and the richest mines thereof are not distant
from the city, and many of them are on the direct lines
of the great railways, and the others are easily reached
by branch lines. The lakes afford ready and cheap
communication with the vast lumber regions of Wis-
consin and Michigan, and also the iron and copper and
red-stone districts of Lake Superior. And hence in
il-'
. ?--.^.?T
Permission of Inland Architect and Builder.
TEMPLE OK Z1ON CONGREGATION.
54
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
the nature of things, Chicago had become a center
of large and varied manufacturing interests. The lum-
ber brought here was dried and dressed for flooring
and sidings and made ready for use in building before
it was shipped to other points. There were also many
large establishments for making doors and sash and
blinds; and others still were heavily engaged in the
manufacture of every line and quality of furniture, and
organs and pianos. The great slaughter-houses were
extensively engaged in packing and curing meats; and
not only were the hides tanned here, but even at
that time Chicago was largely engaged in the manu-
facture of boots and shoes; and as one result of the
energy of the people in the speedy and grand re-build-
ing of the city, this form of industry has so increased
that Chicago is to-day the largest boot and shoe manu-
facturing center on the continent. And naturally, too,
the cheap water connections made this a center of iron
manufactories for engines and steel rails and car-
wheels and reapers and mowers, and every kind of
machinery needed for the farms, the shops, the rail-
roads, and the steamers upon the lakes.
All these many manufacturing industries were present
and pressing reasons for the re-building of the city;
and not alone for foundries and shops, but for houses to
shelter the many thousands of laborers required to do
the work. We sometimes wonder, in looking at the
crowds of people who fill the streets and the cars in the
morning and evening hours, where they come from,
where they go, where and how they live, and what they
all can find to do. The explanation is found by the
barest allusion to the vast and many forms of business
and labor that enter into the life of a great city. Such
was Chicago when the fire occurred; and all these were
imperative reasons for its immediate re-building.
But it was not the fact of necessity alone that
aroused the energetic people of Chicago for their
great task. They were inspired by a large hope for the
future greatness of their city. In the midst of their
present desolation and distress, they saw that in the
longer view of things these calamities, however dis-
couraging, were but passing incidents in its larger life;
that the "great fire" would soon be a thing of the
past, whilst the re-built city must be the glory of the
future. And as hope and courage revived, the new Chi-
cago rose in beauty to the imagination while yet only
the black and smoking ruins marked the site of the old.
Led on by such visions, speculations and reasonings as
to the possible future of such a city were heard on
every hand.
It may be confessed that such hopeful boastings
as to the possible future of Chicago were not wholly
unknown or strange before the fire; and hence such
talk was not entirely new. But it seemed to have a
new meaning and to serve a most valuable purpose. It
was this hopefulness, this expectation and pride over a
city yet to be, that saved the people from the great
mistake of re-building upon a small and cheap plan. At
first, indeed, the re-building of some of what are now
our noblest structures, was projected upon a plan that
would have been wholly unworthy of the names they
bear and the proud and prominent places they occupy.
In the haste and discouragement, the first plan of
the Tribune building, now one of the finest in the city,
was poor and cheap; and the same is true of many
others as at first planned. But the business men were
much together in those days of a common loss; they
talked together; they reasoned as to what was best
to do; and the result was that one encouraged the
other; and one, hearing of the enlarged plans of his
neighbor, was led to improve his own. And in this way
the feeling was soon common that the new city must be
upon a plan far more substantial and elegant than had
been the old. The result was, that only one building
of any size, — that on the corner of Clark and Wash-
ington streets, was put up cheaply; and that has been
torn down to give place to the fine Chicago Opera-
house block. Had not this better judgment prevailed,
our city would have been filled with cheap and insecure
buildings, and the work of tearing down and re-build-
ing would not yet have been half done. But instead of
this, the great business streets present an appearance
that is uniform, beautiful, imposing, and even grand.
Among the many questions discussed — for, in those
exciting days, everybody was talking. — one of the
most common was, the time that would be required to
re-build the city. Some said that fifteen years would not
see Chicago what it was before the fire; others, more
hopeful, said ten years, and the most sanguine did not
dare place the time at less than five years.
Well, the work was begun. Out of the $5,000,000
contributed for relief, soon temporary homes were pro-
vided for forty thousand people, and workmen were
supplied with tools. Learning from experience, the fire
limits, forbidding the erection of wooden buildings, were
extended, not only over the area where the fire had
raged, but in some directions far beyond. And then
began the work of clearing away the ruins, drawing
plans and laying foundations for hotels, theaters, busi-
ness blocks and dwellings of brick, iron and stone.
Architects were busy perfecting drawings, contractors
were busy collecting material, and mechanics of all
kinds found ready employment at good wages. Thou-
sands of workmen came from other cities and from the
country, and, though it was now winter, the streets were
filled with busy men and with teams, and the whole
scene became one of inspiring activity.
But it is not possible for those who saw the city
burned; and saw it re-built, to describe the scene so as
to make it appear real to others. Indeed, they can not
make it real to themselves, for both the burning and the
re-building were so far out of and beyond all the ordi-
nary experiences of life, that the effect was in a sense
overpowering, and the feelings were more like a dream,
or when looking at a panorama, than those of actual
life. Of course, all knew and felt that the events were
terribly real; but they transcended comprehension —
were too large to grasp; and then, the mind becoming
accustomed to that from which it could not turn away,
adapted itself to its new and strange surroundings.
It is no unusual thing to see a dwelling or a
block burned ; but how must one feel to look upon
a vast, raging and uncontrollable storm and sea of fire,
sweeping on from ten o'clock at night till morning, and
then sweeping on till noon and till night, consuming
over seventeen thousand houses, rendering a hundred
thousand people homeless, and then stopping, only
because there was nothing more in its path to be
destroyed ? It is common to see ten or a dozen or fifty
houses rising at once; but when one looks upon, not a
dozen or fifty, but upon ten thousand houses rising and
ten times that number of busy workmen coming and
going, and listens to the noise of countless saws and
hammers and chisels and axes and planes, he is
bewildered.
And thus it was in the burning and the re-building
of Chicago. Those who witnessed the scenes marvel
that they were or could have been. And in this state of
wonder and excitement, thousands who had hardly
known hardship before found themselves pushed out
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
55
into the struggle, and came to know how much they
could bear and do, and many who were invalids, and
some who had abandoned hope of recovery, found they
had a reserve power of vitality, and, this being aroused,
went to work for themselves or others. And whilst
many may have suffered in health from exposure and
hardships, not a few gladly confess that to the thrilling
experiences and the continual excitement of those
years, they are indebted for the lengthened existence
they still enjoy.
That which some had said would require twenty or
ten years to accomplish, was achieved in three years. A
city that had been over thirty years in building, had
been destroyed in a day and a night. In three years
ble explanation of its re building. This is now an
accomplished fact; and it is not only something of
which Chicago may be justly proud, it is a pride and an
honor to the country in which such a marvelous achieve-
ment is possible.
And now, having back of us, and beneath us, the
explanation of both the building and the re-building of
such a city, we are at the best point of observation to
forecast the further out-workings of these conditions
and causes in the possibilities and probabilities of its
growth and greatness in the future. And it is from
such standpoints of observation only, that speculations
as to what may be can have the credit and weight of
being rational. But once in the line of natural causes,
VAN BUREN STREET, FROM MICHIGAN AVENUE.
more it had arisen from the ashes; only here and there
was left a vacant lot or stood a broken wall, and
over the wide and long way where had swept the
stream of fire, now were miles of streets and blocks,
which, for beauty, for commodiousness, for adaptation
to business purposes, are not surpassed by any city in
America, if in the world.
Less than fifteen years have passed since the great
fire, and yet it has become a thing of the past; is not
often referred to, or even thought of by those who
saw it. The re-building, and the new and enlarged life
of the city, are more than enough to fill their minds.
The great lines of business that were hindered for
a short time have now better accommodations by far
than ever before. The facts of the quick re-building of
the city, and of the regaining of lost fortunes are evi-
dences, not only of the unconquerable energy and per-
sistency of the people of Chicago, but evidences also of
the boundless resources and wealth of the growing
country on whose great National highway the city
stands.
If the data and reasonings from which we sought to
find the explanation of the building of Chicago are
correct, then, in finding these, we found the best possi-
the rational probabilities based upon such abiding con-
ditions may become a reliable basis for both belief and
action.
Since the fire, the population of Chicago has more
than doubled; from three hundred thousand the city has
grown to not less than seven hundred thousand, and the
amount of building and the increase of business have
naturally been in the same general ratio.
And now, look at some other facts bearing upon the
same line, but to which reference has not yet been
made. In approximating facts, we may say that one
hundred years ago our country had a population of
three millions, or about three persons to each square
mile. Now we have a population of fifty millions, but
still less than twenty to the square mile. And when we
compare these facts with the crowded conditions of the
old world, we are in a position to account for, and
to explain, the vast increase of population in our own
land through immigration. England and Wales have
three hundred and eighty-nine to the square mile;
France one hundred and fifty; Germany one hundred
and ninety-three; Scotland one hundred and nine;
Ireland one hundred and sixty-nine; and little Belgium
has four hundred and fifty to the square mile. The
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
law of equalization must tend to reduce the population
of these over-crowded countries, by bringing their peo-
ple by thousands and millions to our own shores. In
the last thirty years the emigration to this land lias
averaged over two million five hundred thousand every
nine years. If the increase of population in our coun-
try continues in the ratio of the past — and there is no
reason to think that it will not, — in fifteen years, or in
the year 1900, it will have reached not less than eighty
million souls.
And all this argues the continued and rapid growth
of Chicago. Situated as this city is, it is not a question
of what we might desire one way or the other; it is a
question of what in the nature of things has to be.
The city must, as a necessity, keep up with the growth
of the country both in numbers and in business. And,
for the reasons before mentioned, — that we are on the
great National highway; at the head of the vast system
of water-ways through the lakes; and on the natural
and increasing lines of the great railroads, and in
the center of what is undoubtedly the most productive
country on earth.
Naturally, there is a line of cities along the Atlantic
coast, and naturally a line of cities west of the Alleghe-
nies, as Buffalo, Cleveland and Pittsburgh; and naturally
two such cities as Cincinnati and St. Louis on the Ohio
and Mississippi rivers. But Chicago, lying west and
north of these, and at the head of the lakes and on the
direct line of the Nation's travel and commerce, has a
position of her own, and from no fault of these other
cities, but from the advantage and the necessities
of such a position, leaves them all far behind in her
rapid growth. And in the natural order of the develop-
ment and business of the country several other cities
have sprung up in a line or circle of four or five
hundred miles from Chicago, still further west; as
Kansas City, Omaha, St. Paul and Minneapolis. The
positions of these are such as to justify, and even
demand, a much larger growth than of those along
the Mississippi. New York lies at the Eastern, and
San Francisco at the Western, terminus of our great
trans-continental travel and commerce, and Chicago,
lying between, is helped by both, and is naturally
the great mid-way center of manufacturing, merchan-
dising, and general production and distribution. And it
is not difficult to foresee that this great valley lying
between the Allegheny and the Rocky Mountains is
destined to become the dominant, the controlling,
power in the nation that promises to be the greatest the
world has ever seen. The principal countries of Europe
could all be put down in this great valley, and it could
feed and clothe all their many millions of people.
America is destined to outnumber and lead all the
nations of the earth; this great valley is and must
be the central and ruling power of the nation, and Chi-
cago will, and must, by natural causes, be the chief
city of this valley, and hence the largest in population,
and the most important and commanding in point
of influence and power upon the national welfare.
It is not the purpose of this article to moralize; but
one can hardly help asking what the future of Chicago
and the millions of this vast surrounding country will
be, in point of intelligence and the moral qualities that
alone can make a Republican government secure. It
can not be denied that the lower elements of the old
world are crowding to our shores. The country is yet
new, and room abundant; but can we stand the pressure
when it becomes thickly populated ? It is estimated
that by 1890 our population will contain forty -three
million foreigners; and that twenty-five millions of
these will be in the Great West. The significance
of such facts and suggestions is felt in Chicago to-day.
The hopeful feature is in the encouraging fact that
so many of our foreign population are industrious and
are acquiring property, and thereby possess a personal
interest in the public welfare. Our next great hope is
in the power of our public schools to enlighten and to
Americanize.
In this survey of the re-building of Chicago, we
have considered the external conditions that made such
a fact possible, and have followed out these natural
causes in the line of their suggestiveness as to the
rationally probable future of Chicago and of the coun-
try. But it is pleasant to note the less observed, but
more significant, fact, that man, as a builder, works not
alone from external conditions and bodily needs, but
whilst building of wood and stone, he is revealing the
power and glory of his mind. He objectises mental
and spiritual ideals and affections. The vast structures
that rose up under his human touch were not alone for
purposes of business, but came to embody and shelter
the love of home and family, and learning, and religion.
By the side of the great business blocks have arisen the
school-house and the church; and in the re-built homes
are found again the old altais of love and the memories
and hopes that the fire could not burn.
And thus we come at last to the fact that the build-
ing and the re-building of Chicago were not the results
alone of its location and the surrounding conditions
that made possible the existence of a great city. These
were essential as conditions; but as such they had been
present through all the unrecorded centuries, during
which many forms of the varying uncivilized life of
different tribes of Indians had come and gone. But in
all those long ages there was no mind sufficiently
enlightened to perceive these advantages; there was not
a civilization that could utilize them. All this vast
preparation of nature was to the savage mind but a
camping-ground; and the wide prairies and great lakes
and forests offered no wealth beyond their abundant
supply of game and wild grasses and fruits.
To utilize these conditions of a higher produc-
tiveness and other and larger forms of wealth, there was
needed the inventive and creative brain and hand of
intelligence. For this nature waited; and with the
white man it came. In his mind and heart were the
thoughts and ideals and inspirations of all that was to
be; and finding here the necessary conditions for their
realization, the ideals were soon translated into the
grand and imposing forms of the actual. But in all
this, the possibilities of such realization and the inspi-
rations of which they were actualized, were hid away in
the mind and heart. And thus the glory of man as a
builder in our world is not alone in the cities and tem-
ples that he causes to rise, but in the great thoughts
and noble sentiments of which these are the material
expressions. Thus, the sentiments of patriotism build
the capital and the protecting fortresses of a country,
and over these lift up a flag. The love of fireside and
learning and religion builds the home and the school
and the church; and in all these, man reveals, not alone
his thought of the useful, but his ideal of the beautiful
and the good.
And thus, the re-built Chicago will stand as a monu-
ment, not alone of the courage, the energy, the strength,
the acquisitiveness and world-wisdom of the men and
women who in three years accomplished that almost
incredible task, but a monument also of their intelli-
gence and morality and all the noble sentiments by
which they were inspired in so great a work.
H. W. THOMAS.
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
57-
WORK COMMENCED.
The conflagration of 1871 marked the third epoch
in the history of Chicago. While to many who read of
it, as well as to thousands of eye-witnesses, the disaster
seemed an omen of the city's ruin, it yet contained the
elements of a growth hitherto scarcely dreamed of,
through which both society and business should be re-
organized on a broader and more enduring basis. As
the new structures which were to arise should be more
adequate to the transactions of a vast and growing com-
merce, so the life of the city, rudely shaken from the
moorings of the past, was to become more cosmopolitan.
The new associations enforced by the exigencies of the
winter succeeding the fire, — the mingling of all creeds
and nations in the humane work which the disaster en-
tailed,— were to break up cliques and coteries ; to give a
freer scope to her life, — a wider range to her sympathies;
to found that new Chicago, whose strong pulsations
and conscious vitality should be but faintly exemplified
in the trade palaces which became their outward mani-
festation.
But of the future there was little portent, as, stand-
ing amid the ruins of a square mile of business edifices
and extensive factories, which but yesterday had been
alive with the bustle of trade, the eye swept over a
dreary waste of three more square miles, strewn with
ashes, cinders and dismantled walls, among which were
scattered the charred remains of human victims. The
appalling fury of the flames, which destroyed alike busy
mart, palatial residence, and hovel, had swept away the
accumulations of years; and with an absolute lack of
money, a belief that the contents of safes and vaults would
prove worthless, and little probabilty of realizing any
substantial return from insurance policies, — there seemed
slight prospect o! repairing shattered fortunes, re-plac-
ing desolated homes, or restoring the city to her former
pre-eminence.
With a hundred thousand people shelterless, a lack
of water, and a scarcity of food, and a partial panic,
induced by the rumor that thieves from other cities had
flocked by scores to Chicago, — the existence of a feeling
of gloom and despondency would not have been surpris-
ing. Nor were there wanting fanatics who saw in the
flames only the wrathful judgments of an offended Deity.
To such, a fitting answer was returned by Rev. Robert
Collyer, as, standing among the ruins of Unity Church,
he addressed his congregation from one of the dis-
mantled capitals of its pillars, on the Sunday morning
succeeding the fire:
" I have heard not a little speculation about the moral signifi-
cance of our great calamity, and men who meant better have unwit-
tingly accused ( lod <>f a great wickedness, when they have intimated
that it was a judgment of Heaven because of the ungodliness of our
city. First of all, judgments of Heaven are not retrospective, but al-
ways prospective ; that is, they are never of the backward glance,
but always of the forward. * * God's way is otherwise!
He disciplines without destroying, and builds up without pulling
down. N'o such punishment could possibly do any good if it were
only received as a willful infliction of the rod of Heaven. Second.
Then there was no reason why Chicago should have been made an
example for the rest of the world Of course, we were a people of
great worldliness and selfishness, of great boasting and parade ;
but certainly no city in the Christian world has ever done more, ac-
cording to its means, for schools, churches, and charities. * *
Third. We have been strikingly short-sighted in the boundaries of
our fire limits, in permitting so many, or any, wooden buildings
within the limits of the city, and to-day the lire' limits should be the
city limits. We have given full sway to drinking, gambling, and
licentious houses, and have, by our moral laxity, invited to the
city, and harbored in it, a criminal population almost equal to that
of London, which is the worst on the face of the earth. We have
done less to reform this very population, when in our power, than
almost any other city. ' * We have drifted, too, into
the hands of a set of tricky politicians, * * * * and the only
recognized aristocracy of the city is a set of ignorant and recently
enriched social swells and snobs."
In the same sermon, Mr. Collyer said : '
" What is lost ? First. Our homes. Thousands of families
are homeless and penniless. Second. Our business. This is tem-
porary. Third. Our money. This is a great misfortune, but one
which we can repair. We have not lost — First. Our geography.
Nature called the lakes, the forest, the prairies together in conven-
tion long before we were born, and they decided that on this spot
a great city should be built — the railroads and energetic men have
aided to fulfill the prophecy. Second. We have not lost our men
— noble, generous, and of genius. Third. We have not lost our
hope. The city is to be at once re-built, and ' the glory of the lat-
ter house shall be greater than that of the former. ' "
These words, and others of like import from the
clergy and the press, formulated sentiments which were
more or less distinctly impressed on the heart of every-
one who was vitally interested in the city's welfare,
while they served to arouse flagging courage ; and be-
fore the ashes of the smouldering ruins were fairly cool,
Chicago's inherent vitality and buoyancy of spirit had
re-asserted themselves.
Of the aid extended to Chicago in her distress, little
can be added to what has many times been written.
The story of the charity that forgot all rivalry save
emulation in deeds of kindness ; that knew no geo-
graphical lines ; that recognized no differences of race
or creed, — belongs not alone to those benefited, but to
the world. It has been well said, that there was no one
of the United States in which some cinder from the
Chicago fire had not kindled a flame of sympathy ; and
although it may be possible to compute the commercial
value of the donations to the suffering city, the worth
of the unstinted charity which the calamity evoked can
not be estimated.
A history of the early measures taken for the relief
of the sufferers was given, in considerable detail, in the
second volume of this work ; but some noteworthy cor-
porate and individual subscriptions may be specified, in
addition to the account there given :
A. T. Stewart, of New York, $50,000; City of Brooklyn,
$100,000 ; New York Stock Exchange, $50,000 ; District of Colum-
bia, $100,000 ; Rochester, N.Y., $70,000 ; Buffalo, N.Y., $100,000 ;
City of Baltimore, $100,000 ; Robert Bonner, New York, $10,000 ;
Peoria, $75,000 ; Worcester, $50,000 ; Indianapolis, $75,000 ; Cin-
$13,000; A. Belmont, Brown Brothers, Jesup & Co., and Duncan,
Sherman & Co., $5,000 each ; Fisk & Hall, $10,000; W. W. Cor-
coran, Washington, $3,000 ; President Grant, $1,000 ; Philadelphia
Commercial Exchange, $10,000; Troy (N. Y.) Board of Trade,
$10,000; London, Canada, $5,000; Hamilton, Canada, $5,000; Mont-
real, $20,000; Toronto, $10,000; Springfield, Mass., $15,000;
$10,000; New York dry goods houses, $20,000 ; Lawrence, Kas.,
$13,000; Kansas City, $26,000; J. S. Morgan & Co., of London'
$5,000; Dayton, O., $20,000; Berkeley Street, Boston, $10,000 ;
Boston Hide & Leather Exchange, $10,000; Tennessee Legisla-
ture, $5,000; Evansville, Ind., $16,000.
The foregoing are but specimens of the fruits of
that practical sympathy which found its expression in
generous works of mercy. From every quarter of
America and of the world came the needed aid, the
receipts for the first three months being $4,200,000.
Among the munificent offerings from foreign coun-
tries, the Common Council of London unanimously
voted 1,000 guineas, accompanying the gift with resolu-
tions of sympathy. Contributions from private citizens,
aggregating ,£7,000, were also received. Baring, .Mor-
gan, Rothschild, Brown, Shipley & Co., of London, the
Great Western Railroad, of Canada, and the Grand
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Trunk Railroad, subscribed ^1,000 each. The Liver-
pool Chamber of Commerce voted ,£5,000, and the
American Chamber contributed §13,000. Mass meet-
ings, to secure further aid. were held all over England.
A meeting to organize relief was promptly and unani-
mously called by the Edinburgh Chamber of Com-
merce. At Herlin, a subscription list for the relief fund
was opened, being headed by the Chief of Police ; and
the leading banks and merchants of Krankfort-on-the-
Main took an active interest in securing subscriptions.
As already intimated, very few hoped to realize any
substantial return from policies of insurance. Business
foresight early perceived that many companies must
succumb to the unparalleled drain upon their resources ;
and even the most sanguine anticipated the payment of
but a small proportion of the amount guaranteed by the
policies. The bankruptcy of the Chicago companies
was conceded by common consent, and comparatively
few were found who hoped that the other companies
would not repudiate their indebtedness. Before three
days had expired, however, re-assuring messages were
received from foreign companies, stating that losses
would be paid in full. Time demonstrated the falsity
of many of these promises, but their effect was to keep
up the courage of many, who would otherwise have
been utterly disheartened.
The following extracts from the inaugural message of
Hon. Joseph Medill, the first mayor of the city subse-
quent to the conflagration, show the result of the great
fire upon the interests of the municipality:
" Of the total property in Chicago created by labor and capi-
tal, existing on the 8th of October, more than half perished on the
9th. The- money \alue of the property thus suddenly annihilated,
it is impossible accurately to ascertain, but it can hardly fall short
of $150,000,000, a comparatively small part of which will be re-im-
bursed by the insurance companies. Such a tremendous loss can
not befall the people at large without seriously affecting their muni-
cipal affairs. The city as a corporation has lost its property and in-
come, precisely as have individuals in the aggregate. The munici-
pal government has no income except what it derives from the
citizens of Chicago in the form of taxes, licenses and rents, or ob-
tains on their credit. To the extent that their property and busi-
ness are diminished by the terrible misfortune that has smitten them,
the revenue of tlie city diminished; as our citizens are retrench-
ing expenses to meet the exigencies and keep within their means, so
must the municipal government do likewise.
" Heavy as the blow has been that has struck us, I am not dis-
couraged. Our municipal losses, like those of the citizens, will
goon in- ivpairi'd, and by judicious management of our city affairs,
the people will soon recover from their losses, and thus be able in a
short time to bear the burden of taxation, without oppression. I
shall proceed to state, in brief form, the present fiscal condition of
the city, as I gather it from official son-
" liondcd debt, December, 1871 $14,103,000
Less bonds held in the sinking fund 557,000
Outstanding bonds $13,546,000
" This debt is composed of the following items:
Funded debt — old issues $ 342,000
>d debt — new issues. 2,192,500
Sri 1 bonds 1,119,500
School construction bonds. 53,ooo
Sewerage bonds 2,680,000
River improvement bonds 2,896,000
Water bonds 4,820,000
" In addition to the bonded debt, it is officially reported to me
that there is a floating debt consisting of
tificates of indebtedness $ 138,707
ttled claims for deepening the canal.. 253,000
Current expenses for November, about 250,000
Tunnel balance and other items 45,000
Water fund, from sale of bonds $ 897,262
School building, from sale of bonds... 'l,*li!
Special assessment collected. --
Bridewell fund
Reform school fund --
45.45" '
30,000
Total, about.. $ 686,707
" The comptroller estimates the general expenses for the re-
mainder of the fiscal year at $1,141,000.
" There stands to the credit of various special funds the fol-
lowing unexpended balances:
Total.... $1,556,338
" From these funds the city government has
temporarily drawn for" payment of cur-
rent expenses, to be replaced when
needed . i,M4,iS6
Balance on hand, December 1871.- S 412,152"
After estimating the loss of the municipality through
the destruction of its buildings, machinery, furniture,
etc., at $2,509,180,— a figure subsequently found to be
below the actual amount— the Mayor resumes:
" But the destruction of this property is not the only loss suf-
fered by the corporation. The burning of records, vouchers, books,
papers, tax warrants, assessment rolls, etc. , will necessarily occasion
much loss, confusion, and embarrassment to the city government.
But it is believed that a large part of the apparent loss of official
knowledge and data can be supplied from other sources. Still, the
pecuniary loss to the city will be considerable in the destruction of
the evidence of delinquent taxes and special assessments.
" What lesson should this cruel visitation teach us? Shall we
regard it as one of fortuitous occurrence, which only happens at
long intervals and is beyond human foresight or control ? Such a
conclusion constitutes our great future danger. A blind, unreason-
ing infatuation in favor of pine for outside walls, and pine covered
with paper and tar for roofs, has possessed many of our people.
* * * * If we re-build the city with this dangerous material,
we have a moral certainty, at no distant day, of a recurrence of the
late catastrophe. * * * * Can there be any doubt as to our
duty in view of these considerations and conditions? ft semis to
me it is obvious and imperative. The outside walls of every build-
ing hereafter erected within the limits of Chicago should be com-
posed of materials as incombustible as brick, stone, iron, concrete
or slate. * * * *
"The fire limits, in my opinion, should be made co-extensive
with the boundaries of the city, and when the latter are extended,
so should be the former. There is no line that can be drawn with
safety within these limits. * * * * I recommend that your
honorable body proceed to frame and perfect a fire ordinance that
will give security and permanence to the future city.
" The city's future safety demands a better and more reliable
supply of water for the extinguishment of fires than is afforded by
the existing system. This fact was painfully demonstrated in the
late calamity. When the pumping works succumbed, not a gallon
of water could be procured by the Fire I >epartment or the citizens,
with which to fight the lire, and hundreds, perhaps thousands, of
houses perished in consequence thereof. The city should not be
left wholly dependent on these machines, because they are subject
to many contingencies in addition to that which disabled them."
Some of the suggestions contained in the message
of Mayor Medill were in harmony with those made by
Colonel D. C. Houston, of the U. S. Engineer Corps,
under date of October 13, 1871 :
"The points which seem to me to be considered at this time
and be fully provided for, are
" I. The laying out of certain lines for steam communication
from the center of business to the suburbs, to be so arranged as not
to obstruct the street travel or be obstructed by it. This most
essential element of a modern metropolis can never be secured or
arranged for so well as at present.
"2. The arrangement of commodious and central depots for
the great lines of railroads centering in the city.
"3. A commodious levee along the river for public docks, a
grand market and a grand plaza, where all can go without paying
tribute. Instead of having buildings built close down to the river
bank, let there be an open space on each side of the river devoted to
the above purposes.
"4. The great leading lines of business should be consolidated
or concentrated on certain streets running north and south. There
should be a financial center, a dry-goods center, a hardware cen-
ter, etc.
" 5. A public square for open meetings and out-door business.
"These suggestions are hurriedly thrown out, but they should
be considered, and a committee representing all interests should be
appointed to draw up a scheme by which these desirable results can
be secured."
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
59
OBSTACLES ENCOUNTERED.
REMOVAL OF THE DEBRIS. — A circumstance deserv-
ing special mention in connection with the city's reha-
bilitation is the removal of the debris. Large as were
the city's teaming facilities — which were reinforced by
farmers who, through a circuit of one hundred and
fifty miles, sought Chicago with a view to profitable
employment, they proved inadequate to the demands
upon them. The common price paid for a teamster and
wagon averaged six dollars a day, and citizens were not
wanting who doubled this rate in consideration of
prompt and careful service. A striking illustration of
the greed displayed by some of the contractors engaged
in clearing away the ruins is afforded in the experi-
ence of Potter Palmer. He wished to remove the
debris from the site of the building occupied by Messrs.
Field & Leiter. The lowest offer he received was $5,000.
Rather than submit to such extortion — the price at any
ordinary time would not have exceeded $1,000 — he did
the work himself.
A convenient dumping place for the rubbish taken
from ruins was afforded by the basin formed on the lake
shore, between the outlying track and breakwater
of the Illinois Central Railroad. What would have
been the increase in expense had no such place been at
hand, it is impossible to estimate. At the same time
the deposit there of the vast amount of rubbish, abso-
lutely worthless in itself, made land for the city at the
rate of $1,000 a day.
Even before the flames had expended their fury, the
mercantile community of Chicago gave proof of the
energy that no fire could destroy, in seeking for new lo-
cations. No situation available for business was left
unoccupied, and merchants congratulated themselves
upon obtaining places which, but a few months before,
would have been refused with disdain. The ruins were
I covered with notices of removal to temporary quarters.
^~ Some of these were bare business announcements ;
others apparently sought to show, by humorous fea-
tures, that the writers believed in the efficacy of laughter
as an antidote to distress.
DIFFICULTY OF ESTABLISHING TITLES TO REAL ES-
TATE.— -In the Court House had been stored the legal
evidences of title to every square foot of real estate, not
only in Chicago, but in all Cook County. Money could
not be borrowed on mortgage by those who could not
show a title, and real-estate owners hesitated before
erecting buildings on land from which they might ulti-
mately be ejected. The people looked for relief to the
Legislature ; not until late in the succeeding winter,
however, was any measure of relief adopted, and even
then the statute enacted met the emergency only in
part. To a very considerable extent, individual owners
were compelled to validate their titles by steps satisfac-
tory to a court of equity. Still, the actual delay resulting
from this cause fell so far short of what had been
dreaded, that at this interval of time it is difficult to re-
alize how grave the situation then appeared.
LENGTH AND SEVERITY OF THE WINTER. — The first
frosts appeared before the ashes had cooled, and the
ground remained frozen until spring was far advanced.
At first it was supposed that no permanent building
could be commenced until the return of warmer days ;
but massive structures began at once to rise, and the
work steadily progressed throughout the entire winter.
THE STRIKE OF THE TRADES-UNIONS. — Early in
the season, a suspension of work was threatened by
these organizations unless higher wages were paid, al-
though the price of labor had already materially ad-
vanced. The effect of these threats was to awaken
apprehension in the public mind, but they came to little,
owing to the vast influx of labor, both skilled and man-
ual, drawn by the emergency from all quarters of Amer-
ica as well as from Europe.
HIGH PRICE OF BUILDING MATERIAL. — Brick and
lumber bounded upward. A maximum price for the
latter commodity was fixed, by common accord of the
dealers, at a reasonably low figure. The lumbermen's
example, however, was not followed by the brickmen,
whether through indisposition or inability does not
appear. The prices of building material during the
winter ruled high, yet fell somewhat before spring
opened. An attempt was made to secure legislation
from Congress looking to the relief of the Chicago suf-
ferers. That body was asked to enact a law, authorizing
the refunding of all duties paid on imported building
material used in re-building the burned district within a
specified time. A precedent had been afforded in the
case of the re-building of Portland, Maine, in 1866.
When the measure was first proposed, it encountered no
serious objection ; but before the bill was taken up for
action, the enthusiasm of sympathy had cooled, and an
opposition, headed by the lumber interest, had been
formed. A long and bitter fight over the passage of
the bill ensued, resulting in its enactment, with the re-
bate clause relating to lumber stricken out. Chicago
derived but little benefit from its enactment, owing to
the dilatoriness of the Treasury Department in adopting
rules to give it efficacy. Many difficulties were inter-
posed, and not a little bitter feeling toward the Secretary
of the Treasury was engendered by what was believed
to indicate a disposition on his part to defeat the object
of the Act.
BUILDING COMMENCED. — Temporary buildings for
business purposes sprang up at once in every portion of
the burned district ; while at the same time shanties
were being put up with equal celerity in the North Di-
vision. Many of these were the outgrowth of the work
of relief, which largely assumed the form of aid extended
to poor men toward putting up some shelter for their
families. It should be noted here, that in the state-
ments made regarding the number of buildings erected
in the city during the first year following the conflagra-
tion, no. account has been presented of these temporary
shanties, which were put up without permits from the
Board of Public Works. Neither has account been
taken of the innumerable cottages built on the North
Side between the North Branch and Clark Street, most
of which were built either before the establishment of
the fire limits, or in open defiance of the ordinance
which fixed them.
An idea of the rapidity with which permanent build-
ings were commenced and completed may be formed
from the fact that, within six weeks after the fire, two
hundred and twelve permanent stone and brick build-
ings were in course of erection in the South Division
alone, their total street frontage extending 17,715 feet,
or three and one-half miles. Before December i, two
hundred and fifty building permits had been issued by
the Board of Public Works, and between December i,
1871, and October i, 1872, the number of permits issued
was twelve hundred and fifty, classified as follows :
As to material :
Frame (exclusive of temporary structures). 65
Brick 965
Iron.. 20
Stone__ _ 200
As to height :
One story 284
Two story 378
6o
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
88
10
I
Threestory.-- 22&
Four story
l-'ivi' story
Six story. - - --•
N'ven story
The total frontage of these buildings was 43.413
feet, — over eight miles. This aggregate includes, in
the case of comer buildings, only the frontage on the
main street. The reason for the large preponderance
of brick buildings is to be found in the difficulty in ob-
taining stone, consequent upon the delay in quarrying
and cutting.
Below is given the grand totals of the first year's
work. It will be seen that Clark and State streets lead
in the amount of frontage re-built; the River, Dearborn
and Madison streets in the proportion of frontage re-built
to the territory burned over; and Randolph and Monroe
streets in the value of buildings erected.
SOUTH DIVISION.
Vune of Street.
Total front-
age covered.
Total front-
age vacant.
ToUlCost.
South Water
3,439
2,270
$1,974,000
Lake
3,429
2,227
3,871,000
2,435
3,296
6,377,000
3.036
2,580
4,795,000
3,757
1,980
3,626,000
2,351
3,162
5,138,000
1,510
4,lr7
1,231,300
1,500
3,960
2,792,000
1,461
3,850
1,475,000
1,393
652
158,000
414
1,726
100,000
1,731
2,331
580,000
River ---
887
247
506,000
3,747
3,335
1,554,000
State
4,455
2,952
2,294,000
3,660
649
935,000
Clark
4,560
2,495
1,851,000
695
565
6,000
I a'ville
2,744
2,492
743,000
2,780
7,418
622,100
2,364
3,951
317,300
Market --
1.544
1,897
189,000
Totals. . .
52,792
58,252
$38,134,700
NORTH AMI WF.ST DIVISIONS.
Total frontage of prominent buildings
erected in the North Division 7, 691 feet
Total cost of all kinds of buildings erected
in the North Division. $6,425,000
Total frontage of prominent buildings
erected in the West Division. 891 feet
Total cost of all kinds of buildings erected
in the West Division 998,500
Total cost of buildings erected in the whole burned
district $45,558,200
On November 23, 1871, the fire limits were fixed, by
ordinance of the Common Council; within the bound-
aries established, wooden buildings were absolutely pro-
hibited, and elaborate details were given for the interior
construction of large buildings, with a view to safety.
A negligence, almost criminal, however, characterized
the conduct of the municipal authorities, respecting the
interior of " fire-proof " buildings. It was not uncom-
mon to see a building, supposed to be of this class, sur-
mounted by a Mansard roof, as inflammable as a pile of
kindling-wood. On the whole, however, the business
portion of the city was re-built in a manner which ren-
dered it as secure against lire as that of any American
city.
Some remarks may be here made respecting the
character of the material employed in the first re-build-
ing Much of the brick used can hardly be said to
have been unexceptionable, owing to a superabundance
of lime in its composition. Of course, the Philadelphia
brick was not open to this criticism, but its cost was too
high to admit of its coming into general use. Iron
fronts were unpopular after the fire, in a community
which had seen them warp and twist, although pillars of
this material, running up one story, were common enough.
Little granite was used. Limestone and sandstone
were favorite materials. At an early stage of the
city's restoration, no small prejudice was felt against the
former, because of its crumbling during the conflagra-
tion. The truth is, however, that no description of ma-
terial could endure a heat sufficient to fuse metals in-
fusible at a lower temperature than 3,000 degrees.
The term " fire-proof," like all other terms of descrip-
tion, is relative in its application ; any of the three vari-
eties of stone named would pass safely through an
ordinary fire ; no stone yet quarried could withstand
the intolerable heat of a city in flames. Of all the build-
ings exposed to the fire, those which suffered least were
the Custom House, the Court House, the Nixon and
First National Bank buildings— all limestone structures.
Seven quarries were taxed to the utmost in furnishing
stone to Chicago during the year following the fire. Of
these, three were in Ohio, all sandstone ; one in Michi-
gan, also sandstone ; and three in Illinois, one of which
was sandstone and the other two limestone. The price
per foot ranged from sixty-five cents to $1.10 ; the color
varied between white, gray, blueish-brown, reddish-
brown and cream.
A departure from ordinarily accepted architectural
principles was inaugurated by Messrs. J. V. Farwell &
Co., who constructed the walls of their store from
cement. The walls were erected between frames of
lumber. The interstices were filled with fragments of
brick, broken stone, etc., and the cement — in a liquid
state — poured into the frame. As it cooled, it formed
a solid and substantial wall, assuming the ornamental
forms carved in the planks forming the frame.
The first step taken toward permanent reconstruc-
tion was the re-building of the bridges and viaducts, the
money for which work was received from the State.
Eleven days after the fire, the Legislature, with a view
to relieving Chicago's distress, appropriated $2,955,340,
with interest until paid, to refund the amount expended
in canal improvement. In order legally to justify such
appropriation, the State assumed complete control of
the canal, by virtue of reserved power. The Act appro-
priating this sum, provided that not less than one-fifth
nor more than one-third of the entire sum should be
applied by the municipality to the re-building of bridges
and other structures of a public character, while the re-
mainder should be devoted to the payment of interest
on the city's bonded debt, and the maintenance of the
police and fire departments. Great as was the direct
benefit resulting from this action of the Legislature, the
indirect advantages resulting therefrom, in nerving and
stimulating the general public, were even greater. Re-
pairs were at once undertaken on the eight bridges and
three viaducts which the flames had rendered impassa-
ble, and within a year all were completed.
The viaducts were located at State, Clark and Wells
streets ; and the bridges at Rush, State, Clark and
Wells streets, Chicago Avenue, Adams, Van Buren and
Polk streets.
From October 9, 1871, to January 22, 1872, the La-
Salle-street tunnel furnished the only direct means of
communication between the North and South divisions
RE-BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
61
of the city ; fortunately that thoroughfare was but little
damaged.
Twenty-eight and one-half miles of street pavement
were exposed to the fire, and the damage done them has
been estimated at about seventeen per cent, of their
original cost, or $211,350. A noteworthy circumstance
in tliis connection is that the wooden blocks of Nichol-
son pavement showed unsuspected fire-proof qualities,
second only to those of vaults. The following short
table shows the lineal feet of pavement destroyed, with
its estimated value:
Feet. Value.
Wooden sidewalks 599,537 (113 1-5 miles) $404,991 50
Stone pavements. 37,122 (7 " ) 531,095 60
Flagstone 6,122 (over one mile) 5,29380
642,781 (121 1-5 miles) $941,380 90
During the year ensuing, pavements were laid as fol-
lows:
Wooden sidewalks 366, 500 feet, or 69 2-5 miles.
Stone pavements 16,840 ' '31-5
Concrete pavements 880 " " 1-6 "
Total 384,220
" 72 23-30 "
The most expensive work of repair undertaken by
the city authorities was the reconstruction of the Water
Works. The actual and direct outlay for repairs was, in
round numbers, $100,000, exclusive of damage done to
the North and South Side reservoirs, which may be set
down at $20,000. Other losses may be fairly estimated
as follows:
W-Uer pipes.. $15,000
Fire hydrants. _ _ 10,000
Water meters. 6,000
$31,000
In addition, should be considered, the increase of
$97,410 in the water expense of the city, owing to the
immense waste of water through the service pipes,
from 'which no revenue was derived. If all these items
be added, the total cost of repairing the Water Works
may be set down at $248,410. The work was done in a
thorough manner, and an iron roof was substituted for
the old inflammable covering. In addition, the building
of a new lake tunnel, of much larger capacity than the
old one, was at once commenced.
The direct outlay for buildings put up for municipal
purposes was mainly for the erection of the temporary
court house familiarly known as "the old Rookery ").
The number of churches in Chicago before the fire
was, in round numbers, one hundred and sixty-five, of
which thirty-nine were burned, the loss being estimated
at between two and a half and three millions of dollars.
Those on the North Side were, as a rule, re-built on their
former sites. On the South Side, the general tendency
was to move farther south. Two magnificent churches
in the latter division that were unharmed— the Methodist
Church, on the corner of Wabash Avenue and Harrison
Street, and the Church of the Messiah (Unitarian), of
which Rev. Robert Laird Collier was pastor— passed in-
to secular service. The former was, subsequent to the
fire, rented by the General Government to be used as a
post office. The Church of the Messiah was used after
the fire for mercantile purposes.
In the progress of the city's re-building, the busi-
ness area was largely increased, in the permanent
location of merchants, a new departure was made in
the grouping of houses engaged in certain lines of
trade around common centers. The wholesale dry-
^ goods interest selected as a territory the locality around
the intersection of Market with Monroe and Madison
streets, their choice being, no doubt, influenced by the
erection of J. V. Farwell and Company's building, and
the removal of the wholesale department of Field &
Leiter to the corner last named.
In the West Division,— near the locality where the
fire originated, — Canal Street, for more than a mile,
had been abandoned to rookeries of the most miserable
description. These were re-placed by manufactories
and business houses of a generally heavy character.
The selection of locality proved to be a wise one, and,
during the ensuing fifteen years, the number of factories
has steadily increased. On the South Side, the busi-
ness area was enlarged fully one-third.
As a rule the owners of buildings noted for magnifi-
cence and beauty before the fire sought to replace them
by edifices constructed on a larger and grander scale.
l.aSalle Street had been famed for its magnificent office-
buildings, and after the conflagration croaking prophets
were not wanting who declared that Chicago would not
" look upon its like again "; but the same thoroughfare,
re-built, far surpassed the old in grandeur. The new
Chamber of Commerce was a finer structure, in every
respect, than was the old, and the buildings erected for
the conduct of banking and insurance business propor-
tionately excelled their predecessors. The improve-
ment in hotel buildings was much greater in extent.
Even at the Stock Yards was built a hostelry which, in
point of capacity, surpassed the old Sherman and Tre-
mont houses. The demand for hotel accommodation,
however, increased in a ratio even greater than that
of the city's population. It may be doubted whether
any city in the country (certainly no inland city) daily
harbors so large a transient population as Chicago.
Having briefly outlined the material re-building of
the city, it remains to note the resumption of business ;
and, in this connection, it may be remarked that the
same obstacles which militated against the actual re-
building of the city encountered our merchants in their
efforts to restore Chicago to her former position as a
commercial center.
Those who could not find locations which they were
willing to occupy, had to accept the inevitable of
" shanty " life, and old Argonauts of '49, who viewed
the city's first effort at revivification, said that Chicago
presented a resemblance to a mining town ; but the
broken bricks, the curiously-twisted iron beams, and the
scorched, split trees were adjuncts to the Chicago
"shanties " which were wanting in the camps of the
frontier.
The first business structure erected on the ruins of
former greatness was that put up by W. D. Kerfoot, the
well known real-estate agent and operator. He lost all
his worldly possessions of a pecuniary sort on October 9.
On the morning of October 10, he repaired to the local-
ity where he had formerly conducted business, on AVash-
ington, between Dearborn and Clark streets, and with
the assistance of his clerk and his clerk's father, had, be-
fore noon, erected a twelve by sixteen shanty of boards,
and was ready to resume business Surmounting the
structure was a board bearing the words, " Kerfoot 's
Block," and on the building a sign, " W. D. Kerfoot.
Everything gone but wife, children, and energy." The
ruined walls around were too hot to permit the building
of the shanty within the line of the sidewalk, and it was
put up a few feet from the pavement, in the mid-
dle of the street. Here it stood until October 19,
when, the ruins around having sufficiently cooled, the
Board of Public Works required Mr. Kerfoot to move
his " business block " back, within the street line. He
62
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
FIU>T BUILDING ERECTED AFTKR THE FIRE.
continued to do business here until the following June,
when he removed to permanent quarters. The enter-
prise and pluck displayed in the erection of the board
office did not a little toward reviving courage and droop-
ing spirits. The comical features of the situation ap-
pealed to the humorous sense of the passers-by, and
their attention was for a time diverted from their own
losses and misfortunes. The office soon became a "half-
way house " between the South and West Divisions, and
a sort of general headquarters. In front of the building
was placed a long board, covered with notices of re-
movals, etc. — a sort of extemporized city directory — and
this circumstance, added to the general character of the
place, made Mr. Kerfoot's office a general "Bureau of
Information." Hackmen, seeking to learn the address of
the person at whose residence or place of business they
should leave a passenger, drove by the building to get
information which might be more easily obtained there
than elsewhere.
I'liisiness was resumed within twenty days after the
fire. A temporary habitation was afforded to many
merchants along the Lake Front. Under the existing
laws, the Lake Front could be used for no other than
park purposes. The Hoard of Public Works, however,
deemed itself justified by the exigency in converting this
ground, temporarily, to business purposes, and accord-
ingly executed ground-leases to merchants for one year,
with a proviso that at the expiration of that period the
buildings should lie removed ; the annual rental being
fixed at $500 for every twenty-five feet of frontage As
a result of the adoption of this policy, a long row of
business houses mainly wholesale, reared their pine
fronts along Michigan avenue. From Park Row on the
south to Randolph Street on the north, a distance of one
mile, nearly the entire east frontage was lined with rude
structures, mostly one story, all frame, and frequently of
d depth.
Another consideration which preyed upon the minds
of business men during those days was, Even if loca-
tions could be obtained, whence were to come the goods ?
The answer arrived in the form of hundreds of tele-
grams from Eastern creditors to the leading merchants
of the city ; telegrams received in the first dark hours
of distress and doubt, before the extent to which the
calamity might affect them was fully known. These
telegrams assumed that the sufferers would commence
anew, and attested the senders' faith in their ability
and probity. The general tenor of the dispatches was :
" We suppose you are burned out ; order what goods you
need, and pay when you can ; we want your trade." No
doubt an element of business sagacity was discernible in
such messages, but their effect was to re-assure and re-
animate those who might have been pardoned for giving
way to despondency.
ARCHITECTURE.
It has been said — not without reason — by a writer
of a period some three years subsequent to the great
fire, that that catastrophe constituted an episode rather
than a crisis in the city's history. If tangible evidence
in support of this assertion were needed, it would be
possible to furnish it, in statistical form, by reference to
the figures which record the astounding progress made
in re-building the burned district within the year follow-
ing the fire. As has been already said, of the entire
frontage of buildings destroyed in the South Division,
the first year's work showed 52,792 feet re-built and
58,252 feet vacant ; in the North Division, the frontage
re-built was 7,691 feet; and in the West Division, 891
feet ; the aggregate frontage re-built in the three divis-
ions being 61,374 feet. It must be borne in mind that
this statement applies only to permanent buildings,
which were chiefly of brick or stone.
The general character of these structures was credit-
able. Many of them comprised solid walls, of great
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
width, resting upon stable and broad foundations.
Some resembled fortresses more closely than commer-
cial structures; their vaults incased in several feet of
masonry — and covered with railroad iron — and com-
posed, from foundation to turret, of material which had
already absorbed all the oxygen it could contain, cen-
turies before it entered into the composition of Chicago
walls. It must be admitted, however, that in the
erection of not a few buildings the dominating consid-
erations were haste and expediency. The business
interests of the city demanded more roomy and better
arranged quarters than were afforded by the temporary
shanties in which merchants first found a local habitation.
Architects found their resources taxed to the utmost
to prepare plans, and in many cases, so eager was the
desire to build, the interval of time between the matur-
ing and the execution of the plans was inappreciable.
A noticeable illustration is furnished by the Grand
Pacific Hotel, the re-building of which was commenced
even before the plans had been completed. To this
spirit of eagerness (not, perhaps, unmixed with that
of emulation) may be attributed the erection of many
structures, even in the business center of the city, of
a character — architecturally speaking — which were dis-
creditable alike to the owners who erected them and
the municipal authorities who tolerated them. Some of
them still remain — illustrations of the short-sighted
policy which was responsible for their construction.
Stories are current to the effect that minor details
of plans were not infrequently conceived by builders
destitute of scientific knowledge or skill, who submitted
them to the architects in charge of work, to receive
an approval scarcely justified even by the necessities of
the emergency, which, however, allowed little time for
examination, study or improvement. For this reason,
the architecture of the city, during the
twelve months immediately succeeding the
fire, showed little substantial advance over
that of ante-fire days, except as regards the
material used and the thickness of the walls.
After the subsidence of the strong — though
temporary — pressure brought to bear upon
the architects, during the first year following
the conflagration, they were able to devote
more time and attention to their work, the
substantial proofs of which may be seen in
the massive and beautiful structures which
now adorn our public thoroughfares.
Among the more noteworthy buildings
erected during this era may be named
The Chamber of Commerce (completed
before, and occupied on, the first anni-
versary of the fire), the cost of which
was, in round numbers $365,00x3
The Sherman House, cost 650^000
The Passenger Depot of Lake Shore &
Michigan Southern and Chicago & Rock
Island Railways, cost 750,000
The Grand Pacific Hotel, cost 1,000,000
The Palmer House, cost (over) 1,500,000
In addition to these, some seventy-three
others, the average cost of which was
$100,000 each, were commenced during
the first year after the fire, although not all were com-
pleted before the expiration of that period.
The building activity which characterized the year
1872, continued throughout 1873. The prices of build-
ing materials and labor were high, but capitalists,
recognizing the desirable opportunity offered for invest-
ment, did not hesitate to advance means for the prose-
cution of the work. During that year was commenced
the reconstruction of the public buildings, the Post
Office and Custom House and the Criminal Court-house
and County Jail (the two structures last pamed being
connected). Among the most prominent edifices com-
pleted during that year were the following, all erected
within the district lying between Michigan Avenue and
Franklin Street, on the east and west, and Lake and
Adams streets, on the north and south : The Reaper
Block ; the Lakeside Building (a notable example of
the Gothic revival) ; the Times Building (one of the
most complete structures of its class yet erected on the
continent) ; the Matteson House ; the Busby and Stu-
art Building (occupying the site of the old Crosby
Opera-house); the St. James Hotel; and the 'Fremont
House, the latter a building of highly ornate architect-
ural character, whose cost was $500,000.
The comparatively narrow limits included within the
boundaries above named — within which were concen-
trated the leading commercial houses, both jobbing and
retail — soon proved too contracted. A demand for
more business accommodation soon sprang up and
steadily increased; yet the majority of tenants sought
quarters in the district mentioned. As a result of this
demand arose the towering structures which began to
be erected toward the close of 1880.
The history of architecture in Chicago since the fire
affords a striking contrast to that of the period antece-
dent to the conflagration; the latter is commonly recog-
nized by the architects of the city as a new era. The
flames had taught citizens the folly of employing wood
as a building material, and brick and stone were sub-
stituted in the city's rehabilitation, while much attention
was paid to the interior arrangement, the object being
to render the " new Chicago " as nearly fire-proof as
possible. Of the results of careful thought which had
FIRST BRICK. STRUCTURE MADE AFTER THE FIRE.
been devoted to this subject, tangible illustrations were
afforded by the Tribune and the Times buildings, the
Singer Sewing Machine Company's building, and a score
of others.
Not for many years, however, did any proposed so-
lution of the question, " What constitutes a fire-proof
building ? " find general acceptance. In this respect, as
in many others, the year 1880 signalized a decided ad-
HISTORY (>K CHICAGO.
vance in application of the principles of true scien-
tific architecture to practical building. George II.
Johnson may be said to have been the originator of the
present fire-proof system of Chicago. Before the fire
his plans were followed in the construction of many
buildings. Among these may be named the old First
National Hank, the Republic Fire In-
surance Company's Building, and the
Nixon Building. The fact that the
PETER SCHUTTLER S RESIDENCE ; ADAMS AND AJ1KKDKEN STS.
walls of these edifices remained standing, comparatively
unharmed, aided in the popularization of his theories
among a people who had begun to distrust all schemes
for the erection of buildings alleged to be fire-proof.
The prevailing styles of architecture in vogue in the
city's re-building, were the Italian Renaissance, and the
advanced, or modern, Gothic. The influence of the
former was noticeable in the very first structure under-
taken after the fire, and dominated the architectural
plans adopted during the next two years. Most of the
prominent buildings erected during 1872 and 1873, be-
longed to this school, or embraced, in their design,
modifications of its principles.
With the re-building of the residence portion of the
burned district, became apparent a marked tendency to
imitate the boulevard system of Paris, indicated in the
erection of blocks of closely contiguous buildings, of
the same general style and similar arrangements. In-
stances of that departure may be recalled by residents
of both the North and South divisions of the city. As
a characteristic of the architecture of this period (par-
ticularly with relation to private residences} may be men-
tioned dill'iise ornamentation, which, in a number of
instances, degenerated into vulgar — if not gaudy dis-
play. So general did the morbid fondness for this par-
ticular species of adornment become, that there came
to be recognized, among both builders and the general
public, a definite "school "of architecture, familiarly
known as ••Chicago style." Among the buildings which
miy'in lie named as marked exceptions to what may be
said to have been almost a rule, was the Palmer House.
The plans for this building were, to a considerable ex-
tent, conceived, if not completed, abroad. Mr. PaJmer,
with a view to its erection, visited the chief cities of
Europe, in company with one of the leading architects
of this city. The general style of the building, both
in its exterior effect and its more important features of
interior arrangement, is largely the embodiment
of modern French ideas, particularly in the en-
tresol, which is strikingly Parisian in appearance.
Architects, builders and property owners
comparatively soon wearied of the Italian school.
The first transition was to the style technically
known as the modern Gothic. The movement
for the revival of this school embraced both ex-
terior and interior effects. Its influence was soon
felt, and its results plainly apparent upon the
architecture of the time. Isolated instances of
the tendency multiplied in the incorporation of
some of the principles of this school in the de-
sign of many buildings, the general effect being
that of an amalgamation of diverse or contra-
dictory principles, until its culmination was
embodied in the American Express Building, on
Monroe Street, the erection of which was fol-
lowed by that of the Pike Block, adjoining the
latter, and completed almost immediately
afterward. The popular approval bestowed
on these edifices created a marked change in
both architectural thought and popular taste,
and the way was paved for further innovations,
which made a new era in architecture. The
interest which began to be felt in this subject
may be attributed to the education and im-
provement in taste, resultant upon the careful
study and cultivated art of the architects of
Chicago.
To recur to the more material aspects of
the situation. The concentration of a vast
and constantly growing trade in so small a
compass, — and notably the growth of Chicago to its
pre-eminence as a grain mart; the large number of
real estate dealers and of professional men of all
classes, requiring offices contiguous to the prin-
cipal public buildings and to each other, — created
a demand for business blocks of a capacity greater
than had been theretofore known. This demand was
met by Chicago architects with a readiness, and in
a manner, which has resulted in the erection, in this city,
of a series of imposing office structures, equaled in few
cities of the world. During the period immediately fol-
lowing the panic of 1873, there was, comparatively, a ces-
sation of building, nor was it actively resumed until 1880.
The first buildings to rise after the recovery from this
partial prostration were the Grannis and the Borden
blocks, and these were soon followed by scores of others.
In the erection of these structures the old methods were
discarded; that is to say, that highly ornate buildings—
thinly veneered with stone — were supplanted by simpler,
yet more stately and more honest, designs, in brick;
which material thereupon became, and has since con-
tinued, the favorite for all buildings designed for busi-
ness uses.
The year following witnessed the erection of the
general offices of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railway Company, the First National Bank and the
Montauk Block. During the next two years rose the
Calumet Building, the Pullman Building (constructed
after plans drawn by S. S. Beman, of which the origi-
nality of design and beauty of construction have made
it famous), the Mailer's, Gaff, Insurance Exchange, the
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
Royal Insurance (Quincy Street), the Home Insurance
(one of the city's " lions ") and Traders' buildings. All
these followed the same general plan of architecture.
A simplicity of design, almost severe, was united with
great solidity of construction, and the admission of light
and air formed a prominent feature in the drafting of
the plans, and an efficient elevator service, as safe as
scientific skill could render it, was provided in all.
A noticeable feature in the construction of all the
buildings, above named, is the sacrifice of space to light.
For instance: In the general office-building of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway Company is an
inclosed court, sixty feet square, surrounded by galleries
on which the various offices are situated; the same plan,
in its salient features, was adopted in the erection of the
First National Bank Building. Care has been taken in
the erection of all, that no exposed surface shall be un-
protected by a thick covering of fire-clay. The great
fire conclusively demonstrated the fallacy of the theory
that iron was afire-proof material. Its value, as regards
compactness and strength is still conceded, and it is com-
monly used as a material for columns, floor-beams and
girders, but always inclosed, as already said, in a coat-
ing of fire-clay (previously moulded in roller forms),
never less than two inches in thickness, over which is
applied the finished plaster, or cement. That the new
theory is an advance over the old is self-evident; that
its application results in a construction absolutely fire-
proof can not be asserted in view of the burning of the
interior of Grannis Block in the winter of 1885.
The same general principles of construction were
followed in the erection of the Rialto, Phoenix and
Monadnock buildings, which also present a general simi-
larity in mailers of detail. The style of architecture
adopted in the exteriors nearly follows that known as
the Romanesque or Round-arch Gothic, the first note-
worthy departure from the principles of 'the modern
Gothic school, which had, for some years, ruled su-
preme. Many, if not most, of the city's leading archi-
tects believe that this change will be measurably per-
manent, or, in other words, that the style followed in the
buildings now being erected will prevail for many years,
so far, at least, as buildings for commercial purposes are
concerned.
Probably the structure which, of all erected in Chi-
cago since 1871, may most safely challenge inspection,
ami, measurably, defy competition, is that known as
"the new Board of Trade Building," on Jackson Street,
completed in 1885. The removal of the Chamber of
Commerce to this locality, at once prompted — even if it
did not necessitate — the erection of a large number of
office - buildings in its immediate vicinity, some of
which have been already n*med. Not far from it, on
Adams Street, stands the unique Moorish structure, five
stories in height, owned and occupied as a restaurant
almost palatial in its appointments, by H. M. Kinsley,
the well-known caterer ; while on Michigan Avenue has
been built, for H. V. Bemis, the magnificent Hotel
Richelieu. The immense structure to be erected by
Marshall Field & Co., on the corner of Adams and La-
Salle streets, to be used as a wholesale warehouse, is to
be of Long Meadow (Mass.) stone, and will cover a site
325 by 180 feet. The building will be eight stories in
height, and in its main features will conform to the prev-
alent architectural style. Its (estimated) cost will be
$600,000.
Wm
•6 ^ -".-rfl 'jT I I
.1
PKAIKIE AVENUE AND TWENTIETH STREET.
66
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
The churches of Chicago, even before the fire, were
famous throughout the country, and the city vied with
Brooklyn in meriting the sobriquet of the City of
Churches The work of re-building was not long de-
layed, and the new structures surpass the old in both
-
MONTAUK BLOCK.
number and beauty. In their building, no marked de-
viation from the generally received principles of eccle-
siastical architecture is noticeable, the Norman-Gothic
and pure Gothic schools predominating. Among the
edifices erected that are deserving of special mention,
because of eminence in beauty, both of interior and ex-
terior, may be cited the Catholic cathedral of the Holy
Name, St. James's and the Epiphany Episcopal
churches, the First and Third Presbyterian, the Ply-
mouth and New England Congregational, the Eirst aiid
Immanuel Baptist and Unity (Unitarian) churches. A full
description of the re-building of the various sanctuaries
that were destroyed, and the erection of the more pro-
minent new ones required by the constantly augmenting
population, will be found in the chapter on Religious
History. Of the present churches in the city, and of
the spirit which has prompted their construction, it may
be said that while the
city can boast of no tem-
ple comparable to "old
Trinity "or the Stewart
cathedral, in New York,
it is only a question of
time when the great
church buildings of Chi-
cago will rival in grand-
eur and beauty those of
any metropolitan city on
the American continent.
To illustrate the growth
of this description o f
building in Chicago, it
is only necessary to refer
to the accompanying ta-
ble, an examination of
which shows that since
1878 twenty-five church-
es have been erected, of
which no less than four-
teen were built in 1883.
No sketch of the arch-
itecture of Chicago —
even though as brief as
the present — would be
complete which failed to
contain some mention of
the great advance notice-
able in the style of build-
ing in the residence por-
tions of the city since the
great fire. To adorn the
homes of the merchant
princes of the capital of
the Northwest, have been
devoted the best efforts
of architects of renown
and decorators of nation-
al reputation. The truth
of the old adage, "many
men, many minds, " has
found here a new illus-
tration in a diversity of
style, resulting in a vast
variety of pleasing ef-
fects. Nor, in many quar-
ters of the city, which
may, perhaps, be denom-
inated as most exclusive,
is the beauty of the effect
destroyed by the build-
ing of the houses in contiguous blocks, unrelieved by
any surroundings not of a purely artificial character.
Not a few are surrounded by grounds which, in view of
the city's extent, may be fairly called spacious ; and m
this respect Chicago surpasses every city of equal size
in the United States. Scores of illustrative examples
might be mentioned, but neither space nor any fair
principle of discrimination will permit
In this connection, the following statistical state-
ment of building done prior to 1871, and which has
been compiled from such sources as were available, is
of interest:
R^-BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
67
Classification (partial) by Value.
Classification (partial)
by Description.
Year.
Number of
Total Cost.
O 1-^
O l-
8S'
O U
0 .
"n 8
0
2rf
o .
0
Ȥ
in in
d
V
4
Erected.
I*
~S
<n^
* «
t°
a -rt
As
** a
R°
O-Q
*§
8 °
Is
tf*
li
&*
I*
if
*<»
IJ
Small
Cottages.
1.2
o-'5
s
P
CQ
g
js
u
|
1
1864
6,000
S 4,700,000
4
ii
29
4s
200
700
5.OOO
4
9
2
[865
6,37"
6,950,000
I
2
6
13
45
54
250
800
5,200
6
__
9
8
1866
6 700
1 1 OOO OOO
1 1
IO
24
7
1867
5,OOO*
8,500,000
I
2
9
14
25
62
7
1 868
7 OOO
14 000,000
4O
IQ
1 869
I I OOO OOO
1870
— -
12,000,000
* The cause of the decrease in the building operations of this year is to be found in the eight hour strike, which occurred in May, and caused many
to defer or abandon a previously formed intention to build that year.
It is estimated that in the spring of 1868, the total
number of buildings in the city was 39,366, of which
35,654 were of wood. The number of dwelling-houses
was 32,047; stores,- 3,980; saloons, 1,696; workshops
and factories, 1,307. In 1869, the estimated number
of buildings was 43,920, and at the time of the fire of
1871, the number was not far from 60,000. It is a
matter of regret that the foregoing statement can not
be made fuller, and that it can fairly be called only an
estimate. The meagre details extant, however, prevent
the giving of anything but an approximation.
The following table gives a detailed statement of
buildings for which permits have been issued since
January i, 1877:
In summing up the foregoing brief review of the
building done, and the architectural advance and
changes worthy of note, in Chicago's history since the
catastrophe of 1871, it may be remarked, that this pe-
riod has witnessed the erection of nearly all the city's
prominent public buildings, which alone represent an
expenditure aggregating, in round numbers, $7,000,000;
that during these fifteen years the whole of the present
business portion of Chicago had been re-built; while
almost countless private residences — some of them of
rare beauty and even magnificence — have been raised.
Following are given the personal sketches of some
of the gentlemen whose ability as architects has been
exercised in the building and re-building of Chicago.
b
rt
o|
03
°J°
z ta
Number of Stories.
Materials
of !• ronts.
Classification of Buildings.
Total Cost.
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
9
IO
11
12
^£
_u
"C
n
V
C
o
Stores and
Offices.
Stores and
Dwellings.
Dwellings.
D
x
.c
O
6
£ *
3.2
S **
1-77
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
I.39S
1,019
I, °93
35,033
31,118
33,361
221
82»
55°
455
275
247
229
3°
16
II
19
I
2
937
647
878
461
372
215
IOO
70
85
229
I67
173
737
574
650
6
5
48
50
$ 6,561,800
6,561,100
6,139,580
-
-
-
-
-
1,73'S
2,718
4,086
4,169
4,638
56,627
73,161
85,588
98,782
108,952
727
849
1,252
1,524
1,697
590
1,214
1,^4
1,768
1.943
181
550
632
758
861
107
61
80
88
31
24
12
15
21
IO
9
II
16
I
IO
3
2
7
I
I
I
2
I
I
I
|
2
I
13,467,000
15,842,800
21,875,000
25,862,000
24,430,125
...
...
106
356
342
2,128
2,830
H
125
157
668
2,967
14
98
As showing the comparative increase for the past
four years, the following figures may be found sug-
gestive :
Year.
No. ->
Building.
\". "f Feet
Frontage.
Cost of
Buildings.
1882
2 718
1883
8* e,SH
1884
08 78°
'c/-1'
1885
a 618
Totals for 4 years
15 611
•266 j.S'*
In submitting his annual report for the year 1884,
the Commissioner of Buildings said:
" While there has been a considerable increase in the number of
permits issued in 1884, yet the healthiest sign of building opera-
tions is found in the character of the structures erected. A greater
number of commodious buildings, as absolutely tire-proof as ii is
possible to make them, have been erected in Chicago last year, than
during any ten years of the city's history."
ARCHITECTS.
THEODORE Vino WADSKIER was born on the island of St.
Croix, Danish West Indies, on May 27, 1827. The first ten years
of his life were spent with his parents on a sugar plantation, and
he was then sent to Copenhagen, Denmark, to be educated. After a
course of instruction under private tutors, he entered the Royal Acad-
emy of Fine Arts, from which he graduated with high honors. He re-
turned to his native land with the intention of practicing his pro-
fession; but, upon his arrival at St. Croix, he found the agitation
of a South American revolution had so unsettled business affairs
that he decided to come to this country, and landed at New York
on April 10, 1850. He had letters to various prominent persons of
that city, but soon became dissatisfied and went to Philadelphia, where
resided relatives of his father, among whom was the then resident
minister of Denmark, Steen Anderson DeBille. After devoting
seven years to his business in Philadelphia, he concluded the Wot
offered a wider field to a young man in his profession. lie decided
upon Chicago as having the best future of all western points, and
since March, 1857, has been identified with its interests. Chicago,
at that early day, was far from attractive, but after casting his lot
with her citizens, he began to imbibe somewhat of their spirit, and
afkT the first panic of 1857, he was instrumental in building up
our great city, by ell-signing many of its churches, business blocks,
anil residences. lie was one of the thousands who lost everything
in the lire of is-i, but with undaunted energy again speedily busied
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
went to England ami Scotland, where lie spent some time in pro-
fessional work in the office of Sir Digby Wyatt, of London. In
the fall of 1871, upon the suggestion of the above-named gentle-
man, he came to this country, and located in Chicago. During his
residence here, he has been most actively engaged in architectural
work, memorials of which are the Calumet and Talbott buildings,
besides scores of smaller buildings — stores, residences and churches.
Mr. llallberg has always been prominently identified with the archi-
tecture of the city, and has been very much interested in matters
relating to the drainage and water supply. Mr. llallberg was mar-
ried, on October 27, 1881, to Miss Florence, daughter of the late
H. W. Estey, who was a pioneer and wealthy resident. Mrs. Hall-
berg is a lady of line literary and musical attainments, and both are
prominent in the art and social circles of the city. Their only
daughter is named -Margaret Leitz. Mr. and Mrs. Hallberg are
members of Professor Swing's church.
JOHN M. VAN ( )si.|;i., i-i>, was burn in New Vork City, on Jan-
uary 13, 1837, and is a son ->f William C. and Harriet Van Osdel.
His parents removed to Chicago in 1839, and resided here for seven
years. They then removed to Naperville, Aurora, and Dixon, re-
maining in each place several years. The son, John, was educated
in the common schools, and after finishing his studies, worked at
the carpenter trade with his father, who was a builder and con-
tractor. In the fall of 1861, the younger Van Osdel responded to
the call for troops, and enlisted as a private in Co. " K," of the
Sgth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He was early promoted to first
sergeant, and on August II, 1862, received his commission as first
lieutenant, the promotion being made for meritorious service ren-
dered at Pea Ridge, the first heavy battle in which the 5Qth was en-
gaged. The company participated in the campaigns of the Army
of the Cumberland, and was constantly engaged in marching and
fighting, and encountered most severe service. Mr. Van Osdel was
promoted captain of Co. " K," on September 30, 1864, and received
his discharge on December 8, 1865. Although actively participat-
ing in many of the heaviest battles in the War, Captain Van Osdel
never received a wound. Upon the close of the War he came to
Chicago, and entered the office of his uncle, John M. Van Osdel,
the well-known architect and old resident of Chicago. He studied
architecture and drawing, and, in 1872, was made a partner in the
business. In many of the notable buildings erected since the great
fire the name of the Van Osdels is associated, — the plans of the
Palmer House, Tremont House, the Oriental, Hawley and Ken-
dall buildings, and the McCormick and Reaper blocks, having been
made by them. Mr. Van Osdel, 2d, was married, on February 29,
1863, to Miss Catharine A. Anderson, of Dixon, 111. They have
six children living and three dead. Mr. Van Osdel is a member of
the military order of the Loyal Legion.
SMITH M. RANDOLPH was born near New Brunswick, N. J.,'
in 1837, and was educated in the district schools there. He came
to Chicago in 1854, before he was seventeen years old, and entered
the office of his brother, Mahlon Randolph, an architect, now located
in New York City. In 1859, he left his brother's office to join
a friend located at Chillicothe, Mo., but after prospecting for about
eighteen months, he was compelled to abandon his business there,
and returned to Chicago in 1860, just before the election of Abraham
Lincoln. Soon after that election he located in Dubuque, Iowa
and was there when the War began, His brother Mahlon and he
raised one of the first companies enlisted at that point for Bissell's
Engineer Regiment of the West, Mahlon going as captain of the
company ; but S. M. Randolph was not able to leave the important
position he held as superintendent of the Dubuque Elevator Com-
pany, then handling immense quantities of grain, etc., for the army
down the river. In 1862, when the second call came for "thirty
thousand more," Mr. Randolph could stay no longer at the rear and
learning that the Chicago Board of Trade were to equip a battery
he telegraphed to have his name put on the list, which was filled m
twenty-four hours from the time it was opened. He joined the
command in a few days, and was with this famous battery during all
>f its three yens of active service, remaining a private soldier until
the close of the War. During most of the time he was engaged on
staff duty, and had chances to see what was going on as well as to
I he Fourth Michigan Cavalry belonged in the same divis-
ion as this battery and Mr. Randolph was thus present when the
former brought Jefferson Davis in a prisoner. Mr. Randolph was
ducted business as architects until 1871, designing many of the pub-
he and private buildings of the city and surroundings. In 1870
Mr. Randolph was appointed by Governor McClurg as police com-
rmssu.ner, and was elected president of the board. I n this capacity
he re-organixed the force and conducted the department to the great
satisfaction of the law-abiding eiti/ens of all political parties After
the great fire of 1871, he closed his business in St. Louis and
returned to this city, fully determined to make it his permanent
home, and has since done an extensive business, being fully identi-
fied with the Chicago of to-day. Mr. Randolph has recently com-
pleted a magnificent residence for H. II. Kohlsaat, at a cost
of about $35,000, which was made the subject of illustration and
eulogium in the " Inland Architect and Builder." This edifice is only
one out of the many which have been designed and built by this
gentleman, both in' St. Louis and Chicago. In February, 1870,
he married Miss Hattie E. Johnson, of St. Louis, who died in Cali-
fornia in 1876, leaving a little girl, who died in 1881, at the age of
ten years. In October, 1881, he was married to Mrs. Hattie W.
Smith, and has one son, — Paul Randolph.
WILLIAM STRIITELMAN was born in Cassel, Germany, on Sep-
tember 28, 1842. After a preparatory training in the schools of
his native village, he entered the University at the age of sixteen.
His studies in the University were directed to technology. On
graduation from the last named institution, at seventeen years of
age, he went to Marburg, where he pursued a course of philosoph-
ical study. His father, Fred. K. Strippelman, was prominently
identified with architecture and civil engineering in Germany, and
his oldest brother, Theodore, is a prominent civil engineer in the
employ of the Roumanian, Austrian, and French governments, in
Silesia. His family is French in origin, but has been identified
with scientific researches in Germany for one hundred years.
When Mr. Strippelman was in his twentieth year, he came to Amer-
ica and located himself at Nashville, Tenn., where he became
draughtsman to the Army of the Cumberland, under General
Thomas, which position he filled until the close of the War. At
that time, his intention was to go to South America, and he went to
New York, in partial fulfillment of that design. Being detained in
that city by sickness, he abandoned his original idea, and, after re-
covery, established himself in the practice of his profession at New
Orleans. Subsequently, he removed to Galveston, Texas, where
he built the Grand Opera House. In 1868, owing to the prevalence
of yellow fever, he came North, and located in Chicago. Here he
entered the employ of the Board of Public Works, but four years
thereafter resigned his official position, and once more resumed the
active pursuit of his profession. During his connection with the
Board, he drafted the first and only underground map of Chicago,
and, together with Charles Rascher, published the fire atlas of this
city. During his professional practice, he has drafted plans for
and superintended the erection of many of Chicago's handsomest
private residences. In 1868, at St. Louis, Mr. Strippelman mar-
ried Miss Hermine Schaefer, a lady of fine literary and musical tal-
ents, born at Coburg, Germany. They have four children, — Alex-
ander, Annie, Julia, and William.
JOHN OTTER was born in the vicinity of Goteborg, Sweden,
on June 2, 1847, and was brought up on his father's farm. At a
very early age he developed a remarkable fondness for mechanical
pursuits, which very shortly manifested itself in an invincible desire
to study architecture. At the age of sixteen, in pursuance of this
intention, he left his parents' home and went to the city of Gote-
borg, where he commenced to learn the mason's trade with Mr.
Rapp, at that time the most prominent builder in that place. With
him he served an apprenticeship of two years, and, for the subse-
quent two years, was employed as foreman for Mr. Harris; after
which four years of experience, he procured a situation as foreman
with Mr. Kruger, a very prominent builder of Goteborg. He was
at the same time admitted to the Technological School of the city,
from which school he graduated after four years' study. He mani-
fested such aptitude during these studies as to most favorably im-
press the faculty; therefore Professor Schultz and others determined
to defray his expenses for a three years' tour through Europe, in
order that he might study the architecture of different nations. But
Mr. Otter believed that America offered a wider and more compre-
hensive field for the acquisition of knowledge and experience, and
accordingly left Sweden in 1871, and arrived in the United States
the same year. He spent a short time in the State of Maine, and
then came to this city, arriving here in 1872, where his first experi-
ence was that of most foreigners, — the disadvantage of not being
acquainted with the English language. Having no relatives and no
influential friends, he concluded that upon his physical strength he
must rely for support until he mastered the language, and immedi-
ately sought and found employment with T. Courtney as a mason,
with whom he remained for two years, and after that' worked with
some of the leading builders of the city, — E. Earnshaw, Mr.
Barton and Mr. Doer, among others. During these years he gained
quite a large clientage, also studied the English' language and
the art of architecture. In 1875, he went into the building and
contracting business with Gust. Lindberg, with whom he remained
associated five years; after which, in :S8i, he opened an office on
his individual account ; since which he has been alone in the archi-
tectural profession. In reviewing his life, Mr. Otter confesses that
he is not only proud of, but astonished at, the success that has at-
tended the young man who left his parents' home with a monetary
ITl.l.MAN BUILDING.
7-'
HISTORY <>!•' CHICAGO.
start in life equal to about one dollar I'nited States currency. But
his energy. |H-rtinacitv ami honesty have resulted (as lhc\ always dm
in **» Mr. Otter, in liis excellent practice, his.
home, his choice library (replete with the be-t u. ill con-
tinents, on art and architecture), and his happy family, reaps the
iK'iietit ol those qualities engendered in llini-.cll and practiced earn-
and thoroughly during hi- twenty-two \cars of business expe-
rience, lie nurried, in 1*72. Miss Sophia Charlotte Larson; they
have two children, — Annie aiip.
Jl'I.II s ||. Ill B n at Newark, N. J., in lSj2, and is
the son of John I', lluher. one of the oldest architects of Chicago.
lie was educated in the academy of his native city, and his inten-
tion, at that tin- i to West Point and receive a military edu-
n; hut having li jo to Europe to study for
an architect. In latter, ami spent tw o \ cars at tin
technic In-titute, at Munich, preparing for the profession of his
choii .), examination at school, and
spent sometime in -uniying the dim-rent styles of architecture in
the old country, he returned to New-ark, and soon joined his father
in this city, arriving in 1^75. He occupied the position of draughts-
man for- mil was then taken into partnership with his
father. In 1870, the partnership was dissolved, and he was en.
.c city, and in its employ until K--n. hi i-
•chiteet. I le was married, in I.ockport,
'"•• I'itts, daughter of |. I'itts, of that place.
. 11. WAESCHER was born at Soest, \\'i-iphalia.
I'm— ia. in is .jo. and was educated at his home, graduating at the
:, ami afterward spent six years, partly in college and
partly in the study of architecture in Berlin. In l8dd, the Austrian
w-"" - a private, and - til its
dose, when he concluded to conie to America. ( hicago being iiis
destination. II. as draughts-
man in an ; but this not proving; sufficiently remu-
nenit: d that the wages paid to bricklayers offered
him sufficient inducement to take up this branch of business. After
a few months' work, he found that he was not able to stand this
heavy manual labor, and so he gave it up and a<;ain resumed his
JX'sil'. i-htsman with ( >. S. Kinney. in whose otn.
remai .rly three years. At the time the Franco-Prussian
"ar " again returned to Germany and entered the service
of the government. He was appointed lieutenant, and was at the
of Metz, the battle of Orleans, ami at l.en a the
war closed, he returned to Prussia, but was not content, and after
six month-, lie to come to Chicago, and at once
went into an architect's office on his arrival. He superintended
the construction of the Kye and Ear Infirmary, on the West Side,
and when it was completed opened an architect's office for himself]
aml ' 1'V the managers of the Xewberry estate to design
and superintend the construction of their buildings. He has had
... of this work since 1-75. He designed and superintended
the building of Mi-s Cram's Seminary for Young Ladies, corner
UKJ I'earborn Avenue; the large building of Hon.
ft C. Adams, corner of Twenty-fifth Street and Calumet Ave-
ntie; the !•:. \V. Blatchford factory, corner of Clinton and Fulton
streets; and many other buildings, public and private. He has
always made a specialty of heavy warehouses, storage buildings and
factories. He married Miss Clotilda Mattes, at Des Moines Iowa
in iS82.
JOHN J. Ki VM.KKS, architect of the Board of Education of the
• Chicago, was born in this city on June 30, 1848, his father
E. J. Flanders, having located here,' in connection with early mer-
cantile mterc-ts, in ,-u. Mr. Klanders received a good literary
and commercial education, and then commenced the study of his
Profession, in iSdo, in the office of August Bauer, ami continued it
with IV. \\adskier, and subsequently with Edward Burling with
he remained for two years, lie then, in 1874, opened an
in his own account, and has been actively identified with the
since that time. He has paid partie'ular attention to the
edihces ; among which are the resil
dencesof John I Crier. J. K. Barry, \V. M. Pond and F. S. lames;
the Jonathan C lark buildings, on State Street, between Madison and
.Mo,n.nK; st'' on Street; 1. I!. Mailer's office-
uilding and stores and residence, the Foss estate buildings Jacob
Henry lleuller's buildings, and the Agricultural Insurance
ding, on Quincv and
was the first office-building, twelve stories hM
Imired *, a monument of architectural
'• Haven School, the Anderson, Brainard. Ilcalv
,">'"'• ected by the Board of Education
dunn. ; Mr. Flan
Hi SKY ]•'. STARBUCK was born at Xantucket, Mass in i8so
and educated in liost,,,,, and, in connection with his intended nro^
intecture, attended school and studied under \ C Mar
tin, a-; .:,e,| architect of Boston, sin. i He was
a student for f,ye years, and, in 1872, opened an office in Boston
After the great tire in New Brunswick, in 1877, he also had an
there, ami furnished plans and superintended the erection of
several line buildings in that city, among which was the Bank of
New Brunswick. In 1879, he closed his business in the East, and
came to Chicago, and spent about three years in special engineering
work in connection with refrigerating and machinery, which
.iky he still maintains if occasion offers. He opened an otlice
as architect ill the Metropolitan Block: afterward moved to the
Ashland Block, where he is at piesent located. He was married,
-72, to Miss Charlotte E. Noyes, of Abington. Mass.; they
have one son, I lenry YV.
SOLON SIMM i.u UKMAN was born at Brooklyn, N. V.,
on October i, iSj;, andis the son of William Kiley lieman, of
that city, a cultivated gentleman of high literary and scientific at-
tainments. Although not a professional architect, the elder Mr.
Beman has made the study of that subject one of his chief pur-
suits, and early imbued his son with the same tastes. Solon was
educated partly by his father and partly in various private schools
in Brooklyn. In i-i>s, at the age of fifteen, Mr. lieman entered
the New York office of the famous architect, Mr. Richard Up-
john, where he remained for eight years. In 1876, he opened an
on his own account in New York City, where he practiced
his profession until December, 1879, when, forming the acquaint-
ance of George M. 1'ullnian, he was invited by him to come to
Chicago, to design and construct the new City of Pullman and the
extensive car-works at that place. I Hiring the winter of 1879-80
he perfected the plans of that unique city, and in the follow ing
spring the great work of building that place was begun, and car-
ried on under his personal direction to successful completion. He
is the designer of all the buildings of Pullman, including the ar-
cade, churches, schools, market, hotel, water-tower, etc., besides
some thirteen hundred dwelling houses for the employes. In ad-
dition to his architectural work, for upward of a year he had entire
charge of the affairs of Pullman, excepting the building of
car- and the operation of the car-works, lie is also the architect
of many line and costly buildings in Chicago; among which may
be mentioned the tine office-building erected by the Pullman Com-
pany, on the corner of Adams Street and Michigan Avenue, at a
i §71x1,000; the Washington Park club-house, grand-stand
ami stables, at a cost of $150,000; the Chicago Manual Training
i. corner of Twelfth Street and Michigan Avenue, at a cost
\ooo; General Anson Stager's private residence, on Eight-
teenth Street and Michigan Avenue; and the Oriental Laundry
Company's building. In addition to these buildings, during the
few years Mr. Beman has been in Chicago he has been the archi-
tect of some thirty dwelling-houses in this city and vicinity. He
has also made the plans for a fine granite building, to be located
on the corner of Adams and LaSalle streets, for Marshall Field,
which is estimated to cost about $i ,000,000; as well as for the North-
western Mutual Life Insurance Co.'s new building, at Milwaukee,
\Yis., which cost 8500,000. Mr. Beman is a member of the Ameri-
can Institute of Architects and of the Western Association of Archi-
tects. In 1883, Mr. Beman was married, in Pullman, to Miss Marian
Agnes Smith, of Chicago. Mrs. lieman is the daughter of the
late \\ illiam F. Smith, a distinguished English civil engineer, who
was the first to suggest the underground-railroad system of Lon-
don, and who was connected professionally with the planning and
construction of the present sewerage system of that city. Mrs.
lieman's step-father was the late James Freeman Silke, a promi-
nent citizen of Chicago, who died at Rome, Italy. They have two
children,— Florence Spencer and Edith Alice.
STEPHEN Y. SHIFMAN was born in Montrose. Penn., on Jan-
uary 26, 1825, and was educated at the academy in that place. For
several years he worked at the printing business, which was aban-
doned on account of failing health, and he next gave his attention
to the study of architecture, commencing with his father a builder
afterward at Pittsburgh and finally at Philadelphia, and before
leaving his native State, had designed and superintended the erec-
lon of numerous public and private buildings. He came to Chi-
cago in 1854, but in the following year took up his residence at
Madison, Wis., with which city he afterward became quite promi-
nently identified. In 1857, he was appointed architect of the Cen-
I Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane, at Madison and
superintended its construction until the commencement of the War
of the Rebellion, when (in July. 1861) he entered the 1st Wisconsin
I avalry as a lieutenant, and was successively promoted lieutenant-
colonel and colonel by brevet. His military record was an honor
his State. He was wounded on May 2,' 1862. at Cape Girar-
,ndU; i1 i fS° ?-f Apri' 24' IS63' at crossin- "' WWtewato River,
J crippled for life, was captured as a prisoner of war, released on
cf-n hT fv"**1 7 December "• IS63- He recovered suffi-
-lenth from his wounds to again enter the field with his regiment
Ke muT'T '" n"m, ™us engagements of that command in
wi, \vi ' U'nmTc' Alabama and Georgia, ending at Macon
with \\ ilson s cavalry corps, at the end of the War. He wis de
RE-BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
73
tailed to collect the plans and report on the condition of the exten-
sive Confederate public buildings at that place anil Augusta, and In
collect the records of military posts, hospitals, etc., in that .State
and Western South Carolina, and then ordered to report to the
War I lepartment to take charge of rebel archives, where he re-
mained until mustered out, by special order, on December 6, 1865.
On returning to his home, he was elected city treasurer without op-
position. He also resumed his profession of architect, and com-
pleted the Hospital for Insane; his design for the rotunda and
dome was adopted, and he received the appointment of architect of
the State Capitol, and completed that building ; was superintend-
ing architect of the United States Court House and Post Office to
its final completion ; designed and superintended the construction
of the Northern State Hospital for the Insane, at Oshkosh, Wis.;
was the architect of the Iowa State Hospital for the Insane, at In-
dependence, Iowa; also designed and superintended the construc-
tion of the Northern Illinois State Hospital for the Insane, at
Elgin ; and in 1880-81 re-built, with important additions, the Mis-
souri State Lunatic Asylum, at St. Joseph, Mo. He has for sev-
eral years been a citizen of Chicago, and has had charge of some of
the finest buildings in this city, such as the Gaff Building, on I.a-
Salle Street, and the Presbyterian Hospital. Mr. Shipman is inti-
mately connected with literary studies and work. In 1870, he was
elected secretary of the Department of Science, embracing the mathe-
matical, physical, sciological, ethnological and social sciences, in the
\\ isconsin Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. He has been con-
nected with the State Historical Society of Wisconsin since 1855,
as curator ; was its recording secretary Ufitil his removal to Chi-
cago ; and is now a life-member, and honorary vice-president for
Illinois, of that society. He is also a corresponding member of the
\i-\v Kngland Historic-Genealogical Society, a member of the Brad-
ford ( 1'enn.) Historical Society, of the Chicago Historical Society,
of the Institute of American Architects, of the Western Association
of Architects, and of other learned societies. He has been an active
member and officer in the Masonic order, and is a past commander
of Knights-Templar. By reference to Allibone's Dictionary of
Authors, \ve find him credited with the Shipman Family Genealogy.
Mr. Shipman was at one time chief of cavalry of the Army of
cast Missouri, and later assistant inspector of the cavalry corps
of the Military Division of the Mississippi. From published re-
ports in contemporaneous newspapers, it is demonstrated that Col-
onel Shipman was one of the most gallant and dashing soldiers who
were commissioned by the " Badger State," and he now bears upon
his body the scars of many hard-fought actions. He was married,
at Ilarrisburg, in November, 1850, to Cornelia, daughter of Hon.
!•'.. S. Goodrich, Secretary of State ; to whom was born Annie L.
(now Mrs. E. S. Tomblin, of Emerson, Iowa), Rose W. (now Mrs.
J. K. Anderson, of Watikesha, Wis.), Charles G., M. D. (of Ish-
peming, Mich.), William V. (of Culbertson, Neb.), and Cornelia.
Mrs. Shipman died at Madison, \Vis., on February 27, 1870. He
was married again, at Chicago, in 1881, to Mrs. Mary Townsend
Towers.
FKEDKRICK B. TOWNSKND was born at Somerville, Mass., on
July 22, 1853. He was educated at Harvard College, and, after
closing his studies there, attended, for a short time, the Lawrence
Scientific School, but was compelled to shorten his course at that
institution on account of the death of his father. He returned to
Washington, I). C. , which was at that tim'e the home of the family,
and commenced business as a draughtsman, and there remained for
about one and a half years, when he concluded to come West. He
arrived in Chicago in 1877, and engaged as draughtsman in the
office of L. B. Dixon, a prominent architect, and remained with
him until 1881. He then became a partner of Mr. Dixon 's, which
association continued until 1884, when he dissolved partnership,
and opened an office for himself at the corner of LaSalle and Madi-
son streets. He was married, in Chicago, in 1880, to Mrs. Car-
rie Barstow Wallace.
OsiinKNK J. I'IKRCK was born at Albion, Kennebec Co., Me.,
in 1839. H's early school education was obtained at Albion, China,
and Waterville. At the same time he worked upon his father's
farm, and studied drawing and painting, receiving instructions
from several local artists. His attention was first attracted to ar-
chitecture at the age of fourteen or fifteen, by articles in one of the
monthly magazines, and thereafter art and architecture, but mainly
the former, were never lost sight of, and he kept up the practice of
drawing and painting, as an engrossing pastime, until circumstances
favored his adopting it as a profession. Being of a somewhat rov-
ing disposition, he went to Minnesota, with older brothers, in 1856,
and while there worked at different occupations, mainly at carpen-
tering and sign-painting. Returning to the East two years after-
ward, he continued in the painting business, soon drifting into
decorative and fresco painting at Boston ant) Taunton. He also
taught district school in Maine for several winters, and gave, in-
struction in painting, drawing, and penmanship. Naturally of a
versatile mind, he acquired considerable proficiency in a number of
different pursuits, and his studies covered a wide and varied field.
The Civil War broke out just at the time his future" course was be-
in^ marked out. During the first year of the War, his poor health
kept him out of the army, and he improved the time by reading
Blackstone, with a view of becoming grounded in the underlying
principles of English law. He also traveled some months for
health and recreation. In 1862, he enlisted as private in the 241)1
Maine Regiment, then being organized, and in the following spring
went to the front with the regiment. He took part in the siege and
storming of Port Hudson, in May and June of 1863, being then
sergeant-major of the regiment, and after the capture of that strong-
hold was discharged with his regiment. In December of the same
year, he again enlisted as first sergeant of the 7th Maine Battery of
Veteran Volunteers, and served to the end of the War, being pro-
moted second lieutenant just before the close. He took an active
part in nearly all the famous battles and engagements from the
wilderness to the collapse of the Rebellion (viz., Spotsylvania, Cold
Harbor, Bethesda, Burnside's Mine, etc.), and during the winter of
1864-65 his battery held Fort Sedgwick, one of the most exposed
and dangerous points upon our lines. Upon leaving the army, he
again resumed his art studies and practice, giving lessons in draw-
ing, etc., meantime. He removed to Massachusetts in 1868, and
studied, worked, and taught between that time and 1874, at which
time he came to Chicago. During this time he took a course of art
in the Massachusetts Normal Art School, gave instructions in the
Mechanics' Association Drawing Schools, in Worcester, and con-
ducted the City of Chelsea evening drawing school and school for
art instruction to public school teachers. He also pursued his voca-
tion as architectural draughtsman in Worcester, Northampton, and
Boston, and for two years conducted business in his own name in
Worcester. He came to Chicago under the auspices of J. R. Os-
good & Co., Boston, to instruct the teachers of the public schools
in the Walter Smith system of drawing and supervise its introduc-
tion in the schools. He served in this capacity two years ; after-
ward giving art instruction to private classes and in several educa-
tional institutions of Chicago, including the Athena-urn, Bryant's
College, and the Academy of Fine Arts. He also filled several en-
gagements as designer of furniture, decorations, etc., and as archi-
tectural assistant. In 1882, he opened an office at No. 155 LaSalle
Street, since which time he has practiced his profession at the same
place. He is a fellow of the Western Association of Architects and
member of the Illinois State Association of Architects. Mr. Pierce
was married to Miss Carrie L. Twitchell, daughter of Colonel Eli
Twitchell, of Bethel, Me. Two daughters, both now living, were
born to them, — Annie Louise, in 1867, and Winifred Mabel, in 1872.
PETKR W. ANDERSON was born at Yasted, Sweden, on Febru-
ary 12, 1853. He attended the schools of Malmo, Sweden, for
four years, and studied for six years in the School of Architecture
at Copenhagen. He was then employed as draughtsman for two
years, and was appointed superintendent of the construction of the
great Carrol Church at Malmo, Sweden, which employed him for
nearly two years. He next went to Hogestad, where he superin-
tended the erection of one of the largest dairy buildings in that city.
He came to Chicago in October, 1881, and was here about eight
months before opening an office ;-in the meantime, he superintended
the building of a store on Chicago Avenue, and then opened an
office on that avenue, where he remained about six months, when he
removed to Ashland Block. He is ingenious in his profession, and
has at present a design that is calculated to supersede may of the
present styles of public edifices, from its economy of room and
beauty of appearance. This can be built from one hundred and
fifty to six hundred feet wide and from two to five stories high,
without the support of pillars inside or outside ; and the one con-
struction can be used for several buildings. It is admirably adapted
for use as a capitol or court-house.
FREDERICK R. SCIIOCK was born at Chicago in 1854, and is
the son of Frederick Schock, Sr., who died in July, 1871, and
grandson of Adam Schock, who died in 1883, in Chicago, in his
ninety-second year. Adam was one of the then two surviving
members of the old Napoleon body-guard, and came to Chicago
nearly forty years ago. Frederick, Jr., was educated in the city
schools, graduating from the high-school in 1872, and at once com-
menced the study of architecture in the office of Henry L. Gay,
and remained with him eight years. In 1880, he went to Pullman,
took charge of some of the buildings being erected, and opened an
office, at No. 81 Clark Street, in 1882, where he still continues,
lie is one of four surviving children of Frederick Schock, Sr., the
names of the others being Fanny, Louisa, and Amelia.
HKNKY IVKS Coi;n is a native of Brookline, Mass. He re-
ceived his literary and scientific education at Harvard University,
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in Europe. After
a thorough training, he entered the office of one of the leading
architects in Boston, and from the beginning took a leading position
among his fellow-craftsmen. In iSSi, he came to Chicago to
superintend the construction of the Union Club- House, the plans
74
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
of which he had prepared. The success he achieved in this work
lies into such request, that he decided to locate in
Chicago, and accordingly o|x.'ned an office and took Charles S.
Frost into parlnership. Since then he has ranked anion^ the fore-
most <>f the architects, not only here, hut anywhere in the \\i-st.
Mr. Cobb married, in i-^-o y'lj.,., 1 ,,1111.1 M. Smith, daughter of
the late Augustus !•'. Smith, a prominent attorney of New York
I'ity. They have two sons, — Henry Ives, Jr., and Cleveland.
I'll \KIKS S. KKOSI was horn at l.iwiston, Me., on M
i^d. After having received an excellent education in the public
schools, he entered an architect's office in l.ewiston, where he re-
mained three years, and there gained a good practical knowledge of
his present business. He then went to Boston, and entered the In-
stitute of Technology there, and after finishing a special course of
study at that institution, he was employed in several offices in the
same city for three years. lie then engaged in business for him-
Swit/erlaml, and attended the Polytechnic Institute, at Zurich,
taking a thorough course of four years, and making every effon to
Inc.. me proficient in architecture, the profession he had concluded
to adopt. After closing his studies, he spent some in traveling,
visiting points of interest in Kngland, Germany and France, with a
special view of studying the different styles of architecture, and in-
tending to make practical use of all the information he could gain,
lie returned to Chicago, and entered the oltice of Kgan & Hill, and
was with them when they were completing the new Court 1 1 onse. He
afterward entered the service of J. A. McLennan, and remained as
draughtsman for about three years, and in May, IHS4, he associated
himself with I .ouis |. Schaub, and is at present doing business under
the style of Schaub iV Berlin, in the Ashland Block, corner of Clark
anil Randolph streets. lie is a member of the Western and Illi-
nois stale Associations of Architects. He was married, in Chicago,
in 1883, to Miss Agnes A. Dodge, daughter of George Dodge.
(•' -
STATE STREET, NORTH FROM MADISON.
self, meeting with remarkable success. In 1882, he came to Chi-
i into partnership with Henry Ives Cobb. Mr.
I- 11 ist was married, in this city, on January 7, 1885, to Miss Mary
llughitt, daughter of Marvin Hughitt, general manager of the
Chicago \- North-Western Railway.
I ."i IS I. s. ii. u i; was born at Milwaukee, Wis., in 1857, and
was educated at ( 'incinnati anil at Chicago. After closing his studies,
he concluded to make architecture his siudy, and began at the
bottom, learning the carpenter's trade, and afterward was engaged
in the manufacture of wood-working machinery, working in both
branches nearly four years. 1 luring this time, he spent his spare
time in draughting, and kept preparing himself for his life-work.
-73, he went into the office of Cast Chapman, tirst as draughts-
man and afterward as foreman in his otfu-e. In 1880, he was en-
I with the North Chicago Rolling Mills, had charge of the
building department at South Chicago, and continued with them
until I.SS3. In iss4, he associated with Robert C. Berlin, tinder
the tinn style of Schaub & Berlin, of which he is Still a member.
lie is a member of the Western and Illinois State Associations of
Architects. ||i- was married, in Chicago, in June, 1)584 to Miss
Fannie Moore.
1:1 C. BKKI.IN was born at C.ranville, 111., in 1853. He
commenced his education in this country, but, in i>7;, went to
GABRIEL ISAACSON is one of the rising young architects of Chi-
cago, and has already made his mark as a' skilled designer Mr
Isaacson was born at Farsund, Norway, on August 31 ?S5o His
father, Lewis Isaacson, died when the son was an infant and the
widow and orphan immigrated to America, locating at Chicago in
he spring of 1861. Gabriel attended the common schools during
his boyhood, but at an early age entered the office of K. S lenison
architect. He remained with him until 1876, and then went into
the office of John ( . ( Tehran, with whom he was connected for the
greater portion of eight years. From an ordinary workman Mr
Isaacson arose to the position of head assistant 'to Mr Cochran'
and was regarded as a most valuable employe. In 1882 Mr Is-nc'
son was secure(1 by Alexander Kirkland to assist in "architectural
work upon the new City Hall, and after serving him for about one
year returned to the office of Mr. Cochran, where he remained un-
/Zi^f '^."T1"1'',1 m"mh Mr' 'Saa';S"n established business
™H h 6 h,as,alrrad> d«iP*d Pkas for a handsome
t^t'T, H Co"Kre^tional Sodety of Kvanston ; and in
m a if r^ °thCfrS' thereare testimonials of his skill as
mtcu ,„ the way of a number of beautiful residences and
cottages. Mr Isaacson was married, on November 13 1880 to
'Vri:;.'rt ,k- Krrm- , They ^ three <*«*<
•"•• " t '•• and Agnes Irene.
RE- BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
7S
BUILDING TRADES.
As an appendix to the architectural resume, it is but
just that some mention should be made of those trades
that were employed in forming the conceptions of the
architect and rendering possible, as realities, his plans.
To the enterprise of the builder and to the skill of the me-
chanic, is Chicago indebted for her architectural beauty;
for the hand is as necessary to execute, as the brain is
to design, forms of taste, elegance and permanence.
BRICK MANUFACTURERS. — The growth of the manu-
facture of brick in Chicago between the years 1870 and
1880, is shown by the following statistics given in the
United States Census Reports for those years. It is a
matter for regret that in this department of the build-
ing interests, as in so many others, no official compila-
tion of statistics is made by the trade itself. There is
no central bureau of information, and the only reliable
data to be obtained is that gathered from the census re-
turns, at intervals of ten years. In the following table,
the figures given are for Cook County, no separate re-
cord being tabulated for this city. It is not unfair,
however, to assume that fully ninety per cent, of the
entire product of the county is turned out by Chicago
brick yards.
AS
Hands
Value
Year.
Em-
Capital.
Wages.
Material.
of
w-S
ployed.
Product.
1870
20
1,093
$3II,OOO
$256,055
$130,030
$ 533,575
1880*
53
1,655
500,300
560,665
182,224
1,014,200
The percentage of increase in ten years in each of
the items named above was as follows:
In the number of establishments 165 per cent.
In the number of hands 51 per cent.
In the capital invested 61 per cent.
In the wages paid _ 113 per cent.
In the material used 40 per cent.
In the value of the product 74 per cent.
The foregoing figures are suggestive. The number
of establishments was nearly trebled, while the increase
in the number of hands employed was only 51 percent.
This disparity is attributable to the introduction of im-
proved machinery and its general use. The dispropor-
tion between the increase in the number of employes
and the amount of wages paid, is also noticeable, the
latter being 113 per cent. This is not to be ascribed
solely to the general advance of wages, but is in great
part due to employment of a larger proportion of
skilled laborers. Another variation in the percentages
of increase is that between the cost of material and the
value of the manufactured product; the increase in the
former being but forty per cent., while that in the latter
is seventy-four per cent. The reason for this is to be
found, in a great measure, in the marked improvement
in quality which characterized Chicago brick during
the period named. More carefully selected and better
material was employed; less limestone entered into
the composition, and a harder, better-formed product
was the result of the manufacturers' efforts.
The greater part of the brick made here is that
known as "Chicago common," and is pronounced by
competent judges, both architects and practical build-
ers, to be equal in quality to any common brick made
in the country. The high prices demanded for Phila-
delphia brick stimulated the manufacture of pressed
brick, and no finer specimens of the latter description
* Including tile makers.
of building material are to be found in the world than
are made in Chicago. Agencies of many of the leading
manufacturers from other States are established here,
however, and the use of pressed and ornamental brick
for fronts is yearly increasing. The establishment of
an extensive and well arranged permanent building
exhibit, to which reference was made in the second
volume of this work, has no doubt exerted a healthful
influence on the trade and done not a little to incite
emulation.
A circumstance should not be lost sight of that
has had an undoubted effect on the trade in brick in
this city, viz.: Transition in architectural taste and
style from the ornamentation of the Renaissance school
to the severe simplicity of the Gothic. The latter calls
for great solidity, and its ideas are best expressed in the
massive walls of pressed brick to be seen on every side
in the business quarters of the city, and in many private
residences, wherein the utmost beauty is attained by
the introduction of terra-cotta ornamentation.
THOMAS MOULDING was born at Warrington, England, on
December 13, 1825, and is the son of Thomas and Rachel (Bates)
Moulding. In 1840, he was apprenticed to a machinist, and fol-
lowed his trade in England, until 1851. In that year he came to
Chicago, and was employed as a machinist for about eleven years.
In 1862, he commenced the manufacture of brick in a moderate
way, producing only about sixteen thousand a day during the first
year. By the aid of his practical knowledge of machinery he has
made meritorious improvements. His business has rapidly in-
creased until he has three factories — one in the city, one at Lake
View, and one at Porter, Ind. — each of which is supplied with
steam machinery, the three engines aggregating one hundred and
twenty-five horse -power. The capacity of the works in Indiana
is three million common and five million pressed brick and at the
the works in the city and Lake View twelve million common brick
are made. He also manufactures about two million drain-tile
annually, and has just commenced the manufacture of terra-cotta
copings. He employs about three hundred men, and does a busi-
ness of $200,000 annually. Mr. Moulding was married, on Sep-
tember 27, 1857, to Miss Sarah Watkins, of Chicago. They have
five children, — Thomas C., Minnie R., Lizzie W., Joseph W. and
Sarah P.
HAYT & ALSIP. — This firm of brick manufacturers and dealers
was organized in 1872, by Henry C. Hayt and Frank Alsip. They
have two large yards, supplied with steam power and all the appli-
ances for making first-class building brick. They employ two hun-
dred and fifty men, and turn out an average of twenty-five million
brick per annum.
Henry C. Hayt was born at Fishkill, Dutchess Co., N. Y.,
on May 9, 1831, and is the son of Henry D. and Jane (Berry) Hayt.
After leaving the public schools, he attended Amenia Seminary un-
til 1849. He was then engaged in farming until 1856, when he
went to McGregor, Iowa, and entered into partnership with Oscar
Burdick, under the firm name of Hayt & Burdick, lumber dealers.
They carried on the business there until 1872, when he came to
Chicago, and commenced the manufacture of brick with Frank
Alsip, under the present firm name. Mr. Hayt was married on
November 22, 1862, to Miss Sarah Harris, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
They have one child, — Margaret. .
Frank Alsip was born at Pittsburgh, Penn., on November 7,
1827, and is the son of William and Mary A. (Meeker) Alsip.
When he was twelve years of age, he went to work in a brick yard
at Pittsburgh, where he was employed about five years. He was
then apprenticed to a bricklayer for three years, during which time
he learned the trade in all its details. He was employed as a jour-
neyman brick mason, in and about Pittsburgh, until 1849, when he
went across the plains to the gold mines of California, and worked
in the mines two years. He then went to St. Louis, Mo., where he
was employed at his trade for about a year, and then he returned to
Pittsburgh, and engaged in business as a builder and manufacturer
of brick with A. H. McClellan & Alsip. This firm carried on the
business four years, when it was dissolved, and Mr. Alsip removed
to Prairie du Chien, Wis., where he engaged in the same business
with his brother, under the firm name of Alsip Bros. They made
brick and erected buildings in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota,
until 1872, when he came to Chicago, where he formed a partner-
ship with Henry C. Hayt, under the style of Hayt & Alsip, brick
makers, which firm, last year, turned out more brick than any other
firm in Chicago. lie is also in business with his son William H.,
under the firm name of F. & W. H. Alsip, brick manufacturers,
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
and is now
lure of hri>
,v fitting up one of the largest Cactorie* lor the manufac.
llllt ick in the city. Much of the- machinery was invented a
ned bv him, and will U- capable oi producing one hundred an
twentv-tivc thousand first-class brick a day. He was married, i
lamiarv. 1854, to Mi- Mary f. Smiley, of Pittsburgh.
i.ildren; Jennie, William II., Frank I1,., Maude,
1 ami
in
They have
Charles,
and Millie.
T \ | I) TniY— This firm was organized in 1872, by
Thomas and John 1). Tully. for the purpose of manufacturing and
DEARBORN STREET, SOUTH FROM WASHINGTON.
dealing in brick. Their yards are supplied with the most ap-
proved machinery, and power is furnished by a steam engine of
one hundred and fifty horse-power. They employ about two hun-
dred and fifty men and seventy teams, ami manufacture about
twenty millions of brick annually. They furnished the brick for
the ol'd First National Bank P.iiilding, corner of State and Wash-
ing! mi street*, one of the few buildings 10 withstand the fire of 1871.
Since thai lire, they have supplied some of the brick for the new
l;..ard of Trade Building; the Hiram Siblcy Building, on Clark
t ; the Western Indiana Railroad Pcpot, on Polk Street; the
I onnty I 'our! House, and many others throughout the city.
Thomai Tally was born in Lower ( Irnnan, County of Tippe-
rary, Ireland, on liecember 22, 1^34, and is the son of Thomas and
|ulia (Runnion) Tully. His father immigrated to America in 1*30,
and remained one year in Rochester, N. Y., when he removed te
cerv stoic *m«-» «»-• —
This business he
Chicago in 1864, in connection with his
other business. In 1872, he entered into
partnership with his brother, and the
present firm was organized. He was
married, in November, 1862, to Miss
Mary White, of Rochester, N. Y. They
have the following children: Ada, Frank-
lin, Mary A., John W., Julia M., Mag-
gie, Thomas, Ellen, and Elizabeth.
THE ILLINOIS I'KKSSKD BKICK COM-
PANY was incorporated in February,
1884, with a capital of $100,000. Its
first officers were John T. McAuley,
president; Arthur W. Penny, secretary;
Willet 15. Jenks, treasurer ; and Frank
T. Melcher, superintendent. The com-
pany was organized for the purpose of
manufacturing red pressed-brick. Their
works are located at Blue Island, 111.,
and are supplied with steam power and
the most approved machinery. They
employ about eighty men, and their ca-
pacity is fifty thousand brick a day. In
May,' 1885, Mr. McAuley resigned the
presidency in favor of Addison Ballard.
John T. Mf.-lii/.'V, ex-president, was
born on September 24, 1840, in Warren
County, N. Y., and is the son of George
and Mary (Miller) McAuley. He came
to Chicago with his parents, in 1841, and
subsequently attended the public schools
until he was eighteen years of age. Af-
ter finishing his studies, he was employed
as a salesman in a boot and shoe store
three years. In 1861, he entered the
army as sergeant-major of the 55th Illi-
nois' Infantry Volunteers. He was pro-
moted to rank of second lieutenant of
Co. "C,"then became captain of Co.
" B," and afterward assistant adjutant-
general of the First Brigade, Second
Division, Fifteenth Army Corps. lie
was wounded at the battle of Shiloh.
In December, 1864, he was mustered
out of the service. He was engaged in
the wholesale boot and shoe business for
a number of years. In 1880-82, he was
connected with the Chicago, Texas &
Mexican Central Railroad. lie then
commenced the brick business, and or-
ganized the present company. He is a
member of Thomas J. Turner Lodge,
No. 409, A.F. & A.M. Mr. McAuley
was married, on November 20, 1866, to
Miss Mary L. Sayrs, of Chicago. They
have two children, — Harriet S. and
Henry S.
Arthur W. Penny was born at Chi-
cago, on May 23, 1850, and is the son of
George W. and Laura M. (Wilson) Pen-
ny. He was educated at the Northwestern University, F'vanston. In
1876, he went to Providence, where he was connected with the Rum-
ford Chemical Works. In 1882, he returned to Chicago, and engaged
in the brick business, assisting in organizing the present company,
of which he was elected secretary. He resides at Park Ridge, and
is president of the board of village trustees, taking an active part in
the affairs of the place. Mr. Penny was married, on May 15, 1873,
to Miss Clara F. Wilson, of Providence. They have two children
— Edith G. and George W.
(/iwjy II'. l\-nny, the father of Arthur W., came to Chicago
in 1830. In 1848, with his father, John Penny, and his brother,
A. J. Penny, he took an active interest in the brick business. A. J.
died in 1849, and the father, of cholera, in 1850, when George W.
succeeded to the business. At that time, this firm had the most ex-
tensive brick yards in the city. In 1854, George W. made ten
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
79
Thomas Sollitt withdrew from the firm, to superintend the construc-
tion of buildings for Potter Palmer. On completion of the Palmer
House, during 1874, he resumed business for himself, and, in 1882,
he admitted his son into partnership, and the business has since
been carried on under the firm style of Thomas Sollitt & Son. To
Mr. Sollitt, Chicago is indebted for the erection of many handsome
MONROE STREET. WEST FROM CLARK.
business blocks and elegant private residences. In 1857, he was
married to Miss Eleanor Nelson, of Fox Lake, 111. They have six
children living.
OLIVF.K N. Sau.rrr was born in Chicago on October 16, 1860,
and is the son of Thomas and Eleanor (Xelson) Sollitt. After fin-
ishing his studies in the city schools, he entered the office of James
I Egan, where he studied architecture, and the knowledge thus ac-
quired has been of no small advantage to the firm of which he is
the junior member.
:<;K SriiMiD is the son of John M. and Anna Margaret
(Ilirsch) Schmid, and was born in Equarhofen (Mittel-Franken),
Bavaria, Germany, on August 4, 1831. After leaving school he
was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker at Wurtemburg, where he
worked for two years; after which he traveled through Germany, western Railroad Depot, the Allen Paper Car-wheel Works (at
visiting all the principal cities. In 1850 he went to New York, Pullman), the Adams Express Building Marshall Field's residence
where he worked at the carpenter's trade until 1855, when he came Immanuel Baptist Church, College of Physicians and Surgeons'
to Chicago. Here he worked as a journeyman carpenter for a year, Chicago Homeopathic College, and the Evanston High School'
and then formed a partnership with Andrew Katz, under the firm Mr. Avers is a Knight Templar, belonging to Apollo Comman-
name of Schmid \ Katz, contractors and builders. This firm did dery; and is also a member of the Dearborn Astronomical Society
an extensive business until 1864, when they discontinued it, and He married, in 1853, Miss Emma Markham daughter of Thomas
started a brewery, which was known as the Schmid, Katz & Markham, of England. They had three children Franklin George
Leverenz Brewery, 'I his they continued until TS66, when Mr. and Cora Isabelle (deceased). The two sons are associated with
Leverenz died, and the firm became Schmid & Katz, and was so their father in business, and have already earned for themselves the
carried on until 1869, when Mr. Katz retired anil Mr. Putnam be-
came a partner, the firm name being changed to Schmid & Putnam.
The latter firm continued the business up to the time of the great
fire in 1871, when their entire works were destroyed. Mr. Schmid
then resumed his old trade, and, in 1872, entered into partnership
with Frank Schubert, under the firm name of Schmid & Schubert,
contractors and builders. They did a
very extensive business until the partner-
ship was dissolved in 1876, since which
time Mr. Schmid has been in business
alone. During his connection with the
building trade, he was engaged for two
years in the sale of yellow pine lumber.
Mr. Schmid has been one of the most
prominent German builders and con-
tractors of the city. Among the build-
ings which stood as monuments of his
skill before the fire may be named Bryan
I lull, Trinity Church and the North Side
Turner Hall. Since the fire, he has
erected Brand's Hall, Michael Seiben's
brewery, a six-story block for E. \Y.
Blatchford, and the chemical works of
Machias Chappel. He was married on
August 22, 1852, to Miss Caroline Me-
lecker, of New York City. They have
one son, — Godfrey.
JOHN M. DUNPHY was born at
Utica, N. Y., on October 2, 1834, and
is the son of Martin Dunphy who was
a prominent builder of that city. He
was given a good common school edu-
cation, and at the age of sixteen began
to learn the trade of mason and con-
tractor, serving an apprenticeship of four
years. In 1854, he came West, and
worked at his trade in various cities until
1858, when he located at Chicago, which
has since been his home. He at once
formed a partnership with a Mr. Moss
in the contracting and building line, and
continued with him until 1863, since
which time he has been alone. Among
the many prominent structures now ex-
isting as memorials of Mr. Dunphy's
work, may be mentioned the Cathedral
of the Holy Name, St. James's Church,
the residences of George M. Pullman
and B. P. Moulton, St. Denis Hotel,
and many others. For years past he has
taken an active interest in politics, and is
known as an earnest but consistent dem-
ocrat. In 1879, he was nominated for
the office of collector of the West Town
and was elected by a decided majority,
and in the spring of 1883 was re-elected.
Mr. Dunphy is married to Miss Mary
Doyle, daughter of J. Edward Doyle,
of this city. They have had four chil-
dren, three sons and one daughter, but
of these there is but one son living,
John J., who is in business with his
father.
FREDERICK HENRY AVERS was born at Buffalo, N. Y., on
October 3, 1831. His parents were from Germany, and at the date
just mentioned had only been in this country a short time. His
father, John Avers, was a contractor and builder, and was for many
years prominent in that line of business at Buffalo. Frederick, as he
grew to man's estate, also adopted the same calling, which he suc-
cessfully pursued in his native city until 1859. In that year he
went to Pike's Peak, but found that region too wild and unsettled,
so he returned and located in this city, which has since been his
home. In the building of Chicago, up to the time of the fire, and
in its re-building since that event, Mr. Avers has taken a prom-
inent part. Among the buildings he has erected may be mentioned
the Sherman House, the Palmer House, before the fire; the North-
western Railroad Depot, the
So
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
idencc and esteem of their associates in commercial circles.
On January 14, 1^71., Mrs. Avers died. I In \o\cmbcr In, 1877,
Mr. A\ers married Miss F.li/a |anc Parker, daughter of George
Parker. ,,f Buffalo, N. V.
J"U\ \V. Kin* was liurn ai llarrisburg. IVnn.,on April 22,
1836, and is the son of Rupert I-', and Sarah (Ogle) Reid. When
sixteen years old he went in Philadelphia, and learned the carpen-
ter's trade, working there four years, when he returned to llarris-
burg. still continuing in his old employment. In iSfxi, he came to
Chicago, and wnrkeil about twn years as a journeyman carpenter,
and then formed a partnership with John Heaven, under the tirm name
of Beagen \ Reid, contractors and builders. At the end of two years
the firm was dissolved, and he continued in business alone until 1882.
In the latter year, he entered into partnership with Franklin II.Kickett,
under the linn name of Reid .V Fickctt, and so continued nnti
Mr. Reid has been extensive!} engaged as a builder in Chicago for
over twenty years. He erected the line residences of \V. 1). Cur-
tis. Dr. K. 'N. Hale, William Gates, C. I), llaldwin, John II.
Wrunn, and many others, in all parts of the city and suburbs. lie
employs from twenty to lifty men, and does a business of about
mualiy. Sir. Reid was married, on September 7, 1858,
to Miss Caroline I). Clark, of llarrisburg, I'enn. They have live
children, — Jane I-'., Anna 1.., ]•'.. Alice, Frank A., and Mary M.
He is a member of Dearborn lodge. No. 310, A.I-'. iV A.M.,
and also of Kclipse Lodge. No. jnj, l.o.O.F.
DVMFI. FKANCIS CUM I.V, contractor and builder, was born at
Mercersburg, Franklin Co., I'enn., on October 14, 1838, and learned
his trade from his father, John I). Crilly. At seventeen years of
age. he went to work with John Wilson, a leading contractor of his
nati\e town, and with him came West in iSM,, locating at Iowa
City, where Mr. Crilly remained until he had attained his twenty-
first year. He then went to St. Louis, where he began business on
his own account. In iSdl, he came to Chicago, and for several
•'•d in the packing trade, lie then returned to his
former occupation, and has since taken a prominent part in the
building interests of this city. Specimens of his work exist in the
Methodist Church Block, the Roonc block, and scores of large
wholesale buildings. In addition to this work, Mr. Crilly has also
always taken an active interest in social matters and in all affairs look-
ing to the moral and mental growth of our city. lie has been an
honored member of the Masonic fraternity for the past twenty
: is now a member of Apollo Commandery, No. i, K..T., of
Oriental Consistory, S.P.R.S., 32°, and also of the Union League
Club. lie married, in isd;, Miss Kli/abcth Snyder, daughter of
• Snyder, of Ft. London, 1'enn. She is a lady of culture anil
worth, and delights in charitable work. She is at present an ofticcr
of the Woman's Hospital, besides being interested in and a con-
tributor to various other philanthropic institutions. Mr. and Mrs.
Crilly have six children, — Erminie, attending college at lackson-
ville. III.; George, now taking a commercial course at Notre
Dame; Kranklin Kddic. Isabel, Oliver and Daniel, at home, acquir-
ing their preparatory education. Mr. and Mrs. Crilly are members
of the Plymouth Congregational Church.
FRANCIS .V.si.u was born in Dundee, Scotland, on Decem-
ber 7, 1837. In 1851, he came to Chicago, landing in this city in
September, and took up his abode with an uncle, Charles O'Conner,
a builder and contractor. He immediately apprenticed himself to
his uncle, to learn the carpenter's trade, and almost the first work
he did was on the old Franklin school-house, which was destroyed
in tn< 7 ' He remained in the employ of his uncle about
two years, when he began work as a journeyman, continuing in
that capacity until 1857. In the fall of that year, he entered the
paid lire department, which was organized about that time, having
been previously a member of the volunteer force. He ass'isted in
the organization of the Firemen's Benevolent Association, of which
he was for years the presiding officer. In 1865, he resigned his
position in the lire department, and began to actively engage in the
business of building. Among the memorials now standing of Mr.
Aguew'a work, may be mentioned the Xormal School building,
v's Theater, and St. Xavier's Academy. He also superin-
tended the innstructionof the present City Hall building. In 1874,
Mi Vgnew was nominated for sheriff of'Cook County, by the peo-
ple's party, and was elected by a majority that abundantly attested
his popularity. He is a member of the National Land League \s-
tion, the National Temperance Society (of which heVas at
one time president), and of many other Organizations. Mr. Agnew
married, on June 14, [860, Miss Fllen O'Ncil, daughter of the late
Mich.n an early settler of Chicago. Mrs. Agnew was
born .on January 2, 183.), was educated in the schools
of this city, ami is a lady of fine attainments and of the most esti-
charactcr. Mr. and Mrs. Agnew have eight children, — John
Francis, who are associated with their father in business'
Mari i. 1 lien, Michael I.. Thomas, Edward and Charles.
.l'"is '•• I 'i iv. ,v Co.— This firm of contractors and builders,
and lumber merchants, was originally established in i$d<>, by Frank
Moninger, August Schrenk and John Kirwan, on Indiana Street,
near Kingsbnry, in the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, frames,
mouldings, etc'., and carpenter work. In a short time they were
necessitated, by their large business, to seek more commodious
quarters, which resulted in the erection of their factory at Nos. 32-
38 Indiana Street. Being located in the midst of lumber yards, in
order to accommodate their business, they erected also a planing
mill, wherein they manufactured all descriptions of lumber utilized
by carpenters. A short time subsequently, the firm was changed to
Thompson, Moninger & Schrenk, Mr. Thompson having bought
out Mr. Kirwan's interest; they then commenced the contracting
and building business, which heretofore they had not done. The
firm afterward was changed to Reese, Moninger & Schrenk, Fred-
erick Reese having purchased Mr. Thompson's interest, and re-
maining a member of the firm until iSfxj, when he sold his interest
to Schrenk iv. Moninger, and then Mr. Diez, who had commenced
contracting and building in 1867, bought an interest, and the firm
name was changed to John L. Diez & Co. This firm continued busi-
ness until the great fire of 1871 destroyed their whole establishment.
In the course of a few months they re-built their factory with larger
and more comprehensive facilities, and had got their business into
good running order again, when it was destroyed by fire in August,
1872, which obliterated everything on their grounds and necessi-
tated the dissolution of the old firm. In 1873, John L. Diez and
Frank Moninger entered into a co-partnership, under the old
name of John L. Diez \ Co., and erected a factory two stories in
height, and having an area sixty by one hundred and twenty-five
feet, at Nos. 282-88 Hawthorne Avenue. During 1879, Frank
Moninger retired from the firm, placing his interest in the hands of
his son, J. C. Moninger, who then, with J. L. Diez, retained the
business until 1880, when J. G. Ottmann purchased one-quarter
operating interest from J. C. Moninger. This firm not only trans-
acts a comprehensive business as lumber merchants and in the
manufacture of lumber, but also does an extensive trade in the car-
penter, contracting and building line, employing about one hun-
dred men on the average.
KciiiiNsiix & MINOR.— This firm of contractors and builders
was organized in May, 1881, by John C. Robinson and Anderson
Minor, two young men of energy and ability, who are fully com-
petent to build anything that may be required, as many of the fine
business houses and elegant private residences erected by them in
the city will demonstrate. Some of these are the Skinner Block,
Taylor lilock, Hurke's Building, and the college building at Lake
Forest. During the last two years they built and completed the
tunnel for the Hyde Park water-works, as well as many other
notable structures.
in 1851, to Akron, Ohio, where John learned the carpenter's trade
from his father, who was a carpenter and builder, for whom he
worked several years. He learned the profession of an architect
in Detroit, Mich., and, in 1870, came to Chicago and followed his
profession until 1873, when he engaged, on his own account in
contracting and building until 1881, when he formed the present
partnership. He married, in 1879, Miss Marie Tourtelotte of
Philadelphia, I'enn. They have two children,— Edna and Roy II
Anderson M,n,,,; contractor and builder, is the son of "William
and Mercy (Anderson) Minor, and was born in Cleveland Ohio on
January 31, 1840. He was partially educated in his native city
his finishing studies being taken at Hiram College. Ohio under the
tuition of the late President Garfield. At the age of fifteen, he left
school and learned the trade of a mason, at which he worked until
about 1860, when he went to Toledo, Ohio, and commenced busi-
ness as a contractor and builder on his own account. During his
residence of some thirteen years in that city, he erected all the most
prominent buildings there. In 1871, he came to Chicago, and en-
tered into partnership with J. R. Trumbull, which firm existed until
IB, ?, and building, during that time, the Hamlin & Hale Building
and many others. In 1875, he entered into partnership with P |
Sexton, under the firm name of Sexton * Minor, which continued
Courthouse; and while a member of the firm, and as superinteml-
and private resid"^ - '— building.of many fine business blocks
in the city and suburbs. In May, 1880, he
mdr ' '- e -ter Msons
l.uilders Association of Chicago. Mr. Minor was married,
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
on August 24, 1881, to Miss Minnie Alice Fair. They have two
children, — Alice ( leraldine and Milton Leroy.
THE CAMPHKI.I. BROTHERS' MAMTACI TRIM; COMPANY was
originally organized in 1873, by Murdoch and Alexander Campbell,
under the firm name of Campbell Brothers, for the purpose of doing
a general contracting and building business and for manufacturing
all kinds of wood material. They carried on the trade and continued
the firm until 1874, when they admitted William McKae as a part-
ner, and the firm name was changed to Campbell Bros. & Co.,
which existed until 1878, when Mr. McKae retired, and they re-
sumed the name of Campbell Brothers. In January, iSSi, it was
incorporated under its present name, with a capital sti >rk i if S'j5,ooo.
The officers of the company are Murdoch Campbell, president ;
Alexander Campbell, vice-president and superintendent ; Hiram T.
laculis, secretary and treasurer. They have always had a large and
prosperous trade, and many substantial business houses and elegant
private residences, erected or fitted up
by them, testify to their ability and skill
for doing fine and substantial work. A
few of these an- the residences of Judge
Skinner, f. C. Bullock, (. Medill, A. 1
Kirkwood, F. H. Hill, J. H. Witbeck,
and others in all parts of Chicago and
its suburbs. Their business has steadily
increased year by year, until now they
have a large factory run by steam power
and filled with the latest and most im-
proved machinery. They employ from
one to two hundred men, and do a busi-
ness exceeding $300,000 annually.
Muntoch Campbell, president, was
born in 1'rescott County, Canada, on
February 15, 1841, and is the son of
John anil Christi;ina(McCrmimon (Camp-
bell. \Vhen he was sixteen years old,
he left Canada and came to Chicago, and
learned the carpenter's trade from Ilcc-
ney >V Campbell, contractors and build-
ers. He worked for them .many yr:ux
during the last seven having charge of
their work and being foreman in their
factory, and thoroughly qualified himself
in all branches of the trade, thereby pe-
culiarly fitting himself for carrying on
the large and prosperous business of
which he is at present the head. He
belongs to the Masonic fraternity, and
is a member of Pleiades Lodge, No. 478,
A.F.&A.M.; Wiley M. Egan Chapter,
No. 126, R.A.M.; and Chicago Com-
mandery, No. 19, K.T. Mr. Campbell
was married on January 30, 1867, to
Miss Jeanette B. Caldwell, of Bloom,
111. They have four children, — Archi-
bald M., Abigail K., M. Josephine and
John Albert.
M KLXMKTX. & KII.EM;EK<;EK. — This
firm of contractors, builders, and manu-
facturers of sash, doors, blinds and
mouldings was organized in 1879, by
Conrad Steinmet/ and Herman Eilen-
berger, to continue the business origi-
nally established by Steinmet/. A: Sim-
mons as manufacturers of sash, doors,
and blinds, and to carry on building and
contracting in connection with their mill.
The present firm do a large business
both as builders and manufacturers
They have erected many fine buildings
in all parts of the city, a few of which
are the Beidler Block, the C. B. Carter
Block, the Heisler \- Junge Block, and
W. M. Hoyt's buildings. They fitted
up the Exposition Building for the May
Festivals of 1882 and 1884. They fitted
up the same building for the National
Republican Convention, and remodeled
it for the National Democratic Conven-
tion, and completed the Grand Opera Hall for Chicago's first Grand
Opera Festival. They employ about three hundred men, and do a
business of $500,000 annually.
L'onniii Sti-iiniii-h was born in Germany, on. July 13, 1839, and
is the son of Samuel and Martha (BrSutigam) Stcinmetz. In 1854,
he came to America, remaining about one year in the City <>f New
York, and then going to Springfield, Mass:., wlu-r • lie learned his
trade and was employed, as an apprentice, in a sash and blind fac-
tory until 1861, when he returned to New York City After work-
ing there about a year he removed to Hartford, Conn., where he
worked at his trade in a sash and blind factory for three years. In
1865, he came to Chicago, and took charge of a similar factory for
Parker & Stearns, which he managed for four years ; then was with
Allen & Bartlett about a year; after which he was with the Garden
City Manufacturing Company until 1874, when he entered into
partnership with Conrad Simmons in the manufacture of sash,
doors, and blinds. At the end of three years, the firm was cli>-
solved. and he did business one year by himself, when the present
partnership was established. .Mr. Steinmet/ is a member of
Germania Lodge, No. 182, A.F. cS: A.M. Mr. Steinmet/ was
married, on January 29, 1865, to Miss Hermina Kleinecke, of
Hartford, Conn. They have live children, — John, Henry, Rose,
Minnie and Ella.
LA SALLE STREET, NORTH FROM MADISON.
Herman Eilcnlvrgcr was born in Germany, near Leipzig, on
April 23, 1845, and is the son of Charles A. and Eleanor (Winter)
Eilenberger. In 1859, he learned the trade of a carpenter in Leip-
zig, where he worked three years ; then attended the 1'olytechnical
School, during which time he learned the business of an architect,
lie spent five years traveling through Europe. In 1869, he com-
menced work at his trade in Berlin, where lie remained until 1872,
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
when he came to Chicago, and was foreman for Charles Utesch,
a contractor ami builder, tor about a year; then was in partnership
with him a short time ; after which he did business as a contractor
on his own account, until I>7<), when he became a member of the
present linn. While he was in business alone, he built the
Lutheran Church (in 1^74), a church at Cooper's drove, near Ilome-
(TOOd, and many other buildings in the city and suburbs. lie was
married, on January Jo, i.s;ii. io Miss Kli/abeth Knapp, of Chi-
cago. l'he\ have tour children, — Theresa, I.illie, Alma and Ilenrv.
FKANK I). RI.YNOI.I.S was born at New York City, on May
is, 1*4.), and is the son of 1!. \Y. and Mary (Wane) Reynolds.
When he was about live years of age, his parents moved to Mil-
waukee, Wis., where they remained two years, and then moved to
IScloit, Wis. In iSsi), they came to Chicago atx! two years after-
ward moved to Whitesides County, III. In 18(15, Mr. Reynolds
went to Clinton, Iowa, and learned the carpenter's trade, working
at it three years, when he was employed building depots and sta-
tions on the line of the Union 1'acilic Railroad. He resided
some time in California, and returned to Clinton in 1869, where he
remained at his trade about a year. Returning to Chicago in 1872,
he was employed as a journeyman carpenter until 1875, when he
.;ed in business as a contractor and builder on his own account.
For six years he confined himself almost entirely to the building of
stairs; among others he constructed the stairs in the retail store .if
Marshall Field \ Co., those in the McNeil Block, in the Kentucky
Block, in the Major Block, in the Fuller Block, and many others in
different parts of the city. He engaged in general building in
1881, and fitted up his shop with fine machinery, and now itami-
factures all his material anil fancy wood-work, lie has built many
tine business blocks and private residences in all parts of the city
and suburbs, some of which are the Johnson Block, the Silverman
t, the C reman Block, the Lakeside Skating Rink, the Manual
Training School, the Rosalie Music Hall and all the residences on
Rosalie Court, near the South 1'ark Station on the Illinois Central
Railroad. He keeps one hundred and twenty-live men in his employ,
an;l does a business of $250,000 annually. He is a member of
Landmark Lodge, No. 422, A.K. ,V A.M., and of Fairview
Chapter, No. i()i, R.A.M. Mr. Reynolds was married on April
if), IS;!, i,, Miss Julia N. 1 'arrow,' of Beloit, Wis. They have
two children, — Carrie E. and Fred. L.
AM, is tV GINDKI.K. — This firm of general contractors and
builders was formed, by John Angus and Charles \\ . Gindele, in
November, iSSi, to succeed that of Allen, Angus & Gindele,
which firm was in existence less than a year, having completed but
one large building, the freight houses for the Chicago, Burlington
\ (Juincy Railroad. Both members of the new tirm are young
men who have thoroughly learned their trade in all its branches,
being the sons of old and experienced contractors, and have suc-
d far beyond their most sanguine expectations. In the year
1882, they built the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy Railroad round-
house, Potter Palmer's line residence, and the Hobbs Building. The
latter is a six-story building, which they commenced on November
7, and completed in forty working days. In 1883, they built the
Potter Palmer apartment houses and French flats on North State
Street, a large warehouse on the northeast corner of Clinton and
Fulton streets, the elegant residence of C. T. Yerkes, Jr.; during
the year 1884, they built the Abraham Knisely factory, the Grand
Trunk Railroad freight house, the abutments and center pier for the
Chicago cV Western Indiana Railroad bridge across the Calumet
River, and the piers for the viaducts over the railroad tracks in the
Town of Cicero. They were also contractors on the City Hall.
/,>/;;; .•;»;«.>• is the son of John and Elizabeth (Ganson) Angus,
of Scotland, where he was born on February io, 1845. After com-
pleting his studies, he learned the cut-stone trade from his father,
who was a cut-stone contractor and also superintendent of a stone
quarry. He left Scotland in 1866, and went to England, where he
remained about a year, after which he came to America, stopping in
the City of New York, where he worked at his trade until the
spring of 1872, when he came to Chicago, where he has since resided.
he was engaged in business with his brother William, as Will
liam \ J. Angus, cut-stone contractors, until 1875; after which year
he was in business for himself up to the time the firm of Allen, Angus
<V I iindele was organized. During the period he was in business for
himself, he had contracts on the new City Hall, Palmer House
and Douglas Monument. He had charge of the
setting of the cut-stone work on the Custom House, from 1877 to
1-7-1. He is a member of Lakeside Lodge, No. 739, A.F \ \
M.; York Chapter, No. 148, R.A.M., and a charter member of
Chevalier Bayard Commandery, No. 52, K.T. He was married
on November 9, 1871, to Miss Agnes Jackson, of the City of New
York. They have three children,— John, Esther and William.
•>•/,:< II'. (;;>!,/:•/, is the son of John G. and Louisa (Heisch-
heim) Gindrle, and was born in Bavaria, Germany, on April 19
1847. 1 1 is father was a cut-stone contractor, who' immigrated to
America in 1850, and came to Chicago in 1852, where he died in
January, 1872. Johji ( ). took an active part in public affairs, hav-
ing been a member of the first Board of Public Works of the city,
occupying the position of president of the Hoard for seven years,
during which period the tunnels of Washington and LaSalle streets
and the water-works were constructed; at the time of his death he
was county clerk of Cook County. C'harles W. learned his trade
from his father, for whom he worked until the spring of 1863,
when he enlisted in Co. "G," 8th Illinois Cavalry Regiment, with
which he served until the close of the War. He then accepted a
bridge-construction position on the Union Pacific Railroad, under
L. B. Boomer, and was connected with the building of all the
bridges on the road between Fremont and the looth meridian. In
1866, he returned to Chicago, ami engaged in business with his
father, under the firm name (it J. G. Gindele ..V Son, cut-stone con-
iraciors. He had entire charge of the construction of the Court
I louse, at Bloomington; was also connected with the construction
of the Tribune Building, this city, and with its re-building after
the lire; and had contracts for the cut-stone work on the Reaper
Block, Galbraith Block and Kohn and McCormick buildings. In
1^79, they sold out the entire business to Tait & Ralston, after
which he was by himself in business until the formation of the
present tirm. He is also president of the Franz Gindele Printing
Co. He was married, on March 26, 1880, to Miss Lucy E. Ash,
of Amboy, 111.
HF.N'KV DIHIII.KK.— In January, 1873, William R. and John S.
Gould and Henry Dibblee, under the firm name and style of Gould
Brothers & Dibblee, established themselves in business at Nos.
149-51 State Street. Previous to that time, the Gould Brothers
had been in the wholesale grocery business, and were also manufac-
turers of linseed oil. They were burned out in the great fire of
1871, but shortly afterward resumed and continued in business
until the dissolution of partnership, which took place in 1878. In
this year, Mr. Dibblee removed to Nos. 274-78 Wabash Avenue,
remaining there until, in 1881, he established himself at his present
location, Nos. 266-68 on the same thoroughfare. Here, Mr. Dib-
blee deals extensively in all kinds of ornamental ironwork, foun-
tains, vases, statuary, cemetery work, pillars and lamps and rustic
furniture. In addition, he handles tiles of all kinds ; in this and
others of his specialties, his house ranks as the largest anywhere in
the West. The territory covered by his trade extends over ail the
Western States to the Pacific slope, south to the Gulf, and east into
the Canadas. Shortly after establishing himself in business, Mr
Dibblee took the agency for a justly celebrated English tile, and is
now the only direct importer in the United States of these goods.
He is agent also for Maw & Co., the well-known manufacturers of
Broseby, England; for the American encaustic tile; and for the cel-
ebrated Low tile, made by G. F. & J. F. Low, of Chelsea, Mass.
A suite of three rooms in his newly-arranged entresol is devoted to
a display of these articles, and is an attractive feature of his sales-
rooms. The tile business has grown very rapidly in the West ; and
especially in this city, within the past few years, it has shown a
wonderful increase. In 1881, Mr. Dibblee became the agent for
the Fair Haven Mantel Company, of Fair Haven, Mass, and is
now doing the largest business in this branch of his trade of any
dealer in the West. He at present employs forty men, and does an
annual trade of $200,000—3 most satisfactory increase over that
done when the business was first established.
JLm-y Dibbles was born at New York City, on August 28
1840 His father, E. R. Dibblee, was one of the oldest merchants
and dry goods importers of that city. Henry was therefore
trained in this business, after having completed his education at the
age of eighteen. He first worked as a clerk in his father's store
and was finally made a partner in the business, and so continued
until, in the fall of 1872, he came to this city, and, in January of
the following year, founded the house of which he is still the head
and the history of which has already been given Mr Dibblee was
married on November 26, 1873, to Miss Laura Field, daughter of
John Field, oif Conway, Mass. They have two children.-Bertha
T- • -n e v~ij*vM«;i a uauc irom D1S uncle,
lappm Reeve for whom he worked until 1852, when he formed a
partnership w,th him, under the firm name of Reeve & Swezev
j; j i_ . • F * %
gather for seven years^when to
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
large business in manufacturing his improved dumb-waiters for
dwellings. He employs from lifteen to twenty men in this business.
Ho was married on March 25, 1844, to Miss Elizabeth !•'. 1'ell, of
lirooklyn, X. Y. They have live children, — John A., Tappin R.,
Clarence, Ida T., and Horace !•'..
C.ikXKi.irs C. CHAMM KK was born at Concord, N. II., on
July 13, 1837, and is the son of Jeremiah and Mercy (Merrill)
Chandler. His parents removed to Boston, when he was about
four years old. In 1851, he learned the carpenter's trade, working
at it three years, and then he was engaged in building churches in
the State of New York for seven years. In 1861, he commenced
business in Boston as a contractor and builder on his own account,
and carried it on until 1864, when he enlisted in Co. " C," iSsth
New York Infantry, serving until the close of the War. He was
mustered out in 1865, and came to Chicago, where he entered into
partnership with A. I,, Gooding, under the linn name of Hooding
>V Chandler, carpenters and builders. In 1870, the linn was dis-
solved, and Mr. Chandler has since carried on the business alone.
He has done a large amount of building and repairing in the south-
ern part of the city. He built many line residences, among which
may be named those of (.). W. Guthrie and A. C. Hurlbut, and has
remodeled the residences of A. A. l.il.by and A. McNeil. In 1881,
he opened a store, and stocked it with a full line of stoves, shelf and
builder's hardware, which he runs in connection with his trade. He
employs on an average twenty men in his business. He is a mem-
ber of Home Lodge, No. 508, A.F.& A.M., and of Chicago Chap-
ter, No. 127, R.A.M. Mr. Chandler was married, on July I, 1856,
to Miss Ann Eliza Dcnnick, of Syracuse, N. Y., and has six child-
ren,— Alfonso I.., I-.iwrence O., Ellen Elizabeth, Lillian Leuthera,
Cornelius Lincoln, and Flora May.
F<p\vi.KK c.V CARR. — This lirm of contractors and builders was
established in 1866, by Charles C. Fowler and ( George Carr. They
have done a large and prosperous business, and have erected main-
elegant residences in Chicago, Hyde Park, and elsewhere, among
which may be mentioned one for V. A. Hibbard on Lake Avenue,
•n ( lakwooil Avenue and Brooks Street; three for R. W.
Dunham, on Lake Avenue, near Thirty-ninth Street ; two for Ed-
ward Silvey; two for Mrs. Clark on Ellis Avenue ; one for C. H.
Fowler, at Winona, 111. They also remodeled Farwel! Hall. They
employ about twenty-live men, and do a business of §60,000 annually.
Charles C. l-\<-,i>lci' was born at Kingston, Canada, on Novem-
ber II, 1840, and is the son of Samuel B. and Christena (McTavish)
Fowler. He learned the carpenter's trade at Kingston, and worked
at it there about seven years. In 1862, he went to Scotland, where
he was employed at his trade and where he learned the profession
of an architect. In 1864, he moved to London, England, remain-
ing one year, when he returned to Canada. In 1866, he came to
Chicago, and engaged in the building business with George Carr,
as a member of the present firm. He is a member of Landmark
Lodge, No. 424, A.F. & A.M". Mr. Fowler was married, on
June 16, 1869, to Miss Frances Carr, of Kingston, Canada. They
have five children, — Gordon, Herbert, Mary, Susie, and Bessie.
<i,'i»-^c C,?rr was born at Kingston, Canada, on June 24, 1843,
and is the son of George and Mary (Kemp) Carr. He learned the
carpenter's trade, when he was fourteen years old, from his father,
who was a contractor and builder at Kingston. After working at
the trade about live years, he commenced business for himself,
which he followed until i860, when he came to Chicago and entered
into partnership with Charles C. Fowler. Mr. Carr was married,
on June 16, 1869, to Miss Elizabeth Ann Lark, of Kingston, Can-
ada. They have three children, — Bertha M., Georgie E. and
Ralph L.
FKKDERICK C. HEATH was born at Windsor, Broome Co., N.
Y., on December 14, 1833, and is the son of Asa and Mercy (Cone)
Heath. He came to Chicago in 1851, and after clerking one year
in the store of his brother, Francis C. Heath, was employed in
steamboating on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers until 1861,
when he returned to Chicago. He was engaged one year in lum-
bering, and was then employed by Newton Chapin in bridge-build-
ing about three years. He worked about a year with L. B. Boomer,
and thjen with C. E. Fuller, building bridges in Tennessee. In
1867, he returned to Chicago, and commenced business on his own
account as a carpenter and builder, since which time he has been
actively engaged in the trade. He built a fine residence on Forty-
seventh Street, in Hyde Park, for N. S. Bouton; six houses for F.
II. Winston, on Division Street; six houses for Judge Waite, three
for Mrs. R. M. Dorman, and many others in ail parts of the city
and suburbs. Mr. Heath was married, on February 10, 1880, to
Mrs. Jennie Lee, of Broome County, New York.
WILLIAM G. WADDEI.I. was born at Oallipolis, Gallia Co., Ohio,
on November 25, 1822, and is the son of James and Temperance
(Cunningham) Waddell. His parents removed to Crawfonlsville,
Ind., in 1.131, where they remained two years, and then moved to
Michigan City, Ind. In 1840, they settled at Freeport, 111. Mr.
Waddell learned the carpenter's trade from his father, who was a
carpenter and builder, and engaged in business at Freeport, on his
own account, in 1842, where he followed it until 1871, when he
came to Chicago, and formed a partnership with George Renn, un-
der the firm name of Renn iY Waddell, contractors. In 1879, tne
firm was dissolved, since which time he has been in business by
himself. He has been an extensive builder, and has erected a large
number of fine residences in the city. He built sixty for Jerome
Beecher, on Indiana, Calumet, Forest, and Prairie avenues, be-
tween Thirty-third and Thirty-fifth streets. In 1883, he built one
hundred elegant residences in Chicago, these being only a few of
the many he has erected. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity,
and has taken all the degrees up to and including the thirty-second.
Mr. Waddell was married, on November 25, 1879, to Miss Elsie
Crockett, of Chicago.
JOHN NKWI.H '1ST was born in Wexio, Sweden, on December
12, 1848, and is the son of Peter and Christine (Benson) Newquist.
When tw'elve years of age, he commenced to learn the trade of a
carpenter and cabinet-maker, and worked at it until 1869, in which
year he came to America, and settled in Minneapolis, Minn., where
he worked for a short time. In 1871, he moved to Chicago, and
was employed by the National School Furniture Company, in the
manufacture of school-desks. In 1875, he commenced business as a
stair-builder on his own account. He now employs from twenty-five
to fifty men, and does a business of $100,000 annually. He built
ninety-two nights of hardwood stairs for John V. Farwell & Co.'s
wholesale store, at a cost of $25,000. He constructed the stairs for
Mandel lirothers, on State Street; for the Imperial Building, on
Clark Street; for the residence of John Y. Farwell; for four houses
of Potter Palmer, and many others in all parts of the city. He was
married, on April 14, 1882, to Miss Jennie Conklin, of Dubuque, la.
HOWTIM; .S; CI<"\YHIKST. — This firm of contractors and
builders was established, in 1881, by James II. Howling and
Charles C. Crowhurst, for the purpose of doing a general contract-
ing and building business. Although the firm is young, both
members of it having had much experience, it has done a large trade,
and employs from seventy-five to one hundred men during the busy
season. In 1883, in connection with their other business, they
bought lots and erected houses thereon, which they sell on monthly
installments. During 1884, they erected and sold about thirty-five
cottages on this plan. «
fiiiiii-s II . 1 1 oisting was born at Sheerness, on the island of
Sheppey, County of Kent, England, and is the son of James and
Sarah (Ellis) Howling. He learned the trade of bricklayer at the
age of twelve years, but, after working at it about two years, gave it
up and learned the carpenter's trade in his native place. He
worked at that trade at Sheerness until 1867, and around London until
1869, when he came to Chicago. After his arrival here he was em-
ployed as a journeyman carpenter by different contractors until
1881, when he entered into parlnership with Charles C. Crowhurst.
Mr. Howling was married, on April 14, 1865, lo Miss Elizabeth
Hughes, of Sheerness, England. They have seven children, —
Mary Ann, Eleanor, Herbert, Emma E., Edgar G., Walter and
Frank.
Charles C. Crowlmrst was born at London, England, on March
12, 1848, and is the son of John and Emma (Cole) Crowhurst. He
learned the carpenter's trade from his father, who was a contractor
and builder in London, for whom he worked until 1870, when he
came to Chicago, and was employed by Messrs. Hopkins & McCon-
nell, contractors, two years. He then went to work in the shops
of the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, where he remained five
years ; afterward he was with Thomas Gunnigen, an old contractor,
for a year ; and then formed a partnership with James H. Howling.
Mr. Crowhurst was married, on September 6, 1884, to Miss Eliza-
beth Cousins, of Austin, 111.
D. WADE & Co. — This firm of contractors and builders was
formed in the spring of 1883, by Daniel Wade and Thomas R.
McKillip, since which time they have built for the government of
Assiniboine, the governor's house and all the other public buildings
at ihe capital of that territory. In 1884, they built and shipped
one hundred and four houses to Buenos Ayres, South America.
Being what they term ready-made houses, the material for each
house is cut, fitted and marked so as to be readily put together, be-
fore it is shipped; and thus a house can be put up in a few hours
after the material reaches its destination. They are leading build-
ers of this class of houses in Chicago.
Daniel Wade is the son of John and Elizabeth (Race) Wade,
and was born on the Isle of Man, on August 23, 1837. He learned
the trade of a builder in his nalive place, where he worked at it
until 1868, when he came to Chicago. Soon after his arrival here,
he commenced the building of portable houses; bul since 1878, has
devoled his time, mostly, to the building of his ready-made houses,
which he has shipped to Cuba, South America, India, and in fact
to nearly all parts of the world. Mr. Wade is an Episcopalian.
He was married, on April 15, 1858, to Miss Isabella Chinn Bishop,
of the Isle of Man. They have seven children, — Myra Isabella,
HISTORY OF CHICAC.O.
John James, F.Ii/abcth Margaret, F'.van Henry, Malcolm <"'., Wal-
ter II., and Mima Amelia.
Ttii>m,i* A'. .}/, A'jf/if is nf Irisll descent, and was horn at
Kenosha, Wis., on ( Mober 2(1, 1*1,1. Hi-, parents were William
and Bridget (Kearny) McKillip. In his younger days his father
was a bookbinder, hut afterward in the grocer v trade at Kenosha,
Wis. After leaving school, Thomas elerked in' Chicago for \\ . II.
Calvin ,V Co., brokers -ind commission men, and the Western
1'nion Telegraph Company, until 1*711, when he commenced work
forj. M. A jrer, of Chicago, builder of portable houses and i.
rator-cars, with whom he remained until the formation of the firm
of I >. Wade iV Co. lie is a young man of good ability, and thor-
< Highly understands his business.
Si'Aku \ WMSS, manufacturers of mouldings. Nos. 190 :;i >j
North I'nion Street, was organi/cd as a tirm on |une 15, 1880.
The original capital employed was some 84,i»K>, witli a working
loice of four men. The firm now employs twenty-five skilled work-
men, and 1 M h is exclusively local. In addi-
tion to unfinished mouldings, they manufacture compressed and
machine-cut bung-plugs and vent-pings. The members of the tirm
are Augustus Sparr and Frank Weiss, both of whom are skilled
mechanics in the business.
.lit^iif/iis S/>arr has been a resident of Chicago for nearly
twenty years. lie was born at Karford, Germany, on September
I, 1846. His father having been connected with the revolution of
1847 was compelled to lca\c his native land, for political reasons,
in I "MS, and came to America with his family, locating at St. I.ouis,
Mo., where he died the ensuing year. The son then went with his
mother to Indiana, where they settled on a farm. Kor some years
•ming life, and when quite a boy sawed wood on
what is now known as the Louisville. Chicago \ New Albany Kail-
Ihe farm being located about six miles from New All
When fourteen years of age, Mr. Sparr went to Cincinnati, Ohio,
where he remained until iSb;. when he came to Chicago. In i.s.sn,
he became a partner in the enterprise which bears his name. Mr.
Sparr is a member of the Masonic fraternity. He was married in
his wife dying two years later. He married a second time,
;.i, and has four children, — Cora I... Myrtle, Charles L. and
Florence.
/•milk Weiii has been a resident of Chicago since he was a
child. He was horn in Bavaria, in 1849. In 1852, his parents
came to America. They stopped at New Orleans, at various points
along the Mississippi Kiver, and finally located in Chicago. Here
the son was educated and learned his trade of wood-worker, in
which line he has been engaged for seventeen years, for some time
with Sammons. Clark \ Co. In 1880, he entered into a partner-
ship with Augustus Sparr. lie is a member of the Foresters.
His parents are still living in Chicago. Mr. Weiss was married in
Chicago, in \~--t to Miss Minnie Suttcrlee ; they have three chil-
dren,— llattie, John and Frank.
HAKVK.Y SHKELKR was born on August 25, 1849, in Canada,
where his father died when he was about two years of age. In
1856, he moved to Chicago, and worked on a (arm near the city un-
til August 16, 1862, when he enlisted in Co. " F," I53d Regiment
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He served in the Army of the Poto-
mac most of the time, and saw much hard service. He was mus-
tered out with his regiment in 1865, and returned to the near vicin-
ity of Chicago, where he followed farming until 1873, when he en-
gaged in the business of house. moving and raising, in which he still
continues. He moved all the buildings from the right-of-way of
the Chicago t\: Western Indiana Railroad within the city limits, the
contract price of which was §180,000. He has moved a large number
of buildings of all kinds in all parts of the city, and has done much
Work in Grand Rapids, Indianapolis, Louisville, St. Louis, and St.
Paul. He was married, on May 15, 1879, <° Miss Mary O'Con-
nor, of Chicago. They have one child, — Harvey.
MVKHI.I.; AND STONE MAM:I, \CTURES.— The in-
crease in wealth has resulted in the erection of more or-
nate private residences. This remark holds true in the
case even of those houses erected for purposes of rent-
ing. An illustration is afforded by the increase in the
number of marble and stone workers since 1870, as
shown by the census returns for that year and 1880
which are given below in tabular form. Stone fronts are
far more more common in private residences than before
or for some years after the fire, and stonecutters find their
resources taxed to the utmost to supply the constantly
increasing demand, a large proportion of which h local.
Limestone and sandstone arc the most commonly used'
coming i hidly from Ohio, although loliet stone has be-
come very familiar to Chicago citizens. Marble is used
comparatively infrequently, except in interiors. Very
handsome work in this material is done in not a few yards
in this city. Of late years, however, the prevailing taste
for interior decoration has demanded wooil of different
varieties, and this fact has not been without an influence
on the marble workers.
A considerable business has within a comparatively
few years sprung up in artificial stone for interior work,
and some very large contracts for work and material of
this sort have been performed. Much of the ornamen-
tation of the Hoard of Trade building and of many
office-buildings are illustrations.
As in the case of the brick manufacturers, the only
statistics obtainable relative to the trade are those in the
U. S. census, which are here given:
Vrar.
Estab-
lishments.
Em-
ploye's.
Capital.
Wages.
Material.
Value
of
Product.
l870_
I880.
26
52
I, OO8
956
$539,000
5l8/)OO
$541,520
482,564
$416,465
606,249
§1,301,675
1,336,591
PERCEN1 U3ES <>F 1M KKASK UK 1IKCRKASK.
In number of establishments 100 per cent, increase.
In number of employes 5 per cent, decrease.
In amount of capital 3^ per cent. deer.
In wages paid 10 per cent, decrease.
In cost of material 49 percent, increase.
In value of product 2'/4 percent, increase.
KMAM HI. F.AKNSHAW was born in 1826, near Iluddersiield,
Yorkshire, F.ngland. He is descended from a family of builders,
and was early trained to the same business. At the age of thirty
he located in this city, where he has ever since been prominently
identitied with the building interest. His first work was in connec-
tion with the cut-stone industry. After the fire, he engaged ia the
building business, and re-built most of the bridges that were de-
stroyed in the conflagration. He also built the West Side Water
Works, and had full control of the erection of the crib. Since the
dissolution of a former partnership, he has built the ( hitario Flats, the
Ryerson Building, St. Luke's Hospital, and the Rosenfeld Block.
He was one of the founders of the St. George's Society of this city,
and has always been an active member of that body. He has been
a member of the Masonic fraternity for about fifteen years. He
and his family are active supporters of Professor Swing's Church.
Mr. Earnshaw married, in England, Miss Mary Brook. They
have two children,— Charles (a builder) and Emily (now the wife o'f
Byron F. Busher).
HKNKY FURST & Co. — This firm of cut-stone contractors was
formed on March i, 1885, by Henry Furst, Peter \V. Neu, and
Henry Furst, Jr., for the purpose of continuing the business origin-
ally established by Henry Furst in 1861. They employ about
sixty men, and although Mr. Furst had done a business of '§75,000
annually when he was alone, they still continue about the same.
Their stone-yard is fitted up with power and saws, which enable
them to turn out a very large amount of dressed stone on short
notice. They have on hand, at all times, a large stock of all kinds
of building stone, and hence can supply such demands as are made
ter the product of their manufacture with as little delay as is com-
patible with accuracy of detail.
Henry Furst, Si:, was born at Ottweiler, near Saarbrttck Ger-
many on July 25, 1832, and is the son of Jacob and Catherine
(Brack) Hirst. He attended school in his native town until he was
fourteen years of age, after which he learned the stone-cutter's trade
at the same place, where he worked for four years, and then went
to Saarbruck, where he was employed at his trade for two years
n 1853, he came to America, and worked at his trade in Cleveland
Jhio, and other places until 1855, when he came to Chicago with-
ut money or influential friends, but with a thorough and practical
knowledge of his trade. He was here employed by the Illinois
! Company as a journeyman stone-cutter until 1861, when he
formed a partnership with Henry Kerber, under the firm name of
rst & Kerber, cut-stone contractors. They carried on the trade to-
gether for four years, when the firm was dissolved. Mr Furst then
commenced the same business on his own account, and built many of
the finest cut-stone buildings in the citv. amono- wh.Vh , „ '„,„
brown sandstone on the shored
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
he formed the present partnership. He has been very successful in
all his undertakings, and has reason to be proud of the extensive
business lie has built up. Mr. Kurst is a member of Herder Lodge,
No, 069, A.F. & A.M., and of \Viley M. Egan Chapter, No. 126,
R.A.M. He has also been a member of the Germania Hruderbund
Society for twenty-seven years. He was married, on April 10, 1856,
to Miss Julia Gernhardt, of Chicago, formerly a resident of Lege-
feldt, Saxony. They have one child, —
Henry, Jr.
refer W. Neu was born in Germa-
ny, on June 12, 1846, and is the son of
John and Maria (Weber) Neu. He
commenced to learn the stone-cutter's
trade in 1862, in his native place, where
he worked at it for six years. In 1868,
he came to Chicago, and was employed
one year as a journeyman stone-cutter,
after which he entered into partnership
with his uncle Peter, under the firm name
of Peter Xeu >S; Co., cut -stone contract-
ors. They carried on the trade together
until 1874, when the firm was dissolved
After this, he worked as a journeyman
stone-cutter (five years with Henry Furst,
Sr.) until the present firm was formed.
Mi. Neu was married, on January 10,
1882, to Miss Annie Lutz, of Chicago.
They have one child, — Clarence.
//c'tifv l-'itrst. Jr., was born on No-
vember 19, 1863, and is the son of Hen-
ry and Julia (Gernhardt) Furst. He
attended the public schools of Chicago
until 1880, when he entered Vale Col-
lege, and took a business course of about
ars. He then returned home and
worked for his father until March, 1885,
when he became a member of the present
firm.
JAMES HAH HEN was born in Scot-
land, on May 2(~>, 1829, and is the son of
Alexander and Isabella (Allen) Hatchen.
About 1845, he was apprenticed to his
brother, who was a cut -stone contractor,
for whom he served four years, thor-
oughly learning his trade. He then went
to Edinburgh, Scotland, where he was
employed as a journeyman stone-cutter
about four years. In 1853, he came to
America and settled at Washington, 1).
C., where he worked at his trade on
many of the finest buildings in that city.
After remaining there about ten years,
he came to Chicago, and for some years
was employed as a journeyman. He
afterward sold his property in this city
and went to Louisville, Ky. lie returned
to Chicago in 1869, and commenced busi-
IH-SS as a partner in the firm of Tayler .V
Hatchen, cut-stone contractors, at corner
of Harrison and Franklin streets. This
firm carried on the business until 1875,
when Mr. Tayler died and the firm was
dissolved. Soon afterward Mr. Batchen
formed a partnership with John Smith,
under the style of Batchen & Smith, and
in i8Si moved to present location. They continued the trade
inn il the death of Mr. Smith, which occurred in January,
1885, and since then Mr. Batchen has carried on the business by
himself. During his residence in Chicago he has furnished the
cut-stone for many of the finest buildings in the city, among
which are the Singer Building, fourteen fine residences on St. John's
Place, eleven stone-front residences on Wabash Avenue ; the Ma-
sonic Hall on Cottage Grove Avenue, near Thirty-eighth Street;
six marble-front residences in Ellis Park ; a fine block of buildings
(Pauline) Batchen. His parents removed to Washington, D. C.,
when he was quite young, where they remained until 1865, in which
year they came to Chicago. He received an excellent education in
the public schools of this city, and of Louisville, Ky., being a
pupil there under Professor Henry H. Belfield, afterward princi-
pal of the North Division High School, and now director of the
well known Manual Training School. He engaged in business as
my and isolated pa
the Cook County Hospital ; and rnany others in all parts of the city
and suburbs. He is a member of C' ' ' "
A. K.
MICHIGAN AVENUE, NORTH FROM THIRTY-FIRST.
a wholesale dealer in building stone in 1881 and is northwestern
agent for the buff and blue oolitic limestone of the Hoosier Stone
Company, Bedford, Ind. ; for the Hummelstown brownstone, of
Dauphin County, Penn.; and the Potomac red sandstone, of Wash-
ington, D. C. Mr. Batchen has established for himself a national
reputation on account of his thorough knowledge of the quarrying
interests of the United States, and his untiring energy, as well as
his generosity, have been of great benefit to the General Govern-
ment and to many leading educational institutions. The report on
stone construction in Chicago, for the building-stone investigation
of the tenth census, was compiled by him. He obtained all the
specimens from the Illinois quarries for the building and ornamental
stone collection of the United States National Museum, at Wash-
ington, D. C. With the exception of a few sent by Professor Allan
C. Conover, of Madison, Wis., Mr. Batchen has been the largest
contributor of specime'ns of building stone to the building and orna-
mental stone collection of the Smithsonian Institute, having sent
between three thousand and four thousand specimen cubes from
different quarries, located all over the United States, Mexico and
„ eveland Lodge, No. 211,
A.M.; of Excelsior Lodge, I.O.O.F., of Washington,
D. C.; and of Illinois Council, No. 615, Royal Arcanum. Mr.
Batchen was married, in October, 1858, to Miss Eleanor Pauline
of Washington. I). C. They have three children —John S F
James P., and Margaret S.
JOHN S. F. BATCHES- was born at Ivy Bank, Fairfax Co., Va., Scotland. " Sample cubes were sent by him from the quarries on the
24, 1859, and is the eldest son of James and Eleanor line of the following railroads: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, Hot
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Springs Atlantic ,V Pacific, Missouri Pai ilic, ( 'hcsapcakc \ Ohio,
Kansas Pacific, St. Louis, In.n .Mountain \ Southern, Pcnsacola iV
Atlantic, Grand Trunk of Canada, Mexican Central ol Mexico,
I, real North ot Scotland, I'nion Pacific, Jacksonville, St. Augustine
..V Halifax River, S.u.innah, Florida ,x \\esiern, Louisville ,V Nash-
ville, Denver \ Kio Grande, 1 >cnver \ South Park, Colorad. •
tral, Atlantic \- \Vestcrn, Central I'acilie. llaltimore iV ( >hio, \'irginia
Midland. 1'hilailelphia tV Reading, Louisville, New Albany iV Chi-
, Pennsylvania, and Southern I'acilie. He also sent a number
of specimens to the State Museum at Springfield, 111. The Batchcn-
. -ran collection of building and ornamental stones in the I'ni-
versity of Virginia, at Charloiiesville. Ya.,and the J. S. K. liatchen
collection in the Washington and Lee University, at Lexington,
\ a., arc gifts from linn to those institutions.
F'AI.IKK liKnnir.Ks. — This firm of cut-stone contractors was
established in 1572, by Peter and Philip Falter. They do a general
business in cut-stone, and have erected many line buildings through-
out the city. They built M. Ilrand's Half, the College of Physi-
- and Surgeons, Peter Schuttler's tine residence, the Fuller &
Fuller Block, and a church on the corner of McGregor and Hanover
streets. These are only a few of the many prominent buildings
d by Falter Brothers. They employ from forty to fifty men.
and do a business ol si.;. MOO annually.
Peter l-'alter is a son of Phiiip II. and Barbara (Lahr) Falter,
and was born in Germany, on November 13, 1843. He learned the
trade of a stone-cutter in his native town in 1858. In 1868, he came
to America, and worked in New York City until 1871, when he
came to Chicago. lie was employed as a journeyman stone-cutter
a few months, and then engaged in business with iiis brother Philip,
under the present tirm name. He was married, in 1873, to Miss
Eliza Helm, of Chicago. They have three children, — Philip,
Charles and Edward.
J'/n/if h'eil/er was born on March 18, 1849, in Germany, and
is a son of Philip II. and Barbara (Lahr) Falter. He learned the
trade of a stone-cutter in Cermany, in 1863, where he worked at it
about six years. lie came to America in 1869, and was employed
as a journeyman stone-cutter in New York City, until 1872, when
he came to Chicago. After working a few months at his trade
here, he formed a partnership with his brother Peter, and thus
founded the present tirm. He was married, on June 6, 1875, to
Miss F.va Braun. of Chicago. They have five children,— Charles,
Carrie, Frederick, Evaline, and Henry.
FLKTCHM P.K.M IIKKS.— This firm was established by Abra-
ham, Isaac, and Japhet Fletcher in 1872, for the purpose of doing
a general business as cut-stone contractors. They have had a good
and prosperous trade, having erected a large number of fine buildings
in the city. They put up twenty-five fine residences, three and four
Avenue; and a large number of others. They employ about twenty-
live men, and do a business of from $30,000 to $50,000 annually.
Abraham Fletcher died in 1877, and his brother Japhet in 1883!
but the business is still done under the original firm name.
rietelu-r was born in Yorkshire, England, on April
21, 1837, and is the son of Japhet and Mary (Rhodes)
Fletcher. When he was fourteen years old, he was apprenticed to
a stone-cutter of his native place, until he was twenty-one years of
age In 1858, he came to America, remaining a short time in
Chicago, and at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. In the fall of 1858, he
settled in Alton. 111., and there carried on the business of a stone-
cutter until i M>6. For about three years afterward, he was engaged
in bridge building on the Missouri Pacific, and the St. Louis
Iron Mountain & Southern railroads. In 1869, he was employed
as assistant superintendent in the stone department of the lolicl
Penitentiary, until 1872, when he came to Chicago and entered the
firm of Fletcher Brothers. He was married to 'Miss l.vdia Mann
of Alton, III., in 1862. They have five children, —Jessie Elizabeth'
Isaac, George, and Edward.
JMIIS K.\\v IK, cut-stone contractor, was born at Exford
Somersetshire, England, on May 3, 1843, and is a son of |,,l,n ami
Mary(Poole) Rawle. He received a common school education in
the vicinity of his birthplace, and then learned the trade of a stone
cutter and carver, which he followed in his native country for
d years; he was also a draughtsman in the office of Sir Charles
who was the engineer of the first London World's F.xposition
'I, and of a number of railroads in Russia, China, lapan and
South America. In 1868, Mr. Rawle came to America " landing at
Portland, Maine, in May. lie there worked at his trade for -i
time, and subsequently removed to St. Louis, where he remained
until the fall ..I iSoS, when !»• came to Chicago. He shortly after
ward went to New York, and from thence to England where he
remained until the spring of i%9, and then returned to Chicago of
which city he lias since been a resident, with the exception of a' short
time that he was engaged in business at Washington, Daviess Co
Iiul. In the spring of 1872, he established himself in business here,
and has since held a prominent position with the architects, builders,
and contractors, having, in the course of his business, furnished
cut-stone for many of the finest buildings in this ciu and through-
out the United States, lie took an active part in the formation of
the Carbondale Brown-Stone Company, of which he is now presi-
dent and treasurer. The product of this company is largely in
demand from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Lake Superior
to the Gulf of Mexico. Its yards at present occupy Nos. 468-478
Fifth Avenue. Of the sixty-five firms which started in busi-
ness in 1872, there are but two other firms besides his that have
retained their existence until the present time, which is due to his
attention to business and the superior quality of his workmanship.
In 1885, he married Miss Augusta 1C. Zick, a native of this city
and a daughter of Daniel and Augusta Zick.
\b I \I;IAM: & GM:SU.\. — This firm was established in 1882,
by Norman McKarlane and Alexander F. Gibson. They are cut-
stone contractors and dealers in rubble and footing stone. Their
yard is supplied with mills and power, by which they saw and pre-
pare the material ready for building. They have erected some of
the finest residences in the city, among which are a green-stone res-
idence of W. R. Lynn, the Pennsylvania gray-stone residence and
barn of George V. Hankins, the residences of Mr. Spafford and Mr.
Mills, near Garfield Park. They employ about twenty-five men,
and do business of $25,000 annually.
.\\irman SfcFttrlatU was born at Coupar Angus, Perthshire,
Scotland, on January 4, 1846, and is the son of William and Eliza-
beth (Will) McF'arlane. lie learned the trade of a stone-cutter in
1862, at which he worked until 1869, two years of the time in Lon-
don, ICngland, and one year in Glasgow, Scotland. He came to
America in 1869, and was employed at his trade, in New York
City, about three years. In 1872, he moved to Chicago, and
worked as a journeyman stone-cutter until 1882, when he became
a partner in the present firm. Mr. McF'arlane was married, on
January I, 1868, to Miss Elizabeth Christie, of Loch Side, Eorfar-
shire, Scotland. They have six children, — Jennie, George, Eliza-
beth, Norman, Thomas and William.
Alexander /•'. Ciil>st<n was born at Drumlithie, Kincardineshire,
Scotland, on April 28, 1845, and is the son of George and Margaret
(Keith) Gibson. He learned the trade of a stone-cutter, in 1862,
in Glasgow, Scotland, where he worked at it seven years. In 1869,
he came to America, and was employed about a year at his trade in
the City of New York ; then went to Indiana, working at Evansville
and Indianapolis until 1872, when he moved to Chicago, and
worked as a journeyman stone-cutter, two years of the time being
foreman for John Reams. In 1882, he became a member of the
present firm. Mr. Gibson was married, on September 9, 1876, to
Miss Isabella L. Noll, of Chicago. They have three children,—
Cora, George and Maud.
EHKKISHAKISKK ,v KII.EY.— This firm of cut and sawed stone
contractors was established in 1882, by Henry Ebertshaeuser and
George Riley, for the purpose of taking contracts and doing a gen-
eral business in stonework. They have a large yard and saw-mill,
where they prepare the stone ready for building purposes. They
have erected many fine buildings in this city, a few of which are
St. Malachi's Church and school, the fine residence of C. \Vatrous,
three fine residences on South Park Avenue, near Thirty-fifth
Street, and the elegant residence of K. G. Smith. They employ
about twenty men, and do a business of $50,000 annually.'
lleniy Ebertshaeuser vtas born at Fachbach, Nassau, Germany,
on April 5, 1859, and is the son of Jacob and Anna (( Irisar) Ebert-
shaeuser. His parents came to America in 1867, and settled in
( hicago, where he learned the trade of a stone-cutter, when he was
fourteen years old, from Peter Neu, for whom he worked four
years. He was then employed as a journeyman stone-cutter about
five years, and, in 1882, entered into partnership with' George Rilev
under the present firm name. He was married, on April 23 1885
to Miss Magdalen Zuber, of Chicago.
Georgt Riley was born in Kings County, Ireland, on March 7
i.\s2, and is the son of John and Elizabeth (O'Maley) Riley
\\ hen he was thirteen years of age, he was apprenticed to a stone-
cutter, whom he served several years. In 1872, he came to Chi-
cago and was employed by Fletcher Brothers, cut-stone contractors,
for about six years, and also by Henry Furst, for about four years
when he became a member of the present firm. Mr Riley was
married, on July 28, 1873, to Miss Margaret Boland, of Chicago
They have five children,— Mary, John, Elizabeth, Margaret, and
Catharine.
TIIK CHICAGO* VKM ISLAM. STONE COMPANY was incor-
porated in April, 1883, with a capital stock of $160,000. The
oliccrs of the company are Hugh Templeton, president; Cuthbert
McArthur, secretary ; Philip Henne, treasurer ; and John McAr-
-, general manager. The company was organized for the
purpose of quarrying, shipping, and dealing in Vert Island sand-
•ne. I hey have extensive quarries on Vert Island, in Nipigon
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
Bay, Ontario, Canada, yielding the finest quality of stone for build-
ing purposes, which is rapid!) gaining favor in this city and else-
where. They employ about seventy-live men, and d<> a business of
§125,000 annually.
Cuthbert Mc.lrtlnir was born at Chicago, on February 22,
1851, and is the son of John and Christina (Cuthbertsmi) Mr-Arthur,
lie was educated in the public schools of Chicago, having passed
through all the grades of the Brown School, from which he gradua-
ted in iS(>5. lie was employed as draughtsman by the Board of
Public Works from 1866 to 1872, then lie was engaged in his
father's foundry until 1877. During 1876, he was in San Francisco,
superintending the putting up of the iron-work on the Sub-Treas-
ury Building, which was furnished from his father's foundry.
Having served one year as draughtsman in the Cook County
Recorder's office, in 1878 he was engaged, with James Lillie, in
the construction of the Illinois Eastern Hospital for the Insane, at
Kankakee. In 1870, he entered the employ of Wright & Tyrrell,
real-estate dealers, as a clerk in their office, and remained with that
firm until he was elected secretary of the Chicago it Vert Island
Stone Company, which position he now occupies. Mr. McArthur
was also appointed secretary of the Board of West Chicago Park
Commissioners on April I, 1885.
E. I,. KASTIIOI.M & Co. — This firm of cut-stone contractors
was established in the spring of 1884, by Emil L. Kastholm, Gabriel
lacobs, Peter Ambrosini, and Peter Spang. Although they have
been in business but one year, they have had a splendid trade, and
have erected many important buildings, among which are the Emer-
son, liurr, and Brainard school-houses; a Catholic church, on Illinois
Street; the elegant residence of E. Marrenner, and the residence of
Mis. Maynani. They employ about twenty-five men, and last year
did a business of $23,000.
Emil I.. Kastholm was born at Copenhagen, Denmark, on
April 9, 1855, and is the son of Jens L. and Annie Kastholm. He
came to I 'hicago in 1806, and worked as a glass-blower and painter
two years. In 1868, he learned the stone-cutter's trade from I.ouis
Wilier, with whom he remained four years, and then was employed
as a journeyman until 1883, during five years of that time being
foreman for Tomlinson it Reed, working on the Court House. In
the spring ,,f iSS,4, the present linn was organized by four practical
and experienced stone-cutters, and Mr. Kastholm took charge of
utracting part of the business. lie was married, on June IO,
iss;, id Cecil Fletcher, a native of London, England. They have
one child, Emil L.
Gabriel Jacobs was born in Yinchiaturo, Italy, on February 8,
1849, and is the son of Bernardino and Mary (Lembo) Jacobs. He
learned the trade of a stone-cutter in Italy, in 1864, working at it
there until 1873, when he came to America. He was employed at
his trade about a year and a half at Kingston, N. Y., and then
went to Canada, where he worked on the Welland Canal about two
years. In 1877, he came to Chicago, where he found employment
at his trade until he became a member of the present firm, in 1884.
Mr. Jacobs is a member of Home Lodge, No. 416, A.F. it A.M.
He was married, on February 23, 1874, to Miss Jennie A. Cornell,
of Kingston, V V. They have four children, — Henry B., May
L., loseph, and James A.
Im/ii'i'siiii was born in Italy, on October 6, 1852, and is
the son of James and Annie (Donadio) Ambrosini. When fourteen
years old, he learned the trade of a stone-cutter, and worked at it
fourteen years in Italy. He came to Chicago in 1880, and was em-
ployed at his trade, as a journeyman, for four years, when he be-
came a member of the present firm. He was married, on January
14, 1882, to Miss Linda Cinocckio, of Chicago.
1'i'lcr .V/w;/;' was born in Germany, on June 22, 1838, and is
the son of John and Mary ((lotto) Spang. After having served in
the German army for several years, in 1862 he commenced to learn
the stone-cutter's trade, and worked at it in his native country about
four years. He came to Chicago in 1866, and worked here as a
journeyman for eighteen years, when he became a member of the
present firm. Mr. Spang was married, on June 15, 1868, to Miss
Mary Kost, of Aurora, 111. They have one child, — Katie.
Miilin,'! A. Jacobs is a native of Italy, and was born on Octo-
ber 12, 1862. He was brought up in that country until his six-
teenth year, partly learning the trade of stone-cutter. In 1878, he
came to America, and, after passing a few months in Canada, came
to Chicago, where he has since permanently resided. For many
years he was carver in the stone-yards of Tomlinson it Reed, and
his fine workmanship has become well known. In 1884, when the
firm of E. L. Kastholm iV Co. was formed, Mr. lacobs took an in-
terest in the business, and remains so identified up to the present
time. Mr. Jacobs is well known among the many stone contractors
of the city, and his firm has already become prominent and success-
ful, owing to the superior work that is turned out of their shops.
He was married, on April IO, 1884, to Miss Anna Cornell, of
Kingston, N. Y.
Till'. PIONKK.K FiRK-i-RooK CONS 1 1; ( ( I h IN COMPANY came
into existence as a stock company in November, iSSo, under the
title of the Ottawa Tile Company, which name "has since been
changed as above. Its incorporators were George M. Moulton,
president; A. T. Griffin, vice-president; and E. V. Johnson, sec-
retary, treasurer and general manager. The company was organ-
ized for the manufacture of the hollow tile used in fire-proofing
buildings, the invention of George H. Johnson, under whose di-
rection the first hollow flat arch and partition wall in America were
constructed in the Kendall Building (now known as the Equitable
Life Assurance Society Building), on the southwest corner of Wash-
ington and Dearborn streets, this city. All of the floors and walls
of that building are built of hollow tile. The clay used in the
manufacture of the hollaw tile is obtained in Ottawa, 111., where
the buildings of the company are located. They are three stories
high, 175x200 feet in dimensions, and have thirteen kilns in con-
stant operation. George H. Johnson was the original patentee of
the hollow tile used by the company, obtaining his first patent in
1870, three additional patents being since secured. During 1881,
some of the most massive structures ever erected in Chicago were
lire-proofed with hollow tile, among which are the Board of Trade
and Pullman Buildings.
(/V(>;;;r //. Johnson, among the most prominent architects of
the age, was born in Manchester, England, in 1830, and was the
son of Isaac Johnson, a hatter and furrier. He received his early
education in the common schools of his native city, and at the age
of sixteen was employed by Robert Neil it Sons, contractors and
builders of the same city. Being gifted with a natural talent for
architectural mechanism, "he made rapid progress in his studies, and
after three years of apprenticeship, established a business for him-
self. In 1852, accompanied by his wife and child, he came to
America, and immediately became the manager of the Architectural
Iron Works in New York City. He filled that position for ten
years, during which time the greater portion of the architectural
work placed by the company was designed and finished by him, and
as a token of appreciation of his services he was given a certificate
by the president of the company, to that effect, in 1874. During the
period he was in their employ, he designed and finished many prom-
inent iron buildings, among which are the United States warehouse,
at Atlantic Dock, Brooklyn; the United States Arsenal storehouse,
at Watervliet, N. Y.; the Singer Building in New York; the Grover
it I laker Sewing Machine Building, made in the original form of a
gothic window; the Gilsey Office Building, in New York; and many
others equally well known. He came to Chicago in 1860, at which
time he erected, under the direction of J. M. Van Osdel, four large
iron-front buildings on Lake Street, for T. Tuttle and others, re-
marking then the grand possibilities for Chicago, little thinking of
the revolution in fire-proof buildings which his future inventions
would cause. Being then in the service of the Architectural Iron
Works, he returned to New York, and, after severing his connec-
tion with that company two years later, started business for himself,
and added largely to his reputation as an architect in that city.
Immediately after the close of the Civil War, he went to Richmond,
Va., and put up a number of prominent buildings. After remain-
ing there two years, he went to Baltimore in 1867, and was interested
with Hayward, Bartlet it Co. until 1869, when he went to Buffalo,
remaining there until 1871. While in Buffalo, he built the Niagara
and Plympton fire-proof grain elevators, besides other buildings of
note. In the early part of 1871, he took an extended trip through
Europe, studying the ancient and modern designs of architecture
on the continent; and on his return to New York City, he went
earnestly to work to perfect his original inventions in fire-proofing.
On October 12, 1871, he came to Chicago, and when surveying the
smoking ruins of" this great city, conceived the idea of fire-proof
hollow tiling for buildings; so that from the greatest holocaust in
the history of the world comes the greatest invention for the per-
petuation of perfected architecture. Following out his original de-
signs, he built, in the spring following, the first fire-proof building
ever erected on this continent; and although the originator of the
recent building material, he gave the credit of the invention to those
who lived two thousand years before his time, and only claimed the
revival of a lost art used by the Egyptians many years before the
birth of Christ. From the Kendall Building he obtained other con-
tracts, and erected the Cook County Jail and Court House. In
1874, business in Chicago having fallen off, owing to the amount
of building done the three years previously, Mr. Johnson went to
New York, and commenced business there. In May of the same
year he again went to Europe, remaining there four months, study-
ing the particular architecture of each country throughout Contin-
ental Europe. Upon his return to America, he entered with spirit
upon the subject of fire-proof material, and had intended to intro-
duce his inventions in New York City; but owing to the lack of
appreciation of his advanced theories regarding fire-proofing, he
met with but little encouragement, and returning to Chicago in
.September, 1877, he formed a partnership with George M. Moul-
ton, the firm name being Johnson it Co., continuing until his death,
which occurred in 1879. Mr. Johnson was twice married, — first in
May, 1851, to Miss Maria Salkeld, of Manchester, England, by
88
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
which marriage hi- had nine children, only three of whom are n
! Clara M . He was married the second time
in 1870 to Mi-s Emily lohnson. of shctiicld, England, by whom
he had two children,— Robert and |oscph. now in England with
their mother. His -on. Harold, is now an apprentice with K
Neil \ Sons, at Mancli
r, .]/,•«//,.« was born at Reedsborongn, Benmngto
Co., Vt., on March 15, 1851. \Vheti two years oi age, he came
company was
MICHIGAN AVENUE AND JACKSON STREET.
with his parents t,, ( 'hicago, and, when old enough to attend school,
,,,. a pupil at the scammor. and I igden schools, afterward
entering the WcM |ii\i~ion High School, and graduating with the
nteen, he worked with his father,
NV],,, v ;,,,e superintending tlie building of the Rock Island
,pa in tliis city. Afterward his father had the con-
tract for building the Illinois Central Elevator " B," and George
! as timekeeper. In February, 1*70, he went to Duluth,
Minn., as bookkeeper and construction clerk lor the I'nioii Im-
provement and Elevator Co. He remained at Duluth and Stillwater
in the employ ol the company, and in the fall of
I,-, ago, lie then, in company with his father,
was intere-led in the construction ol the < .alena Elevator, becom-
ing a partner with his father in March, 1872, the firm name being
|. T. Mmilton iV Son. After the partnership was formed, the
-t St. I.onis elevators were built, as were also the
•hallo, 111., St. G Mp., and the Central
irned to Chicago in the fall of
ing spring went to Winona, Minn., erecting
nartiR'i m un; M| "* *-'* j ~ — "
ncrshipwas dissolved, bv the death of the senior member of the
firm in 1879. At that time, by a special arrangement, the bus-
si'was Continued under the old firm name «"''> *° P££n.' *%*
s formed, in 1 880, under the style of the Ottawa 1
Company, subsequently changed to the
1'ioneer Fire-Proof Construction Com-
pany. Mr. Moulton is prominent in
Masonic circles, being a member of Cov-
enant Lodge, No. 526, A.F. & A.M.: of
Corinthian Chapter. No. 69, R.A.M.;
of Chicago Council, No. 4, KA S.M.;
of St. Bernard Commandery, No. 35,
K.T.; and of Oriental Consistory, S. 1'.
R. S., 32°, and co-ordinate bodies of
the A.' & A. Scottish Rite in the Valley
of Chicago. He is also an officer in the
Grand Commandery, K.T., of the State
of Illinois. He is president of the River
Bank Coal Company, at Streator, 111.;
vice-president of the K. T. and Masons'
Life Indemnity Company; and president
of the Excelsior Loan Association. \Vith
two others, he has recently taken out a
charter for a corporation to be known as
the Illinois Masonic Orphans' Home, a
benevolent institution for the benefit of
Masons' orphans and widows, of which
corporation he is the president. Mr.
Moulton was married on March 12, 1873,
to Miss Flora A. Garland, of Burlington,
Iowa. They have two children, — Edith
M. and Arthur G.
Ernest V. Johnson, is a son of
George II. lohnson, and was born at
New York City, on February 14, 1859.
He received his early education at Buf-
falo, N. Y., and was a pupil at Ernst
Academy, in that city. At the age of
thirteen years, he left school and became
an apprentice with a civil engineer and
architect in New York City. For six
years he had the advantage of a system-
atic training by his employer. At the
age of nineteen, he came to Chicago,
entering into business with his father,
whose death two years later caused a
dissolution of the firm of Johnson & Co.,
and upon a special agreement with the
surviving partner, Mr. Moulton, an ar-
rangement was entered into, whereby the
business was continued until the present
stock company was organized in Novem-
ber, 1880. Mr. Johnson has carried out
the original designs of his father in a
praiseworthy manner. Had the unfin-
ished patents of the father fallen into
less energetic hands than those of the
son, the benefit which the world will de-
rive from them would never have been
realized. Mr. Johnson is a member of
Covenant Lodge, No. 526, A.F. & A.M.
of Corinthian Chapter, Na 69, R.A.M.
of Chicago Council, N'o. 4, R. & S.M.
and of St. Bernard Commandery, No. 35, K.T.
FKANK M. NICHOLS was born in the State of New York, on
September 24, 1834, and is the son of Lewis and Emeline (F'ish)
Nichols. His mother was a niece of ex-Secretary Hamilton Fish,
lie came to Chicago in 1845, and engaged in mercantile pursuits
until 1805, when he commenced the publication of The Reporter, a
monthly journal devoted to the interests of marble and stone work-
ers. The Reporter reaches every section of the United States and
Canada, and large numbers are mailed to regular subscribers in
Europe. It is the' only journal of the kind in the world. Mr.
Nichols has an accomplished corps of artists, special designers,
painters, model and plaster makers actively employed, and new de-
signs are continually being produced. He is now fitting up a
marble and granite dealers' exchange, where he will keep a full
supply of all kinds of stone, tools, and material used in the trade.
He carries on the business under the firm name of Nichols & Co.,
notwithstanding there is no one interested with him in trade. He
employs from fifteen to twenty men, and does a business of $50,000
annually. Mr. Nichols was married, on May 24, 1877, to Miss
Mira Hudson, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
RE-BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
89
MASON CONTRACTORS.
JAMES McGRAW, a resident of Chicago since 1839, and well
known as a leading building contractor, was born in Jefferson
County, N. Y., on February I, 1827. His father, James Mc-
Graw, was born in Ireland; and his mother, whose maiden name
was Phcebe Thompson, was a lady of French descent, bom at
llroome, N". Y. The family resided in the State of New York until
James was eight years of age ; they then removed to Kalamazoo,
Mich., where they made their home until 1839, coming to Chicago
in that year. James attended private schools during his residence
at Kalamazoo, and when he came here he was apprenticed to A. S.
Sherman, a builder and contractor, with whom he served five years,
learning the trade of mason and plasterer. In 1846, young Mc-
Graw, then nineteen years old, started out in business on his own
account, and, by hard, honest toil, won a good reputation and
amassed the means which bought him a comfortable home in the
West Division. In 1871, Mr. McGraw formed a partnership with
Joseph Downey. The fire of 1871, called out their greatest efforts,
and they were constantly engaged in constructing large and promi-
nent buildings in the business quarter. The partnership continued
until August, 1883. During their connection they erected such
buildings as the Cook County Infirmary, at Jefferson, taking the
entire contract for the same ; Haverly's Theater and Criterion
Theater ; the Jewish Synagogue, corner of Michigan Avenue and
Fourteenth street; and the Lyceum Theater, which is owned by
McGraw & Downey; and many others. Mr. McGraw erected the
first brick building in Chicago after the great fire of October 9,
1871, — a two-story structure, for James Egan, on Madison street,
near Fifth Avenue. Mr. McGraw has been a quiet, industrious
business man during his residence here, and enjoys a splendid repu-
tation among the builders and contractors of the city. Thirty-one
years ago Mr. Mc( Iraw erected a residence on West Adams Street,
then in the most fashionable residence district on the West Side ;
but the changes of time and the enlargement of the business district
in the West Division has surrounded his home with mercantile
establishments. Notwithstanding, he continues to reside in the
"old home," made pleasant and inseparable to him by the memo-
ries of by-gone days. He was married, on January I, 1848, to
Koanna, daughter of the late Rufus B. Ormsbee, of this city.
They have had two daughters, — the youngest of whom, Clara, the
wife of Joseph Downey, died on March 17, 1883, in Aiken, S. C.;
their only living child is Julia, now Mrs. Isaac \V. Litchfield.
\Vii.i.i.\M PRICK iV SON. — This firm of masons, contractors,
and builders was organized in 1880, by William Price and William
1). Price, to continue the building business commenced many years
ago by the senior partner. They have been very successful, and
< reeled many line buildings, a few of which are the barns of
the West Side Street Railway Company; a building for John Ked-
zie, on West Madison Street; the residence of Judge Shepherd, on
Grand Boulevard; two residences for Charles H. Curtis, on the cor-
ner of Cottage Grove Avenue and College Place; and Troescher's
Building, on Market Street.
!l'//i!,tm /'rice was born in the City of New York, on Novem-
ber 15, 1821, and is the son of Cornelius and Nancy (Maloy) Price.
Soon after his birth, his parents removed to Watkins, Schuyler Co.,
X. Y., where they remained until 1836, when they came to Chicago.
He learned the trade of a mason from his father, and worked at it,
either as a journeyman or on his own account, until 1847, when he
formed a partnership with his brother Cornelius. They carried on
the business together about ten years. In March, 1857, he was
appointed postmaster of Chicago, but was removed by President
Buchanan, the following March, for being a friend and ardent ad-
mirer of Stephen A. Douglas. In 1858, he became part owner of
the Chicago Times, which he controlled until 1860, when the estab-
lishment was sold to Cyrus II. McCormick. In 1861, he was ap-
pointed an aide on the staff of General Hunter, with the rank of
major; but, after serving about a year, he was compelled to resign
on account of ill-health, when he returned to Chicago, and in the
next year commenced business at his trade, which he carried on by
himself until 1871, and then formed a partnership with Ansel 11.
Cook, which existed for about six years. In 1880, he entered into
partnership with William D. Price, his son, under the firm name of
William Price & Son. Except the time he was postmaster and in
the army, he was actively engaged as a builder. He erected the
old Tremont House, Rice's Theater, the American Express Com-
pany's building and barns, the Bryant Block, the Transit House (at
the Union Stock Yards), the Rock Island car-shops, the Court
House at Waukegan, 111., and many other buildings in all parts of
the city and suburbs. In 1865, he sold his residence in Chicago,
and removed to Libertyville, Lake County, and resided in the old
family homestead. He served two terms as supervisor of his town-
ship, and has held the position of trustee since the incorporation of
the village. In 1879, he was elected a member of the Legislature
from Lake County. In 1883, he was a candidate for ( 'ongress on the
de cratic ticket. Mr. Price was married to Miss Martha J. Devoe
of Chicago, who died on January 31, 1885.
William J). /'//<•<• was bom on September 25, 1858, in Chicago,
and is the son of William and Martha J. (Devoe) Price. He re-
ceived his education in the public schools of this city, afterward
teaching, during three winters, in the county of Lake. He learned
the mason's trade from his father and uncles, for whom he worked
until 1880, when he entered into partnership with his father, under
the firm name of William Price & Son. He was married, on De-
cember 29, 1881, to Miss Lima McNab, of Libertyville, 111. They
have one child, — Grace M.
WILLIAM E. MORTIMER was born in Devonshire, England, on
June 17, 1828, and is the son of William and Mary (Germon) Mor-
timer. He learned the trade of a mason from his father and
uncle, for whom he worked until he was about twenty-one years
of age. He came to Chicago in 1849, and was employed as a jour-
neyman mason for two years by Robert Malcom. In 1852, he en-
gaged in business on his own account as a mason and contractor,
which he carried on until 1855, when he formed a partnership
with N. P. Loberg, under the firm name of Mortimer & Lo-
berg. This firm carried on the business from 1855 to 1859,
during which time they built a number of fine business blocks.
In 1859, Mr. Mortimer assumed the business, and continued
it until 1864, when he formed a partnership with N. P. Loberg
and George Tapper, under the firm name of Mortimer, Loberg &
Co. They built the Chicago University and other large build-
ings. In 1866, Mr. Loberg retired from the firm; and from
that time to the present, the business has been carried on by W. E.
Mortimer and George Tapper, and they have done as large a busi-
ness as any firm in the city. In 1866, they built the Michigan
Southern Depot on Van Buren Street; the year following, the
Northwestern University at Evanston ; and the Grand Pacific
Hotel, of this city, in the early part of 1871. Immediately after
the fire of 1871, their business was immense. They built the Ken-
dall Block, corner Washington and Dearborn streets, which was the
first building erected in the burned district ; and re-built the Mich-
igan Southern Depot and the Grand Pacific Hotel. They have
built some of the finest churches in the city, — the Union Park Con-
gregational, the Third Presbyterian, and Grace Episcopal. In the
last few years they have built some of the highest blocks in the
city, such as the First National Bank Building, the Montauk Block,
the Grannis Block, the Calumet Building, and the Home Insurance
Company's Building. Mr. Mortimer is a member of Ashlar Lodge,
No. 308, A.F. & A.M.; Corinthian Chapter, No. 69, R.A.M.; Chi-
cago Commandery, No. 19, K.T.; and Oriental Consistory, S.P.R.
S., 32°. Mr. Mortimer was married, on November 22, 1853, to
Miss Mary J. Linton, a native of Somerset, England. They. have
six children, — William II., Matilda J., Ida May, Charles J. and
Laura Belle.
GEORGE TAPPER is the son of William and Ann (French) Tap-
per, and was born on May 29, 1835, in Devonshire, England. He
partially learned his trade from his father, who was a mason, and
left England in 1852, coming to Chicago, where he has since re-
sided. After his arrival in this city, he was employed by William
E. Mortimer and other parties, until 1864, when he became a mem-
ber of the firm of Mortimer, Loberg & Co. Mr. Loberg withdrew
from the firm in 1866, and the present partnership (Mortimer &
Tapper) was formed, since which time Mr. Tapper has devoted his
entire energies to the advancement of the interests of the firm, and has
every reason to feel proud of the success he has attained. Mr. Tap-
per is a member of Ashlar Lodge, No. 308, A.F. & A.M.; Wash-
ington Chapter, No. 43, R.A.M.; Chicago Commandery, No. 19,
K..T; and of Oriental Consistory, S.P.R. S. 32°. He was married, on
March 31, 1858, to Miss Arabella Mortimer, of Chicago, by whom
he had one daughter, — Marcina, now Mrs. Foskett. He was mar-
ried a second time, on May 24, 1867, to Miss Jane Thomlinson, of
Chicago. They have three children, — George F., William R. and
Elmer J.
GEORGE CHAMBERS was born in England, and, after obtaining
a fair education in the public schools, he served his time at the ma-
son's trade. In 1852, he came to America, locating at Cincinnati,
where he worked as a journeyman and did some contract work
until 1855, when he came to Chicago, and has since made this city
his home. He became a partner of J. E. Moss, in 1856, under the
firm name of Moss & Chambers ; and afterward was a member of
the firm of Chambers & Ansell, Moss, Chambers & McBean, Cham-
bers & McBean, and Moss & Chambers. In 1883, the latter firm
dissolved, since which time Mr. Chambers has carried on business
alone, except in being connected with Brown, Howard & Co. in a
limited partnership. During the existence of the firm of Moss,
Chambers tV: McBean, in 1871 and 1872, they constructed the 1 ,a-
Salle-street tunnel, a piece of work that reflected the highest credit
upon the contractors. Mr. Chambers has aided in building up
Chicago twice, and has erected scores of the most prominent build-
ings that now adorn the business districts of the city. lie has also
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
erected mam nl the finest churdies in the city, among which may
he mentioned Robert l.ainl Collier's church, the Church of the
Messiah, an. I I'nity Church, (if late years he has paid considera-
ble attention to the construction of tunnels ami aqueducts, and
has lieeii engaged upon some of the largest tunnels in the Kastern
Stales. He built the Hetroit River sub-tunnel, Albany Watel
\\orks tunnel, and is now engaged in the construction of the New
York aqueduct, which extends from Croton Reservoir lo Harlem
Kiu-r. Mr. Chambers is a member of Illancv Lodge, No. 271,. \.
!•'. iV A.M.: \\ashing!on Chapter, Xo. 4.;, K. A.M.; anil St. Hcr-
nard Commamlery. No. 35, K.T. He belongs to the Chicago
Master Masons' and Builders' Association and the Builders' and
Traders' Kxchange. lie resides at Riverside, 111. Mr. Chambers
was married, in June, 1x1,0, to Miss Elizabeth liloomlield, of Chi-
cago. They have seven children, — Arthur Lincoln (now of the firm
of (lee liros. \- Co.), Anna Kli/aheth, George R. (with HeGolycr &
lames I',.. Lottie and '
JOHN Sri TON. contracting plasterer of this city, was horn at
St. Johns, V I!., on September 2b, 1M<). His father, John Slit-
ton, was also a plasterer, and in his day one of the largest contract-
ors in this Hue of work at St. Johns. ' The subject of this sketch
' an apprenticeship with his father, after which he went into
business on his own account. In i^4\. he went to New York, and
followed his trade in that city until in 1x49, when he came West on
>specting trip, stopping for a brief season in this city, hut
finally locating at Clarksville, Tenn. At the breaking out of the
( ivil \\ar, he returned to this city, and al once took a prominent
position among the enterprising contractors in the building line.
Vmong i he buildings now standing as memorials of his work, may
•i ntioned Trinity Church, tile private residences of |. \\ .
Doaneand M. H. Mi'lls, :md the llonorc I'.lock. Mr. Sutton has
ever taken an active interest in all matters tending to the advance-
ment of society. lie has been an active member of the Masonic
nity for over twenty years, and has held a number of olficcs in
.rious bodies of that order. He is a member of Apollo Com-
nnndery. N'o. i, K.T.; of oriental Consistory. S.I'.R.S., 32°; and
and is a Knight of the Red Cross of Rome and Constantine. lie
ts also an odd Fellow and a member of the Knights of Pythias.
Mr. Sutton has been twice married: first in Lowell, Mass., to Miss
M.iria S. Rideout. who died, leaving two sons, — fohn II. (who is
now a farmer), and ( ieorgc II. la contracting plasterer of this city).
Mr. Simon's present wife was Miss Emily Fitzgerald, daughter of
Richard Fitzgerald, of New York City. ' By this marriage there
have been eight children, — three sons and five daughters.
KnwiN SITKIT-A ANT is the son of Zebina and lane A. (Storey)
Sturtevant, and was born in Verona, N. Y., on January 5, 1841.
His father removed to lleiavan, \Vis., in 1854, where Edwin
learned the trade of a mason, at which he worked summers and
ilerked in the dry goods stores of C. II. Sturtevant and 1). H.
Wells during the winters, until he enlisted, in 1863, in Co. " I!,"
35th Wisconsin Infantry, of which he was promoted lieutenant, and
afterward captain of Co " A " of the same regiment. He was sent
into the Red River country just in time to meet General Hanks on
his retreat. In 1x115, he .was in the expedition sent to the Rio
Grande, He was mustered out of service, with his regiment, in
when he returned home, and there he remained until Febru-
ary 27, 1867, when he came to Chicago, and worked as a mason
tiring the summers and clerked for Field, Leiter & Co. in the win-
"ntil 1x7.1. when he started in business for himself -is a con
* and builder. He built the Singer P.nilding. the Academy of
ign Building, the Counsclman Huilding, the Northwestern I 0-111
and Building Company's P.nilding. the fine residences of \ i:\-r-im
'. M. Wells, and the New Hoard of Trade lluildin- (his con-
tract on the latter building was over S-,m,ooo). He is a member of
lelavan Lodge, No. 121, A.F. ,\ A.M.. of Delavan \Vis n,-
was married, on May 7, iH73. to Miss Jennie R. Whitman, daughter
'I John R. Whitman, of Chicago, general passenger agent of the
I. rand Trunk Railroad. They have two children,— Marion
and \\ hitman.
WOOD BROTHERS.— This firm of contractors an<] builders was
organized in 1871, by Alon/o C. and Albert F. Wood, for the pur-
pose of doing a general business as masons, plasterers, and builders.
They have, by industry and perseverance, succeeded in securing a
good and prosperous trade, and have erected many buildings in all
parts of the city and suburbs.
. //..«;r. C. ' ll'i',>i/ was born at East • Karnham, Canada, on
I )ei ember 20, 1844, and is the son of Amos and Nancy (Gage)
Wood. His parents removed to Wankcgan, 111., in 1851, where he
received a common school education. In 1861, he enlisted in Co.
"( ," 37th Illinois Infantry Volunteers. He was wounded at the
battle of Prairie drove, Ark., and was mustered out of the service
in 1863. Afterward, he was employed as an army express rider until
the close of the War, when he returned home. I le came to Chicago
in iS66, where he learned the trade of a mason, at which he worked
until 1871, when he engaged in the contracting and building busi-
ness with his brother, Albert L., and the present firm was formed,
since which period he has devoted his entire time to the interest of
the firm. Mr. Wood is a member of Geo. K. Thomas Post, No.
5. \s a Mason, he is connected with Hesperia Lodge, No. 411,
A.F.& A.M., and with Wiley M. Kgan Chapter, No. 126, K.A.M.
He was married, in 1875, to Miss Agnes Heaney, of Chicago, who
died in 1880, leaving three children, — Albert, Harry and Edward.
Albert /-,'. ll'ivil is also a son of Amos and Nancy (Gage)
Wood, and was born at East Farnham, Canada, on August 5, 1847.
He attended the public schools at Waukegan, 111., until 1866, when
lie came to Chicago with his parents, and learned the trade ol a
mason from his father, lie worked at the trade about five years,
when he formed a partnership with his brother, Alonzo C. Wood,
and has since been an active member of the firm.
W. A. WITTS located in this city in July, 1871, and soon
opened business as a contractor and builder. Since that time he
has ( reeled a large number of durable and elegant memorials to his
ability, among which may be cited the following buildings: The
Exposition lUiilding, the Times Huilding, Fowler Brothers packing-
house, Kicker's packing-house, People's ( ias Light and Coke Com-
pany Huilding, George A. Seavern's Hlock, Fuller i: Fuller's drug
house, Hiram Sibley's fire-proof warehouses. Continental Huilding,
II. C. llurand's storehouses, and Carey, Ogdcn iV Parker's paint
factory. Mr. Wells was born at Pike, Bradford Co., Penn., on
July 22, 1830, where he received his early education. In 1845, he
removed to Rock County, Wis., where he continued the schooling
commenced at his native place. In 1849, he learned the trade of a
mason, and, in 1852, when only twenty-two years of age, he took
an active part in contracting and building at Janesville, Wis., where
he remained until he removed to Chicago, in 1871. His operations
in the line of his business, however, were not confined to that city,
as he built the Court House and Jail at I'lattsburg, Mo., as well as
the Insane Asylum at Janesville. Mr. Wells is a prominent Odd
Fellow, and has been a Mason for thirty years; during which time
he attained the rank of a Knight Templar. He was married in
1854, at Janesville, Wis., to Miss Sarah H. Harris, daughter of the
late James Harris, of Watertown, N. Y., where Mrs. Wells was
born and educated. She is actively interested in the philanthropic
enterprises of our city, and by her influence and example is an effec-
tive worker in the higher social life of her circle of society. Mr.
and Mrs. Wells have three sons, — Addison E., who became a part-
ner with his father in 1880, under the firm name of W. A. & A. E.
Wells; Fred. A., who is a merchant; and Judson 1C., who is book-
keeper and cashier of the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance
Company.
ELIAS F. GOIIEL, contractor and builder, was born in Morris
County, N. J., on July I, 1834, and is a son of Robert and Mar-
garet (Martin) Gobel. His mother died on August 30, 1835. Eather
and son came to the West in 1844, and settled in Elgin, Kane Co.,
111., where his father died on January 7, 1850. It was there that
Elias was reared and educated, he having attended the common
schools of Elgin until he became of sufficient age and strength to
learn the trade of mason. After serving his apprenticeship, he
went into the employ of the old. Galena Railway Company, and
superintended the building of nearly all the arched bridges on that
road between Freeport and Chicago, gaining a high reputation for
the splendid work he performed. His next work of any importance
was the construction of the approaches and piers for the second
Mississippi River bridge, builtat Clinton, Iowa, and he also erected
the stone shops at same place. In 1867, with his family, he re-
moved to Chicago, and at once 'went into the employ of the city,
superintending the construction of the Washington and I.aSalle-
street tunnels, for which work he shared no little credit in the great
success of the enterprise. Just before the great fire of 1871, he
commenced business on his own account as a general contractor
and bulkier, anil many monuments of his work may be seen in
every part of the city. Among these may be mentioned the West
side Waterworks; the Fullerton Avenue and South Branch pump-
ig works; the Lake crib, a marvel in masonry; the administration
wlding and pavilions of the Cook County Hospital; City engine
houses; Polk, Lake and Twelfth-street viaducts; Merchants'
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
Building, Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Women's and Chil-
dren's Hospital, McCoy's New European Hotel, and scores of
other public buildings of more or less prominence. After the great
fire, he re-built the masonry for Clark, Wells, Lake, Adams, Rush
and I'olk-street and Chicago-avenue bridges, all of which bear the
highest credit to his workmanship. Mr. Gobel is a member of the
Builders' and Traders' Exchange, and. while still engaged in con-
trading in this city, is superintending the completion of the State
Capitol, at Indianapolis, Ind. He has been a member of the
Masonic order for many years, and also belongs to Fort Dearborn
Lodge, No. 214, I.O.O.F.
GKOKOK MKssr.ksMrni, mason, general contractor and builder,
was born in Hesse, Germany, in 1842. \Vhenonlya year old, his par-
ents removed to America, and located at Huntingdon, IVnn. The
family only resided there about three years, when they came West,
and settled at 1'eoria, 111., where George was reared and educated'
allending the public schools up to his fourteenth year. He then
became an apprentice to the trade of masonry anil building, and
so rapidly did he learn the work that, at the age of twenty-two, he
became foreman for many of the best contractors of 1'eoria. He
was ambitious, energetic, and by his natural ability so quickly
acquired the details of his trade, that he was recognized as an
expert in the business. For several years he was engaged in super-
vising large contract-work in the principal cities of the United
Slates, but after the great fire of 1871 he decided to locate perma-
nently in Chicago and engage in business on his own account. The
opportunities presented to him he took advantage of, and since com-
ing here he has rapidly gained reputation and wealth in his voca-
lion. Among a few of the many buildings that he has constructed
are such noted structures as the Rutter Building, Foundlings'
Home Building, Cook County Hospital. Western Theological Semi-
nary, Western Electric Company Building, Sheldon \ McCagg's
Block, McCoy's European Hotel, McCormick Reaper Works, Con-
sumers' Gas Company Works, besides many of the best and finest
residences throughout the city. Mr. Messersmith. resides at Lake
View, and is the owner of considerable property in that place. Ik-
has always been prominent in promoting the welfare of that village,
and is highly regarded as a good business man and upright citizen
by its residents.
GEORGE LEHMAN & SON. — This firm of masons and con-
tractors was originally established, in Chicago, by George Lehman,
in 1871 ; the present firm was formed by George
Lehman and Edwin Lehman in 1883, for the pur-
pose of continuing the same. Although the firm
has been in existence but a few years, it has done a
very large business. They built, in March, 1883,
twenty-four two-story and basement brick resi-
dences, on the corner of Western Avenue and
Grenshaw Street, having a frontage of four hun-
dred and sixty-eight feet, in nineteen working
days. They also built the Belvedere Block, on the
corner of Thirty-first Street and Cottage Grove
Avenue ; the building for the panorama of the
Siege of 1'aris, on Wabash Avenue ; the Gaff
Building, on LaSalle Street, near Jackson, having
ten stories and basement ; and many others in all
parts of the city and suburbs. They employ about
four hundred men, and do a business of half a mil-
lion dollars annually.
di'inyc 1. chnuin was born at Dayton, Ohio, on
November g, 1829, and is the son of David and
Eliza (Brandenburgh) Lehman. In 1847, he
learned the mason's trade in his native place, where
he worked until 1854, and then he engaged in
business there on his own account, which he con
tinued until 1871, when he came to Chicago.
While in Dayton, he built the opera house and
most of the important buildings there. In con-
nection with his trade, he had two brick yards and
a stone quarry, where he manufactured brick and
quarried stone for his own use. He came to Chi-
cago in 1871, and formed a partnership with Ben-
jamin F. Gump, under the style of Lehman &
Gump. This firm existed three years, and after
that Mr. Lehman carried on the business alone
until 1883, when the present partnership was
formed. He was married on December 14, 1852,
to Miss Amanda Abell, of Dayton, Ohio, and has
eleven children, — Amanda L., Drusilla B., Edwin,
Irene I'., Milo B., Lydia, Hibbard J., Maggie,
Mary E., Elsie Etna, and Fannie.
Edwin Lehman was born on Februarys, '855,
in Dayton, Ohio, and is the son of George and
Amanda (Abell) Lehman. After finishing his studies
in the public school of his native place, he learned
the trade of a mason from his father, working for
him from 1872 to 1883, when he entered into part-
nership with him and became a member of the
present firm.
HENRY APPEL was born in Germany, on Au-
gust 2, 1842, and is the son of Frederick and Jo-
hante (Schmiedt) Appel. In 1856, he went to
Solingen, Prussia, and. learned the trade of a mason, working
at it in that city about ten years. In 1866, he came to America,
and settled at Sandwich, 111., where he was a journeyman mason
two years, and then commenced business on his own account as a
mason and builder. In 1871, he came to Chicago, and was em-
ployed by Clatting & Howard, contractors, for whom he was fore-
man one year. In 1872, he formed a partnership with William
Mayne, under the firm name of Appel & Mayne, but the firm was
dissolved at the end of a year, and a new one formed with Joseph
Sendlebech, under the name of Sendlebech & Appel. This firm ex-
isted one year ; since that time Mr. Appel has been in business by
himself. He built the fine barns at Seipp's Brewery; the Seipp
Block, on the corner of Van Buren and Franklin streets, 179 x 140
feet, four stories high ; and the fine block for Heissler & Junge, on
the corner of Twenty-fourth and State streets ; besidesmany others
in all parts of the city. He was married, on June 4, 1874, to Miss
Christine Sporlein, of Chicago. They have four children, — Henry
L. W., Louisa W., Ida Caroline, and Fred. A. L.
JOHN GRIFFITHS is the son of William and Margaret (McKin-
zie) Griffiths, and was born near Woodstock, Canada, on April 3,
1847. His father was a mason and contractor, from whom he
learned his trade. In 1869, he wentto St. Louis, where he remained
a few months; he then went to Grand Tower, 111., worked at his
trade for a few months, and then returned to Canada, and worked
at his trade at Bradford. In the fall of 187:, he came back to Chi-
cago, where he has since resided. In 1875, he formed a partner-
ship with S. J. Moss, under the firm name of Moss & Griffiths. In
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
i--- thev dissolved partnership, since which time he has been in
business bv himself. In 1882, he had heavy contracts <m the (
cage Locomotive Works, at ( ,arf,eld, and the West Side Street Kail-
road Company's barns. He built the Traders' lUiilding, on Pacific
Avenue j the 'Eumes Building, on Wabash Avenue, the latter six
stories high ; and a large building on Clark Street. He is a Mason,
Chicago. They have five children,— John, Margaret, Johanna,
Jennie, and George W.
CHAKU> ALOMZO MUSKS was born at Olean, Cattaraugus Co.,
N. V., on June 14, 1851. His father, the late Anson F. Moses,
was ;; native of New York ( 'ity, and was prominently identified with
the building interests of New York lor many years. After receiv-
ing a '4 ood common school education, ( harles commenced to learn
his trade at the age of sixteen, in company with his brother, R. H.,
who is now cashier of the Third National Hank of Sedalia, Mo.
Charles continued at his trade in Olean until he was twenty years
of a,, , , ame to Chicago to establish himself in business.
After two years' residence here, the firm of Moses & Johnson was
formed, the latter retiring in 1877; since which time Mr. Moses
has carried on the business alone. He docs a business of
about Snxi.oooa year, and employs from lifty to seventy-five skilled
workmen during the building season. Mr. Moses has constructed
many well-known business blocks and manufactories, and stands in
high' repute as a successful builder. Mr. Most-, has belonged to the
Masonic order for a number of years and is a member of St. Ber-
nard Commandery, K.T., which he accompanied to San Francisco,
<•;,!.. , which year the Grand Kncampment of the United
States held its twenty-second triennial conclave in that city.
builder. -M r. i lowne) j ^"^'^~ ^"yet is absolutely devoid
oTthe'egotism which is so often apparent in those
who have been the architects of their own fortunes
He was born in Kings County, Ireland on April
23 1840. Both his father and grandfather were
noted builders in their day, having together laid the
foundation and erected the observatory for the fa-
mous Ross T.leseope, the largest in the world and
having also erected the castle of Lord Ross, from
whose liberality the famous telescope takes its
iri.rn- Mr. Downey's father died when he was
but five years old; immediately thereafter his
mother came to America, bringing her three infants,
— Joseph Thomas (now assistant chief engineer
of the fire department of Denver, Col.), and Mary
(who died some years ago). Mrs. Downey first set-
tled at Cincinnati, where she purchased a home;
but owiiv to her desire to be near friends who were
living in Chicago, she disposed of her property m
Cincinnati a year or two later and removed to this
city Joseph received his education in the Chicago
public schools, and in his twenty-first year began
the acquisition of his trade with James McGraw.
In 1874, Mr. McGraw took him into partnership
and his keen perceptions and untiring energy soon
justified the wisdom of Mr. McGraw's selection.
It is worthy of remark, in this connection, that
while foreman for Mr. McGraw, Mr. Downey laid
the foundation of the first building erected in
Chicago after the great lire, on Madison street,
about fifty feet west of Fifth Avenue, the ground
at the time being so hot as to burn the boots of
the workmen. He has erected many of the build-
ings which have gained for Chicago her reputation
for beauty and solidity of architecture; among these
may be mentioned the Columbia, Criterion, and
Lvceum theaters; the Union depot, at Fourth Ave-
nue and Polk Street; the Minnesota Block, the
Franklin Public School, and many of the hand-
somest private residences in the city. The contract
for the building of the Columbia theater required
its completion in eighty-seven days, under a penalty
of a forfeiture of $200 for each day's delay. It
affords an illustration of Mr. Downey's energy to
add that it was completed on time. lie was the
builder of the Cook County Poor House, and the
large and handsome Union Depot at Hannibal, Mo.
He also erected an addition (four hundred feet
long) to the Missouri Insane Hospital, at St. Jo-
seph. Mr. Downey's success has been truly re-
markable. Starting in life dependent on his own
resources, he has, at the early age of thirty-six,
built up a business of §200,000 per annum and
given employment to a large number of men. He
has acquired a handsome competence, and is about to retire from
an active business life, to enjoy the leisure and the domestic hap-
piness which his hard labor and incessant application have fairly
earned. In 1883, he severed his partnership with Mr. McGraw,
and has since been alone. Mr. Downey was the president of the
Master Masons' and Builders' Association in 1884, and an active
member of the Citizens' League, in whose work he evinces a deep
interest. He is, at the present time, treasurer of the Builders' and
Traders' Exchange of this city. He was married, on December 7,
1871, to Miss Clara McGraw, daughter of his former employer and
partner. Her death occurred in 1883; and on May 5, 1885, he
married Miss Leona Klein, of this city.
DAM HI. 11. WII.KIE is the son of Daniel and Sophronia Wilkie,
and was born in El Paso, 111., on May 5, 1860. 1 1 is father was a
carpenter. He came to Chicago in 1876, and learned his trade
from William McNeil, one of the most successful masons and
builders in the city. He qualified himself so well in his trade, that
he was employed by the city on the new City Hall for two years.
In 1881, he engaged in business for himself, and the year following
formed a partnership with C. T. Holman, under the firm name of
Wilkie & Holman, masons and contractors. This firm erected
many fine buildings, among which was the Brenan School-house.
Their contracts during the year 1884 amounted to nearly $100,000.
Mr. Wilkie is a young man of good ability, with a bright future be-
fore him as a mason and builder. He was married, on November
15, 1883, to Miss Mamie Hodge, of Chicago. They have one
child, — Paul.
HE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
93
BAKNKY & RIIDATZ. — This firm of contractors and builders,
was established in June, 1883, by John F. Barney and Jacob Ro-
datz, two young men of ability. Although the firm has been in ex-
istence but a short time, they have done a good and prosperous
business. They erected a large building on Randolph Street ; the
Chapter Mouse of St. Paul's Cathedral, on the West Side ; the
Geneva Flats, on Rush Street ; the Hansen Building, on Dearborn
Street ; the Indiana Elevator ; and all the freight and engine houses
of the Chicago iV Western Indiana Railroad.
John /•'. /inni, r is the son of Jonathan and Sarah (Hammond)
Barney, and was born at Boston, Mass., on November IO, 1837.
He received a thorough and practical education in Boston, came to
Chicago in 1855, entered the employ of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railroad Company as an engineer, in 1865 became division
master mechanic of the same, and remained with that company
until 1870, when he was made superintendent of the American
Bridge Company of Chicago. In 1877, he went to Australia, and
was engaged in the manufacture of ice for two years, when he re-
turned to Chicago, and was employed as general superintendent of
Crane Brothers' Manufacturing Company, and at the same time
architect-engineer of buildings and bridges of the Chicago & West-
ern Indiana Railroad until the formation of the present company.
He is a Mason, and belongs to Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T.
He was married, on December 30, 1884, to Miss Care E. Robin-
son, of Taunton, Mass.
fafi'/i Koilatz is the son of Albrecht G. Charles and Maria
(Hermes) Rodatz, and was born in Germany, on October 30, 1854.
He came to Chicago in the spring of 1871, and learned his trade
from Louis Weick, a North Side contractor, with whom he re-
mained four years, after which he was employed by Burling & Ad-
ler, architects, until 1881. While with them, he was superintend-
ent of the construction of Central Music Hall ; then he was with
John F. Barney on the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad, build-
ing bridges, engine houses and depots ; superintended the recon-
struction of old First National Bank Building, until this firm was
formed in 1883. He is a young man well qualified to perform any
par; that may be assigned him in the great drama of life. Mr. Ro-
dat/, is married to Miss Talitha Howard, of Kingston, Canada.
They have two children, — Marie Margaret and Jacob Howard.
SEWER PIPE. — While the volume of trade in sewer
and drain pipe has very considerably increased since the
fire, only three new dealers have been added to the list,
which now numbers eight. But one manufactory exists
in the city, most of the pipe sold here being made else-
where, and the greater proportion of sales being, per-
haps, of the Akron brand, made at Akron, Ohio. Com-
petition has resulted in a general depression of prices,
and dealers complain of the small margin of profit in
the business, as compared with former years. The con-
stant growth of the city and the increase in building,
however, produce a steady demand, and large contracts
are not infrequent.
NORMAN A. WILLIAMS deals in Akron sewer pipe, fire-brick
and fire-clay, drain-tile, cement, etc. He is the pioneer dealer in
articles made of fire-clay in the West. He established himself in
the business in Chicago in 1869, starting with a first-class stock.
He was thus, from the first, enabled to guarantee the quality of his
goods and, measurably, to command success. He handles Akron
sewer pipe, lire-brick, lire-clay, chimney-tops, flue-linings, tiles,
slabs, etc., as well as plaster and cement. His trade is not con-
fined to Chicago, but extends over the West and Northwest. He
carries an average stock valued at $30,000, employs twelve men,
eight teams, and conducts a business of about $300,000 a year.
He has been at his present location, No. 219 Washington Street,
since he established himself in business here. Mr. Williams was
born at Auburn, N. Y., on July i, 1821. At the age of twelve,
being thrown upon his own resources, he began life as a brick-layer
and mason in his native city, and remained thus employed until at-
taining his majority, after which he spent eleven years working at
his trade in Western New York. He located at Cleveland in 1853,
where he engaged with William P. Southworth as manager of his
business, and after an active life of two years in that capacity, he
nted, at the urgent solicitation of the Citizens' Committee, to
accept the commissionership of streets, in which position he served
acceptably for two terms. Before the expiration of his third term
he resumed his connection with William P. Southworth. In 1860,
he left Mr. Southworth and came West, eventually locating in Chi-
cago, through tin- influence of the Akron Sewer Pipe Company.
I li> career since coming to Chicago has been already briefly sketched.
He has our son, Martin 11. Williams, secretary of the Akron Sewn
Pipe Agency, of Akron, Ohio. Although avoiding public life, every
measure tending toward the development of the social and indus-
trial interests of the city has always found in Mr. Willliams a warm
supporter.
PLUMBERS, GAS AND STEAM - FITTERS, ETC. —
Among the building trades of the city, none has wit-
nessed a larger proportionate increase than the plumb-
ing and steam and gas-fitting interest. At the time of
the fire, the entire number in the city was but forty-
four, which had increased in fifteen years to one hun-
dred and eighty-seven, or 325 per cent. It is impossi-
ble to state, with any approach to accuracy, the
amount of capital invested in the business, but it may
be said on reliable authority, that the growth of the
trade in this direction has been even more remarkable
than in the number of establishments.
A marked advance in the methods of work has charac-
terized the period. Ideas, crude in themselves and
imperfectly understood, have been exploded; knowledge
derived from patient study, as well as from experiment
based thereon, has taken the place of an indiffer-
ent following of old ways ; and plumbing — although
much of the work is necessarily coarse — is rapidly ap-
proaching both a science and an art. The sanitary
laws are better understood, and the workman who best
comprehends and most faithfully observes them is the
one who best succeeds. Ventilation and drainage are
carefully considered, and the Master Plumbers' Asso-
ciation of Chicago offers annual prizes for the best
essays on these and kindred subjects.
This body was formed under the general law of the
State, in 1885, and its membership has steadily increased.
All members of the craft of good standing and character
are eligible, and the organization is one of the most
solid of the trades guilds in the city. Weekly meetings
are held, at which papers are read and discussed, and
matters of general interest to the trade are considered.
A fraternal feeling is awakened, and the public is
directly benefited by the adoption of improved meth-
ods and a uniform and reasonable scale of prices.
One of the earliest measures adopted by the Association
was that looking to the securing of a better class of
apprentices, and none are now received by its members,
who have not at least acquired the rudiments of a com-
mon-school education. The next generation of work-
men will, it is hoped, be men of better education and
broader views than have been some of their predeces-
sors. One cause which has operated in raising the stand-
ard of work, is to be found in the fact that the existing
city building-laws contain many provisions regulating
the details of all work of this character, based upon
sound scientific and sanitary principles, and — which is
of equal importance — these details are rigorously
enforced.
Connected with the growth of this interest has been
the trade in plumbers' supplies. At present (1886)
there are seven houses engaged in this branch of busi-
ness in this city. Some of these firms conduct large
manufacturing establishments, and the volume of trade
annually carried on by them is very large.
A cognate trade is that of the manufacture of steam-
heating apparatus and fittings. The following statistics
of this branch of mechanical industry are taken from
the ninth and the tenth census of the United States.
Comment upon a growth so surprising is unnecessary.
Year.
Estab- 1
lishments.
Em-
ploye's.
Capita'.
Wages.
Material.
Viilue
of
Product.
1870.
2
46
$40,000
$30,OOO
$39.000
$90,OOO
iSSo.
II
225
99,700
115,50°
411,780
580,530
94
H1STOKV OF CHICAGO.
W. ii '|>M \.\ \ \V M;M:K. — This linn of manufacturers of stcam-
litting, heating anil ventilating apparatus, ami dealers in all kinds
of wrought-iron pipe, lutings, etc., \vas established here in 1*71., by
John Woodman and William ('. \\'ariK-r. The place of business,
from the lirst, lias been at Nos. 22() 28 Lake Street, and a; Nos.
16-22 Franklin Street. The linn gives employment to about thirty
men, and in the volume of business done make-, a must favorable
showing, as compared with many of its older competitors, Both (jf
its members are old residents of Chicago and thoroughly practical
business men.
/.'//;/ H'm/Hiiiii was born in the State of New Hampshire, on
5, and is the son of James M. and Lucy (Hani)
Woodman. When but a mere lad, he was apprenticed to learn the
steam-iitter's trade with the house of I . J. Walwoith \ Co., of Bos-
ton. In 1850, that lirm established a branch house in Chicago, and
Mr. Woodman, who had almost grown up in their employ, was sent
"Ml here in i-od, t,> look alter the linn's Western interests and to
manage the branch in this city. The place of business was on Lake
street, near Franklin, where it remained until destroyed in the great
lire of 1871. Following this event the house was re-established,
but Mr. Woodman, at this time, severed his connection with the
firm, after a continuous service of twenty-two years, and engaged
with the Crane Brother-, the well-known manufacturers of this city.
lie remained with them until in 1874, when he established himself
in business on his own account, and in 1*711. as has already been
told, founded the house of which he is still the senior head.' Mr.
\\.iodman married, in 1863, Miss Esta J. Stahl, daughter of Henry
Stahl. of t'amden, Me.
\\'illi,im (.'. \l\inifi- is the son of Kdward J. and Sarah A.
\\.nnei. and was born at New York City, on October 31, 1843.
=,<>, the famih removed to the West, locating at Rock Island, 111.,
where William C. was re.ired and received his preparatory school-
ing : he then entered the College of New York City, from which
institution he was graduated in 1865. In the following year, he
came to Chicago, where he has since resided, and began his busi-
ness career as a member of the lirm of William Kerr & Co., dealers
in builders' materials, at the corner of West Lake and lefferson
['his connection was kept up until in 1875, when lie retired
from this lirm, and in the following year he associated himself with
John Woodman in their present business. Mr. Warner married,
in 1804, Miss Emily E. Kerr, daughter of Dr. Thomas Kerr,
of Washington, I'enn. They have two children,— Mary W. and
Floret)
SAMI i.i. ISAAC- I'oi-K, of the firm of Samuel I. Pope & Co.,
steam-heating, steam-litting, etc., is the son of Captain Isaac and
Miranda I'ope, and was born at Wells, York Co., Maine, on May 6,
i~4s. He received a thorough business education in the schools of
his birthplace, and at the age of sixteen came West, and engaged in
the same business with \\ahvorth, Hubbard & Co., No. 181 Lake
, with which lirm he remained ten years, being thoroughly
conversant with the business, as well as having become a practical
mechanic, he established himself in the trade, in connection with
Henry Cater, at No. 31 North [efferson Street, where he remained
two years, during which time Sir. Cater retired from the firm and
was succeeded by Charles II. Patten, the style of the firm being
Samuel I. I'ope \ Co. They removed to No. 193 Lake Street,
their present location, in 1877. This firm has taken and success-
fully fulfilled some of the largest contracts let for ventilating and
ig large buildings, west of Buffalo, among which maybe men-
tioned the work in the Indiana, Michigan, and Kansas Insane
asylums. Post-offices at Cincinnati, Buffalo, St. Paul, and Madi-
ison, Wis., etc. Mr. Pope was married, on August Ig, 1866, to
Miss Lizzie Cater, of Libertyville, III. They have four children —
William A., Annie, George A., and Li/zie C.
CIIAKI.I.S Hi T. iiiNsiJN I'AI n:\, of the lirm of Samuel I. Pope
born at Palatine, 111., on October 29, 1854. His parents
formerly resided at Newburyport, \. II., and came West among
the first settlers, at an early day. Charles H. remained at home
until sixteen years of age. After passing through the graded and
high schools, he taught school in the vicinity of Palatine for nearly
three years. In the spring of 1872, he came to this citv, and en-
gaged with Samuel I. Pope as bookkeeper and clerk, and' continued
with him as mathematician and in charge of the estimates, etc.,
until [878, when he succeeded to a partnership with Mr. ' Pope!
'1 he lirm has since been known as .Samuel I. Pope & Co Mr
Patten was married, on February 22, 1879, to Miss Mary Robert'
son, of Lake Zurich, Lake Co., III. They have two children —
Paul and Mary.
TIIK OTLEV M VNI-FACTI-KINI; C.IMI'AXV was organized in
1876, for the purpose of making a steam-packing cement a vcrv
useful article to be used between joints ,,( steam apparatus being a
••lything discovered up to the presenl
king the place of gaskets, red and white lead, and other
substances. I his article was discovered and patented In' Samuel
Otley in 1875, and has been introduced almost entiiely on its mer-
its, lie has become the sole owner and manufacturer at me
present time.
SiiHtiii-i Otlev was born in London, England, in 1844, and re-
ceived a fair education in his native country, remaining there until
after leaving school, when he began a seafaring life and followed it
up to 1871, when he had visited nearly every portion of the globe.
In 1871, just before the great lire, he came to Chicago, and was
employed in a large hotel at that time, losing all his worldly effects
in the conflagration. He then, with his family, moved to Grand
Haven, Mich., where he again entered into his old business of sail-
ing. It was while there that he discovered his cement, which has
proved so valuable and has furnished him a profitable and growing
business. In 1875, he returned to Chicago, and began the manu-
facture of his cement in the Ashland Block, where he is still en-
gaged, adding to his business the sale of boiler covering, which is
another article of great value in the uses of steam. He has also
entered into a general contracting business, and has lately done
considerable work around the different city parks, and recently cov-
ered the whole of the steam-pipes, boilers, etc., of the new City
Hall, Wahl's glue factory, McCormick Block, new Post Office
Building, Counselman Building, and many other prominent build-
ings in this city ; also, those in Belcher's sugar refinery, at St.
Louis, and in Studebaker Brothers' large works at South Bend,
Ind. Mr. Otlcy was married at London, England, on June 17,
1866, to Miss Matilda Cox, of St. Ives, Huntingdonshire. They
have three children living, — Benjamin, James and Thomas.
SVI.VKSTKR F. BROWN, of tile lirm of Brown & Tubman, steam
ami gas-linings, etc., is the son of Sylvester and Catharine Brown,
and was born at Ashtabula, Ohio, on March 16, 1843. His parents
came West in 1 847, and located at Marseilles among the first settlers
of La Salle County, and afterward moved to Dayton, in same county,
and since 1870 have been residents of Ottawa. At that time the
frontier was continually agitated by Indian invasions, and the set-
tlers were incessantly harassed by their depredations, and during
the Black Hawk war were compelled to seek refuge at the Fort in
Ottawa. Young Brown's business experience began when eighteen
years of age with the laying of water and gas pipes in Ottawa; sub-
sequently he was employed by King & Hamilton, until 1870. In
October, 1871, a few days before the great fire, he came to Chicago,
and was engaged with John Davis & Co. for one year; afterward
he was connected with the establishment of Crane Brothers for six
years. At the expiration of that time he began his present line of
business, in partnership with his brother, Andrew J., at No. 13 Ar-
cade Court. In February, 1884, Mr. John Tubman purchased
Andrew J. Brown's interest in the business, and the firm of Brown
& Tubman removed to their present quarters in the following May,
where they have since remained. Mr. Brown was married on Oc-
tober 14, 1867, to Miss Mary Ward, of Ottawa.
JOHN TUHMAN, of the firm of Brown tv Tubman, is the son of
Richard M. and Mary Tubman, and was born at St. George's,
Bermuda Islands, on October 16, 1856. During his early boyhood
his parents came to America, and settled at Montreal', Canada.
His father was appointed agent for the Grand Trunk Railway, then
in course of construction between Montreal and Detroit, and, as the
road was pushed forward, his family moved from place to place.
Upon reaching Detroit, young Tubman remained there until ten
years of age, afterward spending one year in school at Montreal.
1 le came to this city in 1866. At the age of twelve years, he began
business life in the employ of Charles Gossage as errand boy, with
whom he remained one year. He was afterward employed' by the
Western Union Telegraph Company, for some time, and subse-
quently learned the trade of tinner. On July 16, 1872, he was en-
gaged by Crane Brothers, and continued in their establishment until
January 31, 1884. During the following month he purchased the
interest of A. J. Brown, of the firm of Brown Brothers No 13
Arcade Court, and on May i, 1884, the firm of Brown & Tubman
removed to No. 149 Fifth Avenue, where they have since been in
business. Mr. Tubman was married on December 10, 1879, to
Louise Wagner, of Chicago. They have one daughter —
Louise.
HORATIO PMRTER BLAIR, member of the firm of Blair, Hop-
ns \ 1 >unlap, steam-heating, ventilating, etc. , was born at Collins-
ville, Conn., on October 28, 1839. He attended the public schools
o his native village until seventeen years of age, and then went to
Muscatme. Iowa, where he entered the employ of E. W. Terry cV
( "., wholesale clothing, boots and shoes, etc., with whom he re-
named one year. Returning to Connecticut, he engaged in the
hardware business with LeRoy & Co., in the capacity of head-clerk,
and continued with that firm until 1860. In October of the same
e formed a partnership with H. E. Spencer, and went into
the steam heatmg trade in the city of Hartford, under the firm name
II. 1 . I.lair \ ( o. At the end of three years, Mr. Spencer re-
1'ivil from the hrm, and Mr. Blair conducted the business two years,
Lmbler associated himself with the business, the firm
*mg known as 1 1. P. Blair 6c Embler until 1872. Upon the disso-
RE-BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
95
lution of the firm Mr. Blair went to Boston as chief-engineer for the
Walker & Pratt Manufacturing Company, where he remained until
1878. He then organized the Laflin Manufacturing Company, at
\VestlieId, Mass., of which he was superintendent and chief-engi-
neer one year. In 1880, he was engaged as superintendent and chief-
engineer of the E. II. Cook Company, of Rochester, X. Y., and
remained therewith until 1883, at which time he came to this city as
manager of their western department, and in August, 1885, in con-
nection with his present associates, succeeded the E. II. Cook Com-
pany, Limited, as to their interests in the West. Mr. Hlair is one
of the fathers of low-pressure steam-heating, and is regarded as an
authority in that line of business. All of the largest contracts un-
dertaken l>y the E. II. Cook Company were fulfilled under his per-
sonal su)x:rvision as engineer, and all of them have been in every re-
spect satisfactory. Mr. Hlair was mar-
ried, on March 12, 1862, to Miss Eliza-
beth M. Powers, of Hartford, Conn.
They have two children, — Elizabeth and
Fred.
JOHN T. HAMBLIN was born at New-
ark, N. J., on July 5, 1835, and is the
son of John anil Susanna (Ross) Ham-
blin. His father removed to Xew York
City in 1836, where John J. attended
school until he was about fourteen years
old, when he learned the trade of a
plumber, and worked at Xew York City
for seven years. In 1856, he came to
Chicago, and was employed at his trade
one year, when he engaged in the plumb-
ing business with James McDonald, un-
der the firm name of McDonald &
Ilamblin. They carried on the business
together until 1862, when the firm was
dissolved. He then enlisted in the Chi-
\Iercantile Battery, with which he
served three years. After being mus-
tered out of service, he returned to Chi-
cago, and entered into partnership with
loscph A. McCartney, under the stvle
of McCartney <-V Hamblin. After eleven
years, the firm dissolved, and Mr. Ilam-
blin continued in the business until 1878,
when he removed to Kansas, there en-
gaging in farming for three years. That
pursuit not proving remunerative, he re-
turned to Chicago, and commenced the
plumbing business again, in which he
has since been engaged. Mr. Hamblin
is a member of Dearborn Lodge, No.
310, A.F. \ A.M. Mr. Hamblin was
married, on November 25, 1857, to Miss
Elizabeth Barnes, of Chicago. They
•ive children, — Elizabeth J., Mary
L., Charles 1!., Eva, and Isabella.
B \SSKTT & BKAVKK. — The business
of this firm of dealers in artistic gas fix-
tures and plumbers' supplies was estab-
lished in 1858, byj. S. Bassett, on North
Clark Street, opposite the old Revere
House. A year later, Mr. Bassett sold
out and went to California, where he
remained until in rS6i, when he returned
to this city, and formed a partnership with
Simon Livingston, under the firm name
of Livingston & Bassett, who opened a store at No. 134 Clark
Street. This firm continued until in 1865, when it was dissolved,
Mr. Livingston being succeeded by J. L. Pattison The new firm
removed the place of business to No. Si Monroe Street, where it
remained until in 1870, when it was dissolved and the firm of Bas-
sett & Beaver was formed, J. E. Beaver having purchased Mr.
Pattison's interest. The location was also changed, at the same
time, to No. 78 Monroe Street. At this location they were burned
out, and after the fire the lease was considered so valueless that 1 1 .
H. Honore purchased it for $10,000. The firm then rented a store
in the First M. E. Church Block, No. 113 Clark Street, where, after
a successful business career of two years, they erected a four-story
building, seventy-five feet square, in the rear of their rented store,
and exclusively occupied its floors. By the panic of 1873 they lost
$100,000, mainly in failing to collect from heavy firms or companies,
ami were thus so crippled that it became necessary to compromise
with their creditors. After making a settlement they started again
al Nos. 229-31 State Street, remaining there one year, when they
sold their lease to the \Yakcheld Rattan Company for$I,ooo, and
moved to Xos. 37-39 Adams Street, where they remained one and
a half years. They then moved to their present location, No. 215
State Street. Here they occupy the basement and the first floor of
the building, the first floor being divided into three show-rooms.
They employ from forty to fifty men, and transact an annual busi-
ness of about 8100,000. They have the exclusive agency for the
J. Buck, Son Ov; Co., manufacturers, of Philadelphia, and of the
Traverse & Murray Manufacturing Company, of Xew York City.
They are doing a very large plumbing business, which is in charge
of Mr. ilassett and Ilendrick Hughes, the gas-fixture business be-
ing in charge of Mr. Beaver. On January I, 1885, Mr. Bassctt
closed out his interest to the Beaver, Hughes \ \\~etmoreCompanv
(who continued the old business at the same site), and went into the
plumbing business by himself, at No. 235 Dearborn Street. This
company has been regularly incorporated, anil has a capital stock of
PKAIKIE AVENUE AM) TWENTY-SECOND STREET.
$25,000. Its officers are as follows: James E. Beaver, president ;
Hendrick Hughes, superintendent; and John O. Wetmore, secre-
tary and treasurer.
Jiiincs Sinilh Bassett (deceased) was born in Delaware County,
N. Y., on March 2, 1834. His father, Cornelius Bassett, was a son
of one of the original settlers upon Massachusetts soil, the family
having located at what is now known as Martha's Vineyard. In
1849, when only fifteen years of age, James came to Chicago, as a
plumber's apprentice in the employ of Thomas George, with whom
he remained for seven years. At the end of that time, he set up in
business with a Mrs. Rose, and was, with the exception when ab-
sent for a time in California, actively identified in that line of busi-
ness until his death in 1885. Mr. Bassett was an active Mason,
and was a member of Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T., of this
city. He married, in 1866, Miss Jennie Beaver, daughter of Mrs.
Jane A. Beaver, of Aurora, 111. They had two children, — lames
Eugene and George. Mr. and Mrs. Bassett were counted among
the valuable members of ihe \Vabash Avenue M. F.. Church, he
having been one of its officers for many years and until his death.
fames A', liwivr was born at Sugar Grove, Kane Co. 111., in
HISTORY Oh' CHICAGO.
[848. His parents were James and Jane A. Braver. He was
ed and educated at Aurora, graduating in 1864 from the Jen-
nings College of that ]>!.iee. lie then went into the mercantile
business in Aurora, am! remained there until in iS6i), when he came
to t hicago, and entered tile linn of I'.assett \ I leaver. lie married,
in is;i. Miss Marion I.annon, daughter of Philip I .armon, a well-
known capitalist of Chicago. They have two children living, —
Maiion l.onise and James L., Jr. Mr. Heaver is a prominent
Mason, and a member of \polloComniandcry, No. I, K.T.; he is
also president of IheG.A.K. Social Club of Veterans. He and his
wif. and active members of the \Vabash AM nilr M. I'!.
Church, of which Mr. Ik-aver has been one of the ofticers for many
years.
II. \l. \\n.\i\Kiii\ BKM. -This firm was founded in 1X51),
bv Henry M. \\'ilmarth. His tirst establislnncut was at No. "75
Ninth ('lark Street, where lie remained until I.S62. He then re-
mo\ed to No. i^J Lake Stl he continued until lS6<j. In
the mear.time, in 18(14, lit associated with him T. \V. \Vilmarth,
under the firm name and si\Ie of II. M. \Vilinarth & llro. The
• rn was then removed to the famous old dry goods stand of
Ster, at what was then Nos. i(,--(K) Lake Street, where
the lirst MM:I displaying the name of the new firm was put in place.
The tin- of [87] destroyed this store with all its contents. In a
few days after the lire, Henry M. opened the two parlors of his
priva: ,. \,,. 222 Michigan Avenue, as a salesroom and
rcpo-,iior\ for gas-fixtures, and his stable adjoining as a work-shop.
He subsequently purchased the Church of the Messiah, on the cor-
ner of Hubbard Court and \\abash Avenue, and soon transformed
it in!' it store, where, until 1874, the firm carried on their
business. From there they removed to Nos. nii-ij", State Street, ad-
joining the new Palmer House. Henry M. then purchased lots
Nos. JJ; -'7 State .Street, and at once 'erected the fine building
which this firm now occupies, moving into these new quarters in
February, 1879. 11. M. Wilmarth.V l!ro. are the sole agents for
Mitchell, Vance \ Co., of New York-, and they deal in the highest
of fine gas-fixtures and their appurtenances. Henry M., the
member of the firm, died in this city on February '27, 1885,
ami the business is now conducted by his surviving brother,
Thomas \V.
11,-tiry M. irilmarlli (deceased) was born in Newport, X. II.,
on January -j;, i - ;d, and is the son of Jonathan M. and Lucy
(Cheney) \Vilniarlh. He received his education in the common
schools of that vicinity. In 1856, he came to Chicago, and became
a clerk in the gas-fitting establishment of Gerould Brothers, with
whom he remained until his succession to their business, which he
carried on until the day of his decease. He was one of the original
stockholders of the First National Bank of Chicago, and was a
director of that institution from the time of its organization. He
was ,,ne of the original guarantors for the support of Professor
g's Church. In commercial and domestic life he was well
known for his strict fidelity to every engagement and his compre-
hensive liberality and benevolence. 'His loss was deeply felt, not
alone by his friends, but also by those who had had the least
gave a judicial qu , ,„
his mind. lie was married, on May 21, iSdi, to Miss Mary J.
Hawes, of New Bedford. Mass. He died on February 27, 1885^
leaving two children, — Stella and Anna H.
Til'i\us W uisvuikni \\II.\IAKIH was born at Newport N
II. . on September 3, 1843. He was educated in the schools of his
native place and at Kimball Union Academy, of Meriden, N. II.
ing school in the fall of 1861, he came to Chicago in 1862^
where he associated himself in the gas-fixtures business with his
brother Henry M.,and preserved this connection continuously from
that time until the death of his brother, with the exception of some
live years between ts77 and [883, when his health was so impaired
that he rested at Crown I'oint. Ind. Mr. \\ilmarth is a member
of Oriental Lodge, No. 33, A.F. \ A.M., and of Oriental Sover-
eign Consistory. S.I'. U.S., 32J. He is also a member of the Caiu-
met ( lub, of the Washington I'ark Club, and of the Tolleston and
other Shooting dabs. Mr. \Yilmarth was married, on June 21
1870, to Miss Julia Sophia llartlett, of Binghamton, N V They
have had three children, — Kay Bartlett, Thomas Henry (died Anri'l
18, i : dith Gertrude.
' UA" u- "usland, Mid-Lothian, Scotland on
January 25, 1826, and is the s,,n ,,f john ;1M,| Catharine (Dewart
After finishing his studies in the schools of his native place
he went to Edinburgh, in 1842, and was apprenticed to a plumber
tions were all swept away in the fire of 1871. He immediately
erected a one-story brick building on the corner of Harrison Street
and Fourth Avenue, :rnd commenced business again. It was the
first brick house built and occupied after the fire, and it is still
standing. Mr. Watt has done the plumbing in many of the finest
buildings in the city, such as the Grand Pacific Hotel, the Chamber
of i omincrcc, Tribune Building, the new Board of Trade Building,
and many fine residences. 1 le keeps on hand a full stock of plumb-
ers' supplies, and employs a large force of men. Mr. Watt was
married, at New York City, in September, 1852, to Miss Catharine
Wilson, of Edinburgh. She died in 1860, leaving three children,
— John F"., Robert G. and Agnes E. Mr. Walt was again married
in September, 1862, to Miss Annie McGowan, of Albany. N. Y.
By this marriage there are seven children, — James McGowan,
Archibald M., Frederick IL, William II., Annie McGowan, Jen-
nette M. anil I lattie S.
M. RYAN tv BKHTIIKK. — The business of this firm was estab-
lished in 1870, by Michael Ryan, and the present firm was organ-
ized in 1871, by Michael and Thomas Ryan. They do a general
business as plumbers and gas-litters, and are also dealers in gas-
fixtures, ami have built up a very large trade. They have done the
plumbing and gas-fitting in many of the best buildings in the city,
and have done a large share of their line of public work for the city
and county.
Michutl Ryan was born in Ireland, on Easter Sunday, 1846,
and is the son of Michael and Kate (Gleason) Ryan. He came to
America in 1860, and settled at Cincinnati, Ohio, where he learned
the plumber's trade, at which he worked seven years. He then
came to Chicago, where he has since resided. I Ir was employed at
his trade as a journeyman until 1870, when he engaged in the plumb-
ing business on his own account, which he carried on until 1871,
when his brother Thomas went into business with him and the pres-
ent firm was organized. Mr. Ryan has always taken an active part
in public affairs. He was elected alderman of the Fifteenth Ward
in 1874; in 1876, he was elected alderman of the Fourteenth Ward,
re-elected in 1877, and served until 1879; was again elected in 1882
and in 1884. He is at present a member of the City Council. He
was married, on August 17, 1865, to Miss Annie Feeny, of Coving-
ton, Ky. They have six children living, — James J., Michael T.,
Robert E., Sarah, John McHale, and Annie Mary.
Thfinias Ky,in is the son of Michael and Kale (Gleason) Kyan,
and was born in Ireland, on October 13, 1844. He came to
America in 1861, and went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he learned
the trade of a plumber. After he had served his apprenticeship, he
worked as a journeyman in most of the principal cities of the West.
He came to Chicago in 1871, and engaged in business with his
brother Michael, under the present firm name. He is a practical
plumber, and has devoted his entire time to advancing the interests
of the firm. Mr. Ryan was married, in July, 1869, to Miss
Bridget Gleason, of St. Joseph, Mo.
JAMES 11. ROCIIK, plumber, gas-fitter, and sewer-builder, was
born at Philadelphia, Penn., on August 16, 1851, and is the son of
James and Theresa (Kavanaugh) Roche. In 1861, his parents re-
moved to Springfield, 111., where James H. attended a Catholic
school until 1867, when he learned the plumber's trade from A J
Babcock, with whom he remained four years. In 1871, he came to
Chicago, and was employed by Daniels & Brown for two years, by
I homas McKenney for one year, and by Harper & Skinner for two
years. In 1873, he succeeded Harper & Skinner, and in 1878
formed a partnership with D. & J. Hardin, under the firm name of
Koche cV Hardin. They remained together two years, when the
firm was dissolved, since which time Mr. Roche has carried on the
trade by himself. He was one of the first plumbers to get a sewer-
builder s license in connection with plumbing, and has by persever-
ance and strict attention to the requirements of his calling, built up
a large and prosperous trade, and has fitted up many of the finest
and best buildings in the city and suburbs.
TIITI.E & COLEMAN was originally established in 1875 by
George Tipple and Rupert Coleman, who carried on the business
)f plumbing and gas-fitting for about three years, when the firm
was dissolved and the business was continued by George Tipple
until 1884. In the latter year, the same parties again formed a
partnership, under the present firm name. They are both practical
plumbers, and have a good trade fairly established
Gtotgt TiMU was born in England, on April 6, 1847, and is
he son of Robert and Mary (Steele) Tipple. His parents moved
o America m 1853, and settled in Chicago, where George attended
the public schools. In 1867, he learned the plumber's trade, and
serving his apprenticeship he worked as a journeyman until
the f'rm I'T^ ^ ,business with R«pe" Coleman, under
n name of 1 ,pp|e fc Coleman. At the end of three years, the
account, which lie followed for thirteen years. In 1865 he came
to Chicago, where he built up a large "trade, but his accumula-
RE-BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
97
to Miss Mary Nixon, of Chicago. They have two children, —
George and Mary.
Rupert Colcman is the son of Thomas and Ann (( Irantham)
Coleman, and was born in Oxfordshire, England, on May 14, 1852.
lie came to Chicago, with his parents, in 1868. He learned the
plumber's and gas-litter's trade, at which he worked until 1875,
when he became connected with George Tipple. They remained
together about three years, when the firm was dissolved, and he then
was employed as a journeyman plumber until 1884, when he formed
the present partnership. Mr. Coleman was married on September
30, 1879, to Selina Thorpe, of Chicago. They have one child, —
Hessie.
\Vii.i.i.\M !•'. G \v iV Co. — The business of this firm of plumbers
and gas-fitters was established in 1877, by William V. Gay, and the
present firm was organized in the spring of 1885, by William !•'. Gay
and Thomas ]'. Cullton. They do a general business as plumbers
and gas-titters, and, by industry and close attention to business,
have built up a good and prosperous trade.
William F. 1,'ny was born at Chicago, on September 22, 1855,
and is the son of John and Ilridget (White) ( lay. 1 le was educated
at the 1 loly Name ( 'ollege, at Chicago, from which he graduated in
1874. lie was then employed in the seed store of l''ogg <.V Son for
about two years. In iS6(>, he commenced the plumber's and gas-
litter's trade with I.aiie \ Rock, for whom he worked about eight
years, lie was then engaged by the county, on the Insane Asy-
lum, at Jefferson, until 1877, when he engaged in business on his
own account. In I'SS5, he formed a partnership with Thomas I'.
Cullton, under the above firm name.
77/i'M/is r. L'ul/lon is the son of Thomas P. and Margaret
(Welch) Cullton, and was born at Chicago, on May 5, 1861. He
attended the public schools until 1877, when he learned the plumb-
er's trade from William ]•'. Gay, for whom he worked until he
entered into business with him, in 1885.
FKF.IIKKH'K NECSTADT, plumber, gas-litter, and sewer-builder,
was born at l''rankl'ort-on-the-Main, Germany, i;n December 25,
1846, and is the son of Frederick and Katie (Nix) Neustadt. He
attended the common schools until he was fourteen years of age,
when he was apprenticed to a plumber. After he had served his
time, he worked at the trade, in his native place, until 1870, when he
came to Chicago, and was employed by different plumbers for about
nine years. In i>79, he commenced business on his own account,
which he has since followed. lieing a practical mechanic and skill-
ful workman, and having given his entire time and attention to the
business, he has built up a large and prosperous trade in the city and
suburbs. Mr. Neustadt is a member of Mithra Lodge, No. 410,
A.F. ..V A.M. Mr. .Neustadt was married, on May 24, 1870, to
Miss Linda Meissner, of Germany. She died in September, 1876,
leaving one child, — Charles A. He was married the second time,
on ( Ictober 2S, i S.so, to Miss Mary Rayman, of Chicago.
JOHN F. AI.I.ES & liKOTHKK. — The business of this firm of
plumbers, gas-titters, and sewer-builders, was established in 1881,
bv John F. , Mies. In iSS2, Joseph W. Alles became conm-cied
with the business and the present linn was organized. From a
very small beginning, they have succeeded in building up a large
and prosperous trade. Koth are practical and experienced plumb-
ers, and have attended to the plumbing, gas-lilting, and house-
drainage of many of the finest houses in the northern part of the
city and at Lake View.
John /•'. A Hi's was born at Chicago, on May 6, 1858, and is
the son of Frank and Catharine ( I'roesel) Alles. He attended tin-
public schools until 1871, when he learned the plumber's and gas-
litter's trade, at which he worked about ten years. He commenced
business on his own account in 1881, and carried on the trade alone
one year, when he admitted Joseph W. Alles, a younger brother, into
the present partnership, John V . is a member of Lincoln Park
Council, No. 871, Royal Arcanum. Mr. Alles was married, on
October 26, 1881, to Miss I.ona Goeltz, of Chicago. They have
two children, — Catharine and Mary J.
Joscfili IV. Alles is the son of Frank and Catharine (Proesel)
Alles, and was born at Chicago, on November 26, 1861. When
he was about thirteen years of age, he left school and commenced
to learn the plumber's trade, which he has since followed. He
worked for different parties until 1882, when he formed a partner-
ship with his brother, John F. Alles, since which time he has been
an active member of the present firm.
PAINTERS AND DECORATORS. — The number of firms
and individuals in Chicago engaged solely in decorative
art is not large, but has doubled since the fire. The
number of general house-painters is very great, and
many of these are capable of doing, and in fact do, work
of a genuinely artistic character; but of those who de-
vote themselves exclusively to fresco painting there are
hardly a score. The re-building of the city attracted to
Chicago a number of workmen in this, as in "every other,
department of mechanical art. Among them were, of
course, men of all grades of ability; but the erection of
the many palatial private residences brought to the city
decorators of unsurpassed skill from the East, some of
whom had acquired their knowledge under masters in
foreign lands. Decorations in Chicago, on the public
and office buildings, compare favorably with those on
buildings of a similar class in any other city of the
country, while those in many of the homes of private
citizens of wealth are marvels of taste and beauty.
Of course, however, not every resident has the
means, even had he the taste or inclination, to adorn his
residence in such a style, and the great mass of private
dwellings are painted by workmen engaged in the gen-
eral branches of the trade. Of such establishments
there are in Chicago a large number, many of them of
considerable size, employing numerous skillful work-
men, and carrying on an extensive business.
The manufacture of paints and varnishes in this city
has attained considerable magnitude since the year
1870. The visitor to Chicago, as well as many of her
own citizens, may find a beautiful illustration of the
progress made in this direction by a visit to the per-
manent building exhibit, reference to which has been
already made. Here, arranged in artistic grouping, are
specimens of the products of the city's paint works.
The following tables show the increase in these
branches of manfacture, as gathered from the census
reports for 1870 and 1880:
PAINTS.
.0 a
Hands
Year.
em-
Capital.
Wages.
Material.
Product.
WT?
ployed.
1870
4
70
$368,000
$ 33,850
$ 471,875
$ 544,400
I880
12
276
785,500
153,128
2,110,845
2,796,000
VARNISHKS.
.c c
Hands
Year
cm-
Capital.
Wages.
Material.
Product.
«|
ployed
1870
4
27
$225,OOO
$24,750
SKJ3.380
$445,000
I88o
4
33
2O7,OOO
24,646
302,600
389,000
THE HEATH & MIU.IGAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY, man-
ufacturers of dry colors, white and colored leads, mixed paints,
etc., was founded in February, 1851, by Monroe Heath, at No
179 Randolph Street. Trade soon sought Mr. Heath, and the
business has, since its establishment, kept pace with the city's
growth to metropolitan proportions. The name and style of the
house has undergone several changes, as has the personnel of its
proprietors, but Mr. Heath has been at its head from the date of
its formation. In 1854, he formed a partnership with Eben Hurd,
of New Hampshire, who had located in Chicago. Two years later,
a removal was made to Franklin Street, between Randolph and
Lake. In 1860, the firm removed to Lake Street, near the corner
of South Water ; and in 1863, to No. 167 Randolph Street, almost
opposite their present location. In the latter year, Mr. T. R.
Wood succeeded Mr. Ilurd as partner, and the firm name was
changed to T. R. Wood cS: Co. In 1865, Mr. Wood retired, and
William F. Milligan, who had been connected with the house for
some years, was admitted as a partner, the firm then becoming Heath
& Milligan. In 1868, they moved to their present location, Nos.
17010 174 Randolph Street. In August, 1870, they were burned
out, but immediately rebuilt. Not long after their establishment
in their new house, the fire of 1871 destroyed both building and
stock. Notwithstanding this succession of reverses, the house
scarcely suspended business for a single day. Immediately after
the lire, they secured temporary quarters at No. 103 West Ran-
dolph Street, and soon began the erection of a new building on the
former site. This was pushed with such vigor that it was ready
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
for occupancy early in 1872. The building is one of the hnest in
that vicinity. In ' >M . a joint stock company was formed under the
style of The Heath \ Milligan Manufacturing Company, with
Monroe Heath a- president, \Y. I-'. Milligan as vice-president,
and Krnest W. Heath as secretary ami treasurer. The specialties
of the company are the manufacture of white lead, ground colors,
dry colors, mixed paint in Japan anil oils, anil paint Specialties of
all' ,], lloth Mr. Heath and Mr. Milligan are practical
equipped with special machinery, much of which has been designed
and constructed l.y Mr. lleatli. Their jobbing trade extend- to
..11 point- of the compass. In addition to the prominent position
Mr. Heath ha- so long occupied in commercial circles, he has also
received substantial evidence of the esteem in which he is held by
the people at large, having been m.uor of Chicago from 1876 to
1879. Mr Heath i- a native of New Hampshire, and was born in
i - j; ; he came to Chicago in 1850, and has ever since lived in this
city.
BYRON A. BALDWIN, manager for Chicago of the great paint
hon-e of |ohn \V. Masury \ Son, first visited this city in 1856,
when a mere boy. lie then resided at F.rie, I'enn., where he was
born At an early day, his uncle became proprietor of an oil well,
i'l Creek, about thirty miles from Krie, and young Baldwin
was sent on the road to introduce his " brand " and also to handle
tin goods of Masury \ \Vhiton, of New York City. In 1861, he
e-tal)Iished the Pennsylvania Oil Company, at Milwaukee, where
he had relatives and friends. In 1864, he framed out and came to
Chicago, when the same house was re-established. Thus he re-
mained until 1869, when he bought the Everett House, which was
burned in the great tire of 1871, and he removed to St. Louis, Mo.,
where he had a short hotel experience. He then traveled for a
number of years for John \V. Masury iv. Son, and in 1877 was ap-
pointed manager of that firm's interests in Chicago. He first
established himself on Wabash Avenue, but the business increased
-o rapidly that, in iSSi, an elegant store was erected at No-,.
H)i-<>2 Michigan Avenue. When Mr. I'.aldwin opened the Chi-
cago house, the business transacted the first year was about
§250,000, and these figures have since been increased threefold.
Ten salesmen are constantly on the road, their territory including
everything west of Pennsylvania. Among other noteworthy enter-
prises in which Mr. Baldwin is interested may be mentioned the
People's Building and Loan Association. It is the parent of all
such organizations in Chicago, having been inaugurated in 1874,
and has now about §Si«).<xx> invested. I''or the past six years, Mr.
Baldwin has been a director of the Association.
l;i \IV\IIN !•'. CIIA-K was born at Webster, Worcester Co.,
Ma-s., on < Mober 14, 1830. His father, John Chase, who was a
native of Rhode Island, lived at Webster for sixty years, and his
mother, Mary (Dean) Chase, died there when he was a child. Un-
til he was fifteen years of age, he attended the public schools.
In 1845, he came to Chicago with a sister and brother-in-law.
Immediately after his arrival, he went to Barrington, Cook County,
where he worked for his board, and attended school in the winter
months of 1845—47, and returning to Chicago during the spring,
summer and fall seasons, to complete his knowledge of sign-paint-
ing. Soon after he located permanently in Chicago. The follow-
ing winter he taught an evening school for boys. About this time
lu- obtained a situation with Thomas Shergold, No. log Randolph
;, who was engaged in general house and sign painting. At
the annual exhibition at the Mechanics' Institute, in 1848, he re-
ceived the prize for the best apprentice work there shown, his work
being acknowledged to be better than any journeyman work ex-
hibited. On March I, 1841), he entered into partnership with his
employer, under the firm name of Shergold & Chase. On May I,
following, they changed their place of business to No. 108 Ran-
dolph Street. The partnership continued about a year and a half,
at the end of which time Mr. Shergold presented Mr. Chase with
•.thing connected with the business, including the good-will,
and retired from the firm. About the year 1857, Mr. Chase formed
a partnership with David T. Walker, under the firm name of
!'.. 1 . i h.is, \ Walker. In addition to sign-painting, they carried
on the wall-paper trade, both wholesale and retail, and prospered
in both branches up to the fire of 1871, which destroyed their
building. Mr. Chase immediately erected a temporary place of
business on the old site. Although Mr. Chase lost heavily by the
lire, and reali/ed nothing from his insurance policies, yet his busi-
ness steadily recovered, and even far exceeded, its former propor-
tions. In sign-painting he undoubtedly carried on the largest
business in the United States. As soon as practicable, the store at
No. r_>5 Fifth Avenue (a large and handsome marble front build-
ing, consisting of four stories and basement) was erected by Mr.
Chase for his own use. Mr. Chase's prosperity is due to his
earnest and undeviating pursuit of the high standard he has always
set before him. The same consistent character is exhibited
by his patient advancement in school and his faithful per-
formance of the obligations of his maturer life. While he has
never permitted himself to be placed in public life, he has
always given cordial support to all measures tending toward the
development of the city. Me is a republican, but has not taken
an active part in politics. He has been a member of the Masonic
fraternity for over twenty years, and has been connected with the
Odd Fellows for over thirty years. Mr. Chase was married in Chi-
cago, in 1852, to Miss Lovina W. Lamb, of Ashtabula County,
Ohio. Of their six children, three boys and a girl are living and
two boys have died.
THOMAS NELSON (deceased) was born in County Meath, Ire-
land, on June I, 1827, and during his boyhood attended such schools
as the country afforded, and then learned the trade of painting.
At the age of twenty-one, he came to this country, and for a few
years worked in New York City, where he displayed his ability as a
first-class mechanic. In 1852, he came to Chicago, and, after a
tour through the West and South, finally located here in 1853, es-
tablishing himself in business as a decorative, house, and sign
painter. He soon won the confidence and secured the patronage of
the business community, and was recognized as a skillful and faith-
ful workman. His success was assured and rapid. In 1871 and
1874, he met with heavy losses, but his indomitable energy
enabled him speedily to recover from the effect of his reverses, and
from the last mentioned date his success was remarkable. He was
awarded the contract for painting, glazing, and frescoing the new
County Building, probably the largest job in this line of work ever
let in this city; and the taste and fidelity with which it was executed
earned for him a deservedly high reputation among the citizens of
Chicago. On October 22', 1858, he married, in this city, Miss
Catharine Lamb. They have had four children, one of whom, W.
P. Nelson, is the secretary of the Master Painters' Association.
Mr. Nelson, Sr., died, after a short illness, on April 3, 1882. The
business which he established is still conducted under the firm name
of T. Nelson & Son, \V. P. Nelson being the active manager of
the same.
\\ ILI.IAM EDMONDS is the son of Joseph and Mary (Stacy)
Edmonds, and was born at London, England, on September 19,
1813. After obtaining an education sufficient to enable him to en-
gage in commerce, he associated himself with his brother in the ship-
ping interest, of which he eventually became proprietor. In 1836,
he disposed of his business interest. The following ten months he
passed in France, engaged in no particular calling. In the latter
part of 1837 he immigrated to this country, locating at Brooklyn,
-N. V. Shortly after his arrival in America, circumstances induced
him to acquire a trade. Being something of an artist, he, after a
short experience, mastered the sign-painter's trade, and so success-
ful was he in that particular branch that he determined to give
it his exclusive attention. Five years following his effort, he estab-
lished a business of his own, in New York City and Brooklyn,
which he continued for fifteen years. In the fall of 1862, the rapid
growth of Chicago induced him to come here and identify himself
with its vast commercial advance. Within a few weeks after his
arrival he started in the sign and ornamental painting business.
Mr. FMmonds is one of the pioneers in his line of business in Chi-
cago. For more than twenty years he has been identified with the
business interests of Chicago. His memory of the city dates back
to the days when it was struggling for the proud position it holds
to-day; when not a few of the principal streets were made conspic-
uous by the placards planted in their midst, " No bottom here." He
was married at London, F)ngland, to Pho:be Tyrrell. They have
three children.
Wni i AM HENRY CONNOR is the son of John and Bridget
n i' Neil) Connor, and was born in the village of'Union, Canada,
on September 19, 1857. When he was inhiseighth year, his parents
moved to London, Ontario, where he attended school for several
years. Then he turned his attention to the acquirement of a trade.
After due deliberation, and much opposition on the part of his
parents, he concluded to follow the occupation of a painter, a pur-
suit for which he possessed natural ability. At the close of his term,
as apprentice to a London firm, he went to St. Thomas, and secured
a position in the employ of the Canada Southern Railroad. In
1880, a desire to see something of the United States induced him to
relinquish the business connections and come to this city. Shortly
after his arrival here, he entered the employ of the Pullman Palace
Car Company, at Pullman, 111., as ornamental painter on Pullman
coaches. For eight months he followed that work, and then located
in this city and established himself in the business of an ornamental
and sign-painter. Mr. Connor is something more than a mere
painter of signs. His work is evidence that he is the possessor of
the ability of an artist painter. He was married to Hattie Richon,
on November 21, 1884, in this city.
SAMUEL STEDMAN BARRY, founder of the well-known painting
RE -BUILDING OF CHICAGO.
99
and decorating establishment of S. S. Barry & Son, was born at
Salem, Mass., on March 19, 1811, and is descended from a line of
ancestors long connected with scientific pursuits. He was given a
liberal education, anil at the age of fourteen took up the business of
decorative painting, at which he subsequently served a thorough ap-
prenticeship. He then began business on his own account at Salem,
where he remained until 1837. In that year he came W;st, arriving
here, on November 27, on the brig " Indiana," making the last
trip of the season. Soon after, he located in Lake County, but, in
1840, returned to Chicago, where he founded the business in which
he is still engaged. The house of which Mr. Barry is at the head,
ranks among the largest of its kind in the West, employing nearly
one hundred and fifty skilled workmen, and doing a trade amount-
ing to nearly $150,00(5 per annum. Mr. Harry has always taken an
active interest in the progress of Chicago. He is a member of both
the Masonic and Odd Fellows fraternities, in which he has been an
active worker for the past thirty years. In earlier days he belonged
to the city lire force, and ran with Engine No. 2, then called the
"Metamora." Mr. Barry married, in 1837, Miss Abigail C. Ab-
bott, of Salem, Mass. They have one son and two daughters liv-
ing,— George, associated with his father in business ; Helen S., now
the wife of Joseph Sayers, who is connected with the well-known
firm of N. K. Kairbank & Co.; Abbie Maria, the remaining
daughter, is at home; Martha Etesa (deceased) was the wife of
Kev. Horace J. Swift.
JAVKS BKKNARD SULLIVAN, of the firm of J. B. Sullivan &
Bro., painting, decorating in fresco, etc., is the son of Michael and
Hannah Sullivan, and was born at Troy, New York, on November
29, 1830. He remained at home until he was twenty years of age,
daring which time he received a thorough education, and then went
l» New York, where he engaged with John S. Perry, painter, decor-
ator, etc., with whom he continued one year. After mastering his
trade, he continued his vocation, in Troy, until 1855, when he came
to Chicago. In the following year he began business on his own
account, and in 1857 established himself at Nos. 266-68 North
Clark Street, his present location. He associated with his brother,
M. J. Sullivan, in 1869, under the firm name of |. 11. Sullivan & Bro.
This establishment has kept pace with the rapid development of the
decorative art, and is recognized by the trade and the public as one
of the leading houses in the Northwest. First-class materials and
expert workmen are only employed, and to these aids the Messrs.
Sullivan attribute their success. Mr. Sullivan was married, in 1859,
to Miss Margaret Cunningham, of Schenectady, N. Y., who died
in 1868, leaving four children, — Mary K., Margaret F., James B.
and Agnes M. His second marriage, to Miss Elizabeth Glass-
brook, of Chicago, occurred in 1870; they have two children,—
Joseph and Irene.
MiriiAKI. JDSKI-II Sri. I, IVAN, of the firm of J. B. Sullivan &
Bro., painting, decorating, etc., is the son of Michael and Hannah
Sullivan, and was born at Troy, N. Y., on October 3, 1846. He
attended the public schools of his native city until fourteen years
of age, when he came to this city, and engaged in his trade in the
establishment of his brother, J. I). Sullivan. In 1869, he succeeded
to one-third interest in the firm of |. B. Sullivan & Bro., and in
1872 became full partner. He- is thoroughly conversant with the
details of the decorative art, and is known to the public as one of
the best-posted men in the trade. Mr. Sullivan was married, on
Octnbfr 3, 1.172, to Miss Ellen Braley, an accomplished lady of
Chicago. They have two children,— Francis J. and Marie E.
\\ ALL PAPER. — No manufactories of wall paper are
in Chicago, all goods of that description used here being
brought from other (chiefly Eastern) markets. That
the days wherein many of the Eastern dealers considered
" anything good enough for Chicago trade " have finally
passed away, is illustrated by the advance made in the
.style, beauty and finish of wall paper exposed for sale
in the stores of this metropolis. Art designs of exquisite
beauty are now ordered by Chicago dealers, many of
whom carry stocks vieing in extent and assortment with
those of any other city. This city has become the cen-
ter of a large and growing wholesale trade, whose ramifi-
cations extend over the entire West and Northwest.
NAT. FAXON- is the son of John and Lucy Faxon, and was
born ..n March 10, 1835, at Ouincy, Mass., where his parents lived
and died. Mr. Faxon was educated in the common .schools of
Oumcy. After leaving school, he went to Boston and entered the
employ of a commission house, in which he remained five years.
In July, 1853, he came to Chicago and opened a wall-paper si
in company with his brother, E. G. L. Faxon. This was
years,
itore,
un-
doubtedly, the first house in Chicago which dealt exclusively in wall
paper. 'I lie firm remained the same until 1870, when E G 1
Faxon died, after which Messrs. Ililger and Jenkins entered 'into the
partnership, and the style of the firm was changed to Ililger, Jen-
kins & Faxon, and so continued until 1876, when the firm ceased
business. I luring the partnership of the two brothers, in 1856, they
established a branch house at Milwaukee, of which Nat. Faxon took
charge, remaining there seven years After closing business in Chi-
cago, Mr. Faxon went into the employ of the Chicago Carpet Com-
pany, managing the wall-paper branch of their business for four years.
He then established himself in the wall-paper business, and now
carries a heavy stock and has a choice trade. Mr. Faxon is a mem-
ber of Genesee Falls Lodge, A.F. & A.M., of Rochester, N. Y.
In 1859 he married Miss Josephine, daughter of Joel Hood, then
residents of Milwaukee, but natives of New York. There have
been three children by this marriage, — Clarence Hardwick and
Harry Dean (twins), and Marion Louise. Mrs. Faxon died in
July, 1880.
SPOOR MACKEY, proprietor of the extensive wall-paper house
on Wabash Avenue, is a native of Albany County, N. Y., where he
was born on November 10, 1842, and is a son of Eli and Roxaline
(Frair) Mackey, also natives of the same place. Mr. Mackey is a
graduate of the best schools in his native county. He was reared
on a farm, and remained there until he was twenty-one years of age.
Leaving home in 1865, he came to Chicago and became a partner
in the old wall-paper firm of Allen & Mackey, which continued until
the fire of 1871. Soon after this event, he established a house for
himself, in the same business, and now has the satisfaction of
knowing that his wholesale trade is the fourth in magnitude in the
United States, while his wholesale and retail trade, combined, place
his house in the third rank. In 1873, Mr. Mackey was married to
Miss Ellen, daughter of Alonzo and Mercy (Rice) Kent, natives of
New York, where they now live. They have two children, — Alonzo
Kent and Edwin Moore. Mrs. Mackey is a member of the Presby-
terian Church.
RIIIIKKT T. MARTIN was born on July 20, 1847, in Phila-
delphia, Penn., and is a son of Robert and Ann E. (Mackin)
Martin, who were natives and early residents of that city. He re-
ceived his education in the public schools of his native place, and
first entered commercial life as a clerk, in a commission house at
Philadelphia, at the early age of thirteen years. He remained
there for ten years, and in 1870 came to Chicago, and engaged
in general business, continuing therein until the fire of 1871. After
that event he commenced the furniture and piano business, which he
continued until 1881, when he retired from that branch of trade,
and engaged in the wholesale and retail wall-paper business, with
which he has become prominently identified and in which he is still
engaged. Notwithstanding the cares incidental to the transaction
of his large and prosperous business, Mr. Martin finds time and
attention to devote to literature and bibliology, in the prosecution of
which latter study he has acquired some of the rarest books pertain-
ing to that science, in Chicago, as will be seen by reference to the
first volume of this History, wherein some of the rarest books pub-
lished in this city, and still extant, are accredited to Mr. Martin's
library. In 1869, he was married to Miss Caroline H. South, a
daughter of William and Eliza W. South, who were natives of
Philadelphia. They have three children, — George South, Anne
Harold, and Robert South. Mr. and Mrs. Martin are members of
Christ Reformed Episcopal Church, of which congregation they are
prominent members and wherein they are active workers. Mr.
Martin has been connected with Tyng Mission, on Archer Avenue,
for a number of years ; he was also associate superintendent of
Christ Church Sunday-school for five years. It is proper, while
alluding to the services performed by Mr. Martin in this connection,
to mention the indefatigable attention and unflagging industry he
has manifested in this work. The value of these missions, estab-
lished, as they are, in the dist icts of the city most in need of Chris-
tian influences and instruction, has long been acknowledged by the
community. The potency of the influence for good of the Tyng
Mission is justly to be credited to the earnest work of Mr. Martin's
predecessors and his faithful continuance thereof.
PLATE GLASS DEALERS. — In 1871, immediately
after the fire, the city directory contained the names of
but two dealers in plate and window glass ; the number
had increased to fifteen in 1885. Few of these make
direct importations from abroad, although all handle
more or less imported plate glass. It is impossible to
give figures relative to either imports or sales. There
have been as yet no efforts made to establish a manu-
factory of plate glass in this city. Indeed, the manu-
facture throughout the United States prior to 1879, was
tentative merely, and proved, financially, a failure.*
There are living in Chicago, at the present time, men
* It is an interesting fact that the first glass works west of Cincinnati were
built at Alton, in 1867.
IOO
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
who invested and lost hundreds of thousands of dollars
in experimental manufacturing of this character.
Considered as a whole, however, the trade in "lass
may be said to be a prosperous one, as, indeed, it could
hardly fail to be in a city where building is so largely
carried on as here.
Of manufacturers of cut, stained and ornamented
-lass, the census report for 1880 shows that there were
in Chicago, at that time, six; the capital invested was
.00; the average number of employes, eighty; the
total wages, 847-545 ; value of materials, $,58,564; and
the value of the manufactured product, $113,612.
GEORGE A. Mlscu began the manufacture of stained glass, in
this city, in 1864. Two years later his brother, Adolph _[., was ad-
mitted as a partner, and remained a member of the firm until his
death, which occurred on December 15, 1874. Since that time,
George has continued the business alone. \Vhen but fairly estab-
lished on a safe footing, the tire of 1871 placed him, as well as hun-
dreds of other Chicago business men, once more at the foot of the
ladder, lint Mr. Misch soon retrieved, in a great measure, his losses.
He now has a trade extending over the entire West, and also does
considerable business in the Fast. 1 Ic furnished the memorial work
lor a Presbyterian t'hurchin Detroit, and for the Cathedral of St.
Francis de Sales in Cincinnati. In this city he supplied the stained
•ised in the Temple of the Sinai Congregation, in St. Peter's,
St. lohn's, an t the Cathedral of the Holy Name, and many others.
Numerous church-edifices, in various parts of the United States,
are provided with his manufactures. At the time of the lire, Mr.
Misch was located at No. <)6 Washington Street, and then employed
fifty men. After that event, he resumed business on the North
Side, where he remained nearly a year and then removed to his pres-
ent location. Mr. Misch was born in Strasund, (lennany, on July
s, iS42, and is the son of Theodore and Wilhelmina Misch. In
his parents settled in New York City, where his father en-
gaged ill the manufacture and importation of stained glass, the son
working with him as a journeyman until in 1864, when he came
West and established for himself the business which he now con-
trols. Mr. Misch was married, in 1868, to Miss Ktfic liyl, daughter
of Nicholas liyl nf this city. They have four children,— Minnie,
Albert, Fred, and C.eorge A., Jr.
Mi'Ci-i l.v & Mil KS. — This lirm is now composed of John Mc-
Cully and Holland F. Miles, but the business was established in
1859, by I-'.. Cook & Co.. and was one of the first houses in the city
to "engage in the stained glass trade. In 1872, Mr. MeCnlly be-
came a member of the firm of I-'.. Cook & Co., and two years later
Mr. Miles purchased Mr. C<x>k's interest, since which time he and
Mr. McCully have continued under their present lirm name and
style. From 1874 to 1879, the place of business was at No. 85
lackson Street ; they then moved to the corner of Fifth Avenue
and Adam-. SI reel, a'nd in 1882, to their present location. They
deal in all kinds of stained glass, doing, perhaps, as large a busi-
ness ;is any house in this line in the West. Since the business was
1, it 'has increased more than tenfold ; forty men are now em-
ploye,1, and their trade, which extends from Maine to California,
amounts to over $100,000 annually. They have supplied the
stained glass lor many of the prominent churches in this city ; also
tor the State House, at St. I'aul, Minn., and for the St. Paul's
F.piscopal Church, at Milwaukee, one of the finest churches in the
West. Among the many private residences in this c'ty for which
they have furnished glass, may be mentioned those of M. D. Wells,
the late (iencral Ans< m Stager. I>. I*. Moulton, and others.
John McCully was born in liirmingham, England, on August
26, 1852. His father, Richard McCully, was, during his business
life, in the stained glass trade, and the son was early trained in the
same mercantile pursuit. After receiving a good education, he be-
gan his apprenticeship in i 863, ami worked in his native city until in
when he came to this country and engaged for two years with
a house in New York City. In 1872, he came to Chicago through
the influence of Mr. Cook, with whom he remained in partnersnip
until he formed his present connection with Mr. Miles, in 1874.
Mr. McCully was married, in 1875, to Miss Kitty McMillan, of
Kingston. Canada; Mrs. McCully was, however, reared and edu-
cated in this city. They have two children, — Frank and ( leorge.
Ili'lliinJ !•'. Milt", was born at I'ittslord, N.Y., on September KJ.
1847. After securing a good literary education, he entered Bryant
\- Slratton's Commercial College, from which institution he gradu-
ated at the age of seventeen. He then came, with his parents, to
with C.eorge A. Misch, with whom lie re-
mained until 1874, when he became a partner in the firm of which
he is still a member. Mr. Miles was married, in February, 1881,
to Miss Addie I, yon, of New York City.
JAMES 11. KICK, president of the stock company which bears
his name, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., on May 19, 1830,
and is the BOD ot Asa and 1'olly (Reed) Rice. Ilis early education
was rained in the district schools, and, like so many successful
business men of this city, he was obliged, in early life, to assert an
independence which stood him in good stead in his after years. At
the age of eighteen he left school, and for live years succeeding was
employed <>n a farm, when, in the spring of 1854, he came \\est,
and for a time was employed at Peru, 111., by Ira Foote, contractor
and house builder. In July of the same year, he came, with Mr.
Fo,,tc, to Chicago, and for a number of years he was associated
with him as a contractor and builder. Their first contract in this
city was for the erection of a small dwelling-house for ex-Alderman
Sexton, situated at the corner of Twelfth Street and Indiana Ave-
nue. Soon after, Park Row was finished by them, and the old
Richmond Hotel, on the corner of Michigan Avenue and Lake
Street, was built. In 1872, after finishing the Tremont House, the
partnership existing between Mr. Foote and Mr. Rice was dis-
solved, and a business as importers and dealers in foreign and
American window-glass was established. Mr. Foote owned an in-
terest, although his name never appeared as a partner in the firm
um.il 1877. The business was conducted in Mr. Rice's name until
[anuary I, 1884, when the present stock company was incorporated,
under the name of The James II. Rice Company. Since its incor-
poration, this house has taken a foremost place among the strong
business enterprises for which Chicago is so famous, and in its
special line is second to only one in the United States. It was
am. mg the first, if not the first, exclusive glass houses west of the
Alleghany Mountains, and does a very large importation of French
manufactured goods, consisting of plate-glass and mirrors. Mr.
Rice was married, in September, 1876, to Miss Margaret Gilliland,
of Des Moines, Iowa.
C.K<>KC:K F. KIMHALL, whose bold speculations in the glass
trade during the past few years have placed him among the most
successful young commercial men of Chicago, established his pres-
ent business in 1879, at Nos. 45-47 Jackson Street. In the six years
of its existence his house has made rapid progress, dealing heavily
in (lerman and French mirrors, polished plate, and domestic and
foreign window-glass. The importations of foreign glass have fallen
off greatly during late years, owing to the completeness of American
manufactures. There are in the United States, at the present time,
four plate-glass factories, — viz., at New Albany, Ind.; Jeffersonville,
Ind. ; Creighton, Penn.; anJ Crystal City, Mo. Of the latter factory,
Mr. Kimballis the sole agent. These factories are unable to supply
the rapidly increasing demand, as fully three-fourths of all the glass
sold in the United States is of domestic manufacture, and seven-
eighths of the glass sold in Chicago, which is the most extensive
distributing point in America, is made in this country. The sale
of American glass in this city has increased twenty-five per cent,
annually for the past four years, and the time is not far distant
when the importation of glass will be wholly abandoned by Chicago
dealers. In the spring of 1884, Mr. Kimball made for himself a
national reputation as a shrewd manipulator of the glass markets,
by a gigantic purchase which advanced the price fifteen per cent.
The manner in which this was accomplished was by a corner, sim-
ilar in its operation and effect to that which has distinguished the
provision markets and the financial exchanges of the country. So
comprehensive was this manipulation, that the advance quoted
ruled the market all over the United States. This bold move, which
was the evidence of a thorough knowledge of the business, was the
occasion of a universal press-comment, and gained for Mr. Kimball
a world-wide reputation as a dealer in this line of merchandise.
Mr. KimBall was born at Boston, Mass., on February 23, 1839,
and is the son of Alvah and Ruth (Woodbury) Kimball. His father
was a prominent print manufacturer of Boston, and his mother a
descendant of the old Woodbury family of New Hampshire. He
received his early education at the common schools of his native
city, and later became a pupil at Andover College. He left college
at the age of sixteen, and paid a visit to an uncle, a dry goods mer-
chant, at Louisville, Ky. At the end of his visit, he concluded to
remain in Louisville, and obtained employment with the dry goods
firm of Bent & Duvall, of that city, and became the New York
buyer for that house when only nineteen years of age. After five
years' service with Bent & Duvall, he formed a partnership with a
Mr. Johnson, the firm being Johnson & Kimball. They carried on
a successful business in dry goods until 1863, when the partnership
was dissolved and Mr. Kimball entered the pay department of the
army, with headquarters at Louisville. After a year's service, he
was made chief clerk of the quartermaster's department, under
Colonel Thomas Swords, the headquarters of the assistant quarter-
master-general being at Cincinnati. He held that position until the
close of the War, when he went to New York City as the solicitor of
consignments for the auction and commission house of Thomas An-
derson £ Co., of Louisville. In 1869, he came to Chicago, in the
interests of the firm he represented, introducing Anderson's sash
balance. In 1871, he entered the employ of James H. Rice as
CORPORATE HISTORY.
101
chief clerk, remaining- with him eight years, and, although at the
present time a rival of Mr. Rice in the glass trade, he remembers
his old employer with the kindest regard, and their competitive
associations are of the most pleasant nature. Mr. Kimball is doing
the largest business in his line in Chicago, and is the largest buyer
of American window-glass in the United States. Mr. Kimball is
prominent in social circles, and is a member of the Washington
Park Club. He was married, in October, 1874, to Mrs. Lydia
Taft, of Waukegan, 111., who had one son, \Veston G.
HAWI.FY A. XEWKIKK, who represents Hills, Turner & Co.,
of Boston, importers of window-glass and looking-glass plates, es-
tablished the Chicago branch of that concern in iSSo. Previous to
that time the house was unknown in the West, but, through the
exertion of Mr. Newkirk, their trade has since been extended from
the Pennsylvania line to the Pacific Coast, and the house has taken
a foremost place in the importation trade. Mr. Newkirk was born
in Monroe County, N. Y., on May 23, 1854. His father, Aaron
11 Newkirk, was a farmer, and his mother, Abigail 1C Hall was
a daughter of Dr. Larry Gilbert Hall, of Woodstock, Ulster Co.,
X. Y. Mr. Newkirk attended the common schools of Monroe
County, \. V,, until he arrived at the age of twelve years,
when he came with his family to Kent County, Mich., and was a
pupil at the common schools of that county. At the age of eigh-
teen, he entered the Commercial College at Grand Rapids, Mich
graduating from that institution in 1874. Soon after leaving col-
lege, IK- entered the coal office of Long & Bennett, at Grand
Rapids, and remained with them in the capacity of bookkeeper for
nearly two years, when he went to Rochester, N. Y., and was
employed by Henry C. Wisner, a dealer in crockery and glassware,
as bookkeeper. He remained there two years, and after takino- a
short vacation at his home he returned to Grand Rapids, and ac-
cepted the management of the business house of Charles H. South-
wick, handling paints, oils, and glass. He remained there one
year, and, becoming acquainted with Hills, Turner & Company in
a business way, was employed by them to establish and manage
their western branch in this city. Mr. Newkirk is a young man of
extended business acquaintance, and has become well and favorably
known in the glass trade.
THE NATIONAL BUILDER (W. D. Kennedy & Co., publishers)
while incorporated in June, 1885, was really organized in the early
part of that year, and published its first number in March. This
journal, which is specially designed to meet the requirements of
builders, was founded by W. D. Kennedy, the present secretary
of the company, who nursed his project several years, but finally
the time seemed propitious for its debut. In May, it made its ap-
pearance as the only journal of its particular kind in the United
States, and was accepted as a step in advance of anything ever
placed before the people. Each number presents, in beautiful
colored plates, a different style of dwelling, with working-plans
and cost of material and labor. These tine drawings are all made,
and plans prepared, by George O. Garnsey, one of Chicago's well-
known architects, which is a guaranty of their superiority. At the
organization of this company, the following officers were elected :
John B. Daniels, president; Charles L. Boyd, vice-president;
William D. Kennedy, secretary; and Charles W. Chandler, treas-
urer; George O. Garnsey, editor and architect. While the publica-
tion is yet comparatively new, it has acquired popularity beyond
the expectations of the projectors. At the last meeting of the Sash,
Door, and Blind Association of the United States, it was unan-
imously made its official organ, giving it an influence, at once,
that it richly deserves. When first organized, John B. Jeffery be-
came associated with it, and was part owner, but after the issue of
the first number, his interest was purchased and transferred to the
office of the company.
CORPORATE HISTORY.
At the election in November, 1871, the city com-
prised twenty wards. In 1875, the city government was
re-organized under the General Incorporation Act of
April of that year, and consequently no election was
held in November, the persons then in office holding
over until May, 1876. Under this law the city was di-
vided into eighteen wards.
RECISTKK I-K..M 1872 TO 1885. 1871^2- Mayor, Joseph
Medill; City Clerk, Charles T. Hotchkiss ; City Attorney I N
Stiles ; City Treasurer, David A. Gage. Aldermen, by wards- (ij
Chauncey T. Bowen, John J. Knickerbocker; (2) Arthur Dixon
Joseph L. Otis; (3) John W. McGennis, David Coey; (4) John H'
;N''\\™?:' Harvey M- Thompson; (5) R. B. Stone, Peter I >aggy ';
(6) William Tracey, Michael Schmitz; (7) Edward F. Cullerton P
iv i • ? ' (8) Jeremiah Clowry, M. B. Bailey ; (9) George Powell
\\illiam li. Bateham; (to) Lester L. Bond, C. C. P. Holden ; (u
Henry Sweet, II. O. Glade, T. T. Verdier (elected to fill vacancy
caused by resignation of H. (). Glade, in January !S72)' (12) Mon-
roe Heath, Henry Witbeck ; (1 3) George W.Sherwood S S Gard-
ner; (14) S. E Cleveland. B. G. Gill; (15) |;lmes f. McGrath,
John Buehler; (16) 1 hompson W. Stout, K. G. Schmidt; (17) Jacob
Lengacher, LomsSchafifner; (18) Thomas Carney, John McCaffery ;
(19) Mahlon I). Ogden, William M. Clarke; (20) Charles L Wood-
man, G. A. Busse.
(5) R. B. Stone, A. H. Pickering; (6) Philip Reidy, M. Schmitz •
(7) E. F. Cullerton, P. McClory; (8) James H. Hildreth, M. B.
Bailey; (9) Thomas II. Bailey, James O'Brien; (10) C. L. Wood-
man, D. W. Clark, Jr.; (nj George E. White, P. Kehoe ; (12)
Monroe Heath, A. F. Miner; (13) James L. Campbell, Avery
Moore ; (14) S. E. Cleveland, Bart Quirk ; (15) James J. McGrath,
M. Ryan (elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of J. J.
McGrath, June 22), N. Eckhardt ; (16) Thompson W. Stout, Peter
Mahr; (17) Jacob Lengacher, Louis Schaffner ; (i 8) David Murphy,
Thomas Cannon ; (19) Thomas Lynch, Michael Brand ; (20) Julius
Jonas, John T. Corcoran.
'^'T-f-7.5— Mayor, Harvey D. Colvin; City Clerk, Joseph K. C.
Forrest; City Attorney, Egbert famieson; City Treasurer, Daniel
XHara. Aldermen, by wards : (i) William H. Richardson, Thomas
Foley; (2) F. W. Warren, A. Dixon; (3) David Coey, William
Fitzgerald; (4) Rensselaer Stone, Jesse Spaulding; (5) Thomas C.
Clarke, R. B. Stone; (6) Frederick Sommer, Philip Reidy; (7) P.
McClory, E. F. Cullerton; (8) P. C. McDonald, James H. Hil-
drethj (9) James O'Brien, Thomas H. Bailey; (10) D. W. Clark,
Jr., C. L. Woodman; (u) S. F. Gunderson, George E. White; (12)
A. N. Waterman, Monroe Heath; (13) C. H. Case, James L
Campbell; (14) Bart Quirk, S. E. Cleveland; (15) N. Eckhardt, M.
Ryan; (i(>) Peter Mahr, Thompson W. Stout; (17) Louis Schaffner,
Jacob Lengacher; (18) M. Sweeney. David Murphy; (19) William
B. Dickinson, Thomas Lynch; (20) John T. Corcoran, Julius Jonas.
/.S'r^-7? — Mayor losenh Medill • fi'tv ri»ru rt, i T T /c?76 — *Mayor, Monroe Heath. H. D. Colvin, Thomas Hoyne;
kiss ; , % 7&o^'ffigSdffl££Z£™%?A clfe' T ty C'erkV ?Spar T)BUtXI City, AU°rnel' Richard S' Tmhi" ; l >*
Aldermen, by wards- (i) William II RirWrls, Treasurer, Clinton Bnggs. Aldermen, by wards: (i) John T. Mc-
„ ./^\P:._.:- >„,;,' u Kichardson, Chauncey T. Au ev. D. K. P«ir«nns- ^N Ta/^h W™»nK.™ A,M!.»; R.ti.«i. /»i
. . carson, auncev
Bowen ; (2) Francis W Warren, Arthur Dixon ; (3) David Coey, John
W. McGennis; (4) George Sidwell, John H. McAvoy • (5) A H
Pickering, R. B. Stone ; (6) Michael Schmitz, William Tracey '; (7j
\\ 1 7v, h FVCu"ert0n; W M- B- Rai'ey. Jeremiah Clowr,
')) James () ,r,cn, George Powell ; (10) David W. Clark, Jr., L. L
Heath ( '\ A' ,?C' Henry Sweet; (12) A. F. Miner, Monroe
He ath (13 Avery Moore, George W.Sherwood; (14) Hart ( >uirk,
Pet^ Mah I'M ; <I5) Nwh°las Kckhardt- J-™<» I- McGrath; (if,
wcher • f ,V T,nlpS°n W> St°Ut; ('7) Louis Sch»ffner, Jacob Len-
Brind M n A T3S ,°\nnon' lllomas a>™ey; (19) Michael
rand M. D. Ogden ; (20) John T. Corcoran, C. L. Woodman
'W.1-74— Mayor, Harvey D. Colvin ; City Clerk, Joseph K.
.",TiV XA, Attorney, Egbert Jamieson ; City "Treasurer,
)anel c Hara. Aldermen, by wards: (,) Thomas Foley, William
FiiJ M r,0"^ Ar"r "ixon' F-W. Warren; (3) William
Fitzgerald, Dav.d Coey ; (4) Jesse Spaulding, George H Sidwell •
.
Auley, I). K. Pearsons; (2) Jacob Rosenberg, Addison Ballard; (3)
John L. Thompson, William Aldrich; (4) John W. Stewart, lames
H. Gilbert; (5) Fred. Sommer, Mark Sheridan; (6) E. F. Culler-
ton, Fred. Lodding; (7) James H. Hildreth, Charles Tarnow
(elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of J. H. Hildreth),
Henry Kerber; (8) Frank Lawler, James O'Brien; (9) John M.
Van Osdel, Jacob Beidler; (10) George E. White, Andrew F. Smith;
•The order passed by the City Council, in 187-;. providing for an election fur
city officers tinder the new Centra! Incorporation Act, omitted all reference to
the office of mayor. Notwithstanding the apparent absence of any authority, a
popular vote was taken for mayor at the election, and Thomas Hoyne received
1^,064 votes, with 819 scattering, but when the returns were canvassed by the
Council, this vote was disregarded. The new Council, at its first meeting, de-
cided io count the vote for mayor, and declared Mr. Hoyne elected. H. D. Col-
vin, the incumbent, refused to yield possession of the office, on the plea that he
was entitled to hold over under the law; but on reference to the courts neither
contestant could sustain his position. A special election for mayor was there-
fore ordered by the Council, and on June 12, 1876, Monroe Heath was duly
elected.
102
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
(ll) A. G. Throop, J. G. Rriggs; (12) James T. Kawleigh, S. II.
McCrea; (i',l William Wheeler, S. I-'.. Cleveland; (14) John llauni-
garten, M. Ryan; (151 A. \V. Waldo, Frank Nciscn; (16) Ftank
l.inseiibarth, Jacob 1 i -n^adier; (17) M. Sweeney, David Murphy:
(iSl James A. Kirk, lacob Boser.
1877 — Mayor, Monroe llealh; City Clerk, Caspar P.nt/; City
Attorney, K. S. Tmhill; City Treasurer, Charles R. l.arrabee. Al-
dermen, by wards: (r) I). K. 1'earsons, J. T. McAuley; (2) Addi-
son liallard, Jacob Rosenberg; (3) Eugene Gary, John L. Thomp-
son; (4) James II. Gilbert, John W. Stewart; (5) i John D. Tully,
CARTER H. HARRISON.
Frederick Sommer; (6) Frederick Lodding, E. F. Cullerton; (7)
Henry Kerber (who held his seat until April, 1878, on account of
the non-determined contest of John Kiorden against fames II. llil-
dreth, declared ineligible although he received the majority of votes
in the election held April 3, 1877), Charles Tarnow; (8) R. M.
Oliver, Frank Lawler; (9) Jacob Beidler, John M. Van Osdel; (10)
M. McNurney, George F. White; (n) A. B. Cook, A. G. Throop;
(12) S. G. Beaton, James T. Rawleigh; (13) II. P. Thompson,'
William Wheeler; (14) M. Ryan, John Uaumgarten; (15) Frank
Niesen, A. \V. \Vald.i; (16) Si. Schweisthal, F. Lin-
senbarth; (17) Bernard [anssens, M. Sweeney; (18) J.
II. 11. Daly, James A. Kirk.
iSjS — Mayor, Monroe Heath; City Clerk, Caspar
Butz; City Attorney, Rirhard S. Tuthill ; City Treas-
urer, Charles R. l.arrabee. Aldermen, bv wards: (l)
Murry F. Tuley, I). K. Pearsons; (2) Patrick Sanders,
Addison llallard; (3)0. I!. Phelps, Eugene Cary ; (4)
Herbert F. Mallory, James 1 1. 'Gilbert; (s)George Tur-
ner, John 1). Tuily": (d) I'.. F. Cullerton, Frederick
I .r Hiding; (7) John McN.illy, John Riordan ; (8) Frank Lawler,
R. M. Oliver; (9) John M. Smyth, Jacob Beidler ; (10) John
Kis/ner, M. McNiirney; (n) A. G. Throop, A. B. Cook; (12)
James T. Rawleigh, S. G. Seaton ; (13) A. C. Knopf, H. P.
Thompson; (14) Frank A. Stauber, M. Ryan; (15) A. W. Waldo,
Frank Niesen; (if.) Peter S. Wettcrer, M". Schweisthal ; (17) John
McCaffery, B. Janssens ; ( i S) Julius Jonas, J. II. B. Daly.
7879-80 — Mayor, Carter il. Harrison ; City Clerk, P. J. How-
ard ; City Attorney, Julius S. Grinnell ; City Treasurer, William C.
Seipp. Aldermen, by wards: (l) M. F. Tuley, Arthur Dixon,
Swayne Wickersham, (elected September 24, 1879, to fill vacancy
.1 by the resignation of M. F. Tuley); (2) P. Sanders, Addi-
son liallard; (3) O. II. Phelps, John M. ('lark; (4) II. K. Mallory,
Amos Grannis; (5) George Turner, M. McAuley ; (6) Edward F.
Cullerton, John J. Altpeter ; (7) John McNally, John Riordan; (8)
Frank Lawler, Thomas Purcell ; (9) John M. Smyth. James
Peevey; d") John Kis/ncr, Michael McNurney; (ll) A. G.
Throop, George 11. Swift; (12) James T. Rawleigh, Joseph I).
Fverett ; (13) A. C. Knopf, Henry P. Thompson; (14) Frank A.
Stauber, Reinhardt I.orenz; (15) A. W. Waldo, Adam Meyer; (16)
P. Weterer, Christian Meyer; (17) John McCaffery,
Fdward P. Barrett; (18) Julius Jonas, William G.
McCormii k.
iSSo-8/ — Mayor, Carter II. Harrison; City
Clerk, P. J. Howard; City Attorney, Julius S.
Grinnell; City Treasurer, \\ . C. Seipp. Aldermen
by wards : (l) Arthur Dixon, Swayne Wickersham ;
(2) Addison liallard, Patrick Sanders; (3) John M.
Clark, Daniel L. Shorey ; (4) Amos Grannis, Wil-
liam W. Watkins; (5) M. McAuley, K. P. Burke;
(6) John J. Altpeter, Kdward F. Cullerton; (7) John
Riordan, James II. Hildreth ; (8) Thomas ' Purcell,
Frank Lawler; (9) James Peevey, John M. Smyth ;
(10) M. McNurney. II. Schroeder ; (ll) George B.
Swift, Thomas N. Bond ; (12) Joseph D. Fverett,
Alvin Hulburt; (13) H. P. 'Thompson, O. M.
Brady ; (14) R. Lorcnz. F. A. Stauber; (15) Adam
Meyer, William S. Voting, Jr. ; (16) Christian Meier,
Anton Imhof; (17) F. P. Barrett, John Murphy;
(18) W. G. McCormick, A. II. Burley.
iSSi-Si— Mayor, Carter II. Harrison: City-
Clerk, P. J. Howard ; City Attorney, Julius S.
Grinnell ; City Treasurer, Rudolph Brand. Alder-
men, by wards : (I) Swayne Wickersham, Arthur
Dixon; (2) Patrick Sanders, James T. Appleton ;
(3) I). L. Shorey, O. B. Phelps; (4) W. W. Wat-
kins, O. I). Wetherell; (5) Fdward F. Burke, Hen-
ry F. Sheridan ; (6) Edward F. Cullerton, J. J. Alt-
peter ; (7) James II. Hildreth, John Riordan; (8)
Frank Lawler, Thomas Purcell; (9) John M.
Smyth, James Peevey; (10) Henry Schroeder,
Daniel Nelson; (n) Thomas N. Bond, Thaddeus
Dean ; (12) Alvin Hulbert, Joseph D. Everett ; (13)
O. M. Brady, James M. Wan/er ; (14) Frank A.
Stauber, Clemens Hirsch ; (15) William S. Young,
Jr., Adam Meyer; (16) Anton Imhoff, Christian
Meier ; (17) John Murphy, Fdward P. Barrett ; (18)
A. H. Burley, Frank M. Blair.
i8S2-Sj — Mayor, Carter II. Harrison ; City
Clerk, P. J. Howard ; City Attorney, Julius S.
Grinnell ; City Treasurer, Rudolph Brand. Alder-
men, by wards : (i) Arthur Dixon, Swayne Wick-
ersham ; (2) James T. Appleton, Patrick Sanders ;
(3) D. L. Shorey, O. B. Phelps ; (4) O. D. Weth-
erell, S. D. Foss; (5) E. P. Burke, II. F. Sheri-
dan; (6)J. J. Altpeter, E. F. Cullerton; (7) John
Riordan, J. H. Hildreth; (8) Thomas Purcell,
Frank Lawler; (9) James Peevey, M. Gaynor ; (10) Daniel Nelson,
G. E. White; (ll) Thaddeus Dean, T. N. Bond; (12) J. D. Fv-
erett, John Marder; (13) J. M. Wanzer, J. E. Dalton ; (14) Cle-
mens Hirsch, M. Ryan ; (15) Adam Meyer, James M. Quinn ; (16)
Christian Meier, J. H. Colvin ; (17) E. P. Barrett, ]ohn Sweeney;
(18) F. M. Blair, J. E. Geohegan.
1884-85— Mayor, Carter H. Harrison ; City Clerk, John G.
Neumeister ; City Attorney, Julius S. Grinnell ; City Treasurer.
John M. Dunphy. Aldermen, by wards : (i) W. P. Whelan, Arthur
Dixon ; (2) Patrick Sanders, James T. Appleton ; (3) D. L. Shorey,
Charles W. Drew ; (4) Thomas C. Clarke, O. D. Wetherell ; (5) E.
P. Burke, Henry F. Sheridan ; (6) Edward F. Cullerton, C. F. L.
Doerner; (7) J. II. Hildreth, Joseph M. Weber; (8) Frank Law-
ler, Redmond F. Sheridan; (9) William F. Mahoney, John Gay-
nor; (10) M. McNurney, Stephen P. Revere; (n) Thomas N.
Bond, Samuel Simons; (12) J. L. Campbell, Walter S. Hull- (13)
John E. Dalton, John W. I.yke ; (14) Michael Ryan, Frank Schack ;
(15) William S. Voting, Jr., William Kisfeldt, Jr. ; (16) John H.
Colvin, Henry Severin ; "(17) John Sweeney, John A. Li'nn ; (18)
John I. Noyes, William R. Manierre.
CORPORATE HISTORY.
103
CARTER H. HARRISON, mayor of Chicago, although he has been
in active political life but fourteen years, is one of the most widely
known public characters in the country. He has come to \vickl
such a power within the democratic party, that at the last National
I (emocratic Convention his name was prominently mentioned as a
candidate for the Vice- Presidency. Mayor Harrison may be said
to have fairly inherited his taste for political life. His great-great-
^ramlfather \vas the ancestor of President William Henry Harrison,
his grandfather a cousin of Thomas Jefferson, and he himself is a
cousin of John C. Breckenridge. He was born near Lexington,
Ky., on February 15, 1825, and his father dying when he waseight
months old, he was left to the care of his mother, a daughter of
Colonel William Russell, of the United States Army, one of the
pioneers of the Northwest, of which Illinois is now a part. Mr.
Harrison's home was a log house, and it is said that "his first
cradle was a new sugar-trough." From his mother he imbibed
those principles which, in 1849, placed him in the front rank of the
emancipationists of Kentucky. Most of his education preparatory
to entering the sophomore class of Yale College, he received from
Dr. Marshall, brother of the Chief Justice, and father of Tom
Marshall, the great orator. Graduating in 1845, he commenced
the study of law, but did not enter into practice at once, as his
mother needed his company and comfort. In 1851, he went
abroad, traveling, for two years, in Europe, Asia and Egypt. In
1855, he commenced a prospecting tour through the Northwest;
but reaching Chicago, became so impressed with the young city
that he invested all his means in real estate, expecting also to enter
into the regular practice of the law. But his acute business foresight
induced him to confine his efforts entirely to real estate transac-
tions, thus laying the firm basis of an ample fortune. Mr. Har-
rison did not actively engage in politics until 1870, being elected
during the succeeding year a member of the first board of County
Commissioners. He held the office until December, 1874, when he
took his seat as member of Congress from the second district of
Illinois. His term in Congress was marked by an earnestness and
ability which made him one of the most prominent members in that
body. A resolution, introduced by him, to fix the presidential term
at six years, with ineligibility for re-election and making the retir-
ing I 'resident a senator for life, drew the attention of the country
to him as a man of broad and radical views. His efforts in behalf
of the Centennial appropriation bill exhibited him, not only as an
energetic worker and ready debater, but as a brilliant orator. As
a humorist, also, he developed a reputation second to that possessed
by no other public character in the country. In this extended
arena full scope was given to those talents, which had been fostered
by extensive reading and travel. Mr. Harrison spent the summers
of 1874 and 1875 in Europe, with his family. He was elected
mayor of Chicago in 1879, 1881, 1883, and 1885. Against his own
desire he was nominated for Governor of Illinois in 1884, and during
the fall of that year conducted a most energetic and brilliant can-
vass, which resulted in cutting down the republican majority of
37.O33. enjoyed by Governor Cullom, to 13,500. Mayor Harrison
was married, on April 12, 1855, to Miss Sophy Preston, who came
from a distinguished Southern family. His wife dying in Europe
in 1876, he married, in 1882, Miss Marguerite E. Stearns, daughter
of one of Chicago's oldest, most respected and wealthiest citizens.
FKEHERICK S. WINSTON, JR., corporation counsel of the City
of Chicago, is the youngest man who ever held this position, not
being twenty-eight years of age when chosen. He has nevertheless
made an enviable reputation as a lawyer and an official, having a
clear preception and easy address. His parents were early residents
of Chicago, his father, Frederick H. Winston, being a leading
member of the Bar as early as 1857. His mother, whose maiden
name was Maria T. Dudley, was a native of Kentucky ; and while
on a visit to her home in Franklin County, her son Frederick was
born on October 27, 1856. The best private schools in Chicago
afforded him his education, preparatory to a thorough course in Yale
College and Columbia Law School. He graduated with high hon-
ors, and, in the spring of 1878, was admitted to practice by the
Supreme Court of the State. Forming a partnership with Chester
M. Dawes, assistant U. S. district attorney, he soon brought him-
self to such favorable notice that, in the spring of 1881, he was
appointed assistant corporation counsel under Francis Adams. One
/>
of the most important cases intrusted to him was that involving the
right of the corporation to regulate the closing of the bridges. In
the spring of 1883, he argued the question in the U. S. Supreme
Court, and established the very important principle that the city had
decided rights in the control of the streams within its bounds.
Upon the resignation of Mr. Adams, in December, 1883, Mr. Win-
ston was appointed corporation counsel, and unanimously confirmed
by the Common Council. Since occupying this position he has car-
ried through many measures of great import to the city. While yet
serving under Mr. Adams, the amendment to the city charter was
passed, providing for the raising of income from licenses. The con-
stitutionality of this measure being questioned, Mr. Winston had
already carried the first test case to the Supreme Court. The re-
maining cases, five in all, were argued by him after his appointment
to his present position, and he succeeded in firmly establishing the
validity of the law. His efforts, also, in behalf of the Harper
license law, and of the ordinance empowering the mayor to veto or
cut down annual appropriations, resulted in the higher courts up-
holding the legality of these measures, and have marked his adminis-
tration of the municipal law department as one of great vigor. The
establishment by the Supreme Court of the validity of the " Smoke
Ordinance" is also to be placed to his credit. Mr. Winston is
prominent in the social and literary societies of the city, being con-
nected with the Chicago Literary, Union, Iroquois, and Algonquin
clubs, and the Cook County Young Democracy. Mr. \Vinstonwas
married, on June 26, 1876, to Miss Ada Fountain, of New York City,
and three children have been born to them.
CLARENCE A. KNIGHT, city attorney, was born on October 28,
1853, in Mclienry County, 111. With the exception of one year at
the Cook County Normal School, his entire education was received
in the district schools. His father, John Knight, an old and re-
spected lake captain, entered the service of the Government at the
breaking out of the War, and was killed on the gun-boat " Mound
City," in June, 1862. While steaming up the White River she was
attacked by the Confederate commander, Captain Frye; and her
boiler being exploded by a shell, Mr. Knight, with the remainder
of the crew, leaped into the water. They were fired upon from the
bank, and he thus met his death. He bequeathed to his son an
honest name, a straightforwardness, manliness and ability. After
leaving the Cook County Normal School, Mr. Knight taught school
one year, and then, in April, 1872, commenced the study of law in the
office of Spafford, McDaid & Wilson. In 1874, on examination
before the Supreme Court, he was admitted to the practice of his
profession. Under the firm name of McDaid & Knight, he formed
a partnership in 1877, and in September, 1879, was appointed assist-
ant city attorney under Julius S. Grinnell. In November, 1884,
Mr. Grinnell having been elected State's attorney, Mr. Knight was,
by the Mayor, appointed city attorney and unanimously confirmed
by the City Council, being the youngest lawyer who has ever occu-
pied the position. Mr. Knight was married on October 31, 1877,
to Miss Dell Brown, daughter of Dr. H. T. Brown, a leading physi-
cian of McHenry County. They have one daughter, Bessie.
GKOKIIK Mn.i.s ROCKRS, city prosecuting attorney, is the son
of Judge John G. Rogers, and was born at Glasgow, Ky., on April
16, 1854. He fitted himself for college in the Chicago public
schools and the University, and graduated from Yale in 1876. Mr.
Rogers next studied law with Crawford & McConnell, attended the
Union College of Law, and was admitted to the Bar in June, 1878.
He at once commenced practice as a member of the firm of McCon-
nell, Raymond & Rogers, and, by the withdrawal of Henry W.
Raymond, the style became McConnell & Rogers. In November,
1883, he became a member of the Citizens' Association and its at-
torney, serving in that capacity for one year, and until January,
1885, when he was appointed assistant city attorney, which office he
held until appointed city prosecuting attorney in February, 1886.
Mr. Rogers was married on June 13, 1884, to Philippa Hone An-
thon, of New York City. She is the daughter of the late Philip
Hone Anthon, and a niece of the late Professor Charles Anthon, of
Columbia College, New York.
-£
THE CITY HALL.
After the fire of 1871, the first thing was to
secure offices and rooms for the various branches
of the city government. On October 9, the head-
quarters of the mayor were temporarily located at the
corner of Ann and Washington streets. At a meeting
of the Common Council, on October n, a committee
was appointed to select a suitable building for the differ-
TO4
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
cat offices of the city government. On the i2th. the
report of the committee, recommending the Madison-
street Police Station as a place of meeting for the
Common Council, was ((incurred in. A communica-
tion from Ma\or Mason to the Council, of the same date,
stated that he had "on yeMerday decided to temporarily
fix his office, and those of other city officers, at the cor-
ner of Hubbard Court and \Valmsh Avenue." This,
the Common Council met, by resolving at once "that
the Mayor, Comptroller and City Clerk have their
offices for the present in Madison street Police Station."
At this meeting it was also resolved "that the Hoard
of I'ublie Works be required to immediately prepare
plans and specifications for a permanent building for all
House, offering premiums of $5,000 for the best plan,
$2,000 for the second, and $1,000 for the third. In re-
sponse, fifty plans were received, and opened in March,
iS;^. It was not, until 1877, that steps were taken
toward the commencement of the new building. At a
meeting of the City Council, on September 3, 1877, an
ordinance was passed as follows:
" That the I lepartment of Public Works, in connection with the
building committee, lie, and they are lu-roby, authori/cd and em-
powered to take immediate measures to put in the foundations ol tin-
City Mall building upon its original siu-, and according to such
plans and specifications, and in such manner, as they, or a majority
of them, may decide upon.'
An agreement having been entered into between the
county and the city requiring the exterior portion of the
' [» M j |1 [Iff f [
v M±~~~"f^ -- i— "• k I — - I
CITY HALL BUILDING.
city offices and the Common Council, to be erected on
the old Court House Square."
Within a week from the fire, work was authorized to
be commenced upon the building of a new City Hall,
on what was called "the reservoir lot," owned by the
city, at the southeast corner of Adams and I.aSalle
streets.* The structure covered the entire lot, being
about one hundred and seventy-eight feet square, and
was completed and occupied by January i, 1872. It
contained rooms sufficient for all" the city offices, and
also accommodations for the law library, the county re-
corder, and several of the courts. The city expended
§75,000 in constructing and furnishing this edifice,
which continued to |>e occupied by the officers of the
city government until 1885. It was merely a pile of
brick and mortar, almost wholly without conveniences,
hastily thrown together in walls/with openings for doors
and windows. It was familiarly known as the "old
Rookery."
In November, 1872, the city and county conjointly
advertised for plans for a new City Hall and Court
* It hail upon it an inm water tank whirh had belonged to the Water Works
;rvice on the Smith Snl,-. The new City Hall was built around the brick sub-
structure, which was transformed into safety vaults.
Court House and the City Hall to be of uniform architect-
ural design, arrangements were made with J. J. Egan, ar-
chitect for the county, to furnish the city with duplicate
drawings of the front elevations, together with plans in
detail of the stone work of the Court House. L. 1).
Cleveland, superintendent of buildings, was placed in
charge of construction and the preparation of plans for
the interior. The contract for excavating for the foun-
dation was let to John Shackley for $1,483, and for
building the sub-basement to Mortimer & Tapper for
$57,9°9- On April 17, 1878, further contracts were
awarded as follows :
Thomlinson & Reed, cut stone $477/>93
John Angus, masonry. 90,519
J. I'. Sexton, iron work_ __ __... 105,302
The work was somewhat retarded in the spring and
summer of 1879, on account of an investigation ordered
by the City Council, growing out of certain charges pre-
ferred by the Citizens' Committee. In April, 1881, the
commissioner of public works reported "that the con-
tract had been let for the fire-proof roofing and flooring,
and that it was intended to push the work so that the
new building might be occupied by the fall of 1882.
105
io6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
But this was not realized. In February, 1882, the
mayor reported that the building would not be com-
pleted until the spring of 1X84; but it was in fact not
ready for occupancy until January and February, 1885.
Tin- lirst officer to move in was the city comptroller,
on January 3, 1885.
The building is a dual structure, erected for the
joint occupancy of the city and county. The style of
architecture is the modern French Renaissance. Above
floors are of T- beams and hollow - tiles ; stairs and
balustrades of iron, wainscoted with colored marble in
panels. The entire interior work is of white oak, of
elaborate design and highly finished.
The basement story, which is thirteen feet eight
inches in height, is occupied by the Fire, Police and
Health departments, the City Electrician and Gas In-
spector. The first story, twenty-one feet eight inches
high, is occupied by the Mayor, Comptroller, City Clerk,
COUNCIL CHAMBER.
the second story proper is a colonnaded double-story,
with Corinthian columns thirty-five feet in height, of
polished Maine granite, supporting an entablature, di-
vided into architrave, frieze and cornice. The attic
story is embellished with allegorical groups represent-
ing agriculture, commerce, peace and plenty, the me-
chanic arts and science. The building was to have
been surmounted with domes. The materials used in
the superstructure are principally Bedford sandstone
and brick, the columns, pilasters and pillars being of
Maine granite. The cost of the building, including all
amounts paid therefor and due on contracts up to Jan-
uary i, 1885, was §1,549,438. The amount estimated
as necessary to complete the unfurnished portion is
$92,600, making a total cost of $1,642,038. The county
building, erected at the same time and of nearly the
same materials, according to the report of the commis-
sioners of public works, cost $2,424,668.
The dimensions of the building, exclusive of the ro-
tunda connections with the Court House, are : Outside
length on LaSalle Street, 366 feet; outside width on
Washington and Randolph streets, 128 feet each;
height from sidewalk to top of cornice, 126 feet.
The interior is divided into six stories, and contains
119 office rooms, with 64 fire-proof vaults. All the
partition walls are of brick and hollow - tile ; the
Treasurer, Collector, the departments of Building and
Public Works, the Bureau of Water Rates, and the Jan-
itor. The second story, twenty-one feet eight inches high,
is occupied by the Commissioner of Public Works, and
the Bureaus of Accounts, Special Assessments, Engi-
neering, Sewers, Maps, Streets, and the janitor. The
third story, twenty-three feet eight inches high, con-
tains the city law departments and the Hoard of Educa-
tion. The fourth story is occupied by the City Coun-
cil, the main chamber being 90 by 55 feet. The rooms
in the fifth story are unfurnished.
THE POLICE DEPARTMENT.
The fire of 1871 caused less demoralization in the
Police Department than in any other branch of the mu-
nicipal service. The losses in buildings, office and sta-
tion furniture, and supplies, amounted to $63,500 ; and
with a boat-house, six hundred and twenty muskets and
six brass cannon and equipments, aggregated about
$75.°00- This comprised the entire value of property
destroyed, except the lost, stolen, and unclaimed, or
detatned-as-evidence effects in the hands of the custo-
dian, estimated at $20,000. All the records, books of
accounts, papers, and files of the office were burned ;
but as soon as temporary headquarters were obtained,
CORPORATE HISTORY.
107
complete system was again established. Many officers
remained on routine duty (luring the conflagration, even
when their own homes were burning. Over one hun-
dred and fifty members of the department were made
homeless by the fire, for whose assistance a relief fund
of $10,044.66 was raised, principally by the police de-
partments of other cities. After the location of the cus-
todian's headquarters, property to the value of over
$100,000, lost or stolen during the fire, was restored to
its owners.
The police headquarters was located at the West
Madison-street Police Station for some months after
the fire, and was then removed to the temporary City
Hall on Adams Street. The first precinct headquar-
ters was located at the City Bridewell at the time of the
fire, while the Armory on Adams Street was being re-
paired. Immediately after the fire, the members of this
precinct located at the church on the corner of Harrison
Street and Wabash Avenue for a few days, and then re-
moved to the frame school-house, on the corner of Har-
rison Street and Pacific Avenue, and built their own
lock-up at that place, remaining there until the new
station was completed, at a cost of over $40,000, at the
same location. The North Division police headquarters
were located temporarily at No. 180 Dearborn Avenue,
removing, in 1873, to the Chicago-avenue Police Station,
erected at a cost of $24,303.63.
At the time of the fire the force comprised 425 men ;
March i, 1872, 455 ; 1873, 458 ; 1874, 552 ; 1875, 597 ;
1876, 517; 1877, 516; 1878, 442; 1879, 453; 1880,
473; 1881,506; 1882,557; 1883,637; 1884,924.
The following table gives a condensed and accurate
resume o( the operations of the department:
tion, $43,487.20; Larrabee-street Station, $24,293.05;
Webster-avenue Station, $4,933.12.
In 1871, the city was divided into three precincts :
The first, with station on Harrison Street, comprising
the central portion of the city, with sub-stations on
Twenty-second Street, Cottage Grove Avenue, and on
Deering Street; the second precinct, station on Madi-
son and Union Streets, controlling the West Lake, West
Twelfth, the West Chicago-avenue and Rawson-street
districts; and the third, at No. 180 Dearborn Avenue,
including the Larrabee-street and Webster-avenue sub-
precincts. In 1873, the North Branch Station, on Raw-
son Street, was added to the third precinct list. In
1874, the Hinman-street Station, on Hinman and Paul-
ina streets, was embraced in the second precinct juris-
diction. In 1875, the following re-districting and appor-
tionment of sub-stations was made under the regime of
City Marshal R. E. Goodell : First precinct, the Har-
rison-street, Twenty-second-street, Cottage Grove-ave-
nue and Deering-street districts; second precinct, West
Madison-street, West Twelfth-street and Hinman-street
districts; third precinct, West Chicago-avenue, West
Lake-street and Rawson-street districts; fourth pre-
cinct, East Chicago-avenue, Larrabee-street and Web-
ster-avenue districts.
In 1876, the valuation of station houses and real
estate was as follows : First precinct $71,995.00; sec-
ond precinct, $68,280.02; third precinct, $23,283.88;
fourth precinct, $39,561.65; total, $205,264.35.
In 1879, the Central Station, besides the detective
force, was headquarters for the day squad; and the first
precinct embraced only the Harrison-street, Twenty-
second-street and Cottage Grove-avenue districts.
YEAR ENDING
Number
of
Arrests.
Amount
of
Fines imposed.
Value
of Property
reported
stolen.
Value
of Property
recovered.
Expenditures
of
Police Depart-
ment.
March 31, 1872 •_ .
21,931
31,585
27,995
24,899
19,206
27,291
28,035
27,208
27,338
28,480
31,713
32,8OO
37,187
39,434
$128,475
211,969
165,749
83,101
65,502
104,196
166,087
230,720
205,147
151,560
163,937
1 59-495
225,441
229,230
$64,449 oo
277,364 oo
347.589 74
182,591 oo
132,413 oo
211,138 49
161,909 27
156,169 67
106,034 7i
142,599 41
147,144 36
121,929 37
144,802 04
149,837 85
$40,187 oo
95,398 oo
210,685 oo
118,218 oo
90,956 07
208.296 oo
132,037 64
115,833 38
93,370 76
123,509 35
118,508 56
9 i. 265 35
90,792 06
112,943 43
$498,247 35
505,327 61
653,258 65
722,876 52
521,579 52
639,886 59
534,842 78
432,758 95
445,195 42
493,672 38
577,038 77
659,259 70
7<'3,579 66
779,921 45
March 31, 1873 . ...
March 31, 1874
March 31, 1875
December 31, 1875
December 31,1876
December 31, 1877 .
1 >r< vmber 31, 1878
I iircmber 31, 1^79
1 )c < i-iiiber 31, iSSo
1 Vein her 31, 1881
I Inrmber 31, 1882
December 31, 1883
December 31, 1884 ...
Total
405,102
$2,288,609
$2,346,001 i)i
$i 641,600 60
$8,i67,445 35
In 1884, the total value of real estate belonging to
the Police Department was $72,500; the value of the
buildings, $207,800; and that of supplies, stock and
apparatus, $92,433.79; making a total of $372,733.79.
This was divided among seventeen stations, as fol-
lows: Central Station, $5,245; Harrison-street Station,
$5l,992-3°; Twenty-second Street Station, $20,630.98;
Cottage Grove-avenue Station, $22,404.66; Thirty-
fifth-street Station, $5,534.45; Twelfth-street Station,
$26,830.40; Hinman-street Station, $17,853.70; Deer-
ing-street Station, $6,908.80; Desplaines-street Station,
$83,948.16; Madison-street Station, $8,817.32; Lake-
street Station, $21,359.69; West Chicago-avenue Sta-
tion, $13,720.16; North-avenue Station, $9,996.40;
Rawson-street Station, $4,718.40; Chicago-avenue Sta-
The second precinct comprised the West Twelfth and
Hinman and Deering-street districts; the third precinct
consisted of the Madison, Lake and West Chicago-
avenue districts; and the fourth precinct took in the
East Chicago-avenue, Webster-avenue and Larrabee
and Rawson-street districts. In 1881, the Thirty-fifth-
street sub-precinct was added to the first precinct; and
the West Madison-street sub-precinct to the third pre-
cinct in the following year, the chief station of the latter
district being removed from Madison to Desplaines
Street. In 1883, to the third precinct was added a new
station, representing the West North-avenue district.
In 1884, the third precinct was again re-districted so as
to embrace the Desplaines, West Madison and Lake-
street stations, while the fourth precinct comprised the
io8
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
West Chicago-avenue, North-avenue and Ka« son-street
stations. The fifth precinct was then established, and
comprised the Chicago-avenue, \\ebster-avenue and
Larrabee-street districts.
The register of the 1'olice Department for the four-
teen years ending December i, iSS.). shows chief official
power vested in a superintendent from 1875. Previous
to that date the operations of the force were controlled
by a board of commissioners, these being —
is;i -72 — Mam-el Talcott. Mark Sheridan, Jacob Krlim ; \V.
\V. Kennedy, superintendent; K. 1'. Ward, secretary. 1*72-73 —
Messrs. Sheridan, Wrijjht, Talcott, Cleveland ami Kehm, commis-
sioners ; Klmcr \Vasliburn, superintendent ; I1'. I'. Ward, secretary.
i-*7.V-74— Mark Sheridan. K. K. ('. Kl,,kke, Charles \. Ucno, com-
missioner-. ; Jacob Kchm, superintendent ; I1'. I'. Ward, secretary.
1875-76 — Mark Sheridan, I-',. K. C. Klokke ami Charles A. Reno,
commissioners ; Jaenli Relnii, superintendent; K. K. Coodcll mar-
shal ; K. 1'. Ward, secretary. I*;!) — M. ('. Mickey, superintendent ;
Joseph II. Dixon, deputy superintendent ; !•:. r. V\anl. secretary.
1-77 — M. C. Mickey, superintendent ; K. I'. Ward, secretary. i."7S
— V. A. Seavey. snperinlendent ; !•'.. I'. Ward, secretary. 1871) —
Simon I >'l lonnell, superinlendent ; Austin |. Doyle, secretary.
i ~s» — William J. McCi.iri^lc, superintendent; Austin J. I )ovle,
secretary and ins]>ector. iSSl — William |. Mcdarrijde, supcrin-
temlent; Aus in J. Doyle, secretary and inspector, issj — Austin [.
Doile. superintendent; I'. Welter, secretary and inspector. 1883 —
Austin J. Doyle, superintendent; D. Weller, secretary and inspec-
tor, iss^ — Austin J. Doyle, superintendent : D. Welter, secretary
and inspector. From before the lire until 1879, William II. Car-
mna was custodian of the Police Department; and from that date
until 1885, John O'Donnell filled the position.
The introduction by Captain W. J. McGarigle, in
1880, of the police telephone and signal system,
embracing the use of patrol wagons and boxes, was
an innovation which has proven eminently successful
and has since that date extended to other cities.
The establishment of telephone stations at intervals
along all available patrol beats, at once augmented
the protective and detective efficiency of the force.
One year later this branch of the service had be-
come fully organized ; 2,114 box-keys had been given
to citizens, the horses attached to patrol wagons had
been trained to cover a mile of territory within six min-
utes, and eight operating stations were maintained. In
1883, there were 375 boxes placed on the most prominent
street corners throughout the city, being an average of
twenty-five boxes to each wagon. Up to December 31,
1884, 857,084 reports had been received through boxes
from patrolmen, 23,921 alarms had been responded to,
14,592 arrests made, 1,188 fires attended, 56,087 miles
traveled, 2,175 sick and injured persons cared for, 8,010
prisoners taken to stations and the jail, and 3,256 dis-
turbances suppressed without arrest. The service re-
quired the attention of eighty-four men. The total
number of boxes was 434.
The detective force, which, in 1871, was under the
command of Wells Sherman, comprised at that time
eight members, most of whom have been prominently
known in that branch of service for many years. The
corps then consisted of Messrs. Ellis, Heinzman, Sim-
mons, Klliott, Simonds, Tyrrell, Lackey, and Bridges.
In 1873, Samuel A. Ellis became chief of detectives,
and made the first movement toward establishing a per-
manent and effective detective force, securing an appro-
priation of $10,000 for a secret service fund, and
modeling the service after that of older systems. He
was superseded, in 1874, by Joseph H. Dixon, who gave
way in 1876 to William J. McGarigle. In i.SSo, Edward
J. Steele was constituted lieutenant of detectives, and
in 1881, Edward J. Keating was made chief. Iti the
same year, Thomas H. Currier took charge, and was
followed by John J. Shea and Joseph Kipley, chiefs of
this branch of the service until 1885. The following is
the number of officers detailed as detectives since 1871:
In 1872, 6; 1873, 10; 1874, 6; 1875, 10 ; 1876, 10 ;
1877, 10 ; 1878, 8; 1879, 10 ; 1880, u ; 1881, 19; 1882,
20 ; 1883, 22 ; 1884, 30. The detective force is opera-
ted on a salary system, with a yearly secret service fund
appropriation to meet the requirements of its workings,
which have become very systematic and effective.
In iS77, the police force of Chicago were successful,
with the aid of tin- military, in quelling a riot which, at
one time, threatened to assume the same lawless and de-
stnictive character which had characterized the labor
demonstrations in Pittsburgh and other cities. ( In
Monday, July 23, orders were issued to the Police
Department to hold itself in constant readiness for a
local outbreak. Excitement ran high among the labor-
ing classes, and at a mass meeting of workingmen, held
on Monday evening, at the corner of Madison and Mar-
ket streets, five thousand spectators, inflamed by the
fiery speeches of communistic orators, dispersed to
their homes with a decided impression that trouble
would ensue on the morrow. On Tuesday morning, the
first indication of mob violence appeared, and informa-
tion reached police headquarters to the effect that a
mob of several hundred persons, armed with clubs and
sticks, were moving down South Canal Street, compel-
ling all workmen in lumber yards and factories to join
their ranks. They were dispersed by a platoon of sec-
ond precinct police, and several of the leaders arrested.
Later in the day, the collection of another mob near
Remington's gun store, on State Street, led to a second
successful sortie on the part of the police ; and taking
this as an indication that the rioters were bent on follow-
ing the example of the Pittsburgh mob, which raided
the gun stores of that city, the following order was sent
to the proprietor of every gun store and pawnshop in
the city:
"As a measure of precaution, as well as protection to your-
selves in the event of a riot, I would respectfully request that you
immediately remove all revolvers or other fire-arms from your win-
dows to some safe place where they can not be taken from you, and
let them so remain until such time as all danger is past.
" M. C. HlCKF.Y, (n-ncnil Snp,-riii/,-in/,-ii/ of Police."
At four o'clock in the afternoon, information was
received at headquarters that mobs were congregating
in different portions of the city. A general order was
issued commanding prompt action, and many arrests were
made. A reserve force was held at each station, and
the police were kept busy dispersing crowds, which
gathered later at some new center. That afternoon
circulars were scattered broadcast over the city, calling
for a mass meeting on Market Street the same evening.
The mayor and a council of police questioned the expe-
diency of this meeting, and the mob, numbering several
hundred, was dispersed by the police after a vigorous
use of the baton. The ensuing morning, crowds gath-
ered to discuss the situation, but they fled at the coming
of the police. Up to this time the police force had
been ample to cope with the rising, and Captains Seavey,
Gund, and O'Donnell, and Lieutenants Hlettner, Sim-
mons, Bell, Hathaway, Gerbing, and Baus, with their
details, had done most effective work in controlling and
dispersing the rioters. Over one hundred and twenty-
five arrests had been made, and three hundred and
twenty-two special policemen sworn into service.
In accordance with a proclamation issued by Mayor
Heath, citizens' organizations were established in each
ward; the First and Second regiments, and other milita-
ry, cavalry, and veteran organizations were held in read-
iness at their respective armories ; and by Tuesday
evening not less than twenty thousand armed men were
CORPORATE HISTORY.
109
ready to act in defense of the city. General Joseph T.
Torrence commanded the military organization, with
headquarters at the central police office.
The first actual violence occurred on Wednesday.
The rioters, growing bolder, began driving men from
work and destroying property in the lumber districts,
and massed nine hundred strong near McCormick's
reaper factory, on Blue Island Avenue. Here a detach-
ment of police under command of Lieutenants Callahan
and Vesey routed the mob. Stones and other missiles
were used, and two patrolmen were slightly injured. A
second mob, at Van Buren-street bridge, was dispersed
by Lieutenant Ebersold; and still another, in the vicin-
ity of the Illinois Central elevator, by Lieutenant Bell
and Sergeant Brennan. Before noon a dozen out-
breaks occurred in the various divisions of the city, dur-
ing which men were beaten, windows broken, and street
cars stopped. The aspect of affairs had become serious.
The saloons were ordered to be closed, trucks were kept
in readiness to carry the police, a mass meeting of the
rioters was broken up and their platforms torn down,
and during a desperate hand-to-hand conflict many
were beaten and several shots fired. At the Burlington
& Quincy round-house, on Sixteenth Street, Lieutenant
Macauley and Sergeant Ryan's detail had a half-hour
battle with the rioters, during which five of the latter
were shot dead. That evening Pribyl's gun store, on
South Halsted Street, was raided, and the stock appro-
priated by the mob.
Thursday morning, the rioters were massed in the
vicinity of the Sixteenth-street viaduct, and several
sanguinary conflicts took place. Lieutenant Bischoff's
detail drove a riotous crowd into the West Twelfth-
street Turner Hall, and were fired upon, special police-
men Landacker and Shanley being wounded. The riot
had now begun in earnest. At the viaduct, three hun-
dred and fifty policemen were engaged in a desperate
battle. Alarming rumors of riot and carnage were
afloat, and each fusillade intensified the popular excite-
ment. The hour for decisive action had come, and the
First and Second regiments, commanded respectively
by Colonel S. B. Sherer and Colonel James Quirk,
were ordered by General Torrence to report at the
scene of disturbance, to Police Captain Seavey. Two
six-pound guns, ready for action, in command of
Colonel Bolton and Captain Tobey, and two companies
of cavalry, were also brought into service. The police
were nearly exhausted, but kept driving back the
rioters ; and at Halsted-street bridge, where a large
number of packing-house and rolling-mill men had re-
inforced the mob, the scene was one of the wildest con-
flict. Three platoons of police, commanded by Lieu-
tenants Hood, Carberry and Bischoff, crossed the bridge
in pursuit of the rioters, when some sympathiser of the
latter opened it to prevent their retreat. The police
were hemmed in, and showers of bullets filled the air,
when a brave little fellow, named James O'Neill, seeing
their predicament, swung back the bridge, and soon after
Deputy Superintendent Dixon and Lieutenant McGar-
igle arrived with reinforcements, and after a series of
skirmishes effectually routed the rioters. During the
various conflicts, ten of the strikers had been killed and
forty five wounded, and nineteen policemen injured.
General Joseph T. Torrence, brigadier-general com-
manding the Illinois National Guards, in his report of
the riot and the part taken by the military in the same,
says:
Railway strikes attended by riots were at that time in progress
in several States, and the officials of this city were in momentary
expectation of similar outbreaks here. Upon assuming command,
I at once ordered the five regiments composing my brigade — the
First, Lieutenant-Colonel S. B. Sherer; the Second, Lieutenant-
Colonel James Quirk; the Third, Lieutenant-Colonel J. \V. R.
Stambaugh: the Ninth, Major William P. Chandler, and the Tenth,
Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. Parsons — to assemble at their respective
armories and hold themselves in readiness to move at a moment's
notice. These orders were obeyed with the greatest alacrity.
"The First and Second regiments remained in their armories
until the 26th of July, when the First was moved to the Exposition
Building and the Second to the Rock Island Depot. At 10 o'clock
A. M., the same day, Captain Williams, of the First Regiment, was
dispatched to the corner of Chicago and Milwaukee avenues, in
command of his own company, Captain Lackey's Zouaves and the
North Chicago Light Guard, and an hour later the remainder of the
First Regiment, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Sherer,
was ordered to the Harrison-street Station, where it was joined by
one gun of Bolton's Veteran Battery. With this force Lieutenant-
Colonel Sherer then proceeded to the east end of Twelfth-street
bridge where the gun was placed in position to command the
bridge, and the regiment properly posted for its support. The
Second Regiment was simultaneously posted at the corner of West
Twelfth Street, to support a second gun of Bolton's Battery. In
the evening the following changes were made: Four companies
of the Second Regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Quirk, were
stationed on the Halsted-street viaduct, and three companies, under
Major Murphy, midway between the viaduct and Twelfth Street;
two companies of the First Regiment were posted at the Twelfth-
street bridge, two at Jefferson street, and two east of West
Twelfth-street Turner Hall. With the exception of the removal of
three companies of the Second Regiment to the corner of Archer
Avenue and Halsted Street, the disposition of the troops remained
substantially the same until the 271)1 of July, when, at 2 o'clock
1'. M., the First Regiment, including Captain Williams's command,
was ordered to the Exposition Building. Later the Second Regi-
ment returned to the Rock Island depot. On the morning of the
28th of July, the Major-General commanding proceeded to Braid-
wood, taking with him the First Regiment and Captain Lackey's
Zouaves. The Second Regiment remained on duty at the Rock
Island depot until Monday morning, the 3Oth of July, at 5 o'clock
A. M., when, in order to protect persons desirous of resuming work,
the companies of the regiment were posted as follows : Two com-
panies at the corner of Eighteenth Street and Stewart Avenue, two
at the corner of Archer Avenue and Halsted Street, and one at the
Rock Island depot. On the night of the 26th of July, the troops
on the viaduct being molested by missiles and pistol shots from
straggling rioters, Colonel Quirk ordered his men to fire. One
volley was fired at 9:10 1'. M., and a second at 10:30 p. M., the first
producing some effect, the second reducing the rioters to silence.
All remained quiet in the vicinity of the viaduct for the rest of the
night. The Union Veterans, a force composed wholly of old and
tried soldiers, though not connected with the State military organi-
zation, but sworn in as special policemen, reported to me for duty
and obeyed orders from headquarters. This command was organ-
ized and equipped under the efficient supervision of General Rey-
nolds, Colonel Owen Stuart, General O. L. Mann and General
Martin Beem, on the 24th of July, and from that time forward was
almost constantly engaged in the performance of duties which were
of the first importance to the preservation of public order.
"Company 'A,' Captain Lewis F. Jacobs, and Company 'D,'
Captain Charles G. French, were on duty for several days, guarding
the works of the Phcenix Distilling Company, which were seriously
threatened by mobs. Company ' B,' Captain L. W. Pierce, was the
first fully organized and equipped, and was employed during almost
the whole time of the riots in guarding the North and West Side
water works. Company ' F,' Captain C. R. E. Koch, was mainly
occupied in protecting the distillery at the corner of Canalport Ave-
nue and Morgan Street. General Lieb also recruited and com-
manded a company of veterans, numbering seventy-two men, which
was of the greatest service. No reports have been received of com-
panies 'C' and 'G,' of the Union Veterans, but I feel it my duty
to call attention to their meritorious conduct, as also to that of
the Clan-na-Gael Guards, Captain W. J. Clingen. On the 26th of
July, a strong veteran cavalry force of about 150 men was organized
by Major James H. B. Daly, assisted by General Shaffner. This
command was divided into three companies, under Captains C. II .
Montgomerie Agramonte, Thomas J. Waters and H. C. McNeill,
lo which was added the Chicago Light Cavalry, under Captain 1).
Welter. Immediately upon being mounted and equipped, the
troops of Captains Waters, McNeill and Agramonte were ordered
to the scene of the disturbance — the Halsted-street viaduct — in the
neighborhood of which they remained on duty all day, making many
charges, and capturing a number of prisoners, some in the open
streets, and others in houses from which shots had been fired, and
dispersing groups of rioters. General Torrence took command of
the cavalry on Halsted Street arid at the viaduct in person. The
no
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
conflict mi llalsted Street having terminated in tin- discomfiture of
the moli, tin- cavalry was en the remainder (if the time in
patrolling the disattecled ilistricts. It would lie dilticult lo ovclcsti-
mate the services rendered by the cavalry, sonic of whom were al-
most constantly in the saddle, |>crf. inning duties of the most ex-
hausting and harassing natmc."
General Torrencr especially refers, in the < •ontinua-
atinn dt' his report, to the members o!" his staff, l.ieuten-
ant-Colonel H. A. I luntington. Majors Joseph Kirkland
and John l.anigaii. Captain Cliarlcs II. Taylor, Lieuten-
ant William C. I .yon, Surgeon !•'. Henrotin, Lieutenant
Mann and Lieutenant Hoppin .the two latter gentle-
men, recent graduates of West Point, volunteered on
the staff , all of whom worked faithfully day and night
in org:mi/.ing, arming, equipping, provisioning and dis-
posing of the forces.
Ti t.i riio.NK AND Siti.NAi. SvsTK.M — The details of
the police telephone and signal system will be fully com-
prehended by a glance at the accompanying illustrations,
which were furnished by the courtesy of E B. Chandler.
STANDING BOX.
The box, or house, complete, represents a telephone
station, and contains a full outfit for communicating
with the operator at the police station It is provided
with an alarm box and telephone, and, with the street
lamp on top, takes the place of the iron lamp-post. It
resembles a sentry box, is octagonal in shape, two feet
five inches in diameter, about seven feet in height, and
is conspicuous in color. The doors are secured by a
patent trap lock, and none but police officers have re-
lease-keys to the same. Citizens opening the boxes have
numbered keys, and must remain until an officer comes,
after giving an alarm. Inside of the house is a small
bo\ with a projecting lever, for the use of citizens,
which, pulled down, registers a signal at the station for
the patrol-wagon detail. Inside of this signal box is a
SIGNAL BOX, CLOSED.
dial* for different calls, and a telephone for the use of
patrolmen in communicating with the police station. A
large number of private signal boxes, a part of the
general system, have been placed in residences and
offices. A duplicate key of each residence or office is
left tinder seal at the police station, and a call indicating
burglars brings the police with the means of gaining
ready access to the house or office whence the call is
made. The patrol wagons are models of convenience
and adaptability for the work required of them. They
SIGNAL BOX, OPEN.
Rave an alarm gong, and carry handcuffs, clubs, blankets,
canvas stretchers and ropes. The single-horse wagon
is employed where short distances are to be covered and
light work is expected. The double wagon is more
completely equipped, and can carry quite a number of
persons.
FREDERICK EIIERSOI.D, chief of police, is one of the most
popular and courteous of the police officials. He was born at Ix-
heim, Bavaria, on March 30, 1841, his parents being Louis ami Eliz-
abeth (Schmidt) Ebersold. His father was a heavy 'contractor of that
town, and was held in such high esteem that much of his work was
done for the government. His wife's father was a leading physi-
cian of Lavana, and descended from a noted family of land-owners
edenck obtained his education in the national school of his native-
place and also assisted his father, as a boy could, in his profession
as a builder and contractor. During the later years of their lives
MS parents were afflicted with diseases which proved to be incurable'
her lingered as a hopeful consumptive, and his mother as a
police.
• The face of this box was adapted by W. J. McGangle, while chief of
CORPORATE HISTORY.
sufferer from rheumatism, until, on the 6th of February, 1856, they
passed away together. Thus, at the age of fifteen, young Ebersold
was left an orphan ; but having an aunt and an elder brother in
America, he decided to join them. In September, 1856, he sailed
from Havre, France ; and after remaining a few months with his
aunt in New York, he started with his brother, an architect, for
Chicago. In February, 1857, he entered the employ of J. J. West,
ALARM-BOX DIAL.
the furniture dealer, as a varnisher and finisher. Mr. West selling
out in 1859, Mr. Ebersold went to Mendota, where for two years
he managed a large warehouse business, dealing principally in coal
and grain. At the breaking out of the War, he joined the I2th Illi-
nois Infantry in the three months' service, being corporal of his
company. He was taken sick at Cairo and returned to Chicago in
August, but enlisted the next month as a private in Company " I,"
55th Illinois Regiment. He was promoted through all the ranks
to the captaincy ; and, as a portion of the First Brigade, Second
Division, 1 5th Army Corps, he marched with Sherman to the sea,
and was with him until the surrender of Lee. He participated in
METHOD OF WORKING.
thirty engagements, and was in the thick of the bloody fight at Shi-
loh, where, with the exception of the gth Illinois, the 55th Regi-
ment lost more heavily than any other command. Out of a total of
512 who went into the fight, 283 were either killed, wounded or
missing. The 55th was placed upon the left of the line, in an im-
portant position, its particular task being the building of a corduroy
road over Leak Creek, near Hamburg. Captain Ebersold was
mustered out of service at Little Rock, Ark., on August 14, and paid
off at Chicago, on August 25, 1865, quite broken in health. He then
engaged in the commission business for some time, but met with
reverses. He joined the police force on July 9, 1867, and has been
conected with it in various positions ever since. Commencing as
patrolman, he joined the day squad in 1868, became sergeant of the
first precinct in May, 1872, and captain on August I, 1879. At the
same time, William Buckley was appointed lieutenant, which office
was formerly known as sergeant. Captain Ebersold took charge
of the second precinct in August, 1880, and of the third precinct in
December of the same year. In August, 1885, he was placed in
command of the day squad for his district, and on April 22, 1884,
he succeeded Captain Buckley, and assumed the command of the
first precinct. In August, 1885, Captain Ebersold was appointed
inspector of police, succeeding Colonel Welter, deceased. He re-
mained in this position until October 15, 1885, when, on the resig-
nation of Superintendent I )oyle, he became acting superintendent
of police, the position he now holds. Except as a member of the
Grand Army of the Republic, Captain Ebersold is not connected
with any secret society. He was married on November 26, 1868,
to Julia Sophia Hahn. They have five living children, — two boys
and three girls.
AUSTIN J. DOYLE, late general superintendent of the Police
Department, was the youngest incumbent of that position who ever
held the office in Chicago. He was born in this city on September
18, 1849. Receiving his education at the Christian Brothers'
School, he commenced his business life as an errand boy for thu dry
goods firm of W. M. Ross & Co., being afterward collector for
that house. In 1865, he obtained a minor position in the Record-
er's Court, and three years thereafter was appointed first deputy.
His industry, ability and courtesy made him such a general favorite,
that when, in 1873, he was run upon the People's Ticket for clerk
of the Criminal Court, he was elected by 13,000 majority. Although
the youngest man upon the ticket he received the largest majority.
The duties which Mr. Doyle w-as called upon to perform in this
position, being in contact with every variety of the criminal classes,
admirably fitted him for the greater responsibilities which he subse-
quently assumed. He was chosen secretary and inspector of po-
lice on June 14, 1879, and served in that capacity until November
22, 1882, when he w:as appointed superintendent of the Police De- .
partment by Mayor Harrison, and in that responsible position he
became a terror to all evil-doers throughout the country. Small in
size and mild in deportment, Mr. Doyle is. noted far and near for
his bravery, and for his unbending firmness when his mind has been
made up to any line of action. He is among the shrewdest of his
profession, and yet is the soul of honor. In fact, no department of
the city government was more vigorously or ably conducted than his.
DOMINICK WEI.TEK, deceased, was born in Echternach, Grand
Duchy of Luxemburg, on November 9, 1839. In 1850, his father
removed his family to Tiffin, Ohio. There the son attended the
public schools and assisted his father in the bakery, learning also the
business of a tobacconist. Being naturally venturesome, when fif-
teen years of age he enlisted in the 7th United States Infantry, and
in the service saw much of Oregon and Washington territories, lo-
calities which were little known in those days. At the breaking out
of the War, he started for San Francisco ; but finding that no
soldiers were being recruited in California, left for his old home, in
June, 1861. At Cincinnati he enlisted as a private in the "Fremont
Guard," known in the service as the 4th Ohio Cavalry, and attached
to the Army of the Cumberland. He was promoted to a second
lieutenancy in September, 1862, and to the first lieutenancy in Janu-
ary, 1863. He was taken prisoner at Chickamauga, on September
20, 1863, and for eighteen months suffered all the hardships of prison
life at Libby, Va., Macon, Ga., Charleston and Columbia (Camp
Sorghum), S. C., and Salisbury, N. C., where he was exchanged, via
Wilmington, N. C., by order of the Secretary of War, receiving his
final discharge in July, 1865. While a prisoner, during the summer
of 1864, he was promoted to a captaincy, and at the close of the
War he was major, commanding his regiment. After the War he
returned to his home in Tiffin and continued his business as a tobac-
conist. He visited Chicago, as early as 1852, his elder brother hav-
ing acquired possession of a large tract of real estate covering the
present site of the Custom House, upon a portion of which he lived.
But believing that Chicago would never amount to much he sold the
land, which, had he retained it, would have made him a millionaire,
and removed from Chicago several years before the breaking out of
the Rebellion. Dominick Welter first located permanently in Chi-
cago, in 1870, establishing himself as a tobacconist, conducting a
prosperous business, turning the active management of the estab-
lishment over to his son when he himself had been appointed to the
position of secretary and inspector of police, in November, 1882.
Under Colonel Welter's management this department became one of
112
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
in--", 11 tv » -<l v a \ ,u I > , 1 . . ^ . V I. , WM9 Ul KttllllfcCU 111 . \ UJ^ llsl , 1 • ; /, .11 111
Major \\cltcr succeeded Colonel Agramonlc as commanding ofncel
in March, iSsi. It was mainly due to Colonel Welter's untiring
/e.il thai this regiment of ca\alry has reached its present excellent
•'ilion. In December, 1SS4. when three hlliulred men were
added to the police force, Colonel Welter over-exerted himself in
drilling the recruits, and this brought on a combination of diseases,
which were the ultimate cause of his death. At the annual police-
men's picnic in iSSs, at the Chicago Driving 1'ark, lie was taken so
ill that he was obliged to go home, and was confined to his resilience
for several days. lie rallied slightly, ami decided to make a visit
to his old home in Tillin, Ohio. While there he became ill with
aneurism of the heart, and died on the night of lulyS, 1885. I'pon
the arrival of the news of his death in Chicago, the police headquar-
ters and station-houses were draped in mourning, and a detach-
ment of officers pf police left for Ohio to act as escort to his remains.
I hey re. idled this city Friday morning, July I", and were met at the
lialtimore \ Ohio depot by the Fiist Regiment and one hundred
patrolmen, who escorted the body to the City 1 lall. Funeral ser-
vices were held on Sunday, July II. The <,'V/,;;v which escorted
his rem.iins to St. Joseph's Church, and thence to St. Boniface
Cemetery, consisted of Chief Marshal Stockton and staff, S
Regiment band. 150 members of the Fire Department, drum corps
of B.ntery " D," Chief of Police Doyle and stall", 400 men from the
Police Department, detectives, Frocher & Winter's baud, KXXJ
men Irom the Independent Order of Foresters, Major Ncv.m's
Hand, KX) representatives from th; Luxemburg Unterstuetzungs
Veiein, 50 men from the Catholic benevolent Legion, 50 National
Veterans, drum corps of the First Regiment Infantry, 25011111101
the 1st Infantry, 20 men of the Colored Battalion, Cavalry band
and First Regiment Cavalry, the caisson bearing the casket, pall-
bearers, wagons with tloral tributes, carriages conveying the family
and friends and city and county officials. After the remains were de-
posited in the grave, a military salute ended the ceremonies. ( lolo-
nel Welter was twice married ; his first wife. Miss Sarah F. Russell,
of Philadelphia, he wedded in San Francisco. By her had one son,
-Charles |)., who survives him and carries on business in this city.
The second wife and widow of Colonel Welter, was Mrs. Marv
Spelz, of Chicago, whom he married May 17, iSji. They had three
children, — Nicholas, Flixabeth and Mary. The deceased was a
member of the Catholic Benevolent Legion, the 1'olice P.euevolent
Association, the State Police and Fire Association, and a member
of the Board of Directors of the High Court of the Independent
Order of Foresters.
GWIKIJK. W. HiimiARM, in charge of the central detail, was
born at l.itwalton, Lancaster Co., Va., on May 22, i,S,o. At the
breaking out of the War his parents removed to Baltimore, where
< '.eorge received much of his early education, attending, among other
institutions, Bryant & Stratum's Commercial College at that place.
About iniid. his father bought a beautiful piece of land on the
shores of Horn's Bay, Dorchester Co., Md., called the Garden of
Eden. The investment, however, proved a losing one, and shortly
afterward he removed to Cambridge, Md. A few years thereafter
George located in Kalamazoo, Mich. There he remained for sev-
eral years as clerk in the American Mouse. In March, 1871, Lieu-
tenant Hubbard came to Chicago, and entered the employ of Daw-
son \ Shields. For a time also he held a position with the South
Division Railway Company. In July, 1873, he joined the Police
Department as patrolman. In August, 1875, he was appointed
sergeant at the Deering-street Station. When the patrol-wagon
system was introduced, in 1880, he was placed in charge of the first
wagon, which was located at the Twelfth-street Station In No-
vember, 1882. he was promoted to a lieutenancy, and in April 1884
acting captain in command of the central detail He is -1
member of Richard ( ole Lodge, A.F. & A. M., Washington Chapter
.A.M and Apollo (. ommandcry, K.T. Lieutenant Hubbard is
asyand courteous in his manners, and a good disciplinarian
•HAKl. JOHN SCHAACK, captain of police in charge of the
th precinct, with headquarters at Chicago-avenue Police Station
controlling one of the most important police districts in Chicago!
has been a member of the municipal force for over sixteen years
and a resident of this city since 1856. Captain Schaack is a native
•telgmm- Luxemburg, and was born at Saptfountaines, on April
»3t'»43. Uie SOnol Christoph and Margaret Schaack. I I is father was
expert locksmith at his native place, and there the son attended
school until he was eleven years of age, in 1853 accompanying the
family to America. I hey visited ( 'hicago and remained here for a
short time, and then located on a farm near Port Washington Wis
In 1858 when he was fifteen years old, Captain Schaack went to
Cnro, III., and was employed in a large brewing establishment for
e years. He then returned to Chicago, and after several lake
-s began his official career as a member of Ludwig's ni-dit
and detective force. Here he served with distinction in a detective
capacity until June 15, lS6y, when he joined the municipal force,
being assigned to duty at the armory as a patrolman. Six months
later he was transferred to the North Division, where he has mostly
been on duty since that date. lie served as roundsman, sergeant
and detective until 1.171). August 1 of which year he was prom. .ted
to a lieutenancy, and on November I assigned to duty at the Arm-
ory, where he remained lor one year. On August 17, 1885, he was
promoted to a captaincy and placed at his present post of duty.
During all these years Captain Schaack's record has been a remark-
able one in point of courage and efficiency, and without doubt
excels that of anv other member of the force. He came to the de-
partment with experience, and at once signalized himself for com-
petency and integrity, and with his former partner. Detective
Whaleii, has done much to suppress crime in the North 1 hvision ol
the city. On January I, 1867, when a member ol Ludwig's de-
tective force, he detected safe burglars at a Kingsbury Street coal
otlice. and single-handed attempted to arrest them. Four desper-
adoes in turn went through his hands, two escaping amid a fusillade
of -hols, and two being dragged to the street by the captain. One
assaulted him with a chisel, while he held his other prisoner with
his foot on his throat, and, wounded as he was, landed him in safety
at the station, whence he was sent for live years to the penitentiary.
In the winter of 1809, Captain Schaack had a desperate encounter
with a band of burglars and recovered $3,000 ol stolen cloths on
North (.'lark Street. The exploit involved a marvelous exercise of
daring, and resulted in the capture of two noted malefactors. The
episode came very nearly proving fatal to officer and criminal, and
with its iletails of Ilight and pursuit forms one of the most thrilling
incidents in police annals. During its occurrence Captain Hatha-
way was mistaken for a burglar ami fired at, but falling, and the
sparks of a lighted cigar disclosing his identity, barely escaped a
second and fatal shot. Later, Captain Schaack arrested a band of
burglars on North Clark Street after a sanguinary affray, which re-
sulted in the breaking up of an organized gang of railroad car-
thieves, and for which he received much credit. His record is
replete with exploits of this kind, the most recent noted case being
the arrest and conviction of the assassin Mulkowski, traced down
by many shrewd!) worked clues. Since 1875, Captain Schaack has
participated in no less than 933 arrests, 865 of which were of crim-
inals. Among these were the most dangerous malefactors known
in the West, many of whom had served as many as four terms in
the State penitentiary, and had as high as ten criminal charges
against them. It was he who sent Keeney Maloney and lames
Flynn to the penitentiary for the rolling-mills robbery, to effect which
they threatened to assassinate an infant before its mother's eyes.
( 'aptain Schaack's record shows perhaps the arrest of more noto-
rious criminals than that of any other single officer on the force.
Aside from his phenomenal reputation as a detective and efficiency
as an official, he is prominently known in social and business circles,
and enjoys the esteem and confidence of the citizens in the com-
munity where he resides. He is a member of the Policemen's
Benevolent Association, and of the State organization; is a charter
member of Lafayette Lodge, No. 3, of Forresters, and of the I.uxem-
burger Benevolent Association. Captain Schaack was married, on
April 21, 1871, to Miss Christina Klassen, of Chicago; they have
three children, — Eddie M., Charles W. and Margaret O.
EDWARD LAIKIIII.IM, lieutenant at the Harrison-street Station,
was born at Castle, County Kerry, Ireland, on September 8, 1843,
where he received his early education. When about eighteen years
of age he came to America, and, after a month's sojourn in New-
York, removed to Valparaiso, Ind., and was employed on the rail-
road between Fort Wayne and Chicago. In 1862, he located in
Chicago, and was engaged in the Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad
freight-house for one year, and then for two years with an iron-
house at Nos. S6-S8 Market Street. In April, 1867, he went to
California, remaining there and in Wyoming Territory and Nevada
for two years, being interested in mining, and at steamboating on the
Missouri and Sacramento rivers. In 1869, he returned to Chicago,
and lor over two years worked in the establishment of Ingraham,
( orbin & May. lie -became a member of the police force on March
2, 1872, serving at the West Madison-street Station for two years,
at Hinman-street two years, and at Twelfth-street three years.
Later, for one year, Lieutenant Laughlin was assigned to detective
work on the superintendent's staff. He was made acting lieutenant
of police at the Thirty-fifth-street Station in iSSi ; th'ree months
later was officially appointed, and, in November, 1882, was trans-
ferred to his present position. Lieutenant Laughlin bears a high
record for bravery and detective ability. He was the leader in the
capture of Louis Reaume, an insane man who had terrorized two
hundred miles of country, when armed, in a railroad train, — a cap-
ture made only after deadly peril and fatal bloodshed. Lieutenant
Laughlin was married, in Chicago, in 1869, to Miss Johanna Sulli-
van. They have seven children,— Marv, Nora, Kate, Johanna,
Margaret, David, and Daniel Duffy
CORPORATE HISTORY.
RICHARD ALEXANDER SHEPPARD, lieutenant of police of the
Fifth Municipal Precinct, has been an active member of the force
for over ten years, and a resident of Chicago since 1866. He is the
son of John J. and Ann S. Sheppard, and was born in Tipperary,
Ireland, on April 15, 1849. He remained at his native place and
acquired the first rudiments of an education until he was eleven
years of age, when he accompanied his mother, sister and two
brothers to America. They located on a farm near Cleveland, Os-
wegoCo. , N. V., where the family still reside; Lieutenant Shep-
pard in 1866, after completing his education, coming to Chicago
and settling permanently here. For five years he was engaged
as driver and conductor for the North Division Street Railway
Company, a line of service from which numerous present prominent
police and fire officials have graduated. The year of the great fire
he became associated with his brother, William H. Sheppard, in
the livery business at Rush Street and Chicago Avenue (an enter-
prise the latter has successfully operated for over a quarter of a
century), but sold out his interest in 1875, and joined the municipal
police corps, serving first as patrolman at the Twenty-second Street
Station, and later at the Armory. On August 5, 1878, he was pro-
moted to a sergeantcy, and placed in charge of the Hinman-street
Precinct where he served as acting lieutenant for one year, in 1879
being transferred to the Deering-street Station. In the latter part
of iS8i, he was sent to the Cottage Grove-avenue Station, and,
in 1883, as day sergeant, to the Armory. On February 15, 1885,
he was made lieutenant, and assigned to service at his present post
of duty, at the Chicago-avenue Police Station. During eleven years
active service in the department, Lieutenant Sheppard has won dis-
tinction for efficiency, courage and shrewdness ; and official capacity
alone has brought him promotion from the ranks. He has been
prominent in many occurrences of note. In 1877, he took an active
part in the labor riots, and three years later had charge during the
butchers' strike at the stock-yards. He also had charge of the con-
clave at Lake Park, during the great Masonic celebration in this
city, in 1880. The same year he was dangerously shot, in an
encounter with thieves connected with the celebrated gas-house rob-
bery, in which $4,000 was mysteriously stolen. Later, the Finnu-
cane-Cavanagh rolling-mills burglary and the arrest of the murderer
McCue were worked by him, and are two of a long series of brilliant
detective operations which he directed or personally carried through.
Lieutenant Sheppard is well known socially and as a citizen outside
of his official career, and is an esteemed member of the community
in which he resides. He is an active member of the Masonic fra-
ternity, belonging to Kilwinning Lodge, Corinthian Chapter,
Chicago Council, and the order of the Red Cross, and belongs to
the Policemen's Benevolent and State Policemen and Firemen's As-
sociations. He was married, in 1876, to Miss Mary Green, of
\Vaukegan, 111. They have two children, — Annie and John.
KI.IMIA KM.MONS LLOYD, lieutenant of the Webster-avenue
Police Station, has been a resident of Chicago since 1869, and of
Illinois for thirteen years anterior to that date. His career has
been full of honor and distinguished service, being one of the
illustrious quartette of his company placed on the roll of honor at
Stone River, and the only one of his squad to survive the horrors
of Andersonville. Mr. Lloyd was born at Long Branch, Mon-
mouth Co., N. J., on February 7, 1839, and was one of the six
sons and six daughters of Charles C. and Sarah E. Lloyd. For
generations his ancestors had been farmers at his native place. At
the age of twelve he engaged on an ocean fishing smack for two
years, and later on the freight packet " Emma Hendricks," plying
between Long Branch and New York City. His first real moneyed
employment was with William Chamberlain, a farmer for whom he
worked for three dollars a month and board. On January 18, 1856,
he arrived in Chicago, " two dollars and a half worse off than noth-
ing," having borrowed that sum from Postmaster Isaac Cook. He
proceeded to the farm of his uncle, F. A. Emmons, now retired, at
Aurora, and then located at Bristol, on the Fox River, where he
remained until 1861. On July I in that year, when the report of
General Lyon's death at Wilson's Creek was received, he enlisted
in Co. " E," 3&th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, at Camp Hammond,
being sworn into service on August II, at Rol'la, Mo., where his regi-
ment remained until the following January under General Sigel.
They were in the battle of Pea Ridge, were engaged at Pittsburg
Landing, and participated in the siege of Corinth. Lieutenant
Lloyd was present at the battle of Perryville, whence his command
marched, via Nashville, to Murfreesboro'. In that conflict, the
regiment lost heavily, his company losing thirty-four men, and he
himself receiving five bullet-holes through his cap and forty through
his blanket. He had his overcoat, undercoat and haversack shot
away, and yet was but slightly wounded. After the battle, he was
one of four from the company placed by General Rosecrans on the
roll of honor. Then followed the long march to Chickamauga, the
fierce conflict, and the capture of the lieutenant. For fourteen
months he lay in Southern prisons, going through the tortures of
Libby, the Koyster House, Danville, and thence to Andersonville;
leaving there a cripple at the time, but with a deserved record for
bravery, unselfishness and endurance. He was finally sent home
to Bristol on furlough, and was refused when he attempted to re-
enlist. In 1866, he went to Angola, Ind. , and was there married
to Miss Abia Bennett, daughter of Thomas J. Bennett. He had
been with her dead brother in the War, and had corresponded with
her, but was compelled to work on the farm to show his agricultural
ability before he could induce Mr. Bennett to part with his daugh-
ter. After the wedding, on September 2, 1866, Mr. Lloyd re-
turned to the Bristol farm, and three years later came to Chicago,
where he engaged as driver for the North Division Street Railway
Company. On August 14, 1871, he joined the municipal police
force as a patrolman, under Captain Fox, at the old Huron-street
Police Station. After the great fire he served first at the Webster-
avenue and then the Dearborn-street Police Station, at the Court-
house crossing, at the F^xposition, thence to Webster Avenue as a
roundsman, then as sergeant, and finally was made lieutenant by
Superintendent Seavey, at the West Madison-street Police Station.
There he remained a year, and was transferred variously to Webster
Avenue, East Chicago Avenue, and back to his present post.
Lieutenant Lloyd's two children are Hattie E. and Lyman L.
The former is a graduate of the High School, and now a school
teacher. She took the Ennis first prize medal for proficiency in
German and for writing the best English essay; an honor on which
she was congratulated by the Baroness Von Glohn. Lieutenant
Lloyd has generously adopted a comrade's three orphan children.
He is a member of the State Fire and Police Association; of Lin-
coln Park Lodge, No. 611, A.F. & A.M.; Lincoln Park Chapter,
No. 177, R.A.M.; and St. Bernard Commandery, No. 35, K.T.
JOHN l!.\rs, lieutenant of police at the Larrabee-strect Police
Station, is one of the oldest officers of the municipal police force,
having joined the department in 1865. During a citizenship of
over three decades' duration, and a public service to the community
reaching well on to a quarter. of a century, Lieutenant Baus bears
the proud distinction of having filled the same important office of
trust and authority for eighteen years, and of having filled it accept-
ably to his superior officers and to the community at large. Lieu-
tenant Baus is a native of the kingdom of Bavaria, and was born at
Geraldhausen, near Wiirzburg, on February 24, 1828. His father,
John P. Baus, was a cabinet-maker, and under him the son and
future lieutenant acquired the rudiments of this and the painting
trade in his native town, and attended the Lutheran School at that
place. There, father and son were prominent in the revolutionary
movement of 1848. Three years later Lieutenant Baus came to
America, sailing from Havre in the steamer Danubia, and seventeen
and a half days later arriving in New York, on April 23, 1851.
For the ensuing two years he was located at Utica and Rome, N.
Y., where he worked at the painting trade. In 1854, he came west,
and after a brief residence went to Belvidere, III. He returned to
Utica in 1856, and there was married to Miss Sabine L. Dupper,
returning to Chicago and resuming his trade in this city. In 1857,
when John Wentworth was mayor of Chicago, Lieutenant Baus
joined the police force, of which he was a member for two years,
resuming his trade until 1862, when he became a carrier for the
Illinois Staats Zeitung. On August 16, 1862, he enlisted in Co.
" C," 82d Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was assigned to duty in
the nth Army Corps, shortly afterward engaging in the battle of
Chancellorsville. The ensuing year his regiment marched to Chat-
tanooga and went through the campaign of the Cumberland, being
in the battle at Mission Ridge and in other notable conflicts. He
accompanied General Sherman's command in the March to the Sea,
and, after three years' active service, was discharged from the army
at Washington, IX C., on June 9, 1865, and was mustered out on
July I, 1865. The same year he resumed his trade in Chicago, and
on September 20, 1865, again joined the municipal police force, be-
ing recommended by Captain Fred. Gund, to the Board of Police
Commissioners, of which he has been a member since. Almost im-
mediately afterward he was made station-keeper at the North Market
Police Station, and the spring following was transferred to a like
position at the North-avenue Police Precinct, then a sub-station.
In August, 1866, he returned to the North Market Station as night
station-keeper, and, on June I, 1867, was transferred to the North-
avenue (now Larrabee-street) Police Station as day station-keeper.
On January 13, 1868, he was made sergeant, a position later changed
to a lieutenancy, being in service at the Huron-street Station until
November 14, 1868, when he returned to the North-avenue Station,
where he has remained uninterruptedly since that time. He was
there in control at the time of the great fire of 1871, when he took
charge of $75,000 worth of plate and valuables belonging to William
B. Ogden, saving them by burying them near his own home, which
was destroyed by the fire. His wife and son died shortly before
that time, and, on Jany.29, 1874, Lieutenant Baus married again,
his second wife being Miss Margaret Dupper, of this city. Lieu-
tenant Baus bears a proud record for efficiency, bravery and ability,
and the police district under his control is one of the best regulated
114
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
in the city. It was settled principally by Bavarians, and is termed the
Bavarian " Heaven." In I line, i.*7i , at the head of a mounted detail,
on his "historical" while horse, he led the escort of the I iernian
Peaci Festival Procession, said to lie the largest and longest col-
umn ever in the street-, of this city. In 1877. Lieutenant Hans took
the flag in the comjK'titive police drill. During the riot of 1877,
he drove twenty-live hundred rioters across Madison-street bridge
with twenty-live |x>licemen, and for this feat received the sobriquet
of " the flanker " from the city press. In the Knights Templars'
and ( iai held funeral parades, he, mounted, led the processions, as he
did the procession on Mayor Harrison's return. \Vhenmonnted
he has been distinguished In many terms such as Napoleon, ( ieneral
Van der Tann, and I'hil. Sheridan. In September, i^7S Lieu-
tenant Hans was offered the position occupied by Captain ( '.und,
but refused it on account of his friendship for that officer. During
the dead lock at Springfield in i$$5. Lieutenant Bans received one
\ote for 1'. S. Senator; the nearest he has ever come to congres-
sional honors. He has a family of live children, three by his first
wife, named Mrs. Louisa Massion, Adelaide C. and Kittie, anil two
by his second wife, named Margaret and John 1".
JAMES 1'. STANTON, lieutenant of the West Lake-street police
district, was appointed to that position in the direct line of promo-
tion, on August I, tSSr. As a citi/.cn, a soldier and a business
man he has exhibited ability, enterprise and personal integrity of a
high order. Mr. Stanton, who is the son of John and Winifred
Stanton, was horn on March 25, 1844, at Birmingham, Km/land,
where his father followed the trade of a bookbinder. There he lived
until he came to Chicago, on February 25, 1856. His father had
visited America in 1842, and on his second voyage preceded his
family about a year. Kor eight years after his arrival, the son
worked at the trade of gla/ier and painter, and engaged in this in-
dustry under Government employ at the breaking out of the \Var,
being stationed at Vicksburgand along the Mississippi River, under
Colonel Coolbaugh. On lulv -jS, iS(>4, he enlisted in the United
States Navy, at Philadelphia, remaining in the service three years
and a month, and being mustered out on August 26, 1867. lie
was ..n the " New Ironsides" at both attacks on Fort Fisher, and
was wounded at Norfolk; serving also on the "I'hicopee" and
" Marblehead." After leaving the service he remained in Fhiladel-
phia, but finally returned to Chicago and resumed his trade, being
engaged with his father until 1869, when he joined the police force.
For two years he was stationed at the old Armory, under Captain
Hickey. In 1871, he resigned, and engaged in business until 1873,
when he was elected a constable of the West Town for a. term of
four years. In 1878, Mr. Stanton became again a member of the
force, serving his sixty days' probation in Captain Hood's precinct,
under Lieutenant Hell, at the Hinman-street Station ; was trans-
ferred to Madison Street, appointed a detective, then a sergeant, and
finally to the lieutenancy. Mr. Stanton was married on October
28, 1860, when sixteen years, seven months and three days old, be-
ing one of the youngest men on record to assume the connubial yoke
in this municipality. He wedded Miss Mary Murphy, the daughter
of an old settler of the North Division, the ceremony being per-
formed by Rev. Dr. I lunne, of the Church of the Holy Name. Mr.
and Mrs. Stanton have had ten children, seven of whom are still liv-
ing, who are named Mary, John, Winifred, Ellen, George, Agnes
and Frank. The lieutenant is a member of the A.O.U.W., the
Police Benevolent and State Associations, and was president of the
Painters' Union.
LUWAKD J. STEF.LE, lieutenant at the West Chicago-avenue
Station, has been a resident of Chicago for sixteen years, and prom-
inently identified with the municipal police department since
1872. Lieutenant Steele has been a familiar and popular ele-
ment in the routine police and detective service. He was
born at Lowville, Lewis Co., N. Y., on August 14, 1839, being
the son of Joseph and Elizabeth Steele. When about six
years old his parents removed to Canada, where he received his
early education. When twenty-four years of age, he resided a year
in Minnesota, and in 1869, became a resident of Chicago, having
been engaged previously in farming. Here he followed the trade
of a carpenter, and was also a member of the Hamblen merchant
police agency for one year. In 1872, he joined the metropolitan
force, being for three years at the West Madison-street Station.
He then served on the day squad, at the Central Station, for nearly
two years, and, from 1874 until 1879, was a member of the Chief's
staff of detectives, in the latter year being appointed chief of that
branch of the service. After acting about a year in this capacity
he was appointed lieutenant, and was at West Lake Street a year,'
and later transferred to his present post. Lieutenant Steele's rec-
ord shows not a single day off duty in thirteen years, and covers
some notable arrests, among them that of A. E. Woodward,
Tweed's confidential clerk, and of Clermont, alias Roland, of Harris-
burg, I'enn. He also apprehended the murderer, Sam Kelly, of Phil-
adelphia, in 1*7$, the Galestrarg Hank robbers, Carroll, Davis and
Guerin, and the model railroad gang, with large plunder recovered.
Lieutenant Steele was married in Chicago, in 1863, to Miss Mary
I'arker. They have live children, — Freeman, Sarah, Joseph, Nettie
and Daisy.
IOIIN P. HKAKII, lieutenant of police, has been a resident of
Chicago for seventeen years, and was appointed to the police force
by Chief Seavey. He was born in McDonough County, III., in
i^l"). the son of Thomas J. and LucyJ. Beard. He received his
early education at home, and then at Lake Forest Academy and at
Abingdon College; and in 1868, came to Chicago. For over two
years he was a salesman in a wholesale hardware establishment, and
in 1870, engaged in the importation of crockcryware, as a member
of the linn of Heard, Savage & Heard. After their establishment
was destroyed by the fire, he, for a brief time, engaged in the sale
of photographers' supplies. On joining the police force, during the
first year of Mayor Heath's administration, he was assigned to cler-
ical work at the Central Police Station for three months. He was
then transferred to the I linman-street Station, and later, to the
Madison-street Station, when he was appointed station-keeper and
sent to Lake-street Station. In 1882, two months after his promo-
tion to a lieutenancy, he was assigned to the West Madison-street
Station, his present post of duty. Throughout his service in the
department, Lieutenant Beard has been noted for his efficiency as
an officer and prompt and effective work on cases intrusted to his
charge. Lieutenant Beard was married, in 1873, to Miss Fannie
Sutton, of Chicago. They have one child, — Sarah.
MADISUN HKAUEI.L, lieutenant of police, is the son of
Benjamin and Adeline (Wiley) Beadell, and was born in Oneida
County, N. V., in 1844. In 1859, after receiving a fair education,
he accompanied an older brother, sailing on the Lakes and on the
Atlantic, having a. residence at the Thousand Islands, in the St.
Lawrence River. While passing through the Wetland Canal, in
June, 1861, he heard of the breaking-out of the Rebellion, and en-
listed in the loth Illinois Cavalry, at Chicago ; from which time, for
four years and nine months, he was engaged in active service. He
was first on duty in Missouri, and was in all the battles fought in
the Mississippi Valley. He was with the Army of the Southwest
at Prairie Grove, Springfield and Little Rock, going from the latter
place to join General Banks at Shrcvcport, La. After the march to
the Rio Grande with General Sheridan, Lieutenant Headell was mus-
tered out of service in San Antonio, Texas, in 1865. He then re-
turned to Chicago, and at once joined the police force. His first
post was at the Archer-avenue Station, under Sergeant Mergenthaler.
Lieutenant Beadell was the first policeman who patroled regularly
the Hridgeport beat, where he was located four years. He then
went to the new station at Wentworth Avenue and Twenty-second
Street, under Captain Buckley, roundsman. He was assigned to duty
on the beat south of Twenty-second and east of State Street, being
the first patrolman ever placed there on regular duty, the district
then comprising an open prairie. For a few years subsequent to
iSdc,, he served at the old Armory, and, in 1873, was appointed a
desk-sergeant, the commission being extended on account of injuries
received while on duty at Burlington Hall, on Slate Street, at which
time, in attempting to overtake a thief, from whom he 'recovered
$1600, he had his leg and three ribs broken. The lieutenant then
served as sergeant at the Twenty-second Street, and later at the
Cottage Grove-avenue Police Station. Being made lieutenant at the
latter station in 1878, he was transferred in the same capacity to
Twenty-second Street, and thence to Deering Street, in Bridgeport.
Here he was in charge during the butchers' strike of iSSi, and was
credited with being so popular among them, that the demonstration
was held in check practically through his exertions and influence.
1 he same year he returned to his present post, at the Cottage Grove-
avenue Police Station, where he enjoys the confidence of his men and
of the community. His detective acumen has been productive of suc-
cess in numerous criminal cases, among them the arrest and conviction
— j „ , tlul,,^, wu:-, ULIICI ^.itses 01 popular inter-
Lieutenant Beadell married Miss Bertha Gritzmaker, of Chi-
cago, in 1869. They have two children,— Charles and Benjamin
AUGUST BI.ETTNER, lieutenant of police, and a member of
the municipal police force since 1867, was born in Germany near
Cassel, on May 10, 1846, the son of George and Elizabeth Blettner
U hen six years of age he accompanied his parents to Chicago
where they located in the West Division, and there the son was edu-
cated. W hen seventeen years of age he enlisted in the 5 1st Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, serving until the close of the War and being
mustered out at Springfield, 111. He saw two years of active service
under General Thomas, in the Army of the Tennessee, and was
wounded slightly in one engagement. He returned to Chicago in
IH&5, and for one year was engaged in the grocery business. He
then joined the municipal police force, serving first as a patrolman
at I welfth Street, and then at the old Union-street Station ; and
or seven years was desk-sergeant at the Twelfth-street Station
then did temporary roundsman duty at the Hinman-street Sta-
CORPORATE HISTORY.
tion, and was later sent to the Central Station as clerk of the detect-
ive department, and from there, during the last year of the police
superintendency of Jacob Rehm, was promoted to a lieutenancy.
He was sent to the Madison-street Station, and had charge of the
first platoon two years, when he was made lieutenant of the day
squad for one year, and then transferred to the Hinman-street Sta-
tion. In March, 1881, he went to the Twelfth-street Station, his
present post of duty. During eighteen years' service in the police
department, Lieutenant Blettner has won distinction as a brave and
efficient officer. He made the arrests in the Maud Stewart murder
case, and other notable criminal operations. He was married, on
December 31. 1869, to Miss Margaretta Schmitt, of Chicago. They
have six children, — Edward, George, Amanda, Matilda, August,
and Arthur.
JOHN CROOK, lieutenant of police, who has been connected
with "the municipal force for sixteen years, was born in Tipperary,
Ireland, on luly 7, 1839, the son of Richard and Johanna Crook.
When ten years of age, with his mother, and others who had been
in America before, he emigrated, locating at Glens Falls, N.Y., for six
months, and, later, for one winter, at Albany. For two months he
drove a team on the Erie Canal. Afterward, he was apprenticed to
the carpenter's trade, in Albany, but removed toClaremont, N. H.,
where he remained one year, going thence to Providence, R. I.,
where he was located eighteen months ; to Brooklyn, six months,
where he resided with his former employer ; and finally returning to
Albany, from whence all his relatives had gone to Ireland, except
one brother, who had located at Blue Island, 111. In 1853, Lieu-
tenant Crook came to Chicago. Until 1857, he worked at the
American Car Works, corner of Fourteenth and Clark streets, when
he followed his trade with Hall & Winch, on Clark Street. In
1869, he joined the local police force, serving first as patrolman
under Captain Hickey, at the old Armory. When Mayor Heath
was re-elected, he was appointed on his staff, in 1876, serving at
the Mayor's office, at the City Hall, for two years. In 1879, he be-
came sergeant of the day squad, serving in this capacity for over
three years. On November I, 1882, he was transferred to the
Twelfth-street Station, being made acting lieutenant. In April,
1883, he was sent to the Thirty-fifth-street Station, remaining one
year. He then returned to the Twelfth-street Station, his present post,
where his appointment was declared official. Lieutenant Crook's
record has been one of rare personal and official integrity and use-
fulness. He was married, in New York, in 1857, to Miss Mary
McLaughlin, who died in 1885. He has three children, — two mar-
ried, Mrs. Mary J. Mollon and Mrs. Marcella Lichter ; and one
unmarried, Josephine.
ARCHIBALD DARROW, lieutenant at the Hinman-street Sta-
tion, was born at Waukegan, Lake Co., 111., on February 15, 1852,
being the son of Archibald Darrow. There he received his educa-
tion, and at an early age applied himself to the carpenter's trade.
When nineteen years of age he came to Chicago, anil for two years
followed his calling for various local firms. On June 24, 1872, he
became a member of the police force, being known from his youth-
fulness as the " boy policeman," and at each stage of his advance-
ment he has been the youngest of his grade. For seven years he
was located at the West Chicago-avenue Station. In 1879, he was
promoted to the position of patrol sergeant, serving at the West
Lake-street Station for nine months, and at the Twelfth-street Sta-
tion for four months. He was then made acting lieutenant, and
assigned to duty at the West Madison-street sub-station, where he
superintended the establishment of the patrol-box system. On
August I, iSSi, his appointment was made official, and he was
given charge of the Hinman-street Station, his bravery and ability
causing the appointment, the precinct having numerous criminal
characters. This station has the largest acting force, fifty officers,
of any sub-station in Chicago, and was originally known as the
Gad's Hill Station. In the Italian murder case, which occurred on
Sunday, September 12, 1885, Lieutenant Darrow gave it his per-
sonal supervision, and the murderer was arrested within three hours
after the commission of the crime. He has not lost a murder case
in his district. Lieutenant Darrow was married in Chicago, in
1883, to Miss Sarah Rooney, of Lake County, grand-daughter of
John Rooney, one of the oldest settlers of the Northwest, who died
recently at the advanced age of eighty-seven years. They have one
child, — Archibald.
MICHAEL CALI.AHAN, one of the best-known officials of the
Police Department, has been identified with the force since 1867.
He was born in New York City in 1838. When an infant, his
parents removed to McHenry County, 111., and the son was edu-
cated in that vicinity, completing his studies at Professor Ander-
son's Academy, in New York City. Until 1854, he worked on the
home farm, and in that year went to California, by way of the Isth-
mus of Panama. For three years he was engaged on a farm near
Stockton, and, until 1865, in mining, at which he made and lost
$25,000. In 1865, he left Trinity County, returning to his home
by way of Nicaragua, and shortly afterward came to Chicago. On
May 12, 1867, Mr. Callahan joined the police force, being assigned
for one year to patrol duty at the Armory. He was then at the
West I .ake-street precinct five years ; was one year bailiff ; ana then
resigned. Later he was re-appointed as roundsman in the West
Twelfth-street district, but resigned two years later. After the
lapse of a year he was made a member of Mayor Heath's staff, and
a year later was appointed lieutenant at the Twelfth-street Station,
where he remained three years ; was at the West Chicago-avenue
Station a year ; and, since April, 1884, he has been desk-sergeant
at the West Madison-street Station. In the riots of 1877, Mr. Cal-
lahan took an active part, and was reported dead when they raged
their fiercest. The business men of the lumber district presented
him with a handsome watch and chain for his efficiency, honesty
and fidelity. He was married in Chicago, in 1869, to Miss Maggie
Fitzgerald.
THE POLICEMEN'S BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION OF
CHICAGO was organized on February 18, 1868, its object
being to create a fund for the relief of the distressed,
injured, sick and disabled members of the force. It
has greatly increased during the seventeen years of its
existence, and its membership now includes nearly the
entire municipal police force. Until 1884, the presidents
of the organization had been John Nelson, W. \V. Ken-
nedy, Thomas A. Moore, Edward Hood, Samuel Ellis and
Wheeler Bartram; and its treasurers William H. Car-
man, William Buckley, William Miller, Frank Gerbing
and Michael Brennan. At the end of its first year,
which was an experimental one, the Association had on
hand $1,246.25. The showing for succeeding years
was —
For 1870, $5,452.20 received, $3,353.50 disbursed; 1871,
$1,406.28 received, $1,080.78 disbursed; 1872, $4,510.33 received,
$3,892.50 disbursed; 1873, $2,355.58 received, $1,923. 50 disbursed;
1874, $4,119.58 received, $1,234,75 disbursed; 1875, $9,438.08 re-
ceived, $9,438.08 disbursed; 1876, $4,599.78 received, $4,122.90
disbursed; 1877, $3,506.07 received, $1,662.00 disbursed; balance
on hand, January I, 1879, $2,833.47; balance on hand January 18,
1881, $3,402.99. The receipts for 1881 were $11,219.69, disburse-
ments, $7,975.26; 1882, receipts, $11,174.18, disbursements,
$7,145-5°: 1883, receipts, $12,143.23. disbursements, $8,683.50;
1884, receipts, $14,166.14, disbursements, $7,869.91; leaving a
balance of $6,296.23.
January 27, 1877, the Association was incorporated,
with Wheeler Bartram, James S. Barber, Michael Bren-
nan and William Buckley as charter members. The
officers and trustees at large, elected January n, 1885,
are —
President, Wheeler Bartram; Vice-President, Patrick Kelly;
Secretary, Daniel Hogan; Treasurer, Michael Brennan; Trustees
at Large, John L. Mahony, Michael L. Miller, Edwin P. Mann,
Michael Connelly, Richard Bartlett, Florence Donahue.
THE HOUSE OF CORRECTION. — The old Bridewell,
situated at the corner of Polk Street and Fifth Avenue,
was for years an eye-sore to the prison-workers and
philanthropists of the city. Its location, its structures
and its appointments were in every respect detrimental
to the physical and moral interests of its inmates. That
it was wholly inadequate to the growing needs of the
city was manifest. The Common Council, therefore,
decided upon the erection of a House of Correction;
and in 1869, a lot of fifty-eight acres of land, situated
north of the South Branch of the Chicago River, in the
east one-half of southwest one-quarter of Section 25,
Township 39, Range 13, was purchased for the pur-
pose from Samuel J. Walker. The price paid was
$16,560. The erection of the new prison was at
once proceeded with, on plans prepared by John M.
Van Osdel, the architect for the Public Works Depart-
ment of the city. Bonds were issued to the total
amount of $280,275. In 1871, the buildings constituting
the prison proper were finished, and were formally opened
August 10, of that same year. These were the main
building facing to the east, two hundred and eight feet
from California Avenue, in which were the superin-
n6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
tenclent's private quarters, the public offices, the cell
rooms for males anil females, the hospitals, chapel,
kitchen, bakery, and laundry.
The buildings are of plain and substantial design,
with no architectural embellishments, built of white
brick, with slate roofing. The warden's house, 50 by
60 feet and two stories high, occupies the center of the
east front. The two cell houses, each 50 by 221 feet,
extend north and south, forming wings, and are at-
tached to the rear of the warden's house. The male
wing contains 288 cells, arranged in four tiers of 72
cells each. The female wing contains 200 cells, ar-
ranged in tiers of 50 cells each. The cells are con-
structed entirely of cut-stone, with no joints or seams
excepting at the angles. The galleries and stairways
are of iron. Each cell is ventilated by a separate flue,
and has an iron grated door. Each range of doors has
a sliding bar, moved by a lever, by means of which all
the doors of the range are simultaneously locked.
In the north end of the female cell room, on the
first floor, is the boiler-room, fifty feet square, in which
are three large steam boilers, tanks, pumps, and other
apparatus for heating the several buildings. On this
floor, also, is a bathing room, fitted up with six iron
bath-tubs, wash-bowls, etc. In the second story is the
hospital for females, thirty by fifty feet, and several
smaller rooms for special invalids.
Immediately in the rear of the warden's house, con-
nected by corridors, separating the cell rooms, is a build-
ing 50 by 138 feet, two stories high. In the attic, rest-
ing on the walls of these corridors, are four large iron
water tanks, from which the kitchen, laundry, and bath-
rooms on the first floor of this building are supplied.
The chapel is also on the first floor, and on the second
are the officers' dining-room and bedrooms, the hos-
pital for males, and the dispensary. Three buildings
for workshops were subsequently erected. Additions
and improvements have been made from time to time;
but these, although they have increased the facilities for
the employment of the prisoners, have not augmented
the cell room that a constantly increasing number of
prisoners demands.
The total cost of the buildings and premises up to
the date of their transfer to the Board of Inspectors
was $343,968-°7- The contractors, with the amounts
received by them, were —
Kavanaugh & Merriman, cut-stone, $90,800; Carter Brothers,
masonry, lathing and plastering, $72,979; Streator & Eddy iron
work, $15,000; Henly & Campbell, carpenter work $20 156 96'
miscellaneous, $54,794. 57.
The first contingent, of one hundred and thirty pris-
oners, was removed from the Bridewell to the House of
Correction on August 10, 1871; and the new institution
was managed under the old system by the City Comp-
troller and the Bridewell Committee of the Common
Council, until the 151(1 of September following. Under
the act of organization, a Board of Inspectors, consist-
ing of Hon. R. B. Mason, ex officio, chairman, Hon
John C. Haines, Louis Wahl, and Colonel C. G. Ham-
mond, then assumed the charge of the institution, but
inaugurated no change in the system of management up
to January 15, 1872; George Mansur, the old keeper of
the Bridewell, discharging the duties of Superintendent.
Charles E. Felton, formerly of the Erie County (N.
Y.) Penitentiary, was then appointed superintendent.
1 1C brought with him a nine years' experience in prison
management, and his success is seen in the subsequent
history of the institution. An entirely new order of
things was instituted. One change was the introduc-
tion of prison labor. Prior to this the prisoners had
been a direct charge against the city during their im-
prisonment, contributing nothing toward their own sus-
tenance. It was obvious that, besides relieving prison
life of much of its monotony and accustoming the pris-
oners to habits of industry, their employment would
materially reduce the cost of the institution to the city.
The only difficulty which presented itself, and it was a
formidable one, was securing employment for the class
of prisoners committed. Manufacturers were naturally
indisposed to contract for the labor, where the average
of imprisonment a year was always under thirty days.
In this quandary, the manufacture of brick was selected
by the Board of Inspectors, and this industry gave em-
ployment to the male prisoners during the spring and
summer months. A brick yard was constructed and
furnished with all the necessary appliances, and improve-
ments have been added from year to year. The brick
is sold wherever a market can be found, but it is largely
used in the construction of sewers and other city work.
The other industries which have furnished employment
to the male and female inmates of the prison are cane-
seating, the manufacture of horse-nets and scrims, knit-
ting, etc.
Besides the labor employed in these industries, men
and women" are constantly at work repairing, renovat-
ing and cleaning the buildings and premises. Idleness
has not, since 1872, been permitted to any one who is
not incapacitated through mental or physical infirmities.
The discipline of the House of Correction, based
largely upon moral suasion principles, is stringent.
Prisoners are not allowed to converse with each other ;
and, so far as possible, association at any time is not
permitted.
From 1873, religious services have been held regu-
larly in the chapel, the clergy of the city alternating in
the conduct of such services as they find convenient.
Since January, 1883, mass has been celebrated once a
month in the chapel, under the direction of the Rev.
Fathers McGuire and Henepin, of St. Pius Church.
The other services are held under the direction of the
Young Men's Christian Association.
The interesting matter relating to prison work and
management is statistical. Apart from what the statis-
tics exhibit, the sum total of prison life is about the
same from year to year. A fresh accession of be-
tween thirty and forty replaces the daily output of
prisoners. During the thirteen years ending December
31, 1884, there were 80,610 commitments to the House
of Correction. The subjoined table distributes these
over the several years, showing the sex and the social re-
lations :
Year.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Mar-
ried.
Single.
Parents.
Or-
phans.
1872
6 636
5 086
1873
~nQ
4.13"
3,483
1874
,946
,9»b
1875...
'4^0
3.885
2,360
1876
^ RRi
• 392
.59°
3 013
,547
1877
.972
3,039
.410
2,548
1878
5 810
,710
.971
4.159
,068
2,561
1879 .
• 775
1,939
3 87!
,445
2,483
i83o
,295
3,793
932
2,299
1881
6 836
'44'
5,M2
,198
3,265
i88a...
7 c66
>557
5,213
,224
3,o62
1883
7 O?S
1»97I
5,595
.554
3,460
1884
,712
5,028
,573
3,490
,469
1.575
5,424
,399
3,216
CORPORATE HISTORY.
117
The average number in prison each day during the
thirteen years was 498. The constant burden of the
reports of the Board of Inspectors and Superinten-
dent, since the opening of the institution, has been the
suggestion that additional accommodations be provided.
A new ward for the female prisoners would enable a
classification of the male into long and short time pris-
oners. The female ward has been more than adequate
to the demands upon it, but in the male ward a herding
of the prisoners has at all times unavoidably been re-
sorted to. More than half the cells have, at times, been
occupied by two, and sometimes more, prisoners, and on
one night every cell was occupied by two or more pris-
oners. One of the results of this arrangement, was the
murder of a prisoner by his cell-mate in 1882. Mr. Pel-
ton says in one of his reports :
" To an expert at Sociology, the prison would seem to contain,
under one roof, and without any facilities for classification, a med-
ley congregation of inmates, having all of the characteristics appro-
priate to the alms-house, hospitals, insane and idiotic asylums,
as well as to the prison."
The Common Council, however, has seen fit to dis-
regard the recommendations of the Board of Inspectors
and of the Superintendent, and the accommodations so
urgently required are still wanting. Relief was found,
during 1884, but scarcely to an appreciable extent, by
the commitment of the insane to insane asylums.
Under the new regime, the changes effected in the
financial department of the House of Correction have
proven to be of a most satisfactory character. Prior to
1872, the institution earning- nothing, the cost of main-
tenance was nearly three times greater, per capita, than
it has been in any year since. The Superintendent re-
ceived a nominal salary, and twenty-three cents a day
per capita for feeding the prisoners. Since 1872, the
Superintendent has received a fixed salary, and the
actual cost for maintaining each prisoner per diem has
been between eight and nine cents. It is estimated that
the saving to the city during the thirteen years prior to
December 31, 1884, has been about $342,000 in the
item of diet alone. Since 1875, no appropriation has
been asked for by the Board of Inspectors.
The annexed table, showing receipts and expendi-
tures by years, exhibits the net transactions under those
headings. The "receipts from all other sources " in-
cludes moneys received from Cook County for boarding
prisoners. The apparently abnormal large receipts for
1 88 1 under this heading, are accounted for by the
adjustment, in that year, of a dispute between the city
and county, which had prevented a settlement of ac-
counts for a few years previously.
The conditions of trade have a perceptible influence
upon the commitments to prison. An examination of
the annexed table discloses the fact that during periods
of prosperity more prisoners are received than during
times of depression. In his report for 1874, Mr. Felton
remarks that
"City prisons are best filled, if numbers are an indication,
when money is easy, and when the lower classes do not find it nec-
essary to work hard to make_ends meet, and when, from the ease
with which they make money, they indulge in unreasonable excesses."
The following table shows the numbers committed,
with offenses; average days of imprisonment; and the
number of deaths:
—
jj
"3 -
e_
"g.S
s
•t. u
1> rt
•SB.
™
1
1
Ill
'E c
|||
•si
j
rt
>
£. —
0?
o
a
6s >•
.HO
U*
III
C^ CL, fu
e|
SB,
<S
&
1872
3,6/9
1,926
916
"5
805
22 1-5
II
1873
4,206
736
1,000
140
967
31 1-2
3
1874
3,159
558
1,609
'45
537
26 7-10
6
1875
2,239
103
620
1,482
139
346
27 i-io
i
1876
2,974
563
427
1,482
186
25 1-2
6
1877
2,909
1,186
654
1,235
137
"7
29
5
1878
2,724
73
599
2,316
98
IOO
234-5
5
1879
2,347
596
2,142
108
236
26 7-10
5
1880
3,o66
2
1,014
2,534
138
642
29 3-10
12
iSSi
4.085
I
852
1,719
1 80
863
29.76
15
1882
4,787
4
1,171
1,064
1 86
1,072
27
12
1883
5.305
i
527
854
118
915
31
14
1884
5,629
4
i
902
116
1,039
32 i-5
14
It will be observed that the number released on pay-
ment of amounts due on executions diminished greatly
in 1876. Prior to that date, the time served by prison-
ers was credited on executions at the rate of fifty cents
a day. Under an ordinance of the city, that rate was
then changed to two dollars. There are very few of the
class committed to a city prison who will not consider
that two dollars a day and board is as well earned in
prison as elsewhere; and in consequence prisoners pre-
ferred to serve their time out rather than pay the fines.
In 1880, the ordinance was repealed, — the old rate be-
ing restored, — with the results exhibited in the table.
The death rate has been kept well within bounds.
Nearly all deaths recorded resulted from illness con-
tracted outside of the prison, and many of the subjects
died a few days after entering. The diseases recorded
as most prevalent are, in the summer, dysentery and
diarrhoea; and in the winter intermittent and remittent
fevers and rheumatism. General debility and delirium
Year.
Receipts from
industries and
labor.
Collected on
executions.
Receipts from all
other sources.
Total receipts
and earnings.
Expenditures,
including
construction.
Expendituies
for building
improvements.
Yearly expenditure
per capita for main-
taining prisoners.
1872
$16 671 70
$6 522 oo
$e QOJ. 8^
$2O Oo8 ^
$56 561 80
$1 1 oSl 8 1
1873
18,291 79
6,076 oo
IO T7O 8^
44 310 57
O4 7IO ^4
1874
16,157 3°
3 466 oo
6 S6o 80
26 484 10
60 830 48
1875
27 7OO ^T
^S 4^8 8-*
1876 .
29,189 2O
i 025 oo
46 18^ 6^
ci 471 -27
1877
n 42^ HQ
7IO HO
1878
°o i 17 86
44 286 98
1879
1 5 004 1 4
I 460 70
TC 784 O^
•72 2=;i 20
8 I T7
i860
40,701 23
3,207 95
I 981 80
4=i SQO 08
H6 ^80 28
76 86
1881
65,907 38
5 *39 5°
34 618 56
IO^ 66^ 44
78 800 01
1882
t;6 w6 87
7 020 15
8 4.10 8?
71 806 89
1883
46,392 50
6,486 oo
1-3 004 84
65 883 34
1884
42 964 04
7 ^66 70
10 261 32
60 792 06
60 684 78
n8
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
tremens are also frequent causes of death. An epi-
demic has never entered the prison. During 1881, when
small-pox was raging in the city, a few cases occurred;
but their immediate removal to the small-pox hospital
prevented the spread of that disease.
The education and prison record of recommitments
of prisoners is seen in the accompanying table:
Year.
read
and write.
Can *t-ail
only.
Can not read
or write.
Firt
commitment.
In prison
before.
1872 ...
5,078
293
1,265
3,768
2,868
1873 ---
4,724
297
913
3,064
2,870
1*74 ---
4,5'J5
282
684
2.293
3.178
1875 ---
3,965
175
463
1, 802
2,801
1876 ...
4,745
1 86
680
2,234
3,377
1877 ...
5,278
2IO
642
2,705
3,425
1878 ...
5.017
188
605
2,065
3,745
1879...
4,3io
141
750
1.939
3,262
1880 ...
5,747
1 66
842
3,170
3,585
188! ...
5,837
182
817
3,533
3,303
1882 ...
6,558
158
850
3,643
3,923
1883 ...
6,314
. IOO
644
3,410
3,648
1884 ...
6,156
139
7<>4
3,729
3,270
The proportion of those who have received at least
the elements of education is very high, and this record
would seem to be a practical rebuttal of the argument
that education is a preventive of crime.- Upon this
fact Mr. Felton, in his report for 1875, has the following:
" In this prison the percentage of those who can read and write
is very large, and our worst inmates are those of minor age and
who are reasonably well educated, but whose parents are unedu-
cated, and who live in sections of the city where ignorance and
vice are supposed to predominate."
The table following, showing the nativity of pris-
oners, is of special interest :
Year.
Total
prisoners
received.
U.S.
citizens.
Irish.
English,
Scotch.
Colored.
Other
nation-
alities.
1872
6,636
2,615
2,33°
383
168
219
1,142
1873
5,934
2,631
1,862
304
135
276
I.OO2
1874
5,471
2,727
1,485
211
96
28l
952
1875
4,603
2,263
1,297
2O5
68
222
77O
1876
5.611
2,874
1,448
267
93
335
1,329
1877
6,130
3,338
1,431
304
97
382
' 960
1878
5,810
3,239
1,410
226
1 02
376
833
1879
5,201
2,870
1,303
224
103
222
701
1880
6,755
3,428
1,653
343
182
216
1,049
1881
6,686
3,524
1,590
334
152
268
1, 086
1882
1883
1884
7,566
7,058
6,999
3,795
3,521
3,938
1,646
1,617
1,250
393
346
320
222
163
145
345
369
460
1,510
2,411
1,346
The tabulated statement showing the ages of the
prisoners discloses the fact, frequently alluded to in the
reports, that the prison is well supplied with delinquents
of tender age, ranging from 7 to 15 years. In the
majority of instances they are committed on complaint
of their parents, whose moral stamina, or rather leth-
argy, does not suggest the exercise of parental authority
as the proper remedy. They belong properly to indus-
trial schools or reformatories, but the justices betore
whom they are brought are not clothed with authority
to send them there. The criminal instinct seems to
reach its highest development between the ages of
21 and 30 years. Pauperism and intoxication are the
offenses, in most instances, of those over 60 years of
age. Frequently trivial breaches of the peace are
charged against these old people in the informations, in
order to secure committal to the House of Correction
to be treated for disease.
year.
I'mltT IT
15 to 21.
•22 to 30
31 to 40.
41 to 60.
61
to 90.
1872
199
1,180
2.075
,791
1,260
131
187"*
270
!,343
,859
.478
1,908
76
1874
218
i,595
,605
,2J6
750
§7
1875
173
1,334
,370
998
687
41
1876
25*
1.480
,813
,167
815
78
1877
349
1,679
,978
,251
787
86
1878
241
1,576
,955
,189
775
74
1870 .
196
1,264
1,795
,188
797
61
1880
237
1,217
2,252
,721
1,219
109
1881
221
i,397
2,310
,693
1,125
9°
1882
263
1,160
2,527
i,938
1,297
99
1883
1884
215
256
1,362
1,694
2,152
2,213
i,973
1,634
i,372
1,074
84
118
The following statement shows the occupations of
prisoners:
Year.
Profes-
sions,
clerks,
merchants
etc.
fill
•s E « «
< u
Day
laborers
Do-
mestics
Cypri-
ans.
No
occu-
1 ation.
Allotted
occu-
pations.
1872 . ..
229
2,359
1,059
199
2,475
QIC
1873
228
757
906
592
842
I 211
1874
249
2,005
717
1,017
129
364
1875
182
1,741
532
933
161
276
778
iS-'b
1 66
2,114
602
1, 206
252
C 1 I
1877
155
2,068
544
909
271
807
1 286
1878
136
2,005
477
,059
307
I OIO
816
1879
1880
' 123
153
1,133
2,416
737
1,117
,025
964
245
2 70
1,105
7IQ
733
1881
224
2,564
1,226
, J57
408
682
1882
1 14
2,621
1,460
.364
35Q
376
1883 .
236
2,460
1,360
2 Of)
4<;8
I O88
1884
2^7
2 1 66
i 526
2o8
The Board of Inspectors consists of the mayor, who
is ex officio chairman, and three inspectors appointed by
the mayor and confirmed by the City Council. The in-
spectors, in 1872, were — Mayor Joseph Medill, Hon.
John C. Haines, Colonel C. G. Hammond and Louis
Wahl. In 1874, Mayor H. D. Colvin became chair-
man ; in 1876, Mayor Monroe Heath; and, in 1879,
Mayor Carter H. Harrison. In 1878, Mr. Haines was
replaced on the Board by Hon. Luther Laflin Mills.
In 1884, Colonel Hammond died, and, in 1885, Mr.
Mills removed from the city. They were replaced by
E. W. Blatchford and E. S. Albro.
The medical attendant, who is the city physician,
was, in 1872, John Guerin, M.D., and from that date
till 1880, W. P. Dunne, M.D., who in turn was replaced
by French Moore, M.D., who still occupies the position.
CHARLES EMORY FELTON, superintendent of the House of
Correction, who has held that position since 1871, has brought his
charge to the very front rank of reformatory institutions in the
United States. The high estimation in which his opinion on all
matters of prison reform is held, is evident from the fact that at a
National Conference of Wardens, held at Chicago in December,
1884, Mr. Felton was chosen chairman. He is, in fact, remarkably
well posted in all departments of the city government, showing an
unusual business ability and a decidedly executive mind. Mr. Fel-
ton was born at Barre, Worcester Co., Mass., on September 18,
1831, his ancestors being of that hardy English and Scotch stock
which has formed so strong an element in the population and civili-
zation of the country. He is a lineal descendant of Nathaniel Fel-
ton, who settled in Salem, Mass., in 1631, from which date Mr.
I-elton has a complete chronological record of the family tree and
branches On his mother's side, also (whose maiden name was
Johnson), his ancestors have been residents of Massachusetts for
more than two hundred years. Mr. Felton 's early education was
obtained at the public schools of Barre, and at Allen's High School,
in Oakham, Mass. At fourteen years of age he obtained employ-
ment in the Barre Patriot printing office, which position he left a
year later ; and, after spending a short time as clerk in a book-store
it Worcester, he returned to Barre and completed his apprenticeship
as a printer, in the Gazette office. In the winter of 1849 he re-
moved to Cincinnati, to become foreman of the Chronicle and Atlas.
CORPORATE HISTORY.
119
He next settled at Indianapolis, Ind., afterward at Columbus, Ohio,
and Buffalo, N. V. ; at all these places tilling positions of trust as a
proficient craftsman. He served as secretary of the Buffalo Typo-
graphical Union for one year, as vice-president for one year, and
as president for one year. He showed his aptitude for public life,
by acceptably filling an aldermanic chair in the Buffalo Common
Council in the years 1861-62. Mr. Felton during that time, served on
the Federal Defense Committee of that city, devoting much of his
time to the aid of the Government gratuitously, his particular pro-
vince being the care of the wives and families of soldiers who were
at the front. His health failing soon afterward, he became super-
intendent of the Erie County Penitentiary, Buffalo, holding that
office for nine years. This brings his busy and useful life up to
1871, when he came to Chicago as superintendent of the House of
Correction, being installed in office on January 14, 1872. Since re-
siding in this city he has made hosts of friends, has proved himself a
most efficient officer, and is very popular with the people. Although
a democrat, his political convictions have never affected his ad-
ministration, which has been rigidly non-partisan ; and while he has
had charge of more than 120,000 prisoners, few have left him but
with the kindliest of feelings. In religion, Mr. Felton is an Epis-
copalian, but most liberal in his views. He is a Mason in high
standing, a member of the Prisoner's Aid and Social Science socie-
ties, and many other organizations of like character. He is also a
patron of all field sports, and is said to be one of the best shots at
the trap and in the field in this State. He has twice been honored
with the position of president of the State Sportsmen's Association
for the Preservation of Game. Mr. Felton was married at Buffalo, in
1853, to Miss Ellen Jane Gale, daughter of Anthony Gale. She
died on June 13, 1872, at Chicago, leaving one son, George G., now
clerk of the House of Correction; and two daughters, Ellen Jane
and Mary Louisa, also living. In 1874 he married his present wife,
Mrs. Ellen M. (Brintnall) Compton, at Buffalo, N. Y.
DETECTIVES. — -As an efficient supplement to the po-
lice system, the private detective agencies of Chicago
have a wide and deservedly high reputation. Brief syn-
opses of some of the most prominent are subjoined.
PINKERTON' & Co.'s United States Detective Agency was es-
tablished in July, 1883, by Matt. W. Pinkerton, under the firm
name of Pinkerton & Coe, but Mr. Coe retiring from the firm
on April 15, 1884, the present title was adopted. The principal is
still Matt. W. Pinkerton, and the company embraces \V. H., R. K.
anil A. E. Pinkerton. Matt. \V. Pinkerton was born on March 30,
1852, the son of Matthew W. and Elizabeth (Herald) Pinkerton.
He attended the common schools of Wooster, Ohio, graduating from
the high school in that city at the age of twenty. Soon after leaving
school he apprenticed himself as a machinist, and was made superin-
tendent of the old Wooster foundry and machine shops. For three
years he was employed in this capacity, when, for three years follow-
ing, he superintended the Kilbuck Valley straw-board mills. This vo-
cation not being in harmony with his desires, he purchased, for the
purpose of speculation, a fruit farm near South Haven, Mich., and
after owning this property for one year, sold it and came to Chi-
cago, in September, 1877. Soon after arriving in this city he was
employed by Allan Pinkerton. In December, 1882, he resigned,
to establish a business for himself. While with Allan Pinkerton,
he was the author of several brilliant captures, and evinced
such a remarkable tact for detective work, that the most dif-
ficult operations of that agency were placed in his hands, and
successfully conducted. Since his establishment in business he
has handled a number of important cases, — the Zora Burns
murder, the Crooks murder, at Shelby, 111., the Mahone mur-
der, at Mt. Carmel 111., and his successful capture of Albert
Sykes, who, after stealing several hundred dollars in Chicago,
lied to Portsmouth, Va., where he shot his father a few min-
utes after their meeting. He was brought back on a requisition,
tried in Chicago, convicted, and sent to Joliet for three years for
larceny ; he having been acquitted of the charge of attempted par-
ricide through public sympathy — his father himself being a desper-
ate character. Although no relation to Allan Pinkerton, whose
reputation while living was world-wide, Matt. W. Pinkerton seems
inherently to possess those attributes which are necessary to a suc-
cessful detective. He is upright in all his transactions, and is
thoroughly acquainted with the means and ends employed by un-
principled men. Such gifts are rare, but he has proved, during a
short career, that in choosing the profession of a detective he has
comprehended his own abilities and found the sphere wherein he is
thoroughly efficient. Possessing the name of Pinkerton, he em-
bodies all the import of a name which is a cause of terror to evil-
doers everywhere. He was married, on May 22, 1873, to Miss
Emma Black, of Wooster, Ohio. They have one son, — Worth H.
GKORC.K A. HAKTMAN was born at Canton, Stark Co., Ohio,
on April 30, 1837, the son of Joseph and Mary (Patterson) Mart-
man. His father was a prominent dry goods merchant, and, in
1854, was treasurer of Stark County. Mr. llartman attended the
the primary schools of his native county, and afterward Carbut's
College, near Baltimore, Md. At the age of fifteen he was em-
ployed by his brother-in-law, Peter Shimp, who was then in New
York, and who afterward became identified with Chicago politics.
He came to Chicago with Mr. Shimp in 1855, ami was engaged
by him for two years, when he was appointed on the city detective
force under Chief of Police Bradley. At the breaking out of the
Civil War, Chief Bradley received a request from Colonel Baker, of
the United States Secret Service, for assistance, and detailed Mr.
llartman with two others to report to Colonel Baker at Washington.
He was immediately assigned to duty in the United States Secret
Service, drawing the pay of a captain, without, however, receiving
a commission. He was sent to the front as a scout, and three times
crossed the enemy's lines into Richmond. He at last became sus-
picious that he was known as a spy from the Northern army, and
fearing to return within the Union lines, escaped to Atlanta, Ga. ,
where he was arrested, charged with being a Yankee spy, and thrust
into jail. The next day he was tried by a drum-head court-martial,
and sentenced to be shot forthwith. lie was led out of court, his
hands pinioned behind him, and placed before a file of soldiers
drawn up twelve paces distant. At this critical moment General
Bragg rode up, and said, " Shooting is a soldier's death; hang that
Yankee spy." Under these orders he was taken back to jail and
put in a cell with Lieutenant Pomeroy, also a prisoner of war.
That evening, when the jailer made his usual visit, llartman seized
the leg of a stool, struck him down, liberated twenty prisoners, and
made his escape. Walking for sixteen days, he reached the Union
lines, and sought protection from General Butler, then commanding
at New Orleans. General Butler secured him passage on the steam
transport " Ticonderoga " to New York, and from there General
Dix sent him to Washington. Arriving in that city, he reported for
duty to Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, and received
orders to report at Indianapolis, to General Willcox, commander of
the District of Indiana and Michigan in the Department of the
Ohio. He was assigned to duty on General Willcox's staff, with the
rank of major. At the time of Morgan's raid he was sent out with
others in the pursuit, following to Columbia County, Ohio, where
he and his command learned of Morgan's capture by the State militia.
Returning to Indianapolis, Major Hartman remained there until
1863, when General Willcox was ordered to the front in command
of the Ninth Army Corps, and, as his staff officer, Mr. Hartman
accompanied him. Soon after, under General Weitzel, he was given
the command of a colored regiment. After General Lee's surrender,
General Weitzel's division was ordered into Richmond, remaining
in possession three weeks. Colonel Hartman was mustered out at
Georgetown, and returned to Chicago in 1865. He was employed
by his brother-in-law, Mr. Shimp, who was then an alderman of
this city and was doing a real estate business. In the latter part of
the year 1865, Mr. Hartman was elected a constable of the Second
Ward, and held that position for six years, when he was appointed
deputy under Sheriff Fisher, resigning soon after. Subsequently
he was elected county constable for four years, and by re-election
has held that position until the present time. In 1874, in connec-
tion with his other business, he opened a private detective office,
and was employed in running down the notorious Colonel Gessener,
who perpetrated forgeries to the amount of $103,000 on the Equit-
able Life Assurance Society of New York. He captured Abraham
Suydam, forger and perjurer, in New York, and brought him to
Chicago, and also a woman purporting to be his wife, named Kittie
Suydam, alias Kittie James. This business he still pursues, and
with success commensurate with his augmented experience. On
February 8, 1884, he captured the famous bandit Dan Wallace,
alias " Texas Dan," and received $1,000 reward from the sheriff of
Kendall County, Texas. Mr. Hartman was married, in 1866, to
Miss Minnie A. Price, of Troy, N. Y. They have four children,
Ida M., George W., Amy B., and Frederick J. He is a member
of Oriental Lodge, No. 38, A. F. & A.M.; Corinthian Chapter, No.
69, R.A.M.; and Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T. Mr. Hart-
man is also Past Chief Ranger of Foresters in Court Abraham Lin-
coln, and Past Grand of Home Lodge, No. 416, I.O.O.F.
HAMBLEN'S PREVI.NTIVK AND DETECTIVK" AGENCY was estab-
lished in 1864, to meet the wants of the West Side merchants, at
No. 31 Milwaukee Avenue, afterward removing to its present loca-
tion. The business of the agency has always been of a local nature,
nor does it seek a foreign patronage. Lewis A. Hamblen, the
principal, was born in Auburn, N. Y., on December 8, 1823, the son
of Walter and Biantha (Allen) Ilamblen. His father, who for
many years was associated with the government of the Auburn Peni-
tentiary, died in 1835. His mother was a direct descendant of
General Ethan Allen. On the death of his father, Mr. Hamblen,
who had received a primary education, was obliged to leave school,
and began his career by apprenticing himself as a journeyman tailor,
but disliking this work he went to Rochester, N. Y"., where he obtain-
12O
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
eil employment with the surveying force on the cast division of the
Rochester & Auburn Railway, and assisted in driving the piles for
building a railroad bridge across Cayuga Lake. Subsequently, he
worked in the shops of the same company as a locomotive engineer.
Afterward, he took a locomotive out on the road, and later was em-
ploM-d by the Hudson River Railroad as a locomotive engineer,
until 1852, when he came to Chicago, in company with Oliver H.
He was employed by the Chicago iV Mississippi Railway
Company, now the Chicago ,v Alton, When that road went into
other hands, he engaged with the Illinois Central Railway, lie
left that company alter one \ear, to accept the superintendency of a
branch house at Chicago of the Snook & Hill locomotive lamp man-
ufactory of Rochester. V V. The following year, when the com-
pany decided to close their branch houses, Mr. llamblen purchased
their interest in this city. lie built up a large and remunerative
trade, and made his factory the tirst in that line in the West, until,
in iSot, at the breaking out of the \Var, the depression of trade, and
large losses in the South, forced him to anassignment. Subsequently,
he was employed by I. McGregor Adams to lit up a lamp fac-
tory for Jessup, Kennedy <N: Co., a .New York tirm, and was engaged
by them for two years, when he conceived the idea of organizing a
preventive watch, and founded the present agency. lie was mar-
ried to Miss I 'atherine Cone, who died in 1865, leaving two daugh-
ters,— Flora and Cora K. In iSod, he married Mrs. Charlotte
Kemly, widow .>f Captain Bently, who was killed at the battle of
I'erryville. He is a member of National Lodge, No. 596,
VI-. ,\ A.M. ; \VashingionChapter, No. 43, R.A.M. ; and Chicago
Comniandcry, No. ic), K.T. lie organi/ed National Lodge. No.
596, by dispensation from the M.\V.(i.M., Jerome K. Gorin, of I >e-
catur. III., and was \V..\I. of that lodge for the four years first
following its organization. Mr. Hamblen was made a Mason in
Garden City Lodge, No. 141, by Eben C. Hnrd.
i: KCIKIII.KK was born near Mannheim, Germany, on June
16, 1853, the son of Peter and Annie M. (Does) Koehler. Heat-
tended the common schools of his native country, until, in 1866, he
--ailed for America, arriving in Chicago in June of the same year.
For nearly three years he worked in this city as a cigarmaker. and
tor MX years thereafter conducted a milk route. On February 23,
lie received an appointment as a police officer under Chief
Rehm, and three years later was promoted to the position of a
detective, earning his advancement as a reward for efficient service
in capturing three well known and dangerous criminals, on October
17. i-ys, while they were in the act of committing a burglary. He
held the position of a detective on the city force until July, 1883,
when he resigned, having in April of the same year been elected
county constable, and has held that position until the present time.
Since leaving the employ of the city he has opened a detective
agency. His bravery on occasions of danger has won for him
recognition as a fearless and efficient officer of the law. While
doing duty for the city, he successfully broke up a gang of burglars
who preyed upon the wholesale merchants, and which was com-
posed of George Eager, Oscar Burws, and many more as dangerous
men. He not only rid the city of these desperadoes, but recovered
$10,000 worth of silks and sealskins found in their possession He
also arrested Dalton, who had stolen $8,500 in Milwaukee, and re-
turned him to that city. He arrested Paddy Welch on the street,
when he was wanted in St. Louis; and brought from New Orleans
Henry Kilmer, the defaulting president of the Cigarmakers' Union,
No. 14. His thrilling experience with burglars, when Bert Taylor
met his death, is well known in police records. Mr. Koehler was
married on August 14, 1873, to Miss Mary Schafer of Chicago.
They have three children, — George, Jacob A. and Clifford P.
FIRE DEPARTMENT.
The value of property belonging to the Fire Depart-
ment, in use in 1871-72, was $639,050. By the great
fire, a loss of $146,076.09 was entailed, which included
eight engines, one elevator, three hose carts, and three
hook-and-ladder trucks, buildings, apparatus and sup-
plies. The relief fund, contributed mainly by fire de-
partments of other cities, amounted to about $i 1,000.
The effective force after the fire comprised two hundred
and one men, sixteen fire engines, with attendant hose
carts, and four hook-and-ladder trucks.
The register of the Department since 1871, is as
follows :
1871-72 — R. A. Williams, fire marshal ; Mathias Benner,
first assistant ; Charles S. Petrie, second assistant ; E. B. Chandler,
superintendent of fire-alarm telegraph. 1872-73 — R. A. Williams,
marshal; Mathias Benner, first assistant; C. S. Petrie, second as-
sistant; Wiiliam Musham, third assistant. '873 — Mathias Benner,
marshal ; I). J. Swenie, first assistant; C. S. Petrie, second assistant;
William Musham, third assistant. This nfrimev/as maintained until
July 16, 1879. /<y/9 — D. J. Swenie, marshal ; C. S. Petrie, second
assistant ; William Musham, third assistant. 1880 — D. J. Swenie,
marshal; William Musham, C. S. Petrie, assistants. 1881-84 — D.
(. Swenie, marshal; William Musham, assistant; C. S. Petrie, as-
sistant and secretary. 1884 — 1). J. Swenie, marshal; William
Musham, C. S. Petrie, assistants; Maurice W. Shay, fire inspector.
From 1876 to 1885 John P. Barrett was superintendent of the fire-
alarm telegraph.
The following statement shows the expense of the
Department since 1870, in comparison with the number
of companies and apparatus maintained during each
year :
Year. No. of Companies. Total.
1870 26 $366,70066
1871 (6 months) 28 182,023 r5
1872.
1873-
1874...
1875---
1876...
1877---
1878.--
1879...
1880...
1881...
1882...
1883...
1884...
35 423,057 34
41 586,618 96
43 624,79522
43 411,245 12
41 478,340 22
42 507,001 12
42 389,692 36
41 --- 420,308 82
43 454,304 18
45 • 568,760 87
45 --- 545,021 03
45 -- 556,551 80
47 -- 657,957 46
The following statement shows the number of con-
flagrations and the monetary loss incurred thereby since
1871, exclusive of the fire of October 8-9 of that year :
No. of Fires.
No. of
False Ahcrms.
Total amount
of Loss.
Total amount
of Insurance.
Average Loss
for each Fire.
Population.
Population to
each Fire.
Loss per capita
of Population.
1870-71
1871-72--..
1872-73----
1873-74--
1874-75 —
1875
669
489
441
466
473
332
477
445
478
638
804
895
981
1,153
1,278
35
44
44
68
83
67
123
132
88
'35
154
89
107
74
104
$ 2,447,845
972,800
680,099
1,013,246
2,345,684
127,014
387,951
1,044,997
306,317
572,082
I,I35,8l6
921,495
569,885
1,379,736
968,229
$ 2,183,498
745,000
3,763.275
3,641,735
6,789,300
2,328,150
3,780,060
6,173,575
3,327.348
5,112,631
5,409,480
9,662,326
12,587,090
21,790,767
12,048,683
$3,658
1,989
1,542 .
2,174
4,959
383
8x1
2,340
641
896
1,411
1,029
581
1,196
756
330,000
35O,OOO
367,396
395,408
395,408
395,408
407,661
407,661
436,731
436,731
491,516
491,516
560,693 .
606,000
629,985
493
716
831
848
836
1,191
855
918
914
669
611
549
572
525
493
$7 75
2 77
i 58
2 56
5 93
32
95
2 56
7i
i 3i
2 31
I 87
1 O2
2 27
i 53
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883..
1884.
CORPORATE HISTORY.
121
The record of fires since 1871 shows several disas-
trous conflagrations. The most important of these
were —
Singer Building, Washington and State streets, August 2, 1873,
loss $45,000 ; planing mill of L. Bridges, Carroll and Sangamon
streets, September 4, 1873, loss $29,000; grain elevator of J. H.
Wheeler & Co. , Carroll and Canal streets, September 7, 1873, loss
$83,000; retail store of Field, Leiter & Co. , Washington and State
streets, November 14, 1877, loss $725,000 ; planing mill of Palmer
& Fuller, Twenty-second and Union streets, May 10, 1879, loss
$73,125 ; bonded warehouse of Wallace Kingman & Co., No. 198
Market Street, February 14, iSSo, loss $210,000; drug house of
Lord, Stoutenburgh & Co. , No. 72 \Vabash Avenue, November 20,
1880, loss $150,000; agricultural warehouse of Osborne & Co.,
Sixteenth and Morgan streets, December 10, 1881, loss $162,000 ;
paint factory of Raynolds it Co., No. 19 Lake Street, February 2,
1882, loss $72, 760; lithographing establishment of Shober & Car-
queville, No. 119 Monroe Street, December 30, 1883, loss $287, 525 ;
seed warehouse of Hiram Sibley & Co., North Water Street, May
25, 1884, loss $130,628.
On July 14, 1874, at 4:29 P. M., a fire of supposed incendiary
origin was started in the two-story frame building, No. 449 South
Clark Streets, owned by Le Grand Odell, and occupied as a saloon
by E. T. Cregier. The locality was crowded with frame structures,
and the fire obtained a headway that soon called every available fire
vehicle in the city to the scene. The flames took a course similar
to that of the great fire of 1871, and by midnight had swept north
and east over Clark Street, Fourth Avenue, Third Avenue, State
Street, Wabash Avenue, Eldredge Court, Peck Court, Hubbard
Court, Taylor Street, Polk Street, Van Buren Street, Michigan
Avenue, Congress Street and Harrison Street. The number of
buildings consumed was eight hundred and twelve, classified as fol-
lows : One-story frame, 126; two-story frame, 471; three-story
frame, 21 ; four-story frame, I. Total number of frame building's
burned, 619. One-story brick, 14 ; two-story brick, 99 ; three-story
brick, 41 ; four-story brick, 31 ; five-story brick, 5. Total number
of brick buildings burned, 190. Two-story stone buildings burned,
3. Of the structures consumed, 89 were barns, and there were 8
churches, I school-house, 4 hotels, I theater, I post-office and 708
stores and dwellings. The whole covered an area of forty-seven
acres, with a total loss of $1,067,260, and an insurance of $1,860,000.
The ensuing day, at nearly the same hour in the afternoon, a fire,
the result of carelessness, destroyed twenty-five buildings near Mil-
waukee Avenue and Sangamon Street, with a loss of $75, 750 and
insurance of $40,700.
At the close of 1884 the uniformed force of the De-
partment was as follows:
One fire marshal and chief of brigade ; one first assistant fire
marshal and department inspector ; one assistant fire marshal and
deputy secretary ; seven chiefs of battalion ; forty-four captains ;
forty-seven lieutenants ; thirty-four engineers ; thirty-four assistant
engineers ; one hundred and thirty-two pipemen and truckmen, first
grade; thirty-five pipemen and truckmen, second, grade; eighty-nine
drivers ; five watchmen ; total uniformed force, four hundred and
thirty ; two clerks, one superintendent of horses ; one superinten-
dent of fire-alarm telegraph ; one chief operator ; four operators ;
one inspector electric lights ; five repairers ; two linemen ; one bat-
teryman ; one lieutenant detailed at repair shops ; two truckmen de-
tailed at repair shops ; total force, four hundred and fifty-one.
The apparatus of the Department was classified as
follows:
Engine companies, thirty-four ; hook and ladder companies
(one operating a two-tank, two-horse, four-wheel chemical engine ;
three operating a one-horse, one-tank, two-wheel chemical engine ;
and one company operating an improved stand-pipe and water
tower), ten; chemical engine companies, two; total, forty-six. There
were in use one hundred and ninety-eight horses and 41,847 feet of
hose.
The number of fire-alarms responded to in 1884,
1,662; the apparatus traveled 14,899 miles; worked
1,984 hours; 346 fires being discovered from watch-
towers by members of the Department.
The value of property belonging to the Department
in 1884 was $1,165,057.43. There were 520 alarm sta-
tions, and 1,286 police and private alarm boxes; 358
miles of aerial fire-alarm wires; while the underground
wire system comprised 7,931 feet of conduit, 4,872 feet
of iron pipe, 576 feet of cable, and 36 1-2 miles of
single wire.
The organization of the Department, with head-
quarters at City Hall, on December 31, 1884, was a
follows :
D. J. Swenie, fire marshal and chief of brigade; William
Musham, first assistant fire marshal and department inspector;
Charles S. Petrie, assistant fire marshal and department secretary;
Maurice W. Shay, chief first battalion, detailed fire inspector; John
II. Greene, chief of second battalion; Michael W. Conway, chief
of third battalion; Joel A. Kinney, chief of fourth battalion; John
Campion, chief of fifth battalion; Peter Schnur, chief of sixth bat-
talion; Leo Meyers, chief of seventh battalion; Joseph C. Pazen,
captain commanding first battalion; Fred. N. Shippy and Patrick
H. O'Toole, clerks; Eugene Sullivan, superintendent of horses;
Thomas Monaghan, driver for fire marshal; Richard Stringer,
Alfred Phillips, John Cavanaugh, William L. Heartt and Norman
T. Ormsby, drivers of fuel and supply wagons.
The fire alarm telegraph was under the control of
John P. Barrett, superintendent; David M. Hyland,
chief operator; John Fitzpatrick, William Carrol, Henry
Lester, Jacob F. Mehren, operators; Clark C. Haskins,
inspector of electric lights.
Following are sketches of some of the prominent
members of the department:
EDWARD W. MURPHY, Assistant Marshal of the Fire De-
partment, and commander of the Fifth Battalion, was born on the
site of the Haven School, on October 22, 1854. He joined the
Department in October, 1074, as pipeman on Engine No. 6.
whence he was transferred, two years later, to Hook and Ladder
Company No. 4, and promoted to a lieutenancy of the same com-
pany in December, 1876. In November, 1877, he was transferred
to Engine No. 10, thence to No. 13, later to Engine No. I, and,
on July 20, 1880, to No. 17, where he was promoted to a captaincy.
On September 5, 1885, he was appointed assistant fire marshal, and
assigned to his present post in charge of the Fifth Battalion, with
headquarters at the house of Chemical No. I. Marshal Murphy
was at the Reedy elevator fire when lieutenant of No. 10, and went
down four stories, from the top floor to the basement, in the col-
lapse of the building. In 1880, when captain of No. 17, he, with
four of his company, fell with the roof of the Academy of Music to
the parquette floor; and in January, 1880, he and his company
were buried under the falling walls at the Mayer furniture factory,
on Canal Street, one man being killed and five having broken
limbs. Marshal Murphy himself was disabled for a long time.
On September 16, 1882, he was presented with a watch and chain
by the manufacturers of the business district, in appreciation of his
services; a token of esteem to which, later, was added honorable
official mention in general orders for rescuing three persons from
the fourth story of Nos. 70-72 Randolph Street. He was badly in-
jured in a collision the night of the presentation, while on the hose
cart going to a fire. His reputation for dauntless courage,
efficiency and energy have won him high praise. Marshal Murphy
was married in Chicago, in 1877, to Miss Mary Thompson. They
have two children, — Elvira T. and Irene.
JOHN H. GREENE, chief of the Second Battalion, was born on
September 3, 1842, in the city of Providence, R. I. In June, 1860,
he came to Chicago, his trade being that of a printer. He was
employed by Andrew Wrood, proprietor of a job-office, corner of
Lake and Clark streets, until December 24, 1864, when he joined
the " Liberty" Engine Company No. 7, as pipeman, under Cap-
tain D. J. Swenie. He remained in that company and its successor
(" Fred Gund " No. 14), until January 21, 1871, when he was pro-
moted to captain of Hook and Ladder No. 3. On the gth of
April, 1877, he became assistant fire marshal, in charge of the
Third Battalion. On May I, 1880, he was transferred to the com-
mand of the Second Battalion, with headquarters at No. 1 80 Dear-
born Avenue.
PETER TRAINOR, captain of Hook and Ladder Company No.
I, has been a member of the Fire Department since 1869. He was
born in Armagh, Ireland, in 1847. When he was two years of age,
his parents, Bernard and Alice Trainor, located at Kingston]
Canada, and, in 1854, came to Chicago, where the senior Trainor
still resides. Here the son received his education, and served an
apprenticeship at ship-carpentry, besides sailing on the lakes two
years. On July 5, 1869, he joined the Fire Department as pipe-
man on Engine No. 13, and, in 1871, was promoted to a lieuten-
ancy. On December 9, 1872, he was made captain of No. 18, then
organized, being the first new company formed after the fire of
1871. In 1873, Captain Trainor was transferred to Chemical No. I,
and, in a collision, was disabled for seven months, having a limb
and three ribs broken. In October, 1874, he was sent to Hook and
Ladder Company No. 2, and later, to Engine No. I, when he
organized Hook and Ladder Company No. 7. Two years later he
went on Truck No. 8, and, finally, to his present post, on April 8,
122
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
IS82. Captain Trainor has \voii distinction for many notable acts
i>l bravery. While cm NCI. iS, in 1*7;!,, lu- was badly injured in
the face at a lire at Sale's Hall, tin Canal Street, falling through
the building. On May 3, !^S5, lie was one of the firemen who was
buried in a burning structure on \Vatcr Street, where two lire-
men belonging to his company were killed and himself slightly
injured.
JOHN |. HKNM ss| Y, captain of Engine Company No. d, was
born at Klmira, Chenuing Co., V Y., on July 22, 1849. When
he was an infant, his parents, lohn J. and Margaret Hennessey,
removed to Chicago, and died soon after their arrival, in 1851. In
tary, lS(>2, Captain Hennessey enlisted in the 32d New York
Infantry, and served actively for two vtars and nine months, lie
was at Sliiloh and ( icttvsbnrg. and in the battles of the Wilderness,
and, in 1*1,4. was with C.cneral A. I. Smith in the Army of the Ten-
nessee, lie returned to Chicago after the close of the War, and
worked as a confectioner and as a traveling salesman lor M. K.
I'age >V Co. On June 22, 1872, he joined llullwinklc's Fire Patrol ;
and, on July o, 1874. the municipal Fire Department, as truckman
on Hook and Ladder No. i. He was transferred to No. 6, on
November 7, 1875, and promoted to the lieutenancy of Hook and
Ladder No. 7, on July 14, 1877. In October, 1877, he returned to
No. 6, and was sent to Engine No. 5, on April 20. [878. On I >cccm-
bcr 31, 1882, he was made captain of Fngine Company No. 6.
Captain Ilenncss.A has seen much active service, and has an excel-
lent record lor efficiency and bravery. On February 20, 1882, his
skull was fractured and collar-bone broken in a hose cart collision,
disabling him for several weeks. He was married in Chicago, in
[878, to kcbec-ca A. I lennessey, who died on June 14, 1884, leaving
one child, Maggie A.
KuiiKui C. I'.M.MKR, captain of Engine Company No. 10,
has been a member of the Fire Department since 1875. He was
born in Ely, F.ngland, on November 10, 1850, the son of Robert
II. and Sarah \Y. Palmer. His parents came to Chicago on August
4, 1851. His father, Robert B. Palmer, was a pioneer in supplying
water from barrel-wagons to the early residents. He also complied
with the necessities of those times by chopping wood at fifty cents
a day. His mother, formerly Miss Sarah Watson, bought the first
bill ol millinery goods ever sold in Chicago by the wholesale firm of
I >. I!. I isk \ ( .... and was located at No. 89 North Clark Street for
twenty-one years, the father being the oldest bleacher in the ci I y.
( aptain Palmer received his education here. For eight years, be-
tween the ages of twelve and twenty, he did duty as a man-of-war's
man, and later learned the engraving art. In 1873, he joined the
I- ire Department as a substitute, being regularly appointed, on
August 4, 1875, as truckman on Hook and Ladder No. 8. He
went to No. 4, on November 7, 1876, and was promoted to the
nancy of Hook and Ladder No. 3, on December I, 1877. In
[878, he was transferred to Hook and Ladder Company No. I ; to
No. -'. in December, 1879; and was promoted to a captaincy, on
January I, 1382, on Hook and Ladder No. 9. In January, 1883,
he was sent to F.ngine No. 9 ; and January 3, 1885, to his present-
post. Captain Palmer bears a high record for bravery and effi-
ciency, ami has received honorable mention in Department general
orders for rescuing imperiled people. He has been several times in-
jured while in the line of duty, and has had as many as forty
Stitches made for injuries at fires'. He has lost only sixty-nine days
of absence during his twelve years of service. Captain Palmer was
married, in Chicago, on December 17, 1877, to Miss Christiana
I leist, a native of Cook County. They have three children,— Grace
\\., Emily A., and liunnie.
GI-.HRI;!-: II. TAYLOR, captain of Engine Company No 14
was born in Chicago, on December i, 1846, and is the son of Ezra
and Sabina Taylor. His parents were from New York, his father
coming here in 1836 and his mother two years previously The
former is well known as a pioneer of the early days, and as the com-
oi the celebrated liattery " B," otherwise known as " Tay-
Battery." The son was educated in Chicago, and, February
i, 1864, when seventeen years of age, entered the Fire Department
as pipeman on " Atlantic," No. 3. In 1867, Captain Taylor went
> No. .,, and, i,ve years later, was promoted to the lieutenancy of
J. 22, where he remained one year. He served on No. 27 two
years, and cm No. II four years; when he was made captain of No
20, later of No. 11, and, in April, 1882, of No. 14 his present
<• year serving on Chemical No. I. In the great fire
he lost everything. Captain Taylor has been identified with the
m"st P advance of the Department. He was married in
Chicago, in iS6S, to .Miss Sarah Donovan. They have five chil-
dren—William, Mary. Margaret, George and Ezra. Colonel Ezra
laylor, his father, died in this city, on October 24, 1885.
JAMKS K\m.;in, captain of Engine Company No. 15, has
been a member, if the Fire Department for twenty-seven vears ' He
was born in County Limerick, Ireland, in 1841.' When six 'years
of age he came, with his parents, John and Elizabeth Enright, to
< hicago. The son early identified himself with a fireman's life.
In 1855, when fourteen years of age, he joined the Volunteer Fire
Department as torch-boy, on the "Niagara," No. 3, remaining
with that company until it disbanded, in 1857. On April I, 1858,
he joined the paid department on No. 2, where he served four
years, becoming head-pipeman of " Liberty," No. 7, in 1862, of
which company Captain Swenie was in command until 1870. Of
this company Captain F.nright was given command one year pre-
vious to the fire of 1871. He %vas transferred to F'ire FJscape No.
2, which was destroyed in the great fire. In 1873, he was sent as
captain to Engine No. 6, later to No. II, and, in 1875, to Hook
and Ladder No. S, where he remained until 1878. He then went
to No. 23, and, in January, 1885, to Engine No. 15, where he
now is. Captain Flnright was married, in 1865, to Miss Mary
Egan, of Chicago. They have four children, — Julia Agnes, Mar-
tha, Willie and Joseph J.
IDIIX LYNI/H, captain of Engine Company No. 17, is a native
of Ireland, and was born on April I, 1849. When he was eleven years
of age, his parents Patrick and Bridget Lynch, immigrated to Chi-
cago. The son received his education in this city, and took to rail-
roading as an occupation, serving as conductor on the Chicago,
Alton & St. Louis Railroad for five years. In March, 1873, he
joined the fire corps as driver on Engine No. 7, where he remained
two years. He was then transferred to No. 5 as pipeman, and, in
1876, was promoted to a lieutenancy, and sent to Hook and Ladder
No. i. In March, 1877, he was transferred to Engine No. i, and
two years later was with No. 7. lie was then transferred to Chem-
ical No. i, where he remained over four years ; and, on September 5,
1885, was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to Engine No. 17.
Captain Lynch's record is one of courage and efficiency in the line
of duty. He was married, in Chicago, in 1874, to Miss Mary
O'Halloran; they have five children, — Henry, George, Michael,
Agnes, and Annie. His parents, at an advanced age, are still resi-
dents of Chicago ; and his uncle, Father James Lynch, is a promi-
nent priest at WTaterbury, Conn.
JOSEPH J. WALSH, captain of Engine Company No. 22, who
who has been, a member of the F'ire Department since 1850, has
a high record for continuous service and official usefulness. He
was born in Ireland, on April 20, 1835, being the son of Lawrence
and Ann Walsh. He came to Chicago, with his parents, when
thirteen years of age, and after completing his education, served an
apprenticeship as a moulder in the pioneer Grange F'oundry, follow-
ing the trade for some years. In 1850, he joined the volunteer fire
corps, serving for nine years on " Niagara," No 3, with headquar-
ters at the corner of Kinzie and Wells streets. On September 12,
1859, he joined the paid department under Captain Wood, on
" Enterprise," No. 2, which had been known in the volunteer
service as No. 7, and served as pipeman nine months. In March,
1860, he was made foreman of the company, a position of equal
rank and responsibility with the present grade of captain, where he
remained until the great fire of 1871. In 1865, during his incum-
bency, No. 2 was re-organized as No. 10. In 1872, when his
brother, Lawrence J. Walsh, resigned from the captaincy of No.
II, he assumed that post, where he remained until December, 1872.
He then went to No. 20, which company was organized at that
time; and, in February, 1873, was transferred to No. 39, on Raw-
son Street. On April 2, 1874, he went to Engine No. 9, and in
August, 1880, was assigned to No. 22, where he has since remained.
Captain Walsh was married, in Chicago, in 1884, and has one
child, — Pansy.
GEORGE M. SHIPPY, captain of Engine Company No. 21, was
born in Chicago, on June 24, 1854. He is the son of Richard Shippy,
who came to this city in 1839, and for twenty-five years was on the
police force, part of the time as lieutenant. Captain Shippy, was
educated in Chicago, and joined the F'ire Department, on August
26, 1876, as truckman on Hook and Ladder Company No. 4, where
he remained for two years. On January 10, 1879, he. was promoted
to the lieutenancy of No. 2 ; a year later was sent to No. i, and, in
1882, to Engine No. 13. Two years later he was transferred to No.
9, and, subsequently was promoted to a captaincy, and assigned to
duty on No. 21, where he still remains. On July 2, 1877, he was
thrown from a truck and injured, his companion being killed.
Captain Shippy enjoys an excellent reputation as an efficient mem-
ber of the Department. He was married in Chicago, in 1879 to
Miss Sadie Randall ; they have one child.
FRANK H. BUTTKKFIKI.I., captain of Engine Company No. 24,
comes from one of the pioneer families of Chicago. He is the son
of Milo Butterfield, who came to this city in 1828 and died in 1876.
His father was born at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1800, being the son of
Andrew Jackson Butterfield, who was married four times, once to a
member of an Indian tribe, Milo being the only child by his first
wife. Captain Butterfield was born the night that his grandfather
died, at the old Waukegan House, corner of Fifth Avenue and
Lake Street, operated as a pioneer hostelry in those days by Andrew
Chappell. The captain's mother, formerly Miss Eliza Chappell
who was the first school-teacher in Chicago, was a native of New
CORPORATE HISTORY.
123
York, coming to Chicago in 1832. The son was educated here, and
when fourteen years of age went to the Mason Locomotive Works,
at Taunton, Mass., to learn the trade of machinist, serving four
years' apprenticeship as a moulder. Returning to Chicago, he
worked for his uncle, D. X. Chappell, the first manufacturer of
soda-water in the city, familiarly known as " Pop " all over Chicago.
In 1869, he joined the Fire Department as pipeman on No. 16,
when that company was organized. In 1871, he was stationed at
No. I, and was there three years, being promoted to assistant fore-
man. Later he served on Chemical No. I, and, on September 12,
1875, was sent as lieutenant to No. 24, being promoted to the cap-
taincy in 1878. During the great fire he lost everything, even to
his clothing. Captain Buttertield was married in Chicago, in iS;i ,
to Miss Ellen Holmes ; they have one child, Frances.
CHRISTIAN SIIIIMMELS, captain of Engine Company,
No. 25, who is one of the three oldest captains in the service, is a
representative member of the municipal Fire Department, and
through long years of experience has become authority on
all subjects in his line of duty. He was born in this city
on May n, 1845, in a house at the corner of Desplaines and
Meridian streets ; and, during forty years' residence in Chi-
cago, has lived in but two houses besides ; and has never
been outside of the State, and rarely outside of the city. He
is the son of Jacob and Margaret Schimmels. His father,
who was an extensive builder, died in 1875. At an early age,
the son was apprenticed to the carpenter's trade, at which he
worked for three years. On September 25, 1864, he joined
the Fire Department. He first served on "Tempest" Hose,
No. I ; and, on May 21, 1869, was promoted to the foreman-
ship of Engine No. 5, — equivalent to a captaincy of to-day.
On September 21, 1874, he was made captain of No. 25.
Captain Schimmels is widely known, especially in the West
Division, where he has always resided, and where he is an
extensive property owner. He is an acknowledged authority
on matters of all kinds regarding (ires ; having a complete
record of every alarm of fire, as to the time, box, and details,
since 1869. These are the only authentic records now extant,
those of Captain Sweenie having been lost in the great fire ;
and the Historical Society has drawn largely upon them
for information. Captain Schimmels was married in Chicago,
in [anuary, 1863, to Miss Elizabeth Hasser. They have
two children, — Lena and Jacob.
LORENZ WALTERS, captain of F^ngine Company No. 33,
has been a member of the municipal Fire Department since
its organization, and connected with the volunteer corps in the
early fifties; and as a veteran in the service he enjoys the con-
fidence of the community and the esteem of his associates. lie is
the son of Diebold and Elizabeth Walters, and was born in Alsace,
in 1824. When a boy he came to America and settled in Buffalo,
where he followed the trade of cigar-maker, and was engaged in
that line of business for some years. In 1848, he came to Chicago,
and one year later joined the volunteer Fire Department, serving
on Truck No. I. He remained in the service for seven years,
during three years of which he was assistant engineer ; and, in
1866, he became a member of the municipal fire corps as assistant
marshal, being located in the North Division, with "Huck" Hose
Company, of which he was made captain in 1872. In 1874, Chem-
ical No. 4 was organized, and he assumed the captaincy. He
organized Engine Company No. 30, in December, 1881, and was
its captain for two years; and, on January I, 1883, was sent to No.
33, where he now is. Captain \Valters was married, in Buffalo,
N. Y., in 1849, to Miss Elizabeth Bills. They have four children,
— Frank, Charles, John and Josie.
FIRE-ALARM TELEGRAPH. — The pecuniary loss sus-
tained by the great fire of 1871 was $27,000.
In 1872, in consequence of a disagreement between
Mayor Medill and the Fire Commissioners, the former
refused to recognize the Board, and the report of that
year was not officially adopted, and was never printed.
The manuscript has been lost, and no record exists of
the operations of the year, though it is known that a
four-wire kerite cable was laid fifty feet under the South
Branch of the Chicago River, at Archer Avenue, through
the brick tunnel which contains the water-main, and
that a six-wire kerite cable was laid in the water-pipe
tunnel under the Ogden-avenue slip at Division Street.
In connection with a telegraph company, a cable was
laid under the North Branch of the river at Clybourn
Place, two wires of which belong to the fire-alarm
system.
In 1873, a four-wire kerite cable was laid from the
water works crib in the lake, through the new tunnel,
before the water was admitted, a distance of three miles,
to the shore terminus.
During 1874 there was added to the fire-alarm sys-
tem forty signal boxes, six engine-house" strikers, one
bell-striker, and thirty miles of aerial wire, making in
all, up to that time, two hundred and fifty-eight boxes,
forty-four gongs, and eleven public-alarm bells. The
residences of the fire marshals were connected with the
central station by means of instruments temporarily
THE CRIB.
placed on the fire signal lines, communication being
had by means of an established code of signals.
In 1875, previous to March 3r, the system was sup-
plemented by the addition of fifteen street boxes, four
engine-house strikers and two public bell- strikers; fifteen
miles of wire were utilized in effecting communication
between the central office and the fire marshals' quar-
ters, thereby relieving the signal lines from all duty other
than fire summons. Twenty-five miles of wire were
used in extensions to new boxes and for the restoration
of those destroyed by the fire of July, 1874. A cable,
four hundred feet in length, consisting of two con-
ductors, was laid in the brick water-tunnel, fifty feet
under the North Branch of the Chicago River, at Chi-
cago Avenue.
The first regular underground cable (as distin-
guished from cables laid in water-pipe tunnels or
through water-mains), a kerite built by Day & Co., of
New York, was laid in Cass Street, between Superior
and Erie streets, in October, 1877, and consisted of two
conductors of No. 16 copper-wire, 1,955 ^eet each, laid
in an iron pipe of one inch diameter, the interval being
filled with Stockholm tar ; the insulation or coating of
the wire being -/s of an inch in thickness, and the wire
wrapped with tape.
Between March 31 and December 31, 1885, one
street box and eight engine-house strikers were intro-
duced. At the Twelfth-street river-crossing, a cable,
with seven conducting wires — two for city use — was
laid through the water - main, and two of Barrett's
"joker " registering appliances were phced in opera-
tion experimentally.
124
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
In 1876, twenty-five street boxes and two engine-
house strikers were added to the fire-alarm system;
there were re-built and transferred to poles fifty miles of
the old aerial lines of wire, giving an increased line
capacity for forty-eight new boxes. During that year
E. B. Chandler resigned the superintendency of the
fire-alarm system, and J. P. Barrett was chosen his
successor.
In 1877, one hundred and seventy-four new street
boxes were placed in position; talking lines were ex-
tended to all excepting two of the engine houses, and
twenty-eight automatic registers (Barrett's "joker")
were connected therewith; and an electro-mechanical
chain-dropper, door-opener and gas-controller was
placed in each engine house; the fire marshals' private
residences were connected with the central office; a re-
vised box list and running card was adopted, which
made radical changes in the box numbers; one hundred
and twenty-five miles of aerial wire were constructed,
fifty miles being additional new lines; the wires were
entirely removed from house tops, requiring the setting
of two thousand three hundred and fifty-eight tele-
graph poles; connections with the Astronomical Asso-
ciation were made, and correct time thereby obtained,
which is struck on all the public bells every day at
meridian.
In 1878, the Department adopted the Tooker key-
less-door alarm box, and placed thirty of those
machines in the central business district of the city;
the talking lines were materially extended; and Barrett's
automatic register, electro-mechanical door-opener, etc.,
were placed in engine houses Nos. 19, 23 and 29.
In 1879, the aerial lines were extended to the Stock
Yards district, in the Town of Lake, where fire - alarm
stations were established; the Tooker keyless-door was
attached to seventy-two of the existing old style alarm
boxes.
In 1880, the signal lines were extended so as to
place many new boxes in service; automatic signal
lines were extended to engine-houses Nos. 20, 30,
31, and Chemical Engine No. 3, and the Barrett
mechanism placed in each; four striking lines and tele-
phone lines were constructed between the Fire Depart-
ment headquarters and the headquarters of the chief of
each battalion; three telephone and district call wires
and apparatus were completed in the Police Depart-
ment; the police lines were extended to West Madison-
street Sub-station; a line was constructed to the House
of Correction, and from there to the small-pox hospital,
connecting by telephone each institution with the
Health Department of the city. The Water Depart-
ment lines were extended to, and telephone connections
established with, the Fullerton-avenue conduit-station;
four wire cables were laid from the shore-end of the
water-works crib cable, connecting the same with the
North Side Water Works; gongs were placed in engine
houses Nos. 30 and 31, and automatic registers in
engine houses Nos. 20 and 30; the Tooker keyless-
door was attached to thirty existing fire boxes; and an
original system of police telephone and call service was
perfected and adopted. In 1880, thirty-one police call
stations were established in the Twelfth-street district.
A summary of the telegraph apparatus at this time
in the service of the city, shows three thousand and
seventy-six poles, four hundred miles of aerial wire,
twenty-eight miles of wire in cables, four hundred and
eighty-six fire-alarm boxes, one hundred and thirty-four
Tooker keyless - doors, thirty-eight Barrett registering
apparatus, thirteen bells and strikers, fifty-two gongs,
and sixty-eight telephones.
In 1881. fifteen additional alarm boxes were placed;
registering apparatus and gongs were extended to
engine houses Nos. 30, 31 and 32; forty keyless-doors
were attached to existing alarm boxes; the police tele-
graph was extended to two new stations, and also to
the private residences of four officers of the Fire
Marshal's Department: one hundred new poles were
placed for extension of the police alarm telegraph, sixty
miles of aerial wire were strung, and five new stations
established; connections were made with eight engine
houses; one hundred and eleven new street fire-alarm
stations were opened.
In 1882, ten signal stations, two "joker " registers
with engine-house attachments, and seventeen tele-
phones for the transmission of Department business,
were inaugurated in service ; the three-dial repeater in
• the central office, which strikes the alarm, was ex-
changed for a four-dial instrument, the change was
necessitated by the boxes in the Stock Yards district
being numbered in thousands (four figures) instead of
hundreds fthree figures) ; the police patrol system was
extended into six additional districts, namely, the Cot-
tage Grove-avenue, Larrabee-street, Rawson-street, East
Chicago-avenue, West Chicago- avenue and Hinman-
street districts, in the construction of which three
hundred and two poles were placed, eighty miles of
wire stretched and one hundred and thirty-one patrol
boxes stationed. These lines were all connected with
the engine houses in their respective districts. A new
aerial line was constructed between the central office in
the City Hall and the Bridewell, for the exclusive use
of the House of Correction, and the old line between
these points was changed so as to connect the small-pox
hospital with the office of the Board of Health ; a kerite
cable of twenty wires was placed in the LaSalle-street
tunnel ; the old four-wire cable connecting through
Goose Island was repaired and two additional wires
added, making a perfect and ample service of six wires.
The entire equipment and apparatus at this time sum-
marizes as follows : 3,478 telegraph poles, 565 miles of
wire in air, 28 miles of wire in cables, 511 fire-alarm
boxes, 174 keyless-doors, 40 Barrett "jokers" and at-
tachments, 13 bells and strikers, 52 engine-house gongs,
332 telephones, 3,100 battery jars, one four-dial re-
peater.
OB October 23, 1884, the headquarters of the city
telegraph were removed from the old City Hall, corner
of Adams and LaSalle streets., to the new City Hall,
LaSalle, Washington and Randolph streets, where the
conveniences, equipments and furnishings are unsur-
passed. The sigrtal system, including the six stations
in the Stock Yards district, embraces 520 fire-alarm
stations, 434 public police boxes and 322 private police
boxes or calls, through all of which, 1,286 in number,
fire assistance may be summoned.
The underground system, this year devised and per-
fected, consists of a conduit composed of asphaltum
cement in three-feet lengths, of pipe form, with an in-
ternal diameter of nine inches, laid in a trench under
the street pavement, at a depth of from two-and-a-half
to five feet. The pipes are connected in the trench and
made water-tight with asphaltum cement. They are
continuous except at street intersections, where a man-
hole chamber, of the same composition, wide enough to
permit the entrance of two men, is sunk to sufficient
depth to form part of the conduit. The man-holes are
inclosed, and have iron coverings. Through LaSalle
Street, and the tunnel under the river, a three inch iron
pipe, nineteen hundred feet in length, incloses a kerite
cable of twenty-five wires ; between the South and West
CORPORATE HISTORY.
sides of the city, two iron pipes, each three inches in
diameter, laid in the Washington-street tunnel, each pro-
tect a kerite cable of eighteen hundred and seventy-five
feet in length, consisting of twenty-five wires. The
conduit extends from the City Hall to the three
divisions of the city, and single insulated wires drawn
through it connect the apparatus in the central station
with the different stations along the conduit route and
with the air lines at the conduit terminals. These wires
have a copper core, No. 13 gauge, and are surrounded
by kerite insulation -£s of an inch in thickness, wrapped
with fabric tape. The underground system includes
also smaller conduits, constructed of asphaltum pipes,
four inches internal diameter, leading from the City
Hall to the Washington-street and LaSalle-street
tunnels, designed and laid with a view of ultimately
being utilized for an electric light service. The under-
ground system comprises : 7,931 feet of conduit, 4,872
feet of iron pipe, 5,760 feet of cable, 36*^ miles single
wire and 23 man-hole chambers.
The cost of the plant of the fire-alarm system of to-
day was $274,508, the principal items being as follows :
Telegraph lines, $30,750; six cables, $7,570.74; lightning
arresters at cables and tunnels, $700; 513 automatic signal boxes,
$122,750; 54 engine-house gongs, $11,825; '3 bell-strikers,
$19,500; 13 alarm-bells, $9,700; 15 police dial instruments, $3,000;
5 printers, $1,100; battery, $4,098; 46 " jokers " and instruments,
$9,200; 172 Tooker doors, $16,700; underground system, $24,878;
central office apparatus, $11,215; line instruments, tools, desks, city
maps, chairs, etc., $571. The cost of the several cables in detail,
was — Archer Avenue, $567.66; Chicago Avenue, $332 ; Washing-
ton-street tunnel, $2,115.38; Division Street, $845.50; Clybourn
Place, $97.50; LaSalle-street tunnel, $3,612.
FIREMEN'S BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION. — The great
fire of 1871 destroyed the records of the Firemen's Be-
nevolent Association, and emptied its treasury. The
society at that time had an investment of $5,000 in the
stock of the Home Insurance Company, of this city, to
make which good it was called upon to pay over its
available fund, amounting to some $1,400, being only
allowed by the court to retain a nominal sum, in virtue
of its position as a benevolent organization.
The firemen of other cities, in this time of need, did
for their brethren of Chicago all that they could or
would have done for themselves. A little pamphlet,
issued in the summer of 1872, makes a formal acknowl-
edgment to the firemen of the United States and Canada
of the aid thus generously tendered. In this we find
recorded that a meeting of the Fire Department was
called on the evening of October 17, 1871, "to take
such action as should best carry out the desires in
their donations to the firemen's relief fund." Mathias
Benner, third assistant fire marshal, was chosen chair-
man, and E. B. Chandler, superintendent of the fire-
alarm telegraph, as secretary. Charles S. Petrie,
Thomas Barry, D. B. Kenyon and James E. Chandler
were appointed a committee to receive and distribute
all funds sent for the relief of the Department. John
P. Barrett, E. B. Chandler and D. J. Swenie were
appointed a committee on resolutions.
Within thirty days from the date of this meeting do-
nations were received from outside firemen to the amount
of about $8,000, and the sum in the hands of the com-
mittee for disbursement soon after reached a total of
nearly $12,000. At an adjourned meeting of the Fire
Department, held on the evening of May 21, 1872, the
committee on relief, Messrs. Petrie, Barry, Kenyon and
Chadwick, reported in detail the amounts received and
distributed, showing a balance of $42.55 on hand, which
was, on motion, turned over to the Firemen's Benevo-
lent Association. Their statement showed a total con-
tribution of $i 1,485.55 from the firemen of twenty cities
in the United States and Canada, out of which fund
the total number of firemen relieved was ninety-seven,
and the total number of persons relieved in the families
of firemen, two hundred and forty-six. The following
resolutions, presented by the committee on resolutions,
Messrs. Barrett, Chandler and Swenie, were unanimously
adopted:
" ll'/it-ivas, On the 8th and gth days of October, 1871, nearly
one-fourth of the City of Chicago was devastated by fire, by which
calamity ninety-seven members of our Fire Department suffered
losses to a greater or less extent ; and
" ll'/ii-inis. The Fire Departments throughout the United
States and Canada promptly and generously contributed of their
substance for relief of their suffering brethren ; Therefore,
" Keso/ivJ, That the members of the Fire Department of Chi-
cago hereby tender their heartfelt thanks to the members of the
Fire Departments of our sister cities, and assure them that their
timely assistance will ever be held in grateful remembrance.
" AVjv/TVi/, That a copy of the foregoing be sent to all the Fire
Departments which have contributed to our relief."
The annual firemen's ball, of the following October,
netted the Association nearly $2,000, and as the calls for
relief were but moderate, owing partly to the disburse-
ment of the relief fund above recorded, the Association
began the year 1873 with a very respectable sum in the
treasury.
There has been nothing eventful in the history of
this branch of the Fire Department since that period.
The society has been sustained entirely by membership
fees, and the proceeds of the annual ball of the firemen,
which takes place in the latter part of October of each
year.
In 1873, it contributed $500 to the relief of the des-
titute by the Boston fire; and on September 24, 1878,
$600 was sent for distribution among the yellow-fever
sufferers in Memphis, New Orleans and Vicksburg.
The following statement shows the total amounts
paid out yearly for benevolent purposes since 1871 :
1872. $1,031 86
1873 1,095 50
1874-- 2,18972
1875 1.599 °°
1876 __ ___ 1,464 ii
I877-- -- 2,083 93
. 2,411 85
1879 2,200 00
1880 .. __ 3,275 70
1881 . 3,998 65
1882 _ 4,34630
1883... 6,555 oo
1884 __ 6,03200
1885.. . 5,82800
Total $44,111 62
The officers of the Association since 1871 with their
terms of service, have been as follows :
Presidents— E. B. Chandler, 1872-77 ; [. P. Barrett, 1878 ;
D. D. Healey, 1883 ; William H. Townsend, 1884.
Vice-Presidents — Charles T. Brown, 1872 ; D. J. Swenie,
1873-77; E. B. Chandler, 1878-80; L. J. Walsh, 1881-82; John
Lynch, 1883; H. H. McCuen, 1884.
Treasurers— Joel A. Prescott, 1872-74 ; Thomas Barrv,
1875-82 ; C. S. Petrie, 1883.
Financial Secretaries — Joel A. Kinney, 1872-74; D. D. Healey,
1875-79; R- C. Palmer, 1 880-8 1 ; Thomas Burns, 1882; Freder-
ick N. Shippy, 1883 ; D. I). Healey, 1884.
Recording Secretaries — Leo Meyers, 1872 ; D. B. Kenyon,
lS73-/9 I John Fitzpatrick, 1880-81 ; Joseph O'Donoghue, 1882-84;
Ed. Hunt, 1885.
The present officers are John Hamill, president ; John J.
Berry vice-president; Charles S. Petrie, treasurer; U. D. Healey,
financial secretary ; Ed. Hunt, recording secretary.
The Association now numbers among its benefi-
ciaries fourteen families of deceased firemen, who are
in receipt of pensions paid monthly. The present mem-
bership is 400. The annual dues are $2.00. The gross
126
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
receipts of the last annual ball, in October, 1885,
readied the large sum of $jj,6So, of which $22,000 were
netted to the treasury. The surplus fund is now about
,si>5,ooo. From this fund some $30,000 are loaned out
at a low rate of interest to members of the Fire Depart-
ment, as an aid in the construction of homes. Approved
loans are made from this fund, from time to time, as it
increases, for this purpose.
The annual meetings for the election of officers take
place in January of each year. Regular meetings for
the transaction of relief business are held on the third
Tuesday in each month.
BOARD OK PUBLIC WORKS.
There have been several important changes in the
management of the Board of Public Works since the
fire. On September 18, 1876, the Board was abolished
by the City Council, and due authority and control
vested in the Mayor. On May 19, 1879, a commis-
sioner in charge was again appointed, but his resigna-
tion, October 19, 1881, once more placed the Depart-
ment in the Mayor's hands; the Council, December 31
of that year, legalizing the action, and vesting the exec-
utive officer with full power as a Commissioner of the
Department. In 7882, a commissioner was again ap-
pointed. The following is a register of the Department,
by years, since 1871:
engineer.
1872-73 — No change in organization occurred.
1873-74 — Redmond Prindiville, commissioner and president;
J. K. Thompson, commissioner and treasurer; Louis Wahl, com-
missioner; Alexander Sullivan, secretary; E. S. Chesbrough, city
engineer.
1874-75, and UP to March 31, 1876, the composition of the
Board was the same as above.
1876 — Department in charge of the Mayor; D. S. Mead, sec-
retary; E. S. Chesbrough, city engineer; George W. Wilson, superin-
tendent of streets, bridges and public buildings; William II. Clarke,
assistant city engineer; E. M. Johnson, accountant and paymaster;
1 1. I. Jones, in charge of assessments; D. C. Cregier, chief engineer
North Pumping works; W. R. Larrabee, in charge of water office;
O. F. Woodford, water tax assessor; Charles Brown, superintendent
of water meters; F. J. Reed, cashier; F. C. Meyer, in charge of
map department.
1877 — The on'y change made was the appointment of Henry
Mason as engineer of the West Pumping Works.
1878 — The only change this year was occasioned by the death
of W. H. Clarke, August 5, 1878, Benezette Williams being ap-
pointed to succeed him as assistant city engineer.
1871)— -Charles S. Waller, commissioner; D. S. Mead, secretary;
D. C. Cregier, acting city engineer; William Fogarty, superintendent
of streets; F.. M. Johnson, accountant and paymaster; H. J. Jones,
superintendent of special assessments; D. C. Cregier, chief engineer
North Pumping Works; Henry Mason, engineer West Pumping
Works; Herman Lieb, superintendent of water office; O. F. Wood-
ford, water tax assessor; M. Kyan, superintendent of water meters;
John Hise, cashier; F. C. Meyer, superintendent of map department.
iSSo — Charles S. Waller, commissioner; D. S. Mead, secretary;
F. C. Meyer, bookkeeper; D. C. Cregier, city engineer; William
Fogarty, superintendent of streets; G. Howard Filers, superintendent
of sewerage; II. Lieb, superintendent of water office; O. F. Wood-
ford, tax assessor; John Hise, cashier; ]. K. Tumey, registrar; H.
J. Jones, superintendent of special assessments; Francis A. Demm-
ler, superintendent of map department.
lift — The departmental offices were unchanged, except for
the official abandonment of the bookkeeper's position, and the
transfer of the executive authority to the Mayor, the commissioners
resigning office.
1882^-0. C. Cregier, commissioner ; D. S. Mead, secretary ;
S. (',. Artingstall, acting city engineer; O. II. Cheney, superin-
tendent of sewers ; William Fogarty, superintendent of streets ; II.
J. Jones, superintendent of special assessments; Herman Lieb, su-
perintendent of water-rate collections; F. A. I lemmler, superin-
tendent of map department ; F. C. Meyer, department bookkeeper ;
O. F. Woodford, water rate assessor; J. W. Lyons, cashier water
collections office ; F. Trautmann, engineer North Pumping Works ;
H. Mason, engineer West Pumping Works; H. Welch, en-
gineer South Branch Pumping Works; J. B. Carlisle, engi-
neer North Branch Pumping works ; I). F. Gleeson, superintendent
of water meters; G. k. Bramhall, superintendent of bridge re-
pairs; C. MeKee, lake crib keeper.
iSSj — The only changes in the Department were the appoint-
ment of T. Pattison as cashier of the water collections office ;
|. Mabbs as engineer of the North Branch Pumping Works ; and
|. ( 'omi-kcy as superintendent of water meters.
/,w/-'l>. C. Cregier, commissioner; D. S. Mead, secretary;
S. G. Artingstall, city engineer; O. H. Cheney, superintendent of
sewers; William Fogarty, superintendent of special assessments;
Hermann Lieb, superintendent of water rate collections ; F. A.
I lemmler, superintendent of map department; F. C. Meyer, de-
partment bookkeeper ; E. E. Gilbert, chief clerk water rates ; T.
Pattison, water rate assessor; H. G. Naper, water permit clerk ; J.
W. Lyons, cashier water rates ; W. L. Maher, registrar water rates ;
W. Williams, meter rate clerk ; B. F. Davenport, in charge of
private drains ; F. Trautmann, engineer North Pumping Works ;
II. Mason, engineer West Pumping Works; H. Welch, engineer
South Branch Pumping Works ; W. J. Trumbull, engineer North
Branch Pumping Works ; J. Comiskey, superintendent of water
meters ; G. k. Bramhall, superintendent of bridge repairs ; C. Mc-
Kee, lake crib keeper.
A summary of the work of the Department for 1884
shows —
Water pipe laid, 24^ miles; brick and pipe sewers laid, 19
miles; roadway paved, 34.52 miles; plats made, I,6io; special
assessments prepared, 468 ; one bridge and three viaducts built ;
341 contracts made, aggregating $2,589,138.29; income,
$7,275,1:6.85; balance over expenditures to credit of Department,
$1,059,120.73.
The following shows the assessments for public
works since the fire :
1871 $2,359,835 89
1872 __ _. 62,22225
1873- - ----
1874-- --- 749,460 27
1875 _ 723,254 42
1876. _ 60,585 72
1877 _ 1,516,08107
1878 _ 124,498 48
1879 - --- 284,900 45
1880 __ 588,96343
1881.-.. 980,895 50
1882 1,227,169 71
1883 _ _ _ 1,395,32298
1884 - . 2,232,757 04
The Board of Public Works lost severely in the
great fire, and the items of damage and -ruin show how
intricate and extensive was its water, sewerage and
street system in 1871.
The City Hail, barely completed, was destroyed by the con-
flagration, with a loss of $470,000 ; the damage to the Water Works
was $75,000 ; to the North and South Side reservoirs, $20,000 ; fire
hydrants, $10,000 ; water meters, $6,000 ; sewerage works, $42,000;
bridge structures, $204,310; street pavements, $211,350; sidewalks
—wood, $404,991.50; stone, $531.095 ; flagstone, $529,380; num-
ber of lineal feet of sidewalk destroyed, 642,841, or 121^ miles;
loss of water, $97,410; tunnels damaged, $6,000; lamp -posts,
$33,000 ; docks, $6,000 ; expenses entailed by river obstructions,
$7,300. Making a total loss of property in charge of the Board of
Public Works of $2,220,250.90.
STREETS. — Over twenty-eight miles of streets were
exposed to the fire of 1871, and the damage effected
covered seventeen per cent, of their original cost, or
$211,500. At that time there were 534 miles of streets
in the city, of which 91)4 miles were improved — about
one-sixth of the total roadway area. On December 31,
1884, the record showed 223.95 miles improved, or
thirty-four per cent, of the whole street area ; of which
170.80 miles were of wood, 22.31 of Macadam, 4.03 of
granite, 4.65 of Medina stone, 3.61 of asphalt, 7.25 of
gravel, and 9.25 of cinders. This shows a wonderful
increase for fourteen years, as up to 1870 only 91. 17
miles in all had been laid. The work was distributed
among the several years as follows:
CORPORATE HISTORY.
1871, 25.63 miles ; 1872, 1.82; 1873, 10.19; l874. 9-°7 I '875,
11.49; '876, 10.50; 1877, 12.29; 1878, II. 01 ; 1879, 6.83; 1880,
16.84; 1881, 24.52; 1882, 24.95; 1883, 22.49; 1884, 34.52 ^how-
ing a total of 313.32 miles of streets made since the organization of
the Department, of which 89.37 miles had been re-paved. Of
these, 85.73 miles of streets were occupied by railway tracks. A
summary of the work of the Street Department for 1884 shows
725,881 square yards, or 34.52 miles, of roadway paved; 51,514
square yards repaired ; .80 miles planked ; 92,005 square yards laid
by street railway companies ; 2,225.34 miles cleaned, costing
$82,223.76; 146 special assessments prepared; and 128 contracts
made, aggregating $1,5 10,103.22.
SIDEWALKS. — The total number of lineal feet of
sidewalks destroyed by the fire was 642,841, or 12134
miles, comprising wood, stone and flagstone walks, with
a value of $941,380.90. At the close of 1884, there
were in the city 804.05 miles of sidewalk, of which 14.52
miles were under control of the Park Commissioners.
Of these, 720.73 miles were of wood, 72.14 of stone,
and 11. iB of concrete. During 1884, new sidewalks
were built, re-built or repaired, to the extent of 29.10
miles in the South Division, 106.52 in the West Divis-
ion, and 20.80 in the North Division, or a total of 156.43
miles. The total assessments in this Department for
the year were — For constructing plank sidewalks,
$53,462.33; stone, $32,001.69.
Following are given sketches of some of the promi-
nent firms engaged in street-building, etc.:
WATSO.N iV PERKINS. — This firm was organized in 1877, by
William II. Watson and Amos H. Perkins, for the purpose of
taking contracts to pave streets and build sidewalks. They pave
with asphalt or with cedar blocks, but mostly with the latter, having
laid miles in Chicago and Minneapolis, Minn., where they cut and
prepare them ready to be put into pavements. In the construction
of their sidewalks, they use sand and Portland cement in such pro-
portions that it is as hard and durable as stone. They have done
a large amount of work in Chicago, Minneapolis and St. Paul,
Minnesota, and also in other cities of the Northwest. In 1882, in
connection with their other interests, they commenced the manu-
facture and sale of bunch - kindling, which industry has grown
until it has become a large business of itself. They employ
from eighty to one hundred men and do a business of $275,000
annually.
li'illiam //. ll'atsoii was born in Whitestown, Oneida Co., V
V., on August 17, 1825, and is the son of Winthrop and Lydia
(Hickox) Watson. When he was nineteen years old he learned the
wagon-maker's trade, at which he worked about six years. In 1850,
he moved to Elgin, Illinois, where he was engaged in the boot and
shoe business, in connection with which he operated a tannery. At
the end of five years, he sold out and commenced to buy and ship
grain to Chicago. He carried on that business until 1865, when he
came to Chicago where he has since resided. He was employed by
the Board of Public Works to superintend the paving of streets
until 1875, when he engaged in the paving business on his own
account, which he followed about two years, when he formed
a partnership with Amos H. Perkins and established the present
firm. Mr. Watson was married in August, 1864, to Mrs. Elizabeth
Bonville, of Geneva, Illinois; they have one son, William C., of
Houston, Texas.
;l»it>s //. /'ei-kiiis was born in Norwich, Conn., on July 26,
1834, and is the son of Isaac and Nancy N. (Allen) Perkins, and
a direct descendant of Miles Standish, on his mother's side. He
came to Chicago in 1856, and soon afterward commenced taking
contracts for paving, laying sidewalks and roofing. He was one of
the contractors on the I.aSalle-street tunnel. During the war he
was a heavy dealer in tar, and at one time controlled nearly all
there was manufactured in the United States. He has been a large
contractor in cedar blocks and asphalt paving and Portland-cement
sidewalks, having had contracts for this class of work in most of the
large cities in the country. Mr. Perkins was married in March,
1876, to Miss Mary E. Tristram, of Norwalk, Conn. He is a
member of Covenant Lodge, No. 526, A.F. & A.M., and of Corin-
thian Chapter, No. 69, R.A.M.
JEFFERSON HODGKINS, paving contractor, son of Philip and
Mary Hodgkins, was born at Trenton, Me., on October 27, 1844.
He attended the public schools of his native town until seventeen
years of age, when his books were dropped to enlist in Co. "C,"
26th Maine Volunteer Infantry, at the second call for troops in
1861. His command was mustered out during the latter part of
that year, and, during the following year he was engaged as sutler.
Disposing of that business, he went to sea from Boston, and fol-
lowed that vocation three years; afterward went to California, where
he conducted a grain ranche in San Joaquin Valley for some time,
and subsequently was employed by the Western Pacific Railway
Company, as agent, for one year. Joining a government surveying
party, he was for two years engaged in surveying the Chickasaw
and Cherokee Indian lands. Illness kept him -in Leavenworth,
Kan., during the winter of 1872, and when he had regained his
health he came to this city, and was connected with General Blount
in the sand business for two years. He became a partner in the
firm of Blount <-V Hodgkins in 1874. In the following year he was
interested in the organization of the Chicago Dredging and Dock
Company, of which he was superintendent for two years. Since
that time he has been dealing in, and shipping, paving materials,
etc. He is connected with several prominent firms; is president of
the Kimbell & Cobb Stone Company, treasurer of the Illinois
Asphalt and Stone Paving Company, and is a stockholder and
director of the Joliet Mound Drain-Tile Company. As contractor,
he has filled many of the large contracts for street paving let by the
city on Wabash Avenue, Madison Street, Randolph Street, etc.
Mr. Hodgkins is a self-made man in every respect, and is a fine
specimen of the Western business man, full of energy and enter-
prise, withal pleasant and courteous. He was married in Novem-
ber, 1874, to Miss Jennie Lewis, of Newark, N. J.; they have one
child, William L.
R. T. CONWAY, an old contractor of Chicago, is a native of
Ireland, born in 1839 in County of Kilkenny. In 1852, he immi-
grated to America and settled at Fall River, Mass., where he
clerked for several years in a wholesale dry goods house. In 1856,
he removed to Chicago and engaged in the grain and commission
business, continuing in this line for fifteen years. After the fire,
he established himself as a contractor, being for about a year in
partnership with John V. McAdam. He is at present alone, the
bulk of his business consisting of street work. Mr. Conway mar-
ried, in 1862, Miss Sarah Young, of Chicago; they have five chil-
dren,— Richard, Kate, Marion o., Sarah and Rose.
BrcHAN'AN BROTHERS. — This firm was formed in Chicago in
the spring of 1880, by James N. and Edward P. Buchanan, to
carry on the street-cleaning and sprinkling business established by
their father, Nelson Buchanan, in 1856. Their contracts are
principally in the central part of the South Division of the city, and
they have in use about twenty wagons and employ fifty men. They
are extensively engaged in raising blooded stock, having a farm of
four hundred and fifty acres near Libertyville, in Lake County,
111., on which they have betweeen fifty and sixty head of Holstein
cattle and fifty Norman draft horses.
Janii-s .\". Kialianait, senior member of the firm, is the son of
Nelson and Ellen M. (Paine) Buchanan, and was born in Chicago,
on October 16, 1849. His first business in life was that of errand
boy for Culver, Page & lioyne. After leaving school, he was clerk
in the carpet store of Hollister & Phelps until 1869; after that date
he managed his present business until he went into partnership with
his brother. He was charter member of Co. "A," 1st Regiment
Illinois National Guards, and served for eight and a half years, two
years and a half of which time he was captain of the company.
He was married on October 17, 1876, to Miss Isadora Berry,
daughter of William M. Berry, of Hyde Park, by whom he has
two children, — Grace and William N. He is a member of St.
Mark's Episcopal Church.
Edward P. Buchanan, junior member of the firm, was born
in Chicago, on August 21, 1853. After completing his studies in
school, was a clerk for Hollister & Phelps in their carpet store, and
for the New York Life Insurance Company, until 1872, when he
clerked for his brother James until they engaged in business to-
gether. He was a member of Co. "A," 1st Regiment Illi-
nois National Guards for five years. He was married, on October
II, iSSi, to Imogene Fowler, daughter of B. Fowler, of the Board
of Trade of this city.
STREET LAMPS. — At the time of the fire, 2,162 lamp-
posts were so injured, that $33,000 was required to
repair them. In 1884, there were 13,693 gas lamps in
public use, distributed as follows: West Division, 7,558;
South Division, 3,586; North Division, 2,549. There
were 2,677 °'' lamps in use. Two gas companies sup-
plied the city: The People's Company, at $1.50 per 1,000
cubic feet, and the Chicago Company at $1.00. The
total cost of maintenance per lamp was $34.92 in the
West Division, and $23.75 m tne North and South
divisions. The cost of maintaining oil lamps per
annum was $16.80 for each lamp. The aggregate ex-
pense of lighting the city for the year was $448,251.15,
of which $239,516.06 was paid to the People's Com-
pany and $136,639.01 to the Chicago Company. The
128
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
total number of cubic feet of gas consumed was
189,901,280.
C, is Sri'iM.v. — The business of gas production, like
most other commercial enterprises, is full of statistical
ires illustrative of the phenomenal growth of popu-
lation and the enlargement of every channel of com-
merce in the city. In 1871, with 135 miles of mains
laid, the consumption of coal by the original gas com-
pany was less than 50,000 tons per annum. In 1875, the
Consumption was 72,000 tons, and, in 1885, the amount
pun-based for the estimated consumption of the year
was 1 20,000 tons. 1 Hiring the year immediately follow-
ing the great lire comparatively few mains were laid,
but the company made many new improvements in the
ess of production. At' the time of the fire the
North-side works, on Hawthorn Avenue, were half com-
pleted. These works, by great exertion, were saved from
destruction, and were subsequently completed at a total
cost of $600,000. In 1873, the company bought a site
at the foot of Deering Street, in Bridgeport, and put up
new works to supply the southwestern part of the city,
at a cost of $150,000. These outlying works, while be-
ing independent, are all connected with each other and
with the business district by large mains, so that, in case
of accident at any one station, the main supply will not
be shut off. In 1871, the price of gas was $3 per 1,000
feet, and it remained at about this figure until the fall
of 1883, when competition by new companies brought
it down to $1.25.
The following statement shows the annual and total
extension of the system of mains since 1871:
Year.
1871
Miles.
135
Year.
1878
Miles.
186
1872
i -"•;
--- -140
148
19'
194
[874
165
1881
202
1875
216
1876
182
1883 .. -.
220
1877...
..184
1884--
..225
THE CHICAI.O GAS-LIGHT AMI COKK ('<>MI'\NY was organized
on October 16, 1849, and chartered under the laws of the State of
Illinois on February 12, following. The original officers were but
two, — F. C. Sherman, president, and N. B. Judd, secretary. The
first board of directors was composed of the following-named gen-
tlemen : George Smith, Thomas Dyer, Mark Skinner, F. C. Sher-
man, Franklin l.ee, Joseph Keen, George F. Lee, John Lee and
lames C. Burtis. The present officers are E. T. Watkins, presi-
dent ; Theodore Forstall, first vice-president and superintendent ;
Jerome Beecher, second vice-president ; James C. liurtis,* treas-
urer; and Theodore B. Wells, secretary. The following gentlemen
constitute the present board of directors: E. T. Watkins, S. 1!.
|. Beecher, I'. L. Yoe, J. A. Brown, Jr., Albert Keep,
Theodore Forstall, J. X. Jewett and Byron L. Smith. The
original works were located on Monroe Street, near Market Street.
These were destroyed in the fire of 1871, but were re-built at once.
In addition, two more stations were also built, the immense growth
of the city demanding increased facilities. One of these is on
North Branch Canal, near Division Street, and one on Cologne
Street, in Bridgeport. This was Chicago's first gas company, and
it has grown with the growth of the city it has lighted for so many
. until now they have some two hundred and twenty miles of
mains.
THE ILLINOIS STRKKT-GAS COMTANY was organized in Rock
Island, 111., in 1876, under the corporate laws of the State of Illi-
nois, with Doctor Calvin Truesdale, of Rock Island, as president,
and (. S. ISutler, of Chicago, as secretary and treasurer, the capi-
tal stock at that time being $40,000. The company was organized
for the purpose of lighting the streets of town and cities, by con-
tract, with a special lamp devised to generate its own gas from
naphtha, the lamp being covered by a patent belonging to the com-
pany. In 1*79, Doctor Truesdale resigned, and William P. Butler
;ne the president. The company has gradually expanded its
facilities and its field, until, in addition to the original business of
naphtha-gas lighting, it is engaged in the manufacture of all kinds
nf street lamps, besides dealing in all the illuminating ami lubri-
vating oils. This company has nmv about three thousand street
* Mr. liurtis has occupied Ui<p
t i if 1 1 •
r fur thirty-five years.
light- in the City of Chicago; some seven hundred in Springfield,
III.; live hundred in Peoria, 111.; and many more in some fifty other
cities and towns in the West. The shops are at No. So Van Buren
Street, with branches at Springfield anil Peoria. The main office
is at No. 87 Jackson Street. In February, 1885, the capital stock
of the company was increased to §100,000.
WlUJAM PATTERSON llrn.lCR, president of the Illinois Street-
Gas Company of Chicago, was born at Louisville, Ky., in 1843.
In 1862, he was appointed a cadet at the United States Military
Academy at West Point. In June, 1866, he graduated, and was
promoted in the army to Second Lieutenant of Ordnance, and as-
signed to duty at the Rock Island Arsenal, at Rock Island, 111.
There he remained on duty until 1871, when he resigned from
the army, and became president of the Rock Island Cotton Man-
ufacturing Company, and also president of the Rock Island Glass
Works. In 1877, and again in 1878, he was elected mayor of the
citv. In 1879, he removed to Chicago, and has since been connected
with the gas company of which he is the president. In 1869, he
was married, in Rock Island, to Miss Florence Rodman, daughter
of the late General T. J. Rodman, Chief of Ordnanceof the United
States Army, and the inventor of the famous " Rodman gun." They
have three children, — Florence, Martha and Lucinda. Mr. Butler is
a member of the Illinois Commandery of the Military Order of the
Loyal Legion of the United Stales.
CAPTAIN JONATHAN SI.I.HV HI/TLER, secretary and treasurer of
the Illinois Street-Gas Company, was born on February 7, 1840, at
Louisville, Ky., and was educated in the public and private schools
of that city. In 1857, he began the study of the law with Judge
|ohn II. liiitler, of Indiana, in Louisville. In 1861, on the outbreak
of the Civil War, he laid down his law books and promptly enlisted
as a private in the I3th Kentucky Volunteer Infantry. He rose
rapidly to the grade of sergeant-major, and, in the spring of 1862,
was commissioned adjutant of his regiment Almost immediately
afterward he was detailed as acting assistant adjutant-general of a
cavalry division, commanded by General J. W. Foster, who subse-
quently was United States minister to Mexico and to Spain. In
June, 1863, he was on duty as acting assistant adjutant-general and
chief of staff to Brigadier General E. H. Hobson, commanding
the cavalry brigade which captured the Confederate General John
1 1. Morgan, in Ohio. Immediately after this raid, Lieutenant But-
ler was ordered to Tennessee as acting assistant adjutant-general
to General Girard, commanding Foster's cavalry division. Lieu-
tenant Butler was present at the siege of Knoxville, Tennessee, and,
in the spring of 1864, was ordered to Lexington, Ky. While there
he was appointed by President Lincoln and commissioned to be
assistant adjutant-general U. S. Volunteers, with the rank of cap-
tain. He served in Louisville on special duty, under orders from the
War Department, under the direction of General John M. Palmer,
until June, 1865, when, at his own request, he was honorably
mustered out of the service. He was thereafter admitted to the
Bar, and began the practice of the law in Louisville, and later at
Salem, Ind. In 1882, he gave up the law, came to Chicago, and
connected himself with the Illinois Street-Gas Company. Captain
Butler was married, in 1868, to Miss Addie Percise, of Salem, Ind. ;
they have one son, Paul. Captain Butler is a member of Salem
Lodge, No. 21, A.F.& A.M., and of Salem Post, G.A.R. Atone time
he was Commander of the Southern District of Indiana, G.A.R.
CORNELIUS KINGSLEY GARRISON BILLINGS, vice-president of
the People's Gas-Light and Coke Company, of Chicago, was born
at Saratoga, N. Y., on September 17, 1861. He is the son of Al-
bert M. Billings, the president and founder of this Company, and
who has been a resident of Chicago for over a quarter of a century.
Cornelius Billings was educated at Racine College in Wisconsin,
where he was graduated with distinction in 1882, Returning to
his home in Chicago, he at once was made superintendent of the
Company, and two years afterward, in April, 1884, he was elected
its vice-president by the unanimous vote of the directors, a high
tribute to the enterprise and ability of Mr. Billings, who is a com-
paratively young man to hold such a position of trust and responsi-
bility. His office is at the headquarters of the Company, at No. 39
South Ilalsted Street. .
BRIDGES AND VIADUCTS. — In 1871, the Department
of Bridges and Viaducts was subject to the Board of
Public Works. The fire made great havoc with the
papers of this Department, and besides destroyed prop-
erty under its control aggregating $204,310, including
damages to abutments, center-piers and protections.
Eight bridges and two viaducts were swept away, being
the Rush, State, Clark and Wells-street bridges, over
the Main Branch ; the Chicago-avenue, over the North
Branch ; and the Adams, Van Buren and Folk-street
bridges, over the South Branch of the river. The via-
ducts over the railway tracks at State and Wells streets
CORPORATE HISTORY.
129
were destroyed, and that at Adams Street seriously
damaged. The Department at once set to work to re-
place the structures destroyed, and the record of the
ensuing year is a most interesting and progressive one.
The work accomplished is given in detail in Volume
II. of this History. The cost of maintaining the bridges
and viaducts, including bridge - tenders' salaries, for
1871-72, was $57,332.28. During the year, a new iron
the re-built bridges were provided with stone center-
piers and abutments, except that at Chicago Avenue,
which was combination in superstructure and stone
center-pier.
Between March, 1872, and March, 1873, the work of
re-building was completed, and many new improve-
ments made. Both sides of the bridge-approaches at
Rush, Clark, Wells and Halsted streets, and the north
ADAMS-STREET BRIDGE.
viaduct was constructed over the tracks of the Pittsburgh,
Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway Company, at Randolph
Street, a very durable and substantial structure ; and
the old wooden bridge at South Halsted Street, built in
1860, was torn down and reconstructed.
The same year new center protections were added
at Rush and Lake-street bridges. The new stone abut-
ment on pile foundations at the south approach to Clark-
street bridge, and the derrick and scaffoldings, were
destroyed by the fire. The same kind of loss, including
center-piers, protections, houses, turn-tables, tools, boats
and scows, was met at other bridges. Five of the eight
bridges destroyed were combination-plan bridges, with
patent iron turn-tables, and all were new structures,
built within three years, except that at Clark Street.
State and Wells-street bridges were of the wooden Howe
truss, and Rush-street was a wooden superstructure,
with center pier and abutments of stone. The total
cost of general repairs for the year was $24,142.75. All
9
approach at State, 462 feet, and the east approach at
Adams, 316 feet, were paved with new block pavement.
The year closed with a record of twenty-seven bridges
and eleven railway viaducts, all in excellent condition.
During this year the Board of Public Works enforced the
ten-minutes' rule for the opening and closing of bridges.
The repair and salary expenses of the Department
amounted to $59,255.32 ; repairs and supplies being
$24,606.27. Seven new bridges and three viaducts
were constructed, the total cost of the former, up to 1873,
being $526,951, and of the latter, $189,573. All the
bridges of the year had stone center-piers, except South
Halsted, which was made of piles ; and all had iron
superstructures except that at Chicago Avenue, which
was on the combination-plan with iron turn-table. The
following is a detailed account of these structures :
Rush-street bridge, built by the Detroit Bridge Company ; iron
superstructure ; draw, 211 feet; width of roadway, 18 feet; side-
walk, 6 feet ; height of roadway above city datum, 20 feet ; cost of
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
supci - ter and side protections, ^6,890,40 !
total cost, - .On An-ust j.s, 1872, the steam. -i "
Laurie" collided with the bridge, causing a damage not repaired
until September 25. I>72.
Adams-street bridge, built by the Keystone Bridge Company ;
iron superstructure; length of draw, 163 feet: width of roadway,
is feet; sidewalk, d feet: height of roadway, 24 feet: cost of
superstructuu . |l4,88o; substructure. $8,(«x> : dimension masonry
for pier and abutment, $12,91 1.. so ; approach walls, $8,050; total
10.84.
Smith Halsted-Streel i •' structure of tubular wrought
iron, built by tli gth of draw, 150
feet; road- ; : sidewalk, d feet ; height ol loailway, 19^
feet ; cost of superstructure, $[(>,2ld.ui ; total COSt, Si 7o<" -(l1 •
•-o-avcnue bridge, superstructure of the combination
Howe truss, built by Fox \ Howard ; draw, 175 feet ; roadway, 18
feet; sidewalk, 6 'feet ; height of roadway, U)>4 feet; cost,
7.22.
Polk-strcet bridge, superstructure tubular wrought iron; a swing
lure, built by the King Iron liridgc Company; draw, 154
feet; roadway, is feet; sidewalk. 6 feet ; height of roadway, I<)<4
feet ; cost of superstructure, sio.d'js ; substructure, $6,750; dimen-
sion masonry in ceuter-pier and abutments, $11,200; total cost,
$37,862.27.
Wells-street bridge, iron superstructure, built by Fox & How-
ard ; draw. 190 feet ; approach spans, 50 and 62 feet ; roadway, 18
feet ; sidewalk, 6 feet ; height of roadway, 20 feet ; cost of super-
structure draw - :,s(><>; two approach spans, §7,020;
substructui' dimension masonry in piers, $10,726 ; total
^49,002.14.
State-street bridge and viaduct, built by the Keystone liridge
Company; substructure of stone, with iron columns to support via-
duct; draw, 183 feet; north approach span, 38 feet; four viaduct
spans, 7(1 feet each — total, 304 feet ; width of roadway on draw, 18
feet ; of sidewalk, 6 feet ; viaduct roadways, 22 feet each ; sidewalks, 8
feet ; height of roadway, 20 feet ; height of viaduct, 24 feet ; cost
of superstructure draw. $17,300 ; two approach spans, $5,2OO;
viadu 13; substructure, $14,450; dimension masonry in
piers and abutments, $12,989.47; curb walls, $8,423.91; total,
§90, 1 14.20.
\Vells-street viaduct, re-built with iron superstructure; length,
83 feet; width. So feet; three main anil two sidewalk trusses, with
iron floor beams; two roadways, each 22'^ feet wide in clear; two
sidewalks, 16 feet each; height of roadway, 24 feet; built by Key-
stone bridge Company; cost of superstructure, $12,000; repairing
walls, $570.0:;; total cost. $12.570.65.
Clark-street viaduct, over tracks of the Chicago & North-
Western Railway Company, at the intersection of North Water
Street; built by the Keystone liridge Company; dimensions same as
those of the Wells-street viaduct; height of roadway, 24 feet; cost,
$33.842.43.
During the year, an iron bridge was also built over the tracks
of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne <S: Chicago and Chicago tS: North-
Western railways, at the intersection of Water and Lake streets, to
take the place of a wooden viaduct; length, 78.25 feet; width of
v. 24.04 feet; sidewalks, 7J^ feet.
During 1873-74, two bridges and two viaducts were completed,
increasing the number of the structures in the city to forty-two.
The Clybourn-place bridge, built in 1873, was a superstructure of
the combination Howe truss, with iron turn-table. Its length was
140 feet, and cost $13,700. The Thirty-h'fth-street (Douglas Place)
bridge was a wrought-iron turn-table, combination Howe-truss
structure; length, 140 feet; cost, $9,800. Several bridges were ex-
tensively repaired during 1873, courses of timber being added to
the protections. The repairs aggregated $24.411.51. The new
abutments and iron approach-spans to Lake-street bridge cost
827.924.21. The viaduct on Canal Street, crossing Sixteenth
- -.562.27, toward which the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad Company paid $93,000. It was an iron super-
structure, 300 feet long and 64 feet wide. The Twelfth-street
viaduct, over the same company's tracks, cost, inclusive of raising
buildings to grade, $32,506.48, of which the railroad company paid
$25,000. It was an iron superstructure, 58 feet in length.
For the year ending March 31, 1875, the report was as follows:
Bridge over Ogden Canal; iron superstructure; draw, 228 feet;
roadway, 18 feet; sidewalk, $'/£ feet; cost, $29,945. Randolph
Street, iron superstructure; draw, 157 feet; roadway, 18 feet; side-
walks, 7 feet ; cost $10,850. Fullerton Avenue, pile bridge ;
length, 225 feet; width, 20 feet; cost, $1,490 Viaduct on North
I lalsted Street, crossing the tracks of the Chicago & North-Western,
Pittsburgh, St. Louis and Milwaukee tV St. Paul rail-
ways; length of north span, <«i feet; length of open roadway, 150
feet; two spans, 50 feet eaih; one span, 70 feet; one span, 93 feet;
two roadways, i dewalks. 12 feet; total width, 62 feet;
height, 26 feet; cost of substructure, $36,179.77; superstructure,
$51,428; raising buildings to grade, $36,990.24; total cost,
$125,683.01, of Which the railway companies paid $87,607.77.
During the year, the crossways of Lake and Kinzie-street bridges
were re-planked, and the Western-avenue bridge was lowered seven
feet, at a cost of $1,000. The repair account of the Department
amounted to $26,000.22.
This left the bridge record with thirty-one draw and
two pile structures, of which eighteen were combina-
tion, ten iron, three wood, and two piers.
From March I, to December 31, 1875, the Department built
sexiial new brick bridge-houses, and re-planked nine bridges and
live viaducts, the repair expense being $21,175.43. The Madison-
street bridge was completed. It was an iron superstructure; draw,
156.4 feet; roadway, 18 feet; sidewalks, 6 feet; whole width, 33
feet ; cost of superstructure, $11,495; repairs on substructure,
$3,505; total cost of bridge, $15,000.
On September 19, 1876, the commissioners of the
Board of Public Works retired from office, the ordinance
passed by the City Council on September 18 having
abolished the Board, and vested its power, duty and
authority in the Mayor. George W. Wilson was made
superintendent of streets, bridges, and public buildings.
The general repairs during the year on bridges amounted to
$15,864.85, and on viaducts to $3,984.35. Indiana-street bridge
was overhauled, and five bridges were re-planked. During a gale,
May 5, 1876, the Fuller-street bridge, a wooden structure erected
in 1865, at a cost of $7,500, was destroyed. Two large viaducts
were completed this year, with details as follows: Over Blue Island
Avenue, at Throop Street, over the tracks of the Chicago & North-
Western and Chicago, Burlington & (Quincy railways, the south part
of which was of wrought-iron truss-girders, those on Blue Island
Avenue being 66 feet long and 7J^ feet high, forming two road-
ways. 8 and 7 feet wide; north part supported by 14 wrought-iron
plate-girders, each 46 feet long, 28 inches deep; substructure, Cox
iiros., contractors; superstructure, Keystone Bridge Company; via-
duct begun, October 15, 1875; completed, August 25, 1876; total
-102,173.99.
Milwaukee-avenue viaduct, over the tracks of the Chicago &
North-Western, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Pittsburgh, Chi-
cago & St. Louis railway companies ; width of roadway on Milwau-
kee avenue, 42 feet, two sidewalks, 8J^ feet wide ; on Desplaines
street, roadway, 48 feet wide, two sidewalks, 8^ feet wide. On
Milwaukee avenue, one span 94 feet long, one 71, and one 6oJ^;
two roadways, 36 feet wide. On Desplaines street, one truss span, 71
feet ; two spans, 42 feet ; two roadways, 21 feet. The south part
was built by the American Bridge Company, and the north part by
the Leighton Bridge Company. This viaduct was opened for travel
May 25, 1876, and was the largest and most expensive in the city,
costing $140,371. 55.
The year ending December 31, 1877, there were six-
teen viaducts in the city, all of iron except two, and
costing $615,339.55. There were thirty-two draw or
pivot bridges in use, all iron or combination except two.
Four new bridges were built during the year, as follows:
Fuller Street, to replace one destroyed by storm, a combination
draw or pivot structure ; completed August 4, 1877, at a cost of
$4,210 ; swing and turn-table, by G. W. James, contractor ; length,
127 feet ; roadway, 16.5 feet ; width over all, 19.5 feet.
North Avenue, combination swing bridge and turn-table ;
Conro, Starke & Co., contractors ; begun, August 28, 1877 ; com-
pleted in January, 1878; cost, $7,149; length, 150 feet ; roadway,
17 feet ; sidewalk, 4 feet ; width over all, 29 feet.
North Halsted Street, new combination and turn-table swing
bridge ; W. B. Howard, contractor ; begun, June 22, 1877 ; com-
pleted October 8, 1877; cost, $4,190; length, 140 feet; roadway,
17 feet ; width over all, 20 feet.
This year also saw the final completion of the Har-
rison-street structure, which had been delayed by land-
condemnation cases. This litigation being adjusted,
work was pushed on the bridge, which was a wrought-
iron and turn-table swing structure.
The American Bridge Company, who were the contractors,
began work June 22, 1875, and completed the bridge October 23,
1877. It is 175 feet long ; roadway, 19 feet ; sidewalks, 4.10 feet ;
width over all, 31 feet ; cost, $4!, 848. 51. The repair account of the
Department for the year amounted to $20,322.14.
In 1878, the repair account amounted to $19,917.07, of which
»2, 585-33 was on viaducts. On May 10, proposals were received
CORPORATE HISTORY.
for a viaduct over the tracks of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne A: Chi-
cago and Chicago, Alton & St. Louis railway companies, at F.igh-
teenlh Street. The Keystone Bridge Company commenced work
on the superstructure August 3, 1878. James Clowry contracted for
the substructure at $15,215.16. The total cost was 820, 409,16, of
which the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway Company
paid $14, ooo. This viaduct, the seventeenth in the city, was opened
for travel in December of the same year. In September, the city
and the Town of Lake View jointly constructed a pivot bridge at
the north city limits, at Fullerton Avenue. The contract was
awarded to [. W. Sawin & Co., October I, 1877, the bridge being
completed January 19, 1878, at a two-thirds cost to the city of
$2,970.50. It was 125 feet long; roadway, 17. 4 feet; width over
all, 20 feet. The Eighteenth-street viaduct, at Lumber Street, over
the tracks of the Piltsbugh, Fort Wayne & Chicago and Chicago,
Alton iV St. Louis railways, was begun August I, 1878, and com-
pleted December 18, at a cost of $10,403.43 for the substructure,
and a total cost of $17,196.56. The bridge at Fullerton Avenue
was re-built in this year, being 225 feet long, with a
roadway 20 fret wide, at a cost of $1,490.
The Eighteenth-street viaduct was put in opera-
tion February 7, 1879. This was a wrought-iron
superstructure, costing $11,194, with two spans;
truss-girders over the tracks, 142 feet long ; road-
way, 20 feet wide ; sidewalks, 6 feet wide. The
Kedzie-avenue bridge, wrought-iron single span,
over the canal, was completed March I, the Town
of Cicero bearing a portion of the expense. It was
built by the Masillon Bridge Company. In January,
1879, a foot-bridge was placed over the south end
of the LaSalle-street tunnel, and a wooden bridge
was built at Lock Street by the Canal Commission-
ers, at the expense of the State.
In 1880,* the flooring of the viaduct at Adams
Street was reconstructed, at a cost of $2,537. -\n
addition was made to the Milwaukee-avenue viaduct,
by which the end at Milwaukee Avenue was length-
ened to 680 feet by 59 feet wide; and at Desplaines
Street to 472 feet long and 65 feet wide. Three
nearly equal spans, 1 73 !/j' feet each, were constructed
on Milwaukee Avenue, and three spans, 125 feet
each, on Desplaines Street. The work began May
24, and was completed October 6, at a cost of
$27,365, which the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railway Company paid. This brought the total
cost of the viaduct to $296,043, of which the rail
roads paid $131,878. The showing to iSSi ex
hibited viaducts costing $778,908.86, of which rail-
road companies had paid $333,432, eleven having
been constructed since 1871. The proportion showed
an expense of four-sevenths of the total cost borne
by the city.
The expenditures tor repairs to bridges and viaducts, in 1881,
reached the unusually large sum of $95,030.81. At this time nine
of the city bridges were crossed by street railways. A new bridge
ol wrought-iron riveted Warren 'girders was begun in 1881, at
\\ estern Avenue, over the Illinois and Michigan Canal, the floods
of the spring having swept away the original wooden structure at
that place. This bridge had a 'span nS feet, a roadway 18 feet,
and cost $6,921.20. The Massillon Bridge Company were the con-
tractors. The approaches to Randolph-street bridge were re-built.
In 1882, the repair account was $67,363.93. On July 25, the
Polk-street viaduct was begun, the contractors being the Centra!
Bridge Company. It had two spans, and was 173 by 22 feet, with
two sidewalks 5^ feet wide. The structure carried a moving load
of 3,000 pounds to the lineal foot of the bridge, in addition to a
dead load of 15 tons. The trusses were 22 feet, arid the weight
per lineal foot 3,490 pounds. Its total cost was $115, 009. 49, the
expense being paid entirely by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Railway Company.
In 1883, the bridge repairs aggregated $64,970.01. A new
bridge was built this year over the West Fork of the river, at Ashland
Avenue, with a span of 160 feet, and one roadway 2O'/2 feet wide,
the contractors being the Detroit Bridge Works, and the cost
$10,500. On November 22, the schooners "Granger" and "Aug.
Parker," and the steam-barge " Business," colliding at Rush-st tvn
bridge while the structure was swung on the center protection, a
center post was displaced and the bridge broken in two. On Sep-
tember 28, the schooner " David Vance " struck the west abutment
and the trusses of Lake-street bridge widened at the expense of the
West Division Street Railway Company. Two new viaducts were
constructed, the details of which were as follows : Viaduct at Six-
teenth and Halsted streets, contracted for May 24, 1881, and com-
pleted October 25. It had two iron spans, each 88 >£ feet'; roadway
MJ4 feet ; sidewalks, 8 feet ; 57 latticed trusses; Leighton Bridge
Works and Rust & Coolidge, contractors. The total cost was
$96,419.30, of which the railroad companies paid $76,567.55. The
Sangamon-street viaduct was begun on August 20, 1881, Cun-
ningham & Keepers, contractors, at cost of $98,977.03,' the railroads
to pay $48,847.79. There were five spans, 36, 172^, 99^,
<)$'/$ and 52 feet, respectively ; width, 38 feet over all • roadway
18 feet.
i *j°" •'H'y 9' l88o-.the CitX Council passed the ordinance to keep the bridges
closed one hour, morning and evening.
RUSH-STREET BRIDGE.
of Adams-street bridge, and carried away the east span of the viaduct
and a portion of the bridge.
The expense for repairs to bridges in 1884 was $53,344.54;
total for bridges and viaducts, $60,368.10. During this year was
begun the construction of the Rush-street bridge, the largest swing-
bridge known, 240 by 59 feet, supporting a weight of 657 tons. In
July a formal test was made by experts, and the new steam machin-
ery was approved. The south approach caved in during the erec-
tion of the structure, the pressure of the earth also carrying down a
small brick building. The cost of the bridge was $138,019.85.
The viaduct over the tracks of the Chicago & North-Western
Railway at Halsted Street and Chicago Avenue, begun November
26, 1883, was completed November 23, 1884, the cost, exclusive of
land damages, being $285,334.41, of which the railway company
paid $135,696.50. The Centre-avenue viaduct, over the tracks of
the Chicago & North-Western and Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
railways, begun March 18, was completed December 13. It was a
superstructure of four spans, 409 by 58 feet, the weight of the iron
work being 604 tons, and cost, exclusive of land, $152,730.12, of
which the Chicago & North-Western Railway paid $19,580.90, and
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway $28,086.38. The new
viaduct over the tracks of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and
Chicago, Pittsburgh & Fort Wayne railways, at Twelfth Street, was
completed, at a cost of $607,945.42. There was a single span, 140
by 56 feet, of the cost which was $31,861.04, of which the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Railway paid $24,306.84. The total length
of bridge approaches in substructure was 7,383 feet, of which 6,065
feet consisted of masonry. The total length of iron work in sub-
structure was 1,704 feet, and the weight was 1,314,000 pounds.
The city paid $400,275.29 of the cost of this viaduct, and the rail-
way companies §207,670.13. A new viaduct was also begun at
Erie Street, extending west from the river, 459 by 38 feet, to
cost $45,000.
The following bridges were in operation in 1884 :
132
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
MAIN BRANCH.
Street.
Length.
Width.
Material.
When
built.
Rush
2dO
CQ
iron
[884
State . . .
184
36
iron
1873
Clark
I 80
•*,7'<
combination
1872
Wells
TOO
•3C I/
iron
1872
SOUTH
Street.
Length.
width.
Material.
When
built.
Lake .. ..
i8<
1859
1864
•iii/
l8s7*
Adams
1 60
-12
1872
\ ,in Buren
16^
1872
1877+
I'olk .. ..
I ^J.
T!
1872
Twelfth
2O2
^23/
1 868
1868
'1 \vcnty-second
2IO
-12
1871
Archer Avenue (Ogden Slip)
South Ilalsted
H5
IgO
4"
3l!^
combination
1871
1872
Main ........
IC2
2Q
1868
*Main structure re-built in 1875.
NORTH
tBegun in 1872.
Street. '
I ,rMi;i h.
Width.
Material.
When
built.
Kinzie
I7O
•M'A
1870
Indiana
TO1*
I goo
Erie ..
1871
Chicago Avenue . ._
1 75
12 !4
1872
X. H.iUted and River
X. Ilalsted and Canal
Division and River
140
228
1 80
20
32
20
combination
combination
1 866
1874
1869
Division and Canal
176
1870
North Avenue
icn
I ^<>~
Clybourn Place
• . ' .
,2-1
Fullerton Avenue .
12^
SOUTH FORK OF SOUTH BRANVII.
Street.
Length.
Width.
Material.
When
built.
Fuller
127
TO \4
Archer __
28 3/
, .
Douglas ..
2Tl/
*L/3
1574
WEST FORK OF SOUTH BRANCH.
Street.
Length.
Width.
Material.
When
built.
Ashland Avenue .
20 14
Western Avenue
Il8
18
Ai I:\AM.KR KIKKI.AND, commissioner of the Department of
I ubltc Buildings, is a sturdy, educated Scotchman, and his life ex-
perience has well qualified him to perform his duties. Born in Kilbar-
chen, Renfrewshire, Scotland, on September 24, 1824, his father had
already been retired on account of wounds he had received as a cap-
tain under Wellington at Waterloo. He also served under that great
commander in the Peninsular campaign. Captain James Kirkland
died m 1859. Young Kirkland attended the parish school of his
neighborhood, finally entering the high school at (llasgow and sub-
sequently the college, from which he graduated in iS44 I )Urine
his collegiate course, Mr. Kirkland had commenced the study of
architecture and engineering, and, after completing his-studies he
fully practiced his profession for over twenty years ' In
.68, he came to this country, locating in Jefferson County Wis
Three years afterward he removed to Chicago, and, in May, 1879,
was appointed commissioner of public buildings. Mr. Kirkland 8
first wife, lane Hewittson, died in 1847. In 1855, he married
\li - Kli/.a "Maria Kirkland, a second cousin. His two sons by his
first wife are R. IS. Kirkland, for four years district attorney of
Jefferson County, and who has just formed a partnership with
Congressman James 11. Ward ; and James K., the assistant inan-
atuT of the machine shops of the Grand Trunk Railroad, at Port
Huron, Mich. Jeannette Law, daughter by the present marriage,
is now the wife of William Edgar, secretary of the Building I )e-
partment. At present Mr. Kirkland is not connected with any se-
cret society in this city, but while a resident of Scotland was a prom-
inent member of the Masonic fraternity, and past-master of a flour-
ishing lodge. He has been a member of the St. Andrew's Society
since his arrival here, is an active worker in that body, and has
three times been its president.
DAVID S. MKAD, secretary of the Department of Public Works,
was born at Tarrytown, Westchester Co., N. Y., on July 13,
1827. His father, K/ra Mead, was one of the early settlers of Tar-
rytown, and fought through the war of 1812. His mother was
Elizabeth Van Wert, whose family was identified with the capture
of Major Andre during the struggle of 1776. Mr. Mead com-
menced his education at a select school, erected on the spot made
historical by the execution of Andre. In 1836, his family removed
to Orleans County, where his education was completed. In 1854,
he moved to Buffalo, and was engaged in steamboating during the
life of the passenger steamers plying between Buffalo, Cleveland,
Toledo and Detroit, after which he entered the employ of the To-
ledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, having charge of the freight
and ticket business at the western terminus of the line, then located
at State Line City, Ind. He came to this city in 1865, holding im-
portant positions with the Merchants' Insurance Company of Chicago.
He entered the employ of the city in 1867, and was assigned to duty
in the Special Assessment Department. In August, 1876, he was ap-
pointed secretary of the Board of Public Works, under the administra-
tion of Mayor Rice, which position he still holds. Not being a par-
tisan, he possesses the confidence and esteem of all political parties.
Mr. Mead was married in October, 1850, to Miss Adelia L. Munn,
daughter of Abner Munn, a well-known farmer of Orleans County,
X. V., and has two children, — Morton E. and Walter W. Al-
though educated a strict sectarian, Mr. Mead is progressive and lib-
eral in his religious ideas, and was among the first, with his family,
to join in the organization of the Central Church Society of Chi-
cago, of which he is now an officer.
JOHN M. BROWN, of the Bureau of Streets, Department of
Public Works, was born in Chicago on March 15, 1858. He isa son
of the late Hugh Brown, a builder and contractor, who settled here
in the forties. Mr. Brown has held the position he now occupies
since 1879, and to him is due the credit of compiling the street-pav-
ing statistics, published in the second volume of this History. His
integrity and close attention to duty have won for him high encomi-
ums from his superiors in the municipal government.
WATER DEPARTMENT. — The Water Department of
the Board of Public Works suffered more severely in
1871, than any other branch of the supply service in the
city. The fire of October 9 reached the Chicago pump-
ing works at 3 o'clock Monday morning, and, although
the walls of that structure were but slightly injured, the
roof, floors, and other portions of the building were en-
tirely destroyed. The water-tower was unharmed and
the machinery only slightly damaged. The loss on the
buildings and machinery was $75,000. The machine-
shop, a substantial brick structure, 50 x 120 feet, was
almost a total loss. The damage to the North and
South division reservoirs amounted to $20,000, and their
use was permanently discontinued. Some 15,000 water
service pipes were melted and damaged, and a serious
loss of water ensued. Great trouble was caused by
de'bris covering the supply pipes and by the loss of
water books.
The repairs to hydrants in the burned district aggre-
gated $10,000, and 370 water meters were repaired and
re-set at a cost of $6,000. On account of the immense
waste of water, the amount pumped for six months end-
ing April i, 1872, was larger than at any other corre-
sponding period in the history of the city, this loss of
water costing the city $97,410. A set of water maps,
showing the location of water mains, and the drawing
of the details of the construction of the lake tunnel, were
CORPORATE HISTORY.
133
destroyed. This latter, a record of one of the most im-
portant works ever undertaken by the city, received a
prize medal at the Paris exposition of 1867. Numerous
other papers and records in the engineer's office were
burned, only a portion of some plat books being saved.
The entire loss at the works was $248,910.
During 1871-72 no considerable amount of improve-
ments were made, attention being mainly directed to
the forwarding of work already commenced, and the
repairing of the fire damage. The injunction suit,
which had stayed the commencement of the new lake
tunnel for eighteen months, was decided in favor of the
city, and Steel & McMahon were awarded the contract
for this work, which they commenced on July 12, 1872,
with a limit for its completion fixed at July i, 1874.
The old tunnel of 1867 needed no repair, but the water
works machine-shop was re-constructed as before. The
engine-'Of 1867 was put in operation October 17, that of
1857, November 10, and that of 1853, November 30; but
being insufficient, in their operation, to the augmented
needs of the city, a new engine was procured. This
was put in place, except the setting of the boilers and
the perfecting of the water and steam connections. Its
adoption was found necessary immediately after the fire,
the old engines, despite the fact that several factories
near the river, private wells and artificial lakes had
supplied some of the demand, forcing only a medium
head of water.
In 1871-72 the quantity of water delivered was 8,423,890,966
gallons, being an increase of 497,206,126 gallons over the previous
year. There were 91,129 feet of pipes laid, costing $316,165.19,
making 287 miles and 3,581 feet then laid, 3,153 1456-2000 tons of
pipe being purchased; 115 fire hydrants were erected, making a
total in use of 1,667, and 3,l$7 taPs were made. The receipts from
all water assessments and taxes were $445,834.64; total income to
April I, 1872, $4,127,419.32. The total cost of additions to the
works for the year was $432,719.29, the State appropriating funds
for the January interest on the bonded debt. To the date named,
including work then in progress, the total expenses of the water
works were $4, 712, 615.18; paid for by 6 per cent, bonds, $1,030,000;
7 per cent., $3,790,000; making $4,820,000, less discount and cash,
S953.5i7.88; amount of one mill tax of 1871, $289,746.47; balance
from water rents, $556,386.59. The cost of delivering water in
1872, per million gallons, was $12.02.
During 1872, the Board of Public Works purchased
a lot of ground on Canal A, at the intersection of Ash-
land and Blue Island avenues, containing 133,792
square feet, upon which it was designed to erect a new
pumping works to supply the southwestern portion of
the city. The new water-tunnel running to the crib,
and thence by a land tunnel across the city, was to sup-
ply these works, and on this tunnel work was com-
menced on the shore end July 12, 1872, at the crib end
October 2. The new engine at the water works, de-
signed by Chief-Engineer Cregier, and constructed by
the Knapp Fort Pitt Foundry Works, was completed
and started to supply water to the city through a 36-
inch main pipe on November 27, 1872. This engine com-
pleted the mechanical equipment of the works most
perfectly. Its steam cylinders, 70 inches in diameter,
had a lo-foot stroke, and rested upon plates supported
by four 9-inch columns extending from lower plates, and
the working beams were 28 feet, of cast iron, and
weighed 20 tons each. The main columns were 24 feet
Tl/2 inches from base of pedestal to top of cap, and
weighed 17 tons each, serving as air vessels, and con-
nected with the check-valve chamber by 30 inch pipe,
the water-pumps having a diameter of 57 inches and
a lo-foot stroke. The upper bed plate was 39 feet, 3^
inches long, weight 18 tons, the crank end resting on
stone foundations, and the fly wheel was 25 feet in
diameter and weighed 40 tons. There were three
boilers, each 20 feet long, 12 feet in diameter and
having sixty-six 5^ inch tubes. This splendid engine —
which, with the boilers, cost $188,400 — hag proven its
value and utility since being put in place, in 1873-74
pumping 58 per cent, of all the water delivered in the
city, and during its first six and one-half months' opera-
tions, with two and one-half million revolutions, pumping
6,448,000,000 gallons.
By 1873, a long line of water improvements had been
consummated, among them the completion of a new
water tunnel on May 19, it having been commenced on
January 15, and costing $13,279.70. This was under
the river near Rush-street bridge. Two shafts, one 84
feet, at Michigan Avenue, and one of 68 feet, at Pine
Street, were also sunk, to form a four hundred and
ninety-two feet drift. The old pipes were broken, and
this tunnel was increased in dimensions, shafts 8 feet,
tunnel proper 6 feet in internal diameter, costing
$13,279.70.
In July, 1873,1116 Department ordered the commence-
ment of the land extension of the new lake-tunnel across
the city to the West pumping works. Working shafts
were sunk at Illinois, Franklin, Polk and Waller streets,
and the fire shafts at Erie, Kinzie, Market and Taylor
streets. The tunnel of 1867 had a capacity of 50,000,000
gallons, and cost to construct $457,844.95. The new
one, with which the land extensions noted connected,
had double this capacity, although its cost was only
$400,000. On July 7, 1874, the land and water
structures were both completed, and water turned in the
water-tunnel, which cost $411,510.16 and the land ex-
tension $545,000. On October 26, of the same year, Mur-
phy & Co., Quintard Iron Works, contracted to supply
the two pumping engines for the West Division pumping
works designed to cost $243,500, and to have a capacity
of raising 30,000,000 U. S. gallons 155 feet high every
24 hours. The new crib structure was completed and
telegraph cables extended through the tunnel to the
same from the new pumping works. After the comple-
tion of the West Division pumping works, two new
engines were added at that place, making ten engines in
operation, with a combined capacity of 130,000,000 gal-
lons daily. By 1884, the water system of the city had
attained a marvelous perfection and utility.
For that year the total water delivered reached 29,286,584,465
gallons, a daily average of 80,017,900 gallons, or about 9 52-100
per cent, above the average of 1883. The cost of delivery was
$187,697.46, average cost per million gallons $6.40 90-100. There
were in use, of water pipes of 4 to 36 inches diameter, 543ji miles;
total number of valves, 4,022; fire hydrants, 4,616; fire cisterns, 26;
new house-service taps, 92,133; water meters, 2,685; water motors,
445. Of the water produced at a cost during 1884 of $202,604.27,
the North pumping works supplied 15,405,650,785 gallons, with
six engines, expense $133,250.07, and the West pumping works,
four engines, 13,880,933,680 gallons, at a cost of $69,354.20. The
water works receipts were $1,288,941.26, and the total expen-
ditures, $1,152,044.15. Up to December 31, 1884, the total cost of
the water works of the city was $10,099,658.07, of which amount
only $1,020,160.21 was expended previous to 1861, when the works
were transferred from the water commissioners to the Board of
Public Works. The total revenue from water rents up to 1885, has
been $15,530,071.67, the operating expenses and maintenance, in-
cluding interest ($5,407,008.93) on bonded debt, and bonds
cancelled being $11,878,555.40; the total surplus over expenses,
$3,651,516.21. The amount of water furnished up to 1871 was
43.854,000,000 gallons, revenue $3,423.624.12, average revenue per
million gallons, $74.53 7-10.
The following table shows the amount of water
furnished and revenue received, year by year, since that
time:
'34
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
\Yar.
Millions nf yall.ins
fanii
Revenue.
Krvi'liuc lor
million gallons
l87I
8,423
$445,834 64
$52 93
1872
10,051
^44,465 90
54 17
187-5
11,723
708,804 32
60 46
l874
13,903
705,926 64
50 77
IO.957
196 M
58 04
15,346
771,940 38
50 30
1877
H), "47
908,509 64
47 70
1878
19,564
944,190 97
48 31
1870
2O,S57
922,001 26
44 85
21,002
865,618 35
41 21
1881
23,331
936,922 07
40 16
24,150
1,049,576 90
43 46
1883
2<>,742
1,142,868 54
42 73
1884 . ...
29,286
1,204,338 74
41 12
* In 1882, the water in the old tunnel was pumpea "in '""i •'" .<•*•
made to ascertain its contents and condition. On January 24, City Engineer
Crejier and others made a personal inspection, and from the shore end to the
crib found the tunnel without a crack.
internal diameter and 167 feet high, with a 3o-inch
branch pipe leading to the discharge mains of the
engines. S. G. Artingstall designed the engine and
boiler houses and the tower, Earnshaw & Gobel did the
masonry work, Gindele Brothers the cut-stone work, and
the American Bridge Company the iron work. There
were six boilers, 7 feet long, with 68 four and one-half
inch tubes in each boiler. In 1876, the extension to
these works was projected, and was completed for regu-
lar service in July, 1884, the machinery being similar to
that used in the main structure, at a cost of $257,500 ;
the total being $371,681.01. The repairs to engines
and boilers for eight years, ending with 1884, has been
$9,640.17.
In 1884, these pumping works delivered 37,926,048
gallons per day, under a head of 90.5 feet, and at an
expenditure of $69,354.20. The number of gallons
pumped since the works were started, and cost of same,
are given in the following table :
Year.
Gallons pumped.
Head.
Cost of repairs of
engines and boilers.
Cost of repairs per
million gallons.
Cost of coal
per ton.
Cost per
million.
Cost per million
one foot high.
1877 ....
1878 --..
1879 ----
tSSl -
1883
1884 .-
7,088,127,000
8,418,918,000
9,404,588,000
^,1.48,673,000
9,572,845,000
10,000,750,000
m.;,76,678.ooo
13,880,933,680
109.0
106.0
IOI.O
98-3
90.0
88.2
85.1
90.5
Si, 123 61
583 66
1,879 7°
366 96
1,100 18
854 9°
2.345 &3
1,285 53
$0 15 85-100
06 93-100
23 19-100
04 24-100
II 38-100
08 64-100
22 6O-IOO
09 26 100
$5 22
3 67
2 62
3 60
3 60
3 9°
4 10
2 96
$6 66
5 45
5 02
5 15
5 25
5 oo
5 09
4 96
$o 06 ii-ioo
05 14-100
04 98-100
05 24-IOO
05 83-100
05 68-100
05 98-100
05 48-100
The daily consumption of water per capita, in 1884, averaged
nearly 1 14 gallons. There were in use at the end of that year, of
total 2,868,962 feet or 543 1922-5280 miles.
On July 10, 1874, the Board of Public Works adver-
tised for two pumping engines, with boilers capable of
working separately or connected, with a capacity each
of delivering fifteen million United States gallons of
water daily, that were to lift above the surface of the
water in the well 155 feet, and to consume not more
than 100 pounds of coal per ninety million pounds of
water raised one foot high. They were to be completed
by October i, 1875, and to be removed if they failed in
any of the requirements made. These engines were
designed for use at the West pumping works on Ash-
land Avenue, and the stringency of the terms to bid-
ders was severely criticised at the time. The Quintard
Iron Works, however, performed the work with A. A.
Wilson as designing engineer and Henry Mason as
superintendent of construction. The engines and boil-
ers cost $243,500. The foundations for the engines
and buildings were built by William D. Cox, with Wil-
liam Bryson as engineer in charge. These foundations
included a weir well, supply and dry well, the land-tun-
nel being connected with the semi-circular weir well, 26
feet in diameter, by a branch tunnel 7 feet in diameter.
The supply-well was 44 feet long and 10 feet wide.
The foundation was built of large-sized blocks of stone,
and the engine and boiler-houses were constructed of
brick, with pressed brick and stone trimmings on front.
The engine room was 100x66 feet, the tower 190 feet
high, and the stand-pipe in the tower was five feet
HERMANN LIEU, formerly superintendent of the Water Depart-
ment,was born in the canton of Turgau, Switzerland, on May 24, 1826.
From the year 1845 until the revolution of 1848, in company with
his elder brother, he followed mercantile pursuits in Paris, France.
Entering the " Garde Mobile," after the eventful days of February,
1848, he took part in all the fierce conflicts which raged in the
streets of the capital. Coming to America in 1851, he engaged in
business in New York, afterward moving to Boston, and, in 1854,
to Cincinnati. In 1856, Mr. Lieb located at Decatur, 111. On
April 15, 1861, two days after the bombardment of Fort Sumter,
he enlisted as a private in what was subsequently Co. " B," 8th
Illinois Infantry, under General Richard J. Oglesby. In July of the
same year he was chosen captain of the company, serving in such
capacity in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh and the siege
of Corinth. In the fall of 1862 he became major of the regiment,
and accompanied Logan's Division to Vicksburg, where he was
placed in charge of the skirmishers. At the battle of Milliken's
Bend he received a painful wound in the leg, and obtained a month's
leave of absence. Returning to his command, under orders from
General Grant he raised a colored regiment of heavy artillery, whose
subsequent record was of the best. He was afterward appointed
inspector-general of the Department of the Mississippi, and was
brevetted brigadier-general At the close of the War General Lieb
went to Springfield, where he founded the " Illinois Post." Remov-
ing to Chicago in 1868, in partnership with Lorenz Brentano he
started the "Abend Zeitung." Selling his interest in that paper in
1870, he went to Mississippi with the intention of making his home
in the South. His German colonization scheme, however, proved
premature, and failed. General Lieb came again to Chicago and
founded the " German American." Subsequently he purchased the
" Union," a German democratic paper, which, as the "Chicago
Demokrat," is still published. In 1873, he was elected county clerk
on the people's ticket, being succeeded in November, 1877, by E.
F. C. Klokke. He assumed charge of the Water Department in
August, 1879, and resigned therefrom, on account of political pres-
sure, in 1885, leaving a most honorable record for rectitude through-
out his public service. General Lieb was married to Miss Sarah
Stevens, of Auburn, Maine, on December 2, 1869.
SEWERAGE SYSTEM. — The Sewer Department sus-
tained a loss of $42,000 by the great fire, mainly con-
CORPORATE HISTORY.
135
fined to injury to catch-basins and man-hole covers.
This amount also includes the cleansing of sewers and
basins of debris that accumulated during the con-
flagration.
The improvements of 1871 embraced 78,166 feet of sewer laid,
and an expenditure of $258,664.70. Up to April I, 1872, there had
been built,— sewers in the South Division, 274,701 feet ; West Di-
vision. 365,426 ; North Division, 210,751 feet ; or over 331 miles of
sewers. Up to 1884, the showing of the Department was as fol-
lows: Feet of sewers in use, 413,874; number of catch-basins,
12,948; man-hole chambers, 14,728. The total number of feet of
sewers was divided between the several divisions of the city as fol-
lows : West Division, 224,356 feet; South Division, HS.S1?;
North Division, 76,201 ; of which 222,840 feet were of brick and
191,534 feet of vitrified pipe. The cost of construction aggregated
$6,378,592.20. The total value of the outstanding bonds was
$2!622,soo, and total interest paid from the beginning of operations
up to 1885, $4,104,672. By years, the showing of total cost of
sewers and catch-basins, since 1870, is as follows :
Year.
Lineal
feet of sew-
rrs built.
•si.j
s-S.=i
2s "
jj
^ ~Z J
IP
|
B
.|s.s
l-S'fi-
V.-O a
o a
Cost of
cleaning sew-
ers and
catch-basins.
Cost of
constructing
sewers.
1871
50,/l6
277
357
3,093
Sl7,4I5 4<J
$153,295 30
1872
47,342
245
341
1,435
21,484 16
173,255 76
1873
146,702
897
1,015
4,691
31,229 27
450,222 90
1874
222,322
1,054
1,474
6,292
36,929 57
587,507 38
1875
120,971
958
789
3,365
32,098 23
342,932 89
1876
15,248
155
75
1,172
29.345 4i
79,545 28
1877
64,666
363
431
1,822
35,763 33
291,829 63
1878
88,031
492
603
1,544
25,704 37
37,264 97
1879
I45,38l
820
1,043
2,953
32,548 88
130,840 50
1880
79,128
271
554
4,196
25,561 48
92,544 08
1881
132,076
548
9T7
4,810
34,748 53
452,310 06
1882
98,515
792
725
5,677
33,881 47
224,450 16
1883
75,364
835
497
5,963
34,735 36
232,084 33
1884
ioi,547
751
654
5,957
43,6i8 93
258,020 91
Of the different sewers in place in 1884, there were of
nine feet in diameter, 13,470 feet ; eight feet, 2,493 ; seven feet,
1,462 ; six and one-half feet, 3,512 ; six feet, 23,385 ; five and one-
half feet, 9,511 ; five feet, 72,999; four and one-half feet, 79,601 ;
four feet, 101,540; three and one-half feet, 41,619 ; three and one-
quarter feet, 665 ; three feet, 85,779; two and one-half feet, 142,928 ;
two and one-quarter feet, 6,359 I two feet> 588,305 ; twenty-inch,
1,625 ; eighteen-inch, 40,793 ; fifteen-inch, 156,791; twelve-inch,
812,422. By wards, the public sewers were divided as follows :
First Ward, 89,509 feet; Second Ward, 54,802; Third Ward,
75,462 ; Fourth Ward, 154,507 ; Fifth Ward, 224,036 ; Sixth Ward,
177,071; Seventh Ward, 137,612; Eighth Ward, 105,471; Ninth
Ward, 63,937; Tenth Ward, 63,279; Eleventh Ward, 98,508;
Twelfth Ward, 212,834 I Thirteenth Ward, 105,058 ; Fourteenth
Ward, 220,830; Fifteenth Ward, 154,865; Sixteenth Ward,
75>523 ; Seventeenth Ward, 64,655 ; Eighteenth Ward, 107,300.
THEGORDIAN KNOT. — The great problems ought to
be solved in connection with the sewerage system of
the City of Chicago, was the cleansing of the bed of the
Chicago River of sewage sediments and local impuri-
ties, without having the poisonous deposits washed out
through the mouth of the river into the lake, and possi-
bly contaminating the public water supply, which is
taken from the bottom of the lake, three miles distant
from the shore. To this end, all operations have had
in view the changing of the natural current of the South
Branch of the river so that it shall set down the Illinois
& Michigan Canal instead of flowing toward the lake ;
and continuing the waters of the North Branch past its
junction with the main river down to the canal outlet.
For this purpose immense pumping-works have been
erected at Fullerton Avenue, on the North Branch, in-
tended to force water from a lake tunnel into the river
basin, thereby creating a strong current to the south ;
and twin pumping-works have erected in Bridgeport, at
the entrance of the canal, on the West Branch of the
river, which takes the polluted water from the river and
pours it into the supplementary basin of the canal, thus
creating a vacuum in the river and inducing a strong
current in a southerly and westerly direction.
The operations of the dual pumping-works have been
measurably successful, and are adequate, perhaps, for or-
dinary seasons ; but whenever a freshet sets in, it is inva-
riably the case that the country on the line "of the Des-
plaines River, from Chicago city line all along the river
valley, from twelve to twenty miles distant, is entirely
submerged, the water often covering an area of twenty
or thirty square miles. In the vicinity of Twenty-sec-
ond Street, during a heavy freshet, the water in the
West Branch of the river not infrequently rises six or
eight feet, while in the basin of the main river, north of
Van Buren Street, the rise is generally from eighteen
inches to two feet. During the prevalence of a freshet,
and often continuing two or three days, not less than
150,000 cubic feet of water a minute empty from
the Desplaines River into the West Branch of the Chi-
cago River. The flow of water from the Desplaines is
much greater now than in former years, primarily because
of the clearing up and ditching of swampy lands and
acres of marshy country, that for years had been cov-
ered with thick underbrush ; the removal of these nat-
ural obstructions affording the periodical rains uninter-
rupted course, so that a fall of rain which formerly was
days in finding its way to the city, now sweeps in upon
it in a flood in the course of a few hours.
But the principal cause of the great influx of water
is the existence of the so-called Ogden Ditch, an exca-
vation dredged by the late William B. Ogden, in 1868,
through his lands about twelve miles west of the city,
for the purpose of draining the large area of the Des-
plaines valley, some twelve or fifteen square miles,
which, previous to his excavation, was submerged nearly
the entire year. The Ogden Ditch, or Canal, is twenty-
five or thirty feet wide, and extends through Mud Lake,
in a northerly direction, about two hundred feet ; then
makes a sharp right-angular turn to the east, and con-
tinues some three hundred feet, forming a junction with,
and emptying into, the West Fork of the Chicago
River. During the season of the floods, the Ogden
Ditch overflows its banks, receiving drainage and sur-
face water beyond its capacity for discharge. To
offset the trouble, and regulate the disturbances created
in part by the Ogden Canal and in part by the rapid
flow of surface and drainage water, the city constructed,
in 1874, on land acquired from Mr. Ogden, a rude dam
of piling, on which was spiked heavy plank, and filled
in with earthwork to a sufficient depth to withstand the
force of water. The top of this dam was on a level
with the adjoining lands, and was built across the east
arm of the Desplaines, and parallel with the north angle
of the Ogden Canal, and served to wall out, to some
extent, the waters of the big ditch, the flood of the Des-
plaines River, and the surface water from the Desplaines
valley on the west and south.
This dam has been of good service, and has accom-
plished all that was expected of it ; but at the same
time it has been, from the first, a bone of contention,
and has stirred up the ire and provoked the animosity
of the neighboring property owners, who wished their
lands flooded in the fall and winter, that they might
reap abundant crops of ice for commercial purposes,
and who again desired their lands drained in the spring
and summer, for the successful pursuit of agriculture.
It was their custom for a number of years, therefore,
when the spring rains commenced to descend, and
there was a reasonable prospect of a freshet, to repair
to the dam with axes and other aggressive implements,
knock the planking from the piles, tear up the earth-
I36
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
works, and permit the water to have free course into the
West Fork of the Chicago River; then, in the fall, before
the wet season set in, to again fill in the earth on the
dam, replace the planks on the piles, and permit the
land to be flooded through the winter, thus insuring for
themselves an abundant harvest of ice. In 1885, the
city put a stop to these practices, by constructing a new
and permanent dam on the site of the original works,
t-xravating to proper depth, laying a solid masonry
foundation, and building up the facade of the dam with
heavy blocks of stone ; then filling in with rip-rap
material and gravel to the width of twenty-five feet,
sloping down to the water's edge, and constructing a
solid roadway over the dam, completing a wall and
much destruction, and making the city liable for exten-
sive damages.
The Desplaines River is decidedly mercurial in its
tendencies, being down to-day and up to-morrow. It
will this week be nearly dry, so as to be fordable at
many points, and a week later will be so swollen with
rains and freshets as to overflow its banks and sweep
everything before it. The early settlers of Illinois were
accustomed to float down the Desplaines, from points
fifty to seventy-five miles up the river, boating it where
the depth of water would permit, and dragging or
carrying their boats through shoals and over dry places.
Notwithstanding the existence of the city dam,
it was found by actual measurement, that, during the
PLAN OF
CANAL PUMPING WOBKS
PLAN OF PUMPING-WORKS AT BRIDGEPORT.
approaches which can not be readily thrown down or
penetrated.
Another cause for the great rush of waters in this
locality, is found in the fact that the State, in 1871, pur-
chased a strip of land thirty-three feet wide, about a
mile west and parallel with the city dam, and con-
structed thereon a public roadway of stone, six feet
high, through the low and swampy region, thus dam-
ming in the water on the south, which has no egress
save by one small watercourse.
The city acquired of Mr. Ogden the perpetual right
to maintain the dam it located, and has the privilege of
extending it south to where the Ogden possessions
adjoin the land of Hon. John Wentworth, which it will
soon be necessary to do. But beyond the Ogden line
the city can not go, Mr. Wentworth absolutely refusing
to sell, or to permit the dam to be built across his land
to the banks of the Chicago River, some three hundred
feet further south. As the city dam is raised only to
the height of the adjoining land,' which has always been
a swampy district, submerged most of the year, it does
not encroach upon property rights. The dam, however,
would be far more efficacious if it could be raised a
foot or eighteen inches ; but in doing so the country to
the west would be inundated for miles beyond the
present outflow, and probably as far as Joliet, entailing
freshet of April 20-22, 1885, the Desplaines River was
so swollen that 123,757 cubic feet of water a minute
found its way over the top of the dam, through the
West Fork, into the Chicago River; while the volume of
water coming down the North Branch of the Chicago
River, derived wholly from the watershed of the north-
west section, was 26,467 cubic feet a minute, causing a
rise in the main river of nearly two feet; a portion
of the water flowing east into the lake, and a smaller
portion flowing south into the canal. Yet this fall of
water was only about one-half the quantity which
usually enters the city during the height of the flood
season.
The practical- operation of the river sewerage is this :
In the dry season, when the river and lake are low, and
the water in the river is at a stand-still or sluggish, the
machinery of the Fullerton-avenue pumping works,
which forces water from the lake tunnel into the river,
or reciprocally from the river into the lake, is utilized
to swell the volume of water in the North Branch of
the Chicago River, and creates a strong southerly cur-
rent; while at the same time the pumping works at the
head of the canal, at Bridgeport, acting in correspond-
ence, lifts the black, dirty water out of the West Branch
of the river and empties it into the supplementary canal
basin, thus creating a vacuum in the river, and inducing
CORPORATE HISTORY.
a current from the north. The water in the canal,
which is usually raised from six to twelve inches in
consequence of the water pumped into it, is prevented
from flowing back into the river and buffeting the
southerly current, by a lock, built in the canal in 1884.
The lock is constructed of timber, the walls being crib-
work, composed of 2 x 8-inch plank, laid flat, one on top
of the other, spiked together and filled with broken
stones. The lock chamber is two hundred and forty
feet long between the gates, and nineteen feet wide.
The floor is formed of lox i2-inch sleepers, bedded in
the ground, and covered with two thicknesses of two-
inch plank. Outside the lock are waste-gates, thirty-
eight feet high.
body of water in the main channel of the river and its
several branches and tributaries is swept into the lake.
Although the capacity of the canal which drains the
West Branch of the river is comparatively small, and the
current consequently moderate, still the volume of water
carried off daily is by no means inconsiderable. The
mean velocity of water entering the canal is 6.9 inches
a second, the height of the water being eight-tenths of
a foot above city datum, and the area of the cross-
section of the canal 381.1 square feet showing that the
amount of water passing into the canal is 219.13 cubic
feet a second, or 18,932,832 cubic feet every twenty-
four hours.
In order to give an idea of the extent to which the
SECTION OF
CANAL PUMPING WORKS.
•*»
PUMPING-WORKS AT BRIDGEPORT.
Frequently, during the prevalence of strong easterly
gales, the water in the lake rises from eighteen inches
to two feet, and, flowing into the mouth of the river,
raises it from twelve to eighteen inches, creating a
strong southerly current down the South and West
branches of the river, and also up the North Branch
toward the Fullerton-avenue pumping works. At such
times, pumping operations are suspended at the Bridge-
port works, the lock of the canal is thrown open, and
the entire volume of water in the river, with the sewage
filth and sediment, is washed down the canal, and its
place occupied by pure lake water, while the filthy river
water, forced up the North Branch, is pumped through the
conduit into the Lake. When the North and West pump-
ing-works are acting in correspondence, the Fullerton-
avenue pumping-works deliver from the lake into the
North Branch of the river 24,000 cubic feet of water
a minute, while simultaneously the Bridgeport pump-
ing works remove 60,000 cubic feet of water per minute
from the West Branch, and deliver it into the canal
basin, the reciprocal action creating a strong and
effective current at all times, save when the river is
swollen by a freshet and general inundation. At such
times, every effort of engineering skill and mechanical
invention has thus far proved inadequate to cope with
the action of the refractory elements, and the entire
Chicago River serves as a common sewer, it may 6e
stated that 7,097.33 surface acres drain into it, from ninety
sewer-discharge openings, the area of these terminal
openings aggregating 921.81 square feet. In addition,
1,270.43 acres in the South Division of the city drain
directly into the lake. The water of the North Branch,
from the rolling-mill south, is usually highly discolored,
with a perceptible odor ; of the main river, nearly free
from deleterious matter, with little odor; of the South
Branch, highly discolored, with considerable odor; of
the West Fork of the South Branch, nearly pure, with no
perceptible odor; of the South Fork of the South Branch,
extremely foul, charged with decomposing animal and
vegetable matter, and odor very offensive.
While the highest engineering skill obtainable has
been brought to bear on the question of the disposal of
the public sewage of Chicago, and while money has
been spent lavishly in building the most improved
machinery for rendering the river an available and
efficient agent for this purpose, it must be conceded
that thus far only indifferent results have been attained ;
and as the population of Chicago shall double and
quadruple, it will be found imperatively necessary to
push to a successful solution this perplexing problem.
The Fullerton-avcnue Conduit, which \vas completed
and put in operation January 9, 1880, is a brick tunnel,
'38
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
:iiar in section, and twelve feet in internal diameter.
It is 11,898 feet long from the lake shaft to the North
Branch of the Chicago River, 4,270 feet at the bottom,
from the River to Racine Avenue, being level and 13
feet below city datum ; while east of Racine Avenue is
a vertical reverse curve connecting the upper and lower
grades, which at this point is 27 '| feet below datum.
Thence the conduit continues by a series of descending
grades to the lake-shore shaft, where it is 54}^ feet
In-low datum, the grade from this point to the lake
shaft, a distance of 1,000 feet, being level. The west
end of the conduit excavation was an open cut, while
from Racine Avenue eastward it was tunneled. The
upper part of the lake-shaft is a cast-iron cylinder, i%
inches thick and 24 feet long, lined with brick, and hav-
ing an internal diameter of 12 feet, the dimensions of
the shaft below the cylinder being the same. The top
of the cylinder is 4'_> feet below city datum, and is
located in a wooden chamber 34 by 18 feet inside, with
openings on the east side into the lake, which are
fitted with gates, to be closed only when the cover is on
the shaft, and to prevent its being lifted or damaged by
the violence of the waves. At this end the water is
shut off from the conduit by a conical cover of boiler-
plate iron, on the lower end of which is a strong inclined
flange luting on a corresponding flange cast on the top
SECTION
THROUGH THE
Lake shore shaft and Lake shaft of
PUMPING WORKS AT FULLERTON AVENUE.
of the shaft, with a packing of rubber tubing between
the two flanges, rendering the joint water-tight. The
cover projects above the water, and an opening permits
access to the shaft, which is protected from the turbu-
lence of the lake by a pier of pile-work, securely braced
together, filled to the water level with loose stones, and
built so as to offer the least resistance to ice and storms.
On the pier and over the shaft is a house, fitted with
a winch for raising or lowering the cover of the shaft.
The shafts at the lake shore (Larrabee Street and Shef-
field Avenue) are twelve feet internal diameter, while at
each street intersection are shafts of six feet internal
diameter. All shafts are carried up to the level of the
with the sewerage system, and are domed over, with
openings on the top for access, provided with strong
covers and with ladder-irons.
At the river end, where the machinery is located,
the conduit forms two semi-circular channels, passing
on each side of a wrought- iron chamber, where the two
channels are re-united, forming one channel of size and
section uniform with the main conduit, and continuing
to the outlet at the river, where it is protected by a
heavy masonry dock wall, in which is placed a series of
iron rods, to guard against floating debris entering the
tunnel and obstructing the wheels when the current is
from the river to the lake. The water is forced through
the conduit by means of two screws similar to those of
an ordinary propeller, one fixed at either end of a hori-
zontal shaft forty feet in length and placed in the center
line of the conduit, passing through a boat-shaped iron
chamber, ten feet in its greatest diameter. The shaft
and screws are operated by two single-cylinder condens-
ing engines, having cylinders twenty inches in diameter
and thirty-inch stroke, with side-valves, cut-off motion,
and reversing-gear, permitting the engines, which are
placed on top of the chamber, to run either way, recip-
rocally. The driving-shaft is eight inches in diameter,
and the engines are coupled to the middle or crook-
sections by connecting-rods sixteen feet long, this
section carrying also eccen-
trics for working the valves.
The screws are four-bladed,
six feet and seven inches in
diameter, with a pitch of
eight feet, the blades being
twelve inches in width. The
total area of the four blades
of each screw is equal to
one-half the total area of a
complete turn of the helicoid.
There are three cylindrical
boilers, sixteen feet long and
sixty-six inches in diameter,
with forty five-inch longi-
tudinal tubes in each boiler.
The boilers have thirty
square feet of grate surface
each, and one thousand
square feet of heating sur-
face, and are connected with
a brick chimney three feet
nine inches square inside
and one hundred feet high.
The boilers are calculated
to stand a pressure of eighty
pounds to the square inch,
and the engines to work
at a rate of one hundred
and twenty-five revolutions
a minute. The size and form of the screw are
novel and without precedent, a propelling wheel having
never before been used for the purpose of forcing water
in a confined channel ; but it has been found to work
satisfactorily, and to perform the duty required of it
with the greatest economy. With one hundred revolu-
tions of the screw, a head of four feet is maintained in
the line of the conduit, a force sufficient to deliver
twenty-four thousand cubic feet of water a minute.
Careful observations, with experiments continuing
through two days, gave results embraced in the accom-
panying table, which shows the velocity of water in the
up to the level of the conduit, measured at different positions with - Q electric
street, are so arranged as to form ready connections current meter. Diameter of the Smdult twelve fee •
conduit, twelve feet-
CORPORATE HISTORY.
'39
length, eight thousand nine hundred feet between sta-
tions ; obstructions to flow, sixteen shafts of six feet
diameter, two shafts of two feet diameter, two bands of
forty-five feet radius ; angle, thirty degrees.
£~
„
3<g
VELOCITIES.
O.S
c ~ a;
c E
o ,
1 =
S MJ!
Location of meter above the bottom of
*** C
HTg
a a
•a c1
°~«i
conduit.
.Q C
Mean
rj D
£.|
u 0
S
8"
r s •
l' ll"
2' 10"
Center
70
1.16
.82
1.2836
1-423
1.386
1.445
1.6306
1.394
9,451
79
1.46
.96714
1.723
1.7322
1.7851
1.7582
1.6623
11,270
90
2. 02
1.321
1-7
2.0512
2.1468
2.2454
2.183
2.025
13,729
99
2.58
1.525
2.0569
2.0847
2.135
2.191
2.3
2.131
14,448
101
2.83
1.6947
1.9274
2.128
2.2316
2.304
2.355
2.141
14,516
no
3.02
1.9617
I-I755
2.4678
2.4808
2.5186
2.4681
2.256
15,265
It is interesting to note that the current through the
conduit is induced with the same power when discharg-
ing into the river as when discharging into the lake.
It has been demonstrated that, in pumping lakeward,
the machinery does not actually displace and force be-
fore it the volume of water contained in a mile of con-
duit of twelve-feet diameter, but that, instead, a whirl-
ing or screw-like motion is given to the water in the
conduit, which obtains an eddying current through its
entire length, similar to the motion given to a conical
shot discharged from a rifled musket. So strong does
this current become, that if the engines of the pumping
works are shut off, the propeller screws in the chamber
of the conduit continue in motion several minutes.
The original cost of these works was $564,253.99.
During May and June, 1882, new wheels, eight feet in
diameter, were put in the conduit, materially increasing
both the power and efficiency of the works.
During 1884, the pumps delivered the water mainly
from the river into the lake, 5,175,000,000 feet being
forced in that direction, as against 1,238,000,000 feet
from the lake into the river.
The cost of operating the works during the year
was $20,246.63. The effect of pumping from the lake
into the river was unsatisfactory, the water in the North
Branch quickly becoming foul, and fermenting, and in
the main river, in three or four days, during the summer
solstice, becoming very offensive, even while the pumps
in the South Branch were in operation.
The propellers were operated almost continuously
during 1885, usually with sixty revolutions per minute
(about half their capacity), with about the same result
as in previous years, excepting that the volume of water
passing through the conduit was poured into the river,
instead of being emptied from the river into the lake.
Early in the year, the frame-house over the lake-termi-
nus of the conduit was burned, the debris falling into
the mouth of the conduit. The smaller pieces of timber
from time to time passed through the conduit and
wheels without detriment, but in the summer, a shock
was sustained by the machinery, and it was found that
a solid oak timber, four feet long and twelve inches
square, had wormed its way through the blades of both
screws without occasioning any perceptible damage.
In November, a second timber, five feet long and a foot
square, presented itself to the propeller wheel, stripping
the four blades from the first wheel and two blades
from the other wheel. This necessitated the shutting-
down of the works for two weeks. The influx and
efflux gates were closed, a diver was sent into the con-
duit to remove the timber, the water chamber was
pumped out, and new wheels were substituted for
those broken.
The following tables show the details of the opera-
tion of engines and boilers for three years :
YEAR 1882.
Months.
Number of hours run
per month.
Total revolutions
per month.
Average number of rev-
olutions per minute.
Total number of cubic
feet of water pumped
into the river.
Total number of cubic
feet of water pumped
into the lake.
Total number of cubic
feet of water pumped
per month.
Average number of
cubic feet of water
pumped per minute.
Pounds of coal con-
sumed per month
for pumping.
Pounds of coal con-
sumed per month for
changing boilers.
Total pounds of coal
consumed per month.
Average head of water
against the pumps.
Duty.
January —
H. M
637:00
655:30
716:30
700:30
6l6:OO
726:30
652:30
728:30
701:30
72I:OO
3,132,220
3.244,957
3,590,794
3,504,931
415,276
2,802,073
3,413,886
3,071,680
3,422,032
3,289,186
3,372,876
81.9
82.5
83.5
83.3
84.9
74-4
75-8
78.3
78.4
78.3
78.!
77-9
459,240,270
64,828,260
82,537,170
459,240,270
478,925,670
531,397,740
505,792,170
58,972,530
141,527,700
577,329,700
709,421,220
638,491,290
710,753,460
676,325,870
679,720,020
12,015.7
12,177.1
12,360.9
12,434-0
12,059.8
15,120.4
15,620.3
16,274.8
16,308.8
16,248.9
16,068.5
15,710.1
233,800
239,500
263,900
255,600
31,100
100,100
419,500
549,200
481,200
53I,800
521,200
531,100
2,400
I.OOO
600
800
26,OOO
23,900
I.OOO
2,OOO
1,200
1, 800
1, 8OO
1, 800
236,200
240,500
264,500
256,400
57,ioo
124,000
420,500
551,200
482,400
533,600
523,000
532,900
1.70
1.70
1. 80
1-75
1. 80
2.80
3.00
3.25
3-25
3-30
3-25
3-25
20,870,094
21,246,702
22,653,371
21,643,591
21,332,507
24,742,604
25,804,390
26,238,382
26,954,161
27,774,145
26,362,950
25,808,365
February
March
April
414,097,410
531,397,740
423,255,000
May __
58,972,530
June
141,527,700
334,586,900
lulv
242,742,800
709,421,220
638,491,290
710,753,460
676,325,870
679,720,020
•>. '
August
September -
October
November- _
December . .
Totals. __
7,093:00
33,956,415
----
1,844,864,750
4,323,032,890
6,167,897,640
4,158,000
64,300
4,222,300
140
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
YEAR 1883.
Months.
Number of hours run
per month.
Total revolutions
per month.
Average number of rev-
olutions per minute.
Total number of cubic
feet of water pumped
into the river.
Total number of cubic
feet of water pumped
into the lake.
Total number of cubic
feet of water pumped
per month.
Average number of
cubic feet of water
pumped per minute.
Pounds of coal con-
sumed per month
for pumping.
Pounds of coal con-
sumed per month for
changing boilers.
Total pounds of coal
consumed per month.
Average head of water
against the pumps.
Duty.
H. M.
608:30
462:00
237:30
586:30
529:00
690:00
588:30
662:30
450:00
447:55
2,826,660
2,149,416
1,525.744
2,641,622
2,534,659
3,167,858
2,746,643
3,081,710
2,029,343
1,967,431
77-42
77-54
75-34
75.06
75-84
76.51
77-78
77-52
74-95
73-20
573,803,430
381,843,850
282,965,950
573,323,470
543,205,860
683,784,790
584,500,470
413,119,405
573,803,430
381,843,850
282,965,950
573.323,470
543,205,860
683,784,790
584,500,470
624,075,320
420,908,450
409,610,290
I5,7l6-33
13,775-03
I3,973-62
16,292.22
17,113.92
16,516.54
16,836.60
15,700.00
I5,554-63
15,241.34
450,900
350,100
247,500
426,800
406,200
517,700
444,2OO
514,800
344,000
320,250
2,800
3,OOO
13,600
3,8OO
8.2OO
2.OOO
I.OOO
1, 6OO
4.IOO
2.OOO
27,908
19,650
453,700
353,100
261,100
430,600
414,400
519,700
445,200
516,400
348,100
322,250
27,908
157,600
3.22
3.26
3.10
3.10
3-22
3-32
3-34
3.16
2.94
2.83
25,452,488
22,316,818
20,997,568
25,796,893
26,380,352
27,301,393
27,437,111
23,868,101
22,218,307
22,479,006
February —
M'irch
\nril
Tiilv
juiy
August
September .
October
*November.
December . -
210,955,915
420,908,450
409,610,290
207:45
903,359
72.47
35,007,210
110,410,350
145,417,560
11,666.07
137,950
2.82
16,262,592
Totals...
5,470:00
25,574,443
1,076,418,865
4,146,957,575
5,223,439,440
4,160,400
89,658
4,250,058
* Pumping out conduits, resetting boilers, and repairing engines.
YEAR 1884.
Months.
Number of hours
run per month.
Total number of
revolutions per
month.
Average number
of revolutions
per minute.
Average head of
water against
pumps.
*0 -o .
m
c y "--
•a?Sa
|efj
0 -C .
sfsjLs
•°r E-2
c v S
C OJ S u
3"- O..J3
C 0 v. "
•s'2 S °
yi
Average number
of cubic feet of
water pumped
per minute.
Pounds of coal
consumed per
month for
pumping.
Duty.
H. M.
657:35
483:45
266:50
65:10
678:30
618:45
704:45
697:45
693:15
590:00
675:00
703:45
2,931,246
2,064,561
1,195,676
285,696
2,980,415
2,666,757
3,131,377
3,110,478
3,124,351
2,630,321
3,009,381
3,"6,4I3
74.29
69.12
74-33
70-39
73-06
72.01
73.89
74.26
75.09
74-02
74.36
73-79
2.93
2.58
2.85
2.88
2.92
2.85
3.01
3-05
3-io
3-05
3.06
3-05
612,770,880
381,091,795
15,530.88
14,757.70
15,383-29
15,377.27
i5,473-32
15,274.23
15,679.16
15,872.50
15,980.76
15,912.85
15,850.16
15,873.11
505,100
363,800
214,400
67,000
511,600
481,200
535,200
531,400
526,800
446.800
516,500
530,000
22,216,128
18,980,389
20,461,656
16,153,022
22,470,722
20,990,615
23,331,905
23,837,181
24,449,705
25,398,821
23,769,487
24,106,588
February
March
47,253,360
246,286,555
60,125,140
629,918,985
485,266,800
663,773,320
664,502,477
664,779,610
563,315,070
641,931,525
508,064,715
May
81,789,150
iilv
uiy
September —
November —
December
162,177,480
6,835:05
30,246,672
1,237,829,305
5,175,217,557
5,229,800
73-22
2-94tV
jc c8o 44
The Canal Pumping Works, at Bridgeport, were com-
pleted and put in operation in 1883. The building is
located across the old channel of the Illinois & Michi-
gan Canal, two hundred and sixty-five feet west of the
South Branch of the Chicago River. The influent
channel is sixty feet wide, dredged to a depth of ten
feet below city datum, the sides being vertical and
maintained by a strong timber dock. The effluent
channel is excavated to a depth of six feet below city
datum, the side slopes being paved with stone. The
machinery consists of four sets of pumps, each set being
composed of two centrifugal cataract-pumps placed in
a dry-well below the surface of the water in the river,
and driven directly by a vertical condensing compound
engine, the high-pressure cylinder being eighteen inches
in diameter, and the low-pressure cylinder thirty-four
inches in diameter, each having a stroke of thirty-four
inches. The pump-wheels are of cast-iron, six feet in
diameter. Each pump is coupled directly to the engine
crank-shaft. The engines are adapted for running at
high speed. There are eight horizontal return tubular
boilers, each six feet six inches in diameter, eighteen
feet long, and containing sixty tubes, each four and one-
half inches in diameter and eighteen feet long. The
boilers are capable of sustaining a pressure of eighty
pounds to the square inch, and are placed in two boiler-
houses, one on each side of the influent channel. Each
set of boilers is connected with a nine-inch steam-pipe
in the engine-room. The machinery has a capacity for
raising sixty thousand cubic feet of water per minute to
a height of eight feet, and develops a duty of forty-five
million pounds of water raised one foot high for every
one hundred pounds of coal consumed. The total cost
of the works was $268,000. The operations in 1884
resulted in maintaining the water in the South Branch of
the river and in the canal in a satisfactory condition,
CORPORATE HISTORY.
141
besides improving canal navigation. The cost of operat-
ing the works during the year was $32,584.78. The
operation of the pumps had no effect on the water in the
South Fork of the river, extending from the pumping
works to Thirty-ninth Street, and which is a general
cess-pool for the accumulations of refuse matter from
the Stock Yards' slaughter-houses. This putrid stream
is a nuisance, detrimental alike to the section through
which it passes and to the city at large, and no effectual
plan has yet been devised for cleansing it. The pumps
have discharged the full volume of water that could be
carried away by the canal without overflowing its banks,
the quantity being about forty thousand cubic feet a
minute, or about two-thirds the capacity of the works.
COLONEL JACOB THOMAS FOSTER, civil engineer, was born on
June 23, 1827, at Auburn, N. Y. He was educated at the Auburn
Academy, where he was graduated in 1846. He spent the follow-
ing year as a rodman on the New York Central Railroad, and about
six months on the Erie Canal as assistant engineer. In the latter
part of 1848 he went to Milwaukee, Wis., and engaged as assistant
engineer on the Lake Shore Railroad, from that city to Chicago,
where he continued until its completion, about 1853. From there
he went to the Racine & Mississippi Railroad as assistant engineer,
and later was its engineer-in-charge, until the road reached Beloit,
Wis. He then engaged in the commission and lumber business at
Delavan, Wis. In 1856, he was appointed chief assistant engineer
of the Iowa Central Railroad, with main office at Lyons, Iowa,
running the lines for this road from the Mississippi to the Missouri
River. In 1858, he was employed as assistant engineer on the
Southern Minnesota Railroad, and in 1859, became cashier of the
Green Bay Bank, at LaCrosse, Wis. He subsequently organized,
under the militia laws of Wisconsin, a battery of light artillery, of
which he was made the captain. On the fall of Fort Sumter, he at
once tendered the services of himself and his battery to the Govern-
ment, and the company was mustered into the United States service,
at Racine, as the First Wisconsin Battery, with Captain Foster as
its commander. While at Racine he organized a full regiment, of
twelve light batteries, and was commissioned its colonel by the
Governor of the State ; but finding that under existing orders from
the War Department he could not be mustered in as colonel of
artillery, he at once took the field with his own battery, with the
rank of captain. The command went to Louisville, Ky., and from
there, in the spring of 1862, was sent to Cumberland Gap, being
assigned to General G. W. Morgan's Division of the Army of the
Ohio. While General Braxton Bragg was investing Cumberland
Gap, Captain Foster improvised from the infantry a provisional
siege-battery of four 3o-pounder Parrott rifled guns, officered with
temporary details from his own battery, which did excellent service.
The soldiers, for reasons best known to themselves, named this the
" Hog Eye Battery." About September 15, 1862, the Union forces
fell back to Greenupsburg, on the Ohio River. From there the
troops, with Captain Foster's battery, moved up the Ohio to the
Kanawha River, forcing the enemy to evacuate the Kanawha
Valley. Going thence to Cincinnati, he turned in his armament of
lo-pounder Parrott rifles, and received six 2o-pounders, with which
he went down the Mississippi to Young's Point, opposite Vicks-
burg, being assigned to the I3th Army Corps. As chief of artillery,
Captain Foster participated in the action at Chickasaw Bayou, about
December 27, 1862, and in the capture of Arkansas Post. He re-
turned to Young's Point, and about April I, 1863, was ordered to
Milliken's Bend. He participated in the fight at Port Gibson about
May I, 1863, and under General Grant, was in the actions at Rich-
mond and Jackson, Miss., Champion Hills, and Black River Bridge.
At the latter place he was wounded in the head with a piece of shell
that destroyed the optic nerve of his right eye. He took part in the
siege of Vicksburg, during which his battery threw eighteen thou-
sand shells into the city. He was next ordered, with the 13* Army
Corps, under Major-General Ord, to New Orleans, where he
refitted with four 3O-pounder Parrott rifles, as a siege battery.
During the winter of 1863-64 he was stationed at Berwick's Bay,
returning in the spring to New Orleans, where his armament was
exchanged for six lo-pounder 3-inch rifles, and his battery constituted
a horse artillery ("flying") battery. He accompanied Major-
General Banks on the Red River expedition, returning to New
Orleans upon its disastrous conclusion. In the celebration at New
Orleans, on July 4, 1864, Captain Foster's battery was given the
post of honor — the head of the column — by General R. J. Arnold,
chief of artillery of the department, for the greatest proficiency in
drill, discipline, military appearance, etc., the award being made
after comparison with about thirty light batteries stationed in and
about the city. Captain Foster was then given command of a
Camp of Instruction for Artillery at Carrollton, La., and in August,
1864, was detailed as chief of artillery of the Department of the Gulf,
relieving General Arnold. On October I, 1864, the term of service
of his battery having expired, he was ordered to Madison, Wis.,
and mustered out, but was immediately commissioned lieutenant-
colonel of the 1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, and ordered to
Washington, where his regiment was then serving-in garrison, being
mustered into service the latter part of December. He was soon
sent to Lexington, Ky. , to report to General Burbridge, and was by
him assigned to duty as post commander at Smithland, Ky., and
charged with the organization of colored troops. From thence he
he went to Camp Nelson, Ky., on the same service, remaining
until October 1865, when he was honorably mustered out at Louis-
ville, Ky. Colonel Foster came at once to Chicago, and opened
an office as civil engineer. In 1867, he became chief engineer
of the Cook County Drainage Commission, and. in 1868, was
appointed chief engineer of the towns of Lake and Cicero, retaining
this position until the fire of 1871, after which he went East and
engaged in lumbering in the Adirondack region, in New
York". In the spring of 1874 he returned to Chicago, and was made
chief engineer of the town of Lake, which he retained until August,
1883. In November, 1884, he was elected county surveyor of
Cook County. Colonel Foster is a member of Englewood
Lodge, A.F. &A.M.; of the Chapter, R.A.M., of Englewood;
Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T.; Normal Lodge, No. 509,
I.O.O.F. ; Englewood Union Veteran Club; Chicago Union Veteran
Club; and Lincoln Post, G.A.R., Department of Illinois. He was
married in 1849 to Miss S. M. Page, of Ozaukee, Wis., who died in
Hokah, Minn., in 1866. They had three children, — J. Frank,
Sarah Genevieve, and Clark Harold. In 1869, he married Mrs.
Annie Barber, at Brewerton, Oneida Co., N. Y.
COMPTROLLER'S DEPARTMENT.
In 1871, with a population of 306,605, the valuation
of the real and personal property of the City of Chi-
cago was $289,746,470, an increase of $13,759,920 over
the preceding year. The tax levy for 1871, was
$2,987,464.70, and the bonded indebtedness amounted
to $14,103,000. In 1872, although the tax levy exceeded
that of 1871 by nearly 50 per cent., the property valua-
tion had decreased $5,549,040. The valuation upon
which the city tax levy was based showed a large in-
crease in 1873 and 1874. In 1875, the State Board of
Equalization was created by Act of the Legislature, and
this supervising body made a sweeping reduction in the
figures, and its schedule of valuations have since been
operative.
After the adoption of the new city charter, on April
23, 1875, Mayor Colvin appointed S. S. Hayes as city
comptroller. The city's revenues and expenditures
having outgrown primitive financial management, when
Mr. Hayes assumed this office he looked upon it as an
exclusive department of financiering, in which the in-
cumbent should exercise experience and abilities of the
highest order, and devise ways and means to control
and direct the finances of the city in a manner which
did not admit of suggestion or interference on the part
of other city officials. Although Mr. Hayes had a
splendid record as a financier, and his abilities had
been recognized in many responsible positions, his
policy provoked constant criticisms in the press ; more
especially his plan to draw upon successive tax levies
by means of treasury warrants. The heavy taxes and
the antagonism aroused by opposition to his policy ;
threats of repudiation of taxes on the part of citizens
and the consequent critical financial state of the city,
were among the leading causes that brought about the
political revolution that resulted in the election of Hon.
Thomas Hoyne as mayor, in April, 1876. An account
of the complications which followed is given in the po-
litical history. All of the city officials, except Comp-
troller Hayes, recognized Mr. Hoyne as mayor after he
had been inaugurated by the new Council. Mr. Hoyne
named R. P. Derrickson for comptroller, and he was
confirmed by the Council, but Mr. Hayes refused to
142
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
surrender tin- books, records and funds of his office.
The city treasurer thereupon declined to honor warrants
drawn by either or both comptrollers. A compromise
was dtccti-d, Mr. 1 >errii kson agreeing to relinquish his
claims upon the office, if Mr. Hayes would do the same.
both withdrawing upon the appointment by the mayor
of John A. Farwell, and his confirmation by the Coun-
cil as comptroller. Mr. Farwell assumed the office
June 22, 1876, and immediately instituted measures to
extricate the city from its difficulties.
By reason of the inability of the city to collect the
taxes of 1871-72-73 and 1874, on account of the fire
losses and subsequent business stagnation, and the
complications above noted, the credit of the city be-
came materially impaired. A large amount of city
funds were also lost through the failure of Duncan,
Sherman \- Co.. bankers, of New York, and the defal-
cation of George Von Hollen, city collector, not to
speak of the defalcation of City Treasurer Gage in
llS7--73- which involved over $500,000. The uncol-
lected taxes amounted to nearly §100,000, for 1871;
over §250,000, for 1872 ; more than $500,000, for 1873 ;
nearly §1,500,000, for 1874 ; over $1,000,000, for 1875 ;
and more than §4,000,000, for 1876. The deficit in the
accounts of ex-officials of the department of collections,
at this date, amounted to $586,920.76. The bonded
debt was §13,436,000; of which $3,601,000 was muni-
cipal, §2,637.000 sewerage, $621,000 for river improve-
ments, and §4,577,000 water indebtedness. Through
the advice of Mayor Hoyne to the "reform" Council,
and with the co-operation of the heads of departments
with the comptroller, measures of economy and re-
trenchment were devised. The fiscal year was
changed ; the expensive office of the tax commissioner
and his assistants was abolished ; the tax levies were
placed in the hands of the county collector for collec-
tion; and efforts were made to meet matured, unpaid
and protested obligations, as well as to create a surplus
fund which would do away with the necessity of issuing
tax warrants. Many wealthy merchants and several of
the banks, notably the American Exchange National
Bank, of New York, and C. B Blair, president of the Mer-
chants' National, of Chicago, came to the assistance of
the city. Mr. Blair, at this time, may safely be accred-
ited with saving the credit of the City of Chicago.
The annexed table shows in detail, by city divisions,
the valuation, taxes levied, and the bonded indebted-
ness for each year from 1871 to 1884, inclusive:
Under a rigorous system of retrenchment, and
superior financial management, by 1877, the floating
liabilities had been greatly reduced, and the bonded
debt lessened some $72,000. An Act was passed by the
General Assembly for the collection of the unpaid taxes
of 1873 and 1874, which had been levied under the City
Tax Act and extended by the County Clerk. Notwith-
standing the July labor riote, which cost the city over
$30,000, a healthier financial tone prevailed.
In the ensuing year, the disorder consequent on de-
linquent taxes was partially adjusted. The personal
property tax of the South Division was declared illegal
by the Supreme Court, but the city obtained judgment
for the greater portion of the uncollected taxes of 1873
and 1874, — a defect in the appropriation ordinances
causing the rejection of sixteen per cent, of the levy of
1873, and of fourteen per cent, of that of 1874. The
city abandoned, as worthless, the personal property tax
cases of 1871, 1872, 1875 and 1876, amounting to
$602,382.06, and closed a disastrous account of de-
linquency and litigation with the total loss through
failures, removals, double assessments, and various other
causes, of $1,117,986.16. The city, however, was com-
pelled to issue more tax warrants to tide over its diffi-
culties. These were drawn on the city treasury, payable
from the taxes of 1878, and through them the entire
annual expenses were met.
On July 17, 1878, the City Council passed an
affirmatory ordinance, recognizing the office of City
Comptroller and other offices created under the new
charter; legalizing all of the acts of the various in-
cumbents, and fixing the comptroller's official bond in the
penal sum of $100,000. The ordinance also made the
term of the comptroller expire on the second Monday
in December, 1879. Under and by virtue of this ordi-
nance, Mayor Monroe Heath, on June 19, 1878, re-
appointed John A. Farwell to serve out the balance of
the term, and this appointment was confirmed by the
Council on July 8, 1878. Mr. Farwell served until
May i, 1879, when he resigned, and Mayor Harrison
appointed Theodore Tuthill Gurney to the office.
During the year 1878, the bonded debt was reduced
$307,000, of which $255,000 was represented by water
bonds, being the first retirement of the same in the
history of the city, with the exception of those destroyed
in 1871, which belonged to the sinking fund.
Between this year and 1884, the property valuations
averaged $125,000,000, the total tax about $4,000,000,
YEAR.
Popula-
tion.
SOUTH DIVISION.
WEST DIVISION.
NORTH DIVISION.
Total
Valuation.
Total tax.
Bonded
indebtedness.
Valuation of
real estate.
Valuation
of personal
property.
Valuation of
real estate.
Valuation
of personal
property.
Valuation of
real estate.
Valuation
of personal
property.
1871 ..
$110,661,940
"4,273,540
126,669,660
123,366,620
63,041,441
63,274,310
55.453,480
49.485,276
40,792,201
41,666,451
41,900,456
45,502,908
50,097,793
52,179,743
$38,707,360
27,434,340
35,660,415
33,398,290
33,217,059
26,172,921
23,321,738
19,672,590
17,733,478
19.500,025
19,283,962
20,002,445
21,477,626
21,613,565
$ 87,644,630
95,768,880
102,827,480
100,843,230
48,366,069
49,914,387
44,199.520
38,654,273
35,983,012
34,871,482
35,410,247
35,863,654
30,986,133
38,594.383
$ 9 355,560
15.507.710
10,951,660
9,294,100
9,384,216
7.575,482
6,722,270
6,121,204
6,918 693
6,658,841
5,262,552
7,452,908
8,163,172
8,055,480
$38,592,080
29,112,470
33,472,680
34.339.46o
16,493,465
18,033,763
16.429,533
16,280,504
14,377,016
12,494,022
12,788,342
14 513,438
14,512,861
14.512,861
$4,784,900
2,100,490
2,491,100
2,463,440
3,261,996
3,067,315
2,273,615
I,767.5Sl
2,165,635
1,942,822
1,693,887
2,023,184
1,992,919
2,051,492
$289,746,470
284,197,430
312,072,995
303,705.140
173,764,246
168,037,178
148,400,148
131,981,436
117,970,035
"7, i33/>43
119,151.951
I25. 358,?37
133.230,504
r37.oo7,524
$2,897,464.70
4,262,961.45
5.617,313.91
5,466,692.54
5,108,981.40
4,046,805.80
4,013,410.44
3,778,856.80
3.776,888 19
3,899,126.98
4,136,608.38
4,227,402.98
4 540,506.13
4,872.456.60
$14,103,000
13,544,000
13,478,000
13,456,000
13,457,000
13,436,000
13,364,000
13,057,000
13,043,000
12,752,000
12,752,000
12,752,000
12,751,500
12,751,500
1872
367,396
1873
1874
395.408
1871;
1876
407,661
1877 . .
1878
436.731
1870
1880
503,298
1881 .
1882
560,693
1883
1884
629,985
CORPORATE HISTORY.
'43
and the bonded indebtedness about $12,500,000. In
the latter year, the bonded indebtedness was$i2, 750, 500,
while the revenue for corporate purposes aggregated
$4,516,508.08, the total tax being $4,872,456; and, with
a population of 629,985, the total valuation was
$137,326,980, including the real and personal valuation of
railroads, amounting to $3,279,108. A material increase
in revenue was obtained from the effects of the new liquor
license law, the sum received from that source in 1884 be-
ing $1,506,937, an increase of $1,120,973 over the pre-
ceding year. This new system of license partially
overcame the legislation of 1874, which took from
municipalities the control of their financial needs, and
the limitations imposed by the Act of 1879, confining
taxation for municipal purposes to two per cent, upon
the assessed valuation.
In 1884, the valuation per capita, in Chicago, was
$217.97, the debt $20.24, and the tax $7.73, being
lower than that of any large city in the United States.
On December 31, 1884, there was a balance in the
city treasury of $1,575,041.46. The funded debt in
detail was as follows:
House of Correction bonds .$ 239,000
Tunnel bonds __ 694,000
City Hall bonds. 325,000
School construction bonds. 51,000
School bonds 1,105,000
Outstanding city bonds 1,152,000
Total Municipal debt — $3,566,000
Sewerage bonds -- .$2,630,500
River Improvement bonds 2,608,000
Total Sewerage debt
Water bonds $ 133,500
Other bonds 3,823,000
Total Water debt.
5,230,500
3,955,000
Total bonded debt (net) $12,751,500
The following are the names of the comptrollers
and members of the finance committees of the Council
since 1870 :
1870-71 — George Taylor, comptroller ; Aldermen Thomas
Wilce, J. E. Otis, John Buehler, M. A. Devine, Richard Somers,
finance committee. 1871-72 — A. H. Hurley, comptroller; finance
committee, W. B. Bateham, L. L. Bond, J. E. Otis, M. D. Ogden,
C. T. Bowen. 1872-73 — A. H. Burluy, comptroller; finance
committee, L. L. Bond', M. D. Ogden, J. II. McAvoy, J. W.
McGennis, George Sherwood. 1873-74 — S. S. Hayes, comp-
(roller ; finance committee, J. J. McGrath, Jesse Spalding, Thomas
Lynch, Louis Schaffner, Monroe Heath. 1874-75 — S. S. Hayes,
comptroller ; finance committee, Monroe Heath, B. Quirk, R. B.
Stone, Thomas Lynch, Louis Schaffner. 1875 — S. S. Hayes,
comptroller ; finance committee, Monroe Heath, B. Quirk, R. B.
Stone, Thomas Lynch, Louis Schaffner. 1876 — J. A. Harwell,
comptroller; finance committee, S. II. McCrea, J. II. Briggs,
Jacob Rosenberg. I). K. Pearsons, Jacob Lengacher. 1877 — J. A.
Farwell, comptroller; finance committee, D. K. I'earsons, Jacob
Rosenberg, A. G. Throop, M. Schweisthal, S. G. Seaton. 1878 —
J. A. Farwell, comptroller ; finance committee, I). K. Pearsons,
A. G. Throop, S. G. Seaton, M. Schweisthal, P. Sanders. 1879-80
— Theodore T. Gurney, comptroller ; Aldermen Throop, Stauber,
McCormick, Sanders and Phelps, finance committee. 1880-81 —
Theodore T. Gurney, comptroller ; Aldermen Swift, McCormick,
Cullerton, Watkins and Sanders, finance committee. 1881-82 —
Theodore T. Gurney, comptroller; Aldermen Hurley, Cullerton,
Phelps, Sanders and i)ean, finance committee, 1882-83 — Theodore
T. Gurney, comptroller ; Aldermen Blair, Cullerton, White, San-
ders and Quinn, finance committee. 1883-84 — Theodore T. Gur-
ney, comptroller; Aldermen Wickersham, Cullerton, Quinn, Fossand
Bond, finance committee. 1884-85 — Theodore T.. Gurney, comp-
troller ; Aldermen E. F. Cullerton, F. Lawler, Patrick Sanders,
J. T. Noyes, Thomas N. Bond, finance committee.
PATRICK J. HOWARD, assistant city treasurer, was born at
Kingstown, Dublin Co., Ireland, on January 5, 1847. In 1849,
his father emigrated to New York City, where his wife and son
joined him the next year. In 1854, they moved to Chicago. Their
first home was at the corner of Quincy and Market streets, where
young Howard had an opportunity of becoming acquainted with
the worst specimens of the mud and "pavements" of primitive
Chicago. The gas works being only a block distant, he acquired
some knowledge of their operations, which perhaps influenced his
choice of a trade in later years. The first tuition he received was at
St. Mary's School, corner of Madison Street and Wabash Avenue.
He then attended St. Patrick's School, corner of Desplaines and
Adams streets, when the institution occupied the original wooden
building. His next instruction was at the Jesuit School, corner of
Eleventh and Aberdeen streets, after which he became a messenger
boy to a physician and clerk in a grocery. When seventeen years
of age he commenced to learn the trade of a gas-fitter with R. D.
McFarland. The day before the great fire he took charge of the
Elgin gas works, in which position he remained until 1875, when
he returned to Chicago and connected himself with the special
assessment office. He was elected City Clerk for two terms, from
1879 to 1883 ; and at the conclusion of his service was appointed
assistant to City Treasurer Dunphy. He was married in July, 1872,
to Alice E. Messenger, of Elgin. They have had six children, five
of whom are still living, — three girls and two boys.
SCHOOL DEPARTMENT.
Through the zeal and energy of the Superintendent
and his assistants, in two weeks after the fire the schools
were again in operation, and every pupil was in some
way provided with a seat. Scholars from the burned
districts went into others which the fire had spared,
those on the North Side finding accommodations in the
Newberry and Lincoln schools. The Board at once set
about the work of reconstruction. The Pearson-street
school was the first to be occupied, and by the close of
the school year, ending with June, 1873, the Jones,
Kinzie, Franklin and Ogden school-buildings were com-
pleted. The Jones building was, however, occupied but
one year, being burned in 1874. The High-school
building, of which the city took possession for the use
of the courts, continued to be occupied for that purpose
until January, 1872. It has taxed the resources of the
Board to keep pace with the growing demand for
school-buildings, an increase of four thousand pupils
each year requiring from four to five new buildings to
contain them. During 1884, there were from twelve to
fifteen thousand children who could attend school but
half a day, one portion going in the morning, and the
other in the afternoon ; but the accommodations are
now much better, large appropriations for school-build-
ings having been made during the past few years, as
will be seen by reference to the accompanying table,
showing the work of construction since the fire:
144
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Buildings.
When
erected.
Material.
No. of stories.
Size.
How heated.
No. of
sittings.
Value, including
heating apparatus
and furniture.
1880
Brick
107 x 88
735
Archer Avenue
\\'ood
Two
Stoves
454
1,850 oo
Armour Street
1870
Brick
107 x 88
Steam
945
1 Ui rr
l871
Brick
71 x 81
758
Division and Cleavrr Strn-t
1875
Brick
Three
70 x 84
Furnaces
754
Franklin
1S72
Brick
QI X 72
i 020
Franklin
1872
Brick
8 1 \ 7e
7^4
187*
Brick
76 x 8.1
King .
1873
Brick
71 x 81
i 004
[873
Brick
6f)^4\ 82
7e6
i B?o
Brick
Three
IO7 \4\ 8j.
Moseley -
[ft?*
Brick
Three
62 x 91
NickersoDvillc
t&i*
Brick
7O X 8d
Oakley
1880
Brick
iO7i4x Sj
'
( >£<len
1872
Brick
6g^x 82
70-1
Pearson Street
1872
Brick
Three
6g^x 82
,' - °
I'ickard
187.1
Brick
Three
'~^
Raytnoad _ ....
1870
Brick
7O X Sj.
Sangamon Street
Wood
RA
Sheldon
l87J
Brick
Third Avenue . .....
187-;
Brick
Three
761
Throop
1878
Brick
io7f/£x 8j
Vedder Street
I87T
Brick
Three
TCfi
Ward
187.1
Brick-
Three
-p
75°
Warren Avenue....
Wood
(^
Buildings.
Erected.
Material.
No. of stories.
No. of
school-rooms.
M
d
O
O
Z-,
How heated.
Value of
buildings.
Value of
furniture.
Value of
heating
apparatus.
Total value,
including
heating
apparatus
and
furniture.
North Division High
South Division High
Cottage Grove
1883
1884
1881
1881
1884
1881
1880
1882
1880
1884
1882
1880
1881
1882
1883
1883
1881
Brick-
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Brick
Wood
123 x 83^
135 x 96
107 fa 84
70 x 84
117 x 89
I07j^x 84
107-^x 84
85 x 77
70 x 84
132 x 82
89 x 79^
70 x 84
I07j^x 84
86 x 78^
ii6^x 86
118 x 90
I07j^x 84
26 x 45
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
Two
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
Three
One
15
18
15
12
15
15
15
8
12
12
12
12
IS
12
15
15
15
2
624
864
945
756
945
945
945
504
756
763
756
756
945
756
945
945
945
126
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Furnaces
Steam
Steam
Furnaces
Steam
Furnaces
Furnaces
Steam
Steam
Furnaces
Furnaces
Furnaces
Steam
Stoves
$58,000 oo
80,000 oo
40,000 oo
35,000 oo
47,500 oo
40,000 oo
40,000 oo
28,000 oo
35,000 oo
52,500 oo
35,000 oo
35,000 oo
40,000 oo
35,000 oo
45,000 oo
47,500 oo
40,000 oo
1,000 oo
$2,500 oo
2,500 oo
2,000 oo
1,500 oo
2,000 OO
2,000 oo
2,000 oo
1,200 oo
1,500 oo
3,000 oo
2,000 oo
1,500 oo
2. OOO OO
2,000 oo
2,000 oo
2,000 oo
2,000 oo
125 oo
$7,000 oo
8,000 oo
6,OOO OO
4,500 oo
1, 800 OO
6,000 oo
6,000 oo
1,200 oo
4,500 oo
2,250 oo
2,000 oo
4,500 oo
6,000 oo
2,000 oo
1, 800 OO
i, 800 oo
6,000 oo
50 oo
867,500 oo
90,500 oo
48,000 oo
41,000 oo
51,300 oo
48,000 oo
48,000 oo
30,400 oo
41,000 oo
57,750 oo
39,000 oo
41,000 oo
48,000 oo
39,000 oo
48,800 oo
51,300 oo
48,000 oo
1,175 oo
Huron Street
Irving
Jackson Street, W. . .
LaSalle
Lawndale ....
Oak Street
Ogden
Sangamon Street
Thirteenth Street. \V
Wallace Street
Walsh
Webster
\VHIs
Wicker Park
Wicker Park, Holstein Br.
CORPORATE HISTORY.
The location, size and value of the various school sites are shown in the annexed table :
SCHOOLS.
LOCATION.
SIZE OF LOT.
VALUE.
*High School I
253 x 186
118 x 125
235 x 320
170 x 150
267 x 134
266 X 122
298 x 298
146 x 182
205 x 213
209 x 150
264 x 144
200 X 231
149 x 125
2OO XIII
125^x250
207 x 165
2OO X 173
200 X 173
181 x 264
150 x 170
267 x 124
20O X 262
162 x loo
175 x loo
196 x 158
199 x loo
2OO X 125
ISO^X 2g7
216 x 123^
241 x 125.87
199 x 179
200 X 148^
195 x 125
205 x 125
ioo x l68'/2
ij&'/ix 106^
239 x 108
200 X 122
ISO x I2O
130. gx 162^
200 x 116
203 x 205
2OO X 150
200 x 124.9
145 x 189
147 x 104
198 x 125
I53}^x 197
2OO X 125
158 x 239
175 x 125
I2O X 126
217 x 116
250 x 130
2OO X I24<4
175 x 124
262^fx 167
145 x ioo
20O X 121
275 x 109
200 X 193
144 x 104^
$ 21,543 <*>
17,000 oo
10,000 oo
8,500 oo
5,340 oo
26,600 oo
29,800 oo
11,440 oo
10,650 oo
5,000 oo
15,840 oo
30,000 oo
11,175 oo
16,000 oo
21,250 oo
12,420 oo
17,000 oo
17,000 oo
32,000 oo
22,500 oo
20,025 oo
12,680 oo
13,460 oo
21,875 °°
8,920 oo
19,900 oo
8,500 oo
7,500 oo
6,480 oo
18,075 °°
50,000 oo
20,000 oo
6,825 °°
5,075 oo
11,500 oo
10,680 oo
19,120 oo
6,000 oo
11,250 oo
16,362 oo
20,000 oo
71,967 50
22,500 oo
8,500 oo
18,325 oo
11,025 oo
7,920 oo
7,675 oo
4,000 oo
9,480 oo
8,750 oo
6,040 oo
10,850 oo
20,000 oo
10,000 oo
5,250 oo
10,490 oo
2,880 oo
6,000 oo
8,500 oo
40,000 oo
10,800 oo
35th Street, between Lincoln Street and Winchester Avenue..
Burr
Clarke
Ashland Avenue between I3th Street and I3th Place-...
Dore
Fourteenth Street West
West Fourteenth Street, near Union
Wabash Avenue, between I4th and 6th streets .
Hayes
Leavitt Street between Walnut and Fulton streets .. .
Huron Street corner Franklin
Ohio Street, corner LaSalle
JLaSalle . .. -
Hammond Street, corner Eugenie
Lincoln Street
Ohio Street corner Lincoln
Michigan Avenue, corner 24th Street _ --
Niekrrsonville ... .
Sophia Street corner Lewis .
Oakley
Oak Street ...
Oak Street, corner Milton Avenue
Pearson Street
Pearson Street, near Market
Pickard
Polk Street _
Polk Street near Union - _
Sangymou Street
Sangamon Street, corner Indiana .
Sheldon „_
State Street, corner Elm _- „
JSheridan .......
Skinner .,
Jackson Street, corner Aberdeen .. .
Third Avenue
Throop
Vedder Street
:t Wallace Street
Wallace Street, corner 35th .
Walsh Street
Ward
Garibaldi Street, corner 27th ~, ._ _. ...
Warren Avenue
Warren Avenue and I. C. & C. R R.
Washington .
Wells
Wentworth Avenue
Ashland Avenue, corner Cornelia Street. _.
Wentworth Avenue, corner 2oth Street-
West Thirteenth
Wicker Park
Evergreen Avenue, between Robey Street and Hoyne Avenue.
Branch of Wicker Park
fLot
fLot
§Lot
Wabash Avenue corner 24th Street
|Lot
Total valuation of Schoo
[Sites
$956,237 50
* Lots belong to the School Fund.
§ Lot under lease.
t No buildings yet erected on these sites.
| Part of original Third Avenue School Lot.
Buildings now being erected on these sites.
146
HISTORY OF CHICAC.O.
The income of the schools from 1872 to 1884, has been derived from the sources indicated in the accompa-
nving table :
RECEIPTS.
YEAR ENDING
From
tax sditiol
fund.
Prom
State fund.
From
rents and inter-
ests.
From
Otllt-r Snmr.s.
June 28.
J line 27,
| tine 26,
'lime 25,
"I uly 31,
My 31,
July 31.
July 31.
June 30,
June 30,
July 31,
June 30,
June 30,
1873
S 303,802 53
452,651 69
434.076 67
765,9(18 21
620,842 52
530.957 0°
408,449 44
641,783 41
1,025,116 48
925,330 26
1,114,985 70
1,098,019 31
1,079,097 99
$ 30,484 17
47/>oS 39
74.021 33
109,044 40
120,580 78
112,983 91
132,922 43
78,513 49
102,367 30
150,000 oo
155,394 26
162,735 40
148,641 19
$ 61,002 71
77 068 15
119,032 01
91,684 58
109,424 82
120,684 97
118,839 59
120,578 93
124,636 i 6
1^4,679 77
169,978 47
172,552 32
170,101 38
$
[«74 -
1875
jg76
3,125 60
1,027 °3
78 50
1,949 50
1.495 30
16,762 12
1,226 29
1,519 I]
1877
1870
.... ..
jggi
1883 .- ..-
-
The expenditures during the same period, with number of teachers and pupils, cost, etc., were as follows :
Kxi'KNini
tig
d
3*0
•«
S"!
C
o
in O
u fe"S
- •"-' 5 . '
C
C
CtJ CB £
i
II,
"?• 5
•a
J5
fs
. sff
sL
3* C
a s
j*3
Iflf
:
1
= — >.
M — —
c'3
3 «
-' "~
c*2
S3
i|
c~"
i*j
is
Ml^!
y
lit
feiJa
|| s|
un
V
6
2;
S = s
> u.^-
«
u
<
E
o
s-ll
u
c'™ ~ *"
Ifil
£*
tf 0
c ~
CJ
X
2g=J
£•§£3!
0 *~"
1873
1874
1875
1876
1878
477
560
635
696
758
726
800
24.539-3
28,832.8
32,676.6
34,983-1
38,081.0
39.494-6
$378,670 55
430,462 64
492,893 17
552,327 37
588,721 41
450,252 46
490,462 64
$15 43
M 93
15 04
15 79
15 46
it 40
II So
$25,980 45
30,351 3'
33,214 47
33.896 50
33.915 82
27,363 10
19,062 oo
$27,956 12
31,446 72
34,589 si
37,445 32
42,175 62
40,699 36
38.567 50
$2 20
2 II
2 07
2 04
2 00
I 72
1 39
$46,837 32
32,441 42
27,945 66
38,424 28
45,8i5 34
33 306 25
31,416 54
S 479,444 44
524,702 09
588,643 II
662.093 47
710,628 19
551,621 17
579,508 68
$19 54
18 20
17 96
18 93
1 8 66
13 97
13 94
§117,158 oo
134,834 05
141,654 80
150,393 80
1 60, 1 99 50
163,246 05
152,817 87
S 596,602 44
659,536 14
730,297 91
812,487 27
870,827 69
714,867 22
732,326 55
$24 31
22 87
22 28
23 23
22 87
18 10
17 62
1879
851
895
43,740.6
45.075-9
529,164 45
583,037 oo
12 IO
12 93
25,517 oo
22,076 70
4L334 58
44.965 69
I 53
i 48
34.695 M
41,456 68
630,711 17
691 536 07
14 42
15 34
132,163 20
145,568 43
762,874 37
837,104 50
17 44
IS 57
TRSi
954
47.523-0
640,233 56
13 48
40,744 47
49,786 13
I 90
42,320 76
773,o84 92
16 29
153,189 74
926,274 66
'9 5°
188?
1,016
51,022.8
696,428 92
13 65
36,942 61
56,451 50
i 83
52,635 69
842.458 72
16 51
192,509 22
1,034,967 94
20 28
1883
1,104
55.889 6
771,065 37
13 79
41.137 66
62,428 53
i 85
49,851 75
924.483 31
16 54
208,411 10
1,132,894 41
20 27
1884
1,192
59.373-8
843,265 22
14 20
41,128 82
69,173 58
I 86
50,425 55
1,003,993 17
16 90
221,385 78
1,225,378 95
20 64
BOARD OF EDUCATION. — By section eight of the
School Law, approved April i, 1872, the composition
of the Board of Education, which comprised twenty
members, one from each ward, was entirely changed
and its powers materially enlarged.
The officers of the Board, since 1871, have been as
follows :
f.-nts — Eben F. Runyan, 1871-72: William H. King,
1872-74; John C. Richberg, 1874-76; William K. Sullivan, 1876-78;
William H. Wells, 1878-80; Martin A. DeLany, 1880-82; Nor-
man Bridge, 1882-83; Adolf Kraus, 1883-84; James R. Doolittle,
Jr., 1884-85; Adolf Kraus, 1885. fit-rn-tarit-s — Josiah I,. Pickard,
1864-77; Duane Doty, 1877-81; George Howland, 1881-85. School
'—Charles C. Chase. 1865-85. Clerk— Shepherd Johnston,
1860-85. Atlonit'v.i — lames Goggin, 1874-76; W. W. Perkins,
1876-78; Richard \V'. Rickaby, 1878-82; William J. English,
1882-84; Michael J. Dunne, 1884-85. fiui/Jin^ ami Snff>ly A&'iil '
— James Ward, 1863-82. Snf't'ri>it,'ml,'>its of Schools — Josiah I,.
Pickard, 1864-77; Duane Doty, 1877-81 ; George Howland, 1881-85.
Assistant Superintendent* — Francis Hanford, 1870-75; Duane Doty,
[875-77; '''dwird C. Delano, 1877-85; John C. Burroughs, second
assistant, 1884-85.
1 1 in N WKNTWORTII. — It is germane to the early history of the
Board to mention the connection of Hon. John Wentworth there-
with, lie is tin- oldest member now living, having been appointed
as early as 1838. The Hoard was originally styled "School In-
m." When not in Congress or in the Mayor's office, Mr.
Wentworth was continued a member, almost uninterruptedly, until
the expiration of his term after the great fire of 1871. While a
member of the School Board, Mr. Wentworth distinguished himself
as the opponent of all extravagance and for his exposure of all the
various rings that characterize those bodies in making money out of
the purchase of real estate, heating-apparatus, furniture and school-
books, lie particularly 'resisted the efforts of the banks to avoid
payment of par money for School Board deposits, and every con-
cession to the banks was made in spite of his violent denunciation.
While, through his newspaper, the Chicago Democrat, as well as in
official position, he advocated liberal appropriation for school pur-
poses, he was, in every sense of the word, for making a public dol-
lar perform all the functions of a private dollar. It required bold-
ness, at that time, to originate and defend the construction of the
first brick school-house in our city (the Dearborn, on the north side
of Madison Street, between State and Dearborn streets), and yet it
was built for less money, in proportion to its size, than any one
ever built in the city. It was disposed of for other than school
purposes before the great lire, there being no longer need of a school-
house in that locality. Mr. Wentworth became interested in the
town of Lyons in 1854, and he found that no portion of the section
of land in that town, usually set apart by Congress for school pur-
poses, had been sold ; and he has used all his efforts, amid great
opposition, to keep it in that condition. It is now the only entire
section of six hundred and forty acres, in the State of Illinois, de-
voted expressly to school purposes. The sale has often been at-
tempted by speculators, and as often successfully resisted by Mr.
Wentworth. It is now generally understood that while he lives the
sen ion must remain intact, and he is looking forward to the day
when the tract will be worth a million of dollars.
CORPORATE HISTORY.
JOHN F. EBERHART is one of Chicago's old citizens, ami is
well known for his connection with educational affairs. Mr. Eber-
hart was born in Mercer, Perm., on January 21, 1829, and lived
there until he was eight years old. The family then moved to Big
Bend, Penn., where the lad farmed and attended winter school until
he was sixteen. He then went to Oil Creek (now known as Oil
City), and taught school one winter. Following that, he attended
two terms at Cottage Hill Academy at Ellsworth, Ohio. After
another winter's teaching at Big Bend, he went to Allegheny Col-
lege, Meadville, I'enu., and graduated in 1853. He then took
JOHN F. EBERHART.
charge of Berlin Seminary ; but two years of overwork compelled
him to relinquish his position in 1855. ' Coming West, he settled at
Dixon, 111. After a brief period of rest he bought the Dixon Tran-
script, and edited it for six months. Subsequently he spent some
time holding Teachers' Institutes, and, in the fall of 1857, came to
Chicago. Mr. Kberhart may justly be proud of his record as an
educator. In the fall of 1858, he was elected county school com-
missioner, an office afterward changed to that of county superin-
tendent of schools; he was three times re-elected, holding the office
for ten years. Before his election to this office the schools of the
county had never had any county supervision, and it was during his
term of office, and through his personal effort, that the schools were
first lifted to a higher condition of excellence, and system and
method introduced. He devoted all of his time to the duties of the
office, traveling the county over from end to end, visiting the differ-
ent schools, and addressing the people, to create a greater interest
'in education. The first Cook County Teachers' Institute was held
by him at Oak Park in iS6o. Mr. Eberhart was also the founder
of the Cook County Normal School. It was through his zealous
and persistent efforts, continued through a number of years, that
the school was first established. He framed the bill providing for
County Normal Schools, carried it to Springfield, and secured its
passage by the Legislature. Until this action, nothing had been
done in that direction, anil to him all credit is due for the time and
labor expended. For a short time previous to his election as com-
missioner, he edited and owned the Northwestern Home and School
1'iunial, which was afterward merged in the Illinois Teacher. Soon
alter his retirement from office, he engaged in dealing in real estate,
to which he has since devoted his attention. He was married on
December 25, 1864, to Matilda C. Miller, of this city. They have
six children, — Maud Winnifred, John Joseph, Frederick Nathan-
iel, Mary Evangeline, Grace Josephine, and Wilfred. Mr. Eber-
hart and family are members of the People's Church, whose pastor,
Dr. Thomas, was one of his old pupils. In fact, it was through
Mr. Eberhart that Dr. Thomas was first induced to come to
this city.
CHARLES MCDONNELL. — This gentleman, was early promi-
nently identified with, and interested in, school matters in this city.
In the State School Convention, held here in October, 1846, he was
an earnest and eloquent advocate in the cause of pure and thorough
education. He was also one of the earliest mem-
bers of the Hoard of Education. A sketch of Mr.
McDonnell appears in the second volume of this
History, wherein the date of his death is errone-
ously given as on April 16, 1865, whereas it occurred
on April 16, 1885; one of the causesfor which was,
presumptively, a stroke of paralysis he suffered in
February, iSSi.
CHANGES BY THE BOARD. — On Sep-
tember 28, 1875, that part of section 69,
Rules of the Board, which provided for
the reading of the Scriptures and repeat-
ing the Lord's Prayer in the schools, was
struck out. The subject had not been
agitated, nor had it been previously con-
sidered in the Board ; but at the meeting
referred to, a motion was made, which was
at once seconded and carried without dis-
cussion. In the fall of 1875, the number
of grades in the English course was re-
duced from ten to eight, the first four be-
ing primary and the last four grammar.
On June, 1885, the study of Greek was
dropped from the High-school course,
the Board deeming its continuance unad-
visable. Some thought the city should
not be taxed to prepare students for col-
lege, while others considered Greek un-
necessary, many being doubtless influenced
by the general discussion of the Greek
question, then at its height.
Music. — The study of music was se-
riously interrupted by the fire, which
caused the absence of the teachers in this
branch for three months. They resumed
their duties on January i, 1872, and
spared no efforts to bring the standard up
to that of the preceding year. The singing
in the schools, which had previously been
doneby rote, from this time on took a more definite shape.
Special care and attention were devoted to the proper
training of the voices, pupils of all grades down to the
sixth having their voices examined and being classified
into proper registers. The reports for this year (1872)
show pupils in the third and fourth grades singing
three-part music with good success, and able to sing at
sight music in which the first and second grades had
been examined the preceding year. As illustrating the
progress made in this branch of study, it is worthy of
note that, in 1873, a large chorus of children was organ-
ized from the schools, which, with only two rehearsals
of parts and one general rehearsal, rendered music,
classic in its character, in such a manner as to secure
the approbation of good judges. The report of the
Committee on Music, in 1875, shows that instruction
was left entirely in the hands of the regular teachers,
the Superintendent of Music instructing the teachers,
and directing their work in the several schools. During
this year E. E. Whittemore, who had been closely iden-
tified with this department, was, on account of failing
health, compelled to resign. The statistics of 1878
show that eighty-five per cent, of the children joined
the singing classes, although their doing so was entirely
optional. The popularity of the study, which this would
148
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
high
indicate, IMS Miice continued, it being now in a.
state of efficiency.
DRAWING.— From the " Historical Sketches ot Mr.
•herd Johnston are taken the following facts regard-
ing the changes in this department between 1871 and
1880:
" Misses Currier and Starr resigned during the summer vaca-
tion of 1872, and the vacancies caused by their resignation w»:r<
HAVEN SCHOOL.
filled August 27, i872,"by the election of Misses Carrie E. Powers
and Julia H. Arms.
"" Miss Arms resigned in August, 1874, and the vacancy was
filled by the election of Mrs. Natalie Roemheld, who filled the
position till the close of the winter term of 1875.
"The Bartholomew Series of Drawing Books remained in
use till the close of the school year, 1873-74, when they were re-
placed by the Walter Smith System of Free-Hand Drawing, which
is now in use.
"The publishers of the Walter Smith System furnished a
teacher, Mr. <). I. Pierce, free ol COBl to the city, during the school
year 1874-75, to give the regular teachers a thorough course of in-
struction in the system. Mr. Pierce also took charge of the
instruction in drawing in the Normal School during this year. In
[875, Mr. Piero ted superintendent of instruction
in drawing, at a salary of S-.',(x« per annum.
"At the close of tlie school year 1875-76, in consequence of
an order of the c .uneil requiring a general reduction of
twenty-live per cent, in the expenditures of the city, the employ-
:it of instruction in drawing was discontinued,
ami at the opening of the schools in September, 1876, the publishers
of the Walter Smith System, in order that the study of drawing
might not be interfered with by such action, furnished a special
, ,,f .im^-incr Mrs. i-.ii/.aiicm r. Dimock, at their own
expens
Din
187
ing
M.I limock 1
since that date to the present time."
In 1883 it was found that the study of drawing, as
well as other optional studies in the Primary and
Grammar schools, was not in a sat-
isfactory condition. This, so far
as drawing and music were con-
cerned, was owing to the fact that
these studies were not in charge
of the regular teachers. In the
examinations, no effort was made
to test candidates for teachers'
certificates on these topics, and
many entered with no knowledge
of these subjects, and at best
poorly fitted themselves afterward
for teaching them. A new im-
pulse was given to the study by
the action of the Board in 1884,
placing it upon the list of regular
branches, prior to which time it
had been optional. This was fol
lowed by a marked increase of
interest, both on the part of teach-
ers and pupils, and a great im-
provement in the work done.
GERMAN. — At the time of the
fire, four thousand pupils were
pursuing the study of German in
the public schools; but at the
close of the school year, in June,
1872, only 2,359 were so engaged.
This falling off was due to the fact
that on the North Side, where
German had been largely taught,
the school buildings destroyed by
the fire were not yet re-built. Of
the number above stated, 87 1 pu-
pils were in the grammar grades
and 1,488 in the primary. In
1874, by recommendation of the
Committee on German, a graded
course of study in this language
was prepared, with special refer-
ence to its adaptation to the Eng-
lish course, and was adopted in
September. German was introduced into the Brown
and Dore schools during this year. In 1877, the study
was taken up in the King ajid North Clark-street
schools, and in 1878, in the Calumet-avenue school.
By the close of 1879, the study had been introduced
into eighteen of the district schools, as follows: In the
North Division, six- — the Kinzie, Franklin, Ogden,
Newberry, Lincoln and North Clark Street ; in the
South Division, four — -the Moseley, Haven, Cottage
Grove, and Calumet Avenue ; in the West Division,
eight — the Scammon, Washington, Brown, Wells,
Skinner, Dore, Carpenter, and King. In 1885, the
scope of the study was still further widened, it be-
ginning in the third grade, instead of the fifth, as
formerly.
The continuous growth in this department is shown
in detail in the following table:
CORPORATE HISTORY.
149
,t. J
g
1 .
£ i ^
i
F,
*3 M
"o 2
^_~
= '£
I|
i
1
o .
ji
<t
j 8
= Ji 'r >,
!l'ia
|
3 -^
o 5
jfj!
c
_£.=
Q
OJ ^
iio'-" ='
3
3.3
d ~
4°
a.
•3 H
1865-66..
J
I
lie
1866-67!"
4
4
A * J
700
585
508
..
1867-68..
5
5
1,265
565
Si
__
—
1868-69..
7
6
1,782
517
4i
__
—
1869-70..
9
8
2,597
815
45
-.
—
1870-71..
12
ii
4,207
1,640
62
—
1871—72
l-i
12
2 1 3 5 0
1,948
*4(>
1U/1 / ft
1872-73--
* j
13
12
2,724
365
15
* t "^t"
1873-74--
'3
12
2,694
__
30
t J
—
1874-75..
15
14
3,359
665
25
1875-76..
15
14
1,706
__
1,653
t49
—
1876-77..
15
14
1,856
150
9
—
1877-78--
16
15
1,912
56
3
--
—
1878-79 .
18
17
2,308
396
20
—
1879-80.-
20
2O
2,370
62
2
._
2,750
1880-81-.
29
30
3,981
1,611
68
4,546
1881-82..
30
35
4,186
205
5
4,966
1882-83 -_
32
43
5,106
920
22
- - _ _
6,182
1883-84. _
37
55
6,397
1,291
25
--
7,826
* Caused by the great fire. + Caused by financial depression.
J Owing to restriction of the study to the grammar >;r;i<lc^.
The schools in which German is taught, and the
dates of its introduction, are as follows :
Armour-street, 1881 ; Brown, 1874: Burr, 1880 ; Carpenter,
1869; Clarke, 1880; Cottage Grove, 1868; Dore, 1874; Douglas,
. Foster, iSSo; Franklin, 1866; Haven, iSjo; Hayes, 1881 ;
Headley, 1880, Hoklen, 1^3; Jones, 1880; Keith, 1883; King,
is;; ; Kinzie, 1868; I.aSalle, 1881 ; Lincoln, 1871; Marquette,
1880; Moseley, 1866; Newberry, 1866; Oakley, 1882 ; Ogden,
1871; I'ickard, i»So; Raymond, iSSo; Scammon, 1870; Sheridan,
1881 ; Skinner, 1870; Throop, 1882; Wallace-street, 1883; Walsh,
1883; Washington, 1865; Webster, 1883; Wells, iSf>6; Wicker Park,
: and the North and South and West 1 Mvision High schools.
MRS. MATILDA SMITH, teacher of French and German at the
North Division High School, was born in Paris, France, on July
27 1830. Her father, James Sanderson, an accomplished linguist,
was professor of eight languages, and taught in the celebrated
>;n red Heart Institute, of Paris, for ten years. Her mother, So-
phia (Gutjahr) Sanderson, was of German descent. Mrs. Smith
has a brother at present in Paris, who is a sworn translator anil in-
terpreter at the High Court, also a reporter in the Arabic lan-
guage, and was for two years with lie 1 ,cs-cps at the cutting of the
Sue/. Canal. When sixteen years old, Mrs. Smith went to England,
and was engaged in Lord lllchester's family, as governess and
teacher of French, German and other languages, for three years.
At the termination of that engagement, she returned to France and
went to Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in Germany, and was for ten years at
the High School of Gotha, as a teacher of French, German and
English languages. In 1860, she went to India, and was married,
in the same year, to Charles Smith, of Calcutta, who was manager
of the Hank of Hengal, in Agra. After several years' residence in
India, she returned to Germany with a family of four children, and,
in 1872, emigrated to this country, and settled in Chicago. Here,
SCHOOLS. — The evening schools were
continued each year, from 1863 to 1871, when, owing
to the great fire, they were broken up, and no appro-
priations were made by the Council till 1873. They
were re-opened in the fall of 1873, and, with the excep-
tion of the year 1876, they have been kept in operation
from ten to fourteen weeks each year till the present
date. In the fall of 1868, an evening High-school class
was formed, under the charge of Selim H. Peabody, a
teacher in the High School, in which instruction was
given in the higher mathematics, bookkeeping, me-
chanical philosophy, and mathematical drawing. These
evening High-school classes were continued in connec-
tion with the evening school, till the fire of 1871, a few
weeks after the opening of the evening schools for that
year. Up to this time the evening High-school class
held its sessions in the Dearborn-school building. The
sessions of the evening High-school class were not
resumed until the fall of 1874, when they were held in
the frame building on the High School lot. During
the sessions of 1877-78, the study of- short-hand was
introduced in the evening High-school classes.
The following tabulated statement shows the date
of the opening of the evening schools each year, the
length of the sessions, the total enrollment of pupils, the
average attendance, the total cost, and the cost of each
pupil, based on the average attendance. The number
of weeks the evening schools were in session refers to
the schools in which the ordinary branches were taught.
For a portion of the time the evening High-school
class was continued a few weeks longer each year.*
Date of Opening.
No. of
weeks in
session.
Total
enroll-
ment.
Average
atu-nd-
ance.
Total cost
for
the session.
Cost per
pupil in
average
attendance
January, 1856
208
150
Instruction
gratuitous.
January 8, 1863. _.
12
483
220
$ 389 oo
$ i 77
November 9, 1863..
16
721
186
767 10
4 12
October 24, 1864 ..
II
1,892
736
4,849 98
6 59
November 13, 1865-
M
2,384
751
7,240 oo
9 64
November 13, 1866.
13
3,212
937
6,907 48
7 50
September 30, 1867.
16
3,653
935
9,163 12
9 80
September 21, 1868.
14
3,003
1,005
9,521 QI
9 47
September 20, 1869.
12
3,828
1,121
9,938 07
8 87
September 23, 1870.
14
3,36l
849
7,054 53
8 34
September 22, 1873
'3
2,694
785
6,816 63
8 69
September 21, 1874.
M
2,396
68 1
7,173 62
10 54
October 5, 1875
IO
3,241
1,076
6,995 50
6 50
September 10, 1877.
14
3,245
848
7,511 28
8 86
October 7, 1878
10
2,360
730
4,765 83
6 53
* From Historical Sketches of the Public Schools ; by S. Johnston.
The growth of the evening school system from
1884, is shown in the following table:
COST PE
R PUPIL.
Year.
of
schools.
of
sessions.
of
teachers.
Total
enrollment.
evening
attendance.
average
attendance.
expendi-
tures.
On total
en-
rollment.
On aver-
age
attendance.
1880-81
IO
=;* 718
8<U.4
$8 ^1^ 08
$2 50
$ g 80
1881-82..
IJ
8^
6a
72 Soo
QC2 . ^
11,610 54
2 64
12 ig
1882-83
14
i 018
I 862.O
16 648 62
8 QA
1883-84
IS
26 637 38
-3 eg
after a strict examination, she obtained from the Board of Educa-
tion, a certificate as teacher of French and German, and was ap-
pointed tu a grammar school. In 1876, she went as teacher to the
North Division High School, which position she fills at present
with great satisfaction to the Board of Education, as well as to her
pupils and their parents.
DEAF MUTES.— In September, 1870, a class of deaf
mutes had met for instruction in the LaSalle-street Pri-
mary-school building, and then went to one of the rooms
occupied by the offices of the Hoard of Education,
where it remained until the fire of 1871. After the fire,
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
no action was taken in regard to a school for deaf
mutes, until January, 1875. A class was then organ-
ized, and placed in charge of P. A. Emery, who was
paid $1,000 a year for his services. When the New
J OIK'S building was completed, corner of Harrison
Street and Third Avenue, the class was removed there.
In 1877, an additional teacher was appointed. In 1878,
the school was removed to the Third-avenue school
building, and, on January i, 1879, was again removed,
this time to the Newsboys' Home. On May 29, 1879,
an act was passed by the State Legislature, making an
appropriation for the support of a school for deaf mutes
in Chicago. The expense of this branch of educational
work was $4,237.50 in 1884; and the particulars of
attendance, etc., during the same year, are shown in
the subjoined table :
Total enroll-
J£
'5. a
r - s
"H S ^
ment.
fcjg
- T3 --•
^ S ?
g-0 "
,„
E g «
g C U
Schools.
5 — ~
c ^ ~5
•
•
./
_j
^•^ :f
_,* 2?
*. -'
>~
g
E-'C
~ >,'c
L, cfl
^
H
X, ~
H-S-o
|-g-g
Advanced Class
5
3
R
2
1,276
127 6
80 q
Scummon
•s
*7
2O
-I
2 S4'S
127 8
76 e
Division and Cleaver St.
4
6
10
1,152
115.8
86.8
Third Avenue .
6
T
-
3
1 . c >< )( i
1 12 2
6<j i
Sheldon _, _
4
4
S
o
I 4^7
I7T ^
86 7
Total
22
-
53
9
7,499
141.3
79.1
THE CHICAGO INSTITUTE OK EDUCATION. — In the
early history of Chicago, when there were less than a
hundred teachers in the city and vicinity, they met for
the discussion of matters of general interest. Such an
association of teachers began during the administration
of John C. Dore, first City Superintendent of Schools.
These earlier institutions were, however, short-lived, and
left no records. The present society, a voluntary asso-
ciation of the teachers of Chicago and vicinity, was
organized in 1880, and became an Institute under the
jurisdiction of the Board of Education. Its object, as
set forth in the preamble of the constitution, is "to cul-
tivate among teachers a better acquaintance, a more
perfect sympathy with each other, and a general mutual
improvement." Its meetings are held on the first Sat-
urday in every school month, and in addition the Super-
intendent of Schools holds what are termed " grade
institutes" every Saturday ; meeting first-grade teachers
one week, second-grade teachers the next week, and so
on. These grade institutes are regularly connected
with the public-school work of the city. The officers
of the Institute consist of a president, two vice-presi-
dents, a secretary and a treasurer. The officers and
members of the Institute, at its organization in 1880,
were —
;•• I lowland, president: Corydon G. Stowell, vice-presi-
dent ; I.t-slie Lewis, second vice-president; A. li . Nightingale
secretary; Mrs. K]];l F. Young, treasurer. George Ilowland Cor-
ydniiG. Stowell, Leslie Lewis. Miss I.uella V. Little, II. II. Belfield,
executive committee. Members: ( ). Hlackman, N W Boomer'
OrvilleT. liright. L. C. Delano, Ralph J. llaase, fames Ilamian'
Alfred Kirk, Albert G, Lane, |olm II. Loomis, Charles I I'arker
Jonathan I'iper, \V. II. Powell, |. Slocum, Volney Underbill, 1- < )'
Vaile, A. Henry Yaimvoll, Andrew |. Wood, "Louise S. Curtis,
Elizabeth A. Mann, Sophia A. Phelps, Lloise O. Randall, Sarah
J. I. Kourier. Mary L. Sargeam, Lilly N. E. Skaats, Sarah E. Tnttle.
SCHOOL Sr.rriox.—At the third session of the
Forty-second Congress, an Act was passed authorizing
the exchange of the south half of Block 87, school-sec-
tion addition, located on the corner of Polk Street and
Fifth Avenue, and extending from Fifth Avenue to the
river, which had been held by the city for several years
under a lease from the school fund, and had been occu-
pied by the city Bridewell, for the old Post office lot,
on the northwest corner of Dearborn and Monroe
streets, and the walls of the old Post-office Building
standing thereon. In pursuance of this Act, the Secre-
tary of the Treasury appointed Hon. Thomas Drum-
mond and Xorman B. |udd as commissioners on behalf
of the United States government ; and the Mayor named
Thomas Hoyne and Edwin II. Sheldon on behalf of the
city ; these four commissioners appointing Hon. John
G. Rogers. The Commissioners reporting that the two
pieces of property were of equal value, the exchange
was made. The object of this exchange had been to
provide accommodations for the Public Library of the
city; but the school fund had no money which could
be used for making the requisite improvements on the
building, and the city was so situated financially that it
could not do the work. The Committee on School-fund
Property of the Board of Education therefore deemed
it advisable to lease the property, which was accordingly
done, Leonard Grover and J. G. Riall becoming the
first lessees, at a rental of $7,500 per annum. In
August, 1877, the premises were leased to John H.
Haverly for three years and eleven months, at $9,000 a
year, who fitted up the old post-office building and
used it for a theater. In 1877, the lease was renewed
for three years and eleven months. In the fall of 1880,
the School Board advertised for proposals to lease the
property for some other purpose than that of a theater.
In October, the Board agreed to lease the property to
the First National Bank for a term of fifty years, with
an optional twenty years' additional renewal. In the
following spring, the Bank concluded to destroy the old
building, and made the offer to allow $15.000 for it and
erect a new building to cost not less than $300,000.
The offer was accepted by the School Board, and the
present First National Bank was forthwith built.
JAMES W. LARIMORK, professor of Physics and Chemistry at
the North Division High School, was born on May 5, 1834, in Steu-
benville, Ohio, and is the son of Joseph C. and MaryJ. Larimore.
When he was about two years of age, his parents removed to Niles,
Mich., where his youth was spent. Developing early in his life a
studious disposition and a fondness .for books, he was sent, in 1852,
to ( (livet Institute, Eaton Co., Mich., where his preparation for col-
lege was made. After his academic course, he entered the Univer-
sity of New York City, from which he graduated in the class of 1860.
Having determined to enter the ministry of the Presbyterian Church
he took a two years' course of theological study at Princeton Theo-
logical Seminary, at Princeton, N. J., and an additional year at the
Union Theological Seminary, of New York City. On his gradua-
tion from the latter institute, he was invited to the pastorate of the
Ihird Dutch Reformed Church of Albany, N. Y. I Living how-
ever, a decided preference for a residence in the West, he resigned
this position and accepted the charge of the First Presbyterian
Church, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, which, under his administration
became the largest Presbyterian church west of the Mississippi
River. In the fall of 1863, he yielded to the earnest solicitation of
Adjutant - General liaker, of the State of Iowa, and accepted the
chaplaincy of the 9th Iowa Cavalry, and went at once with his
regiment into active service, spending most of his time in the
>epartment of Little Rock, Ark. In May, 1865, he was promoted
by I resident Lincoln, to a commission in the regular army and
assigned to the chaplaincy of \Vebster Hospital, at Memphis
fenn. At the close of the War, Professor Larimore, finding the
monotony of army life not congenial to his active disposition
gned, and came to Chicago, where, in the fall of 1865, he was
installed pastor of the Seventh Presbyterian Church, which position
he continued to hold for somewhat over two years After a time
t in general literary labor, during which he developed a decided
aptitude for journalism, Professor Larimore was, in the spring of
1871, offered and accepted the position of city editor of the Chicago
Evening Journal He continued in this position three years dis-
charging the dunes of his office with marked ability and success
CORPORATE HISTORY.
It was during this period that Professor Larimore distinguished
himself and gave exhibition of characteristic energy, in connection
with the issue of the only daily paper published in the city on the
day of the great fire, October 9, 1871. He. together with the edi-
tor-in-chief, Hon. Andrew Shuman, on that fatal Monday, finding
the journal office in ashes, secured the temporary use of a job-
printing office on the West Side, near the river, and although the
flames threated to drive them out every moment, yet succeeded in
bringing out an issue of the Journal at its usual time of publication,
that issue being the sole representative of the Chicago daily press
of that date. Professor Larimore having, by his various writings
and publications in the cause of education, attracted the attention
of the University of Chicago, he was. in March. 1874, elected to
the professorship of Physics in that institution, in consideration
of which he resigned his connection with the Journal on May 2,
1874. He did not, however, enter upon his duties in the Univer-
sity, but accepted a similar position in the Cook County Normal
School, at Englewood. In September, 1878, Professor Larimore
was appointed to the position of teacher of Physics and Chemistry
in the North Division High School, Chicago, which position lie
has held for the past seven years with credit to himself and the
institution.
Si I, AS LEE WOOD, principal of the Clarke School, was born in
Ontario County, New York, on June 19, 1831, and is the son of
( larrett and Mary M. (Ashley) Wood. After receiving an excel-
lent preliminary education in the school contiguous to his native
place, he attended the State Normal School of Michigan, and
graduated therefrom in the class of 1857. Immediately after com-
pleting his studies, he accepted a position as teacher at Eaton
Rapids, Eaton Co., Mich., where he remained for some time. He
next taught at Mount Clemens, Mich., and then at Paw Paw, Van
Buren Co., Mich., whence he was recalled to Mount Clemens,
from which place he removed to Allegan County, in the same State,
shortly afterward returning to Eaton Rapids. He next accepted a
position at Vassar, Mich., and afterward at Woodstock, McIIcnry
Co., 111., from thence he was recalled to Vassar; having been
superintendent of schools for seventeen years in Vassar, Mount
Clemens and Eaton Rapids. In all the schools of which Mr. Wood
was superintendent, the number of scholars ranged from four
hundred to eight hundred. In January, iSSi, he came to Chicago
and took charge of the Clarke School, having an experience of
twenty-six years as principal teacher. Mr. Wood, while residing
in Michigan, was an active worker in the Good Templars organiza-
tion, and was Deputy Grand Worthy Chief Templar in the north-
ern part of Michigan for several years. For some time during the
War, Mr. Wood was actively engaged in recruiting service in
Northern Michigan, with headquarters at Kalamazoo.
JOHN HKNRV LOOMIS, principal of the Wells School, was born
at Sandy Hill, N. Y., on August 9, 1841, and is the son of Osmyn
and Jane M. (Cadwell) Loomis. His mother's family were old
settlers in Hartford, Conn., and his father's from Washington
County, N". V. The Loomis family can be traced to long before
1638, when Joseph Loomis settled in Windsor, Conn. Mr. Loomis
was educated in the Michigan State Normal School, and Shurtleff
College, 111., and finished his studies in 1866. After leaving col-
lege, Mr. Loomis was appointed to the Agricultural College, as
teacher of mathematics, for about two years, and was next made
Superintendent of Schools at Napoleon, Ohio, where he remained for
seven years. In 1875, he came to Chicago and obtained the prin-
cipalship of the Wells School, and has served in that capacity since.
He was married, in 1 868, at Keene, N. II., to Miss Susan E.
Foster. Mr. Loomis served in the War as a member of the 2d
Michigan Cavalry, continuing therein until the siege of Corinth,
where he was injured in a cavalry charge, and on account of dis-
ability was honorably discharged. He is a member of Napoleon
Lodge, No. 256, A.F. & A.M., of Ohio, and also of Post No. 28,
G.A.R
HKNKY CI.AY Cox, principal of the Pickard School, was born
in Northumberland County, Virginia, on February 28, 1845, and is
the son of Carlos and Maria Louisa (MacCarty) Cox. He was
educated at the State Normal University and at Knox College, Illi-
nois, during the years 1861-69. In l8°9, he commenced teaching
at \Vinterset. Madison Co., Iowa, and shortly afterward was ap-
pointed superintendent of the Wapello County (Iowa) schools, which
position he held for two years. He then was made principal of the
Farmington School, in Fulton County, 111., which position he
retained for five years, and was then made principal of Dexter
Normal School, in Dallas County, Iowa, where he remained for
two years; and immediately afterward was given the position of
Superintendent of Schools, at Pontiac, Livingston Co., 111., which
latter position he retained from 1882 until 1884. In 1884, he came
to Chicago, and was appointed to the position he now holds and in
which he has given eminent satisfaction. In 1872, Mr. Cox re-
ceived the honorary degree of Artium Magister from Abingdon
College. It must not be imagined, however, that during the
acquirement of his education, Mr. Cox turned a deaf ear to the
cause ' if patriotism, for, at the age of eighteen, in December, 1863,
he enlisted in Co. "I>," 141)1 Illinois Infantry, and was with
General Sherman on his inarch from Atlanta. On October 4, 1864,
he was captured by the Confederates, and spent the winter in Ander-
sonville. He was mustered out near the close of June, 1865. Mr.
Cox was married at White Hall, Illinois, in 1867, to Lora Anne
Worcester. He is a member of the I.O.O.F. Lodge, No. 262, at
Pontiac, and is also a member of the State Teachers' Asssociation
and of the Institute of Education, of Illinois.
ANDREW JACKSON WOOD, principal of the lirown School, was
born at Canandaigua, N. Y., on July 26, 1836, and is the son of
Garrett and Mary (Ashley) Wood. He completed his scholastic edu-
cation at the State Normal School of Vpsilanti, Mich., in 1862, and,
in July of the same year, enlisted as a private in the I7th Michigan
Infantry Volunteers and served through the War, his merit being
recognized by his being commissioned lieutenant. He, with his regi-
ment, participated in the Maryland campaign of 1862 ; was at South
Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. In the spring of 1863,
he went with the Ninth Army Corps to Kentucky and Mississippi,
and was in the rear of Vicksburg during the siege, and followed
Johnson to Jackson. The winter of 1863, he spent in East Ten-
nessee, and was present at the siege of Knoxville ; in the following
spring, he joined the Army of the Potomac and was present at all
the principal engagements of the Ninth Army Corps, until the final
surrender at Appomattox. Since his return from the War, in June,
1865, he taught as principal of the schools at the following places :
Eaton Rapids, Union City, Benton Harbor, Pentwater, Mich.; and
at Lake Geneva, Wis. In 1877, he came to this city and was
appointed to his present position, after having had an experience as
a preceptor for twenty years. In September, 1865, Mr. Wood was
married, at Dexter, Mich., to Miss Ellen R. Burkhart, of I.ynden,
Mich. He is a member of Post No. 28, G.A.K., of the Masonic fra-
ternity, and also of Home Council, No. 400, Royal Arcanum. He is
also a member of the Institute of Education and of the National
Teachers' Association ; and has always been prominently identified
with every movement looking to the advancement of the cause of
education and of the methods whereby instruction is imparted.
MARY M. T. WALSH, principal of the Brenan School, was
born in London, lingland, on June 7, 1858, and is the daughter of
Edward and Margaret H. Walsh, who immigrated to this country
when their daughter was about seven years old, and settled in Chi-
cago. Miss Walsh commenced her education in this city at the old
St. Mary's School, which was destroyed by" the fire of 1871 ; and
subsequently attended the H olden and High schools, being awarded
the- Foster medal while at the former. She entered the Normal
School in 1874, where she remained two years, finishing her
studies there with the class of 1876. In October, 1876, she accepted
an appointment as teacher in the Holden School, and there taught
until January, 1884, when she was transferred to the Walsh School,
remaining there for about fifteen months ; after which she was de-
servedly promoted to her present position in March, 1885. Miss
Walsh successfully passed the State teachers' examination in 1882,
and received a life certificate from the State Board of Education.
IDA MAY COOK, principal of the Brighton School, was born
at Ottawa, 111., on December 19, 1859, and is the daughter of
William L. and Harriet Newell (Piper) Cook, natives of New York.
In 1873, she graduated from the Holden School in this city, and
subsequently attended the Central High School, graduating there-
from in the class of 1877. Her first experience as a teacher was in
the Town of Lake, where she taught for two years; after which she
was appointed to a position in the grammar department of a school
at l.ockport, 111. In September, 1880, she returned to Chicago,
and taught for some time at the Holden School, and was trans-
ferred to the Brighton School in January, 1882, becoming its prin-
cipal in September, 1883. Miss Cook belongs to the State
Teachers' Institute.
FRANCIS MARION MC.KAY, principal of the Washington
School, was born in Jefferson County, Ind., on January 15, 1852,
and is the son of Hiram and Elizabeth (Etherton) McKay. He
was educated at Morris Classical Institute; State Normal School, at
Bloomington; and State University at Champaign, 111., and finished
his scholastic studies in iSSi, graduating from the State University
in the class of that year with the degree of B. L. Previous to enter-
ing the State University at Champaign, Mr. McKay taught for five
years in the public schools. In 1882, he came to Chicago and com-
menced teaching at the West Jackson School as principal, and was
transferred to the Washington School in September, 1883. lie is
a member of the National Teachers' Association.
CARRIE GWYNNE ADAMS, principal of the Folk-street School,
was born in Shelbyville, Ky., on April 24, 1852. Her father,
Samuel Lowry Adams, was a prominent physician and professor of
anatomy in Transylvania University, Kentucky. She was edu-
cated in Lexington, Ky., graduating from the Sayre Female
Institute of that city. In 1871, she came with her parents to Chi-
15-
HISTOUV OF CHICAGO.
after was appointed to a position at lllr Ncwberry
School, Bobsequently teaching at the I'oic Scl ..... 1 for about three
year-.. In IS;?, slit was apjiointed head assistant of tin- Foster
School, where >he remained until 1871), in whieh year she was
promoted to her present responsible position. Miss Adams is a
member of the State Teaehers1 Association of Illinois.
Mill, principal of the old Sangamon — now
Monteliore — School, was born in Sweden on February II, i^;s
Her parents, Charles and Johanna (llawkenson) Lundb, came to
this country in iSd;. and settled in Chicago, their daughter Char-
lotte being then only nine years of age. Miss I. undh commenced
her education at the Xin^ainon School, then known as the \\ash-
n, subsequently attending the Carpenter School in i><"), and
from there was promoted to the High School, of which Mr. How-
land. now superintendent of schools of Chicago. was principal.
She graduated in the class of |s-<,, and began teaching in Septem-
ber, 1877, at the \Velis School, remaining there si-ven years: and,
in September, iSS_i, was promoted to lier present position, which
she so meritoriously tills.
Al Hi. At, Ms llm:.\\, head assistant of the Throop School,
was born at Troy, -V V.. on I lecember 23, iSji). and is the daugh-
ter of John and Margaret llogan. I laving received her preliminary
ation at ihe I )ore 1'nblic School, in this city, she attended the
High School in 1874; and. in 1876, entered the Normal School to
receive the necessary training required for teaching, graduating in
the class of 1877. Immediately after leaving the latter institution,
Accepted an -11 as copyist and genera] correspondent
in a mercantile house. Miss llogan received her first appointment
idler in ( >( ' , in the I'olk-street School, whence she
was trausferreil to the Throop School and promoted, in iSSo, to her
present position.
Av\v MAKI.I KRBTTA O'CONNOR, lirst assistant teacher of the
Brighton 1'iiblic School, and daughter of John and Sarah (Williams)
•aimr. was born in Chicago, on April 2, 1 S6o. Her education
commenced at the public and high schools of this city, graduating
from the Normal School in the class of 1 lecember, i&jd. In April,
7, she began her career as teacher, and taught at the Ilolden
September,
and ISriglr i for seven years, and, in
was appointed to her present position. Miss O'Connor received the
" I [olden prize," while attending that school, for general proficiency.
KiM>r.u<; \K 11 NS. — These institutions, of which there
are twenty-five at the present time, are in no way con-
nected with the public schools of Chicago; but are
managed exclusively by religious societies or private
individuals. Some of them are simply nurseries for
little children or homes for the orphan and friendless.
Every institution of this class is enumerated in the fol-
lowing list, taken from the last school-census report :
Pacific Oarclen Mission Kindergarten, No. 420 Wabash Ave-
nue; Kindergarten, No. 1237 State Street; Kindergarten, Twenty-
fifth Street and Indiana Avenue; Chicago Home for the Friendless,
No. [936 Wabash Avenue; St. Joseph's Home for the Friendless,
Nos. 4,, 7 to 411 May Street; Kindergarten, No. 122 South Morgan
Street; Kindergarten, No. 334 West Randolph Street; Dr. \Vil-
lard's Seminar;,, No. 15 Sheldon Street; Kindergarten, No. 48
Hamilton Avenue; Froebel, No. 35 Flournoy Street; Froebel,
I'ark Avenue and Kobey Street; St. Agnes, No. 58 I'ark
irsery, No. 175 Hurling Street; German, No. 532 Wells
Street; Mrs. Rice, No. 4s7 1 .a Salle Street.
The remaining Kindergartens, operated by the Chi-
cago Froebel Kindergarten Association, are —
jVn. /—No. 147 Milton Avenue. Supported by Mrs. E. W.
Blatchford ; Miss Flla Wingate, director.
-\',>. j— -Ilerford Kindergarten. Corner Twenty-second and
Arnold streets. Supported by the Church of Messiah ; Miss Hattie
I.indsley, director.
m Kindergarten, No. 147 Milton Avenue.
Supported by Mrs. ( ,corge I.. Dunlap; Miss Kate Butts, director.
\ a. 4— No. 1237 State Street. Supported by the Association •
Miss M. !•;. Foster, director.
-Afternoon Kindergarten, corner Twenty-second and
Arnold streets, supported by the Woman's Club; Miss Hannah
•v-dgwick Street. Supported by the Associa-
tion ; Miss Elsie Payne, director.
ffa. 7— Bethany Kindergarten, in Bethany Church, No 706
West Jackson Street. Supported by the Association; Miss Anna
Holbrook, director.
-In the Cook County Normal School. Supported bv
the Association ; Mrs. A. II. Putnam, director.
i— In the Protestant Orphan Asylum. Supported bv the
Association ; Miss Mary lirownell, director.
V,,. /,, — Unity Industrial School. Supported by the Associa-
tion ; Miss Minnie Sheldon, direclor.
I'm. Cuii'Acio MANUAL TRAIMM; SCHOOL owes its
existence to the philanthropy of the Chicago Commercial
Club, which, at its regular monthly meeting, on .March 25,
iSS.', discussed the question of "the need of a school
for industrial training in Chicago." Papers were read,
and addresses made by members of the Club, and by
Augustus Jacobson and Charles H. Ham, both of Chi-
cago, which showed the desirability and practicability
of organizing such a school. So eloquent and forcible
were the arguments of the speakers, and so thoroughly
did the Club appreciate the importance of the project,
that, at the close of the meeting, a proposition that the
Club should itself undertake the inauguration of such
an enterprise, met with such ready and enthusiastic
response that a subscription was started upon the spot,
looking to the raising of the sum of $100,000; and in
the space of a very few moments the sum of $57,000
was pledged, by members, to this object.
In a short time the desired $100,000 were pledged,
anil a committee was appointed to prepare and report
a plan for the organization of the proposed school.
This committee was composed of John W. Doane,
Marshall Field, R. T. Crane, John Crerar, X. K. Fair-
bank, E. W. Blatchford, and O. W. Potter.
The report of this committee was made and adopted
on December 30, 1882, and contained the following
provisions, among others :
The name of the proposed school shall be The Chicago Manual
Training School, and shall be incorporated under the statutes of the
State of Illinois.
The object of the School shall be instruction and practice in
the use of tools, with such instruction as may be deemed necessary
in mathematics, drawing, and the English branches of a high-school
course. The tool instruction contemplated shall include carpentry,
wood-turning, pattern-making, iron chipping and filing, forge-work,
brazing and soldering, the use of machine-shop tools, and such
other instruction, of a similar character, as may be deemed advisa-
ble to add to the foregoing from time to time ; it being the intention
to divide the working hours of the students, as nearly as possible,
equally between manual and mental exercises.
Nine trustees were elected the same evening; and
at the next regular meeting of the Club (January 30,
1883), they organized as follows :
Board of Trustees ; E. W. Blatchford, president ; R. T. Crane,
vice-president ; Marshall Field, treasurer ; William A. Fuller, secre-
tary; John Crerar, John W. Doane, N. K. Fairbank, Edson Keith,
George M. Pullman.
The present site, at the northeast corner of Michigan
Avenue and Twelfth Street, was selected on March 28 ;
S. S. Beman was chosen architect on May 5 ; and Henry
H. Belfield, at that time principal of the Chicago North
Division High School, was elected director on Tune
9, 1883.
The corner-stone of the building was laid on Sep-
tember 24, 1883. The first examination for ad-
mission was held on January 3, 1884. Although the
building was in an unfinished condition, school exer-
cises were commenced on February 4, 1884, the teachers
being Director Belfield, Albert L. Tucker (in charge of
woodwork), and Benjamin Hyde (instructor in drawing).
The first year, or junior class, only was organized,
its number being limited to seventy-two. The in-
CORPORATE HISTORY.
'53
augural address of the director was delivered on June
19, i,X,S4.
The second class of seventy-two was admitted on
September i, 1884; the third, also limited to seventy-
two, on September 7, 1885. The first class is expected
to graduate on June 24, 1886.
Equipment. — The equipment of the school has progressed as
the progress of the classes has demanded. At present (January,
1886), the mechanical equipment is mainlv as follows:
ll'ih'tt Rm»n — Twenty-seven cabinet-makers' benches, twenty-
four speed lathes, one circular saw, one boring machine, one scroll
saw, one planer, one grindstone, bench and lathe tools for seventy-
two boys.
J-\>undrv — Two furnaces, with troughs, Masks, rammers, sieves,
etc., for sixty-six boys.
Room — Twenty-four forges, twenty-three anvils, three
one emery grinder, one blower, two exhaust fans, hammers,
Hatters, fullers, swages, etc., for sixty-six boys.
Mac/iin? S/inf — Eight engine lathes, two speed lathes, one
drill, one planer, one shaper, one grindstone, fifteen benches, fif-
teen vises, bench and lathe tools for thirty-two boys.
1'ower is supplied by a Corliss engine of fifty-two horse-power
and two steel boilers.
The following gentlemen constitute the teaching
force in January, 1886 :
Henry H. Bel field, Ph.D., director; William R. Wickes, A.
M.; F. K. L. Heal, C.E.; Earl 13. Person, A.M.; Albert L.
Tucker, U.S.; Elroy A. 1 lillon, li.S. ; Frank M. Bennett, assistant
engineer C.S.X.; William Jones.
The School has attracted considerable attention, not
from citizens of Chicago alone, but from all parts of
the United States, and it has been a powerful stimulus
to the founding of many other such schools in other
cities. The pupils are doing very creditable work in
wood and in metals. All the lathe tools and the flat,
cape and round-nosed chisels used in the machine-
shop were made by the pupils. So were the tongs now
in use in the blacksmith-shop; a six horse-power steam
engine (one of six) has been finished, and is run by the
senior class. Although the pupils are encouraged to
make useful articles for themselves and for the school,
nothing is manufactured for sale — the idea of the
school being to educate and not to manufacture.
THE BROCKWAY TEACHERS' AGENCY, located in the Times
Building, was established in 1882, by Mrs. I.. Freeman Brockway.
The object of the agency is to recommend good teachers to the best
of schools. Until the establishment of this agency the only reliable
educational bureaus were located in Eastern cities. But Mrs.
Brockway has proved her efficiency and aptitude for the work, and
has by her own unaided efforts built up an institution that is a credit
to the city. For many years she has been associated with the best
schools of the country in the capacity of teacher, and, spending much
time now in visiting schools, she perfectly understands the needs of
schools and the qualifications of teachers. The agency has been a
success from the beginning, and is now representing a very superior
class of teachers for every department, from the Kindergarten to
the college president, and business now extends into every State in
the Union, a large number of teachers from the East being placed
in Western schools. It is a most valuable aid, both to teachers and
institutions of learning. It meets a need long felt in the West for
Permission of the Western Manufacturer.
MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.
'54
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
a reliable butvau ol exchange in educational work. Mr*. I'.rockway
was .nllniiti.ii, i -;;, an. I i- tin- dangle
(ilcim I. anil Kli/abcth (Onus! L. When quite young
her parents moved In Indianapolis. Iml., where llu-y lived until she
hail arriveil at her tilth i.r si\ih year, when they moved to i .ai •
in the Western Reserve of Northern Ohio, wliirli she made her
liome until eighteen vears ol Rgi Shi received her education in
the public schools and through private tuition. She taught her first
term of srhool when in her tounccnth year, ami rotuiiuieil in the
profession until the establishment of the agency, with the exception
of one year. Her experienre as a teai her rovers a spare ol about
fourteen years, during whii h n:ne she held high positions in some ot
the best sdiuols in llie connln. among wliicli are Juliet, 111., public
ols, where she held a position live years; 1 1 untington, Iml.,
and the Douglas School in this city. Mrs. lirockway came to
;.. with iier husband in iss] , and took a position in the I >otig-
las ^ehool, which she resigned to commence her present work, in
She was married, in Kalamu/oo, Mich., in iS.So, to S. I'.
Brockway.
TIIK HKAl.TH DKI'AKTMKNT.
After the fire, thousands of the liomeless and desti-
tute found slicker in school-houses, churches and tem-
porary barracks of various kinds. The huddling together
of so many persons, tin: exposure, the lack of sanitary
appliances and an inadequate water-supply, formed
conditions so favorable to the spread of disease, that it
required the greatest vigilance on the part of the Board
of Health, and taxed to the utmost the resources at its
command. Notwithstanding all its efforts, ably seconded
by the "Sanitary Squad," the month following the fire
was one of a high rate of mortality, twenty per cent, of
which was caused by exposure. It being feared that
the small-pox would assume the form of an epidemic,
steps were taken to insure a general vaccination, which
resulted in the inoculation of sixty-three thousand per-
sons. Vet, as it will be seen by reference to the
mortality tables, there were six hundred and sixty-five
deaths in 1872, from this disease, and the number
did not fall much short of that in 1873. In May, 1873,
this city, in common with many other places in the
UYst and South, received an unwelcome visit from the
cholera. The report shows that there were forty-eight
cases, and twenty-three deaths from this disease. In
the fall and winter of 1872-73, a large amount of extra
work was forced upon the Board by the appearance of
the epizootic. It spread rapidly, until almost every
horse in the city was affected ; and resulted in the
death of eleven hundred and fifty horses during its
prevalence.
THK DKPART.MKXT REORGANIZED. — By city ordi-
nance, passed on July 19, 1876, the Board of Health
was abolished, and all the powers and duties of the
Hoard vested in a Commissioner of Health. Dr. Brock.
I,. McYickar was the first commissioner appointed. He
resigned on January 29, 1877, when the present com-
missioner, Dr. Os:ar C. DeWolf was appointed his
successor. The work of this Department is thus com-
prehensively stated by Commissioner DeWolf, in his
report for 1878:
" Tn reform tenement-houses, suppress epidemics of prevent-
able diseases, reconstruct, clean, and disinfect vaults, regulate
offensive tr.. upplies, and destroy, or consign
to the rendering-tanks, everything unwholesome ; to elevate the
standard of municipal cleanliness in streets and alleys and yards."
Ill order to ensure a thorough reformation of the
slaughtering and rendering establishments, an ordinance
was pa—rd by the City Council on August 27, 1877, for
the purpose of "regulating the slaughtering, packing,
rendering and fertilizing business," making it unlawful
:" in the occupation of slaughtering, packing,
without first procuring a license therefor; and pro-
viding for a proper inspection by the Commissioner of
Health. This ordinance has completely revolutionized
the sanitary aspect of the immense slaughtering busi-
ness done in and near Chicago.
In the summer of 1882, the small-pox again ap-
peared as an epidemic, and continued for over a .year,
resulting in a mortality of eleven hundred and eighty,
in 1881, and twelve hundred and sixty-two in 1882.
The factory and work-shop inspection service, in
connection with the Health Department, which was
established by the City Council, and provided for a
supervision of the conditions of danger to life and
health which surround the laboring classes, was supple-
mented by an Act of the State Legislature, passed on
May 30, 1881, for the sanitary regulation and inspection
of tenement and lodging-houses, or other places of
habitation, in course of erection, at the same time ex-
tending the powers and enlarging the duties of the
Health Commissioner.
It is claimed that under the operations of this law,
a vast improvement has been made in the sanitary
character of the dwellings erected in this city. To ex-
plain the extent of the work performed by the tenement
and factory inspectors of this Department, an extract is
made from the report of Chief of Inspectors Genung,
made for the first nine months of 1885:
" During the first nine months of the present year, the inspec-
tors have made examinations in 63,264 separate buildings, 51,381
of which were in places of habitation. All of the above examina-
tions were made pursuant to the city ordinances; and 1,384
examinations were made, in addition to the above, under the State
laws regulating the sanitary arrangements to be provided in habit-
able builuings during construction. This total of 64.648 examina-
tions represents the first or original examination only, and in no
case includes a re -examination or visit, always made ' necessary to
enforce the requirements of the written notices served or suits
brought for needed sanitary improvements. Detailed, written re-
ports for each examination made are on file among the records of
this Department, properly classified and alphabetically arranged for
convenient future reference.
"A total of 19,891 written notices were served for the violation
of the sanitary ordinances, divided or classified as follows, viz.:
19 IQS were for sanitary defects in places of habitation: 325 for
viouuions in factories or places of employment at labor; and 371
were for violations of the State laws in unoccupied new buildings
in process of construction. The improved sanitary conditions
effected in compliance with above notices were, viz. : New house
sewers constructed and connected with public sewers in street,
1123; catch-basins constructed for other than new sewers, 241;
privy vajlts cleaned, 8,225 ; water-closets constructed, 96; rooms,
lime -washed, 1,021; leaky roofs repaired, 205; filthy yards
cleaned, 3,230; miscellaneous, 1,784; defective plumbing repaired,
2,529; traps applied to waste and soil-pipes, 2,286; ventilation ap-
plied to waste and soil-pipes, 44; ventilation water-closet rooms, 93;
ventilation living rooms, 157; ventilation work-shops, 5; defective
house-sewers repaired, 1,546; catch-basins cleared, 938; catch-
basins repaired, 66; uninhabitable basements cleared of occu-
pants, ii."
The ordinance to abate the smoke nuisance in
the city went into effect on May i, t88i, and the efforts
made to carry out its provisions are extensively de-
scribed in the report of the Department for 1881-82.
As a result of their labors, it is stated that some
of the railroad corporations had been successful in
abating the objectionable smoke of locomotives, within
the city limits, while others had been less active and
were more censurable in the matter. The tugs had
accomplished nothing toward an observance of the
ordinance, but continued to darken the line of the river
with their smoke.
The accompanying tables of mortality are taken
•om the records of the Health Department; and in re-
gard to the reports upon which they are founded, it is
claimed that such care has been taken in the prepara-
tion that they may be accepted in all their details as
CORPORATE HISTORY.
'55
thoroughly reliable. Credit is given to the physicians
of the city for the general rare and accuracy with
which they have filled out their death returns.
In the last report of the Department, it is stated
"That in those wards and districts in which ^'oml drainage,
sewerage, and other hygienic surroundings exist, a low rate of mor-
tality will be found, whilst on the other hand, in the wards where
the above conditions arc only partly found, a hijdi rate of mortality
will be found to exist."
In the following tables are shown the deaths in this
city since 1872, with the causes, nativities, etc.:
The death-rate was highest in the year following the
lire, when it arose to 27.67 for each one thousand of
populalion ; and the lowest in 1878, when it was 16.5.
The average for the period covered by the tables is
20.5, and, except for the extraordinary mortality arising
from the small- pox epidemic in 1882, would be much
lower. For purposes of comparison, it may be stated
that the average in other cities of the United States
during, the same time, was — New Orleans, 27; New
York, 25.55; Washington, 23.68; Boston, 22.95; 1'hila-
Diseases.
1872.
iS73.
1874.
i875.
1876.
1877-
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
Acute lung diseases*
710
714
648
772
639
594
988
787
1,093
1 , 262
i 447
I 2^-1
i 368
78
91
75
73
78
85
76
113
I O6
117
148
1 66
Alcoholism
12
23
18
14
20
T4
27
27
51
66
76
67
c-i
Hrain disease
271
235
204
215
286
239
163
163
I43
142
nS
44
46
43
1 6
66
61
66
Si
171
IO2
121
Cancer
75
107
109
122
122
130
180
176
163
217
208
26^
710
639
630
693
732
733
6()7
745
853
I O^7
I 042
204
48
67
US
276
236
22J.
•?6j
Diphtheria -
148
92
?s
125
464
333
2QJ.
604.
Q-3O
6OO
*2i
514
511
301
348
233
2Q7
188
268
38O
25
36
15
21
14
8
68
67
Heart div-UM-s
144
162
162
185
167
173
180
216
264
2S-3
'181
< Hd a"-e
I 'V )
137
159
154
IQI
160
I7O
21.1
I 06
2-*8
266
Small-pox
655
517
go
IO
28
43
21
I
J-l
I 180
46
Meningitis . .
553
294
250
266
337
315
I ()O
2^1
•128
380
37
105
15
116
15
en
*fi
143
1 1 =>
IO5
206
811
819
^80
187
524
272
211
207
168
I CQ
146
2O8
568
Whooping cough
124
155
JO7
106
133
52
21$
9*
68
BY VIOLENCE.
Accidents . .
347
2Q7
2^7
2IQ
198
2-i6
2ge
1*8
416
8
s
452
oA
Suicides, unknown
iO
55
53
5°
j.i
c6
88
82
All other causes
4 66 1
4 887
I J2O
3 848
"7 C 12
4 886
93
Total ...
10 156
8 025
S 57-*
8 026
8 614
Under 5 years of age
5 9O1
5 676
a 806
A So I
I3>234
A A | r
II-555
- -;--
12,471
5»°75
* Includes pneumonia, bronchitis, congestion of the lungs, and pleuritis.
Nativities, etc.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875-
1876.
l877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
i884.
Chicago
5 439
c 177
A s;87
-i cSl
T 6l8
A Q^Q
United States elsewhere
I 326
I ^J.O
i 208
i 386
^.257
°,997
Germany
872
78-3
S7 T
7^T
J.554
T.537
Ireland
7l8
767
A 11
911
-, ,te
!,423
'.495
England
2IO
n;8
I I 6
745
128
945
94 1
Canada
117
81
•»fi
c-
r43
191
217
Other foreign countries
Q2I
7=8
536
do 8
°5
T ftrȣ
179
15°
157
Married
• 3S7
7 684
e oftS
• 9
2,496
3.54^
3.582
3,333
3,4H
Deaths in each 1,000 population ._
27.67
25.16
2O.29
19.41
20.41
18.24
5.J73
16.50
6,094
18.01
7,966
20.79
I0»555
26.11
9.652
23.60
19.92
1 9. So
'56
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
delphia, 21.44; Cincinnati, i <;.<)<); St. Louis, i().<;5; and
San Francisco,
Obtaining his earlier education in the schools of his neighborhood,
In- received tin.- degree of Master of Arts from Williams College,
, ., , , ami pursued his medical studies at Berkshire College, graduating
111 the following table, the various details <>t work lhclvinMn in |S,7. I,, (858, he attended the New York Medical
performed by the Department are
College, from which institution he received the degree of Doctor
1874.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
Nnis.inci-s abated.
Articles con-
unlit
for I
ils re-
moved . - .
»I4,67O
I7,<x>6
!.;,(>! I
'M slS
15,211
«77.78g
20 1 66
11,630
143,086
[1,883
11,584
Q ^03
13.436
400, 171
13,599
13,351
379. 63 i
9,410
13,662
403.404
13,733
12,529
325.879
11,998
13.052
173,289
21,806
F.Xl IMH ITKKS.
Salaries .
$33 Mn
^1 i i I "( j
23, 100
§2(» 76 1
$3°. C95
$38,287
1.607
844.582
847,245
Small-pox 1 1 o s -
pital
d •>--
•5-317
I ill
4 s<>4
14,935
17,416
8,310
Printing and -ta-
2 0 14
I -H=,
I IO3
i ig
824
1,287
872
1,462
1 025
1 >av •-
work
28 QT?
34 3O1
[4,683
15 7<)6
37 S53
50,502
86,525
99,101
148 090
1 h'sinfectants
i- virus
>us .
1,631
464
10.144
669
215
7 rj''
44 '
22O
O I 14
221
1,853
175
199
85
44<>
638
1,038
7,910
1,025
1.186
7,738
4,540
285
363
I.IQO
580
149
Total . .
-
-
$69 669
&J.6 OO7
$76 068
8 i 14 984
$167 884
Si^=; 702
OITK IK-,.— The officers of the Health Department
since the lire have been as follows :
1X71-7.— \l. A. Johnson, M.D.; J. II. Ranch. M.I). Isani-
Mipenntendent): (leorgc Schloetzer, M.D.; Samuel Hoard,
president; A. I;, keynolds : Joseph Mcdill, mayor, ex-officio; John
Reid, M. I >.. health otiicer ; |. \V. Russell, secretary.
/ -II. A. Johns,, n (resigned January 6, 1874), ]. A.
llahn. presidents: J. II. Ranch ( resigned August, 1873), Benjamin
C. Miller, sanitary superintendents; < ieorge ^chWtxer, \V. B.
Hateman. Joseph McDermott, Charles K. Moore, |. McGregor
A<lan: ! August, 1^741. Moses Ilooke; II. I). Colvin,
••Micio. John Reid, health officer ; (. R. Hlaney, consult-
ing chemist : J. \V. Russell, secretary.
76—]. A. llahn (died October 25, 1875), Brock L.
McVickar. presidents ; Benjamin C. Miller, sanitary superintendent ;
(.corgc >chloet/cr derm expired April I, i>75)'. llenrv ( Merger,
Moses Ilooke (resigned February 10, IS;!,), Joseph McDermott,
Charles !•:. Moore. M. Manidieinie'r ; II. ll.Colv'in. mayor, ex-officio;
John Keid, health otlicer (resigned January 15, 1876); J. W. Rus-
sell (died May 2<). 1.175), ( ). W. Merrill, secretaries.
I .. MeVickar (resigned), Oscar C. DeWolf (ap-
pointed February, 1877), commissioners: J. S. Knox, M.I).,
nder Sweney, Matthew Lamb. Henry Wieland, meat 'inspec-
tors; (, corgi; S. Hamilton, steward; Kllen Xeilson, matron of
small-pox hospital.
to— OKU C. DeWolf, M.D., commissioner; E W
Sawyer. M.D.. K. Carrott, M.I)., J. M. Hall, M.D., medical
inspectors; R. S. (',. I'aton, chemist; M. K. (ileason, registrar of
vital statistics; I'.rock I.. McVickar, secretary; Louis Merki, clerk,
sanitary police officers, six inspectors of factories
and workshops, six stock-yards and meat inspectors, six employes
at sni i ;iital.
If, M.D., commissioner; E \V
Sawyer. M.I)., F. C.arrott, M.D., J. M. Hall, M.I)., and Henry
, M.D., medical ins|K-ctors ; R. S. C. I'aton. I'll. I)., chemist;
M. K. Gleason, M.I)., registrar; li. I.. McMckar, secretary; Louis
Merki, clerk ; W. II. C.enung. chief tenement and factory inspector ;
''• I' M.D., physician at small-jnx hospital.'
C. I v \\olf. M.I)., commissioner; 1!. I..
Mc\ i, iry; Louis Merki, clerk ; M . K. ( ileason registrar-
. \V. Sawyer, M.D., E. Garrott, M.D.. I,. II. MontgomeryTM.D.,
M. Hall. M.I)., medical ins|K-ctors ; \V. 1|. ( a-nung. chief
ins|x-,tors of tenements and factories; I'. II. McF.lroy, physician at
small-p
i irWoi.i , M.I)., commissioner of health of the City
was born at Chester, Hampden ('.,., Mass.. ,,n \]i,,Us:t
15. He is the s,,n of Dr. T. K. DeWolf, who has been a
prominent practitioner in that locality for more than half a remurv.
of Medicine, then immediately leaving for Paris, where he spent two
years in the Medical Department of the University of France. In
1861, upon receiving threatening war news from America, Mr. De-
Wolf started for Massachusetts, where he arrived in July. He was
at once appointed assistant surgeon of the 1st Massachusetts Cav-
alry, afterward becoming surgeon of the 2d Massachusetts, and
of the Reserve Brigade, consisting of live regiments of cavalry.
He served through the War in these capacities, being attached to the
Army of the Cumberland, and to the army of the Potomac during
Sheridan's Shenadoah campaign. In the fall of 1865, being dis-
charged for disability, he returned to his home, where he estab-
lished himself as a practitioner. In 1877, Mayor Heath appointed
Dr. DeWolf commissioner of health, which position he has since
held by successive re -appointments, notwithstanding the changes in
the political administration of the city government, and when no
other head of a department has been retained. He has brought
the Health Department into a high state of efficiency, and himself
into a National prominence in sanitary matters. His ideas upon
these subjects are radical, and he looks' upon the immediate future
of sanitary work as containing great possibilities, notwithstanding
the rapid progress of late years. During Dr. I)e\Volf's adminis-
tration, and through his instrumentality, some very important laws
have been passed governing the construction of tenement-houses, and
the ventilation, drainage and sanitary arrangement of all habitable
buildings. He is a member of all the local medical societies ; also
of the State societies of Illinois and Massachusetts, and of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science. For two
years he held the chair of Surgical Pathology in the Medical I >e-
partment of the University of Ohio, and is now professor of State
Medicine and Public Hygiene in the Chicago Medical College.
He is the author of many pamphlets on sanitary topics, which have
met with general favor. Dr. DeWolf was married in December,
1873, to Harriet L. Lyman, of North Hampton, Mass.
HrxKY L. HERTZ, coroner of Cook County, although one of
the youngest, is among the most popular of newly-elected officials.
He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on November 19, 1847,
his grandparents having emigrated to that country from Bavaria and
Hanover. His father, Martin Hertz, was chief of city detectives,
a man of great prominence in his native place, and died on January
21, iSy.). His mother's maiden name was Henriette Fro'hboese.
Mr. Hertz received his preliminary education at the Metropolitan
aim School of Copenhagen, passi'ng the university examination in
IS66, and received the degree of Candidatus Philosophise during
the succeeding year. He next studied medicine for a year and a
half. In July, 1869, he came to Chicago, bringing with'him letters
of recommendation from some of the most influential citizens of his
ative place. He found employment in the Scandinavian Bank,
where he remained until 1871. In September, 1872, he was ap-
<)n May I, 1878, he was appointed record-writer in
CORPORATE HISTORY.
157
the Criminal Court, and held that position at the time of his election
as coroner, November 4, 1884. Mr. Hertz received about ten thou-
sand majority, running two thousand ahead of his ticket. While
on a visit to Copenhagen, in 1872, he became a Mason, in " Zoro-
babel and Frederick of the Crowned Hope " Lodge, and received
the three degrees. 1 le received the degrees in the Oriental Consis-
tory (A. &A.S.R.), on October I, 1874. Mr. Hertz is a member
of Covenant Lodge, No. 526, A. !•'. \ A. M. : is representative to the
Grand Lodge from Scandia Lodge, No. 1211, K. of H. ; is chair-
man of the Grand Lodge Committee on Laws and Legislation, of
the I.O. Mutual Aid, being a representative of the North Star
Lodge, No. 137; and is connected with Norden Lodge, No. 699,
[.O.O.F.; and I.aFayette Lodge, No. 144, A.O.U.W. Mr. Hertz
was married, on September I, 1880, to Miss Mary I'. Power. They
have two children, — Harriet May and Martin Power.
BIRTHS. — The following table has been compiled
from every available authentic source. In 1878, the
Commissioner first was able to present a report
1846
i860
I H7J
1847 - -
447
1861
I 726
1875
4 860
1848
574
1862
2,OO6
1876
4,662
1 849
614
1863 .
2,239
1877
4 568
728
1864
1878
4 826
1851
74°
1865
5 426
1852
nCO
1866
'
1880 .
6 566
1867
1881
7 804
1854
I O1 7
1868
1882
2 1 60
l86g
1883
1856
2 496
1870
1884 .
10 180
1857 .. .
2,708
1871
1885 ..
. . .._ 10 383
1858
2 242
1872
6 476
iSSQ -.
I.QQI
1873 -.
.. 6,448
METEOROLOGICAL. — The following table gives a
complete statement of this subject, during the period
treated in this volume:
BAROMETER.*
THERMOMETER.
WIND.
RAIN AND
MELTED SNOW.
C •£
•a
Sfa
U dj
> a
~"° -o
"! §
11
•
YEAR.
Highest.
Lowest
Range.
Mean.
Highest.
Lowest.
Range.
Mean.
||
li
4) U
|!|l
2 i £•£
".-- y
H|i|
S ¥ "— •
1-N
3 C
O-H .
«2 I
C -rt J3
5*1
£
°
2 -g
|s'T
1872
30.570
28.990
1.580
30. 045
98°
— 23°
121°
46.7°
N. E.
5°
1 04
27 17
I873--
30.610
29.060
1.550
29.992
7
93°
— 16°
log"
47-2°
S. \V.
48
87,053
1U-|
135
•* / • J I
36.31
1 174, .
30.785
29.190
1-595
30.020
99°
— 6°
105°
50.3°
s. \v.
40
81,211
112
28.59
1875..
30.708
29.115
1-593
29 985
89°
— 20°
109°
45-4°
s.
45
78,088
I46
38.08
1876..
30.615
28.965
1.650
29-965
93°
—14°
107°
49.1°
s. \v.
45
69,085
154
36.48
I877--
30.700
29.170
1.530
29.988
91°
— 4°
95°
50.5°
S. \V.
50
76,009
M9
41.01
1878..
30.603
29,224
1-379
29.928
97°
-9°
106°
51-7°
s. \v.
36
67,667
172
41-95
I879--
30.655
29.224
1.411
30.022
93°
— 18°
121°
50.2°
s. \v.
28
62,155
135
30.71
1880..
30 792
28.988
1.804
30.005
95°
—15°
110°
50.0°
s. w.
36
74,192
183
37-10
i8Si_-
29.905
28.552
1-353
29.307
97-9°
—'3°
H0.9°
49-3°
s. \v.
35
69.536
139
44.18
1882..
30 717
29 252
1.465
30.037
89.5°
- 7-1°
96.6°
49 6°
s. \v.
32
76,222
41-34
1883..
30.718
29,426
1.292
30.051
91.0°
—17.2°
108.2°
46.3°
s. w.
33
74,140
168
45-86
1884..
30,676
29.289
1.387
30.032
91.2°
-18.5°
109.7°
48.2°
s. w.
36
68,018
143
34-6i
1885..
29.960
28,425
1-535
29.290
93-9°
—13-7°
107.6°
464°
N.
30
69,162
141
44-37
* The readings of the Barometer were in each case corrected for temperature, elevation and instrumental error, and the minus sign ( — ) indicates below zero.
on the subject, which he stated was only approximately
correct:
Year
Males.
Females.
Total.
1872
4 217
8 167
1873
n 7i8
1874
c IJ2
1875
1876
1877..
1 8^<i
•3 ego
1878
e 7lS
1879
1880
6 167
1881
6 418
1882
7 78=;
1883
7 6^8
1884
7 606
1885
* Estimated.
MARRIAGES. — The following table gives the number
of marriage licenses issued each year by the county
clerk ; the destruction of the records precluding the
statement as to the number issued in the years 1866-71:
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
5
7
17
34
72
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
73
123
122
124
153
1841
1842
1843
I844
I845
121
154
214
276
COUNTY INSTITUTIONS.
COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL. — The organization of
this institution has been given in the preceding volume
of this History, with an account of its transfer to the
county authorities, since which time it has steadily
increased to its present large proportions. It occupies
a tract of land lying between Wood and Lincoln streets
on the east and west, and West Harrison and Polk
streets on the north and south, which was purchased, in
1874, at a cost of $145,000. The general design of the
group of buildings, and the plans for the two medical
pavilions, were adopted on May 24, 1875, and the latter
were erected in that year. The clinical amphitheater
and connecting corridors were built in 1876-77. The
cost of the structures, including laundry, boiler-house,
and all other improvements, was $436,874. The new
administration building, on Harrison Street, which con-
tains the offices, and main entrance, is five stories high,
and, with the two isolated pavilions and corridors, was
erected in 1882-84, at a cost of $282,700. The four
main structures are four stories high, with attics and
basements. The buildings are all of red brick, trimmed
with stone. The amphitheater, which has a seating
capacity of six hundred, is used for surgical operations
and clinics by the students of the medical colleges of
the city. The hospital has accommodations for over five
hundred patients.
158
HISTORY OF CIIICACO.
The City Morgue is located on the hospital grounds.
The building used tor this purpose contains an operat-
ing-room, with ,111 amphitheater for students, where
auto made, and a dead-room, with six marble
slabs and sprays. The morgue is in the basement, and
has room for eleven bodies. In 18X4, one hundred and
fifty-seven bodies were received there, the expense for
funerals b $2,872.
New rules and regulations for the government of the
hospital were adopted in June, 1878, which placed the
entire organization and conduct of the institution in
charge of the Hoard of County Commissioners. The
warden, clerk, matron, apothecary and engineer are
appointed by this Hoard, and are responsible to it for a
proper discharge of their duties.
The reports of the hospital not being made in their
present comprehensive form prior to i,ss>, the statisti-
cal information given in the table herewith presented,
is tin niiined to the operations of the institution
during the last four years.
The officers of the hospital have been —
1874-71) — Hugh Mcl.aughlin, warden; Augustus llcdblom,
clerk. 1*79-82— D. \V. Mills, warden; |. I'. I Mindly, clerk.
383— J. H. Dixon. warden ; 1. I'. 1 >onnelly,
di-rk. i" 5 -; -William '[. McGarigle, warden;']. T. Doherty,
derk ; ]•',. S. McDonald, engineer ; Miss M. K. llcmple. superin-
tendent of nurses since is>2.
The Medical Hoard regular) consists of ten sur-
geons and ten physicians, besides one oculist and aurist
and one pathologist ; the Homeopathic Hoard comprises
five surgeons and three physicians.
The total number of patients treated at the hospital
during the past four years, the nature of the cases, the
expense of maintenance, etc., are shown in the sub-
joined table :
1882.
1883.
.884.
.885.
A': , idtll' .S'f'//(V'/.
Medical .
1,817
2,003
2,383
2,731
Surgical
1,127
1,562
1,735
2,280,
( ib-ietrical /
271
J2T
247
329
( ,vn. ecological j
Kve and ear ...
52
71
241
86
254
128
Deaths
^06
406
J 1C
Homeopathic School.
249*
535
587
704
187*
527
580
74"
i ilo"ical
39*
73
75
89
I >eaths
52*
112
103
no
\o of births
141
161
156
258
Daily average of patients
1 laily average of patients
including doctors am!
342
353
448
387
522
499
672
Daily cost of feeding
patients and employes.
Daily cost of keeping pa-
tients and empl<i\<'s
Actual yearly expenses. -
24 c.
77 c.
$96,360
21 C.
64 c.
100,622
24-3C.
74. 7c.
142,731
24. 6c.
76c.
186,413
*For fijiht months only. tXo record for 1882.
Wn.l.IAM J. McGAiuca.K, ex-superintendent of the Police
Department, and the present Warden of the Cook County 1 lospital,
was horn at Milwaukee, \Vis., on September 12, 1850. His father,
Cicorge A. Mcliarigle, was connected with the post-office in Mil-
waukee for over twenty years, a veteran of the -Mexican war, and
universally respected. Young McGarigle received his education in
the public schools, a German-English Academy, and at a private
German Institute. He then clerked in a grocery store, was con-
nected with the United States Express Company in various capacities.
and finally entered the service of the Chicago, Milwaukee ..V St. 1'anl
Railroad Company. In 1868, he left the employ of the road and
COUNTY HOSPITAL.
CORPORATE HISTORY.
was assigned to the Webster-avenue Station, but being a good StitUtlon in Its report of 1884, says:
penman, within a couple of months he was transferred to the Central " In its arrangement and fitting up, nothing seems to be left
Station as clerk, and after one year was attached in the same capacity undone, and no expense spared, to make it a model almshouse ; the
to the detective department. Superintendent Rehm appointed him sun shines in every mom, twice every day. The institution is
a detective in January, 1873, and during the next year he became kept in the best possible order ; neatness and cleanliness prevail
sergeant in charge of detectives, which office was afterward changed throughout the entire establishment."
to the lieutenancy. On January I, 1875, he was
appointed captain of detectives, being acting super-
intendent during the absence of the head of the
Police Department. In the fall of 1879, he was
appointed Superintendent of Police by Mayor Har-
rison. During his three years' administration he
brought about many needed reforms, systematizing
the reports of crimes brought in by subordinate
officers, and also the description of property re-
covered, with the record of the hands through
which it passed, by a set of indexed books and
receipts. The establishment of the patrol system,
and the perfection to which it has been brought,
were also much due to the determined efforts of
Mr. McGarigle, opposed as he was at the time by
Superintendent Mickey and others high in author-
ity. In iSSi, Mr. McGarigle was sent to Europe
to study the systems of the old countries, visiting
the principal cities of England, France, Germany,
P.elgium and Austria, and upon his return making
uprehensive report to the City Council. In
November, 1882, Mr. McGarigle resigned his posi-
tion at the head of the Police Department, and
made a vigorous canvass for the shrievalty, and
although beaten by Sheriff Hanchett, he received
a majority of 1,500 in the city, which, had it not
been for the bitter fight in the Second Congrcs-*-
ional District, might have elected him. He then
occupied himself in building his fine livery estab-
lishment on Division Street, putting some $50,000
into this enterprise. On September i, 1883, Mr.
McGarigle was chosen warden of the Cook County
Hospital. His skill in organizing and controlling
large bodies of men peculiarly fitted him for Ihe
chief marshalship of the grand Ilendricks proces-
sion of October 20, 1884, participated in by the
Cook County Democratic Club, the Young Men's
Democratic Club, the Iroquois Club, the National
Veteran Association, and the several ward, suburban
and congressional district clubs. He was the first
secretary of the Sectional Underground Electric
Company. Mr. McGarigle is a Mason in good
standing, being connected with Lincoln Park
Lodge, No. 611; Lincoln Park Chapter, St. Ber-
nard Commandery, and Oriental Consistory; and
is also a member of Apollo Lodge, No. 139, A.
O.U.\Y. lie was married in November, 1869, at
Milwaukee, to Anna C. Bodmer. They have four
children: George, Bessie, William and Edward.
COOK COUNTY INFIRMARY. — This, the
largest of the charitable institutions of
Cook County or Chicago, is variously
known and designated as the "Almshouse,"
the " Poor-House," and the "Infirmary." The latter The tabulated reports of the Infirmary, given below,
being the name used in making contracts and reports, show its general operations for a number of years,
may be considered official, and is, therefore, here The actual running expenses for 1885, the Warden re
adopted. It is located on what is called the county ports, — by reason of the amounts which are included
poor-farm, a tract of 240 acres (88 acres of which were in the table for permanent improvements and produce
purchased, in 1885, at a cost of $17,600), in Norwood furnished the Insane Asylum,— were only $143,131.
Park township, twelve miles from the Union Depot. From the report for 1885,11 is found that, of the 'per-
il consists of ten distinct buildings, arranged in a semi- sons admitted during the year, 1,241 were natives of
circular group, connected by corridors. They are of the United States and 2,514 foreigners; 940 of the lat-
brick, in the Gothic style of architecture. Nine of these ter being from Ireland, 784 from Germany, and 322
buildings were completed in 1882, at a cost of $194,417, from Scandinavia. There were 612 patients' treated in
and the tenth was erected in 1884-85, at a cost of the hospitals, 271 at the surgical clinics, and 14 in the
$23,000. The Infirmary has now accommodations for surgical ward. Of those who died, 92 were natives of
nearly twelve hundred inmates
the United States and 191 foreigners.
The buildings, presenting a frontage of four nun- Among the difficulties with which the Infirmary has
dred and sixty feet, cover a little over two acres of to contend, is the constant application for admission by
ground. A convenient depot has been erected by the those not entitled to shelter. Of these, the most per-
i6o
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
•it and annoying arc the tramps, \vli<> come in
crowds during the winter, and tax the ingenuity of the
.ils to dispose of tin-in. A large percentage of the
inmates arc paupers from other cities and neighboring
States, who are attrai ' hiicagO by the sti|"
facilities of this institution for medical care and treat-
ment. Many of the paupers are those from Europe,
COOK COUNTY INSANE ASYLUM.— This institution
was erected on the county farm, a little over a block
northeast of the Infirmary, on ground dotted with
forest trees, and gradually sloping to an artificial lake.
The buildings front east.
I' mil 1870, the poor and insane were both kept in
one building. During that year a brick structure was
COOK COUNTY INFIRMARY,
who should be returned at ports of entry, but, escaping
examination, find their way to the Infirmary.
•' . \\ardens— 1875, H. M. Peters; 1882-85, C. L.
I- ivy; Chief Clerk— <a-nrj;c J. Wolf ; Physicians— I )r. A. \V.
Hagenbacb (until [884); I »r. A. (',. Hoffman (1884); L>r. Theunn-
--;); I >r. 1C. Kplcr, assistant physician.
The following statistics have been compiled from
the annual reports:
erected, four hundred feet in length, with a wing at the
south end having a depth of two hundred feet. In
1873, a large addition was constructed, and a fourth
story added to the original building. It was then able
to accommodate three hundred and fifty patients. The
amount expended for these buildings, including
laundry, sewers and three artesian wells which cost
$2I>°55J> was $5°5;4I°- Two additional buildings were
1876.
1877.
1880.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Inmaks remaining
f...
Admitted during the year
Nun. is
1,200
985
051
1,201
507
1,565
598
1,678
622
2,264
739
3,755
Number tii
Q?8
187
258
283
Number remainin<r
821
656
1,467
1,889
3,172
Average mimbrr of eni|>i<
am! inmates .
54"
598
622
739
1,039
Number of births
3°
641
624
673
802
1,012
Karm products
M5
104
a.323
$11,477 oo
$12,942 oo
$ 16,936 oo
$ 9,899 oo
.
PaiU ipita*
22.6 c
21.1 C
S44. 4° I
$57,592 oo
$85,525 oo
$117,609 oo
$162,680 oo
25 c.
32.8 c.
36.2 c.
36. i c.
Vu r,-p,rts for the years from ,873 to 1875, nor for the years ,878, ,879, ,88,, have been printed, nor can the items for those years be obtained
CORPORATE HISTORY.
161
erected in 1885, at a cost of $135,000, in which the
suggestions of the superintendent, Dr. Spray, were mainly
adopted, resulting in a greatly improved arrangement.
These additions give the Asylum a capacity for five
hundred inmates.
The Infirmary and Insane Asylum, up to 1882, were
under one management, a committee of five County
formally preferred, involving the sub-committee of
Commissioners, the superintendent, warden and others.
These charges were investigated by the State Board of
Charities in November. The result of this investiga-
tion is not now fully known; but that a recommendation
will be made, as urged by the superintendent in his
testimony, to commit the management of the institution
r ;-—-— • -t i 1 »,tf '( i r fi tmi !•«„,.,'...
•n? • i >•;'•:.• «. ii..' IT- • • ..- -BL-pgi-'- ;— f-TC- _ ~il^ rj-*--
ifiniMuininl'A'v ' J ftfniliiiu 1 1 1 HIM lin '||;«pijJJJii i'iK)rii(l"lT^;)plfi|n
E^llffiWW!^^ti}JfWDfcMW|:UI}ttlMJJ1t^ 1 IIH1: 1 j
m im t. '^"it ^jf'T f .ijlI'Ji^OI'-" " Hill ? U' 11 i^nliiiiBWt'j i^J i'j.1 j. st i j ri j 1 1 1 f i rfi np i
COOK COUNTY INSANE ASYLUM.
Commissioners, which had entire control. This com-
mittee appointed a medical superintendent for the
Asylum, and a warden, matron, engineer and store-
keeper ; but none of these officers had any power
except as directed by the committee, nor had either in-
stitution any head. Quoting from the report of the
State Board of Charities, 1878, "The warden is not
head, and the superintendent is not head ; the real head
is the Committee, which had five heads." Of course,
as pointed out by the Board, such an organization must
have been very defective.
In 1882, the County Board adopted new rules for
the government of both the Infirmary and Insane
Asylum. Among other things it was provided that the
warden and superintendent bf the Asylum should be
elected by the Board of Commissioners. These officers
were placed more directly in the responsible charge of
their respective departments, and given enlarged powers
of management and control.
Complaints however, have frequently been made
against the management, and, in 1885, charges were
to a board of trustees, thus separating it from political
control, there is not much question. Of the expediency
of such an arrangement there is no doubt, for sufficient
evidence was adduced during the progress of the inves-
tigation to demonstrate the inexpediency of a medical
supervisor being hampered by men whose only qualifi-
cation consisted in the political friendship of the
appointing power. How intelligent government, or
beneficial treatment, could be had with utterly inexpe-
rienced attendants, is an unanswerable query, and great
credit is due to Dr. Spray for the success he has attained
under such detrimental surroundings.
This Asylum was the first in the West to appoint
female physicians, two of whom, Drs. Delia Howe and
Alexander, were appointed in 1883-84. Graduated
and trained female nurses have also been employed
here, the first in the State, taking charge of the par-
ticular nursing and the administration of all drugs.
The figures below are compiled from the annual
reports of the institution :
HISTORY OK CHICAGO
1875.
1876.
1877.
i878.
1880.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
271
271
237
39
"5
354
7"
430
-
354
210
40
171
393
82
5H
$90,8^ ix>
48 A c
393
280
7«
1 20
483
65
486
252
77
213
448
68
$75,453
472
447
122
279
5l8
75
5iS
502
1 08
252
628
75
592
$117,935 oo
54/2 C.
628
507
1 20
449
5/1
:io
Admitted during the year.
--
Number remaining
Number of iMiipio.
Average number of inniairs
and employes
nditures
472
489
$94,216 oo
54 c.
$99,023 oo
47^ c.
$159,177 oo
66T»5 c.
io-*t ]>er capita
45 c.
Included in the 449 discharged in 1885, were 231
who were sent to the Kankakce Insane Hospital. No
reports were printed for the years from 1872 to 1875,
1879, 1881.
t. — Dr. [olm C'. Spray was medical director from Janu-
ary I, 1878, to September I, i^S-j; and lie was superintendent (in
sole charge), from September I. iSS2, to September i, 1884. II.
A. Yarm-ll was then appointed warden, and so continued. Dr. |.
Ci. Kiernanwas medical superintendent from September I, 1884,
In September I, 1885. I >r. I. C. Spray has been medical superin-
tendent since September I, iSS;. bis. Malcolm, Moore, and
Thomas Cauley, are assistant superintendents.
UK. JOHN CAMPBBLJ SPK\\. medical superintendent of the
Cook County Hospital for the Insane, was born at Bridgeport, Ind.,
on September 21, 1845, the son of James and Elizabeth (Owen)
Spray, both members of the Quaker Church. The senior Spray
was a merchant of Bridgeport, but died when his son )ohn was nine
years of age. The latter was enabled, however, to attend the com-
mon school and the l-'ricnds' School of Bridgeport, during his boy-
hood, and, alter having finished the study of the common English
branches, was ambitious to go farther in his pursuit of education.
He determined to make a way for entering the medical profession,
and accordingly entered Karlham College, at Richmond, Ind. .where
he took a course in the higher English and classical studies. After
completing his literary education there, he went to Indianapolis,
where he entered the office of Drs. L. and C. II. Abbott and read
medicine for three years. He then came to Chicago and studied
general medicine and surgery in Bennett Medical College, graduat-
ing therefrom in the class of 1870. He had completed the full
course of study as prescribed by that school of medicine — Eclectic
— but he had a desire to become as thoroughly acquainted with
every school of study as his means and time would permit. He
entered the medical department of the Northwestern University in
1870, in the meantime commencing the general practice of his pro-
fession. He studied at the University until the fire of 1871, which
destroyed his office and library. He then went to
New York City, where he passed a year in general
observation among the schools and hospitals. \Vhile
in New York, he was married to Miss Mary A.
Gunn, on August 28, 1872. His wife is a sister of
Dr. K. A. (lunn, the well-known surgeon, and is a
native of the north of Scotland. Shortly after their
marriage, Dr. Spray and wife returned to Chicago,
and he re-entered the Northwestern University,
completed his studies and graduated therefrom with
high honors in the spring of 1873. He then en-
tered actively into practice in this city, and contin-
ued highly successful up to January I, 1878, when
he entered upon his duties as medical director of
the Cook County Hospital for the insane, the Cook
County Almshouse, and the Obstetrical and Vene-
real Hospitals, his appointment having been con-
firmed by the entire County Board of Commissioners
in the fall of 1877. He continued as the chief di-
rector of these various institutions until September
i, 1882, when a change in the management of them
occurred, and Dr. Spray was made medical super-
intendent of the Insane Asylum. To that he de-
voted his exclusive attention for the following two
years, and, on September I, 1884, he left the insti-
tution, owing to changes in the political aspect of
the Board. However, in the following year he
again received the appointment as medical superin-
tendent of the hospital, and, in the fall of 1885,
entered upon his eighth year as chief officer of the
Cook County Hospital for the Insane. Dr. Spray
during his attendance at the Northwestern Univer-
sity made a special study of nervous diseases, under
the tutelage of Dr. Jewell, professor of that depart-
ment of medical science in the University. Such
a course of study materially assisted Dr. Spray-
when he entered upon the discharge of his duties
as director of the hospitals, and the large and varied
experience he has since had has been of infinite
value to him. Almost every species of insanity has
come under his observation, and. as he is heart and
soul in the work, he studies and labors to effect a
cure whenever and wherever possible. The man-
agement of the insane during his administration
has been unquestionably the best, but the great
disadvantage he has had to contend with has retarded
his operations very much. The main hospital was
built for the accommodation of three hundred in-
mates, but again and again its walls have contained
f _ • . i -, " *.«.K\»I i^iiv,vt utcil CUttUlCU
o introduce new features which are a marked improvement over the
CORPORATE HISTORY.
163
old style. Dr. Spray is a man of advanced ideas, constantly study-
ing new projects, and is always abreast of the best thoughts of the
age. Instead of the prison asylum he has formulated plans that
shall make the abiding place for the insane a hospital-home. lie
believes that every surrounding for an insane patient should be cal-
culated to attract rather than to repel. Instead of hospitals for the
insane being conducted on the prison plan, confinement in dark
rooms, shackling with irons, etc., his ideas are carried out in the
new hospital by the arrangement of dormitories, corridors and pri-
vate rooms, with plenty of light and air, and access to and from all
parts of the ward. The Cook County Hospital for the Insane was
the first in the West, if not in the United States, to introduce female
physicians and trained nurses in the work of caring for the insane;
and the innovation upon the old plan has, thanks to Dr. Spray,
been of great benefit to the patients confined therein. Dr. Spray
is a member of the Chicago and Cook County Medical societies,
the Cumberland Club, IJIair Lodge, No. 393, A.F.& A.M., and
Oriental Consistory, S. P.R.S., 32°. Owing to his duties he is un-
able to devote much attention to social matters; and the fact that
he has been absent from his post but a dozen nights in a period
covering seven years fully demonstrates his devotion to the work in
which he is so heartily interested.
THE COUNTY AGENCY. — No description of the three
charitable institutions of Cook County, the Hospital,
Infirmary, and Insane Asylum, would be complete or
fully comprehended without a knowledge of the opera-
tions and management of the office of the Cook County
Agent. While established before the fire, that event
brought it into more active and prominent usefulness.
It is the key which unlocks the doors of each of the
above-named institutions, — that organized instrumen-
tality which every applicant for relief from the misfor-
Aid is given for one, two or three months, as may be
needed, and ration-tickets issued for meat, bread, coal
or shoes, accordingly.
From the report of the operations of this depart-
ment, for 1885, it would appear that the number of
families receiving aid was 5,380 ; and the number of
children in families receiving aid, 13,250. Of these,
8,070 were males and 10,560 females. Only 824 of the
families were natives of the United States, 1,577 were
Irish, 1,177 German, 471 Scandinavians, 477 Poles, and
854 from other foreign countries ; showing that 85 per
cent, of those receiving aid were foreign born. There
were 915 transportation orders issued during the year.
The administration of this branch of the county
government is orderly and systematic. The books are
well arranged and kept, and it is the only one of the four
county charitable departments that can furnish regular
annual reports since 1873.
Officers. — Charles Puscheck, county agent, 1871-73 ; John
Dieden, county agent, 1873-76; Henry M. Peters, assistant,
1872-75; P. J. O'Connell, assistant, 1875-76; P. J. O'Connell,
agent, 1876-77 ; Bartholomae Bartolmy, assistant, 1876-77 ; Patrick
McGrath, county agent, 1877-83; Nicholas Eckhardt, assistant,
1878-85 ; James O'Brien, county agent, 1883-85 : William C.
Stevenson, chief clerk, 1874-85. County Physicians, Dr. Francis
A. Emmons, Dr. Fernand Henrotin, and Drs. Harroun and
Holden, 1872-77; Dr. T. J. Bluthardt, 1877-85.
The annual expenditures by the county agent, for
thirteen years, have been as follows :
Articles.
1873-
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Bread
$ 17,068
25,045
28,245
41,260
3,258
286
1,406
7,462
10,920
$ 24,830
29,306
33,257
4i,3t3
2,652
354
2,232
14,277
11,388
S 31,647
43.553
28,852
39,612
2,058
214
2,003
16,430
7,62;
$ 40,171
50.510
23,236
31,178
1,665
230
1,458
15,337
4,970
$ 47.974
57,937
28,981
44,54<J
900
515
1,556
15,159
5,619
$ 21,922
31,960
9.655
26,324
1,400
57°
798
12,598
2,828
$16,985
27,329
2,758
17,492
1,973
291
407
17,953
1,741
1,273
2,015
$",035
15,432
2,716
11,607
1,561
146
950
17,119
1,368
9'7
2,385
$12,619
i6,949
3,057
17.532
2,168
398
564
15,816
2,139
807
5,128
$ 6,590
13,884
8,626
12,960
3,641
464
792
18,342
2,347
1,059
4,77.9
$ 7,991
18,305
4,714
17,832
5.804
266
904
23,201
2,318
J.455
6,132
$16,221
28,588
5,788
14.250
2,720
469
707
20. 907
i,74S
1,150
6,003
$ 25,087
38.789
5,859
30,387
2,593
557
918
23,580
2,319
2,020
5,035
Meat.
Groceries*
Fuel
Incidentals
Medical goods
Printing and station-
ery
Salaries
Shoes
Soap
Transportation . .
12,847
6.424
3,526
6,103
12,693
4,550
Total
$147.797
$166,063
$172,520
$174,858
$215,880
$112.605
$90,217
$65,298
t77.367
$73,484
$88,922
$98,552
$I37.M4
Number of families
receiving aid
7,096
t
t
8,746
13,233
t
3.731
2,756
t
t
3,414
4,001
5,38o
* Including flour, corn, oat meal, nee, beans, barley and potatoes.
tunes of sickness, poverty, or a diseased mind, must
use before he can become a beneficiary. The name of
every such applicant is taken, and all the circumstances
of his situation carefully inquired into by a "visitor."
So far as possible, benefits are confined to "aged indi-
gent persons, indigent widows and orphans, old decrepit
persons and cripples, and such as are physically and
mentally unable to earn a living" A "black list" is
kept of all those applying for aid who are deemed un-
worthy. When the preliminary examination is con-
cluded, the applicant is assigned to whatever place he
may be entitled to enter.
This bureau not only passes upon the claims of
those seeking admission to the County Hospital, Infirm-
ary and Insane Asylum, but itself furnishes relief to
needy families entitled to aid from the county. The
amount expended in former years, especially soon
after the fire, was much greater than at present. This
is doubtless owing in part to the improved facilities for
examination, and greater care exercised in looking up
the correctness of the representations of applicants.
t Not given.
JAMES O'BRIEN, county agent, son of Peter and Ellen O'lirien,
was born in County Wexford, Ireland, on July 25, 1842. In the
fall of 1850, he came to this country, and, after a short stay in
Middletown, Conn., with relatives, went to Rome, N. Y., where
he attended school until, in April, 1857, he came to Chicago.
He finished his education at St. Patrick's Academy and at the
Jesuit School. At the age of nineteen, he entered the employ of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, and, after working in
their yards in this city a short time, he became assistant yard-
master, which he retained for five years. He was connected with
the Michigan Southern road one year, and was employed by the
Michigan Central road until December, 1869. He then engaged
in the liquor business on West Harrison, near Desplaines Street,
and, in the fall of 1872, was elected alderman for the Ninth Ward
(now the Eighth Ward), and was re-elected three terms success-
ively. In 1879, he retired from the liquor business, and, after
Mayor Harrison's election, was appointed chief sidewalk inspector,
which position he held until April, 1883, when he became chief
deputy assessor under Assessor Joseph Sokup. In the fall of 1883,
he was appointed County Agent, which office he has administered
with marked ability, His record as a public official is without
blemish. Mr. O'Brien was married June 5, 1866, to Miss Bridget
Long, of Chicago. They have nine childre , — Peter J., John,
James, Martin, Maggie, Laurence, Ellen, Robert, and Mary. He
is a member of the A.O.l'.\V.
WILLIAM C. STKVENSON, chief clerk in the office of the
164
HISTORY OF CHICAOO
County Agent, is a son of William and IsaMla Stevenson, and
was born at Norwich, Muskingum Co.. Ohio, on February nj,
of twins, both still living, their mother living
when they \vere three years old. When he was lour years of age
(his father having married again), his parents removed to I'tiia.
Ohio, where he received his education, and assisted his father in
the furniture business until twi ITS old. In |M>2, he
came to this city, and shortly afterward went to \\enona. 111.,
where he engaged in the furniture trade until burned out in May,
[869. IK' then formed a partnership with M. Myers, under the
linu name of Myers \ Stevenson, and entered the drug business.
Two years later he sold out his interest to Dr. Downey, and
returned to Chicago in March, 1872, to assist in the re-building
of the city. In connection with II. li. Myers, the lirm being
known as Stevenson A Myers, he went into the painting business
at No. us South Clark Street, which he continued until March,
1,174. He then received an appointment as clerk in the County
Agent's office, and was made chief clerk thereof in 1885. His
servic. en the highest satisfaction to his superiors, and by
his large circle of friends and acquaintances he is regarded as a
thoroughly competent and reliable business man. Mr. Stevenson
was married on June 24, 1869, to Miss Zilpha M. Cowen, of
Wenona. They have three children, — William (.)., Kugene M.,
and C.eorge K. He is a member of Fort Dearborn Lodge, No. 9,
V< i.l'.W., and is a Knight of St. Albans Legion, No. 16, of the
same order.
LOCAL TRANSPORTATION.
OM\ii:rs I. INKS. —The passenger transfer and bag-
gage express traffic of Chicago, has been practically
controlled for more than thirty years by one man, —
Frank I'annelee, — who started the first regular omnibus
line in Chicago, on May 9, 1853, and whose business
has shown a growth commensurate with that of the
city. The original outfit consisted of six omnibuses
and thirty horses, and required the services of about a
dozen men. There was then no regular line in the
city, and Mr. I'annelee secured the control of the trans-
fer business, by buying out the omnibuses of all the
leading hotels. At that early day the service was in
high demand, on account of the primitive condition of
the mads and the distance of the depots. The Michi-
gan Central depot was then located on the lake shore,
at Sixteenth Street ; ami as all the Eastern land traffic
came this way, Mr. 1'anm-lee was obliged to inaugurate
a line of covered Concord wagons, specially constructed
for service on the sandy and miry roads of the period.
Although other lines have occasionally entered the field,
Mr. Parmelee's hold on this class of business has con-
tinued firm, and there has been practically no opposi-
tion for several years. The service at the present time
employs eighty omnibuses, seventy baggage - wagons,
two hundred and fifty horses and two hundred men,
the number being somewhat greater in the season of
summer travel. The large stables required for the
accommodation of this extensive business, were built
by Mr. Parmelee, and are very complete in their ap-
pointments. The general city office of the lines is in
charge of J. W. Parmelee, eldest son of the proprietor.
The dry goods firms of Marshall Field, and Davis,
Morse & Co., run a line of two-horse omnibuses be-
tween the Chicago & North-Western Railway Depot and
their respective places of business.
THE NORTH CHICAGO RAILWAY Co. — Immediately
after the fire, this Company, which had been a great
sufferer by that calamity, set to work to repair the dam-
age and put the line again into running order. Besides
having, since that time, constructed over six miles of
double track and nearly four miles of single track, they
have erected car-houses at the corner of Center and
Racine streets. Clybourn Avenue near Racine, corner of
Clybourn Avenue and Cooper Street, corner of Wright-
wood Avenue and Sheffield, corner of Clark Street and
Drury Court, Larrabee Street near Center, Sedgwick
near Eugenia Street, corner of Racine Avenue and
Hclden ; stables on Krreger Street, corner of Clybourn
Avenue and Racine, corner of Clybourn Avenue and
Ashland, on Lill Avenue near Sheffield, on Larrabee
near Center, and corner of Jay Street and Belden
Avenue; blacksmith shops on Knuger Street, corner
of Clybourn and Ashland avenues, corner of Wright-
wood Avenue and Sheffield, corner of Clark Street and
I )rury Court ; and the fine building in which are situated
the general offices, at the corner of Clark and Division
streets. The latter was erected in 1883, is a three-story
structure of brick trimmed with stone, and cost, with
site, about $55,000.
As to the lines of road which have been constructed
entire since the fire, and which now are included in the
North Division system,one and one-eighth miles of double
track were completed on Lincoln Avenue from Center to
\Vrightwood, in 1872 ; two and one-fifth miles of double
track on Wells Street from Randolph to North Clark, by
November, 1875 ; one and one-eighth miles of single
track on Center Street, from Clark to Racine Road, and
four-fifths of a mile on Webster Avenue from Lincoln
Avenue to Racine Road, in 1878; one and two-fifths
miles on State Street, from Lake to Clark, via Division,
and one-quarter of a mile on Larrabee, from Center to
Webster Avenue, in 1880; one and two-fifths miles of
double track on Clybourn Avenue from North Avenue
to Fullerton, in 1881 ; half a mile of double track on
Sedgwick Avenue, from Center to North Avenue, a mile
of single track on Market, from Chicago Avenue to
Division, in the year 1882; seven-eighths of a mile of
single track on Garfield Avenue, from Lincoln Avenue
to Racine Road, and one-half a mile on Fullerton
Avenue, from Lincoln Avenue to Racine Road, in 1884;
one-half mile on Racine Road from Fullerton Avenue
to Clybourn, commenced in 1878 and completed in
1884.
The officers of the road, since date of organization,
have been as follows :
John B. Turner, president, February 18, 1859, to January 8,
1867 ; V. C. Turner, secretary and treasurer from February 18,
1859, to July 4, 1865, vice-president from July 4, 1865, to January
8, 1867, and president from January 8, 1867, up to date; II. N.
Towner, secretary and treasurer, July 4, 1865, to December 6,1873,
and Hiram Crawford, from December 6, 1873, to date ; Lucian
Tilton, vice-president, January 12, 1875, died in March, 1877;
George L. Dunlap, vice-president, from January 20, 1879, to April
5, 1881.
CHICAGO CITY RAILWAY Co. — Between 1865 and
1875, the lines of this system were not extended to any
great extent ; but, during the latter year, the Wabash-
avenue line was built, also a line on Indiana Avenue
from Thirty-first to Thirty-ninth Street, and one on
Thirty-ninth from Cottage Grove Avenue to State
Street. In 1877, cars were placed on Halsted Street,
and run to the city limits.
In October, 1880, S. W. Allerton, one of the direct-
ors of the Company, visited San Francisco, and wit-
nessed the successful operation of the cable system.
LOCAL TRANSPORTATION.
165
The lines which had been there constructed were in fine
working order, but it was yet to be demonstrated that
the system could be utilized in a region of harsh
winters, deep snow and frosts. Mr. Allerton brought
the matter formally before the Company, and the day
after his return from California, C. B. Holmes, its su-
perintendent, started for San Francisco to conduct a
personal investigation. Upon Superintendent Holmes's
return to Chicago, arrangements were at once entered
into for putting the system into operation. The brick
structure between Nineteenth and Twentieth streets
was completed during the season, at a cost of $50,000.
It is two stories high, with stone facings, its dimensions
being 151 by 250 feet. The four engines which ope-
rate the cables were manufactured at Worcester, Mass.,
by Jerome Wheelock, at a cost of $35,000. The boilers,
costing $30,000, were made by Babcock & Wilcox of
New York City. On January 17, 1881, the City Coun-
cil granted the company the right to operate the cable ;
and, on June 27, ground was broken near Harmon
Court. The State-street line, to Thirty-ninth Street,
was ready for use in January, 1882, there having been
used in its construction 8,000,000 pounds of iron,
250,000 bolts, 50,000 wagon-loads of gravel, 30,000 bar-
rels of English cement and 12,000 of American cement,
350 cords of stone, and 213,000 brick. In the work of
construction, one thousand five hundred men and two
hundred teams were employed. One of the greatest
obstacles to be overcome was that met with in the
water, gas and sewerage pipes, which, in many cases,
had to be almost entirely reconstructed, but, under
the personal supervision of C. B. Holmes, the work
was successfully accomplished. Four hundred men
were instructed in the operation of the system ;
and, on January 28, 1882, the first public trial took
place. On the afternoon of that day, a train of seven
cars, with two grip-cars, under the guidance of Super-
intendent Holmes, was started from the corner of State
and Madison streets, and conveyed the city and county
officials, with a number of prominent citizens, to the
engine house, on Twentieth Street, making the run in
twenty-one minutes. Here a platform had been erected,
from which speeches were made by Mayor Harrison,
Mr. Holmes, Judge Caton, S. B. Cobb, ex-president of
the Company, William Bross, General Henry Strong,
and others.
In May, 1882, ground was broken for the Wabash
and Cottage Grove-avenue line, at Twenty-first Street.
It was completed during the season, 60,000 wagon-loads
of gravel, sand and crushed stone, 20,000 barrels of ce-
ment, 230,000 brick, 36,000 square yards of granite
paving, 9,000,000 pounds of iron, 275,000 bolts and 550
cords of rubble stone, being used in its construction.
Over $2,500,000 were expended in the laying of
nineteen miles of single track and the twenty miles of
cable, the equipment and erection of buildings.
During the first year of its operation, over six mil-
lions more people were transported than during the pre-
vious year, under the old system.
Many marked improvements have been introduced
in the Chicago system. The splice used in San Fran-
cisco proved virtually useless, and a different one was
invented by Thomas Nash, an employe of the road.
Another important invention is the momentum brake,
the patentee of which is T. L. Johnson, of Indianapolis.
Its advantage is that it comes in contact with every
wheel of the train, and is an almost instantaneous check.
As now perfected, the cable system of Chicago trans-
ports one hundred thousand people daily, with ability to
move five times as many, and actually does the work of
two thousand five hundred horses. In an address de-
livered by Superintendent Holmes before the American
Street Railway Association, on October 19, 1884, he
gave the following interesting details :
"The construction consists of an underground tube, through
which the cable, supported by grooved pulleys, passes in constant
motion and at a uniform rate of speed. The tube is provided with
sewer connections for drainage, and an open slot on the top through
which passes a grappling device which is attached to a car. The
cable is kept in motion and its speed regulated by a stationary
engine or engines. The rope is endless, and the splices must pos-
sess great strength but not increase the diameter of the rope, as any
enlargement would incur severe and dangerous abrasion. It should be
coated with pine tar and lubricated with linseed oil to protect it from
rust and the too harsh action of the grips. The drums which im-
part motion to the cable, and the sheaves which carry it around
sharp corners, should have a diameter about one hundred times the
diameter of the rope. Of what material the rope should be made
to secure the best returns is a large question, affected by climate,
the rate of speed it is to run, the frequency of stopping and start-
ing, the character of the gripping device and the manner of apply-
ing the same, and the hilly or level character of the road. In cases
of sharp deflections from a level, pulleys are required to depress the
rope, and as these must be small to allow the grip to pass below
them, the wear upon the cable is serious. To meet these conditions,
flexibility and toughness, combined with strength and freedom from
crystallization, are needed. Another important feature in a cable
system is the device for automatically securing the proper tension of
the rope. The extent of vibration will depend on its length,
amounting in one four miles long to some five feet, and is caused
by the sudden grappling of the cable by a heavily-loaded train. As
the rope settles some two and a half inches between every two car-
rying-pulleys over the entire road, the sudden tightening and
stretching of the cable produces an accumulation. If this were not
instantly taken care of, the rope would drop from the carrying-
pulleys and sheaves and be destroyed. Provision is therefore made
for taking care of the permanent stretch of the cable, amounting,
sometimes, to two hundred feet. The gripping attachment consists
of an upper and a lower jaw, between which the cable is seized by
the movement of a lever, one pound pressure on the handle of which
produces four hundred pounds on the cable. A small sheave is
placed in each end of the jaw, upon which the cable rides while the
car is standing. Provision is also made for throwing the cable out
of the grip, and entirely free from it, at any time or place. The
length of the grip is such that it passes some three inches above the
carrying-pulleys, and does not come in contact with them. The
cable is brought into the open jaws by an elevating sheave, placed
at an angle on one side of the tube. The metal used for lining the
grip performs two thousand miles of service, when it requires re-
newal. In Chicago, a speed of eight and one-half miles an hour
is attainable over one-half the lines, and nine and one-half over the
other half, except in a few places, where the speed is one-half the
above rates, and can be made as much less, at any point, as may be
desired. More power is required during a snow storm, but in
ordinary conditions the operation of twenty and one-quarter miles
of cable in Chicago has required 477 horse-power, of which 389 was
used in moving the machinery and cables and 88 to move 240 cars.
The cable with its coating weighs about two hundred and seventy
thousand pounds, and is doing work which would require two thou-
sand live hundred horses. In Chicago, the cost was perhaps greater
than would be necessary in most cities, owing to the nature of the
ground. Along the thoroughfare where it operates, and even on
parallel and cross streets, the real estate has increased in value from
fifty to two hundred per cent."
Since the construction of the Halsted-street line
to the city limits, in 1877, the following extensions of
the horse railway system have been made :
In 1881, on State Street from Thirty-ninth to Fifty-fifth Street.
In 1882, to Sixty-third on the same thoroughfare. In 1883, on Hal-
sted Street from the city limits to Forty-seventh Street. In 1884,
on Halsted Street to Sixty-third and on Sixty-third to Clark; on
Wentworth Avenue from Thirty-third to Sixty-third Street, on
1 66
HISTORY OF CHICAC.n
\ivlu-r Avenue from the River 1" Brighton I'.irk, on llano\,
Hutlcr streets from Archer Avenue to Thirty-first Street, on Thirty-
irom tin- Lake to Archer A\enue, on Ashland .\\cnnc Iroin
Archer to the city limits, and on Stanton Avenue from Thirty-fifth
to Thirty-ninth Street ; a 1 9 twenty-eight miles Imilt in
i ".4. il»' largest amount in the histor\ id. The Chicago
[885) operates, inelnding the cable
system. eiglny--evcn miles of tr.i
Following are the principal officers of the Company,
from the time of its incorporation up to date:
Presidents— Liberty l;igcio\v. March 28, 1859, to September
2O, iSvj; r.enjamin I-'. Carver, September 20, i>5<>, to April 8,
; William H. Write, Vpril 8, 1861, to August 11,1863; Da\id
A. Gage, \ugu-i 11, !••'>;, to Augu-i -. i-i.j. S. XL Nicker-on,
M q i .-04, to lann.iry II, i •'''•1 ', XL 1 >. 1 lennessy, January 1 1,
1-7-'. to Januarys, 1-74 ; S. 11. t 'obb, January -, 1-71. io M
I "I ; lianiel A. Jones (acting), May 24, iSSi, to January 23, 1882 ;
C. li. Holmes, January J ;. l883, to date.
A . Fuller, March 28, 1859, to January 13,
M. I). 1 lennessy, January 13, iSoS, to January II, 1872;
|. 1J'. |ohn-on, January 11, 1-7--', to January <), 1873; XV. \. I
January ;), i>73. to April 25, 1-84 ; II. II. Windsor, April 25, 1884,
to date.
• 'i-ge \V. Fuller, March 28, 1859, to January 13,
lS6S ; XI. I). I lennessy, January I i, [868, to January II, 1872;
J. K. Johnson, January II, 1-72, to January 22, iSSi : \V. N.
.-. January 22, i--i. to January 29, 1883; T. C. 1'ennington,
Janu. |, to date.
TI. \. Gage, May II, l -60, to August II,
Franklin I'armelee, August IT, 1863, to August 8, 1864;
Charles 11. Walker, August 9, isf>4, to December i, i-f>fi; lianiel
Thompson, December i, [866, to January 13, 1870; K. T. Crane,
January i',. 1-70, t<> January 13, 1873; C. 15. Holmes, January 13,
:;p to the present time.
THK (,'mc \c;o \\ i.yr DIVISION- RAILWAY COMPANY.
—The losses of the West Division Railway Company,
by the fire of 1871, were much less than those of the
companies operating the lines of the North and South
divisions. No portion of their tracks was injured
except for the comparatively small distance lying east
of the river. The general offices of the company on
State Street were burned and their business interrupted
for a few days. Their total loss by the conflagration
was not in excess of $20,000, and their carrying power
was in no wise diminished. The barns and rolling-
stock of the company, and nearly the whole mileage of
tracks were in the West Division. They soon began,
indeed, to transport an increased number of passengers,
owing to the great addition to the population of the
West Divi-ion. Immediately succeeding the fire, the
stream of travel was so great between the South and
U'est divisions, that, to accommodate it, the West Divis-
ion Railway Co. and the Chicago City Railway Co.
established a joint line between Twenty-second Street
and Union Park, over which passengers were trans-
ported for one fare. This, besides being a great con-
venience, enjoyed an immense patronage. It was
continued for several months.
From this period to the beginning of 1875, but few
new lines were opened by the company. The rapid
growth of the West Division then demanding greater
'-railway facilities, new construction became impera-
tive. The most important of the new lines opened was
probably the Indiana-street route ; and important exten-
sions have been made on Chicago Avenue, Ogden
Avenue, South Halsted Street, Canal Street and Canal-
port Avenue, West Twelfth Street, Milwaukee Avenue,
Randolph and Lake streets, Madison Street, Van Buren
Street and I'.lne Island Avenue.
In i.SSi, the employes of the company struck for an
increase of wages to twenty cents per hour, causing a
delay to traffic of about thirty-six hours. Their
demands were finally acceded to. The present officers
of the company attribute the success of the more recent
strike of June,' 1X85, to the settlement then made. On
tlie latter occasion they asked for the reinstatement of
men belonging to the Union of street-car employes, who
had been discharged by the company for various rea-
sons, and were again successful.
On [uly 30, 1883, the corporation received from the
municipal government a general extension of its fran-
chises for twenty years.
In 1884, this corporation operated its lines over
seventy-five miles of track. It issued a daily average of
3,246 horses, made 1,031,503 round trips, and hauled
its cars a total of 7,735,535 miles. It is now (1885)
using 3,733 horses and 655 cars, which make an average
of 3,029 round trips, covering 22,500 miles a day. The
company employs 2,200 men, 1,100 of whom are con-
ductors and drivers.
The present officers are — President, J. Russell
Jones ; Vice-president, Benjamin F. Campbell ; Secre-
tary and Treasurer, George L. Webb; General Superin-
tendent, Dewitt C. Cregier.
ROIIKRT UKARTT, foreman of the O'Neil-street barns of the
West Division Horse Railway Company, was born at Troy,
Rensselaer Co., N. V., on October 3, 1815. Although a clothier
by trade, when he came to Chicago, October 12, 1836, walking all
of the way, he commenced life in the XX est by working on driving the
piersjor the United States, then by driving a stage for Lathrop John-
son on the old Milwaukee road. In the spring of 1837, he was
appointed assistant builder to Nelson R. Norton, who had the con-
tract for constructing the Dearborn-street draw-bridge, at §5 a day
and twenty-five per cent, of all the money expended. Mr. Ileartt
spent the succeeding year in fishing at Green Bay, and, in the sum-
mer of 1839, he became a clerk in the Chicago warehouse owned by-
John Kinzie and David Hunter. During 1840, he became known
throughout Illinois, Wisconsin and Indiana, engaging as he did in
hauling grain and produce to and from their markets. A fine farm
in Mercer County engaged his attention the succeeding year, but as
the market for his grain was one hundred and eighty miles from the
place of raising it, he returned to Chicago, and, in 1844, engaged
again in the teaming business. He subsequently was employed by-
Charles M. Gray, the well-known manufacturer of cradles, and
when XIr. Gray obtained from C. II. McCormick a contract to turn
out one hundred reapers and a manufactory was established on the
North Side, under the firm name of Gray, McCormick & Ogden,
XIr. Ileartt became engineer, and so continued for three years. In
the spring of 1850, he removed to Niles, 111., and built "a saw-mill
which was principally engaged in sawing logs for the Northwestern
(or Xlilwaukee) Plank Road. For many years, until 1864, he was
engaged in traveling over the South, purchasing horses and dispos-
ing of them in Kentucky. Upon returning to Chicago, he was
engineer in his brother's tobacco factory, went into the livery busi-
ness in 1868, and established the Lumberman's Omnibus Line, on
llalsted Street, in 1869. Although this was an unfortunate enter-
prise in which he lost heavily, he continued in it until 1875. He
then connected himself with the West Division Company, having
held the position of foreman from the commencement to the present
time. Mr. Heartt was married on January 6, 1836, to Sally Ann
Huntington, a native of New York, and celebrated his golden
wedding in Chicago. "He is the -son of Daniel B. Heartland Jane
(Callender) Heartt, who had the pleasure of observing the first of
Chicago's golden weddings. His mother is still living,' being in her
ninety-seventh year. XIr. ami XIrs. Heartt have but one child
living, William, who is a member of the Fire Department. Daniel
°rtt, another son, was thrown from his engine in 1866, while
going to a lire, and received fatal injuries.
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
These elements of the beauty of Chicago are worth}'
of an extended description; not alone for the addition
thus made to its appearance, but also for the incalculable
advantage to the general public. For the wealthy, the
Boulevard drive is a hygienic luxury, and for the poorer
citizen the Parks afford a breathing-place, where pure
air can refresh him after his weekly toil amid vitiated
atmosphere.
As may be seen, by reference to the map, the boule-
vard system encircles the entire city, and renders the
parks readily accessible to the visitor. As an additional
incentive to the population to frequent the parks, the
authorities supply free concerts there at stated periods
during the summer. The desirability and utility of this
branch of Chicago's realty can not be too highly eulo-
gized, and it is undoubtedly true, that the system of parks
and boulevards in this city is unexcelled by any other
upon the continent.
SOUTH PARK.
The South Park Commission had its inception in the
passage and approval, on February 24, 1869, of "An
Act providing for the location and maintenance of a
Park in the towns of South Chicago, Hyde Park and
Lake." By the provisions of this Act, a board of five
members was to be appointed by the Governor, their
term of office being five years. The lands to be selected
by the commissioners for park purposes were designated
by the Act ; and it was further directed that in case the
title to the lands so designated could not be acquired
by purchase at an agreed price, or by gift, proceedings
for condemnation were to be instituted under the pro-
visions of the Act of June 22, 1852, relating to the
" Condemning right-of-way for purpose of Internal
Improvements." A method was provided for estimating
the benefit or damage to property-ovvners, for borrow-
ing money, and for taxing property to meet the annual
interest upon such bonds, as well as the amount needed
annually for the improvement, maintenance and gov-
ernment of the park. At an election, held on March
23, 1869, the Act was ratified. On April 16, 1869, an
Act amendatory of and supplemental to the Act of
February 24, was approved, and on the same day Gov-
ernor Palmer appointed as commissioners, John M.
Wilson, George W. Gage, Chauncey T. Bowen, L. B.
Sidway and Paul Cornell. On April 30, an organiza-
tion was effected by the election of John M. Wilson as
president, Paul Cornell as secretary, George W. Smith
as treasurer, and George W. Gage as auditor.
The first work of the Commission was to select the
land designated by the Act, to survey the same, and
inquire as to its value. Its probable cost was estimated
at $1,865,750, and, under the terms of the Act, the
Commission made application to the Circuit Court for the
appointment of assessors to impose that amount upon
the property benefited. The Circuit Court denied the
application, and the Supreme Court thereafter awarded
a mandamus directing the performance, by the lower
tribunal, of the act requested. After the appointment
of the assessors, it was learned that the cost of the land
needed would greatly exceed the original estimate. By
Art of June, 16, rSyi, the Board was authorized to
revise and enlarge their earlier estimate ; and under the
power so conferred, it was decided to increase the
assessment to $3,320,000. The Commission issued
bonds, secured upon the park and improvements, for the
full amount of $2,000,000 therein named. Most of the
bonds were negotiated in New York, and from them,
together with those issued in part payment for lands
purchased, the Board realized $1,827,399. More or less
difficulty was encountered in acquiring title to the land
condemned, and considerable litigation ensued, appeals
from the judgments of condemnation being taken, and
carried, in many instances, to the Supreme Court.
In 1869, the Commission employed Olmstead &
Vaux, landscape architects, of New York, to furnish
plans and specifications for the improvement of the park
grounds. These gentlemen, after a careful topographi-
cal survey, submitted an elaborate scheme, covering all
the land adopted by the Board. Work was at once
commenced under this plan, and was carried forward
rapidly. A nursery, comprising five acres, was soon
opened, and there were set out sixty thousand young
trees, of various kinds, at cost of about $17.000. Work
on the roadways and sewers, as well as the grading and
preparation of superficial planting space, were pro-
gressing rapidly, when the conflagration of 1871 neces-
sitated a suspension of operations
The offices of the Commission, which were supposed
to be fire-proof, suffered with the surrounding buildings.
The loss was a serious one ; they contained the original
plans and specifications for the improvement of the
park ; the atlases of the towns of Hyde Park and Lake,
showing all the subdivisions in those towns, and the
divisions and ownership of the unsubdivided lands; all
the records of the Board and books of account, together
with all contracts, estimates, accounts, and vouchers,
subsequent to May 5, 1871 ; and also the special assess-
ment-roll for benefits, nearly completed. The Com-
mission met the emergency, not only by the suspension
of work, but by the discharge of all employes except a
small police force and a few men employed to protect
and preserve the Board's property from trespass and
destruction. Those members of the Commission who
were entitled to salary or compensation declined to
receive any subsequent to September, and the chief
engineer, George W. Waite, relinquished all claim to
any salary after October, 1871. The only contracts
entered into by the Board, during the remainder of the
fiscal year, were for the sinking of an artesian well and
for the purchase of standard trees to replace those
which failed to survive the severe drought of the pre-
vious summer.
It was not possible, however, that there should be a
Long interruption of the work of improvement. Apart
from the legal questions relating to the obligation resting
upon the Commission to proceed with the work with
due diligence, justice to those whose property was to be
assessed, and good faith to the bond-holders, alike
required it. In the following year, new boulevards were
laid out and graded ; water-mains were extended ;
old sewers were examined and cleaned, and a sub-
stantial new sewer, 11,900 feet long, emptying into the
canal, was built ; and one hundred and fifty acres were
plowed and fertilized.
On September i, 1872, H. W. S. Cleveland was
appointed landscape architect. Up to that time, no
167
SHOWING THE BOULEVARD SYSTEM.
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
169
ornamental work had been done on the park, and the
only portion of its area which had then been made
accessible to the public was the northern extremity of
what was known as the Upper Division. Across this
portion. Bayard Avenue had been constructed, connect-
ing the southern extremities of the two principal avenues
of approach from the city, forming a continuous pleasure-
drive of four miles in length. Grand (then known as
South Park) and Drexel boulevards had been partially
laid out, but planting had been done only on the
first. The design for the former avenue contemplated
a road two miles in length and two hundred feet in
width; a driveway fifty-five feet wide occupied the center;
on either side was a grass border, twenty feet in width,
the borders being separated from side roads, intended for
business traffic, by a row of trees. The proposed length
of the west division of the park were put under culti-
vation ; new water-tanks were erected, supplied by
mains from the artesian well ; artificial lakes were
excavated ; a temporary music-pavilion erected ; and
an old building neatly fitted up as a restaurant. Open-
air concerts were given weekly in the pavilion, by Hans
Balatka's orchestra, the attendance being so large as to
necessitate the throwing open of the adjacent grounds
to the public. A new greenhouse was built during that
year, making three in all ; and, a large quantity of
valuable plants and shrubs having been forwarded to
the Commission from the Botanical Gardens, at Wash-
ington, D. C., many citizens conceived the idea that a
well-organized botanical garden would be an ornament
to the park, and also a source of great pleasure and
practical value as a means of education. The Commis-
ENTRANCE TO JACKSON PARK.
of Drexel boulevard was a mile and a half, and its width
two hundred feet ; the original design comprised a
central ornamental space, one hundred feet wide,
arranged with paths and with grass-plats, planted with
trees and shrubbery, a driveway running on each side.
Under Mr. Cleveland's direction, the central driving-
space was narrowed to ninety feet, the driveway on each
side being widened five feet. During this year, five
hundred trees were set out along the lines of these two
boulevards. Another nursery was planted on the line
of Bayard Avenue, containing more than twenty-five
thousand specimens, together with evergreens numbering
some twenty-one thousand specimens, as well as about
eight thousand shrubs.
During 1874, the work of improvement was pressed
forward rapidly, although the Commission found itself
much hampered in its work by the failure of the author-
ities to enforce the payment of delinquent taxes, which,
in three years, amounted to more than one-eighth of the
total levy ; when to this was added the commissions
paid to town and county collectors, the actual deficit
reached nearly fifteen per cent, of the amount allowed
by law. The character of the improvements was similar
to that of preceding years. About two hundred acres
sion finding itself without sufficient funds to defray
the expense of such an enterprise, H. H. Babcock, H.
N. Hibbard, John R. Walsh, E. H. Sargent and A. E.
Ebert signified their willingness to undertake, without
pecuniary compensation, the general management and
direction of the work. The offer was accepted by the
Commission, and the persons named formed an organ-
ization, by the choice of H. N. Hibbard as president
and H. H. Babcock as secretary and botanical director.
Circulars were sent to a large number of botanical
gardens and to individuals, soliciting co-operation.
The response was generous. The committee found
themselves the recipients of more than three thousand
packages of seeds and bulbs, nearly eight hundred
species and varieties of living plants, more than eleven
hundred herbarium specimens, and twenty-nine volumes
of botanical and other publications. Among the foreign
contributors were the botanical gardens at St. Peters*-
burg, Calcutta, Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Leipsic, Am-
sterdam, Heidelberg, Zurich, Santiago, Palermo and
Melbourne. Two and one-half acres were laid out for
the temporary reception of hardy plants, and plans
prepared for permanent arrangement of t'ie entire plat.
Four plant-houses were erected at once. Living speci-
1 70
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
mens of native plants were set out in the garden, and
seeds of various species soon collected in sufficient
quantity for exchange.
In 1875, the Hoard, by resolution, named that por-
tion of the park between Fifty-sixth and Sixty-seventh
streets, and Stony Island Avenue and Lake Michigan,
. "~ .•:-
Lake Park, and the twenty acres at the intersection of
Western Avenue and Pavilion Boulevard as Gage Park,
the latter being named in memory of George W. Gage)
one of the original members of the Commission, who
died on September 24, 1875.
I he labors of the Hoard, up to 1875, may be briefly
summed up as follows: The whole amount of land
purchased was one thousand and forty-five acres, of
which seven hundred and eighty acres had been paid
for in full, and abstracts of title were being examined
with a view to the purchase of an additional half-mile
,< frontage on Western Avenue. Nearly four-fifths of
the west division of the park had been completed; three
hundred and fifty acres had £een tilled, seeded down,
and planted with forest trees of from three to twelve
inches in diameter ; that portion of it known as the
"south open green" had been laid out as a lawn — prob-
ably the most extensive in America; and the four
main boulevards, Grand, Drexel, Pavilion and Oakwood,
had been built and completed, affording
eleven and one-half miles of road. A
connecting drive between the east and west
divisions of the park, besides other minor
boulevards, some five miles in length, had
been constructed. The nursery furnished
several thousand trees each season, which
were planted in the park, their places in
the nursery being supplied by young stock.
The floral department and botanical gar-
den were well established, with good hot-
houses, steam-forcing apparatus, etc., and
the Board found itself able to furnish there-
from all the plants for the walks and drives
in the parks.
Many difficulties had been encountered
by the Commission in obtaining land,
owing to the exorbitant prices demanded
by property owners as soon as the park
bill went into effect, and on account of
vexatious legal delays where the parties
interested could not agree. The assess-
ments had been confirmed by the court
and divided into eight annual installments,
bearing interest at the rate of seven per
cent, from the date of confirmation, June
27, 1872. The financial panic of 1873
had materially crippled the resources of
many property owners, who were com-
pelled by necessity to contest the several
installments. Another, and smaller, class
of contestants were influenced by a senti-
ment of general hostility to the enterprise.
Judgment was recovered in the County
Court, on the delinquent list, for the first
and second installments, but refused by
that tribunal on the third, the court being
of opinion that the revenue law had so
modified the mode of collection that no
judgment could be rendered. From the
decisions in reference to the first and sec-
ond installments the property-owners ap-
pealed; while the Commission took an
^^^^^ appeal from that relative to the third in-
stallment. All the legal questions involved
E were presented and argued at the Septem-
ber term of the Supreme Court, in 1875,
-«x---"p - -:= alul lilc vali(lily of both special assessment
and tax upheld.
The decision of the Supreme Court
had the effect of bringing into the treas-
ury of the Commission more than $800,000, during
1876. Three park-phaetons were also introduced in
that year, similar to those used in Eastern cities.
Owing to the financial stringency of the period the
Commission levied a tax for 1876, of $200,000 only in-
stead of the usual $300,000. Of this amount more than
$$142000 were expended in paying interest on the
bonded debt, leaving a balance very little larger than
was necessary for the maintenance of the parks and
boulevards. There were virtually no funds with which
3 extend improvements. A large proportion of the
money received during the previous year, as well as
of that received this year, from the payment of special
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
171
assessments in consequence of the Supreme Court's
decision, was absorbed in the liquidation of out-stand-
ing indebtedness. That indebtedness, which at one
time amounted to some $800,000, owing to the non-
payment of the taxes and assessments as contemplated
by the park laws (the destruction of the assessment-rolls
in the fire of 1871 having delayed for eighteen months
the collection of the park revenue), had been, at this
time, nearly all paid off. In addition to these payments,
$200,000 of South Park bonds, which would have ma-
tured on January i, 1878, had been retired, and the
financial outlook was favorable.
1 luring the years following, unimproved portions of
the acquired territory were brought under cultivation,
new drives were built, and new features of ornamenta-
tion were carried forward.
On July 21, 1877, the Board, by resolution, sus-
pended the further operations of the Botanical Board,
placing the garden under the general control of the
floral management of the park. This action was taken
to avoid the large and constantly increasing outlay
required for its maintenance, which involved constant
care and enlargement.
In 1880, the Commission owed no floating debt; the
interest on the bonded indebtedness had been reduced
S. ,7.500; and a sinking fund had been created, under
the operation of which a certainty existed that the
bonded debt would be paid at maturity. Great circum-
spection had been exercised in the acquisition of the
territory selected (under the law) for park purposes.
Every precaution was taken to prevent any undue en-
croachment upon the Board's funds. By December i,
r88o, the Commission had acquired title to all the lands
required for park purposes, with the exception of one
lot, comprising one acre, used for school purposes, and
some two hundred acres, in the East Park, known as
the Phillips tract. Possession of the land last mentioned
had long since been obtained, bjt owing to the con-
flicting claims of various owners and pseudo-owners the
title has not yet been quieted. Much litigation has been
had, and, the property having been divided, separate
suits as to different portions were brought in both the
State and United States courts. A motion for a new
trial in the former tribunal is now pending, in order
that a larger verdict may be secured by claimants than
that rendered on December 16, 1884, which was for
$155.400 — a material reduction of that given on No-
vember 5, 1883, which was for $350,000.
Despite the unavoidable expenses connected with
litigation incident to a faithful execution of the trust re-
posed in the Commission, the Board found sufficient
funds at their disposal available for purposes of im-
provement. New and substantial buildings for neces-
sary uses were erected and ornamental structures
sprang into existence on every hand.
As time progressed, West Park became Washington
Park, while the memory of President Garfield, was per-
petuate.d in one of the principal boulevards. An ex-
tensive and substantial breakwater was erected. In
1884, a pavement beach was laid in Jackson Park along
the lake shore, from Fifty-sixth Street to the Fifty-ninth
Street inlet, and the breakwater was extended to a point
about two hundred feet south of Sixty-third Street.
One of the most beautiful adornments of the parks
was that furnished by Messrs. Drexel Brothers, of Phila-
delphia, who, in memory of their father, after whom
Drexel Boulevard was named, placed at the head of
that beautiful driveway a bronze fountain of exquisite
design and elegant workmanship.
At a comparatively early period in the history of the
South Parks, the Commission was anxious to secure the
control of Michigan Avenue and Thirty-fifth Street
(from Michigan Avenue to Grand Boulevard), as other-
wise the South Park system would be incomplete. Con-
siderable litigation resulted over the Board's efforts to
carry out its design, but a decision of the Supreme
Court, in 1880, confirmed the Commission in its pos-
session. The plan decided upon for its improvement
contemplated flagstone sidewalks, eight feet in width,
with grass-plats between the sidewalk and the stone
curbs; elm trees were to be supplied, where not already
growing, and uniform lamp-posts erected; a fifty-foot
driveway was to be constructed, eight feet on either
side to be of stone or composition block, and the center
thirty-four feet to consist of a surface of six inches of
clear bank gravel, upon a foundation of twelve inches
of limestone Macadam. The estimated cost of the
improvement was $551,063. The Commission adopted
the necessary ordinances, prepared assessment-rolls,
and filed them for confirmation. A portion of the
property abutting on the line of Michigan Avenue was
that commonly known as the Lake Front, and owned
by the City of Chicago, against which an assessment of
$45,953.23 was confirmed. Considerable delay super-
vened in the prosecution of the proposed work, owing
to the failure of the City Council to appropriate the
necessary funds to meet this assessment. This failure,
however, affected only that portion of Michigan Avenue
between Jackson Street and Park Place, and work was
pressed forward on the remainder of the proposed
boulevard as rapidly as the collection of assessments
would permit. The care of the boulevard on Michigan
Avenue and Thirty-fifth Street has entailed a large an-
nual outlay, and the Commission has felt indisposed to
assume additional expense. No legislative sanction for
an increase of the tax levy has been asked, however,
the Board being of the opinion that their present
resources — despite the fact of their taxation for the
maintenance of Michigan Boulevard — are sufficient for
a reasonably rapid improvement of the property under
their care.
The Commission, at the close of 1884, owed no
floating debt. The financial condition of the Board, as
set forth in the report of that year, may be thus sum-
marized :
Bonded debt due December I, 1883 :
Seven percent., due 1891, $203,000
Six per cent., due 1899.. 400,000
Five per cent., due 1900. 48,000— — $651,000
Reduction in 1884, through bonds paid January i, 1885 :
Seven percent $29,000
Six per cent 25,000
Five per cent 3,ooo $57,000
Bonded debt, January I, 1885 $594,000
It is believed that this indebtedness will be dis-
charged at maturity, through the operation of the
interest and sinking fund.
The names and terms of office of the members and
officers of the South Park Commission, from the date of
its organization until December i, 1884, were —
Commissioners.— John M. \\ilson, from April 16, 1869, to
May 2, 1872; George W. Gage, from April 16, 1869, to September
24, 1875 ; Chauncey T. Bowen, from April 16, 1869, to February
i, 1871, and from May 2, 1872, to 1877; L. B. Sidway, from April
16, 1869, to 1878 ; Paul Cornell, from April 16, 1869, to 1883 ;
Potter Palmer, from February I, 1871, to April, 1874 ; James
Morgan, from April, 1874, to 1879; Cornelius Price, from 1876, to
iSSi ; John 1!. Sherman, from 1877 ; John K. Walsh, from 1878 ;
Martin J. Russell, from 1879; Bernard Callaghan, from 1881 ;
l.uuis \VahI, from 1883.
/'>;:<ii/,'iif.<. — John M. Wilson, from April 3 ••, 1869, to May 2,
1872 ; ChaiiiHx-y T. llowc-n, from May 2, 1872, to 1876 ; James
172
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
M,.rg.iii, from 1876, to 1879; John K. Walsh, from 1879 to 1883 ;
Bernard Callaghan, from i-
. -Paul Cornell, from April 30, (869, to March i,
1-71 ; \V. I.. Grccnlcaf, from March i, [871, to March It), 1873;
II. \V. llarmiin. from March g, 1873,10 1879; 1'aul Cornell, during
1879; II. \V. Harmon, from
.///<//Vi'»y. — C,co! ., from April 30, lS6<>. M Man h
1.5. i>;i, and from Slan-h 6, [875, to September 24, 1875; 1.. II.
ly, from March 13. 1871, to March 6, 1875, and from Sep-
tember j), 1875, to March, 18711; 1'-"1' Cornell, from March, 1876,
to M., Cornelia-. Trice, from March, 1877, lo 1880; Mar-
tin J. Kussell, from [88o.
C.corgc \V. Smith, from April 30, 1869. to March
I. 1*70; |. Irvin. ..in March I, 1871), to March 13, 1871;
V llanlin. from March 13. 1871, to March, 1872; J. Irving
I'ierce, fiom March. [873,10 M.ir.l", [877; C.coryc Schneider, from
1, IS77. to i--.-; GeorgV M. Bogue, Irom I-S2 to 1884;
Thomas Hrennan, from
.'/;/,•«,/«/..-. — \V. M. lierry, from 1872 to 1881 ; M. \V.
White, from 1881.
— J. II. Sams, from 1872 to iSSi; J. F. Foster,
from i
AlL'rn.-vs. — loseph I-', lionlicld, from 1880 to 1881 ; Uupee &
Judah, froni iSni (o i8s2; M. W. Fuller, from 1882.
-W. I,, (ireenleaf, from 1872 to 1879.
The following table shows the areas and distances
of the South Parks and boulevards, as completed and
improved, to i.SS.j :
Parks and Iloulevards.
lack son Park
Washington Park
(ia^e Park
Miihv.i .. ....
\ard. 198 feet wide
I Irexel lloulevard, 200 feet wide
I lakwood I.oulevard. 100 feet wide
Michigan Avenue Houlevard
I'liinv-lifth Street Houlevard
Pavilion Houlevard. 200 feet wide ...
Western Avenue Houlevard, 200 feet wide.
Fifty-seventh Street, loo feet wide
Total.
586
371
20
80
2.OO
1.48
•50
3 23
•32
3 50
2.81
1057 13.87 455
§4
37'
I 50
5-79
I.IO
3-35
3.05
.50
3-23
.32
3-75
•79
.03
23.41
The receipts from the sale of the first issue of bonds, and their
nature, were —
Due October i
Due October i
Due ( ><
Due January i
1871. $ 117,500 oo
[873 128,50000
1S74-- 47,00000
1877 200,000 oo
1880.
1,507,000 oo
Total issue $2,000,000 oo
$1,418, ixx) sold at 90 cents $1,276,200 oo
50,000 sold at <)."_. cents 46,25000
46,000 sold at 93J4 cents 43.OOO oo
900,000 sold at 95 cent! .-.. 190,00000
25,000 sold at 97 cents 24,25000
261, oou sold at 100 cents 261,000 oo
Proceeds i ,f sale _ $1,840,710 OO
Amount received from accrued interest 6,644 95
Expenses attending sale
$1,847,354 95
'9.955 74
Net proceeds of lir-t issue of bonds __._ .$1,827,399 21
The net receipts from special assessments were —
•872 $ 202,786 20
— - 3S4.55'. 24
292,748 82
414.459 41
- 809,215 II
1877 ................................... $ 540.848 74
1878 ................................... 453,626 55
1879 .................................. 615,46302
1880 ................................... 6i3,933 43
1881 ................................... 142,485 28
1882 ................................... 128,495 73
1883 ................................... 67,200 44
1884 ................................... 37,813 88
Total .................. ____ ... ____ $4,709,632 85
The receipts from South Park tax levies have been —
Prior to March I, 1872 ______ ......... $535,786 50
Tax levied in 1871, and received prior to
December I, 1872. ........... . ...... 51,258 98
1873 ................................... 323,288 96
1874 ................................... 183,577 75
1875 ........ ------ ..................... 311,282 47
1876 ........... . ....................... 212,268 64
1877 ................................... 223,523 85
1878. ., ....... 162,441 17
1879 ................. .. ....... — ...... 348,102 26
1880 .................. . ................ 458,571 4°
1881 ................ ................... 295,445 68
1882 ................................... 342,463 So
1883 ............................. . ..... 218,057 49
1884 .............. . .................... 325,075 62
Total ............................. $3,991,144 57
The disbursements for the purchase of land have been —
To January I, 1871 ........ . ............ $1,641,199 46
From January i, 1871, to December I, 1872. 148,643 96
1873 ................................. 193.57998
1874 ................................... 114,041 30
1875 ................... - ............... 133,146 56
I8?6 ..... -- ........................... 41,758 55
1877 ........................... . ....... 98,121 82
1878 ................................... 57,737 13
1879 ................................... 529,370 05
1880 ......................... . ......... 241,850 34
'881 ................................... 13,335 30
1882 ................................. .. 18,959 76
1883. ............ ...................... 6,146 78
l884 ................................... 39.955 90
Total . ------- ................... $3,277,84691
The amounts expended in payment of interest on bonds and
land-contracts have been —
To J
1871
lS72
*|73
I874
1875
1876
I877
78
°°
"
anuary i, 1871 ........ _ ............. g 146.417 13
....... ---- ....... ----- 215,576 70
100,421 16
-. ..... 195,259 36
181,814 69
-- .......... .. 168,304 53
158,811 46
163,715 18
-- I3L343 33
---- 105,455 21
- 65,21433
52,970 oo
49,385 oo
i°b4
47,755 oo
41,110 oo
Total $1,723,553 08
Following are given some sketches of real-estate men.
This class of our citizens, by their energy and foresight,
have been among the most earnest promoters of the
park system, and to their indefatigable perseverance the
success of the movement may be largely ascribed :
^ NELSON TIKIMASSON entered into the real-estate business m
:869, while on "awaiting orders," and resigned from the Army in
1870. He was born in Louisville, Ky., in October, 1839, and was
educated in that State. His father was an old line Whig and was a
representative in Congress for many years from Kentucky during the
same period in which Hon. John Wentworth represented Chicago
m the House. Mr. Thomasson came to Chicago in 1857 and
studied law in the office of Judge John G. Rogers, graduating
Irom the Law C ollege of Chicago in 1860. When the war broke
enlisted and immediately went into the Sturges' Rifles He
was promoted October 31, 1861, to the rank of second lieutenant
Co. E, 5th United States Infantry ; to first lieutenant, Co.
PARKS AND BOULKVARDS.
" R " of the same regiment, in 1863, and attached to Co. " E "; and
to captain of Co. " B," same regiment, on January 7, 1867. This
regiment, under the command of Colonel — now Brigadier General —
Nelson A. Miles, made for itself the reputation of being composed
of the best Indian fighters in the service. By authority of the Sec-
retary of War, to facilitate its rapidity of movement and warlike
rfiiracy, it was made a regiment of Mounted Infantry — the only one
in the army — the horses being Indian ponies captured by the regiment
in their various successful contests. During his service of nearly
ten years in the regular army, he was five years in New Mexico,
with Kit Carson, Maxwell and General James H. Carleton, and
other famous Indian fighters.* In 1866, he was military superin-
tendent of the Navajoe and Apache Indians, over ten thousand
captives of war at Fort Sumner, N. M. He was succeeded by
General George Sykes, U. S. A. He resigned from the army in
December, 1870. Since his entree into the real-estate business Mr.
Thomasson lias made a specialty of acre property and large blocks
of /eal estate ; he also deals extensively in Boulevard property. In
October, 1868, he bought one hundred and sixty acres in Section
27, Town. 38, Range 14, for which he gave $140 an acre, and in
February, 1869, he sold the same for $400 an acre, making over
forty-one thousand dollars by this single operation in live months ;
this property is now designated as Pitner's subdivision. He is a
member of Oriental Lodge, No. 38, A.F. & A.M., and of Apollo
Commandery, Xo. I, K.T.
J:mx AI.I.KS, JR., was born on November 17, 1851, at Win-
netka, 111., the son of John and Mary (Reinhardt) Alles. His
father is an old resident of Winnetka, having located there in 1835.
Mr. Alles received his early education in the schools of his native
village, and at the age of twenty left school to take charge of a farm
belonging to his father, situated near Winnetka in Cook County.
For two years he turned his attention to farming, and at the end of
that time came to Chicago, and opened a real-estate office in part-
nership with his cousin, George Alles, who is at present engaged in
other business in this city. For eight years this partnership
continued, during which time the firm came into possession of much
valuable real estate property. In 1882, George Alles, retiring from
the business, Mr. Alles continued alone, and has managed his
property independently until the present time. His real-estate lies
principally at 1 )es I'laines, a suburban town of Chicago, and his
manner of handling it is the most substantial. It consists of buying
a tract of land contiguous to the city, and, by a subdivision and im-
provement of the same, it is made valuable. He designs his own
plans of cottages, erects them upon the lots, and pursues an
independent course in the real-estate business which is commend-
able. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, Teutonia Lodge,
No. 97.
JOHN A. BARTLET was born at Oxford, Worcester Co., Mass.,
on April 8, 1829, a son of Eleazer and Harriet (Ashcraft) Bartlet.
His early school-days were spent in the schools of Worcester
County, fitting him for attendance at the academy at Webster,
Mass., where he afterward went. Leaving school at the age of
eighteen, he entered a machine shop, where he remained six years,
becoming proficient as a practical machinist. On the I3th
of October, 1854, he arrived in Chicago, and the year following
entered into partnership with R. T. Rawson, and formed the firm
of Rawson, Bartlet & Co., wholesale boots and shoes, located at
Nos. 222-223 South Water Street. Under this organization, the
firm continued till 1859, when it was changed to Rawson & Bartlet,
by the withdrawal of the silent partner, and their place of business
removed to No. 24 Lake Street. In May, 1860, the firm suffered
greatly by fire, but, saving a portion of their goods, took up
quarters at No. 30 Lake Street and continued till 1862, when the
death of the senior partner worked a dissolution of the firm, but his
interest being assumed for a consideration by his brother, the busi-
ness was continued under the same style until January, 1866, when
two partners were taken in, Mr. Rawson retiring in January, 1867,
and the firm became Bartlet, Hoswell & Bush, and so continued till
1869, when Mr. Bartlet sold his interest to S. W. Rawson, his
former partner, and entered his employ as a salesman, where he re-
mained for one year, or until the spring of 1870, when his health fail-
ing, he paid a short visit to California. After returning from the
1'ariiic coast, he opened a real-estate office in Chicago with A. P.
Downs. For seven yeare this partnership continued, when it was
dissolved by the death of Mr. Downs, Mr. Bartlet continuing till
the present time. He was married in Boston, on January 23,1851,
to Sarah A. Wentworth. They have one son, Charles A., who is
engaged in the stationery business in the city. Mr. Bartlet has
never held a political position until recently, when he accepted
the office of assessor in the Town of Lake, which position he now
holds.
CHARLES F. GREGORY was born near Sunbury, Delaware Co.,
Ohio, on November 29, 1840, the son of Isaac and Amy (Clark)
* Sue Colonel Guy V. Henry's History of Army Officers of the late \V;ir,
vol. l, page 473.
Gregory. When he was eight years of age, his family moved to
Clinton County, Iowa, and there, in the common schools, Mr.
Gregory received his early education. At the age of sixteen he went
to the academy at Maquoketa, Jackson Co., Iowa, and remained
for two years, and afterward attended Cornell College at Ml.
Vernon, where two more years were devoted to gaining a practical
education. When he reached the age of twenty, he left school,
and for the five years following was a teacher. At that time he
went to Rochester, Minn., and dealt in unimproved land in that
State and the country adjacent. For eighteen years he was one of
the heaviest dealers in real-estate in the Northwest, and now owns
many thousand acres of the fertile lands lying in the northwestern
territory. He came to Chicago on January 18, 1884, and established
an office. He was married on November 3, 1870, to Miss Ida F.
Drake, of Dover, Minn.; they have one child, Jessie Lillian, seven
years of age. In iSSi, when the Manitoba & Southwestern Rail-
way was surveyed through the country north of Lake Superior,
. Mr. Gregory owned a large tract of land near the proposed route,
and as property suddenly advanced he parted with his interest at a
high figure, thereby closing a deal, the results of which alone made
him wealthy. He is at present an extensive land owner, being the
vice-president of the Battle River Valley and Northwestern Land
Company, which has it.", headquarters at Winnepeg.
CHARLES GARDNER was born at Hancock, Berkshire Co.,
Mass., on August 20, 1837, a son of Silas H. and Charlotte (Cogs-
well) Gardner. On his father's side he comes from an old Rhode
Island family, and by the maternal ancestry he is related to the
celebrated Cogswells of Eastern Massachusetts. Many famous and
honorable names occur in that genealogical line, of whom I )r.
Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ralph Waldo Emerson are not the
least. Hon. John Wentworth, of this city, is connected also with
the Cogswell family by his mother's family, and a long line of cele-
brated New F^ngland divines are scions of the same root. Mr.
Gardner's early education was acquired in the public and private
schools of Hancock, Berkshire County, after which he attended the
State Normal School, at Westlield, and, returning to his native
village, taught school for one term. At this time, his father died, and
the management of a large farm occupied his time for the following
three years. lie then entered Williams College, and, after taking the
regular course, graduated in the class of 1864, with the degree of B. A.,
and took the degree of M. A. in regular course. After leaving college
he was offered a position in the State Deaf Mute Asylum, at Colum-
bus, O., but declined it to accept the position of assistant superin-
tendent and principal of the Reform School, at Waukesha, \\ is.
He remained in that institution from September, 1864, until
February of the following year, when he received an invitation to
teach in the Greek department of the University of Chicago, and at
an annual meeting of the board was appointed tutor ; this appoint-
ment, however, was soon after cancelled, owing to some factional
disagreement. In February, 1866, while at his home in Hancock,
Mass., he again received notice that his services were desired in the
Chicago University, and he accordingly took the position of tutor
in the Greek department of that institution, which he held until
1870. He then resigned and commenced to study law in the office
of Miller, VanArman & Lewis, where he remained for one year,
during which he was also connected with a religious paper pub-
lished in Chicago. In 1872, he established a real-estate office, and
has followed this business until the present time. Mr. Gardner has
been twice married; first, on August 29, 1865, to Miss Louisa M.
Crapo, daughter of Seth Crapo, for many years a prominent dry goods
dealer in Albany, N. Y. By this marriage he has two children, —
Lewis C. and Henry G. His second marriage occurred June 23,1877,
when he was united to Miss Emma A. Shute, of Concord, N. H.
She died June II, 1878, leaving one child, Walter A. While engaged
in teaching, Mr. Gardner was a contributor to the columns of the
daily papers, and became associate editor of, and a stockholder in,
what was known as the Western Monthly and afterward as the
Lakeside Monthly. His knowledge of the classics enables him to
occupy the place of a valued contributor to the journals of the day,
and his efforts occupy a prominent place in Chicago journalism.
Coming from a long line of clergymen and theologians, he inherits
a religious and theological cast of mind, which has not only brought
him into prominent church relations — he is a member of the Fuller-
ton Avenue Presbyterian Church — but has led him to make use of
his intimate knowledge of the Greek to settle for himself many deep
questions of a doctrinal and critical character. A vigorous and in-
dependent thinker, with a mind trained to the closest metaphysical
analysis, when once he entered upon that field nothing could pre-
vent him from thoroughly traversing the territory or from announ-
cing his discoveries as he advanced. These studies embraced the
Greek, both of the New Testament and the Septuagint version of
the Old, and his office" has been for years a theological seminary,
to which a large circle of interested students, both of the Bible and
of the Greek language, constantly resort. He is regarded as one of
the most thorough Greek scholars living, and his criticisms have
'74
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
iiiiinil a wide circulation and arc received with profound ra
both Last ami \\cst. Lor some years tin- project of a new trans-
lation of the New Testament was urged upon him by his friends, and
-ally the matter took sha]x- in his studies, and the work :
under pressure of severe financial reverses and in a season ol great
business depression. It was, however, finally completed, and the
book of Matthew given to the world. . \mong careful liihle students
I it has met with a cordial — even flattering — reception ;
and it is hoped that it will speedily be followed by (lie publication
nl the whole Testament. His profound knowledge of the Greek of
the Scptuagint renders him a lit ]>erson to undertake the ditiicult
work of a translation of the I >ld Testament from that venerable
JOHN 01 IVY \Vi.i.!s was born in Ontario County, V V., on
Ma'c'n JI, i-j<i. During his youth he studied at a prepaiaioi \
school in Albany and afterward entered Williams College, from
which he graduated in 1871. lie then took a position in a banking
house at Canandaigua, V Y., where he was engaged until the early
part of 1872, when he came to Chicago, where he has since resided.
On coming here he went into the ofiice of < >gden, Sheldon cV Scud-
der, loan agents, taking the position of cashier. lie remained in
connection with that firm until 1876, when they retired from busi-
ness. I |e succeeded toa portion of their business and became agent
of the Kquitable Trust Company, of New London, Conn. lie
acted as their agent till they withdrew from the loaning busim
GARFIKLI) PARK PAVILION
version; and to the extreme m of his friends, it is under-
thai the colossal undertaking is already under way. As an
example of his method, we insert his version of the Lord's Prayer:
" Pray ye, therefore, as follows: Our Father who art in heaven,
Hallowed be thy name. May thy Kingdom come, Thy will come
to be also upon the earth, even as it is in heaven. Give us to-day
our daily bread. And remit unto us our debts, because we have
remitted unto our debtors. And bring us not into trial, but deliver
us from the Wicked One. For if ye remit unto men their errors, your
heavenly Father will remit yours also. But if ye do not remit unto
men, neither will your Father remit your errors." Matthew vi: 9-15.
FK\\K XHWAK, real-estate dealer and loan and insurance
agent, first entered the business with William Kaspar in January,
I---,. In March, 1876, this partnership was dissolved, and on the
is at present agent for the Germania Insurance Company, of New
Vprk; the Travelers, of Chicago; Greenwich, of New York; United
Firemen's, of Philadelphia; the Allemannia, of Pittsburgh' Boat-
men's, of Pittsburgh, and Ohio, of Dayton, O. With this large line
of influential and reliable companies, he also carries on a'heavy
real-estate and loaning business. He was born in September, 1843
in the hamlet of Kichenau, Bohemia, fifty-six miles from Prague'
from whence he came, with his father, Joseph Xowak, in 1856 to
In 1857, he engaged with h'is father in the hardware
business, to which he was admitted as partner in 1862, and remained
with him up to the year of his entry into the real-estate business
s father is now retired from active mercantile pursuits and is en-
joying the substantial results of his own and his son's industrv
Nowak of the Southwestern lluildin-, Loan and
Homestead Vssociation and likewise secretary of the BuUdine and
Loan .Society of the Sixth Ward.
Chicago, and since then has represented their real-estate interests
here. For this corporation and others in the East, Mr. Wells is a
real-estate representative, his connection with the trade the past ten
years qualifying him for the responsible position. Annually there
occurs a large number of foreclosures on realty in this county, and
to those properties in which his clients are interested Mr. "Wells
devotes his special attention. Mr. Wells was one of the charter
members of the Union Club of this city, but after making his resi-
dence at Riverside withdrew his membership, and is now only
identified with the Union League Club. He was married at River-
side, on November 25, 1875, his wife being Miss Josephine, daugh-
ter of the late Ezra L. Sherman, of Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Wells
have three children: Grace, Alice, and Coddington Hillings.
HENRY WHIITI.K was forever fifteen years a Methodist Episco-
pal minister in regular work, but now for some years has been a
local preacher and a dealer in real estate at No. 155 Washington
Street. He is a native of Ohio, born at Saybrook, Ashtabula Co.,
on September 15, 1825. His mother, whose maiden name was
Cehnda Wright, was the daughter of General Wright, for many
years the Government Land Commissioner of the whole Western
Reserve. His father, Angel Whipple. moved his family into Illi-
nois in 1830, and settled on a piece of wild land near the village of
Roscoe, Winnebago County. The village was started the year
before, and contained at that time about half a dozen houses Mr
\\ hippie bought a claim of 640 acres of land adjoining the village,
but to give his children better school privileges moved, in 1840 to
Mount Morris, in Ogle County; but returned to the farm in 1842,
where he died in January, 1843. The family were afflicted with
weaknessof the lungs and throat, and J. W. Whipple, an elder brother
< '1 I Icnry, had gone to 1 exas as a home missionary, partly to try the
et ol the climate on his health, but expecting shortly to die there
hygienic experiment proved successful and he 'recovered his
1th, and was followed by other members of the family for the
PARKS AM) IIOUI.EVARDS.
same purpose, and finally Henry rented the farm and took his wid-
owed mother, his sister and two younger brothers, James and Lewis,
and moved there in December, 1847. Leaving the family there to
form a permanent home, Henry returned to Illinois in the fall of
1848, and entered Mt. Morris school once more — this time to study
for the ministry. He finished his studies in one year, and in the
fall of 1850, was married to Charlotte P. Grant and joined the Rock
River Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. As a result
of this union they now have one living son, also a member of
Rock River Confe'rence and now stationed at Tampico, 111. In the
fall of 1856 Mr. Whipple was sent to Chicago and served the Des-
plaines-street Church for two years, and the East Indiana-street
imposed the duties, necessary to the opening of the con-
templated parks, together with the boulevards leading
to them.
On April 26, the Governor appointed Charles C. I".
Holden, Henry Greenebaum, George W, Stanford, E.
F. Runyan, Isaac R. Hitt, Clark Lipe, and P. W. Gates,
as commissioners. An organization of the Board was
effected on May 5.
While the limits within which the improvements
should be made have been fixed by the Act, their loca-
-
VIEW IN GARFIELD PARK.
Church for two years ; then, after an interval of two years spent
in ( '.alena, was returned to Chicago and took charge of the City
Mission for a period of rive consecutive years. His throat by this
time gave out ; in the midst of his greatest usefulness, he was
compelled to take a supernumerary relation for a term, but his
health not showing signs of improvement he finally located and
went into business. After leaving active labor in the regular work,
in 1865, he had made some purchases of real-estate and began to do
some building and commission work ; and when he finally was com-
pelled to locate, he formed a partnership with William M. True,
purchased a large tract on the North Side, and devoted himself
wholly to business. In 1869, he bought out Mr. True and the firm
of Whipple & True was dissolved. The great fire inflicted heavy
losses on him and greatly deranged his business by the destruction
of all his books and papers, but he resumed business again at once
and went on without going into bankruptcy. During the War, Mr.
Whipple was eloquent and active in promoting the Union cause, and
did much with voice and pen to forward the good work. He was
at the time pastor of the Indiana-street Church, and because so
many of his near relatives were in the South it was hinted that he
would be indifferent and lukewarm, if not actively hostile, to the
Union cause. But Mr. Whipple astonished and electrified his audi-
ences by the earnestness and eloquence with which he pleaded the
cause of the Union, and urged the liberation and enfranchisement of
the negro ; slavery being the disturbing element of the Government.
WEST SIDE PARKS.
The Act incorporating the West Side Park Commis-
sion was passed on February 27, 1869. It provided
for the appointment, by the Governor, of a board of
seven members, whose term of office should be seven
years, and conferred upon this body the powers, and
tion had been left to the discretion of the Commission.
On June 25, 1869, a commitee consisting of Messrs.
Greenebaum, Hitt, and Runyan was appointed, charged
with the preliminary labor of selecting or designating
the location of the parks. The limits and general
direction of the boulevard, as named in the law creating
the Board, were from the North Branch of the Chicago
River, commencing at a point north of Fullerton Ave-
nue; running thence west one mile or more, west of Wes-
tern Avenue ; and thence, southerly, with such curves
and deviations as the Board would deem expedient, to
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad tracks. The
parks were to be situated along the line of this boule-
vard, at such points as the Board might choose, subject
to certain restrictions. On July 15, the committee,
under direction of the Board, as required by law, sub-
mitted to the public ten plans, or suggestions, for the
location of the parks, which were exhibited for ten
days, and offers for the sale of land were invited, and
donations asked for. No offers being received, the
committee prepared three other plans, or suggestions,
which were, on August 5, submitted to the public, and
donations again requested. As a result, donations for
a portion of the boulevard were received, and fourteen
acres conditionally promised, to be used in the purchase
of the northern park. As was expected, immediately
upon the determination of the site of the parks and the
route ol the boulevards, property-owners began to place
HISTORY 01 CHICAGO.
culative valuation upon all land likely to he bene-
fitt (1 by the improvements. The Commission, howc\cr.
took .1 linn stand, refusing to buy unless large conccs-
- were mack- from prices which it believed to be
purely speculativf.
y in the progress of their work, the Commis-
sion found itself hampered by difficulties which,
under the then existing legislation, it was unable
to overcome; and in iS;j, it suggested, and took
steps to secure, amendments to the law then in force.
The first desideratum was. the connection of the boule-
vards in the West and South divisions. The rate of
taxation for park purposes one-half mill on the dollar
had been found inadequate. The repugnance of the
aver u to the payment of a tax for purposes
which he considered ornamental, had to be overcome.
1869, was seven and three-tenths mills; which produced
a revenue on the assessed value of this added territory,
over and above the assessment of 1868, of §19,946.29.
The rate of taxation in 1870, in the town, was eleven
and four-tenths mills, producing a revenue on this in-
creased assessment that year the lands selected for
parks and boulevards were excluded from assessment
amounting to $28,970.87. It thus appears that the
total additional revenue received by the city and town
from the added territory, from the time the park bill
went into effect up to the close of 1870, was $251,446.51.
The interest on the indebtedness incurred by the pur-
chase of the park lands, and the expenses of the Board
up to March i, 1871, amounted to $89,814.86 ; showing
a net gain to the revenue receipts of the city and town
of $161,631.65.
VIEW IN GARFIELD PARK.
The Commission directed attention to the almost
unparalleled appreciation of real estate in the Town of
West Chicago, consequent upon the improvements un-
dertaken by the Hoard, as shown by the assessed val-
uations. I!y the law creating the Commission and au-
thorizing the location of the parks, twelve square miles
were added to the Town of West Chicago and City of
Chicago. This land, in r.S68 the year before it was
thus added) was assessed and paid taxes on $429,660.
In the year 1869 the first year it was assessed by the
City of Chicago , the amount, including the assessment
on the 1-inds afterward taken for park and boulevard
purposes, was §6,455,230. The town assessment for
the same year was §3,038,841. In 1870, the city assess-
ment, excluding the lands taken for parks and boule-
vards, was §7,440,060. The town assessment for the
same year was §-,532.368. The rate of taxation levied
by the city, in each of these years, was fifteen mills on the
dollar; which, in 1X69. produced a revenue to the city
of 196,828.45, and in 1870, a revenue of §111.60090.
The rate of taxation in the Town of West Chicago, in
A bill for an Act designed to increase the amount
to be raised by taxation for park purposes was drafted
by the Commission, and submitted to the Chicago
legislative delegation before its introduction into the
Legislature. The limit of revenue to be derived from
this source was fixed by the Board at $150,000 per an-
num ; but the representatives from Chicago, when con-
sulted, reduced the sum to $80,000. During the fol-
lowing winter, an Act, popularly known as the " Park
Act," was passed (approved June 16, 1871), providing
for the levy and collection of a tax, for the improve-
ment of public parks and boulevards, of three mills on
the dollar upon the State and county assessment, with
a proviso that the aggregate amount thus raised should
not exceed the sum last mentioned.
Of the entire amount of land required by the Com-
mission under the plan finally adopted, four hundred
fifty acres had been acquired prior to May 12,
1870. On that date, the Hoard filed a petition in the
rcuit Court of Cook County for the appointment of
assessors to ascertain the value of the lands in cases
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
177
where an agreement with the owners could not be
made, and to assess the cost of the land already pur-
chased, increased by the value of the lands condemned,
upon the interests specially benefited. On May 19,
1870, the Circuit Court appointed Nathan Allen,
Pleasant Amick and Garrett L. Hoodless such assess-
ors, whose report was filed with the Board on July 12,
following ; and after due notice given and hearing ac-
corded by the Commission, that body, on July 25, pro-
cured confirmation of the same by the Circuit Court.
The three annual payments to be made on the land pur-
chased fell due on November i, 1871, 1872 and 1873,
from to constitute a sinking fund for the retirement, at
maturity, of the bonds which it was proposed to issue,
at a low rate of interest, to meet the rapidly accruing
obligations. This suggestion of the Board met the ap-
proval of the taxpayers, and steps were taken to secure
the desired legislation. No provision of law of the
character proposed was enacted until 1879; but at its
next session the Legislature passed " An Act in regard
to the completion, improvement and management of
Public Parks and Boulevards, and to provide a more
efficient remedy for the collection of delinquent taxes."
This Act defined the relative duties of the Park Com-
VIEW IN DOUGLAS PARK.
respectively, with interest at eight per cent, per annum
from the date of purchase. The first assessment or-
dered to meet these obligations was for $231,835.73.
The amount collected, less commission for collection,
was $169,887.51, leaving a deficiency of $55,810.9^ for
which judgments were rendered against the property at
the August term of the County Court, in 1871. Ap-
peals from these judgments were taken to the Circuit
Court, and were there pending when the court records
were destroyed in the conflagration of October, 1871.
To remove the incentive for such contests on the part
of property-owners, and at the same time lighten the
burden of meeting the necessary assessments, the Com-
mission proposed a scheme of legislation, whereby, in
lieu of raising the needed funds by three assessments
annually, ten should be made, the money arising there-
mission and corporate authorities, outlined the char-
acter of the improvements to be made, and contained
some stringent provisions, in considerable detail, for the
enforcement of the payment of delinquent park taxes.
It also authorized the Commission to negotiate for an
extension of time in which to meet maturing obliga-
tions, at a rate of interest not to exceed eight per
cent. Some measure of relief, of the character pro-
posed, was rendered necessary from the fact that a
number of the larger taxpayers had contested in the
courts the payment of special assessments made to
meet these obligations as they matured. Pending this
litigation, these assessments were not available to pay
debts of the Board. Two features of the law were of
special importance. The construction of sewers was
authorized, and the cost was directed to be assessed
I78
IIISI <)R\ (IK CHICAGO.
equitably upon all the property benefited, thus reducing
the amount necessary to be expended fnmi the geDeral
park fund for this purpose; and while the three-mill
tax provided for in the Act of 1871, was retained, the
$80,000 limit fixed l>y the earlier law was removed.
In 1X77, irregularities were charged in the conduct
of the Hoard's finances, anil investigations were ordered
by both the Commission and the West Town Hoard.
The Governor, in the exercise of his official discretion,
deemed it best that the Board be entirely reorganized.
Certain of the commissioners thereupon tendered their
nations to the Governor, who accepted them. The
1-Xecutive at once filled the vacancies thus created, and
removed the remaining members of the Commission,
a bill for authority to issue bonds for the purpose of
funding this debt at a low rate of interest. This was
granted by Act approved May 31, 1879, which em-
powered the corporate authorities to borrow a sum not
exceeding $300,000, issuing therefor bonds of the
denomination of $25 or any multiple thereof, to run for
not more than twenty years, and bearing interest at a
rate not greater than six per cent, per annum. To create
a sinking fund from which to meet the interest as it
accrued and redeem the bonds at maturity, the Board
was directed to reserve a portion of the park tax, not
exceeding one-half mill on the dollar. Under this Act,
the Commission, on July i, 1879, issued bonds to the
amount named, payable in twenty years and bearing five
VIEW IN DOUGLAS PARK.
appointing new commissioners to fill the places of those
removed. After somewhat protracted legal proceedings,
an entirely new Board came into official existence on
July 5, 1878. At that time, the treasury of the Board
was in a condition far from satisfactory, and an overdue
indebtedness of §424,360.41 had accrued. This was
largely attributable to the inability of the former Board
to collect the special assessments levied to pay maturing
bonds; it should not be ascribed to mismanagement on
the part of the Commission. It was evident that
measures must be taken at once to discharge this debt,
reduce the annual interest charge, and restore the credit
of the Board. Office salaries were reduced from $9,776
-;,752, ancl the amount thus saved applied to the
employment of laborers in the parks. In February,
1877, the Supreme Court rendered a decision sustaining
all the park assessments, thus rendering a large fund
available for the payment of pre-existing indebtedness.
Through collections made from this source, and the
practice of careful economy, the new administration
paid, during it, first liseal year, $96,49=;. 64 on account
of the former indebtedness. The Hoard again prepared
per cent, interest. The bonds were sold at par on the
day of their issue, and the money applied to the re-
demption of overdue paper.
The financial situation at the beginning of the next
fiscal year was considered by the Board as satisfactory,
there being sufficient assets to meet all current claims.
The Board, therefore, felt at liberty to proceed ener-
getically with the work of improvement. A clearer
conception of the amount and character of the work
done up to this time maybe obtained by an understand-
ing of the original designs for each park. The improve-
ments have been carried out substantially in accordance
with these plans.
In 1871, Messrs. Jenney, Schermerhorn and Bogart,
architects and engineers, were employed by the Com-
mission to prepare designs for the improvements of the
parks, and superintend their construction.
DOUGLAS PARK.— The proposed area of Douglas
I ark was one hundred and eighty-two acres, of which
one hundred and seventy-one and fifteen one-hundredths
acres had been secured when the engineers and archi-
tects presented their first reports. ' The problem of
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
179
drainage was one of the first which presented itself. It
was believed that a large amount might be saved in the
cost of sewerage, by providing a reservoir in each park,
sufficiently large to receive all the water falling upon
the entire park area during the severest storms, from
which it might easily be drained into the street sewers.
To accomplish this, excavations were made for lakes in
each park, with banks sufficiently raised above the water
level to form a reservoir and receive the natural drain-
age. The earth removed for the formation of these
lakes furnished a portion of the material needed to se-
cure graceful undulations of surface. In Douglas Park,
a very large water surface, covering one-fourth of the
area of the park, was decided upon. Another mo-
to the north, crossing the narrows of the lake. In con-
nection with this drive was placed the esplanade, with
its concourse. The music-stand was placed on the
esplanade, and trees were arranged on concentric and
radial lines. The bridge parapet was continued around
the water-side of the esplanade, and along a part of the
drive where it bordered the lake, giving to the drive,
at this point, the effect of a bridge. A refectory, with
broad verandah and boat-landing, was erected on the
shore of the promontory to the south. Douglas Boule-
vard leaves the park on the northwest. Its junction
with the park-drive was treated, formally, with a green
space surrounded by shade-trees; a fountain, with a
a large basin, was placed in its center, and cut-stone
VIEW IN GARFIELD PARK.
tive that induced this step was the prospective ne-
cessity for a very large amount of material (estimated
at five hundred thousand cubic yards), to be employed
in " filling-in " when city grades in the vicinity of the
park were established. The lake thus became the prin-
cipal feature of the park; the architectural constructions
were placed near its banks; the drives encircled it; fre-
quent vistas were arranged; the esplanade, with its shade-
trees and music-stand, was located on an island in the
center of the lake, connected by a bridge with the east-
ern shore. Openings were arranged in the planting, so
that the architectural features might be seen from the
drive. The principal entrances to the park from the
city are Ogden Avenue and Twelfth Street. The latter
was treated as a broad plaza, of triangular shape, orna-
mented with a fountain. Immediately within the en-
trance was arranged a circular space, designed to serve
as a site for a Douglas monument, from which this en-
trance was styled Douglas Gate. At the Ogden Avenue
entrance was laid out a circular space, with central plant-
ing, to shut off the direct view from the avenue into the
park. The drive then passes, by gentle curves, a little
watering troughs at its corners. Provision was made,
on the south line of the park, for a boulevard to connect
with the South Park. In the southeast corner of the
park, which is very near the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad tracks, was erected a waiting-house,
for the accommodation of those leaving by that road.
GARFIELD PARK. — This park (formerly known as
Central Park), embraces one hundred and eighty-two
acres. Its northern boundary is the Chicago & North-
Western Railway tracks, and its southern limit is the
Barry Point Road. It is divided into northern, central
and southern sections by Lake and Madison streets,
which public interest required should be kept open to
traffic. To conceal these streets from view, the design
of the engineer was to construct a low, retreating wall,
and an embankment on either side of each roadway;
the embankment to be as steep as the material would
permit on the side toward the street, and sloping gently
into the park on the opposite side, and the banks to be
densely planted with trees and shrubs, to obstruct both
view and dust. Crossing the two streets, and connect-
ing the sections of the park, it was proposed to con-
i8o
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
struct a viaduct of masonry, with a single arch of about
sixty-eight feet span. These bridges were to be of
sufiidrnt width to accommodate a wylk fifteen feet wide,
and a border for planting of a width of twenty fret, mi
either side of a driveway of fifty feet. Different designs
for improvement \vere -.invested for the three sections
of the park. The central and larger, containing eighty-
three acres, was selected for the highest ornamentation.
A large lake was proposed to be excavated, for the
same reasons as prompted that feature in Douglas
1'ark. The design included a division of the lake by a
peninsula, allowing the construction of a cross-road,
affording a short drive or a quick transit through the
parks. Washington (late, on the eastern side, on a
VIEW IN HUMBOLDT PARK.
direct line with the center of Washington Boulevard,
was to afford ingress from the most important avenues
of the West Division. On the shore of the lower lake
were to be picnic grounds, opposite an island, where
to be erected a chalet, a pavilion and a rustic
shelter. It was designed that this portion of the park
should be pastoral in character, and its architecture
and construction simple and rural. In contrast to
this, the plan contemplated elaborate ornamentation of
the upper lake and its surroundings; a large and impos-
ing terrace, a gilded and highly-colored music-stand
of the Byzantine style of architecture, tiled floors, cut-
stone parapets, and circular corner-pavilions were
among the devices designed. Close to the drive-way
was the refectory. Outside of the terrace was to be a
second drive. Broad boat-landings, with vine-covered
arbors, were to afford sheltered seats for pedestrians
and serve the double purpose of convenience and orna-
mentation. The northern portion of the park embraced
but thirty acres, and was separated from the central
portion by Lake Street The landscape architects em-
ployed to submit a design for improvement were of
opinion that an extensive close-cut lawn would afford a
pleasing and striking contrast with the wildness and
aridity of the surrounding prairie, during the drouth of
midsummer. It was suggested that such a lawn might
serve an excellent purpose for croquet parties and base-
bail games, while a proposed shelter at the lower end
would furnish a place where refreshments might be
provided. The design originally submitted contem-
plated the devotion of the southern section of the park-
to the purposes of a museum of natural history, and for
greenhouses, plant-houses and a winter garden.
HUMBOLDT PARK. — The natural features of Hum-
boldt Park were, in some respects, more favorable to
improvement and adornment than either of the others.
On the one hand, the ground is suffi-
ciently high to require no filling in;
and, on the other, its territory was not
crossed by public highways which the
Commission had no right to close.
From the city, the important ap-
proaches to this park are Central Bou-
levard and Grand Avenue on the south,
and Division Street and North Avenue
on the east. Taking advantage of the
boulevard between Grand Avenue and
the park, the engineers suggested a
grand plaza, embracing the whole width
(four hundred feet), adorned with a
monument and fountains, and bordered
by a double line of shade-trees. The
Division-street entrance was planned
as a quadrant of two hundred feet
radius, bisected by the avenue, the sec-
tors being proposed as sites for mon-
uments. To secure an undulating
surface, as well as to meet the require-
ments of drainage, a large lake surface
was an imperative necessity. The lake
was to extend in a somewhat di-
agonal direction nearly across the
center, so arranged as to allow the
most extended vistas within the
capabilities of the park limits.
Near the center of the lake were
to be two terraces, inclining on a
diagonal from the southeast to the
northwest. A fountain was to
adorn the lower terrace, while in the
center of the upper was to be reserved a site for a
Humboldt Monument. The general scheme for the
adornment of the park, the plans for walks, drives, for
pleasure grounds, plateaux (including the concourse),
architectural structures, etc., were similar to those sug-
gested for Douglas and Garfield parks.
BOULEVARDS.— The system of parks in the West
Division of the city is completed by boulevards connect-
ing the different parks, extending north and east to
the boulevard from Lincoln Park, and south to the
boulevard from the South Parks, thus forming a con-
tinuous drive around the city, varied at intervals by
the different parks and the enlargement at each point
of divergence or change of direction. In design, the
boulevards are elongated parks. As, however, the
width forms but a small fraction of the length, the
drives naturally become straight lines, and a formal
character is stamped upon the whole design.
The boulevards which pertain to the West Park Sys-
tem may be briefly sketched as follows- Leaving
Douglas Park on the west is Douglas Boulevard two
hundred and fifty feet in width. One hundred feet of
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
181
the center was reserved for a lawn space, to be planted
with shade-trees near the drives ; on either side of the
central lawn was proposed a drive of fifty feet, sepa-
rated by a line of trees from a sidewalk twenty-five feet
wide. Where the cross-streets intersect the boulevards,
parallelograms are formed, affording an opportunity
for a variety of ornamentation.
From Garfield to Humboldt Park extends Central
Boulevard. The design for its improvement embraced
a central drive, fifty feet in width, bordered by spaces,
fifty-one feet wide, on either side. Through the center
of one of these spaces was a bridle-path, twenty feet
petition signed by the owners of a majority of the
frontage of the abutting property, the City Council, on
September 29, 1879, conveyed to the Commission, by
ordinance, the control of Washington Street from Hal-
sted Street to Central (now Garfield) Park, reserving all
powers in relation to sewers and water and gas-pipes,
and their connections. Plans and specifications for the
improvement of the street were adopted by the Board,
and the estimates were confirmed by the court, without
opposition, on March 21, 1881. The sewer connections
were repaired, water-pipes lowered, water and gas
mains altered and connections made, and work was be-
VIEW IN JEFFERSON PARK.
in width ; through the other, an eight-foot path. Side
roads, twenty-five feet in width, adjoined these borders,
flanked by sidewalks twenty-four feet wide. Six
lines of trees were proposed, thirty feet from centers,
on lines bordering the side roads and the drives.
The general design submitted for the improvement of
Humboldt Boulevard, leading in a general northeasterly
direction from Humboldt Park, was similar to that for
Central Boulevard. A central driveway, of fifty feet in
width, was placed between two neighboring roads, each
twenty-five feet wide, adjoining which were broad walks
and a bridle-path.
The plans suggested have undergone some modifi-
cation, but their main features were adopted. A con-
siderable part of the work contemplated has been
completed.
In accordance with legislative enactment and a
gun on the roadway on September 13. Washington
Boulevard was extended through Union Park, secur-
ing a broad, direct and continuous avenue approach to
Garfield Park, from which, between certain points,
traffic teams are excluded.
In order to secure uniformity of administration in
the West Side Park System, the City Council, in the
autumn of 1885, placed under the Commission's con-
trol the four small parks in that Division, — Union,
Jefferson, Vernon and Wicker ; the two former by
ordinance of October 12, and the two latter on Novem-
ber 9.
COST. — The total cost of land, maintenance and im-
provements in the West Chicago Park and Boulevard
System, from its inception until 1885, is shown in the
following summary:
182
HISTORY <>F CHICAGO.
IMHV.I.AS I'AKK.
t .if land, average per acre. §1,34* $242, 4°7
• •I improvement aid maintenance — 21 i.<>\-
§457,039 92
G \KHKI II I'AKK.
Cost of land, average per acre, $2.449-- $455, 'Io
.f improvement and maintenance. - . 457, 723
nrMnoi.nr PARK.
Cost of land, average per acre, $1,325 . - $265,831
Of improvement and maintenance--. 355,886
6?
25
— 912,833 92
24
10
621,717 34
i AR1>.
Cost of land, average per acre, $900 8 27,569 60
mcnt and maintenance — 40,622 98
68,192 58
CENTRAL BOU1 I • VARII.
• if land, average per acre, §1,178... S 61,555
Cost of improvement and maintenance — 144,876
206,432 39
nr.Miioi.HT !;<n I.KYARD.
Cost of land, average per .. S 30,085 II
Cost oi maintenance and improvement... 9,148 52
39,233 63
Total $2,305,449 78
The area in acres) of the parks and boulevards
under control of the West Chicago Park Commission,
with the extent of various improvements made therein,
a iv shown below :
GKOUI.K WILSON STANFORD was born on February 31, 1833,
at Wheeler, Su-iiU-n Co., V V., liis parents being Charles and Jeru-
sha (Uudwick) Stanford, lie worked upon his father's farm until
lie \\.is u\cnty-one years old. On attaining his majority (1854) he
went to Si. huil :ind began his professional studies. One year
later he removed to Kenosha, at which city he was admitted to the
liar in I une. 1*5(1. Karly foreseeing the possible future metropoli-
tan character of Chicago, he at once established himself here. Two
\ears later, he formed a partnership with Jasper I). Ward (after-
ward a member of ( 'ongress from this city). This partnership term-
inated in is;!), when Mr. Ward removed to Colorado. He was
appointed a member of the Hoard of West Chicago I'ark Commis-
sioners by ( lovernor 1'almer, in 1869. He was, on its organization,
chosen president of the Hoard and was re-elected eight times, and
from the hour of his appointment until the date of his resignation,
in 1877, devoted not only his best energies but the greater portion
of his time to his official duties. It was his professional eye that
detected the legal imperfections and inconsistencies of the original
Act creating the Hoard, and it was he who suggested the main fea-
tures of the supplemental bill which afterward (in its fundamental
points) received legislative sanction, and under which the West Side
park and boulevard system has become one of the city's chief attrac-
tions. To appreciate Mr. Stanford's labors in this regard, it must be
remembered that the Commissioners encountered no little opposition
in their labors from constitutional " tax-lighters," and the adoption
by the Hoard of the conservative and conciliatory policy urged by
Mr. Stanford went far toward nullifying a baseless hostility. The
litigation, inseparable from the prosecution of any public improve-
ment, which was encountered in carrying out the law was conducted
under his supervision, and with marked success. It is not too much
to say that to his unflagging interest and unwearied devotion in the
discharge of the duties of this trust, is to be attributed no small share
of the growth toward symmetry and beauty noticeable, during his
administration, of the West Side system. Mr. Stanford's first wife
llmnlioldt
Park
Oarfield
Park.
Douglas
Park.
Doufilas
Koulevard.
Humboldt
Houlevard.
Central
Boulevard.
Washington
Boulevard.
So. -Western
Boulevard.
Total.
Area of land purchased (acres) .
Area of land improved (.
2OO.62
95.00
185.87
80.00
179-79
115.00
39-48
9.00
75.60
52.11
25.0O
29.00
29.00
64.00
82647
353-00
Lineal feet of drives finished. ..
10,462
I 2 , 690
12,937
8,382
9,618
9,004
8,879
....
11,000
15,840
i 5 , 840
....
68,736
45 9*6
Area of lakes excavated (acres) .
I?
56 165
17
24 (m
16
7K 46l
s47
7lS
625
50
The names of the members and officers of the West
Chicago Park Commission, from its organization to 1885,
with their respective terms of office, were —
Commissioners — Charles C. P. Holden, 1869-79 ; Henry
Creenebaum, 1869-77; George W. Stanford, 1869-77; E. F.
Human, 1869-76; Isaac R. Ilitt, 1869-73; Clark Lipe, 1869-78;
1 Cole, 1869-75; Emil Dreier, 1873-75; Louis Schultze,
1875-78 ; A. C. Millard, 1875-79 ; A- Muus, 1877-79 I Samuel H.
M.-t'rea, 1878-83; J. \V. Bennett, 1878-79; Willard Woodard,
1878-*-, ; SCMUS N". Wilcox, 1879-81 ; John Brenock, 1879-85 ;
Emil Wilken, 1879-81 ; E. Erwin Wood, 1879-81 ; George Rahlfs,
from 1879 ; J. Frank Lawrence, 1881-82; Harvey L. Thompson,
from iSSi ; Consider H. Carter, 1881-83; 1'atrick J. McGrath,
from 1882 ; Christian C. Kohlsaat, from 1883; David W. Clark,
from 1883; Henry S. Hurkhardt, from 1883.
/'/-, ./,/,///. — George W. Stanford, 1 869-77; Clark Lipe, 1877-78;
Willard Woodard, 1879-80; Sextus N. \Vilcox, 1880-81 ; Samuel
II. McCrea, 1881-83 ; John Brenock, 1883-84; Harvey L. Thomp-
son, 1884.
Treasurers — Henry Greenebaum, 1869-77; B. Loewenthal,
1878-80; John Buehler. 1880-84; Fred M. Hlount, 1884.
Auditors — E. F. Kunyan, 1860-76; Louis Schultze, 1876-78;
A. Mnus, 1878-79; John Brenock, 1879-81; Willard Woodard,
1881-82; J. Frank Lawrence, 1882-83; David W. Clark, from 1884.
.'•;>-/<•-> — Charles S. I.odding, 1869-76; Charles 1'roebsting,
77; A. C. Millard. 1*77-7') ; l<- McChesney, 1879-80; E.
E. \V<x)d, iSSo-bi ; Thomas J. Suddard, 1881-84; Charles F.
u-r, 1884.
men <m,l Architects — W. L. H. lenney, 1869-75; O. F.
Dubuisi 1881.
Attorneys — George W. Smith, 1882-83 ; William E. Mason,
from 1883.
was Miss Martha P. Allen, of Herkimer County, X. V.; his second
marriage occurred in 1870, his bride being Miss Lydia C. Avery.
LINCOLN PARK.
The original Act creating the Lincoln Park Com-
mission was approved on February 8, 1869. In this
Act, E. B. McCagg, J. B. Turner, Joseph Stockton,
Jacob Rehm, and Andrew Nelson were named as com-
missioners. An organization of the Board was effected
on March 16, 1869, by the election of E. B. McCagg as
president. As the law contemplated that Lincoln Park
should be a city park, the Board, acting under its pro-
visions, early applied to the Mayor of Chicago to issue
city bonds to an amount sufficient for the purchase
of the land to be embraced within its limits. The
Mayor having refused to take any action in the matter,
the Commission made application for a mandamus to
compel the issuance of the bonds. In the course of the
legal proceedings thus instituted, the original Act was
declared invalid, and, on June 16, 1871, another Act
was approved, providing for the appointment of a new
'Board, a question having been raised as to the power of
the Legislature to name the commissioners in the law.
In November, 1871, the Governor appointed as such
Board, Samuel M. Nickerson, Joseph Stockton, Belden
F. Culver, William H. Bradley and Francis H. Kales.
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
183
The original Board did little beyond topographically
studying the territory to be embraced in the park, and
preparing plans for its improvement. The most note-
worthy event during their administration was the partial
completion, and formal opening to the public, of the
Lake-shore Drive, fronting the park.
The first act of the new Board was to acquire the
land needed. Proceedings in condemnation were com-
pleted, and title secured to all the territory. The Act
of June 16, 1871, authorized the levying of a special
assessment for park purposes upon the lands benefited,
by the corporate authorities of the towns of North Chi-
cago and Lake View, within whose limits the park is
black soil have been employed. Resort was had, for
many years, to temporary expedients to protect the
shore. Their inutility and the gravity of the threatened
danger soon convinced the Commission of the neces-
sity for a permanent breakwater of a substantial char-
acter, and, in 1878, its construction was commenced.
The system adopted was that known as the Netherlands
plan, consisting of brush mattresses laid along the shore,
in a depth of from three to five feet of water, the surface
paved with stone. The cost averaged nine dollars a
lineal foot, and the work has proved adequate to the
resistance of all storms by which it has been tested.
As the work progressed, the space back of the break-
VIEW IN LINCOLN PARK.
situated. Under this law, in 1873, an assessment was
made, and confirmed by the Circuit Court. An appeal
having been taken to the Supreme Court, serious defects
in the law were discovered, and new legislation was
asked by the Commission, in order that the law might
conform to the decision. Under an Act approved Feb-
ruary 18, 1874, the assessor and supervisor of North
Chicago made another special assessment, which was
sustained, on appeal to the court of last resort, on all
lands in that town deemed benefited by the proposed
improvement.
Its frontage of two and a quarter miles on Lake
Michigan affording an opportunity for a driveway with
unsurpassed views, Lincoln Park enjoys one conspicuous
advantage over the other city pleasure-grounds. Its
natural features, however, are such as render its im-
provement a work of no small difficulty. Much of the
land embraced within its limits was originally a barren,
sandy waste ; its entire surface is sandy and destitute of
natural shade; and the constant menace of encroach-
ment by the Lake necessitated unceasing vigilance. To
subjugate the soil, more than one hundred thousand
cubic yards of clay, and tens of thousands of yards of
water was filled and graded, and improved by appropri-
ate planting. Despite these natural obstacles, the park
has been converted into a delightful pleasure resort,
and has constantly grown in popular favor. Bordered
on two sides by a dense population, and easily reached,
it is pre-eminently the resort of the people ; its pleas-
ures are enjoyed by the poor as well as the rich. The
improvements have been mainly designed by Olof Ben-
son, and have been carried forward under his superin-
tendence. The treatment of the park has been of the
simplest and most economical character consistent with
good taste and the public requirements, and costly
architectural display has been studiously avoided. The
aim of the Commission has been, from the outset of the
work, to limit the expenditure to the means under its
control, and, with the exception of the obligations
incurred under the law in the purchase of land, the
Board has no debts. No commissioner has ever re-
ceived any compensation for his services, and during
the ten years from 1869 to 1879 the entire amount
expended in salaries hardly exceeded $31,000.
1 )uring the spring of 1878, the pier at North Avenue
was converted by the Board into a floating hospital, the
184
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
object being to afford a spot where ailing children
might find benefit from the invigorating breezes of
Lake Michigan.
The Commission also availed itself of the funds at
its disposal for the exercise of the truest charity in
another direction. A winter force of laborers, as large
as could profitably be employed, was recruited from the
ranks of the unemployed workmen of North Chicago
and Lake View, by the adoption of which system many
families were relieved from want.
The value of a zoological collection, as one of the
features of the park, was early recognized by the Com-
mission. Economic reasons, however, forbade any
outlay in this direction beyond that needed for the
proper care of such specimens of natural history as were
donated to the Board. The collection mainly embraced
animals peculiar to the country; it is neither large nor
rare, yet for years it has proved a source of much inter-
est and pleasure to visitors at the park. Paddocks,
covering several acres, have been inclosed for the
accommodation of deer and elk, and a series of admira-
bly designed bear-pits constructed. In speaking of the
animal collection, in its annual report for 1879, the
Commission says : " Propositions have frequently been
made to the Board to furnish a collection of animals
equal in variety to any in this country; a small admis-
sion to be charged until the purchase-price was met.
All such offers have been declined."
-Much difficulty was encountered in relation to the
water supply. Two artesian wells , one thousand one
hundred and fifty and one thousand five hundred feet
deep, respectively) were sunk at an early day. After
some years the supply thus secured materially dimin-
ished, and proved adequate only for the purpose of
supplying the lakes within the park— a season of drouth
rendered very difficult the preservation of lawns and
trees; and, in 1877, the Commission was compelled
to have recourse to the water-works of Chicago and
Lake View, the water-tax forming a not inconsiderable
item in the expenditures of the Board.
The appended tables afford an epitomized statement
of thecost_of Lincoln Park to the public, and the man-
ner in which the funds have been disbursed:
One of the most attractive features of the park is
the floral display, which is hardly surpassed elsewhere.
The members and officers of the Lincoln Park Com-
mission, from its original date of organization, have
been —
Cnwiiiixsiiiiit-rs — E/ra I!. McCagg, 1869-71; J. B. Turner,
1869-71 ; Joseph Storkton. from iS(>i>: Jacob Kehm, 1869-71, and
1874-76; . \mlre\v Nelson, 1869-71; Samuel .M . Nickerson,
1871-74; William II. Bradley, 1871-74; Francis H. Kales,
1871-74; Belden V. Culver, 1871-77; !•'. II. Winston, from 1874;
A. C. Ik-sing, 1874-76; T. K. Withrow, from 1876; L. J. Kadish,
1876-83; Max 1 1 jorstsberg, 1877-80; Isaac N. Arnold, 1880-84;
Charles Catlin, from 1883; J. Mcdrc-gur Adams, from 1884.
J'rcsii/i'ii/s — E. 1!. McCagg, 1869-71 ; B. K. Culver, 1871-74;
F. H. Winston, from 1874.
Sffirtiiiy — E. S. Taylor, from 1871.
Trfusinvrs — John lielvoven, till 1883; C. J. Blair, from 1883.
Sitfi-riii/ciulfii/i—O\oi Benson, 1871-83 ; II. J. DeVry, from
1883.
I'I.KASANT AMICK, dealer in real estate, is one of the best
known citizens of Chicago, and one, too, thoroughly well-liked. He
has been a resident of this city since 1844 — over forty years — and
connected with the west town or city Assessor and Collector's office,
either as principal or deputy, for fourteen years ; exhibiting while
in office a capacity and fairness in his delicate duties which won for
him universal favor from all parties. Beginning with the fall of
iS64,he was elected collector for the West Side on the same ticket
with Abraham Lincoln in his second term, and the following year re-
fused the nomination in favor of Jacob Gross, — the one-armed
soldier — our present State Treasurer. In 1867, he was elected ( ity
Assessor by the Council and was succeeded, in 1869. by the late
Major Lew II. Druery. That fall he opened a real estate office in
the Major Block, removing to the Bryan Block just before the fire
— which was largely responsible for his sudden removal therefrom
in October, 1871. He, however, resumed elsewhere. In 1876,
James N. Clark was elected West Town Assessor, and Mr. Amick
served as deputy in the real-estate department during his two terms,
and as chief deputy during that of his successor, Thomas Brennan.
The following year, 1879, ne was defeated by Joseph Sokup by a bare
majority, after all deductions, of about one hundred and fifty, but
served as his chief deputy during his term of office. In 1880, he
ran again and was elected by three thousand four hundred and two
majority, running ahead of his ticket over three thousand votes. In
the close election of 1881, he again won by one hundred and eight
majority, but was the only one elected on the republican ticket. At
the end of his term of office he finally abandoned political life, and
has since devoted himself to his real-estate business, for which his
long service as assessor, and the large circle of friends he formed by
its means, give him peculiar advantages. Mr. Amick is a native of
Cassopolis, Mich., born on October 14, 1834. His parents, Jamb
and Rachel (Corron) Amick, were natives of West Virginia, and
( )n what account expended.
From
1869 to 1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Total.
Land
$ 808,900 38
625,694 07
174,048 92
4,347 «4
38,000 81
31,324 32
25,482 70
8,158 25
8,905 91
9,798 15
8198,219 01
93,580 04
54,405 oo
17 oi
388 81
4.999 99
575 oo
I.I55 27
3,578 42
388 90
$ 48.478 15
106,450 49
57,182 12
315 oo
7,625 82
5,000 oo
8 44,457 09
103,809 71
49-535 oo
649 04
8,706 47
4,841 65
1,409 70
1,383 06
5,735 29
323 15
$ 43,776 12
117,489 37
41,385 oo
476 27
9,833 96
4,000 oo
15 oo
1,520 06
3.295 17
V35 95
$ 73,999 20
109,103 25
42,446 oo
1,326 89
10, 181 98
5,946 60
12 43
1,251 51
10,170 45
703 44
$ 53,344 87
138,801 g.|
41,100 oo
2,296 92
12,051 21
6,699 96
1,106 oo
1,293 40
7,225 35
885 46
81,271,174 82
1,294,928 87
460,102 04
9,428 97
86,789 06
62,812 52
28,600 83
16,173 85
49,064 54
13,335 81
Improvement and maintenance
Interest on bonds
Interest on indebtedness
Police
Salaries
Legal expenses
Office expenses
1,412 30
10,153 95
500 76
Water expenses
Miscellaneous
Total
$1,734,661 35
S357.307 45
$237_ii8 59
$220,850 16
$222,526 90
$255,141 75
!> 264, 805 ii
$3,292,411 31
rce.
From
1869 to 1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Totals.
From taxes
$710.283 95
422,226 09
1,693 II
613,051 75
$112,009 99
105,642 18
440 oo
147,179 47
$126,176 21
108,476 83
1,036 87
$119,985 34
93,226 57
M.757 06
$101,522 82
56,473 oo
39,497 68
$154,562 20
99,287 66
45,729 21
$141,078 86
78,149 21
30,694 68
$1,465,619 37
963,481 54
133,848 65
760,231 22
From assessments
From sundry sources .
From sale of bonds - -
Totals
$1.747,254 90
$365,271 64
$235,689 yi
$227,968 97
$'97,493 50
*:N' i,?79 07
$249,922 75
$3,323.180 74
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
came to Michigan about 1830. Five years later they moved to
Plato, in Kane Co., 111., where they lived on a farm until the spring
of 1844, when they came to Chicago. Young Amick attended the
Scammon School, until 1848, under A. D. Sturtevant, who was then
principal, when he entered the grocery store of C. D. Robinson —
now in California. The following year he began to work for J. 1!.
Doggett, a grocer, with whom he remained until 1855. lie was
then twenty-one years old and, having accumulated some capital,
started in the same business for himself at No. 58 \Vcst Randolph
Street. He succeeded very well and continued until the year be-
fore the War, when he sold out. In 1849, his father went to Cali-
fornia where he died in 1850, leaving the family on the hands of
Pleasant — his oldest son. That duty he discharged faithfully, rear-
ing and educating two younger brothers, both of whom entered the
Army and each made a singularly meritorious record. Their names
were Hiram and Myron J. Mr. Amick was himself unfitted for
ent time (1886) Chicago will contain a round million of inhabitants.
Although Mr. Carbine reached the city when the cholera was at the
height of its ravages, he at once engaged in the real-estate business,
and has so busied himself continuously up to the present time. Al-
though sixty-six years of age, he still enjoys a vigorous constitution
which has been built up by hard work and close application. His
time is now fully occupied in looking after his own real-estate, which
is situated all over the city. The bulk of his property, however,
which is both of a business and residence nature, is located on Lake
Street, between May and Curtis, on Randolph between the same
streets, and Ann and May, on Curtis Street between Fulton and
Lake, and on South I >esplaines. Mr. Carbine's wife was formerly
Miss Sarah liradbury. They have two children living, Mrs. J. \V.
Newburn and Mrs. F. F. Bluhm. Mr. Carbine has had little op-
portunity to indulge in social pleasures, his life has been such a
busy one. The only order of which he is a member is that of the
VIEW IN UNION PARK.
the hardships of the field by reason of a physical infirmity, and was
engaged in general trade during the greater part of the War. In
Mr. Amick was made a member of National Lodge, No. 596,
A.I1'. i\: A.M., in Chicago. lie had become an Odd Fellow in
1856, being one of the Charter members of Fort Dearborn Loc'gi-,
No. 218, but has affiliated only with the Masons for some years. On
November 15, 1854, while still in the employ of J. 15. Doggett, he
married Miss Julia S. Bishop, who, with her brothers and sisters,
were his companions in the old Scammon School. Two children
were born to them, — Frank S. and Stella J.
THOMAS CARBINE, one of the early settlers and prominent
real-estate men of the West Side, is a native of England, and was
born on* )ctober 22, 1819. In May, 1840, he came to Utica, Oneida
Co., N. Y., where he remained for over fourteen years, wording
hard and accumulating a little property. In the year 1854, he came
West, visiting many of its most promising localities. Even at that
early day he was convinced that at or near St Paul and Minneapolis
was to spring up a flourishing city. After visiting St. Louis, how-
ever, he came to Chicago, having been greatly impressed with the
energy and enterpriseof its people and its tine geographical location.
On August 15, 1854, he located in the cityand has never had reason
to regret his choice or change the idea he then formed as to its
future greatness. He even predicts that in five years from the pres-
I.O.O.F., with which he has been connected for over thirty years.
He is a member of Excelsior Lodge, No. 22.
VOPICKA & KUBIN. — This real-estate firm was established in
1882 by Charles J. Vopickaand Otto Kubin. Both gentlemen are
Bohemians, the former coming to this country in 1876, the latter in
1866. Mr. Vopicka was for some years engaged in the trunk man-
ufactory of Mr. Secor, at Racim-, Wis. , and afterward for C. F.
Schumacher iV Sons, one of the oldest real-estate dealers in Chicago,
commencing with them in 1880. Mr. Kubin after arriving in this
country was for a time in Baltimore, Md., and, in 1867, came to
Chicago. In 1870, he commenced working for Mandel Bros., re-
maining with them until the formation of the present firm of Vo-
picka & Kubin. This firm has a fine office at No. 207 West Twelfth
Street, and have sold during the past year about $300,000 of real
estate. Besides dealing in real estate they also are loan and insur-
ance agents, and agents for the following passenger steamship lines
— the North German Lloyd, the 1 lamburg American Packet Com-
pany, the Inman, American and Red Star Lines. The First Na-
tional Building, Loan and Homestead Association of Chicago meets
weekly in the office of Vopicka & Kubin. This Association was in-
corporated in the spring of 1883, under an act of the Legislature of
Illinois, which went into force July I, 1879, and v.vieh was passed
to enable associations of persons to become bodies corporate, and to
i86
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
raise fuiuls lo lend only to llioir members. The tir-t otin vis of this
.uion were. Jan Geringer, president; Jan /asadil, vice-presi-
dent; Josef Koubik, treasurer; Otto Kubin, secretary ; Fred. Novy
and K. J. Schlesinger, assistant secretaries. The first directors
were, for one year, Martin Ilejduk, Vaclav Mlejnek and Albert
Klimes; for two years, Joseph 11. ise, Charles I. Vopicka and Charles
,-lvik /.a\aell, Ferdinand Kubicek and
Josef 1'ugner. F.ach share of stuck in this company is §100, and
Mass., in an i-arly day, and settled in Hartford. Lemuel J. was
born on January lo, 1820, the youngest of two families. The
senior Swift was a painter by trade and amassed a considerable for-
tune; but, dying while the youngest child was but four or live years
old, the widow and her children were made penniless by the dis-
honesty of a partner and the delays of the law. On account of
delicate health, Lemuel was taken from school at the age of eight,
and at ten put to work on a farm, where he worked and recuperated
members are permitted to become members and share-holders by
paying twenty-live cents per week on each share held. It was
through the existence of this and similar associations that Vopicka
iv Kubin have been enabled to make such extensive sales. The
treasurer. The purposes of the Associatio'n are similar to those of
its pi.
DAXIKI. R. MrAri.EY, dealer in real-estate and loans, at No
is2 \\est Madison Street, was born in Chicago, on March 17, 1857
He passed through the public schools and afterward took a special
course in the Christian Brothers' Academy. Leaving school at the
age of fifteen he entered the Fidelity Hank, as a messenger boy.
lie remained with that institution until the time of its failure in
at which time he had charge of her local collection boo'ks
I he tW!> years following he was employed by the receivers of the
defunct concern and the State Saving Bank. He then entered the
Mate office of E A. Cmmnings & Co. He remained with this
irm until June, i < ,. when, in partnership with his step-father
whose name, In a strange coincidence was also McAuley embarked
in the real-estate business, which was successfully carried on undet
the hrm nameof M. ,V 1 ). K. McAuley, until February 1884 when
Daniel purchased his step-father's interest, and has since continued
the business alone. Daniel's father was one of the pioneers of
igo, having come to this section in an early day, when what is
now the metropolis of the prairies was but a mere village and was
quite an extensive dealer in real estate. Daniel R. McAuley has made
! his business, which may be attributed to his'enterprise
Kilty. As an important factor in the reputation of the citv he
has won a prominent rank by honest, earnest effort. He was mar-
ried in November, 1883, to Miss \ellie T. Scannell.
I. i:\ti KLj. SWIFT, real-estate and loans, is a native of Hart-
lis father Lemuel Swift, removed from old Hadlcv
his constitution until he was fourteen, when he went into a
dry-goods store. At twenty -two he and Joseph Williams
were in partnership in the dry-goods business in Hartford,
which continued for three years. In 1846, he left Hartford
for Owego, in Tioga Co., N. Y., where he became associated
with the well-known Chicago wholesale jeweler, Newell Mat son,
then handling dry goods, jewelry, yankee notions, etc., at
Owego. With short interruptions this acquaintance and busi-
ness relation, in various forms, lasted until 1869, long after
both came to Chicago. His first engagement with Mr. Matson
lasted for six years, and after three years spent in Dansville, N.
Y., in independent trade with Charles Truman, as Swift &
Truman, he returned to Matson for another year. Again, after
a short interregnum, he took charge of a branch store in 1'aines-
ville, Ohio, for Matson, and remained there during four years.
Early in the spring of 1858, he came to Chicago and was a year with
James II. Hoes in the same line of business. In 1864, Mr. Matson
bought a controlling interest in the business of Mr. Hoes, and Mr.
Swift again entered into the employ of Matson & Hoes, where he
remained until 1869. In that year, he began to solicit insurance —
both life and fire— first for the late Professor William II. Wells for
two years, — and afterward for William E. Rollo and others, until
1871. The great fire was a serious interruption to his affairs
although he lost nothing directly by it, but he ultimately resumed
the business, which he continued until he went into the real-estate
business in 1874. In 1875, he formed a partnership with George
Dunlap, which as Diinlap tv Swift, lasted until April, 1884, when Mr.
Swift bought Mr. Dunlapout. His business has always been confined
to the West Side, where he does a general real-estate and broker-
age business. I le attends also to house renting, loans and collec-
tions, lie was a member of the old Tabernacle Church from 1858,
and his connection with the Second Baptist Church dates from its
organization. It then numbered two hundred and ninety members
in 1864, — now it has over one thousand three hundred. Mr. Swift
has held nearly every possible official relation to the Church during
his membership. He has been superintendent of the Sunday School,
clerk for nineteen years (when he was also financial agent), deacon
and trustee. All these positions he has now resigned except that of
trustee, his age and cares excusing him from further service. In
1842, he was married to Miss Harriet Tyler, of Hartford, Conn.,
by whom he had four children, only one' of whom is now living —
Mrs. Clara Xourse, wife of John A. Nourse of this city. In 1860,
his wife died, and, in 1869, he married Miss Adeline Rundell.
DENNIS QUILL is a specimen of Chicago's successful business
PARKS AND BOULEVARDS.
187
men, shrewd, enterprising and liberal. A sketch of his life deserves
:i place in this volume, as it is typical of what unbounded energy
and perseverance will accomplish. Mr. Quill was horn in Drew--
court, County Limerick, Ireland, on July 13, 1832, a son of Patrick
and Mary (O'Brien) Quill. In 1852, he emigrated to America,
leaving his people in his native land. His first employment was as
fireman in Sweney's Hotel, on the I'.owery, New York City. He
went to work, in September, 1852, and remained there until Octo-
ber I, 1853, when he came to Chicago. Mr. Quill was a raw Irish
lad when he came to America, and innocent to a great degree.
The first employment he found was polishing marble, for the firm
of Schureman iV Hoffman; he remained with them for three years,
and then was employed by H. cX: O. Wilson, marble dealers,
located on State Street, where the Hale Building afterward was
erected. At the outbreak of the War, he was engaged in teaming,
and when opportunity afforded bought job lots of Hour. Eventually
he entered into the manufacture of paste, at No. <jd West Quincy
Street, supplying bill-posters, paper-box manufacturers, etc., a
business to which he devoted his entire attention. Mr. Quill has
been one of the lucky dealers in real-estate, and is a great believer
in the constant future increase of property values. He owns a large
amount of real-estate, both in Chicago and the suburbs. Space
will suffice to give but one instance of his transactions: In 1879,
shortly before the wholesale trade concentrated so largely on
Adams, Monroe, Franklin and Market streets, Mr. Quill bought of
1'hilo (His a piece of ground, twenty-five feet front on Adams
Street, between Franklin and Market, for $120 per foot. Land
commenced to rise in value, and after holding it from August, 1879,
to the spring of 1880, he sold it for $1,200 a front foot, the buyer as-
suming a mortgage. The transaction netted Mr. Quill §30,000.
With a portion of this money he erected a handsome block of seven
residences on the corner of Aberdeen and Van Buren streets. Mr.
city. In iSd.S, John I lolt-se and Jason II. Shepard formed a part-
nership for the purpose ol carrying on a general street-paving
business, and have since made a specialty of Macadamizing. Their
lirst contract of any importance was carried out by them in con-
junction with the firm of Dolese A; Co., another firm entirely, but
of which Messrs. Dolese and Shepard were members. -This work
was the construction of the Riverside Boulevard, in the township of
Cicero, extending from the city limits to the Town of Riverside,
four and one-half miles in length and fifty feet in width. Another
boulevard was also built by them in the same township, extending
from the city limits, on Madison Street, to the suburb of Oak Park,
four miles in length and twenty-four feet in width. This firm also
built eight or ten miles of stone-gravel streets in Cicero, and have
taken general care of the streets and boulevards in that township
for the past ten or fifteen years. They were engaged, during the
years 1870-72, in building the boulevards above mentioned; and the
total improvements made by them in Cicero Township alone
amounted to over $200,000. Shortly after the fire of 1871, Dolese
\ Shepard commenced operations in connection with John McCaf-
frey, in the South Park district. The following constitutes the
principal work performed by them in that locality : Construction
of Drexel Boulevard, between Thirty-ninth and Fifty-first streets,
one and one-half miles ; Grand Boulevard, between Thirty-fifth and
Fifty-first streets, two miles ; Oakwood Boulevard, between Grand
and Drexel boulevards, one-half mile; Sixtieth Street, from Cottage
drove Avenue to Lake Michigan, one and one-half miles ; ( iarticld
Boulevard, between South Park Avenue and Western Avenue, three
and one-half miles. These were gravel drives, the material for
which came principally from the quarries at Joliet. Dolese & Shep-
ard afterward constructed the Wabash-avenue Macadam drive,
between Thirty-ninth and Sixty-third streets, three miles ; Prairie
Avenue, between Thirty-ninth and Fifty-first streets, one and one-
VIEW IN HUMBOI.DT PARK.
Quill refers with great pride to the fact that after the great fire his
creditors offered to compromise with him, but he refused and paid
dollar for dollar. lie was married in this city on December 9,
IS;?, to Margaret Hickey, who has bouie him seven children;
John. Mary, Maggie, Nonay, Dennis, Nellie and Daniel.
r.on i:\ AI;D CONTRACTORS.
DOI.ESF. & SHF.I'ARD. — Chicago has become noted the world
over for its handsome park system, and particularly for its fine
boulevards. The latter have been laid during the past eighteen
years, and in their construction the well-known paving contractors,
Dolese & Shepard, have had more to do than any other linn in the
half miles ; Indiana Avenue, between Thirty-ninth and Fifty-first
streets, one and one-half miles ; South Chicago Avenue, from South
Chicago to Stony Island Avenue, two and one-half miles ; the drive-
ways in the West Division of South Park ; Drexel Boulevard,
between Fifty-first and Sixtieth streets, one mile ; all the drives in
South Park proper, two miles ; from Illinois and Michigan Canal to
Forty-third Street, one and one-half miles ; 1 .ake Avenue, between
Thirty-ninth and Fifty-fifth streets, two miles ; Forty-third Street,
from State Street to Lake Michigan, two miles ; Forty-seventh
Street, from State Street to Lake Michigan, two miles ; Forty-sixth
Street, between Drexel Boulevard and Woodlav.i Avenue, one-half
mile ; Fiftieth Street, between Drexel Boulevard and Lake Avenue,
1 88
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
one mile ; Fifty -lirst Street, from State Street to Lake Michigan.
two mile-. ; \\ixxlla\vn Avenue, between Forty-fifth and Fifty-first
streets, i >ne mile ; F.llis Avenue, between Thirty-ninth and Forty-
seventh streets, one mile ; South I'ark Avenue, between Sixtieth
and Sixty-third street-,, passing the dub-house i>!" the Washington
I'ark ('lull, one-half mile; South Chicago Avenue, from Stony
Island to State Street, tlnee and one-half miles ; Michigan Avenue
( I hornton Koad) from Ninety-first Street to Kiverdale, five miles ;
Archer Avenue, from Ashland Avenue to Summit, nine miles.
They have furnished nearly all the material used on Michigan
Avenue, between [.ickson and Thirty-fifth streets, and on lirand
Boulevard ; on \Ventworth Avenue, between Thirty-ninth and
Filty-tifth streets ; on Forty-seventh Street, between llalsted and
State streets, one mile ; and from State Street to Lake Avenue, one
and one-half miles ; on Lincoln and Lake View avenues, north of
Lincoln I'ark ; on Ashland Avenue, between Twelfth and Twenty-
second streets ; on several miles of streets in Fnglewood and Town
•ke ; on Dearborn Avenue, Vcrnon Avenue, Johnston Place,
slag used by Dolese & Shepard in the construction of Macadamized
streets is the entire product of the I'nion Steel Company's rolling-
mills, which amounts to thousands of tons a month. The average
number of employes is three hundred men and seventy-live teams,
but during the busy season this number is sometimes doubled.
Their plant represents an investment of nearly $250,000. The
senior member of the firm, with his headquarters at Hawthorne,
attends solely to the executive work ; the city office is in charge of
Mr. Shepard. Dolese \ Shepard also operate a large stock farm at
Summit, where they are now farming seven hundred and fifty acres
of land, most of which is owned by them. There grain and hay are
raised for consumption by their own stock, and the teams used in
their business arc there quartered during the winter season. This
firm carries on one of the largest and most extensive quarry and
Macadam works in America.
Jt'lin A'/.'JV was born in Chicago, on February 12, 1837, and
nearly all his life has been passed here. There are but few men now
living here, who was born in Chicago forty-five and fifty years ago,
BIRD'S-EYE VIEW, SOUTH FROM WATER TOWER.
Thirty-seventh Street, Rhodes Avenue, and on many other promi-
nent thoroughfares, too numerous to mention. They have con-
structed the walks and drives in ( >akwood, Kosehill, and the Hohe-
mian (Irving I'ark) cemeteries, ami besides their immense city and
county business, have built some three miles of streets in Pullman,
and have furnished the material and partly constructed walks'
drives, boulevards, etc., in several leading interior cities. Dolese
paid own sixty-one acres of land at the intersection of the
Belt Line and Chicago, Burlington iV Ouincy Railroad, at Haw-
thorne, Cicero Township, on which their 'almost inexhaustible
quarries are located. In early years their supply of stone was pro-
cured trom Joli.-t, stony Island and Cheltenham quarries, but their
Hawthorne quarries are now so developed that they easily yield all
that the linn demands in their business. The plant consists of a.
scries of large flux-mills. Macadam houses, fifty employes' cottages,
numerous cable-tracks, engine-houses, a branch railway, three miles
long, connecting with the licit Line and liurlington roads, one
hundred " gondola stone " cars, and everything in the way of modern
machinery and appliances that could possibly be of advantage to
their immense business. Seventy-live cars belonging to the Belt
Line are also used exclusively by Dolese ,\ Shepard, and thev have
facility for handling their heavy product of stone. ' Their
:iy in mining and loading of stone on cars is fifteen hundred
tons per diem of ten hours. They deliver two hundred tons of
limestone a day to the Union Steel Company's rolling-mills, and
three hundred tons a day to the South Chicago rolling-mills. ' The
and Mr. Dolese is among the very few. His father, Peter Dolese,
came to Chicago in 1833 or 1834, and a year or two later, married
Miss Mathilda Libele, of Detroit. They were both of French descent,
coming to this country from the districts of Alsace and I.orain.
John I lolese, a brother of Peter, was also here at that time, identi-
fied with the liquor -importing business. The first child of Peter
and Mathilda Dolese was named John in honor of the brother, and
was born in a building situated at the southeast corner of Lake and
I aSalle streets. The family removed to Peru, 111., in 1837 or 1838,
remaining there until the death of Mrs. Dolese, in 1840. The
father then took John to Europe, where the latter remained with his
grandfather's family until 1844, the father being occupied in making
frequent business trips between France and America. About July
20, 1844, John Dolese returned to Chicago, and since that time has
been a permanent resident. He went to I learborn School, opposite
the present site of McVicker's Theater, and was afterward engaged
with his father until he had attained his twentieth year. He then
commenced business on his own account, first engaging in teaming
and transportation about the city. After several years, he com-
menced taking contracts for paving streets and making roadways in
the towns and villages in the vicinity. In 1868, he formed a part-
nership with Jason H. Shepard, under the style of Dolese &
Shepard. They have continued in partnership ever since, meeting
with the most gratifying success. They have had more to do with
the paving and making of the grand boulevard system of Chicago
than any other firm. The immediate execution of the great work
RAILROAD HISTORY.
189
has been under the personal supervision of Mr. Dolese. Not only
for the financial consideration has he worked to make the boule-
vards a source of pride to the citizens, but in beautifying his native
place he has taken as much genuine pleasure in doing his work as
honestly and well as could be wished for by the people themselves.
The South Park chain of boulevards has already become famous,
and as Dolese & Shepard have built the greater proportion of the
same they have reason to feel proud of their lasting work. Mr.
Dolese was married, in August, 1857, to Miss Katharine Jacobs, of
Chicago. They have nine children, — William, now engaged in the
general teaming business; Matilda D., Minnie, Rosa, John, Jr.,
Henry, Peter, Ida and Laura. The family residence is at Brighton
Park, and Mr. Dolese is a school trustee of the Town of Cicero, in
which township he has resided for many years.
Jason II. S/ii-fiin/ was born near Cleveland, Ohio, on
October 15, 1838. He was reared and educated in that vicinity,
and resided there until twenty-five years of age. After obtaining a
thorough common school education, at the age of eighteen he
entered into the mercantile business as a clerk. The plant of the
Cleveland Rolling-Mill Company was located at Newburg, Ohio,
and during his residence there he was chief clerk of their supply-
house at the works. In 1863, the Union Rolling-Mill Company of
Chicago, an off-shoot of the Cleveland corporation, tendered Mr.
Shepard the position of bookkeeper and cashier in their office. He
accepted, and has since made Chicago his permanent home. He
continued in the employ of the rolling-mill until' 1868, when he
formed a partnership with John Dolese, and established the paving
and quarry business of Dolese & Shepard. Mr. Shepard has gen-
eral charge of the contracting and financial business of the firm,
and has his office in the city, while his partner attends to the execu-
tive work of the company. Mr. Shepard is prominently known in
financial and commercial circles, and enjoys the highest reputation
for honor and integrity. He is a member of Calumet, Washing-
ton Park, Riverside Gun, Pullman Athletic, and other well-known
clubs; of Hesperia Lodge, No. 411, A.F. &A.M.; Chevalier Bay-
ard Commandery, No. 52, K.T.; and is prominently known as a
staunch republican. Mr. Shepard was married, on December 17,
1868, to Miss Margaret M. Taylor, a native of Portland, Me.
They have two children, — Henri Elias and Laura Jennie.
RAILROAD HISTORY.
INTRODUCTORY. — The year 1872 marked the begin-
ning of a new era in the railroad history of Chicago.
Kven as late as 1871, the railroad companies had com-
paratively little confidence in the realization of the
hopes of the citizens, that Chicago was destined to be
the great inland commercial metropolis of America.
Such a lack of faith is not, however, a matter of sur-
prise. Not even the most sanguine of prophets, looking
over the ruins of 1871, could have imagined that before
two decades had passed, a new city would arise, in
gre-iter beauty and added wealth, to become like Rome,
the point to which all roads should lead.
At the beginning of the period covered by this
volume, less than eleven thousand miles of railroad
centered in Chicago, and the total number of trains
leaving the city daily was seventy-five. The aggregate
earnings of all the companies were $82,776,984, of
which $29,175,119 were net profits. The following
table shows the total mileage, the gross receipts and the
net earnings of seventeen roads centering in Chicago at
the close of 1884 :
this number would be more than trebled, many com-
panies running such trains at intervals of from fifteen to
thirty minutes during those hours when the pressure of
travel is greatest.
The policy of the railroads has been here, as around
most large cities, to build up the suburbs, by affording
ample accommodations, at reasonable rates of transpor-
tation, to those who sought homes beyond the city limits.
The effect has been pronounced and salutary. The
territory adjacent to Chicago has been filled with vil-
lages of great beauty. Persons who prefer to dwell
apart from the noise and whirl of the metropolis have
been enabled to combine the quiet of country with the
conveniences of city life; and those whose means for-
bade the purchase of homes at the rates governing the
price of real estate in Chicago have found pleasant
abodes, easy of access, within their reach.
The growth of the railroad systems centering in
Chicago has been so rapid during the period since the
fire of 1871, that the corporations, while enlarging their
terminal facilities and extending the length of their side
Name of Rai I road .
Mileage.
Gross earnings.
Net earnings.
Baltimore & Ohio (Chicago division).
262 60
Chicago & Alton
&10 78
8 870 887 07
Chicago & Atlantic
2J.O TO
78 806 48
Chicago, Burlington & Qutncy
3 687.40
26 721 856 52
Chicago & Eastern Illinois
2J7 t;o
662 858 87
Chicago £ Grand Trunk. _
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Chicago & North-Western
•5 77Q 71
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific _
1,384. 10
12 6^7 ISA 7o
Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburgh
^80 *4
Chicago, St. Louis & Western
I52.OO
Il8 7^4. 17
Illinois Central
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern .
Louisville, New Albany & Chicago
447 42
I 6O2 608 05
Michigan Central
27Q 67
New York, Chicago & St. Louis
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific
a 4.82 jo
Total _
As regards the number of trains daily leaving the
city over the roads above named, at the present time
(1885), in comparison with that in October, 1871, the
gain is in a still greater ratio. One hundred and seventy-
eight trains, exclusive of those strictly local, arrive and
depart daily, and if the suburban trains were added,
tracks, still complain of a lack of adequate accommo-
dations in the city.
A new feature has been, within the last few years,
introduced into freight transportation, by the successful
construction and operation of refrigerating cars for the
carrying of fresh meats and other perishable freight.
190
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
The business is ordinarily conducted by the payment
of a royalty by the railway companies to the owners of
the cars, who also receive a percentage of the earnings.
There are in this city, at present (1885), two concerns
operating these cars, of which one (the Tiffany Refrig-
erator Car Company has contracts with eighteen railway
and despatch companies, many of them being among
the most extensive common carriers in the country.
Strawberries from the South are now put down in the
Chicago market in as perfect a condition as they can be
found in the home market, and fresh beef can be trans-
ported from Cheyenne to lloston, unaffected in any
way by atmospheric conditions or length of journey.
TIIK I.AKK FRONT. — Few items connected with the
city's history have awakened more general public inter-
est than the controversy over the question of the owner-
ship of the lake front. The tract in dispute covers the
"southwest fractional quarter of fractional Section 10,
Town. 39 north. Range 14 east of the third principal
meridian," whirh embraces the greater part of that por-
tion of the city lying between Madison and Kinzie
streets on the north a:vl south, and Lake Michigan and
Michigan Avenue on the east and \\ i
Jn 0 obt tin a clear comprehension of the
questions involved, a brief reference to the original
' the tract and the claims of the Beaubien
heirs is essential.*
The original title was vested in the United States
by the cession ,if thr Northwest Territory. Under
authority conferred by Acts of Congress, approved May
3, 1793. April 21, 1806, and June 14, 1809, the Presi'-
dent directed the occupation of the fractional quarter-
ion (or a portion of it) as a military post. It was
first so occupied in 1804, and so continued until August
16, 1812. In the latter year, Jean Baptiste lieaubien
purchased a small house near the banks of the Chicago
River, near what is now known as Rush Street; by sub-
sequent action of the water, this house was washed
away. In 1817, Beaubien bought, for $1,000, another
house, on the same fractional quarter-section. Here,
he lived for many years, and on this residence he based
a claim to a right to purchase the entire fractional
quarter-section as si ion as, under Act of Congress of
April 20, 1816, it should be surveyed. The massacre
of 1812 compelled the evacuation of the post ; its sub-
sequent occupation did not occur until 1816, and in
1823, the garrison having once more evacuated, it was
left in charge of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, Indian Agent.
After some correspondence between Dr. Wolcott and
John C. Calhoun, then Secretary of War, on October
21, 1824, George Graham, then Commissioner of the
General Land Office, advised Mr. Calhoun that frac-
tional section 10 had been duly set off. In the ultimate
hearing of the claim of the Heaubien heirs, it was urged
that this made the tract a special reservation, since up
to that time it had been already occupied under the
Acts of Congress above cited. In 1828, it was again
garrisoned by United States troops, and, in 1831, the
troops were withdrawn and the post left in charge of
Oliver Newberry. There appears to have been an
attempt made very shortly thereafter to obtain a title,
by pre-emption, to the land upon which Fort Dearborn
had been erected, since, on July 28, 1831, Roger B.
Taney wrote the Commissioner of the General Land
Office, inclosing a letter from T. J. V. Owen, then
Indian Agent at Chicago, saying, "as this piece of
ground is the public reservation, you an- requested to
;I"*"f ""• ''• l.-iii<l ;<•• f.-
tue, in round aumbere, !•> $i ; VJ-
l ;1.s ilie fhiai-<>i River
take such measures as will secure the interest of the
I'nited States."
On February 12, 1835, the President of the United
States issued a proclamation which, in terms, ordered
the sale of certain tracts in the Northwestern land dis-
trict, and the closing of the Chicago land office. The
land ordered to be sold included the fractional quarter-
section upon which the Beaubien land was located,
which at that time covered, by Government survey,
nearly seventy acres. Chicago was named as the place
of sale, and June 15, 1835, was fixed as the date. An
appearance before the Register of the Land Office was
made by Beaubien, who certified as to his pre-emption
right, and afterward, on May 28, 1835, entered and
purchased at private sale the southwest fractional
quarter of Section 10, paying to the Receiver $1.25 an
acre. On June 30, 1835, the Commissioner of the
General Land Office ordered the cancellation of the
conveyance by the Receiver, on the ground that the
land conveyed, being a military reservation, was not
subject to sale like other public lands. Beaubien denied
the Commissioner's right so to decide. On July 2, 1836,
an Act of Congress confirmed the previous sales of
public lands, and recited that " in all cases where an
entry has been made under the pre-emption laws, * * *
such entries and sales are hereby confirmed, and patents
shall be issued," etc.
In April, 1839, Secretary of War Poinsett, under the
Act of March 3, 1819, appointed Matthew Birchard an
agent to sell a part of the reservation. Mr. Birchard,
after reserving a portion for light houses, etc., laid off
the remainder in lots and streets, and proceeded to dis-
pose of the same by public sale.
In 1836, United States Deputy Marshal Talcott
made another survey of a part of the fractional section
10 (sand bar), which added 26.17 acres to it, showing
the accretions by a map.
The legality of the sale of 1839, ordered by the
Secretary of War under the Act of 1819, was disputed
by lleaubien's heirs, who claimed that that Act author-
ized the sale only of useless and abandoned military
reservations, and that -'the naked title to this fractional
quarter-section is vested in the United States in trust
for the settler (Beaubien) and his heirs." The latter
claim is based upon an old decision of the United States
Supreme Court, known as the Fort Armstrong case,
which held, in effect, that a purchase of a portion of the
Federal domain did not divest the Government of the
legal title until the actual issue of a patent to the. pur-
chaser. The heirs urge that Fort Dearborn addition
has never been " restored " to the public domain, and
that when restored, it must be restored to the heirs of
the early settler, he having been in possession before
the reservation of the land for military purposes in 1824,
and, in fact, since 1812.
In 1840, the United States Circuit Court, District of
llinois, set aside, the certificate of entry issued to Beau-
bien, and during the same year the United States
Supreme Court declared the certificate void on the
ground that the land in question was a military reser-
vation. In 1854, Congress passed a special act for the
ehef of Beaubien, to compensate him for any damages
that he might have sustained.*
On October 12, 1869, the heirs executed a deed to
Cassette, as custodian (subject to a trust,
:clared in an agreement of the same date), conveying
e whole of fractional quarter-section 10,' with other
,- * "''' '"••'"''''•" Ix'ir- now US8O have a bill pending in both holism "I
totte^blfcdoSiata. " ri:s'"r-'tion" of Kort Dearborn military reservation
RAILROAD HISTORY.
191
property; and on November 26, 1877, Cassette sold his
interest to Alexander McGlashen, who, on April 8,
1885, executed a mortgage covering the whole fractional
quarter-section, as custodian (coupled with an interest),
to George W. Reed, for $10,500. On March 17, 1885,
the trustees of the Beaubien heirs made a lease to one
Nathan Whitman, which purported to convey that por-
tion of the land in dispute lying between Randolph and
Madison streets, Michigan Avenue and Lake Michigan,
also Dearborn Park. On March 24, 1885, another lease
was made, covering the land between Randolph and
Kinzie streets, on the North Side.
The various steps taken in connection with the con-
troversy as to title between the Illinois Central Railroad
Company and the authorities, will perhaps be most
succinctly stated in their chronological order.
By the Act of June 22, 1851, the Legislature of
Illinois authorized the Illinois Central Company to
"construct, maintain and operate" a lateral branch from
Twelfth Street (their then northeastern terminus) to the
South Branch of Chicago River, on such terms and
conditions and in such a manner as might be stipulated
between the company and the Chicago Common Council.
On June 14, 1852, a city ordinance was passed, whose
provisions were accepted by the company. It provided,
in effect, that the Illinois Central road should enter
Chicago at or near the intersection of the southern
border of Lake Michigan, whence the track should fol-
low the lake shore, on or near the margin, to the south-
ern boundary of Lake Park (Park Row), and thence in
a northerly direction to Randolph Street ; the depot of
the road to be located on such land as the company
might acquire between the northerly line of Randolph
Street and the river. In this ordinance the city expressly
disclaimed undertaking to obtain for the company any
right-of-way " or other right, privilege or easement not
in the city's power to grant." This wording is of im-
portance, as it has since been relied upon as tending to
disprove the legality of the Illinois Central's claim to
the property in dispute. The charter of the road fixed
the right-of-way at two hundred feet. By the ordinance
just mentioned, the width of the right-of-way between
Park Row and Randolph Street was fixed at three hun-
dred feet, its west line not to be less than four hundred
feet east of the west line of Michigan Avenue and
parallel thereto. In consideration of the license granted,
the ordinance required the company to erect a break-
water, "of regular and sightly appearance," from Park
Row to Randolph Street, not more than three hundred
feet east from and parallel with the west line of the
right-of-way granted to the company.
In 1855 and 1856, the Common Council granted
(upon terms) additional land to the company by ordi-
nances, which ordinances were also accepted by the
Central. The theory was subsequently advanced that
these grants were inherently void and of no legal effect.
On April 16, 1869, the State Legislature passed,
over the veto of the Governor, an act which conveyed,
in fee, to the City of Chicago, all the right, title and in-
terest of the State of Illinois to the property lying "east
of Michigan Avenue and north of Park Row and south
of the south line of Monroe Street, and west of a line
running parallel and four hundred feet east of the
west line of said Michigan Avenue, being a strip of
land four hundred feet in width, including said avenue,
along the shore of Lake Michigan, and partially sub-
merged by the waters of said lake." Power to sell and
convey the property east of the avenue was granted to
the city, "in such manner and upon such terms" as the
Common Council might direct; the proceeds of such sales
to constitute a "Park fund," to be divided equitably among
the three divisions of the city, on the basis of taxation.
The title of the Illinois Central Railroad to the land,
" submerged or otherwise east of " the property granted
to the city, whether such title had been obtained by
charter or by "grant, appropriation, occupancy, use or
control, and the riparian ownership thereto incident,"
was confirmed ; and "all the right and title of the State
of Illinois in and to the submerged lands constituting
the bed of Lake Michigan and lying east of the tracks
and breakwater of the Illinois Central Railroad Com-
pany, for the distance of one mile," between certain
named limits, were granted in fee to that company.
Annexed to the grant last named, was a proviso that the
grantee should have no right to convey, — a proviso
which has since been made the basis of a claim that the
entire grant was inoperative. Other provisos were at-
tached, guarding against obstructions of the harbor
and relating to the liability of the lands to municipal
and other taxation. The tax payable to the State on
the gross receipts from the use, leases and other income
derived from the land granted, was to be same as that
fixed in the charter of the road — seven per cent. By
the terms of this Act, also, were granted, in fee, to
the Illinois Central, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
and the Michigan Central Railroad companies, the land
between the north line of Monroe Street and the south
side of Randolph Street, and between the east line of
Michigan Avenue and the Illinois Central track and
roadway, for depot purposes. In consideration of the
latter grant, the three companies were to pay to the city
of Chicago the sum of $800,000 in four equal quarterly
payments, the first of which was to be made within
three months after the passage of the Act. The sum so
paid was to be placed in the " Park fund" and distributed
in the manner above indicated. The same provision
was made respecting the payment by the Central of
seven per cent, of the gross receipts arising from leases
or other uses of the lands as was attached to the grant
of the lands submerged. A somewhat peculiar provision
of the Act, and one which provoked much hostile crit-
icism, was contained in section 6, which empowered the
Common Council of Chicago to quitclaim to the three
companies the land granted for depot purposes, and
provided that in case of the refusal or neglect of the
Common Council to quitclaim such land, within four
months from the passage of the Act, the companies
were to be discharged from all obligation to pay the
balance remaining unpaid to the city.
Within the time limited for the payment of the first
installment of $200,000, the three companies tendered,
jointly, to the city, the sum named. No little excite-
ment, however, had resulted from the passage of the
Act, in certain quarters, and the constitutionality of the
law had been violently attacked. Under these circum-
stances, the city declined to accept the money tendered,
and it was left with the City Comptroller, who held it,
in an individual capacity, in trust. The entire amount
was afterward returned to the companies ; the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy and the Michigan Central with-
drawing their respective proportions shortly after de-
posit, but the Illinois Central Company leaving its
money in the hands of the trustee for several years.
Before the expiration of the four months from the
passage of the Act, within which the Common Council
was directed to quitclaim and release the property, cer-
tain parties who were strongly opposed to the occupa-
tion of any of the land granted for railroad purposes,
obtained permission from the Attorney-General of the
United States to file an information, in his name, in the
192
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
United States Circuit Court for the Northern District
of Illinois, praying for an injunction restraining the city
from releasing, or the railway companies from occu-
pying, the land ^ranted for depot purposes, by the Act.
An injunction was awarded by the court, and no steps
were taken toward the erection of a depot. The record
of this proceeding was destroyed in the fire of 1871,
and has never been fully restored. The injunction,
however, is claimed to be still in force.
The provisions of the Act of April 16, 1869, relating
to the submerged lands were, it is claimed by the Illinois
Central Company, formally accepted by that corporation
on July 6, 1870, and the railroad company also alleges
that between that date and April 17, 1873, it had ex-
pended §500,000 in reclaiming and reducing to profit-
able possession a considerable portion of such lands.
On the date last mentioned, the Act of April 16,
1869, was formally repealed by the State Legislature.
The constitutionality of the last mentioned enactment
was assailed by the company on three grounds; first,
that it impaired the validity of contracts ; second, that
it interfered with vested rights; and third, that it was in
violation of that provision of the fundamental law which
prohibited the release or impairment of any tax imposed
upon the Illinois Central Railroad, the original Act
containing a provision that the company should pay to
the State seven per cent, of their gross receipts arising
from the use and occupation of the land granted.
At the March term of the Circuit Court of Cook
County, in 1883, Attorney-General McCartney filed an
information against the Illinois Central Company, the
City of Chicago and the I'nited States, the proceeding
being somewhat in the nature of a bill in equity to
quiet title ami remove the cloud upon the title of the
State to the submerged lands forming part of the bed of
Lake Michigan, which had arisen in consequence of
the matters above described. This action was subse-
quently removed to the United States Circuit Court for
the Northern District of Illinois. The Canal Commis-
sioners intervened, and filed a cross-bill, alleging an
interest as trustees in a portion of the land granted for
depot purposes, and asking that the information be so
amended as to cover the question of title to the whole
of the Lake Front Park south of Madison Street, as
well as the submerged lands included within the scope
of the original information. The request of the Com-
missioners was refused by the court, but leave was
granted them to become' parties to the action and
therein assert their claims to the submerged lands. The
City of Chicago answered the information, substantially
admitting all its allegations. The proceedings are still
pending.
A brief synopsis of some of the chief legal points ad-
vanced by the opposing counsel may be of value as
aiding in an intelligent comprehension of the status of
the controversy. The two informations proceed on
different theories. In the earlier action, an injunction
was prayed for on the ground that the land in question
had been designated by the United States as " public
ground, forever to remain vacant of buildings," and
had been granted to the State solely upon this condi-
tion ; that, consequently, from the moment that the
State conveyed any portion of the tract for building
purposes, the title reverted to the United States, and
that the grant made in the Act of 1869 was void. In
the later action, the State of Illinois set up its title and
denied that it had ever divested itself of the same. The
Mate alleged that the Act of April 16, 1869, was void
al> //////<>, not only on account of the incapacity of the
Illinois Central Railroad Company to receive the grant,
but because the grant itself, while it purported to create
a fee in the company, coupled the words of conveyance
with a repugnant restriction, since it prohibited con-
veyance, the right to convey being an indispensable
adjunct of a fee. In addition, the State, in the later
action, set forth the repealing Act of 1874, and alleged
that no action had been taken by the railroad company
under the Act of 1869, towards the reclaiming and
improving of the submerged lands. In reply to these
claims the company urged that if the provisions of the
restriction were repugnant to the grant, the language
of the grant itself was paramount, and the restrictions
were of no efficacy, although it (the company) was will-
ing to observe them ; it set forth the claim that the
repealing Act was unconstitutional and void for the rea-
sons stated in a former paragraph, and alleged, further,
that it had, between the passage of the Act of 1869 and
the date of its repeal, expended the sum of $500,000 in
improvements, relying upon the validity of the enact-
ment.
In February, 1886, a public meeting was held relative
to the occupancy of the lake front by the railroad com-
panies, and there the Hon. John Wentworth made the
following argument :
" This is the whole thing in a nutshell. Illinois extends to the
center of Lake Michigan and the State owns the bottom of the lake
to that center. 'The navigable waters belong to the United States,
and the lake front belongs to Chicago. The interest of these three
are not clashing, and there need be no fear that any one of the
three wants to steal the lake front. There is no probability that
the State or the Nation will do anything adverse to the interests of
Chicago. The trouble is, that the men who want to dodge the
question and divert attention from what the railroad is doing pre-
tend that there is great conflict between these three parties.
" The real thing to be feared is, that a foreign corporation will
get possession and build up a rival city, greatly to the detriment of
the present city's interests. All that the Illinois Central Company
wants is, that the Government, State, and city shall let it go on
and do what it pleases, and thereby fortify a title which it claims to
have acquired by an Act of the Legislature of 1869, which was re-
pealed by the next Legislature. Governor Palmer vetoed that bill
of 1869, and his argument was exhaustive and unanswerable. Uut
the Legislature corruptly passed it over his veto. The city has
never recognized any rights acquired by that legislation.
" Now, the Illinois Central is running a pier out into the outer
harbor. I hold that it is the duty of the mayor to arrest those
works. It is very strange that the railroad did not make or try to
enforce its claim while Lincoln was Secretary of War. I can not
account for the conduct of the present Secretary of War. He has
had his officers here report what is necessary for purposes of navi-
gation. They reported that vessels of such and such draft — I can't
give the exact figures — can now come only so near the shore, and
that the waters inside of this line are not needed for purposes of
navigation. The Illinois Central intends to build its pier below
Fourteenth Street out to that line, and then turn it north and
inclose the whole of the shallow water. It will then fill in the in-
closed space and thus acquire some thirty or forty acres, which
will be worth millions.' To the dockage thus created all the great
lumber interests down on the river and many other interests would
be transferred, and the Illinois Central would have a monopoly of
a vast business, which it now has to share with other roads.
" I hold that the conduct of the Secretary of War is very de-
ceptive. The interests of navigation may require that some of the
shallow water, which his officers report is not needed, shall be
deepened and made navigable. It is not for army officers to say
what the interests of commerce may hereafter require. The Gov-
ernment has several dredgeboats here, and with small expense can
dredge out earth enough to make the waters navigable clear up to
the present shore.
" I hold that the Government, the State, or the city, should
part with nothing, and if any other party claims to have any interest
there, it should be compelled to try its claims in the courts of the
United States. It would be a farce for the United States, or the
or tin- city to commence suit. They have possession, and
have had it, and should enforce their right against all trespassers."
RAILROAD HISTORY.
193
ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD.
The management of the Illinois Central has always
recognized the fact that its interests were closely iden-
tified with those of Chicago. An illustration of this is
afforded by the fact that of 19,372,210 bushels of grain
forwarded from stations in Illinois and 4,684,590 bushels
forwarded from stations in Iowa, during 1871, 18,796,100
bushels were received at Chicago. This year witnessed
a decrease of $124,474.36 in the net earnings of the
road, as compared with those of 1870.
In 1867, a traffic agreement was entered into with
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company.
During 1871, there was substituted for this contract one
embracing not only that road but also the Chicago &
Iowa and the Chicago, Dubuque & Minnesota roads,
under the terms of which the Illinois Central secured
the eastern traffic of the latter line between Dunleith
and Forreston, as well as lower tolls between the main
line and Chicago, via Mendota and Forreston, on all
northwestern traffic.
The Land Department, in 1871, sold 48,927.31 acres
of the land donated to the road for construction pur-
poses, receiving therefor $459,404.26, the average price
per acre being $9.39. The cash receipts from land sales
during 1871 (including payments on land notes) were
$1,633,153.53, of which $1,000,000 was added to the
construction-bond fund. Among the losses of the com-
pany in the great fire were the trustees' records and a
part of the bonds delivered. As a result, further literal
compliance with the terms of the construction-mortgage
was prevented. To protect the purchasers of bonds, it
was decided to place at the disposal of the trustees a
fund sufficient to pay all the bonds. Up to the close of
1871, bonds had been received to the amount of
$13,605,500. These had been either cancelled or
destroyed. On December 31, the construction-bond
fund under the trustees' control, amounted to $2, 630,000;
to this was to be added, in 1872, $300,000 from the land
fund ; and the aggregate sum, with its accumulation of
interest, was deemed sufficient to meet the outstanding
balance of the original issue of $17,000,000 construc-
tion-bonds.
In the fire of October, the passenger and freight
depots, the land office and several smaller buildings of
the company were destroyed, besides twenty-six freight
cars. On the station grounds was Elevator " A," owned
by private parties, the destruction of which seriously
crippled the capacity of the company for handling
grain. The freight depot was at once re-built.
In 1872, the earnings of the road exhibited a still
farther and more marked decrease, showing a falling off
of $629,740.61. Of this decrease, $135,000.68 were in
receipts from passenger transportation in Illinois, ami
$4,801.54 from the same source in Iowa, while the
freight traffic in Illinois showed a diminution of
$432>357-69- I"1 Iowa, however, the receipts from
freight transportation were $67,299.06 in excess of the
preceding year. A comparison of the working expenses
shows that the cost of operating in 187 2 exceeded that in
1871, by $204,934.70. A portion of this increase was
chargeable directly to repairs at Chicago consequent
upon the fire, and to the protection of the road on the
lake shore, but chiefly to an excess in train service
required to move the additional tonnage, consisting
mainly of coal and other cheap freights,— the coal traffic
alone amounting to 371,600 tons, an increase of 112,000
tons over 1871. The wisdom of the traffic agreement
with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and other com-
panies, was proved by a net increase of $189,164.50 in
13
the earnings of the first named road, which was caused
by the fact that under the new agreement the Iowa
traffic passed a greater distance over that line. The
total transportation of freight in 1872 was 2,039,321
tons, equivalent to 272,290,900 tons moved one mile ;
the average revenue was 2.15 cents per ton per mile,
being sixteen cents less than the average for 1871.
The terminal facilities of the road at Cairo were
greatly improved during 1872, by purchasing from the
Cairo trustees one thousand five hundred feet of the
Ohio levee, for a freight transfer station and car-ferry
for the connection with the Mississippi Central, with
which company and the New Orleans, Jackson & Great
Northern (both operated under the same management)
a contract was made during that year. Under the
terms of this agreement, the former road was to be
extended to Cairo, and a mutual interchange of traffic
was arranged.
The Land Department, in 1872, sold 41,677.57 acres,
for $336,918.68, an average price of $8.08 an acre. The
aggregate sales up to the close of the year amounted
to 2,250,632.91 acres, the price received amounting to
$23,622,553.17. The expectation of the management
that the sum received from this source would, in addi-
tion to funds already on hand, with accumulations of
interest, reach a total sufficient to retire the outstanding
construction-mortgage bonds, was realized, and at the
close of 1873, all of the original $17,000,000 issue had
been redeemed, with the exception of $3,074,000 not
due until April i, 1875. The entire receipts of the land
office during 1874 were $408,670.89; its expenses
$40,814.42. In 1874, 34,523.40 acres were sold for
$267,652.33, leaving 299,065.85 acres of the original
grant yet undisposed of.
In 1873, t'le Cincinnati & Lafayette Railway was
extended to Kankakee, forming, with the Illinois Cen-
tral, a direct line between Chicago and Cincinnati, and
a running arrangement was effected between the two
companies, which proved mutually advantageous, and
has been in force ever since.
The expenditure chargeable to permanent improve-
ments during 1873, was unusually large, reaching
$502,496.06. Of this sum, $99,488.51 were used in
making improvements at Cairo, to facilitate the transfer
of cars to the Southern Line. A new dock was con-
structed at Chicago, and an addition of 91,298 square
feet of land was made in the lake, opposite Madison
Street, in order to give the Michigan Central Company
possession of the land leased them in 1872. Over 4,600
tons of steel rails were used in renewals, and a general
system of replacing iron rails with steel, as rapidly as
renewals were needed, was entered upon. The total
net earnings for 1873 were $2,530,890.56. The net
result from the traffic in 1874 was $2,775,362.78.
The connection with the Mississippi Central at Cairo
was effected on December 24, 1873, and at the conclu-
sion of the first year's operation under the agreement
between that company and the Illinois Central, the
experiment was pronounced successful.
The earnings, in 1875, showed a decrease from those
of 1874. The year was one of unusual business depres-
sion; on that portion of the road which had ordinarily
proved most productive there was a partial failure of
crops; added to these drawbacks, the road suffered
from the competition of adjacent lines.
The year 1876 was, in some respects, an excep-
tional one in the history of the company. Its earnings
were materially lowered, and its dividends proportion-
ately diminished. In Iowa, where the Illinois Central
controlled hundred of miles of leased lines, adverse
'94
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
legislation compelled reduction of from twenty-five to
forty per cent, in tariff charges. A bad harvest and
short crops had preceded, diminishing the volume of
traffic at the time when compensation was compulsorily
reduced. Another cause for a diminution of revenue
was the contest of some of the trunk lines for the grain
trade of the West. Their ramifications had been
extended, until, at various points, they touched the
Mississippi, and, in order to control traffic from points
of production, engagements for through freight to New
York from several points in Central Illinois had been
made at rates as low as those ruling between New York
and Chicago. In consequence, all inducement to ship
grain directly to this city disappeared.
The stringency of the times forced many local lines
of railway into bankruptcy. Thirty-five different cor-
porations, operating some three thousand miles, were
either actually in the hands of receivers or threatened
with proceedings in insolvency. The Illinois Central
was urged to purchase or lease several of these roads.
The terms offered were, in many instances, far below
the original cost, in some cases the sum asked be-
ing only fifty per cent, of their bonded debt.
Default having been made in the payment of the in-
terest due on the $5,000,000 bonds of the railways com-
posing the Southern line, both roads were put in the
hands of a receiver on March 10, 1876, and before the
close of the year the railways were in the hands of
trustees of the mortgage, for sale for the benefit of the
bondholders. This step placed the entire line from
Cairo to New Orleans under control of the Illinois
Central. James C. Clarke, then general manager of the
Central, was, on January i, 1877, made general mana-
ger of the line. Under the new ownership, repairs
were made to the plant, bridges and other structures ;
nearly two hundred miles of track were re-laid, and
during the following spring ten thousand tons of steel
rails were laid. The receipts of the road were applied,
under orders of the court, partly in paying local debts
and partly in improving the property. Nearly three-
quarters of the stock of the new Southern Consolidated
Company — the purchasers — was owned by the Illinois
Central, who also advanced, for necessary purposes,
about $1,000,000. Even during the transition period
of 1877, the traffic showed a decided gain, the deliveries
at Cairo of freight destined for the South having in-
creased nearly fifty per cent, over those of 1876.
The outlook for the company at the close of 1877
was encouraging. The competition of the trunk lines
ceased to menace the Central's traffic. The facilities
for water communication, during eight months of the
year, were so much improved that the actual cost of
transportation to the seaboard by that route was less
than half that of railroad transportation. The net earn-
ings for 1877 were $2,546,561.39. In July, 1877, the
Oilman, Clinton & Springfield Railway passed under
the control of the Central management.
In 1878, the net gain from traffic, over 1877, was
$468,667.80, and the gross income $3,147,387.64. Low
tolls on the Erie Canal, and cheap freights by lake,
drew to the lines of water transportation an immense
volume of business, the receipts of grain at Chicago
having been 35,000,000 bushels in excess of those of
any previous year. A spur, thirty-seven miles long,
was built in 1878, running in a southwesterly direction
from Otto, on the Chicago division, and proved a profit-
able investment. Its cost was about $250,000.
The net income for 1879 was $3,401,815.66 ; and
the balance to credit of income account, on December
31, 1879, was $2,072,839.80. There were $386,016.15
expended on construction account in Illinois. Nearly
eight thousand tons of steel rails were laid on the main
line and branches.
The company's receipts for 1880 were $3,747.532.97.
From this fund, two semi-annual dividends of three per
cent, each were paid aggregating $1,740,000 , the in-
terest on the bonded debt was discharged, ,^842,323.56
was expended in permanent improvements, leaving a
surplus of $501,641.14. The amount expended in con-
struction included the re-laying of fifteen miles of track
with steel rails, the construction of three iron bridges,
nine heavy freight engines and two hundred and
twenty-seven cars ; also additional double-tracks at the
entrance to Chicago, and a new dock. The branch
line from Otto was extended to a junction with the
Northern Division at Minonk, affording an independ-
ent connection between that division and the Chicago
branch.
The following summary shows the receipts and ex-
penditures of the company during 1881:
Not earnings from traffic $3,227,181 74
Net receipts from land office _ 123,932 26
Interest on bonds 161,105 °°
Premium on C., St. L. & N. O. bonds sold. 150,000 oo
$3,662,219 oo
Interest on bonded debt $ 655,70821
1 Hvidends paid 2,030,000 oo
Construction account in Illinois 925, 380 36
Surplus . 51,130 43
$3,662,219 oo
On January i, 1883, the Illinois Central took forma!
possession, as lessee, of the Chicago, St. Louis cX; New
Orleans Railroad, increasing its mileage to 1,908 miles,
and the New Orleans line was thenceforth known as its
Southern Division.
Several new branches were built during 1882. One,
ten and one-half miles in length, was opened from
Buckingham, on the Middle Division, to the newly dis-
covered Essex coal-fields. The extension of the Middle
Division to Bloomington was commenced, as well as a
branch to South Chicago, both of which were com-
pleted in 1883. The construction of two important
branch lines, connecting with the Southern Division,
was also commenced; one from Jackson, Miss., to Yazoo
City, forty-eight miles, the other a continuation of the
Kosciusko branch from that point to Aberdeen, ninety-
seven miles.
During 1883, the last of the redemption mortgage
bonds were paid, and the mortgage of February i, 1864,
satisfied and discharged of record. The only lien upon
705^4 miles of the Illinois Central line at the end of
1884, consisted of the outstanding bonds issued under
the $15,000,000 mortgage of August 10, 1874.
The year 1883 was a prosperous one. The gross
traffic receipts were $13,064,743.39, being an increase
of $403,035.08. The net income, from all sources, was
$5, 764,39 r-95 ; the surplus being equal to more than ten
per cent, on the capital stock.
The gross earnings for the year 1884 fell somewhat
below those for 1883, amounting to $12,190,833.39; the
net earnings were $4,820,544.32, a sum which was also
somewhat lower than that which represented the net
earnings for 1883. The company's net receipts from
all sources (including traffic, sales of lands, interest of
investments, etc.) were $5,287,627.10. Payments were
made from this sum on account of permanent improve-
ments, interest, rental, sinking funds, etc., amounting to
$2,423,488.39, leaving $2,864,138.71 available for 'the
payment of dividends, purchase of equipment, etc.
RAILROAD HISTORY.
'95
From this fund were paid the usual semi-annual divi- months and was then sent to Detroit as an apprentice in the Detroit
dends (amounting to $2,320,000); $250,000 was set Locomotive Works. He remained there for about fifteen months
c ij- • I and obtained a very good general knowledge of the workings of
apart by the directors to pay for additional equipment; enRines_ He wa/th|n lift*en years old> amj returned to Chicago.
and $294,138.71 were carried forward to the surplus He next went to work in a stave factory on Clark Street, piling up
dividend fund, and held as applicable to the payment
of the next succeeding dividend.
hot staves. His employment necessitated his presence in the drying
kiln, which was heated to a temperature of 135° and 140° Fahrenheit,
FREIGHT EARNINGS AND TONNAGE OF THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, FROM 1871 TO 1885.
Year.
TONNAGE.
EARNINGS.
AT CHICAGO.
Total
tons trans-
ported.
AT CHICAGO.
Total
for whole
line.
Received.
Forwarded.
Total.
Received.
Forwarded.
Total.
1871
1.595.737,9°°
1.562,553,90°
1,545,216,800
1,356,906,600
1,217,916,800
1,260,404,000
1,135,856,0.00
1,605,437,100
1,542,501,300
1,809,261,800
1,348,791,400
1,544,732,900
1,603,710,700
1,349,209,900
660,418,500
625,093,200
697,490,000
798,133,900
795,473,400
657,054,200
679,930,800
618,679,100
766,666,600
877,138,100
(j84.7°7,4°0
915,215,800
962,026,700
955,847,300
2,256,156,400
2,187,647,100
2,242,706,800
2,155,040,500
2,013,390,200
1,917,458,200
1,815,787,700
2,224,116,200
2,309,167,900
2,686,399,900
2,333,498,800
2,459,948,700
2,565.737,400
2,305,057,200
1,831,944
2,039,321
2,051,360
2,069,935
2,Ol6,424
i,8i)<),627
1,803,044
2.067,832
2,324,4S5
2,703,582
2,875,833
2,909,578
3,538,562
3,354,085
$2,187,397 10
,702,080 02
,499,359 42
,297,439 6S
,090,267 86
,175,004 64
,023,889 32
,357,742 20
,232,678 05
,335.848 67
938,554 40
,154,100 36
,089,967 15
916,939 79
$1,113,482 78
866,078 60
922,090 2O
988,108 16
939,087 15
744,467 86
770,317 20
636,880 40
753,646 58
853,067 09
961,017 22
876,231 15
852,231 44
794,600 32
$3,300,879 88
2,568,158 62
2,421,449 62
2,285,546 84
2,029,355 01
1,919,472 50
1,794,206 52
1,994,622 60
1,986,324 63
2,188,915 76
1,899,571 62
2,030,331 51
1,942,198 59
1,711,540 ii
$5,568,233 42
5,203,174 79
5,296,512 08
5,081,985 80
4,948,070 05
4,263,602 46
4,068,752 24
4,464,335 82
4,648,055 93
5 364.706 63
5,444,587 ii
5,469,690 26
8,664,958 66
7,902,042 62
lS72 .
l87^
1874
l87=;
1876
1877
1878
1870
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
STATEMENT OK PASSENGER BUSINESS OF THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, FROM 1871 TO 1885.
LOCAL TICKET SALES.
CONDUCTORS' COLLEC-
TIONS.
COUPON TICKET SALHS
OVEK OTHEK LINES.
Cnri'oN TICKET SALKS
BY OTHER LINES.
TOTALS.
Year
Mileage
"o £
•oS
•3 £>
Number of
passengers.
Amount.
tickets.
~ :"/..
A C
£ &
Amount.
v bfl
11
C W
Amount.
L, V
<J »
.fl C
§i
Amount.
Passengers.
Amount.
3 i»
3 in
= £
*£
zt
?, 3.
1871
985,077
$1,066,120 03
$37,862 50
140,825
$176,992 22
82,383
$324,834 oi
78,299
$293.501 69
1,286,584
$1,899,310 45
1872
,008,185
951,381 90
41,139 50
178,280
182,031 14
79,698
312,054 91
81,543
272,810 78
I,347,7°6
1,759,418 23
1873
,086,608
932,742 79
36,752 60
212,040
169,357 17
68,511
272,959 69
104,846
310,961 51
1,472,005
,722,773 76
1874
,229,834
93°.37I 12
35,842 80
174,986
M3,885 77
71,467
255,956 57
110,350
313,401 28
1,586,637
,679.157 54
1875
,227,160
917,314 20
33,767 oo
235,989
211,372 17
74,59'
237,853 47
110,801
268,185 85
1,648,541
,668,492 69
1876
,463,442
977,509 07
28,831 98
161,641
119,091 04
74,113
223,563 34
1 16,592
275,716 19
1,815,788
,624,711 62
1877
.415,647
879,727 53
24,081 26
100,763
60,480 48
59.920
169,379 66
99,723
222,791 24
1,676,059
,356,460 17
1878
,459,122
907 299 10
24,630 62
104,461
62,422 68
60,318
170,003 09
99,894
223,100 92
1,723,795
,387,456 41
1879
,517,699
S74,329 74
31,618 41
108,300
60,628 28
65,003
173,945 76
106,181
222,711 47
1,797,183
,363,233 66
•880
2,407,110
i,°77,727 45
20,671 20
140,726
45,515 93
81,995
190,113 16
123,713
256,400 79
2,753,544
,591,428 53
1881
3,598.332
1,237,651 30
36,946 08
201,234
59.364 °8
80,574
189,775 49
128,708
251,984 09
4,008,048
,775,721 04
1882
3,845,649
1,391,157 So
67,171 48
266,466
74,936 86
94,329
221,699 49
133.767
282,746 59
4.340.211
2,037,712 22
1883
3,767,048
1,867,009 84
2Q3, IDS
Q2 l62 ^
120 722
-38 1 QI7 OO
164,065
406,131 38
4,354,033
2,747,221 67
1884
4,234.814
1,880,922 85
~1JI *y
316,502
y~» * w* 3 j
98,431 IQ
* "V, / ^*"
124,235
jwi , ^1 1 *j*J
359.833 62
172,589
4i",752 13
4,848,140
2,749,939 79
EDWARD T. JEFFERV, general superintendent of the Illinois
Central Railroad, was born in Liverpool, England, on April 6, 1843.
His father, William S. Jeffery, was born at Glannock-on-the-Clyde,
Scotland, though of English descent, and was a mechanical engi-
neer in the merchant marine service, and afterward in the British
Navy. Mr. Jeffery 's mother's maiden name was Jane Mi-Mullen,
her ancestors being English, but the place of her birth being at
1 lonpatrick, Ireland. Until he was live years old the family resided
in the City of Liverpool, that place being the headquarters of the
senior Jeffery when he was not at sea. In 1848, the family came
to America, locating at Wheeling, West Virginia. The following
seven years of his boyhood Mr. Jeffery passed there, and during
the greater portion of the time was at a private school, where he
gained the first rudiments of an education. In 1856, the family
came to Chicago, and in September of that year Mr. Jeffery, then
thirteen years old, entered into the employ of the Illinois Central
Railroad, little dreaming of the magnificent future before him. lie
was ambitious, of course, but at that early day his aspirations only
arose to the height of good pay 'for the work performed. He
entered the office of Samuel J. Hayes, superintendent of machinery,
where he was employed about the office for two months, running
errands, doing odd jobs, etc., and was then put to work in the tin
and coppersmith shops as an apprentice. He served there for four
and this was not entirely suitable to him, so, on July 5, 1858,
young Jeffery applied for a position with the Illinois Central Com-
pany, and he was put to work in the shops. Mr. Hayes, under
whom he had formerly worked, finding the lad again in the employ
of the company, requested him to come to his office and take a place
there. Mr. Jeffery did so, and was given a place as an apprentice
at mechanical drawing. This seemed in every way perfectly suited
to the nature of Mr. Jeffery, and he became enthusiastic and assid-
uous in his work, and determined to then fit himself thoroughly
and completely for the profession of master mechanical draughts-
man. He commenced a series of systematic studies that occupied
his time for a period of ten years, embracing all the special as well
as general studies. So ardent and ambitious did he prove to be,
that up to the time he was eighteen years old, he was given the
privilege to study or work, as he felt inclined. He thus combined
the theoretical with the practical, and by the time he was nineteen
years old he was on the rolls of the company as one of the regular
mechanical draughtsmen. At twenty he was placed in full charge
of the mechanical drawing department. He applied himself to
study during leisure hours in the week, in the evenings and on
Sundays, and when Mr. Jeffery was twenty-five years old, few
men of his age had so liberal an education. Upon being placed in
charge of the mechanical drawing, Mr. Jeffery was also made pri-
196
HISTORY OF CHIC.U',0.
vale secretary ID tin- superintendent of machinery. Al twcnty-
eight he was maile assistant superintendent of machinery by John
Newell, then president of the road. The latter gentleman was
thoroughly acquainted with the capabilities of Mr. Jelfcry, and Mr.
Newell being a typical sell-made railroad man, was not slow to
open the way t" deserving and energetic employes. l''or the fol-
lowing -i\ xe.ir-. Assistant Mipcrinlcmlcnt Jelfciv was one of the
most active men connected with the road. lie shouldered tile
bunlen "I responsibilities ami discharged the duties with the highest
credit to himsell. His long experience in mechanical drawing,
combined with his constant practical work in the shops, enabled
him to gain such a knowledge of the details of railroad management
that there was but little, if anything, he dkl not learn about it.
Krom the sketching of a plan to the making of an engine he was
an adept. Mr. Icfferv is perhaps one of the best-posted men in
railway mechanics in the world, lie has the science of railway
machinery and appliances at his finger tips, and in his attainments
and methods ranks high arming the most skillful professional me-
chanics. In is;;, Mr, lellery was promoted to the office of
General Superintendent of the entire Illinois Central railroad sys-
tem. There arc several representative railway men in Chicago who
have worked up Irom the shops, but there is no one who deserves
greater credit for his splendid work than F.dward T. Jeffery.
From office boy to general manager of a gigantic corporation is a
grand stride for a man of his age t" accomplish, and every promo-
tion that Mr. Jeffery has received has been earned by hard, faithful
work. During his long career he has never asked for an increase
of salary nor a promotion in position, and though he has again and
again been tendered offices of like nature at a high salary he has
declined, preferring to remain with the road with which he has
literally grown up and to which he has become greatly attached.
In iSS;, the International Railway Congress was held, and Mr.
Jelferv, as a delegate from the Illinois Central Railroad Company, was
the sole American representative there. In early days, Mr. Jeffery
was president, fora few years, of the Young Men's Literary Society
of this city. Mr. Jeffery is a prominent and active member of the
American Railroad Master Mechanics' Association, of the Calumet
and lro<]tiois clubs, and belongs to Blair Lodge, No. 393,
A.F. \ A.M. Although not mixed up in politics at all, he is deemed
a "modern" democrat. Mr. Jeffery is now a director of the
Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis ,V Chicago Railroad, but devotes
all his time to the interests of the Illinois Central. On April 21,
1877, he was married to Miss Virginia O. Clarke, of Frederick,
Maryland; they have two children, James Clarke and Fdna Turner.
THOMAS DIIRWIN, general northern passenger agent of the
Illinois Central Railroad Company, has been in the service for over
thirty years. lie was born in Courtland County, X. Y., in the
year 1834. He ran off to sea when a boy and saw many foreign shores.
After indulging in various other occupations which carried him over
a great portion of the United States, he finally entered the employ
of the Lake Shore & -Michigan Southern Railway Company, at
South Bend, Ind., taking charge of the warehouses at that point.
This was before the Kort Wayne Line was completed, and the sur-
rounding country drew its supplies from this locality. In 1856,
Mr. Dorwin removed to Oalesburg, 111., being placed in charge of
the transfers and shipments of the Northern Cross road. Thus he
remained until its absorption by the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy
Company. When the 1'eoria \ Oquawka Line was finished to
(ialesbnrg, he became station agent there, and when that road was
consolidated with the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy he was trans-
ferred to 1'eoria, where he was made yard-master of the Toledo,
I'eoria \ Warsaw Railroad and put in ehargi ol the warehouses.
After holding this position for some time, he was a conductor for a
and then went to (lalcsburg, where he remained with trie
•", Burlington & Quincy road until 1866. During that year,
he was appointed general wi -stern passenger agent of the Ohio &
Mississippi Railroad, and after serving two years in this capacity,
with headquarters at Kansas City, was sent to Louisville, as general
southern agent of that road. !n one year, he was transferred to
St. Louis, as genera! western passenger agent of the same road.
Next he was general western passenger agent of the Yandalia Line,
and soon afterward was made general passenger agent of the Mis-
souri, Kansas A; Texas Company, lie held this position for five vears
and, in lS/d, was made general agent of the Texas I'acilic Road,
with headquarters in Chicago. In 1878. he was called to his present
respollsil ile p< 'St.
O . . ' '; . •• neral purchasing agent of the Illinois Central
Railroad, was born in Saratoga County, N.Y., in the year 1820. At
an earij age his parents removed to Albany, and there he attended
the common schools and, after finishing the higher branches,
entered upon the study of law. In 1847, he was admitted to the
courts of New York, but was forced to forego the practice of his
chosen profession owing to the decline of his health. Believing
that it would be of benefit to him to come West, he started for
Chicago and after a fc\v months passed in recreation he located at
Long Grove, Lake Co., 111., and commenced practicing law, having
admitted to the courts of this Mate in 1848. In 1852, Mr.
Ott was appointed a paymaster in the Construction Department of
the Illinois Central Road, which was then building the main line
south to Cairo. After this work had been completed he was
appointed station agent at Mendota, 111., where he remained for one
year, and was then transferred to Uunleith, where he acted in a like
capacity for three or four years. He was then appointed Assistant
Superintendent of the Chicago Division, and located in Centralia,
which position he held for some time, and, in 1866, was transferred
to the Land Department of the road, being appointed comptroller,
and in I .-172 was made the general purchasing agent of the com-
pany, with headquarters at the general office in Chicago. Mr. Ott
has 'had charge of that department for nearly fourteen years, and
his long term of service with the Illinois Central and in the position
he now occupies, is a testimonial of
his worth and value to the corporation,
lie was married in July, 1848, at Al-
bany, N. Y., to Miss. Lydia Nash;
they have two children — Jesse W. and
Katie.
IOIIN C. WKI.I.IXC, general au-
ditor of the Illinois Central Railroad
Company, was born near Trenton, N.
J., on February 24, 1840. He re-
ceived his education at the schools in
Trenton and Lawrenceville, and upon
finishing his studies, in 1858, went into
the employ of a linn of which his father was a member, in the grain
and lumber business at Titusville, N. J. He remained there until
September, 1861, and was then appointed clerk to Colonel John W.
Newell, paymaster of the United States Army. He was in the
government service until August, 1866, and then resigned his posi-
tion to take the office of cashier of the Ironton Railroad & Mining
Company, whose mines were located near Allentown, Penn., and
owned by Robert Lenox Kennedy, of New York. In December,
1870, Mr. Welling was called to New York City by Mr. Kennedy,
and he became his private secretary, serving him in confidential
relations, until the date of his entry into the service of the Illinois
Central Railroad Company, in the spring of 1874. He first held a
clerkship in the financial office of the company in New York, and,
on July 29, 1874, was promoted to the office of assistant treasurer
and removed to Chicago to take the position on September I, 1874.
Two years later he was made auditor, and on January i, 1883, he
was elevated to the office of general auditor, and now has super-
vision over the accounts in all departments of the Illinois Central
Company. Mr. Welling was married, on November 5, 1874, at
Helvidere, N. J., to Miss Charlotte V. Paul. They have one child
living, — John Paul Welling. Mr. and Mrs. Welling reside at
Hyde Park, where they are attendants at the Presbyterian Church.
WILLIAM J. YOUM;, commercial agent of the Illinois Central
Railroad Company, was born at Lancaster, Glengarry Co., Ontario,
Canada, on March 29, 1843. He was brought up on a farm, and
attended the country schools until he came to Chicago and entered
the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Company, on July 23,
1863 ; with which corporation he has since been connected, with
the exception of a few months in 1871. He first commenced work
for this company as a day laborer in the freight-house here, but so
remained only a few weeks, when he was transferred to the yards,
and kept the records of freight-trains received and forwarded. In
this capacity he served about one year, and was then placed in
charge of all freights received and discharged from vessels. In
March, 1866, he was again promoted and transferred to Centralia,
111., and took charge of the freight office there till July of the same
year. He then returned to tiie local freight office' in this city,
where he occupied several clerical positions until March, 1871,
when he was appointed agent at Sioux City, Iowa. In July of that
lie resigned that position and withdrew from the company's
service, having decided to return to Chicago and go into the pro-
duce commission business. He was thus occupied until the great
fire in October, and then, believing he could do better, returned to
the Illinois Central Railroad. He was made contracting freight
agent, and held that position until January I, 1882, when he was
appointed to the office of commercial agent. Mr. Young was mar-
RAILROAD HISTORY.
197
ried in New York City, on December 29, 1870, to Miss Fannie J.
Smith, of that city. They have one daughter, Ella.
WILLIAM B. SNOW, master mechanic in charge of the car-
u-orks of the Illinois Central Railroad, was born at Bellows Kails,
Yt., on February 13, 1821. He was brought up in his native
town, learning his trade and residing there until he was twenty-two
years old. In September, 1844, he entered into the service of a
railway company \\ith which he has been principally identified
since. He was first employed as foreman of repairs on bridges
and building for the Western (Mass.) Railroad, and his headquarters
were at Warren, near Springfield, Mass. He was with that road
for nearly three years, and, in the spring of 1847, he went to Boston
and engaged in the restaurant anil catering business. This not
proving so successful as he had anticipated, he went back to the
Western Railroad in September of that year, and resumed work at
Springfield. He remained there until December, 1848, and then
took the position of car-builder in the works of Tracey & Fales, of
Hartford, Conn. He remained in their employ until June, 1850,
and then took the foremanship of the passenger car department of
the American Car Company, at Seymour, Conn. In 1852, Mr.
Snow decided to make Chicago his home, and on removing here
took a contract to build six coaches for the old Galena road. His
works were then located on West Kinzie Street ; anil he sub-
sequently moved them to where ihe car-works of the Illinois
Central are now located. In 1852, or 1853, he took a contract to
build all the passenger coaches for the American Car Company, but
before he had hardly half finished the contract the company failed.
In 1856, Mr. Snow removed to Madison, Wis., and went into the
furniture business. He had been there but a year when the Illinois
Central made overtures for his services as general foreman of their
car-works, they having come into possession of the property of the
defunct American Car Company. Their proposition was accepted,
and M r. Snow returned to Chicago and took charge of that depart-
ment ; with which he has been connecteil for over twenty-eight
years, with the exception of the time from March, 1872, to January
I5» I^75, when he was traveling mechanical inspector of the Pull-
man Palace Car Company. Upon his return to the Illinois Central's
employ in the latter year, he was made master mechanic of the car
department and holds that office at the present time. During his
service with the Illinois Central, Mr. Snow has personally super-
vised the construction of every passenger car run on their lines,
with the exception of a few that were purchased, owing to the
urgent demands for them in years past. The entire number of cars
run on their suburban trains have been turned out during Mr.
Snow's connection with the road, and the superior construction of
the Illinois Central coaches is ample evidence of his ability and
skill as a mechanic. Mr. Snow was married, on September 28,
1843, at Springfield, Vt., to Miss Ora 1,. Dyke, a sister of K. F.
Dyke, of the well-known firm of McAuley, Dyke it Co., of this
city. They have two children. — Frank and I.otta Louise.
ilKNKY Si HI.ACKS, superintendent of machinery of the Illinois
Central Railroad Company, is a native of Germany, but came to this
country when he was a lad. He was born on November 25, 1840,
at Dann, Rhine 1'rovince, and lived in his native town until fourteen
yearsold. In the summer of 1854, his parents came to America and
located in this city, since which time Mr. Schlacks has been a resi-
dent here. On August 13, 1855, he went into the Weldon Shops
of the Illinois Central Railroad as a machinist's apprentice. He
served his time until August 31, 1860, when he was made a master-
machinist, and remained with the Illinois Central until June, 1865.
He was then offered the foremanship of the erecting shop of the
Chicago, Rock Island ,S: Pacific Railroad and accepted the position,
working for that company in the same capacity until October, 1867.
From October, 1869, to December 31, 1872, he was foreman of the
machine shops and general foreman of the Rock Island road. On
January r, 1873, he returned to the employ of the Illinois Central
and took the position of master mechanic. He so remained until
November I, 1882, and was then appointed to the position of super-
intendent of machinery. Mr. Schlacks was married in this city on
February (), iS<>5, to M iss Christine Thielen. They have nine chil-
dren: Charles II., Henry C., Joseph T., Margarite, Louisa, Wil-
liam, Eddie T., Gertrude and Robert. The eldest son, Charles, is
serving his apprenticeship in the shops with his father, and the
second son, Henry, is studying with firm of Adler & Sullivan,
architects.
WILLIAM HARPER, master carpenter of the Illinois Central
Railroad Company, is one of the early settlers of this city as well
as one of the oldest employes of the Illinois Centra] Railroad. Mr.
Harper was born in Virginia, on June 17, 1811, but his family
moved to Ohio when he was a child, and it was there he was reared
to manhood. He attended the common schools, and learned the
trade of carpenter, serving his time in the City of Cleveland.
After finishing his apprenticeship he " struck out for himself," and
went to Green Bay, Wis., where he passed four years, following his
vocation. In 1839, he came to Chicago, remaining a few months,
anil then went to Buffalo, afterward to St. Louis, and finally locat-
ing at Joliet, 111., in the same year. In 1840, he finished the old Na-
tional Hotel there, and married Miss Jane M. Hughes on March
II, 1841. In the fall of 1841, they came to Chicago and have re-
sided here continuously since. Mr. Harper worked in the old hy-
draulic mills, which then stood at the foot of Lake Street, and which
were superintended by Ira Miltimore. He was afterward engaged
in work for Alexander Loyd, Shepard & Johnston, and Ballard
& Wilcox, all pioneers of the city. On September 18, 1853, he
closed his engagement with the last-named firm and went into the
service of the Illinois Central Railroad Company as a journeyman.
On January I, 1857, he was placed in charge of the carpenter work
of the road between Chicago and Cairo, and, in 1877, took full
charge of the same work between Sioux City, Iowa, and Cairo, 111.,
also taking in portions of the work south of the Ohio, between
Cairo and New Orleans. Although nearly the allotted age of three-
score and ten, when men retire from business cares, Mr. Harper is
still a vigorous, hearty man, having in hand the details of every
matter concerning his department. Mr. Harper has, without
doubt, erected more buildings than any other master-carpenter in
Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Harper are the parents of four chil-
dren: George W. Harper is a member of a firm at the Union Stock
Yards ; Charles, in the employ of the Illinois Central ; and William
H., general agent of the Southern Pacific Railroad, at El Paso,
Texas; the only daughter, Jennie, is the wife of W. B. Adams,
of Joliet, III. Mr. Harper joined the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows about 1850, but of late years has been a non-affiliated
member.
OLIVER A. BKRRY, trainmaster of the Illinois Central Rail-
road, was born at Mount Airy, Md., on October 14, 1838. He was
there reared and educated, his scholastic attainments being such as
were afforded in the common schools of his native town. In 1865,
his family came to Illinois, and, on June I, 1866, Mr. Barry en-
tered into the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Company,
taking a position as brakeman on the Champaign section of the
Chicago division. This place he retained for about ten months,
anil was then transferred to Chicago, becoming a clerk in Superin-
tendent Marvin Hughitt's office. He was thus engaged for about
one year, and was employed in different departments thereafter,
until he went into the general freight-office, where he remained as
clerk for some time. In 1875, he was promoted to the office of as-
sistant trainmaster, his father, C. C. Berry, being at the head of
that part of the service. The junior Berry held the position until
the death of his father, on February 15, 1876, when he became
head trainmaster, and has held that responsible office up to the
present time. Mr. Berry is a member of DeMolay Lodge, No. 13,
K. of P., and of the Independent Order of Red Men.
THOMAS TUSTIN, local freight agent of the Illinois Central
Railroad, was born in Pennsylvania, in the year 1814. He resided
in that State the earlier part of his life, entering into the railway
service there in 1835. In those days the State owned and operated
the Philadelphia & Columbia Railroad, which now forms the eastern
end of the Pennsylvania system. Mr. Tustin was engaged in
transportation work on that road for the first four years and, in 1839,
was appointed by the State to the position of superintendent of re-
pairs, which he held for a year and a half and was then made super-
intendent of motive power, retaining that office for the same length
of time. In 1842, he returned to the transportation province, with
which he remained till 1844. He then retired from the road and
engaged in other pursuits until March, 1852, when he came West
and went to farming, which he continued for twelve years. In
1864, he went into the employ of the Illinois Central Company as
yard and dock master in this city, which position he held until 1871,
when he was made local freight agent, and that office he holds at
the present time. The weight of years fails to tell upon the iron
constitution of Mr. Tustin, one of the oldest officials in the service
of the Illinois Central, and he dispatches the business of his office
with a promptness and vigor well worthy a man far younger in
years. He was married, in Philadelphia, in 1834, to Miss Sarah
Ann Yordley. They have had eleven children, seven of whom are
now living. Mr. Tustin was a. member of the Masonic order while
a resident of Philadelphia, but is now non-affiliated.
CHICAGO & NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.
This company's history, during the period under re-
view, exhibits many of the salient points shown by that
of other roads. An examination of the appended
tallies will not only afford a comparative view of the
business of the road, but will also show a steady and (to
some extent) compulsory reduction in the rates of freight
transportation joined to an almost constant increase in
tonnage.
198
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
In 1871,* the gross earnings decreased 6.71 per rent.
from those of 1870. The reduction of operating ex-
penses (including taxes was 21.24 Per cent., and the
increase in net earnings was §1.029,555.86.
In the consolidation of the (ialena \ Chicago Union
Railroad Company with the Chicago \- North- Western
Railway Company, the latter came into possession of
the Beloit & Madison Railroad, extending to Madison,
\\'is., where it connected with the Prairie du Chieil
division of the Milwaukee & St. I'aul Railroad. The
business of the Madison branch for many years was
comparatively light. The company, in 1X07, had pur-
chased the La Crosse, Trempealeau \- 1'rescott, and the
\Vmona & St. Peter railroads; and. in 1871, obtained
control of the Maraboo Air Line Railroad. After con-
solidating that road, and the Beloit & Madison, with
their own, steps were taken to construct the link of
about one hundred and twenty-six miles from Madison
to the termination of the I. a Crosse, Trempealeau &
Prescott Railroad, near La Crosse.
Of the roads purchased in 1867, the Winona i\: St.
Peter was the most valuable. The length of the road
on May 31, 1871, was one hundred and forty miles,
extending from U'inona westward, through the State of
Minnesota, to St. Peter, with a branch to Mankato, on
the Minnesota River. The franchise was valuable,
granting the right of construction as far as the J!ig
Sioux River, in Dakota, and carrying with it a land
grant from the United States Government of 6,400 acres
a mile. One hundred and twenty miles of the original
line remained to be completed in 1871, while the land
at that time certified to the original company since the
franchise, and which came into the possession of the
Chicago & North-Western directory, was a trifle over
207,000 acres — an asset which, at a reasonably low esti-
mate, might be valued at $1,000,000. A further grant,
under State law, gave to the company 800,000 additional
acres (the estimated value of which was $4,000,000),
contingent upon the completion of thirty miles of road
annually.
An extension of three and one-half miles, from the
Minnesota River to Mankato, was constructed. An-
other branch, two and one-half miles in length, was
built in Illinois, from Geneva, on the Dixon air line, to
St. Charles. Negotiations were also concluded during
the year for the purchase of the Iowa Midland. The
charter of the company authorized the extension of the
road across Iowa, and was available for whatever
branches the interests of the line might demand. The
road was operated under a perpetual lease (until its
purchase in 1884) as a part of the Chicago & North-
U'estern Company.
A movement was made to re-open the Elgin & State
Line Railroad. Many years before, this piece of road
had been laid with strap-rail and operated in connection
with the Klgin & State Line division of the Galena &
Chicago Union Road, before the consolidation of the
latter company with the Chicago & North-Western. The
rails, however, had long since been removed, and the
old grading and right-of-way suffered to remain unoc-
cupied. The growth of the village of Lake Geneva,
and its increasing prominence as a summer resort,
inducing a belief that the improvement and re-opening
of the branch would prove- profitable, an arrangement
was made by which the old grading and right-of-way
were secured, and a charter was obtained under the
name of the State Line \- Tnion Railroad Company.
The company's losses in the fire of 1871 were very
• The fiscal year of tin , o,n|,-,,,y HIIS.- on May 31, and a reference to
any specified year is a reference t" tiir year closing on May 31.
serious, amounting to more than a million dollars, there
being, however, a partial insurance in good companies.
A UK nig the most important property destroyed were two
large brick freight-houses, a brick flour-warehouse, one
large grain-elevator (from which the company derived
an annual rental of $25,000), besides two other elevators,
belonging to private parties, situated on the North-
Wcstern tracks, but used exclusively in the company's
business. The passenger depot of the Galena division,
with many smaller buildings, were utterly destroyed, as
well as the large block occupied by the company's
general offices. Of the rolling stock, one hundred and
thirty-three freight-cars, standing on the track and in
the warehouses, were burned. The actual value of the
property destroyed was less than the inevitable loss of
business resulting from the first effects of the fire.
Within sixty days after the fire, however, the receipts
of the company had recovered. The construction of
two new elevators, — one on the company's ground and
one on the old site on their tracks, — was at once com-
menced, the capacity being 1,500,000 bushels, and they
were completed in time for the ensuing harvest. Two
large temporary wooden freight-houses were erected,
to supply the immediate and pressing wants, and the
re-building of the burned warehouses was at once com-
menced.
For the year ending May 31, 1872, the revenue
showed a decrease of $292,753, or 2.56 per cent, in
gross receipts. Of this deficit, $143,966.16 belonged to
the first week following the fire, and $279,454.49, nearly
the entire amount, was within the first four weeks. The
total decrease in earnings during the six months ending
November 30, 1871, amounted to $765,562.21; while
the revenue for the six months following showed a gain
over the corresponding months of the previous year, of
$472,809.21. The extra amount and price of labor and
materials required for temporary accommodations in
Chicago, and in expensive renewals and repairs conse-
quent upon the fire, affected the operating expenses,
which, during the year, amounted to 56.68 per cent of
the gross earnings, and, if taxes and charges to account
of fire losses be included, reached 59.72 per cent.
The construction of the Menominee extension, de-
signed to fill a gap of one hundred and twenty miles in
the company's lines between Fort Howard and Ksca-
naba, was supplied by the use of stage-coaches in winter
and steamboats during the season of navigation. Grants
of land, aggregating 800,000 acres, had been made by
both the General Government and the State of Michi-
gan, none of which would be available unless the line
were completed in 1873. By February, 1872, fifty miles
had been put in operation.
The line from St. Peter, Minn., to New Ulm — thirty-
miles — was opened in February, 1872. The Iowa Mid-
land Railway was finished to Anamosa in October, 1872,
and a connection there made with the Dubuque& South-
western Railway, with which corporation reciprocal
traffic arrangements were made.
During the year ending May 31, 1873, the mileage
of the road was increased 145.42 miles, of which 108.5
miles were on the main lines. The financial results of
the year's operations were not satisfactory. The ton-
nage of freight carried showed an increase of 17.86 per
cent, over the preceding year, but the revenue from this
source increased only 14.53 Per cent., the rate per ton
per mile having decreased nearly ten per cent.; the
number of passengers carried was 11.44 per cent, in ex-
cess of those carried the year before, but the gain in
passenger earnings was only 7.64 percent.; the gross
earnings increased 11.7 per cent., but a necessary in-
1 ! zgylffWtS"
NORTHWESTERN DEPOT.
199
200
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
crease of service showed its result in an increase in the
percentage of operating expenses to 64.21 as against
59.72 during the year preceding. In consequence, the
net earnings exhibited a decrease ui X 154, 410.25
During the year, a branch road outside and west of
the city, leading from the Wisconsin Division main line,
at Swing Park, six miles from Chicago, to an intersec-
tion with the Galen, i Division line, about five miles west
of the Wells-street passenger station — known as the
"Circle track " — was constructed and put in operation.
The general office building, completed this year, on
the corner of Rinxie and Market streets, is of brick, sub-
stantially built and conveniently arranged. Its cost was
.i;-\o2. The new machine and repair shops were
built of brick and stone, with iron truss roots.
The report of the Land Commissioner showed the
sale of -\|, -'()<>. 48 acres of land in Michigan and Wis-
consin, at an average of $4.78 an acre. The number of
acres remaining May 31, 1875, was —
In Michigan 639.750.87
In \\iseonsin _..,. 364,228.29
In Minnesota and Dakota 1,104, 664. ix>
Total 2,108,643.16
These lands were of varied character. Many acres
were timber land, and several alternate sections had been
granted to the company in the very heart of the mining
districts. The stagnation in the lumber and iron ore
interests, however, rendered the sales light.
The year's business showed a decrease in gross earn-
ings of , 2.14 per cent., more than one-half of which was
the result of the " Granger legislation." There was an
average reduction of 0.1852 cents per mile per passen-
ger—in passenger rates aggregating $216,267.96. In
freight rates, the reduction was 0.1742 cents per ton per
mile, amounting to $791,819.95; the total loss from
lowering of rates being $1.008,087.91.
In the annual report of the company for 1877, the
advantages of location enjoyed by the road are thus
spoken of:
" The three main lines of the company's railway and their rami-
fications cover the quadrant of a circle, whose radius of over five
hundred miles sweeps to the north, northwest and west from
JO, \earlyeverv variety of production and industry incident
to the vigorous activity of that country, from Lake Superior on the
north to the transcontinental traffic via Omaha on the west, is
embraced within the limits of these inclosing lines. The iron ore,
the copper, stone, minerals and timber of the Upper Peninsula of
Michigan; the manufactures, agriculture, commerce and immense
lumber interests of Wisconsin; the extensive Wheat-growing prairies
ol Minnesota and Dakota, and the tfreat and diversified products of
some ot the fairest and most thriving portions of Illinois and Iowa,
from the Lakes to the Missouri River, all contribute in greater or
less decree to the volume of traffic which supports our revenues."
The construction of two additional branches was
commenced during the year. One, about twenty-five
miles in length, and known as the Menominee River
Railroad, ran from a point twenty-two miles south of
Escanaba, and was designed to opened up a new min-
IUL; region. A lateral road, sixty miles in length, was
also designed, and its construction commenced, to serve
as a branch of t|,e Cedar Rapids \- Missouri River leased
railroad in Iowa. The line was to be known as the
Maple River Railroad, and the cost of its construction
was assumed by the parties interested in the Cedar
Rapids road.
The financial results of the fiscal year ending May
31, 1878, were satisfactory. The 'net earnings of
the entire road, including the leased and proprietary
lines, were $2,464,487.16— more than double those of
the preceding year.
On June 6, 1877, the LaCrosse, Trempealeau &
I'rcscoU Railroad, was formally consolidated with the
Chicago \: North-Western Railway. The annexation
of this line made the entire mileage of the Chicago &
North- Western Road 2,078. 14 miles.
The amount of land sold during the year was
21, 983. 48 acres, and the total amount received and paid
into treasury on account of land grants, was $186,456.80.
The several Minnesota branch lines constructed or
completed during the year, were as follows:
Minnesota Valley Railroad 25 miles.
Rochester ..V Northern Minnesota Railroad — 25 miles.
I'lainvieu- Railroad . 16 miles.
Chatlield Railroad 12 miles.
The sum of $355,209.16 was expended for con-
struction on the Chicago & North-Western Railway
proper, and $79,619.08 on the proprietary lines. Various
improvements were made in Chicago ; a brick ware-
house was erected east of State Street, and a new
double-track steel draw-bridge was built over the North
Branch of the Chicago River, south of Kinzie Street, to
replace a single-track wooden bridge.
The net earnings for the year ending May 31, 1880,
were $4,080,167.90. One hundred and thirty 84-100
miles of road were constructed during the year, making
the total mileage of roads owned and controlled by the
company, 2,512.77. The construction expenses for the
year were $1,810,034.07. A permanent lease of the
Des Moines & Minneapolis road was entered into during
the year, being part of the Chicago \* North-Western
Company, by purchase in 1884. The length of the
road is fifty-eight miles, and its acquisition secured for
the company a continuous line to Des Moines. The
Sheboygan & Western (formerly the Sheboygan \- Fond
du Lac) Railway was also formally united with the
Chicago & North-Western. The company also acquired
the Galena & Southern Wisconsin, and the Chicago &
Tomali railroads, at that lime constructed with a nar-
row gauge for a distance of ninety-two miles, between
Galena, 111., and Woodman, Wis., with branches to
I'lattevillc and Lancaster, Wis. An extension of the
Chicago & Tomah road was contemplated, with a
standard gauge direct to Madison, where it would
connect with the main line to Chicago, and with a
proposed Madison and Milwaukee line to Milwaukee.
The construction of the extension toward the Missouri
River, in Central Dakota, was pressed forward rapidly.
This road leaves the main line of the Winona & St.
Peter Railway at Tracy, Minn., and runs westerly across
Dakota, with lateral branches. The Minnesota portion
of the line — forty-six miles — was called the Chicago &
Dakota Railway, while the portion lying in Dakota took
the name of the I >akota Central. The length of the
line to the Missouri River was about two hundred and
fifty miles, and one hundred and seventy miles had been
completed up to the close of the fiscal year 1880, the
entire track having been laid with steel rails.
A branch line about fifty-six miles in length, called
the Iowa & Southwestern Railway, was projected and
surveyed during the year, and its construction com-
menced the following year. The discovery of valuable
beds of iron ore in the Felch Mountain district, in
Michigan, led to the survey and construction, in 1881, of
about thirty-six miles of new road to connect with the
Lake Superior line, as well as of another extension in a
northerly direction, for about twenty-two miles from the
end of the Menominee River road, for the accommo-
dation of new iron mines in that district.
During 1881, the company purchased the valuable
working coal mines and properties of the Consolidation
Coal Company, in Iowa, also the road and mines of the
RAILROAD HISTORY.
2OI
Iowa Railway Coal and Manufacturing Company, near
Boone. The former of these purchases represented
about seventeen hundred acres of the best coal lands in
the State, on which three distinct mining properties were
already opened.
\Vith a view of diminishing the number of corpora-
tions and separate organizations included in the system
owned and operated by the company, an effort was made
during 1881 to bring together, capitalize and merge,
under authority of law, the various properties situated in
each State, so far as could be conveniently effected
independently of the organization of the Chicago &
North-Western Company.
The Elgin & State Line Railroad Company, the St.
Charles Railroad Company, and the State Line & Union
Railroad Company, in the States of Illinois and Wis-
consin, were consolidated under the name of the Elgin
& State Line Railroad Company.
The Chicago & Milwaukee Railway Company, the
Northwestern Union Railway Company, the Milwaukee
\: Madison Railway Company, the Chicago & Tomah
Railroad Company (which had previously been merged
with the Galena & Wisconsin Railroad Company), and
the Sheboygan & \Vestern Railway Company, were
consolidated in the States of Illinois and Wisconsin,
under the name of the Chicago, Milwaukee & North-
\Vestern Railway Company.
The Menominee River Railroad Company in Mich-
igan, and the Menominee Railway Company in Wis-
consin, were consolidated under the name of the
Menominee River Railroad Company in both States.
The Winona & St. Peter Railroad Company, the
Plainview Railroad Company, the Chatfield Railroad
Company, the Rochester & Northern Minnesota Rail-
way Company, the Minnesota Valley Railway Company
and the Chicago & Dakota Railway Company, were
united in Minnesota, and formed the Winona & St. Peter
Railroad Company.
The year was a prosperous one, financially. A
comparison of the earnings and expenses for the fiscal
years 1880 and 1881 shows an increase of 1 1.44 per cent,
in gross earnings, but a decrease of 7.42 per cent, in
net earnings. This disproportion was the result of an
increase of 17.23 percent, in operating expenses, mainly
due to the purchase of the mining properties before
referred to.
In 1882, much was done in the way of construction.
The Iowa Southwestern was completed, its length be-
ing 5 1.8 miles. The more important line of the Toledo
& Northwestern Railway was pressed forward, 290
miles of the 366 miles were completed by the close of
the year and the entire line was finished during 1883.
An extension of 71 miles of the St. Peter road in
Dakota was also commenced in 1882, and completed in
1883, as well as extensions of the Lake Superior &
Menominee River lines. In November, 1882, purchase
was made of a majority of the capital stock of the
Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway Com-
pany. Delivery and payment were to be made during
the summer of 1883. The management of the cor-
poration was reorganized and placed under the control
of the Chicago & North-Western Company on Decem-
ber 16, 1882. The system embraced 1,147 miles of
well equipped railroad.
In 1883, an extension of 78.22 miles was made of
the Toledo & Northwestern line, securing connection
with the Southeastern division of the Dakota Central.
The extensions of the latter road, during the year, were
71 miles from Watertown to Redfield; 5.47 miles from
Ordway to Columbia; and 30.55 miles up the valley of
the Big Sionx River. An extension of road was also
made in Michigan, to accommodate various mine open-
ings; 6.71 miles of new road were added to the system
in Wisconsin, and in the same State 75 miles of the nar-
row-gauge roads, before mentioned as the Chicago \-
Tomah and Galena & Southern Wisconsin, were changed
to the standard gauge and laid with steel rails. In Iowa,
the Maple River line was extended 31.5 miles. The
net outlay for construction, equipment and extensions
during the year was $4,669,833.10
During the year, all the proprietary lines in Michi-
gan became a part of the Chicago & North-Western
Railway. Two of the branch lines in Wisconsin were
absorbed, and on June 8, 188^, was effected the con-
solidation of the Elgin & State Line and the Chicago,
Milwaukee & North Western Railways with the Chicago
& North-Western.
During 1884, the following leased and tributary
lines, operated by the company in Iowa, were purchased:
Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, from the Missis-
sippi River bridge at Clinton to Cedar Rapids; Cedar
Rapids it Missouri River Railroad, from Cedar Rapids
to Council Bluffs, these two constituting the main line
across the State, and the Maple River Railroad, a valu-
able connection running into Northwestern Iowa, — total,
487.97 miles; the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad, from
Sioux City to Missouri Valley Junction, thence across
the Missouri River to a connection with the Union
Pacific Railway at Fremont, Neb.; the Missouri Valley
\: P.lair Railway & Bridge Company, owning the bridge
and its approaches over the Missouri River at Blair; and
the Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Railroad, from
Fremont to Valentine, near Fort Niobrara, Neb., with
the Creighton branch, 311 miles; total, 418.42 miles of
tributaries, and the Blair Bridge property.
During 1885, the construction of about seventy-five
miles of railroad, projected as a coal road, was begun
under the charter of the Northern Illinois Railway
Company, extending from the coal deposits adjacent to
La Salle, 111., to Belvidere on the Freeport line, where
it formed a direct connection with the lines of this
company for the distribution of coal in Wisconsin and
throughout the Northwest. This furnished a connecting
link between two important branches of the company's
lines.
In pursuance of the company's policy to reduce the
number of its minor corporations, the Iowa Midland
Railway Company, Stanwood & Tipton Railway Com-
pany, Des Moines & Minneapolis Railroad Company,
Ottumwa, Cedar Falls & St. Paul Railway Company,
and Iowa Southwestern Railway Company, were merged,
during the year, with the Chicago & North-Western
Company.
The items charged to construction account during
the year (exclusive of the Sioux City & Pacific, and
Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley lines), amounted
to $20,195,762.83. The control of the two lines last
named was acquired by the purchase and transfer of
their capital stocks, both roads being operated inde-
pendently of the Chicago & North-Western Company.
The total number of miles of road operated by the
company on May 31, 1885, was 3,843.31, of which
3,302.06 were laid with steel rails.
The appended statistical tables show the financial
operations of the company from 1871 to 1885, together
with condensed statements of both passenger and freight
business during the same period :
202
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
You
M.iy )I.
Miles.
•
OPERATIN,
AND 1
Net earnings.
Other charges,
im hiding inte-
rest, sinking
funds and
rentals, and
e.xellldillK
dividend!.
Net income.
Amount of
I 'ividends.
PERCENTAGE OF
DIVIDENDS PAID.
Amount.
Percent-
earnings
On
common
stuck.
On
preferred
stock.
1873
1873
IS 74
"-77
1879
l88l
2,OO6.98
2,215.83
3.464-70
3.7'9-S*
S,8l9.37
, 161 4-1
15,6 ;:
• .731 97
13,033,101 96
17.349.
(,656 n)
334 ;j
23,502,655 51,
-
.-.178,236 71
-.7-1,2(17 13
7, 5 21 1,1 (xi 92
'145 7"
7.7'>7.»4'> ' '
8,431,
10,425,821 o;
?"> 36
15,I4'>,957 12
13.793,907 05
0 | 2 I
59-34
57-7?
51.66
54.86
53.92
53-37
5».44
60.51
58.69
S 4,592,135 54
4, 55s- 37° t>4
6,356,086 95
5,005,035 95
5. 739,442 07
5,507,001 04
7.130,116 70
(073,272 26
749 22
-.')"-, 251 oo
11,045,022 08
10,009,317 96
9,879,667 04
9,708,148 51
•?i,973.Sn 7'
-'.^74,456 51
3,163,920 69
4,486,769 57
4,713,327 20
4,578,658 61
4. (,(, = ,629 54
4 5<'i5,<'44 3''
4, \37,5Sl 32
5,130,74(1 20
5,11(1(1,946 94
5,957,701 32
6,178,939 24
5,151,101 01
$2,618,323 78
2,183,913 53
1,911,752 98
518,266 38
1,026,114 87
342 43
2,464,487 16
2,287,627 90
4,080,167 90
3,777,501 80
5,378,075 14
4,051,616 64
3,700,727 80
4,557,017 50
si, 486,188 64
2,019,641
~3]A
7
7
536,810 oo
1,956,034 oo
2,105,868 oo
2,405,521 oo
2,420,272 75
2,586,637 75
2,800,336 52
2,939,469 50
3,981,348 50
3
4
6
6
(>'/*
7
7
7
2^
7
7
7
7
rA
8
8
8
For the
year ending
-M.ty o.
lonn.i .
freight.
Freight tnniiii'^e
..lined one
mile.
Revenue
per ton.
ge | er j
!"li per mile.
(cents 1
Total revenue
from freight.
For the
year
ending
May 31.
Total
number c .f
passengers.
Passengers
carried
one mile.
Revenue
per passen-
ger permile.
(cents)
Average
receipt from
each
passenger.
Total revenue
from passengers.
1S72
2,511
-'.-7.764,006
S3 < " >
2.6l
S 7,521,275 09
1872...
2,224,705
99,299,476
3.28
Si 47
83,260,654 06
1873....
-.390
366,475.4s"
2 1)1
2-35
9,550,547 04
1873...
2,479,202
111,071,927
3.16
i 41
3,509,702 28
1874....
3,591
461, i
2 86
2.22
11,206,805 74
1874...
2,823,889
109,134,533
3.14
1 21
3 426,824 35
1875....
3. 153, .515
454.54''. 46s
3 03
2.10
9,623,165 84
1875...
3,407,620
"6,775,354
3-02
I 03
3,205,059 68
1877----
3. 471. <i-7
3.413,39s
485.3
2 83
2 64
t.86
9,832,979 37
9,1x35,278 67
1876...
1877---
3,527,143
3,347,853
122,281,308
116,902,435
2.85
2.89
0 99
I 01
3,483.647 42
3,378,295 18
1.261
623,71
2 75
1.72
10,754,168 18
1878...
3,416,413
118,877,406
2.83
o 99
3,366,678 61
1879....
I88o....
».-'t>5.937
(.635
J. I I 2
681,87-. ;i i
865,9
980,588,774
2 49
2 31
2 16
1.56
1.49
1-47
10,637,367 59
12,897,777 52
14,414,151 09
(879-
|88O .
1881 ...
3,328,427
3.664,708
4.482,317
140,116, .-.-4
l64,333,5oS
2.79
2.67
2.53
o 97
o 94
o 93
3,240,695 91
3,737,342 95
4,158,129 81
1883
'.893
7, -74. 665
I. 1112,188,039
'-'9. 35s
2 13
2 IO
1-47
1.42
17,525,134 19
16,894,351 75
t88a ...
1883...
",754,717
7,968,560
205,574,178
248,856,303
2.52
2.46
" 77
o 77
5,171.423 19
6,119,615 75
1885...
8,453.994
8,235,127
1,350,173.77s
1,416,789,205
2 09
2 08
1.31
1.19
17.677,866 40
16,917,393 71
1885 ...
8,523,483
8,403,884
256,386,389
231,090,788
2.40
2.38
o 71
o 65
6,153,070 70
5,498,110 67
R.OBRRT STANI.KY HAIR, general passenger agent of the
\orth-Western Railroad, was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne,
i November 2. 1852, the son of < ieorge Robson and
Kli/abcth i Davidson) Hair. His parents came to this country
when he was but two years old, and with them he travelled about
this country, to the various pastoral charges to which his father
was assigned by the Methodist Conference, George R. Hair being a
clergyman of that denomination. The pulpits he occupied were in
Pennsylvania and New York states, until 1*71,, when he went to
Minnesota, and is now at Fargo, I). T., superintendent of the North
Dakota Mission of the Methodist Church, which comprises North-
ern Dakota. Montana, and the region in that vicinity. R. S. Hair
was educated at the preparatory schools of the districts where his
father was pastor, and afterward at the Wyoming Seminary, at
Kingston, 1'enn.. where lie took a thorough course, preparatory to
entering college. Instead of matriculating at college, however, he
to M. Paul and took charge of ihc engineer 'department of the St.
.V Dulutli Railroad. After remaining 'in that position for
some time, he was transferred to the position of chief clerk to the
auditor and general ticket agent, and from that position was promoted
to the Office of assistant general ticket agent, and then to^cneral ticket
I" February, [88l, Mr. Hair left that road and entered the
i North-WeBtern Railroad as general traveling
although his position virtually was that of assistant
ral passenger agent, and on November I, lSv|, he was
promoted t.> the position he now occupies. In 1879, he was mar-
ried to Miss Relta Cooke, daughter of Andrew T. ( '..oke. of Hope,
N. |.; they have one child, liessie.
HlRAM R. \b Cl LLOUGR, first assistant general freight agent
Of the I North-Western Railroad, was born at Klkton,
: md. on October 7. is 50, and is the son ,,| Ilivani and Sarah
(Ricketts) MrCuilongh. He received his education at Elizabeth,
N. )., and at Washington College, at Lexington, Ya. In 1871, he
first entered into business life by coming to Chicago — the goal for
young men of energy, perseverance and talent — and entered the
employment of the Illinois Central Railroad, as clerk, in December
of that year. He remained in the offices of that road until 1876,
when he was proffered, and accepted, the position of division
freight agent at \Vinona, Minn., where he remained until [878,
and then came to Chicago as division freight agent, and, on Novem-
ber I, 1884, he was appointed to the position he at present occupies.
Mr. McCullough was married, in 1879, to Miss Martha Hughitt, of
Chicago; they have two daughters, llclle and Florence.
CHARLES HUNT KVMT, second assistant general freight agent
ol the Chicago & North-Western Railroad, is one of the oldest
employ, s who have been continuously in the service of the company,
lie was born in Victory. Cayiiga Co., N. N'., on January 12,
1837, and is the son of John T. and Theoda (Xcwcomb) Knapp,
who were both descendants of a long line of English ancestors. Mr.
Knapp received his early education at the common school, and the
Auburn (N. Y .) high school; and, at the age of fourteen years
commenced to earn his living, without any verj large amount of
educational advantages to assist him in his endeavors. His first
experience was upon a farm, after which he ran an engine in a
steam saw-mill for four years, and also woiked some little time at
the lumbering business. Full of energy, vim and health, anything that
supplied him with good pay and active employment was acceptable
to him, and later years have not dulled his energy or perseverance,
onh the development has been intellectual rather than physical.
On March i, 1858, he entered the service of the old Galena &
Chicago Union Railroad, at Kreeport, 111., as check-clerk; having
come to Chicago a short time previously. He remained in this
position until September i, 1858, when he was promoted cashier of
the freight department at the same city, ami occupied that situation
for a little over six years. On November to, 1864, he was appointed
agent at Freeport, and remained there until November 10 1874
when he was appointed general agent of the road,— which long ere
this has become the Chicago \- North-Western Railroad —at
Wmona, Minn., where he remained until 1878, and was then, about
RAILROAD HISTORY.
203
October, appointed to the position he now occupies. He was
married, in 1867, to Miss Sarah K. Riker, of Victory, X. V., and
has one son, James N., who was born in 1869. Mr. Knapp «as
made a Master Mason in Evergreen Lodge, of Freeport, ami also
received the chivalric degrees in the Fret-port Commandery. Mr.
Knapp still manifests the effects of his early outdoor, vigorous life
in his sturdy, energetic transaction of the business that devolves
upon him. This is one of his characteristics, — doing with all his
might what comes to his hand ; for instance, while agent at Free-
port he would run special trains or perform any necessary work
whose doing would be beneficial to the interests of the company.
Hence the reason for his being retained with this company for
twenty-six years is easily explained, and it is probable that his
tenure of office is only limited by his tenure of existence.
CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD.
At the commencement of 1871, the Chicago & Alton
Railroad Company was operating 5 1 1 miles of railway,
as follows — •
Owned by the company:
[oliet to East St. Louis 242miles.
Dwight to \Vashington(with branch to Lacon) 80 "
Under perpetual lease:
Chicago to Joliet (Joliet & Chicago Railroad) 38 miles.
Bloomington to (lodfrey (St. Louis, Jacksonville
& Chicago Railroad) 151 "
During that year, a road was constructed from Rood-
house, on the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago road,
to a point on the east bank of the Mississippi River
opposite Louisiana, Mo., a distance of 37.6 miles. The
construction of this line included the building of an
iron bridge, 1,200 feet in length, across the Illinois
River. Upon the building of this branch was expended
$1,217,097. The franchise was obtained through the
St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago company. A steam
ferry-boat, capable of transporting across the Mississippi
an entire passenger train, or twelve freight cars, was
placed upon the route between Louisiana, Mo., and the
eastern shore, and, under the terms of a contract
and lease between the Chicago & Alton and Lou-
isiana & Missouri River companies, the former cor-
poration constructed fif,ty-one miles of road from
Louisiana to Mexico, Mo. These two lines (composing
the branch from Roodhouse to Mexico) were opened
for through traffic on October 30, 1871, making a total
of 591.6 miles of road operated by the Chicago & Alton
company during the last two months of the year.
Track-laying between Mexico and Jefferson City was
begun.
The importance of the line between Roodhouse and
Mexico lay in the fact that it formed a connecting link
between the lines operated by the Chicago & Alton
company and the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern
Railway ; the co-operation of the two companies secur-
ing a through line between Chicago and Kansas City,
shorter than any other then in operation.
The percentage of operating expenses (exclusive of
taxes) to the gross earnings was 56.13 ; the percentage
of operating expenses and taxes, 58.36, an unusually high
ratio, the result of exceptional causes. In March of
that year, a tornado destroyed the engine-house and
depot buildings at East St. Louis, and seriously damaged
other property of the company. In the Chicago fire, in
October, a loss in buildings and other property amount-
ing to $100,000, not covered by insurance, was sus-
tained. The cost of repairs and re-building rendered
necessary in each case was charged to operating ex-
penses.
The tonnage of freight carried showed an increase
of nineteen per cent, over that of 1870, but owing to a
decrease in rates of transportation the aggregate earn-
ings from this source were only thirteen per cent, in
excess of the preceding year. One element of the total
freight tonnage may be specially mentioned, on account
of the extraordinary increase exhibited in six years ; in
1865, 6,000 tons of coal were transported ; in 1871,
381,936 ; while in 1873 the tonnage reached 549,000
tons.
The line from Mexico to Jefferson City, Mo., was
completed during 1872, the last twenty-five miles, from
Fulton to Jefferson City, having been opened for traffic
on July 1 6.
Increased competition and consequent lowering of
rates caused a marked decrease in the earnings of 1872,
the gross receipts being $5, 156,325. 71, and the net earn-
ings $1,879,147.44. While the tonnage of freight during
the year increased 6.88 per cent., the revenue therefrom
was diminished 3.5 per cent.
The gross receipts show a falling off of $122,584.52,
or 2.3 per cent, as compared with 1871; the net receipts
exhibit a decrease of $318,938.02, or about 14^ per
cent. This disproportion was due to an increase in the
operating expenses, which amounted to 61 per cent, of
the gross earnings, as against 56.13 per cent, in 1871.
The causes for this result may be mainly traced to the
Chicago fire. The destruction of elevators and ware-
houses rendered it impossible to obtain storage for grain
arriving in this city without resorting to very expensive
expedients, the cost of which was charged by the com-
pany to operating expenses. For a considerable portion
of the year storage could not be had at any outlay, and
among the disastrous results of the conflagration was
the forcing of grain traffic to other markets. So far as
the Chicago & Alton road was concerned, the effect
was serious. Grain and lumber, at that time, constituted
the bulk of its freight, and the fanner usually disposes of
the one and procures the other in the same market.
With a remarkably good crop in 1872, the grain ship-
ments to Chicago over the Chicago cv Alton road were
reduced one and one-half millions of bushels, and the
return freights in lumber were lowered nearly 80,000,000
feet.
Experience having demonstrated that the steam-ferry
across the Mississippi River at Louisiana, Mo., was
wholly inadequate, the river at that point being liable to
serious and prolonged blockadesof ice, in 1873 the Mis-
sissippi River Bridge Company was organized, and on
June 30 was commenced the construction of a bridge,
which was so far completed on December 24 as to admit
its use for the passage of trains.
The first year of its operation proved the wisdom of
its construction. During 1874, the earnings from pas-
senger traffic were $8,949.95, and from freight traffic,
$48,888.01, the net profit being 7^4 percent, on its cost.
The entire work was accomplished in less than six
months, at a cost of $705,000. The length of the bridge
is 2,042 feet; its superstructure is of wrought iron, and
rests upon piers and masonry of the most substantial
character. The draw-section is 446 feet in length, and
at the time of its construction was the longest in the
world. So perfectly was it constructed, that although a
steam engine was provided for operating it, one man,
unless high winds prevailed, could open and close it,
unaided by this appliance.
The panic of 1873 exerted a depressing influence
upon all business, including railroad traffic; yet the gross
earnings of the company during the year exceeded those
of 1872, by more than $340,000, or over six per cent.,
while, owing to a reduction of operating expenses, the
net earnings were more than twelve per cent, greater
than those of the previous year.
204
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
The year 1874 presented a less favorable showing,
the gross receipts from traffic falling off six and three-
quarters per cent, from 1873. The causes for this decrease
may be found in the steady diminution of rates for freight
transportation, due in part to adverse legislation and in
part to an unwisely directed competition; a partial fail-
ure of crops, the decrease in the amount of corn trans-
ported reaching twenty-four percent.; the diminished
c<>al traffic twenty-six and one-third per cent., the result
of a three-months' strike of the miners in the Braidwood
district and a ten-months' suspension of work by the
Joliet Iron & Steel Company, caused by a strike of the
operatives.
Under the terms of the lease of the Louisiana &
Missouri River Railroad, the latter company had agreed
to furnish the right-of-way, grading and ties, to complete
its line from Mexico to Kansas City. This provision of
the contract was not complied with. The net earnings
of the leased line for 1874 were less than the amount of
rent paid for its use, and its operation for many years
had been a source of loss. The questions thus arising
between the two companies were submitted to arbitra-
tion, and the modifications of the lease made by the
award were more favorable to the Chicago & Alton
company; the payment of any rental beyond the thirty-
five per cent, of gross earnings, less taxes, was abro-
gated, and any excess paid as interest, beyond the rental
thus established, was made a debt against the Louisiana
tv: Missouri River company.
In March. 1875, the Chicago & Illinois River Rail-
road, from Joliet to the Mazon River, traversing the
Wilmington coal-fields, upon aline parallel to the Alton,
at a distance of about four miles, was leased. In No-
vember, the two companies made an agreement with
the Chicago, Pekin & South-Western Railroad Company
granting the latter the right to run its trains over the
ni-w line.
The gross earnings for 1875 were less than for any
year since 1868.
The traffic over the Louisiana & Missouri River road
improved during 1876. Its original estimated value
was based upon its probable worth as a part of a through
line between Chicago and Kansas City; but the com-
pany had failed to complete its line from Mexico to the
last named city. Asa result, the Chicago & Alton com-
pany was left entirely dependent upon the St. Louis,
Kansas City & Northern Railway for its connection.
While these two companies had a common interest in
that portion of the traffic which could be best promoted
by their joint action, they were still, to a considerable
extent, competitors. In undertaking to carry out its
contract, the Louisiana <S; Missouri River Railroad
Company was reduced to bankruptcy.
In response to a circular addressed to shareholders
on December i, 187 7, assent to an extension of the line
to Kansas City was received from more than three-
fourths of the holders of both preferred and common
stock. On account of the difficulty experienced in se-
curing a settlement with the floating-debt creditors of
the Louisiana & Missouri River company, it was deemed
best that the extension should be operated under a fran-
chise obtained through the medium of a new organi/a-
tion. This new corporation, known as the Kansas City,
St Louis \- Chicago Railroad Company, secured do-
nations of the right-of-way and a limited amount of
other local aid, all of which were to be assigned to the
Chicago iN: Alton company, and the construction of the
road and its subsequent operation were to be wholly in
its interests. On March 15, 1878, the newly-formed
company executed to the Chicago & Alton road a per-
petual lease. Work was vigorously pressed, and by the
first of July the line was in actual operation. The
amount expended on the construction of the line, in-
cluding a steel bridge across the Missouri River, depot
buildings, grounds and all other appurtenances, was
$3,592,027.95. The value of the extension may be
judged from the fact that, although in operation only
about half a year, it contributed fifty-six and one-half
per cent, of the total increase in gross earnings during
1879, while in 1880 its earnings were $1,261,991.56, or
$7.742.28 per mile.
On December 3, 1877, the Mississippi River bridge,
at Louisiana, Mo., was leased to the company, in per-
petuity, at a fixed rental of $63,000 per annum. A
covenant in the agreement required the Alton company
to retire the bonds of the bridge company at maturity,
after which the rental was to be reduced to $21,000 per
annum, — the amount required to pay seven per cent,
dividends on the stock.
The financial affairs of the Chicago & Illinois River
Railroad Company had, for nearly the entire period of
its existence, been seriously embarrassed, and on Sep-
tember 3, 1879, its property, of every description, was
sold under judicial decree on foreclosure of its first
mortgage. The property was purchased at the foreclo-
sure sale by the Chicago & Alton company; and, on Sep-
tember 5, the sale having been confirmed by the court,
was deeded to that corporation.
The total length of road operated on January i,
1880, is shown in the annexed table :
\hu-:s OF MAIN
LINE.
Miles of
side track.
Length of
track.
ist main
track.
2(1 main
truck.
Chicago to Joliet (leased). . .
Joliet to East St. Louis
(owned)
37.20
243-50
27.84
79-80
38.10
150.60
I00.8O
162.62
36.48
25-58
16.84
57.17
5-74
7.18
5.29
13-63
10.44
21-59
90.52
326.25
33.58
86.98
43-39
164.23
111.24
184.21
Coal City Branch (owned) ..
Dwight to Washington, and
branch to Lacon (owned)
Roodhotise to Louisiana
(owned)
St. Louis, Jacksonville and
Chicago (leased)
Louisiana and Missouri Riv-
er (leased)
Mexico to Kansas City
(leased) '
Total miles
840.46
62.06
137-88
1,040.40
In summarizing the financial condition of the road on
December 31, 1880, the directors, in their annual re-
port, said :
" Our company has expended large sums obtained from time to
time by the sale of stock and bonds for permanent additions to its
leased lines and for rolling stock used on them. The leases are
perpetual, and the property thus held may be considered as owned,
subject to the payment of annual rent. By capitalizing, at seven per
cent., the amount of annual rent in addition to that represented by
coupons on the several amounts of bonds [constituting the funded
debt] we arrive at the following result :
" Total amount of stocks and bonds ... $26,588,82200
"Capital represented by
Joliet & Chicago Railroad Company,
less $306,000 of bonds _ __. 1,500,00000
St. L., J. and C.R.R. (based on last
year's earnings) . 5,404,77300
K.C.,St.I,. ,V C.K.R., less $3,000,000
of ist mortgage bonds owned by
our company __ 1,743,60000
Louisiana & Missouri River R.R.
(based on earnings of last year) ... 2,284,532 28
RAILROAD HISTORY.
205
Mississippi River Bridge Co. (less
($700,000 bonds) — .
300,000 oo
Total capital account $37,821,727 28
" This sum includes the cost of our bridges over the Mississippi
and Missouri rivers, rolling-stock and all other property held by
our company. If divided by the number of miles of main line
(840.46), it is equal to $45,239 per mile. If divided by the number
of miles of all tracks (1,061.53), it is equal to $35,629 per mile.
Excluding the cost of the bridges over the Mississippi and Mis-
souri rivers, the remainder, including all other property, is equal to
$43,584 per mile of main line, * * or $34,239 for each mile
of track."
During 1880, the work of lowering the steepest
grades on all the divisions was continued, and on the
division between Chicago and Bloomington (126 miles)
was completed, the maximum inclination being twenty-
four feet a mile. Steel and iron were substituted for
wood in bridges, until, at the close of the year, very
few wooden bridges remained on the line.
During 1881, the Illinois River Railroad (owned by
the Chicago & Alton company) was connected with the
main line by the construction of a road, six miles
long, between Coal City and a point near Braceville,
completing a "loop line" between the junction last re-
ferred to and Joliet. The two roads were at once
operated for through traffic as a double-track railway,
completing the double-track system between Chicago
and Odell, a distance of nearly eighty-two miles, on
which the heaviest traffic was concentrated.
An examination of the statistics relating to freight
transportation shows that the business of the country
traversed by the line, from having been at first almosi
wholly agricultural, had become diversified. The traffic
derived directly from the products of the soil became
each year of less relative importance, and the annual
revenue from freight less dependent upon successful
crops. In 1881, the earnings from transporting farm
products were but twenty per cent, of the total earnings
from freight traffic, and only fourteen and one-half per
cent, of the gross earnings from all traffic.
Another "loop line" was commenced in 1881 and
completed in 1882, between Godfrey and Milton, pass-
ing through Upper Alton, seven and one-half miles in
length. The distance between the two points was
shortened by one and one-half miles, and the grade re-
duced from a maximum of ninety to thirty-two feet a
mile.
In 1884, by an exchange of stock, the ownership of
the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad Com-
pany was vested in the Chicago & Alton company.
The financial results of the operation of the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, from 1871 to 1884, were —
Year.
Gross earnings.
OPERATING EXPENSES.
Net earnings.
Interest, rentals,
and
sinking funds
Dividends.
Amount.
Per cent.
1871
$5,278.910 23
5,156,325 71
5,497,540 77
5,126,228 03
4.656,763 83
4,960,528 69
4,464,343 08
4,671,519 13
5.755.677 19
7,687,225 98
7.557,740 42
8,215,495 12
8,8lO,6lO 38
8,709,274 22
$3,101,917 65
3,277,178 27
3.376,254 87
2.901,351 06
2,043,125 34
2,804,290 49
2,457,765 27
2,660,129 76
3,171,456 59
4,209,241 27
4,321,375 oo
4,684,503 50
5,097,032 62
5,133.790 16
58.36
63.60
61.41
56.60
56.77
56.53
55.05
56-94
55.10
54.10
57.17
57.02
57.85
58.94
$2,198,085 46
1,879,147 44
2,121,285 90
2,224,876 97
2,052,638 49
2,269,467 58
2,107,337 46
2,156,384 82
2,706,156 56
3,625,402 24
3,408,027 17
3.729,613 59
3,930,652 06
3,822 627 87
$ 880,270 23
876,846 97
1,005,165 53
,073,856 14
,058,243 46
,032,707 91
,135,005 49
,188,613 16
,346 928 50
,870,088 83
,932,984 oo
,968,230 66
,991,149 62
1,682,124 29
* $1,156,097 88
1,145,483 I3
I 135,080 oo
1,135.080 oo
1,021,572 oo
988.652 oo
926,898 50
865,109 oo
765,776 oo
854,359 oo
1,077,976 oo
1,083,080 oo
1,194,184 Oo
1,646,840 oo
1872
1873
1874 .
1875 .. . .
1876
1877 .
1878
t87q
1880
1881
1882 ...
1883
1884
* Including government tax on dividends of $10,403.13.
The net earnings from freight and passenger transportation of the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, from
1871 to 1884. were as follows :
FREIGHT EARNINGS.
Year.
TOTAL NUMBER OF TONS CARRIED.
PER CENTAGE OF
Average
miles
hauled.
Tons hauled
one mile.
Receipts
per ton
per mile
Revenue.
Through
freight.
Local
freight.
Total.
Through
freight.
Local
freight.
1871
1,501.496
1,601,799
I 642 440
10.46
11.26
9 30
17.24
11.65
14.50
22.18
17-35
23-65
26.24
24.40
21.04
24.97
27.25
89.54
88.74
90.70
82.76
88.35
85 50
77-82
82.65
76.35
73.76
75.60
78.96
75-03
72.75
Cents.
$3,740.203 07
3,607,642 90
3,897,461 76
3,446,880 91
3,173,531 43
3,541,346 07
3,067,769 22
3,409,509 82
4,242,791 39
5.808,484 30
5,546,869 44
5,948,123 31
6,197,680 84
6,073,674 61
1872 -
1873
1874
209,510
180,080
281,985
346,067
341,408
622,742
805,879
799.051
772,975
871,183
980,380
,211,648
,365,722
,536,250
,214,121
,625,898
2,011,435
2,265,909
2.475,953
2,749,865
2,617,313
2,617,904
1,421,158
1,445,802
1,818,235
I,500,lS8
1,967,306
2,637.177
3,071,788
3,275,004
3,522,840
3,488,496
3,598,284
II4.2
108.6
Ilg.8
135-8
121. 1
II4.7
156.7
136.5
1.34-8
157-4
167.5
162,306,676
168,923,879
2I7,835,l6l
211,947,565
248,286,318
402,234,396
451,474,730
447,009,997
474,823,908
549,369,534
602,768,054
2.123
.878
626
•447
.298
.054
.206
.241
.261
.128
1.007
l87t;
1876
1877
1878
1870
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884 .
2O6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
MNCS.
Year.
Xiiini
\\
ii.-,i.
\IIIIllHT nt p..
'1 one mile.
l\'-i ripts per
::^cr per mile.
: e paid
by each passenger.
Revenue.
1871
715.1
772,506
-;1'
I.-23
-•64
873.873
-37
781,991
843.4*9
.203,549
.495,606
,661, i)i)i
,805, 140
,907,486
Cents.
$i 78
72
66
57
46
39
41
37
55
35
13
18
25
'9
$1,273,793 44
1,329,714 83
1,379.425 71
1,420,350 42
1,252,688 77
1,218,820 91
1,211,851 78
1,071,103 68
1,311,708 17
1,624,668 08
1.697,541 44
1,973,100 66
2,270,379 08
2,278,429 14
1873
1874..
48.34
4(1. 70
I7.it'
47.36
48.24
64.28
65.03
62.117
60.72
58.73
62.88
4.i.462,5II
39.9 1
41,231,77?
40,743.273
37,797,542
54,219,072
78,270.565
02. ^47,464
101,150,959
106,028,676
119,946,417
3.267
3.126
2.956
2.974
2.834
2.419
2.760
1.828
I-95I
2.I4I
1.899
1875
1876
.
1878..
[870
iSSi .
1882...
1883
1884
The dividends declared by the Chicago & Alton
Railroad Company from 1863 to 1885, have been: 1863
—August i, 3'_. per cent, on preferred stock, and 2'2
on common; 1864— February, ,v'_> per cent, on pre-
ferred, common being passed; August, 3'., percent on
preferred, 6 per cent, on common; 1865 — February, 5
per cent, on both preferred and common; September,
per cent, on preferred and common. From March,
1866, to March, 1875, semi-annual dividends of 5 per
cent, were paid on both preferred and common stock;
from September, 1875, to March, 1877, 4 per cent, semi-
aminally was paid on both; from September, 1877, to
September, i.SSo, the semi-annual dividend was 3^ per
cent.; from March, 1881, to March, 1884, was 4 percent;
and since that time the company has paid a quarterly
dividend of 2 per cent, on both preferred and common
stock.
CM IONCEY KELSEY, auditor of the Chicago* Alton Railroad,
was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on May i, 1846. When quite young
his parents removed to Columbus, Ohio, where he was bn night up
and educated. He attended the public schools and, when about to
graduate from one of the high schools, was offered a position as
clerk in the freight department of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cin-
cinnati Railroad, at Columbus. He commenced work with this road
on April 13, 1863, and was there until February, 1865, occupying
various positions in the freight department of the company. At the
close of his engagement there, he took a position with the Indiana-
polis, Columbus & Indiana Central Road, occupying a clerkship
and remained with them through the consolidation of the line with
the " Pan Handle " and up to June, 1871. lie then took the post
of chief clerk of the accounting department of the Indianapolis
BJoomington & Western Railroad, at Urbana, 111., and, on May i'
1872, was appointed assistant auditor. In October of the same
year, lie was elected to the auditorship and he filled that important
office until April i, iSSo, when he was tendered the position he now
holds, that of auditor of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, with head-
quarters in this city. Mr. Kelsey was married, in 1876 to Miss
Kate Smith, daughter of C. \V. Smith, the general manager of the
hesapeake ,V < >hio Railroad. Her death occurred December 29
1882. 'I hey had one son, Charles Smith Kelsey, named in honor
of his paternal grandparent.
Appended are some sketches of gentlemen whose
headquarters are in this city, anil who are connected
with foreign roads:
I'll MU.I-S K. I.AMIIKKT, general western passenger agent of the
. ork, \\est Shore & Iluffalo Railway Company, is a native of
Iroy, N. V., where he was born on May 20 1846 His
father, Augustus Lambert, was a Connecticut ship-builder, but came
to New York ( ity at an early day and was o,,e of the pioneers of
V\cst Iroy. His mother, Constance ( icngras was of Trench ex
on. When only fourteen years of age young Lambert com-
1 his long railroad career, as an office boy with the Troy &
i Railroad Company, at West Troy. Passing through all the
gradations of freight clerk, brakeman, baggage master and agent
depot ticket agent, traveling passenger agent, general passenger
agent and assistant superintendent, Mr. Lambert finally left his
old home for Chicago in 1881, as general western agent for the
Iloosac Tunnel Route. lie performed the duties of that office un-
til January I, 1884, when he was appointed to his present position.
W. H. HIKI i;i HI, general western passenger agent of the
New York, Lake Lrie A: Western Railroad, was born at Roxbury,
Conn., on March 11. 1846. Subsequently he removed to Hartford
and Bridgeport, Conn., engaging in various mercantile pursuits,
until, in 1870, he went to Omaha, Neb., as passenger agent of the
Northern Missouri road. Mr. Hurlburt next served as travelling
agent of the liurlington & Missouri River Railroad; in 1873, he be-
came the northern passenger agent of the Chicago, liurlington &
(Juincy line, and subsequently the general travelling passenger agent
of that road. On January I, 1876, he was appointed the general
western passenger agent of the Canada Southern road, and in Sep-
tember 1 88 1, general passenger agent of the Canada Southern road,
with headquarters at Buffalo. He assumed his present position
on April 16, 1884.
CHARLES L. WELLINGTON, assistant general freight agent of
the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, was born at Cambridge,
Mass., on February 4, 1851. lie was reared and educated in his
native town and graduated from the high school. Ever since enter-
ing upon business life, Mr. Wellington has been identified with
railroads, February 12, 1873, being the date upon which he entered
into active service. He took a position as clerk to the assistant
general freight agent of the Michigan Central Railway, at Detroit,
and remained there for four years. On February I, 1877, having
been offered a better position in a similar capacity, he came to
Chicago and remained one year with the Chicago X '(irand Trunk
line. The Wabash company tendered him a clerkship in their offici-
al Toledo, Ohio, and, on September i, 1878, he accepted the same and
entered upon the duties. Mr. Wellington remained there until Sep-
tember, 1880, and during this time, owing to his assiduous attention
and conscientious devotion to the duties required in his position, his
abilities were recognized, and as it is the practice of the Wabash to
promptly promote those who are faithful in the discharge of their
work, Mr. Wellington received the post of assistant general freight
agent at St. Louis, and later, in 1883, the same position, with head-
quarters in Chicago. The duties devolving upon an official in the
department of a railroad like that represented by Mr. Wellington,
requires a man of energy, perception and discrimination. His long
Railway ( ompanv, at Dunkirk, N. Y. From that minor position
c rose to be agent of the station, and served the Erie road at Dun-
ior twenty-two consecutive years. In 1868, he was appointed
, , " fc«W IV/HU. Ill J.O I\J [JC WCIlt IU
Calvcston lex., at the request of II. M. Hoxie, general manager
the (.alveston, Houston & Henderson Railroad, and filled the
position of freight agent at that point for three years. He after-
1 held similar positions at leading points on the Missouri Pacific,
RAILROAD HISTORY.
207
in 1883, being stationed at Denison, Tex. When General Manager
Talmadge took charge of the affairs of the Wabash, St. Louis ,\
Pacific Railroad, his first appointment was to make Mr. Winans local
freight agent of the line at Chicago, such was his high regard for the
abilities of this gentleman. This office Mr. Winans still retains,
serving his company with the faithfulness and efficiency that has
always marked his past career. Mr. \Vinans was married in 1871,
to Miss I, illk- llandt, of New York City. They have one child, a
daughter, named Ionia Vallere. For twenty years Mr. Winans has
been a member of the Masonic fraternity and is a Knight Templar.
Br.NIAMiN V. [ACKSIIN, general northwestern agent of the
( 'lu's.ipcake and Ohio Railroad, was born in and resided at Parkers-
.
burg, \V. Va., the earlier portion of his life. The date of his birth
was March 10, 1850. During his boyhood, Mr. Jackson attended
the public schools in his native town, and later entered the Univer-
sity of Virginia. He remained there for some time, and as he was
about to graduate and take the degree of Bachelor of Arts, he left
the school and commenced business life. Mr. Jackson first entered
the railway service as bill clerk on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad,
now known as the Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railway.
This was in 1868, and he remained with them but one year, when
he was offered employment in the Second National Bank of Park-
ersburg. He took a primary position at first, but rapidly won his
way, and within two years he was made teller of the bank. In 1870,
he 'was offered a lucrative position as bookkeeper for the Novelty
Mills of 1'arkersburg, but he only remained with them six or eight
months, resigning his place in order to go into business for himself.
His first venture was freight transportation on the Ohio River, and
he was very successful. In the latter part of 1871, he obtained an
interest in a large oil refinery at 1'arkersburg, and he devoted his
whole attention to that business, liy dint of hard work Mr. Jack-
son rapidly accumulated a large competence. But in the spring of
1874, a conflagration ruined him, destroying his property, valued at
'«»>. It was a heavy blow, and not only was it disastrous to
him then, but the liabilities of his firm hampered him in after years.
But like an honest man, Mr. Jackson was finally enabled to balance
the last debt the firm owed. In the fall of 1874, having arranged
his financial matters satisfactorily, he accepted the position of agent
for the Chesapeake c.V Ohio line, at Memphis, Tenn. Owing to the
struggle he had made to redeem his fortunes, his health had be-
come impaired and he concluded to withdraw from business until he
had regained his health. After a few months' rest, having been
offered the general superintendency of the lands and territory of the
West Virginia Oil and Oil -Land Company, he went to work with
a determination to relieve himself of the debts unpaid at the time of
the fire. He was eminently successful, accomplished the desired
result, and soon found himself on the road to affluence again. During
his connection with the above company, covering a period of about
three years, Mr. Jackson erected an immense refinery and built up
a heavy trade for the corporation. In the winter of 1878, he re-
tired from active business and took several months' rest. In April,
1879, the Erie Railroad offered him the superintendency of their
milk traffic, one of their valuable interests then requiring systematic
management. Mr. Jackson took charge of this department and
held the post until April, 1882, when he returned to the service of
the Chesapeake \ Ohio Company, and took the agency at Louis-
ville, Ky. He served them in that capacity until the following
June, when he was sent to Chicago to represent the line as their
general northwestern agent, which position he holds at the present
time. He is also general northwestern agent of the Kanawha Dis-
patch, a fast freight-line operating over the Chesapeake & Ohio and
its connections. Mr. Jackson was married on May 18, 1878, at
Cincinnati, Ohio, to Miss Blanche Worthington. They have lost
two children; and two daughters, Laura and Carrie, are still living.
CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY
RAILROAD.
The total mileage of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, at the opening of the fiscal year end-
ing April 30, 1872, was 706 miles. This was increased
during the year succeeding to 761 miles, by the opening
of the Illinois Grand Trunk branch from Mendota to
Prophetstown, forty- five miles, and that portion of the
Fox River Valley branch, between Aurora and Geneva,
ten miles, in May, 1871.
The capital stock of the company was increased dur-
ing the year by the sale, to the stockholders at par, of
20,594 shares; and the net earnings of the road for the
year, above operating expenses and taxes, amounted
$12.23 Per share °f the capital stock thus increased. A
reduction of rates, however, — due, in part to a strong
competition between the trunk lines leading west from
the seaboard — joined to other causes, made the results of
the year's operations less satisfactory than they would
otherwise have been, or than was anticipated. The
Chicago fire occasioned an almost complete interruption
of the freight business, especially that which was local
to the road. From the close of navigation to the end of
the fiscal year, the lack of adequate storage room in
Chicago, added to the incapacity of Eastern roads to
receive freight, operated unfavorably, not only to the
business local to the road, but also, to a large extent,
rendered it impossible for it to receive freight from its
connections west, tit the Mississippi.
The Chicago & Iowa Railroad was completed and
opened for business during the year, extending from
Aurora to Forreston, — eighty-three miles — where a
junction was formed with the main line of the Illinois
Central Railroad. The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
company made a traffic agreement with this corpora-
tion, under the terms of which the latter was to send all
its business over the line of the former between Aurora
and Chicago. Contracts between the two companies
last named, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Du-
buque & Minnesota Railroad companies were also con-
cluded during the year, whereby a line was formed from
Chicago to Dubuque, over which the business of the
Chicago, Dubuque & Minnesota, the Illinois Central
north of Forreston, including that of the Dubuque &
Sioux City road, was to pass over the Chicago & Iowa
and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy roads, between
Forreston and Chicago.
The company acquired by purchase, during the
year, the Chicago & Rock River Railroad. Its route
extended from Rock Falls, opposite Sterling, crossing
the Illinois Central at Amboy, and thence running
nearly parallel with and in the vicinity of the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy road into Chicago. Shortly after
its acquisition, it was extended westward from Rock
Falls, forty-live miles, to Shabonna's Grove, on the
Chicago & Iowa line, the extension being completed and
opened for traffic in July, 1872.
During the latter half of 1873, the Illinois Grand
Trunk extension was completed to Clinton. Owing to
some difficulty in reference to the use of the Chicago &
North-Western company's bridge across the Mississippi
at that point, surveys were made and preparations com-
pleted for the construction of another bridge across the
river, in order to establish complete connection with the
Chicago, Clinton & Dubuque and the Chicago, Dubuque
& Minnesota roads. A bridge company was organized,
stock subscribed, and the necessary State and Federal
legislation obtained.
In 1872, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad
was transferred, by perpetual lease, to the Chicago,
Burlington & Quincy Company. On December 31,
1872, the latter corporation took formal possession of
the line. The hue annexed crosses Iowa from Burling-
ton to the Missouri River, connecting at Omaha with
the Union Pacific line; at Omaha, Plattsmouth and
Nebraska City with the railroad system of Nebraska ;
and by its branches and connections reaching to the
eastern terminus of the Kansas Pacific, the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe, and the system of Kansas roads.
Yet another advantage was that an eastern terminus at
Peoria was obtained, affording connection with the
Pennsylvania system as well as with other east-bound
lines, and materially reducing the distance between the
last named point and the Missouri River.
A new Western connection was formed the same
208
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
year, by the completion of the Missouri, Kansas \-
Texas mad Soo miles in length', to Hannibal, where
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincv connected with it by
means of the Quincy, Alton «\- St. Louis line, running;
from (Quincy to Hannibal, Mo., a distance of iS miles.
Prior to the acquisition of the Burlington \- Missouri
River line, the General Government had made valuable
grants of land to the latter company, to aid in the con-
struction of their road through Iowa. With reference
to the title of a considerable portion of these lands,
C. B. & Q. RAILROAD OFFICES.
much litigation had been occasioned by pre-emption,
homestead and swamp-land claims, so-called. At the
beginning of 1874, the company estimated their hold-
ings under these grants at 359,708.45 acres, of which
there were affected by unsettled claims, 26,600 acres •
leaving undisputed, 339,108.45 acres. There had been
sold 220,584.22 acres; and there remained to be sold, if
the title to all the lands should be made good, 157,006.73
5, which, at the rate of previous sales, would realize
7 1,991.24. The estimated value of the entire grant
amounted to $4,288,548.02. A very considerable expense
was attendant upon the grant, taxes and incidental out-
lays, aggregating two-thirds of the receipts.
In 1875, the necessary legislation was secured to
accomplish the formal consolidation of the Chicago,
Burlington -\- Quincy and Burlington ,V Missouri River
roads. On August i. 1X75, the latter company executed
to the former a conveyance of all its property, and as
the most practicable mode of completing the purchase,
the directory of the Chicago, liurlington & Quincy
company authorized an exchange of stock.
During 1875, the company extended aid toward the
construction of the Albia, Knoxville & Des Moines
Railroad, and obtained a lease of the line in perpetuity.
On December 6, 1875, a preliminary contract was
made for the perpetual lease of the Quincy, Alton & St.
Louis Railroad, the length of which is forty-six miles;
its route being from Quincy to Louisiana. Mo., with
a branch to Hannibal, along the
rich bottom lands on the east bank
of the Mississippi.
On October i, 1876, the di-
rectory of the Chicago, Burling-
ton & Quincy company acquired
control and commenced the opera-
tion of the St. Louis, Rock Island
& Chicago Railroad, the action of
the Board having been ratified at
a special meeting of the stock-
holders, held on December i.
The fixed annual rental of the
road was $175,000 for the period
of its charter, with provisions for
renewal. The route of the road
thus acquired extended from a
point of junction with the Chica-
go \- North-Western road, near
Sterling, to Rock Island, a dis-
tance of 5T\ miles, and using the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
road near Rock Island for a dis-
tance of twelve miles, and the
Indianapolis & St. Louis road,
near St. Louis, for a distance of
twenty miles, under running ar-
rangements with those companies,
and with a branch extending from
Sagetown, on the main line of the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
road to Keithsburg, eighteen miles
distant : in all, a distance of 270
miles of road, absolutely acquired,
besides rights over the roads
above named. The importance
of the acquisition to the company
may be seen, when it is stated that
the main line of the road crossed
the main line of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy road at five
different points, diverting busi-
ness and reducing rates. Its control by the company
was a carrying out of the policy to convert, so far as
practicable, competing lines into contributors.
The event of the year 1880, in the company's history,
was the acquisition of the Burlington & Missouri River
Railroad of Nebraska, including both main, stem and
leased lines, 836 miles of which were then in actual
operation, and about 109 miles in course of construc-
tion. A valuable grant of Nebraska lands was thus
gained, of which 270,030 acres were sold in 1880, for
$1,292,625.86. When the consolidation was effected, it
was deemed equitable by the management to distribute
stock to represent a part of the surplus earnings which
had accumulated and had been invested in very valua-
ble additions to the company's property at low prices.
Accordingly, on May 3, 1880, a stock dividend of
$6,217,240 was declared.
Preliminary steps were also taken during the year
RAILROAD HISTORY.
209
toward procuring a lease of, or effecting a consolidation
with, the Kansas City. St. Joseph & Council Bluffs road.
Seventy-eight miles of extension of Iowa branches
were built in 1880, making the total length of the road
at the close of the year (including the Burlington &
Missouri River of Nebraska) 2,772 miles. The total
outlay for construction and equipment during the year
was $8,207,899.71. Of this amount, $939,663.09 was
expended for real estate in Chicago, which was followed,
in 1881, by an outlay of $256,671.42 for the same pur-
pose
In 1881, the company found new terminal accom-
modations in this city at the Union Depot on Canal
Street, between Madison and Van Buren, the depot
being occupied in common by the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy, the Chicago & Alton, the Chicago, Milwau-
kee & St. Paul, and the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St.
Louis companies.
In 1881, the company acquired control of the Bur-
lington & Southwestern Road, running from a point
on the Keokuk line to Laclede, on the Hannibal & St.
Joseph road, 109 miles west of Quincy, and thence to
Kansas City. Arrangements were also perfected the
same year for the control by the company of the St.
Joseph & Des Moines road, running from St. Joseph
to Albany, Mo., where connection was made with one
of the branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy.
A lease was also obtained of the St. Louis, Keokuk &
Northwestern road, extending from Mt. Pleasant, Iowa,
to Dardenne, a point thirty miles from St. Louis, from
where the company obtained the right to use the
VVabash tracks into that city.
The average length of road operated directly by
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Company in 1881,
was 2,822 miles, and in 1882, 3,100 miles. In addition,
the company controlled, and practically owned 700.87
miles of railroad, as follows :
Miles.
St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern 185.10
Chicago, Burlington & Kansas City (old Burlington
& Southwestern) __ 152.60
Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs 313.17
St. Joseph & L)es Moines 50.00
One-half interest (the other half being owned by
the Wabash, St. Louis & I'acific) in the Ilume-
ston & Shenandoah Road ' 113.00
The construction of a Colorado branch was begun
in September, 1881, and the line to Denver, Col., was
opened on May 28, 1882.
In 1883, a sufficient amount of the securities of the
Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad were purchased by the
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy directory, to give the lat-
ter company control and practical ownership of the line,
whose length was 292.35 miles. The road, however, as well
as some others above mentioned, practically controlled by
the company, continued to be operated by the corpo'-
rations nominally owning them. The acquisition of the
Hannibal & St. Joseph Road was regarded as the best
solution of the southwestern question, and as placing
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy in a strong position
at Kansas City.
An extension of branches and construction of new
road increased the length of the line directly owned by
the company to 3,322.5 miles on December 31, 1883,
exclusive of nearly 1,000 miles practically owned and
controlled by the company, but nominally operated by
separate corporations. This mileage was increased in
1884 to 3,467.4 miles.
The entire property of the company, on December
31, 1884, was as follows :
Permanent investment in construction $141,876,858 99
Materials on hand.. 1,807,567 68
Cost of investment in securities of Hannibal & St.
Joseph and other branch roads
Sundry investments __ _ _.
Suspended debts and excess of bills receivable
over bills payable -
7,088,847 53
411,035 67
Against which stood :
Capital stock — ... $76,450,146 51
Bonds of all issues outstanding.. 77,160,607 86
9,664,822 08
$186,574,421 35
153,610,754 37
Excess of cost of property over all liabilities $ 32,963,636 98
Traffic earnings of the Chicago Burlington &
Quincy Railroad, together with the tonnage of freight
and number of passengers carried from 1873 to 1884 :
Year
Tuns of freight
moved.
Revenue.
No. of pas-
senders carried.
Revenue.
1873
2,221,744
$ 8,195,348 78
1,706,734
$2,576,061 25
1874
2,420,628
8,603,826 15
1,830,453
2,648,840 79
1875
2,711,972
8,502,617 37
2,019,484
2,677,942 44
iSy'j
2,892,614
8,821,225 16
2,393,779
2,653,888 54
1877
3,249,625
9,534,454 54
2,009,367
2,483,400 43
1878
3,975,010
11,152,178 68
2,014,511
2,439,180 46
1879
2,076,184
11,650,622 56
2,076,184
2,566,652 19
1880
6,639,186
16,054,196 61
2,800,151
3,534,209 25
1881
6,710,750
16,595,818 82
3,202,817
3,616,686 57
1882
6,346,259
15,711,509 58
3,367,898
4,756,992 48
1883
7,645,701
19,514,160 97
4,123,638
5,285,839 10
1884
7,525,997
18,514,160 97
4,5i9-l85
5,339,866 15
The financial operations of the Chicago, Burlington
& Quincy Railroad Company, from 1872 to 1885, were
as follows :
Year.
Gross receipt^.
OPERATING EXPENSES.
Net earning.
Fixed charges ;
interest, rentals,
sinking funds,
etc.
Net income.
Dividends.
Surplus.
Amount.
Per
cent.
1872*
$ 7,369,009 58
5,524,730 85
11,405,225 92
11,645,317 52
11,791,361 03
12,057,794 85
12,551,454 54
14,119,665 46
14,817,105 72
20,492,046 59
21,324,150 35
22,023,303 70
26,434,549 34
26,059,381 98
$ 4,949,S32 75
3,208,786 43
6,434.-67 82
6,513,512 39
6,430,122 59
6,868,545 32
7,178,313 94
7,871,915 15
7,557,067 23
9,804,493 74
11,066,514 70
11,283,963 oo
13,496,477 69
14,090,746 34
65.39
56.09
56.41
55.93
54.53
56.76
58.33
51.00
49.40
47.80
51.80
52.40
51.70
$ 2,619,176 83
2,315,944 42
4,970,458 10
5,131,805 I3
5,361,238 44
5,189,249 53
5,373,140 60
6,247,750 31
7,260,038 49
10,687,552 85
10,257,635 65
10,719,340 70
12,938,071 65
",959,635 64
$1,809,319 85
672,762 68
2,133,605 44
2,045,323 13
2,260,128 33
2,295,242 75
2,512,409 95
2,534,979 97
2,520,523 77
4,049,108 79
4,428,367 62
4,664,003 20
4,883,940 87
5,380,950 16
$ 899,856 98
1,643,181 74
2,836,852 66
3,068,482 oo
3,101,110 II
2,894,006 78.
2,860,730 65
3,712,770 34
4,739,514 72
6,638,442 06
5,829,268 03
6,055,337 50
8,054,130 78
6,578,685 48
$1,782,944 87
932,645 oo
2,576,770 08
2,661,089 25
2,685,555 59
2,749,065 37
2,479,714 66
2,212,827 04
3,081,985 17
4,366,063 89
4,349,286 54
5,023,599 24
5,566,484 20
5,666,580 oo
$ 498,692 95
710,536 74
260,082 58
425,393 75
415,594 52
144,941 41
381,015 99
1,499,940 30
1,657,529 55
2,272,380 17
1,479,981 49
1,031,738 26
2,487,646 58
1,011,105 48
1872!
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877 •-
1878 ..
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883...
1884
* For the fiscal year ending April 30, 1872.
t Only the eight months between May i, 1872, and January t, 1873, are covered, owing to a change in the limit of the fiscal year.
210
HISTORY (>!•• Cllic \<;< >.
J. I.. LATIIKO!', general auditoi "I the Chi. ago, Burlington
.V QuinCy Railroad, was born at \\ilhraham, Mass, on July 4.
i, the son of Joseph and Jane Mani . Latin-op, "i New
York, the family l>cing WfilUknOWn and of great antiquity in \ew
Lnglaml. Ik- attended the common schools of his native place
and remained at home until i\Vi, when he made his initial entry
into commercial life by becoming clerk in a general loimtry store,
where he continued for two \cars. II,- then engaged in other
stores, but in the same line of business, until about [838, when he-
took a trip to the .South and remained in that section about three
years. 1 le then went to South Iladley, Mass., and engaged in a
manufacturing establishment, where he Stayed for four years, and
then came \Ycst lor one \\ intrr, returning Fast afterward. Mr.
Lathrop then became an employe of the Connecticut-River Railroad
Company, this being his lirst railroad e\p. \llcrsiaying
there a short time, he entered a manufacturing; establishment at
\h. Savage. \l<l.. and remained with that institution until its
linancial collapse, alter which Mr. Lathrop went to Boston. Mass.,
anil continued there for some nine or ten years in various capaci-
llc then went to New York and slau-d lor two years, and
•vard, in is;;, removed to Hannibal, Mo., as secretary and
treasurer of the 1 lannibal *V St. Jo. Railroad < 'oinpany, and occupied
that position until about IS;.; : and after that "year remained
in the employment of that company, managing its landed inter-
ests and tr.iiisacliiig various tmancial enter])rises in its behalf and
otherwise. In this connection it is yernune to remark that during
Mr. l.athrop's lite he has been prominently identified as inanagci in
many large and valuable fiduciary interests, and has been the agent
for others in developing some of the most valuable mines and min-
in- interest^ in Missouri. He remained in Missouri until 1877,
and then, in i^s, t.nlered the employment of ti , Bur-
lington \ Ouincy Railroad as assistant general auditor under
-on. I'poii Mr. Tyson's death, in iSSo. Mr. l.athrop
was appointed to the position he holds at present, lie was mar-
ried in issi to Miss Ann S. ] lay, of South Iladley, Mass.; they
have the Following children, — John I,. Jr., Li/./ie |ane. [osepli,
Mary Ashley and George BftTtlett.
\\II1IAM IK\'INI:, general purchasing agent of t he I 'hicago,
Burlington A: Ouincy R.dlioa.l Company, is a native of New York
( ity. After receiving a good education in Boston he decided to
West, and, in the fall of 181,4, located at Burlington. Iowa,
having accepted a position with the Burlington \ Missouri road.
At first, clerk 'to the general Buperintendent, be afterward be
assistant general freight assent, and held important positions with
the Burlington \ Missouri Railroad Company in Nebraska, being
general freight agent and subsequently general superintendent
thereof. When the latter line was consolidated with the Chicago,
liurlington ,.Y Ouincy road, in isjr,, Mr. Irving resigned his posi-
tion to accept the office of general purchasing agent of the Chicago,
Burlington A: Ouincy Railroad, which position of trust and respon-
sibility he still holds, being now at the head of the department
representing all the consolidated lines embraced in the Ch:
Burlington \ Ouincy system.
N. B. HIM KII --Y. assistant general auditor of the Chicago,
Burlp >:iincy Railroad, was born at Milton, Mass., on
February 21, i>43, and received his education at Milton Academy
at that place, lie is the son of Thomas 11. llinckley, who is an
artist of some note at Milton. His early life, from eighteen years
of age until he was twenty-three, was spent at sea, part of the' time
in the United States Navy during the \Yar of the Rebellion. In
he commenced his mercantile life with the house of Russell
. in China, and remained with them until he accepted a posi-
tion with the Chicago, liurlington c.Y Ouincy Railroad. He entered
of this corporation in September, 1879, as clerk to the
assistant general auditor, and was appointed to his present position
in the early part of 1880. He was made a Master Mason in Vic-
toria Lodge, No 10-6, A. F.,v A.M., of Hong Kong, and held office
in the same and also in Zion Chapter, R.A.M., and Celestial Kn-
iment, K.T.,of Shanghai, China. On November 24 iSSl
he was married to Isabella Mack, of lielmont, Mass. They have
two children: Thomas Lesley, born August 20, 1882, and David
Mack-, born December 13, 1883.
CHAUU.S M. HlCGINSON, assistant auditor of the Chicago
Burlington \ Ouincy Railroad, was born in Chicago on lulvTi'
[846, and is the BO ..,- M.and Anna I-:. (Tyiig) Higginson!
"• M. Higginson is one of the early settlers of this city Iviv-
mg located hereabout the year 1*43, and has for a number ,,'f 'years
dentified with its real-estate interests. Charles received his
i the Lawrence- Scientihc School, of Cambridge Mass
entering th, fin Jane, 1867. On August 10!
i -<>-. he commenced his business career in the engineer department
of the liurlington ,Y Missouri River Railroad, in Iowa, performing
office work during the winter of 1867-68. In the summ,
he did field-work on surveys for the road; anil, in November, 1&6&,
he was transferred to the mechanical department of the same road|
in charge of the ollice and draughting for the consolidated road,
under ( leorgc !•'. Chalcndcr, superintendent of machinery. On
March i, 1*75, he left the Chicago, liurlington \ Ouincy and went
to I'coria. 111., as secretary and purchasing agent lor A. L. Hop-
kins, receiver of the Toledo, I'coria \ Warsaw Railway, and there
remained until April 17, 1*76, when he came to Chicago to accept
the appointment of purchasing agent of the Chicago. Burlington iY
Ouincy Railroad, at Chicago. He retained that appointment until
March. i>7<), when he was transferred to his present position as
assistant auditor, having, by virtue of that ollice, charge of operat-
ing statistics and other special duties. He has held that position
uninterruptedly since. lie was married on May 21, 1870, to Miss
Kate M. Nihen, of liurlington, Iowa; they have the following
children, — Annie T., < icorgc M. and Norton F.
I'M i MciuniN, hist assistant general freight agent of the Chi-
cago, ISurlington iY Ouincy Railroad, was born at Detroit, Mich., in
[857, the son of J. Sterling and Caroline French (Joy) Morton.
YVhen he was six months old his parents removed with him to Ne-
braska City, and in that State he procured a common school educa-
tion, although the majority of his education lie derived from actual
experience and contact with business men and commercial methods.
At fifteen years of age he became an office boy in the general offices
of the liurlington \- Missouri, in Iowa, at Burlington, Iowa, and
remained there live months, after which he occupied the same posi-
tion in the general freight offices ol the liurlington iY Missouri, in
Nebraska, at I'iattsmouth, Neb. He was promoted clerk in that
otiiee in 1.^73, and was then transferred to the general offices of the
Chicago, Burlington \ Ouincy here, arriving in this citv in the lat-
ter part of 1874. He was assigned a position in the general freight
ollice anil remained therein until June 2y, 1878, where he was made
assistant general freight agent, from which position he was ad-
vanced to that of lirst assistant general freight agent in September,
1881, The fact of his having arisen from the position of office-boy
to that he at present occupies is more abundant evidence of his ca-
pacity and business talent than any amount of eulogium. Mr. Mor-
ton was married, in iSSo, to Miss 1 .ottic ( ioodridge, of Chicago.
They have two children, — Caroline and Donald.
C.. II. Ross, second assistant general freight agent of the Chi-
cago, liurlington <.Y Quincy Railroad Company, was born in 1853,
at Boston, Mass., the son of Samuel !•'.. ami Ruth (Hews) !
lie received his education in the common schools of Boston, and
when fifteen years old embarked on a sea-faring life, which he fol-
lowed for about eighteen months. During this period he visited
South America, and ultimately arrived at San Francisco, Cal.,
where he commenced his varied experience in business upon terra
linna. As is the customary mode of those who visit that country
to make money, .Mr. Ross lirst engaged in the warehouse business,
and then, allured to the gold-fields, became a miner and prospector.
His fortunes were diverse, but he eventually became convinced that
a steady business was more remunerative than the fitful fortunes of
a gold-hunter, and he again entered into commercial pursuits. He,
after a while, returned eastward and entered the employment of the
Chicago, liurlington & Quincy as clerk in the local freight office at
Council Bluffs, Iowa, where he remained for eighteen months, and
being promoted to the position of cashier in that office. He was
then transferred to liurlington, Iowa, and was chief clerk, under
the administration of Thomas Miller, division freight agent; and,
in September, 1881, he was transferred to Chicago, where, in April,
1882, he was appointed to his present position. From the brief re-
sume of his wanderings it may be readily inferred that the life of
Mr. Ross has been replete with adventure and experiences, but
since his connection with the railroad business, he has found a
sphere for which he is especially fitted, and wherein his advance-
ment proves his capacity.
JAMES F. MOKI;AN, superintendent of telegraph of the Chi-
cagh. Burlington & Quincy Railroad, was born at Monongahela
City, I'enn., in 1852, the son of Andrew and Nancy \Y. (Collins)
Morgan. He received his education at the common 'schools of his
native place, and, when eighteen years of age, commenced the bat-
tle of life by entering the employment ofthe Pacific iY Atlanti
Telegraph Company as messenger. He remained with this corpor-
ation one year and there learned the science of telegraphing and its
practical application, which enabled him, in 1871, to take a situa-
tion as operator at Vinton, Iowa, on the line of the liurlington,
Cedar Rapids tY Northern Railroad, where he staid for eight
months. He was then two months with the liurlington & Missouri
River Railroad, in Iowa, at Red Oak, Iowa; after which, in 1872,
he re-entered the service of the Pacific & Atlantic Telegraph Com-
pany, at Burlington, Iowa, where he remained for one year. lie
then entered the employment of the Western Union Telegraph
Company at the same city and remained with them for two years,
afterward entering the service of the Chicago, Burlington \ Ouincy
Railroad, and occupying the positions of' operator and tram dis-
patcher until June 20, 1882, when he was promoted to his present
position. He is a member of the National Union Mutual Benefit
RAILROAD HISTORY.
Insurance Society. Ik1 was married, in 1^79, to Miss Kate
Chapin, of Kirkwood, III. They have two children, — liessie and
Olive.
l,ix;.\N I''. MOOKK, claim agent of the Chicago, Burlington &
Muincy Railroad, was born at Nebraska City. Nrb.. on December
3, 1859, the son of James \Y. ami Louisa K. (llrubb) Moore. He
was educated at the common schools of Nebraska City, and after-
ward at the Nebraska City College, from which institution he grad-
uated in the class of 1876. He then came to Riverside. 111., in
t877, and entered the employment of the Chicago, liurlington &
Ouincy Railroad at that place, and the following year went to
Orient, Iowa, as agent for that road, and remained there until
December, 1678, when he was transferred to Sidney, Iowa, as
agent. Me staid there until June, 1879, when he went to the divis-
ion freight office at Uurlington, Iowa, as clerk, and staid there
until December 12, 1879, when he came to Chicago and entered the
claim office. In April, 1880, he was made loss and damage agent,
and, on June 13, 1884, was appointed to his present position. lie
was married in 1884, to Miss Lillian C. McCarthy, of New York.
CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC
RAILROAD.
A brief synopsis of the company's history prior to
1871 will aid in securing a comprehensive view of its
subsequent growth and prosperity. The main line,
i8i}*2 miles, was completed in 1854. During the same
year, the Peoria & Bureau Valley completed its line
from Bureau Junction, on the line of the Rock Island
road, to Peoria, 46^ miles, and the latter company
became lessee in perpetuity at an annual rental of
$125,000.
In 1852, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Com-
pany was incorporated in Iowa, its line to run from
Davenport, by way of Des Moines, to Council Bluffs, on
the Missouri River. In 1854, an agreement was
entered into for the construction of a bridge across the
Mississippi, between Davenport and Rock Island, each
company to bear a portion of the expense, and each
guaranteeing the payment of the bonds issued by the
Bridge Company for this purpose. The Mississippi &
Missouri company soon became financially embarrassed,
and its portion of the guaranty was carried out by the
Chicago & Rock Island company. In 1866, the former
road was purchased, under foreclosure sale, by the
Chicago, Rock Island cc Pacific company, of Iowa, a
corporation organized in the interest of the Chicago &
Rock Island company, of Illinois. On August 20,
1866, the two latter companies were consolidated. At
the time of the consolidation, the Iowa portion of the main
line extended only one hundred and thirty miles from
Davenport, to Kellogg Station, forty miles east of Des
Moines. The completion of this section of the road
was pressed rapidly forward, and in June, 1869, the en-
tire main line, from Chicago to Council Bluffs, was
opened.
In addition to the road built from Davenport to Kel-
logg Station, the old Mississippi cc Missouri company
had, before the consolidation, built about fifty miles of
the Oskaloosa Branch, extending from Wilton, on the
main line, by way of Muscatine, to Washington, Iowa.
In 1872, the branch was extended to Sigourney, a dis-
tance of twenty-eight and one-fourth miles; in 1875,
from Sigourney to Oskaloosa, twenty-five miles ; in
1876, to Knoxville, twenty-four and three-fourths miles;
making the entire length of the Oskaloosa Branch, one
hundred and twenty-eight miles.
In 1869, the Chicago & Southwestern company, a
corporation formed under the laws of Iowa and Mis-
souri, commenced the construction of a road from Wash-
ington, on the Oskaloosa branch, to a point in Missouri
on the Missouri River, nearly opposite Leavenworth,
Kas. In order to raise money for its construction,
overtures were made to the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific company, and on October i, 1869, an arrangement
was entered into between the two companies, whereby
the former agreed to guaranty Chicago cS; Southwestern
first mortgage bonds to the amount of $5,000,000. The
mortgage contained a proviso that if the. former com-
pany should be required to pay either principal or inter-
est of the bonds, it should be subrogated to the rights
of the original holders, and be entitled to demand a
foreclosure. As the line was constructed, it was turned
over to the Chicago & Rock Island company for oper-
ation on account of the Southwestern company. The
main line, two hundred and sixty-nine miles, was com-
pleted in 1871. While it was being built the South-
western company, in order to secure funds for the con-
struction of a branch to a point on the Missouri River
opposite Atchison, Kas., issued bonds for $1,000,000.
These bonds were secured by a mortgage which was
declared to be a first lien on the branch and a second
lien upon the main line. No guarantee of these bonds,
either direct or indirect, was given by the Rock Island
company. On the completion of the branch, the South-
western company ceased to pay interest on either class
of bonds. Provision for the payment of interest cou-
pons on the bonds secured by the mortgage on the
main line was made by the Chicago & Rock Island
company, which continued to operate the road on
account of the Chicago & Southwestern. Being unable
to make satisfactory permanent arrangements, the former
company, in 1874, instituted foreclosure proceedings.
A number of the Atchison Branch bondholders inter-
vened, and resisted the application, alleging a guarantee
by the Chicago & Rock Island company of the bonds
held by them. After litigation extending over three
years, the United States Supreme Court, in 1877, con-
firmed the judgment previously entered by the Circuit
Court, exonerating the company from any liability on
account of the Atchison Branch bonds and ordering a
foreclosure and sale of the main line, free from all lien
under the Atchison Branch mortgage.
In 1871, the Des Moines, Indianola & Missouri
Railroad ( 'oinpany commenced the construction of a line
from Des Moines to Indianola, a distance of twenty-two
miles. The Chicago & Rock Island company became
the owner of its bonds, and operated the road, as com-
pleted. Foreclosure proceedings were commenced in
1876.
In 1872, the Des Moines, Winterset & Southwestern
Railway began the construction of a branch from Sum-
merset, on that road, to Winterset, twenty-six miles.
The bonds having become the property of the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific company, for advances made, the
mortgage was foreclosed and a decree of sale entered
in the spring of 1877.
The losses of the company in the fire of 1871, in-
cluded the passenger depot (owned jointly by the Rock
Island and Lake Shore companies;, the general offices,
the freight depot and a quantity of rolling-stock. The
direct pecuniary damage resulting was $300,000, of
which $45,439.60 was recovered from insurers. The
work of re-building the passenger depot, on a larger
and better plan, was commenced in 1872.
The Mississippi River bridge, work on which had
beer, begun in 1869, was opened in 1874.
In 1874, a corporation known as the Calumet &
Chicago Canal & Dock Company, having graded a road
from a point on the Rock Island road, about ten miles
from the city, to the harbor, at the mouth of the Calu-
met River, six and one-half miles in length, proposed to
the Chicago & Rock Island company to convey it to
212
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
that corporation, with right-of-way, proviili-ci the latter
wotilil lay the track and complete and operate the road.
The offer was accepted, and, during the year, the track
was laid.
During the fiscal year 1876, the Oskaloosa Branch
was completed by the construction of twenty-four and
three-quarter miles of track from Sigourney to < >ska
loosa. This branch runs from Wilton, twenty- five miles
west of the Mississippi River, south to Muscatine,
thence westerly to Oskaloosa, a distance of one hundred
and three miles. An addition of nearly three miles of
track was also made on the South Chicago Branch.
The most important event in the history of the com-
pany during the fiscal year 1876-77, was the formation,
in August, iS-d, <>( the Iowa Southern \ Missouri
Northern Railroad Company — duly incorporated, with
full power to purchase the main line of the Chicago Ov.
Southwestern, the Des Moines, Indianola & Missouri,
and the Des .Moines, U'interset \' Southwestern railways.
In September, 1876, the Southwestern company con-
veyed to the new corporation its main line, subject to
the rights of the holders of outstanding bonds. On
November i, a sale of the entire property was made
under a decree of foreclosure, and the Iowa Southern &
Missouri Northern company became the purchaser. The
new corporation likewise purchased of the Des Moines,
Indianola tX: Missouri Railroad Company, its road, ex-
tending from Des Moines to Indianola, and also com-
pleted arrangements for the purchase of the Des Moines,
\Vintcrset Ov Southwestern Railroad.
The property at this time owned, leased or controlled
by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, was —
Miles.
Chicago to Council Hluffs (main line)
"via \ Ilureau Valley Railroad (branch)
(Kkaloosa liranch 128
Indianola ,V \\intcrsct liranch... 48
South Chicago liranch t)
Chicago >\ Southwestern, including Fort Leaven-
worth Railroad 271
Total Ij003
A serious accident, by which eighteen lives were
lost and thirty-five persons were seriously injured,
occurred during the fiscal year 1877-78, near Altoona,
Iowa. The disaster was caused by the washing out of
a twelve-foot arch culvert, in consequence of which a
train was precipitated into the stream below, which had
been swollen by a sudden and violent storm. This
accident, with others of less importance, demonstrated
the necessity of still further improvement in the road-
bed and track, in order to bring it up to a standard of
excellence which should insure the highest degree of
safety and economy in operating, and the management
at once resolved upon making the necessary outlay.
During the fiscal year 1878-79, a scheme was suc-
cessfully carried out, by which the interest on the com-
pany's bonded debt was reduced from seven to six per
cent. The annual saving of interest from this source
was $90,000, the bonded debt remaining the same.
In 1878, two branch roads, known as the Audtibon
and Harlan branches were opened, being respectively
twenty-live and thirteen miles in length, and running
to the centers of Audubon and Hardin counties, low.T
In the early part of 1878, the company received pro-
posals looking to a lease of the Keokuk'ct Des Moines
Railway (one hundred and sixty-two miles;, running be-
tween the points named. The line had been a formida-
ble competitor of the Chicago, Rock Island \ Pacific
and the proposition was accepted. The lease of this
road and the building of the branches in Iowa increased
the total number of miles of road owned and controlled
by the company to 1,231.
In December, 1879, an arrangement was effected
with the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company,
whereby, for a period of twenty-five years, the Chicago
\- Rock Island trains were allowed to run from
i 'ameron to Kansas City, over the track of the former
road, and to use, jointly with the Hannibal & -St. loscpli
Railway, the tracks, freight depot, and other facilities
of the latter at Kansas City. An agreement was also
made with the Union Passenger Depot Company,
whereby the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific company
were accorded, on equal terms, the same rights and
privileges in the Union Passenger Depot at Kansas
City as were enjoyed by eight other companies whose
trains ran to that point. An equitable traffic contract
was also made with the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad
Company, to transport passengers and freight of the
Rock Island company between Cameron and Kansas
City. Under these agreements, trains began running
between the last named point and Chicago, over the
Rock Island route, on January 5, 1880.
The decided advantage to the company of this
arrangement was shown by a notable increase in earn-
ings ; the gain in gross earnings for the fiscal year end-
ing March 31, 1880, over the preceding twelve months
being $1,651,829.05, and in net earnings, $935,155.43.
The policy of extending the road in Iowa by the
opening of branches was not abandoned in 1880. The
construction of three such branches, averaging fifteen
miles each, was commenced during the year, and com-
pleted in December, as well as a short branch, two and
one-half miles in length, extending from a point on the
Keokuk & Des Moines Division to Keosauqua.
On January i, 1880, the company sold and trans-
ferred to the Pullman's Palace Car Company one-half
interest in the control and management of their line of
sleeping and parlor coaches; the Pullman Company
paying one-half the appraised valuation of the equip'-
ment and one-half the net receipts, besides withdrawing
all claimsarisingout of alleged infringements of patents.
The sales of land during the year demonstrated the
wisdom of the company's policy of opening up territory
to actual settlement by the construction of branch lines.
On March 31, 1880, only about 185,000 acres remained
unsold, and the Land Commissioner, in his report for
the year, expressed his conviction that the result of an-
other good crop would be the sale of the greater part
of the desirable lands.
On June 2, 1880, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pa-
cific Railroad Company was consolidated, by vote of the
stockholders, with other railroad companies owning or
leasing lines in Iowa and Missouri, and became the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Company. At
date of consolidation, the new company became the
owner of 1,038 miles of railway, and operated, under
lease, 273 miles, making a total of 1,311 miles. Subse-
quent to that date and during the year 42.6 miles of
branch lines were built, as has been already stated.
The large increase in traffic to and from the South-
west, which resulted from obtaining an entrance into
Kansas City, convinced the directory of the expediency
of constructing a line from Davenport to Muscatine
along the western bank of the Mississippi Surveys
were made and work begun in August, 1880, and on
November 6, 1881, the new branch (26/2 miles in length) •
was opened for traffic. Its construction reduced the
nnc of the southwestern trains, while at the same time,
>rmmg a connecting link, it practically completed a
cond line between Davenport and Des Moines The
RAILROAD HISTORY.
213
total mileage of road operated by the company was
thus increased to 1,381 mik-s.
The history of the two succeeding years presents no
items of special interest. A steady reduction in freight
rates and a general depression in business caused a re-
duction in earnings. The demand for the company's
lands still continued, the average price received per
acre being $9.63 in 1884 and $10.91 in 1885, and the
number of acres unsold, to which title was believed to be
perfect, on March 31 of the latter year was only 18,652.
The financial operations of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, during the years 1872 to 1885, in-
clusive, were as follows:
Year ending April i.
Gross earning.
OTEKATING EXPENSES AND
TAXES.
Net earnings.
Fixed charges ;
sinking fund, in-
terest, rentals,
etc.
Net income.
Dividends.
Surplus.
Amount.
Per
cent.
1872
$ (1,121,797 99
6,657,050 67
7,133.573 99
7,399.6l3 34
7,366,902 78
6,917,656 62
7,895,870 26
9.4°9,833 4i
11,061,662 46
11,956,907 64
13,266,643 10
12,189,902 Si
12,535,514 65
12,206,911 05
$2,950,266 86
3,517,783 49
3,876,889 26
3,856,329 61
3,655,161 34
3,533,194 08
4.384,514 00
5,079,872 49
5,796,546 u
6,630,155 16
7,332,862 57
7, 109,816 38
7,298,002 II
7,160,324 48
48.19
54.80
55.00
52.12
49.78
51.07
55-53
53-99
52.40
55-45
55-20
58-33
58.10
58.65
83,171,535 13
3,139,267 18
3,256,684 73
3,543,283 75
3,711,741 44
3,384,462 54
3,511,356 26
4,329,960 92
5,265,116 35
5,326,752 48
5,933,780 53
5,080,086 43
5,237,512 54
5,046,586 57
$ 734,175 00
746,670 oo
754,125 oo
755,000 oo
820,276 62
855,000 oo
,137,325 oo
,133,580 oo
,2f3,i47 37
,271,826 96
,402,910 66
,401,958 14
,481,255 71
,592,215 34
$2,437,360 13
1,392,597 18
2,502,559 73
2,788,283 73
2,891,464 82
2,529,462 54
2,374,031 26
3,196,380 92
4,051,968 98
4,054,925 52
4,530,869 77
3,678,128 29
3,756,256 83
3,454,371 23
$ ,439,708
,519,944
,659.172
,678,384
,678,384
2,097,980
,678,384
,997,080
2,097,990
2,727,387
2,937,186
2,937,186
2,937,186
2,937,186
$ 997,652 13
872,653 18
843,387 73
1,109,899 73
1,213,080 82
431,482 54
695,647 26
1,199,300 92
1,953,978 98
1,327,538 52
1,593,683 87
740,942 29
819,070 83
517,185 23
187-*
1874
187=;
1876
1877
1878
1870
iSSo
iSSi
1882
1883
1884
1881;
The number of tons of paying freight carried, and the revenue received therefrom, by the Chicago, Rock
Island & Pacific Railway, from 1872 to 1885, inclusive, were as follows:
Year ending April i.
Total number of
tons of paying
freight carried.
Tons of paying
freight carried
one mile.
Revenue.
Rate
per ton
per mile.
Cost
per ton
per mile.
Profit
per ton
per mile.
lS;j
OI4 14.8
1 68 764 689
Svi 211 171 6*
Cents.
2 41
Cents.
I 71
Cents.
.70
IS71
286 966
2 2O
84
1874
1875 .
717 727
287 on Z.TS.
e 222 412 24
Q2
I 12
.80
1876
86
1877
6=; i 4OQ
276 IQQ 164
4 708 146 22
71
I (X
.66
1878
768 119
357 ^SQ 086
e e,7C 711 11
=6
1870
So
1880
2 g66 7(15
8 035 165 29
21
80
12
1882
1 7CJ. c-12
7^6 cxi 081
Q 687 OQ7 11
28
Si
d"7
1883
i 4*4 888
gc
Sc
1884
82
28
1885
rt 080 c.12
780 O44 26l
8 IdJ. 142 17
O4
77
.27
The number of passengers carried by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, and the revenue therefrom,
from 1872 to 1885, inclusive, were as follows:
Year ending April i.
Whole number of
p.tsst_:nj^ers carried.
Passengers carried
one milt;.
Revenue.
Average
amount paid
per passenger.
Average dis-
tance traveled
per passenger.
Average rate
per mile
per passenger.
Average cost
per mile
per passenger.
1872.
708 443
Miles.
Cents.
Cents.
1873
nc6 714
3 60
1874
I 088 906
1875. .
1,245 240
1876
I 4O6 411
1877
I ice 066
ift
1878
1,552 559
846 653 62
1879
I 500 960
868 027 71
ftn
1880
1,905,418
2 8l
.09
80
1881
2 085 605
1883
2 638 258
08
Si
iS83__
2,784 722
48
Re
1884.,
2 Sll 127
I 18
46
82
1885
2 848 OOO
I 06
2I4
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Kiii-Ki HAMPTON CH \\II:KKI.I\, superintendent of the Illi-
nois Division oi the Chicago, Rock Island \ Pacific Railwaj, was
born in Mciiilom. Morris Co., N. J., in iSjo. ilu- son ,,f Benjamin
C. and Mehitabel (Mattock) Cbamberlin. \Vhen quite young he
was taken liy his parents to Millon, 1'eiin.. where they remained
about I\vo years, and then removed to 1'ottsville. in the same State,
and from thence to Carlisle, Perm., where they stayed alioiit three
-. Then the family moved to Lancaster, iVnn'., where yOUOg
Chamberlin attended the common schools lor four years, after
which he was at a boarding-school at I.iti/, Pcnn., where he also
attended school under the tuition of Mr. Heck, about one year and
a hall. Then the family moved to Philadelphia, where his father
kept the Third-street 1 lall, the linn of proprietors being Chamberlin
.v liuck. There Mr. Chamberlin' remained for six years, and, at
the age of sixteen, was apprenticed to Robert Brewer in the chair-
making business, to remain thereat until he attained his majority.
Bat when he had been two years serving his time his parents moved
to New York t'ity, and young Cliamberlin, being badly treated and
receiving bm sj; t year lot his hard work, got homesick and ran
oin his parents. His employer foil, .wed him, and, after
some negotiation, his father and Mr. lircwcr exchanged inden-
tures, and thus young I 'hainberlin gained his freedom. I le then
went under instructions to William Walling anil finished his trade,
after which, being twenty-one years old, he went as assistant fore-
man to Mr. Ingersoll, who gained some celebrity in the Tweed dilii-
eultv. and, after staying there some little time, he went to Troy,
N. Y., and worked for Warren I.. Adams. llcing in ill-health,
however, he removed to New York, and, after his recuperation, he-
returned to Troy. He then made chairs on an extensive scale and
sold them to the trade for about eight months; after which he made
.. contract with UurgecV Brother, who were proprietors of a chair
\ on Adams Street, and remained there until that factory was
burned down, about two years later. He then went to New York
City and engaged in the chair business, in which he failed, but paid
all his debts in full, owing no one at the time of shutting down his
factory, lie then accepted an offer made by Hurge \ I'.rother, who
had re-built their factory, and worked for them at Troy for some
time; but a better offer being made by Taylor, Seymour & Co., he
left the former firm and went to work for the latter at West Troy.
1-rom there Mr. Chamberlin went to New York City, and was con-
ductor on the Third-avenue City Railway Company's line, when it
first opened. lie stayed there for three years, and was on the
I Delaware 1 h'visjon of the New York A: Krie Railroad as head brake-
man, under Superintendent Hugh Riddle, where he remained for
one year. He then, for about four years, was conductor on extra
freight trains, after which he was conductor on passenger train
until 1873. In that year, he went to the New York, < >swego ,\
Midland Railroad, and remained until (une, 1874, when he engaged
in the hotel business at Ellenville, Ulster Co., X. Y. He sold
out his business in September, 1874, and left thereon .November 12,
1874, to come to Chicago, arriving here on the sixteenth of that
month, and taking the position of conductor on a passenger train
on the Illinois Division of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Rail-
way on Friday. December iS, 1874. On January I, 1878, he was
appointed to the position he at present holds, and which he has
uninterruptedly occupied since that date. Mr. Chamberlin is a
member of Mystic Star Lodge, No. 758, A.F. & A.M.; a charter
member of Delta Chapter, No. 101, R. A.M., and Delaware Com-
mandery, No. 44, K.T., of Port Jervis, Orange Co., N. Y
JOHN F. Pmi.i.ii's. cashier of the Chicago. Rock Island &
Pacific Railway Company, was born in Hrattleborough Yt on
July 14, 1837. lie received his early education in the common
schools of his native town, and in Massachusetts, whither his family
removed while lie was a lad. In 1860, Mr. Phillips came West
and located in Chicago, where he has ever since resided and has al
ways been connected with the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
Railway t ompany. He first held a position as clerk in the pur-
chasing agent's office, and was afterward transferred to a similar
married, in 1857, to Miss Bessie Webster, of Chicago, and thc'ir
nee is ,,, Hvc'c Park. They have three children,— Lottie Rob
ert, and Larnest. Mr. Phillips has long been a member of the
uic order, and now belongs to Apollo Commanderv, K T and
Oriental Consistory, S.P. R.S., 32".
, .
BAKCLVV W.U.IAM PKRKIXS, private secretary to the president
the ( hicago M Rock Island Railway, was born "in London Kng-
- = ?. the son of Charles and Susan (Beard) Perkins' I h-
was educated at Thane. College, Margate. England, a collegiate
institution winch ,s maintained under the direct auspices of ( fcford
I niversity In 1871, Mr. Perkins entered into business life as
a clerk .n the establishment that publishes The Ironmonger a I ondon
journal, and whose habitat was ,„, Camion Street ' Uter re
•naming with this firm some little time, he entered the employment
of Richards, Powers \ Co., of I cnchurch Street, London, extensive
miners and shippeis ol coal. In 1873, Mr. Perkins came to the
I nited States and Chicago, and here entered the real-estate office ol
lielilen !•'. Culver, with whom he remained until 1874, and sub-
sequently with various oilier firms until 1878, when he entered Un-
employment of the Rock Island road. His first position in the
general offices ol that road was in the law department, where he re-
mained until 1882, when he received his present appointment. Mr.
Perkins was married, in September. 1*84, to Miss Mattie Ilutchins,
of Chicago.
( ,'i.< >I;GK L. RHOUKS was appointed city passenger agent of the
l 'hicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, on October i, 1880. He
was born in Madison County, N. Y., on September 24, 1844, the
sou of George M. and Chloe A. (Dibble) Rhodes. lie was reared
on his father's farm and received his education in the common
schools and at Madison I'niversity, remaining at home until he
was twenty-three years old. He then determined on trying his for-
tune in the Western country, and came to Chicago in 18(17, and
immediately perceived that there was money in the cattle business.
He went to Indiana and remained there about two years, buying
stock and shipping it to this city. P>ut he desired to see some of
the farther Western country, and estimating that if he had been
fairly successful in Indiana, he could be more fortunate in Missouri,
and, accordingly, he went to Kansas City and entered the real-estate
business in partnership with Dr. M. M. Munford, remaining in
that business association for two years. On the dissolution of the
partnership, Mr. Rhodes returned to Chicago, reaching here just
after the great fire ; and Dr. Munford entered the journalistic field,
wherein he has since become celebrated. After his return here,
Mr. Rhodes occupied various positions, among others that of
excursion agent for the Rock Island road ; in the furtherance of his
duties therein he made many trips to Denver with emigrants, set-
tlers, and excursionists. He occupied this position until 1878,
when he went to Cleveland as joint agent for the Land and Passen-
ger I )epartment of the I'nion Pacific Railroad, which position he
resigned to accept the one he at present occupies, and which he
certainly is eminently qualified to fill. Keen, genial, decisive and
courteous, Mr. Rhodes not alone daily demonstrates his efficiency
as a passenger agent but also makes personal friends of those with
whom he comes into official relations. He is a man of good pres-
ence and line appearance, and in his personal life a noble, whole-
souled gentleman. He is a member of Waubansia Lodge, No.
160, A.F. & A.M. He was married, on August 23, 1866, to Miss
Annie Sampsel, of Hartford, Conn., who, with her husband, dis-
penses informal and homelike hospitality at their elegant home, No.
220 Dearborn Avenue. There is the center of Mr. Rhodes' life ;
his home is the
" cc-ntnil point from which he measures every dislauc <•
Through the gateways of the world around him."
CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST PAUL
RAILWAY.
The connecting line of this road between the cities
of Chicago and Milwaukee was constructed in 1873.
The policy of the management has since been one of
extension.
In May, 1878, the company purchased the greater
part of the stock and lands of the Dubtique & South-
western Railroad, in Iowa, extending from Farley, a
point on the Illinois Central Railway twenty-three miles
west of Dubuque, in a southwesterly direction for fifty
miles, to Cedar Rapids. During the same year the com-
pany availed itself of an opportunity to secure the en-
tire remainder of the first mortgage bonds of the Madi-
son cc Portage Railroad Company, a portion of which
issue had been purchased in 1871. In the latter year,
the line had just been completed from Madison to Port-
age City, and formed a connecting link between the
LaCrosse and Prairie dtt Chien divisions of the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, about midway be-
tween Milwaukee and the Mississippi River. The road
was in possession of and operated by the Milwaukee &
St. Paul Company from the date of its completion.
Foreclosure proceedings upon the first mortgage bonds
were instituted in 1878, and in 1880 the line became
the property of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul
company.
RAILROAD HISTORY.
The Minnesota Midland Railway Company was or-
ganized in 1877, to construct a narrow-gauge railway
from VVabasha, on the River Division of the Milwaukee
& St. Paul line, westerly across the State of Minnesota;
and in May, iJS/S. sixty miles of the Midland road were
completed, extending from Wabasha to Zumbrota.
The control of the road being deemed important, the
purchase was made. The operation was under a contract
of lease, although the securities were almost entirely
owned by the lessee.
The Viroqua Railway Company was organized dur-
ing 1878, to construct a railway from Sparta, on the
line of the LaCrosse Division, southwesterly to Viroqua,
Wis., thirty-two miles, and municipal aid to the amount
of $50,000 was furnished. Ten miles of the road were
constructed and operated in 1878; the remainder was
completed in 1879 ; anil in 1880 the road was transfer-
red to and became a part of the line owned by the Chi-
cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company.
Resides the purchases above recited, an extension oT
one hundred miles was made under authority granted
by the Iowa Legislature, conferring upon the company
the land grant applicable to the construction of a road
from Algona to a junction with the Sioux City & St.
Paul Railroad, a distance of about eighty-five miles, on
condition that the road should be completed by January
i, 1880. The grant was accepted and the road completed
within the year, with fifteen miles in addition, which
took the line to within twenty miles of the east line of
Dakota Territory. The land grant thus earned by the
company embraced 200,000 acres in Northwestern Iowa.
In 1879, the Oshkosh it Mississippi Railroad, twenty
miles long, was leased, — the securities, however, as in
the case of the Minnesota Midland, being mainly owned '
by the lessee.
During 1880, the following roads were purchased :
Hastings & Dakota Extension (from Glencoe to Ortonville)
Southern Minnesota Railway (from LaCrosse, \Vis.. to
Klaiulreau, Dak., with branch to Mankato)
Chica^. i, Clinton. Diil>uc|ue ..V Minnesota Railroad (from
l.a( 'rrscent, Minn., to a point below Sabula Iowa, with
four branches, running westerly)
Wisconsin Valley Railroad (from Tomah, Wis., northerly to
Merrill, on the Wisconsin River)
Mineral Point Railroad (from Mineral Point, Wis., to War-
ren, on the Illinois Central road, with branch from Cala-
mine to I'lattcvillc) _
Pine River Valley >V Stereos I'oinl Railroad (from Lone
Rock, on the Prairie du Chien Division, northwesterly), _
Chicago \ Padlic Railway (westerly from Chicago to I.y'ron,
on the Rock River, by way of Elgin)
Sioux City & Dakota Railroad (from Sioux City, Iowa, to
Vankton, Dak., with branch from F.Ik Point to Sioux
Falls).
Mili-s.
128
347
324
109
51
16
89
131
In addition to the purchase of the lines above men-
tioned, the mileage of the road was increased by the
construction of 349 miles of branches and extensions,
distributed among the States crossed, as follows: In
Illinois, 29 miles; in Wisconsin, 21 miles; in Minne-
sota, 36 miles; in Iowa, 42 miles; in Dakota, 221 miles.
The purchase of the Chicago & Pacific Railway gave
the company with the construction of twenty-six miles
of additional road a direct route from Chicago to the
Mississippi River at Savanna, and thence to Marion and
Cedar Rapids.
l!y the purchase of the Chicago, Clinton, Dubuque
& Minnesota Railroad, the Milwaukee & St. Paul se-
cured a continuous line along the Mississippi River from
Minneapolis to Rock Island and Davenport, as well as
a short route between Chicago and Dubuque.
In connection with the purchase of the Southern Min-
nesota road, the company became the owner of 315,000
acres of excellent farming land along the line acquired.
A land grant of 120,000 acres from the General Govern-
ment was also secured by the completion pf one of the
extensions of the road. Through a settlement made
with the McGregor & Missouri River Railroad, 130,000
acres in addition were obtained. For the management
and disposal of the lands thus obtained, a Land De-
partment was organized in 1880.
In 1881, an aggregate extension of road amounting
to 442 miles was made which, added to the 3,775 miles
previously owned by the company, made it the owner of
4,217 miles of completed railway. The most note-
worthy of the year's extensions was the building of 198
miles on the Chicago & Pacific Western Division, ex-
tending from Marion to within sixty-four miles of Coun-
cil Bluffs. During 1882, the road was completed to the
latter city, making a continuous line between that point
and Chicago, 498 miles in length, and opening a con-
nection with the Union Pacific and other railroads at
the Missouri River. The entire increase in mileage
during 1882 was 303 miles, making a total of 4,520
miles of complete railway owned by the company.
In 1883, extensions aggregating 240 miles were made,
of which 146 miles were in Dakota, 50 miles in Iowa,
and 44 miles in Wisconsin. These additions made the
total mileage of the road at the close of the year 4,760
miles, to which 44 miles were added in 1884.
In 1880, besides adding largely to its grounds for
yard and depot purposes in Chicago, the company se-
cured, in its own right, suitable facilities for the storage
of grain.
In i8So was expended on new viaducts in Chicago, $40,396.78;
in 1881, $22,248.15; in 1882, $26,380.82; in 1883, 1,166.20; in
1884, $4,641.12.
For real estate in Chicago was expended, in 1881, $422,089.37;
in 1882, $138,709.07; in 1883, $4,008.91; in 1884, $228,522.40.
For buildings was expended in Chicago, in 1882, $59,711.30;
in 1883, $42,160.03; in 1884, $4,953.62.
In 1881, the board of directors, deeming it of im-
portance to secure a cheap and reliable supply of fuel,
purchased three thousand acres of coal lands at Brace-
ville, sixty-one miles southwest from Chicago, at a cost
of $293,000; and two thousand acres of coal lands near
Oskaloosa, Iowa, at a cost, including improvements,
of $210,000.
GKORCIK <). CLINTON, division superintendent of the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, has had a most varied experience
among the railroads of the West, and has held positions in nearly
every capacity from brakeman to a director. An experience of
thirty years necessarily gives to a man an absolute knowledge of the
duties and responsibilities in railroad life. Mr. Clinton first entered
the railroad service, in 1857, as brakeman on the Milwaukee &
Prairie du Chien Railroad. He remained in that position for a
year and was then made baggage-master, and subsequently promoted
to a freight conductorship. He acted in the latter capacity until
1861, the breaking out of the War determinmg his future pursuit.
When the call for men was made, Mr. Clinton, as lieutenant and
adjutant, went to the front with the 1st Wisconsin Cavalry. He
served three years, and during that time was commissioned as cap-
tain of Co. "15," 1st Wisconsin Cavalry. When Captain Clinton
was mustered out (1866), he went to Iowa and commenced buying
grain. He also took a contract for grading and construction on the
McGregor \; Western Railroad, now the Iowa and Minnesota
Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road. In 1867, he
went to Kansas and took a contract for grading fifteen miles of road
on the Kansas Pacific line, which was afterward merged into the
I'nion Pacific Railroad. When this work was completed he
returned to Wisconsin, located at Ft. Howard, and became identi-
fied with the lumber trade. I le remained there until 1870, and then
became a director of the Madison & Portage Railroad, and superin-
tended the construction of that road, which was built between the
cities above named. The Sugar River Valley Railroad Company was
authorized, in iS6i, to build a railroad from Madison to Portage City.
It graded about twenty miles of the road and secured the right-o'f-
2l6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
way for about thirty of the thirty-nine miles. This company became
insolvent, and, in 1870, Mr. Clinton, James Campbell and others,
became the purchasers, organi/cd a company, ami, in 1871, com-
pleted and leased it to the Milwaukee iV St. Paul company, by
whom it is at present operated, Mr. Clinton remained in connec-
tion with the Madison >V Portage company until 1877. and then
ux>k a position as freight conductor on the Chicago, Milwauki. ,\
Si, Paul line. He commenced work where he had left off years be-
fore, but having a strong will and determination to overcome adver-
sity, went to work to regain his former position, lie was employed
for three weeks as freight conductor and was then made a yard mas-
ter al Milwaukee. Heremained with that road until August, 1880,
and on September I of that year, having been tendered the position of
local freight agent of the Wabash line in Chicago, came here to take
that ofiice. He held it until the following October, and then went to
St. Louis as superintendent of the St. Louis liridge X: Union Depot
Company. In June, 1882, he was appointed superintendent of the
Rio Grande Division of the Texas Pacific Railroad, and remained
there until September I, 1883, when he received I he appointment of
Superintendent of the Chicago Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee
\ St. Paul Railway, and also of superintendent of the Council Bluffs
Division, in Illinois, of the same line, which runs from Chicago to
Savannah, 111. Mr. Clinton is also superintendent of the Chicago &
Evanston Railway, which is an auxiliary of, and operated by,
the Milwaukee & St. Paul road. Mr. Clinton was married at
Albany, Green Co., \Vis. , to Miss Charlotte Campbell, daughter of
James Campbell, on November 6, 1860. They have three children,
the eldest of whom is Charles A. Clinton, who is now baggage-mas-
ter on the Chicago & Evanston Railroad. Their other children are
Edith L. and James C.
\Viu.i.\M \V. Cm. i. INS, assistant superintendent of the Chicago
iV Milwaukee Division and the Council Bluffs Division, in Illinois,
of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, and in the same
capacity connected with the Chicago & Evanston Railway, was born
at Oomomowoc, \Vis.,on July 23, 1853. Mr. Collins attended the
schools in his native town until he was fifteen years old, and then
took a position as messenger boy in the telegraph office at Ocono-
mowoc. While thus employed he studied telegraphy, and, in l86g,
he took the position of night operator in the same office. He re-
mained there for two years and, from 1871 to 1873, he was engaged
in a similar capacity on the Northern Pacific line. In the latter
year he went back to the Milwaukee iv. St. Paul road and continued
as operator until 1876, when he was gratified with the appointment
• >f assistant train dispatcher on the Chicago & Prairie du Chien Di-
vision of the same road. He held that until iSSi, when he was
made chief dispatcher of the Chicago & Milwaukee Division. On
May I, 1885, he received the appointment of assistant superintendent
on the Division first named in this sketch. Mr. Collins is a young
man, but by persistent application to his work has steadily won the
approbation of officers and, by his genial, courteous manners the
friendship of his associates. Mr. Collins was married on February
19, 1875, to Miss Jeanie Smith, of Oconomowoc, Wis. They have
three children, Madge W., Sumner H. and Vera li.
C. L. KISINC, commercial agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. Paul Railway, was born on July 4, 1841, in Jefferson County,
V V. He moved, at the age of four years, to Winfield, Herkimer
Co., N. Y., where he remained until 1859, devoting time alternately
to working on farm and attending school. From 1859 to 1861, he
was located at Trenton, X. J.; from 1861 to 1863, he was in the
service of the United States Government, at Philadelphia. In the
spring of 1863, he decided to visit the West, and connected himself
with the Chicago & Alton Railroad, where he remained until 1874
in various positions as clerk and assistant local agent. He severed
his connection with that company in March, 1874, to accept the
position of general agent of the Hinckley lines, where he remained
until 1879, at which time he was appointed purchasing and disburs-
ing agent of the Chicago & Strawn Railway. Upon the completion
of that road and its consolidation with the Wabash, St. Louis &
Pacific Railway, he was appointed general agent of that company,
remaining in that capacity until 1883, when he resigned to occupy
the position of commercial agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railway.
LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN
RAILWAY.
This company was formed by the consolidation of
the following roads :
Buffalo & State Line Railroad, from Buffalo to
the Pennsylvania State line 68 miles.
Erie & North-East Railroad, from the Pennsyl-
vania State line to Erie, 1'enn _ 20
A consolidation of these two roads, under the name of the
P.uffalo .Y Erie Railroad Company, was effected in 1867.
Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula Railroad,
from Erie, Penn., to Cleveland, Ohio.. 96 miles.
Cleveland cX Toledo Railroad, from Cleveland
to Toledo. _-_ 113 " '
With a branch, or Northern Division, from
Elyria to Milbury, via Sandusky jb/4 '
These two roads were consolidated, under the name of the
Lake Shore Railway Company, in March, 1869.
Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana Rail-
road, from Toledo, Ohio, to Chicago. . 244 miles.
This road and the Lake Shore Railway Company
were consolidated in May, 1869, under the name of the
Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Company ;
and in August, 1869, tlm Buffalo & Erie Railroad Com-
pany was consolidated with the last named organization,
the new corporation retaining the name of the Lake
Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Company. The
combination thus formed controlled a continuous line
of road five hundred and forty miles in length, from
Buffalo to Chicago.
. In addition to the main line, the company, at the
beginning of 1872, owned the following branches :
\shtabula, Ohio, to Jamestown, Penn 36 miles.
Elyria, Ohio, via Sandusky, to Milbury (junc-
tion with main line) ?6/4 "
Toledo, Ohio, to Elkhart, Ind. (air line) 131 "
Adrian to Jackson, Mich 46 "
Adrian to Monroe, Mich 33 "
The company also owned the entire capital stock of
the following roads, which, however, still remained
under separate organizations :
Detroit, Monroe & Toledo Railroad, from To-
ledo to Detroit 65 miles.
Kalamazoo & White Pigeon, from Kalamazoo
to White Pigeon, Mich 37 "
The following roads were operated by the Lake
Shore company under leases:
Jamestown £ Franklin Railroad, from James-
town to Oil City, Penn. (connecting with
Ashtabula Branch). _ similes.
Kalamazoo, Allegan & Grand Rapids Railroad,
from Kalamazoo to Grand Rapids, Mich 58 "
The great fire of October, 1871, resulted in serious
loss to the company. In addition to the destruction of
the valuable passenger depot owned and occupied in
conjunction with the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
Road, the burning of the Grand Pacific Hotel, in which
the company had an interest of $125,000, proveda source
of unanticipated outlay. Aside from the losses which
may be characterized as indirect, the direct pecuniary
losses resulting from the conflagration were estimated
by the management at $325,000.
During 1872, the Northern Central Michigan Rail-
road was opened from Jonesville, on the main line,
seventy miles west of Toledo, to Lansing, a distance of
sixty miles.
On June 19, 1873, the president of the road, Horace
F. Clark, died, and was succeeded by Commodore Cor-
nelius Vanderbilt.
The reports of the directors for 1873 and 1874,
signed by Commodore Vanderbilt, give the following
account of the condition of the road:
"When I was elected your president, July I, 1873, I found the
financial condition of this company to be as follows • Capital
stock, $50,000,000, all issued; funded debt, $29,730,000; floating
debt, $6,277,485, including a dividend due August I $2 004 315
besides bills and pay-rolls for June, $1,478,686. There was not a
dollar in the treasury. Contracts for construction and equipment
twenty thousand tons steel rails, etc., to the amount of $7 894 84s'
had been made and the work all commenced, with no provision
whatever for meeting the large payments. The panic of 1873 oc-
curred in September, and disclosed the fact that the dividend just
paid ($2,004,315) had been borrowed, on call, of the Union Trust
l ompany. I hat institution closed and passed into the hands of a
receiver, who called the large loan at a time when money could not
be borrowed on the best collateral security. After giving the Trust
RAILROAD HISTORY.
217
Company ample security of my own for the debt, I undertook to
extricate the company from its financial difficulties."
Immediately upon the accession of the new manage-
ment, a policy of retrenchment was adopted and carried
out. The work of extending a double-track from Elk-
hart to Chicago, — one hundred miles, — was stopped
within seven miles of Elkhart, and strenuous efforts
were made to procure a release from other large con-
tracts; but so much material had been purchased and
so much work done, that the effort proved ineffectual.
The outlay for construction, however, was largely re-
duced. To meet the pressing necessities of the road
for construction and equipment, and also for the extin-
guishment of the large floating debt, the directors re-
solved upon placing a second general mortgage of
$25,000,000. The expectation of the directory was that
$12,000,000 of these bonds would retire the $6,000,000
issue of 1882 bonds, and extinguish the floating debt.
The remaining $13,000,000 were t6 be held in reserve
for purposes of construction and equipment. The
actual increase in the company's funded debt during
the year 1874, was $6,316,000 in second mortgage
bonds, sold at 90 per cent., yielding $5,697,416.68.
This proving insufficient to extinguish the debt, the
usual dividends of the year were passed, and the un-
divided earnings of 1873 and 1874 — $2,413,215.34 —
applied to the cancellation of these obligations. This
policy aided materially in placing the company upon a
sound financial basis, without a dollar of floating debt,
and restoring it to its position as a dividend-paying
road, — a dividend of three and one-half per cent, being
paid on February i, 1875, from the earnings of the last
half of 1874.
The sale of bonds and increase of debt came to a
full stop in 1874. No increase in the aggregate funded
debt was made after the troublesome floating debt in-
herited from a previous administration ; on the other
hand, a move was made in the opposite direction, by
providing for a sinking fund. At the close of 1875,
after meeting every obligation legitimately chargeable
to the year, and providing for the dividend payable on
February i, 1876, besides satisfying the sinking fund,
there remained in the treasury, for the first time in the
company's history, a very considerable balance.
After an immunity of seven years from serious acci-
dent, at the close of 1876, occurred the Ashtabula
disaster on December 29. The cause of the accident
has never been satisfactorily explained. Its nature and
effects are well known. Among those who perished
were many citizens of Chicago, and not a few homes in
this city were called to mourn some member of the
domestic circle. The accident entailed a loss upon
the company of $495,722.42, or nearly one per cent, of
the entire capital stock.
Another change of presidents occurred in 1877,
when the late William H. Vanderbilt succeeded his
father, whose death occurred on January 4, in that year.
In 1877, the company invested $200,000 in the purchase
of stock in the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie road, which has
proved a valuable investment.
The year 1879 closed the first decade in the history
of the consolidated company. The miles of road
operated were as follows :
Miles.
Mainline, Buffalo to Chicago 54°-49
Five- I.. S. i: M. S. Branches ... 324.38
Total miles 1.. S. & M. S. Railway proper 864.87
Three proprietary roads, owned wholly by the 1,. S, & M.
S. Railway, but under separate organizations 160.07
Three leased roads - 152-73
Total miles operated 1,177.67
In 1879, the company purchased $1,384,700 of the
capital stock of the Canada Southern Railway Com-
pany, which practically gave it control of the latter
road, and removed a threatened competition, the origi-
nal design having been to extend the Canada Southern
line to this city.
The years from 1880 to 1883 were most prosperous.
There was a continuing increase of earnings, both gross
and net, though in 1884 a reduction o,f nearly twenty
per cent, in business caused a falling off of nearly
$4,000,000 in the former. Stringent economy in
administration, however, so far kept down the operating
expenses that the net earnings were lowered by only
about one-half that sum.
The most noteworthy event in the history of the
company during these years was the acquisition, in
1882, of a controlling interest in the New York, Chicago
& St. Louis Railway. This was effected by the ex-
change of $6,527,000 second mortgage bonds for
140,500 shares of capital stock of the latter company.
This exchange made the total funded debt of the road
$43,192,000 at the close of 1882. In 1884, a further in-
crease of $3,250,000 was made. The total amount of
the bonded debt at the opening of the year was
$46,192,000.
The following tables show the financial operations
of the company from 1871 to 1884, and the amount of
freight and number of passengers carried, with the rates
of transportation and the revenue derived therefrom:
¥„__
OPERATING ]
EXPENSES.
DIVIDENDS PER
SHARE OF $100.
ear.
Miles.
Gross earnings.
Amount.
Per cent.
Net earnings.
Fixed charges.
Earned.
Paid.
1871 ...
,074
$14,898,449
$ 9,779,806
65.64
$5,118,643
$2,121,164
$8 37
$8 oo
1872 ...
,136
1 7, ('99,935
11,839,526
66.90
5,860,409
2,201,459
8 55
8 oo
i873 ...
,177
19,414,509
13,746,598
70.90
5,667,911
2,654,560
6 10
4 oo
i874...
,177
17,146,131
11,152,371
65.04
5,993,760
3,008,193
6 04
3 25
i875 ...
,177
M,434,I99
10,531,501
72.96
3,902,698
2,810,294
2 2O
2 OO
1876 ...
,177
13,949,177
9,574,836
68.64
4,374,341
2,759,989
3 26
3 25
1877---
,177
13,505,159
8,963,966
66.37
4,541,193
2,775,657
3 57
2 OO
1878 ...
,177
13.979,76"
8,486,601
60.70
5,493,165
2,718,792
5 61
4 oo
1879...
,177
15,271,492
8,934,524
58.50
6,336,968
2,754,988
7 24
6 50
1880 ...
,177
18,749,461
10,418,105
55.56
8,331,356
2,750,374
ii 28
8 oo
1881 ...
1,177
17,971,391
11,278,429
62.76
6,692,962
2,725,375
8 02
8 oo
1882 ...
1,274
18,225,639
11,057,807
60.67
7,167,832
3,027,000
8 37
8 oo
1883 ...
1,340
18,513, 656
11,001,854
59-43
7,511,802
3,498,806
8 ii
8 oo
1884 ...
1,340
14,843,584
9,133,522
61.53
5,710,062
3,720,670
4 02
5 oo
21 8
HISTORY OF CHIC \'><>.
Yi-ar.
miles
hauled.
'('mis haulrd nut-
mile.
Revi-mir.
Rrrripis
prr toll
per mi If.
Cost
per ton
per mile.
Profit
prr ton
IK : in i [e.
7 VI 670 6()6
S jo 341 2l8
Cents.
1.391
.913
1 YnK.
.478
11 I 4< )
12 824 S(i2
1.374
.920
• 454
IS? 1 ...
i 335
.046
.380
[87 J
5 021 267
()()() 142 <>8 1
M 9! 8,350
.767
•4*3
_
[87.8
9 639,038
I.OIO
• 737
.273
5 635 167
2O I 2
133 834,828
y, 405,029
.817
.561
.256
1877
e c I •: -;(p
080 005 561
9 47*
,864
•573
.201
I ->7S
219.8
•3 1() lf>7 821
n ) 048 952
734
•474
200
7 c i I 'Mi
731 42*1 440
i i 288,26 1
.642
. ^98
.244
8 'KO T?6
221 7
851 166 oiS
14 077,294
• 75°
•435
,-iir:
021 775 468
12 659 <)|S7
617
.414
2O1
i) i i )= =-38
20S S
892 868 224
12,022 577
.628
.413
• 215
(,,S9 512 415
I 2 48* ) i 'M 1
.728
452
276
i — 1
- |6;
ii i5ft 8 M
652
426
226
Number of jm>-
i arnrtl
Vverage
distance.
< arried
i inc mile.
Revt-nm .
Receipts
per
passenger
per mile.
Cost per
paissi-nyrr
per mile.
Profit
pi i pa-i-
Benger
per mile.
1-71
2 046 428
70
142 684 243
$4 006 724
Cents.
2 80S
Cents
t YiiK.
869
i>7'j
0 212 754
74
102 V.>8 4<)5
4 2l8 54T
814
7fi =
[873.
0 Sj.5 ID1}
63
878
664
1-74
56
173 224 572
678
1875..
3 170 234
52
164 950 861
2 178
So i
1876
= 6
3 664 148
1877. _
2,742,295
5O
138,116,618
3,203,200
2 ^IO
647
•575
40
o oS-
^.
1871)
0 8°'* 121
iSSo
rtQfi
1.049
iSSi
3 682 006
c6 s
I 988
1.049
RftR
4 nS 832
l Sn7 I Si;
1 f\f\
^ C)OQ 1^6
CC
4 736 088
o-;ft
.991
.
3 629 196
co C
A. <;. AMSDEN, superintendent of the Western Division of
the Lake Shore iV Michigan Southern Railway, controls the line
." and Elkhart, Ind., a distance of one hundred and
one miles. He was bom in \'ork. Washtcnaw Co., Mich., in 1838,
the son of Aratus anil Mary (Cook) Ainsden; and received his edu-
cation in the district school and at Vp.-ilanti Academy. His father
was a farmer, and also did house and sign painting for the neigh-
hois, and young Amsden worked upon the farm and also learned
the painter's trade. He followed these pursuits until April 14,
i -M, when he enlisted as a private in the 6th Michigan Infantry
Volunteers, which regiment was afterward changed to a heavy
artillery regiment. He was successively promoted corporal, ser-
geant and orderly sergeant of Co. " F," and, in December, 1863,
was commissioned as second lieutenant, and, in November, 1864,
was commissioned first lieutenant. In June, 1863, he received a
-evere gun-shot wound in the left thigh, during the assault on Port
llnd-on ; and, in August, 1864, he received two sabre cuts in the
-ana- thigh while he was out with a scouting party. In the spring of
i-d(. Lieutenant Amsden was appointed post ordnance officer at
Port Hudson, and remained there on duty about fourteen months,
when he was ordered to Kort Morgan, Ala., and there was assigned
to duty in charge of the Ordnance Department of the Defenses of
MobiU-. and continued there until his muster out on September i-j,
[865, hi- regiment having been mustered out in die latter part of
Bt, in the same year. He then went to Detroit, Mich., and
-|K-nt the winter and the following spring; after which he worked
at carriage-painting at Manchester, Mich., for five years. In
March, ts;i, Mr. Amsden commenced his railroad experience by
entering the employment of the Lake Shore ^ Michigan Southern
Railway as warehouseman at South Bend, Ind. He occupied that
position for three mop ihs, and was then promoted cashier o( the
M, where he remained until May, 1872, when he was appointed
privat, for the superintendent of the Michigan Division.
lie was such secretary for two years and eleven months, and was
•in May I, [S;?. made track-master of the K.damazoo Divis-
ion; and, on June i, 1875, was appointed division superintendent
of that Division, where he remained until January s. iSS^, when he
was promoted to his present position. Mr. Amsden is a member
of Orcutt Post, No. 79, G.A.R., and of Manchester Lodge, No.
148, A. K. & A. M., Manchester, Mich. He was married in No-
vember, 1867, to Miss Alice E. Spencer, of Manchester, Mich.;
they have two children, — Eva U. and Wallace 11.
CYRUS D. K(ivs, attorney for the Lake Shore & Michigan
Southern Railway, was born in Lamoille County, Vt., in 1836, the
son of Benedict anil Melissa (Dunn) Roys. He prepared for' col-
lege at the academies of Barry and Newbury, Vermont, and gradu-
ated from Adrian College, Mich., in June, 1862, with the degree of
A.I!., having removed to Adrian in 1860. In March, 1862, Mr.
Roys also graduated from the law school of Ann Arbor University,
Michigan, and was admitted to the Bar immediately afterward. In
the same year he enlisted in Battery " I," ist Michigan Light Ar-
tillery, and was immediately promoted sergeant; before the regiment
reached the scene of action he was commissioned first lieutenant of
Battery " L," and as such officer served in the Tennessee and
Atlanta campaigns, and was mustered out in March, 1864. In June,
1864, the degree of M.A. was conferred upon him by Adrian Col-
lege. Mr. Roys did not follow any active business for about
eighteen months after he left the Army, in consequence of ill-health;
and his first law practice was commenced in Leavenworth, Kansas,'
in 1867, where he remained for two years and then came to Chicago,
arriving here in September, 1869. 'immediately thereafter he was
admitted to the Illinois Bar, and then commenced his practice in
this city, at first occupying a desk in the office of Messrs. Dent &
Black, but not being associated with any other gentleman in the
practice of his profession at any time. In 1868, Mr. Roys had his
lirst suit for the Lake Shore road, and his conduct of that was so
able that he had all its business. After that time, and, in 1870
he was officially recognized as the attorney for the road which
position lie lias held since One of the most celebrated suits in
which this gentleman has been engaged was the case known as The
Western Indiana suit, which occupied all the courts here for main-
months, and wherein also were engaged lames L. High, George W
Kretzinger and— as the representative for the Rock Island road—
1 homas I- . \\ ithrow. In this case applications were made to Mr
Roys for his briefs from lawyers all over the country, such was the
repute lie gained from his management of the suit.' Mr. Roys is a
RAILROAD HISTORY.
219
member of King Solomon Lodge, No. 10, A.F. & A.M. Leaven-
worth, Kansas, lie was married in I >ec 'ember, iSdS, to Miss Julia
Catherine Morehous, of Klkhart, Iml.
MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILWAY.
While the net earnings of the Michigan Central
Railway Company for the fiscal year ending May 31,
1872, showed an increase of §418,525.29 over those of
the preceding year, many difficulties were encountered
in transacting the business of the road. The winter of
1872-73 was one of extraordinary severity, and for two
periods, of about a month in all, passage by ferry at the
Detroit River was rendered impossible by accumulation
of ice, resulting in the storage, on side-tracks, of from
one thousand to one thousand two hundred loaded east-
bound freight cars. The extreme cold of a very long
winter, and a heavy traffic, produced a damaging effect
upon the iron rail of a single track and a correspondingly
worn and rough condition of machinery.
In view of these drawbacks and of the increasing
competition, the management decided upon an exten-
sive policy of improvement. In their report for the
fiscal year 1872, the directors said:
* * * * "The result is the large necessary expenditure
on capital account, already made and making, to enlarge the capa-
t itv of all the great avenues between the \\est and the seaboard.
In the case of this company, the tracks must be doubled and made
tile most perfect possible, power and rolling-stock multiplied, and
everything fitted to move the largest possible volume of business at
the least possible n «t."
The most natural eastern connection of the Michi-
gan Central was, at that time, the Great Western of
Canada. Improvements were, at the same time, being
made in that line; while the track of the Grand Trunk
between Detroit and IlnlTalo was being reduced from
wide to narrow gauge. It was believed that these im-
provements, with the completion of the bridge across
the Niagara River, would afford ample outlet to the
Kast. with full connections with both the Erie and the
New York Central roads.
The fire of October, 1871, destroyed all the com-
pany's buildings in Chicago, with all the freight in store.
The facilities for handling freight were, of course, re-
duced to a minimum, while, at the same time, the fire
created a wholly unprecedented demand for building
material, which class of freight was shipped over the
line to such an extent as (in conjunction with the ordi-
nary shipments of merchandise to fill all the side-tracks
of the western half of the road with loaded cars. Dur-
ing the winter, from five hundred to eight hundred cars
were, on the average, waiting for entrance into Chicago.
The disaster, although terribly destructive in other re-
spects, enabled the company to procure additional
ground in this city for station purposes, thus relieving
the management of the difficulty of inadequate room,
under which it had labored for many years.
The Michigan Central, prior to 1872, had aided in
the construction of the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw
Railroad, and had become owner of more than one-
third of the capital stock of that company. In 1872,
the former company acquired control and assumed the
management of the road.
During 1873, the Central acquired control of the
Detroit & Bay City, which it managed and operated,
running their own equipment over the road.
The " railroad war " that raged from January to
July, 1874, between the various lines leading west from
New York had the effect of materially lowering rates on
west-bound freight and deranging those on east-bound
shipments, the result being, to quote the language of the
directors, in their report for 1874, "that the whole busi-
ness during that time has been [was] done at not much,
if any, above cost, and is now going at much less than
the cost of doing it."
Notwithstanding the fact that the results of the large
outlay already made on account of construction and im-
provement had not met the expectations of the manage-
ment, the directory decided that a continuance of the
policy was demanded by self-preservation, and during
the fiscal year ending June i, 1874, large additional
amounts were expended.
The completion of the International bridge at Nia-
gara, during the year, was an event of much importance
in the progress of improvement, as it superseded the old
and inconvenient passage by means of a ferry. Its ef-
fect was greatly to improve the Grand Trunk route be-
tween Detroit ami Buffalo, and also to give passage to
trains of the Canada Southern road, then open from
I >i -troll and connecting with the lines leading east from
Buffalo.
The years 1875 and 1876 were characterized by the
same general features as the two preceding ; — an increase
of business, a lowering of rates, and generally unsatis-
factory financial results.
A change in the management of the road was made
in 1877, by the retirement of James F. Joy from the
presidency as well as from the directory. He was suc-
ceeded, as president, by Samuel Sloan, of New York.
The year was nol a successful one, financially, the net
earnings showing a falling off of $256,377.13 from those
of 1876. In commenting upon this decrease, the direc-
tors attribute it, mainly, to the trunk-line warfare on west-
bound freight, which seriously impaired the Central's in-
come by producing a constant lowering of rates.
In the latter part of June, 1878, an entire change of
management was made, and a new board of directors
chosen. William H. Vanderbilt was elected president;
among the directors were Cornelius and William K.
Yanderbilt, Augustus Schell, Samuel F. Badger, Edwin
I). Worcester (all of New York) and Anson Stager of
Chicago. The Michigan Central thus became an inte-
gral part of the " Vanderbilt system."
During 1878, dividends amounting to four per cent
were paid, for the first time since 1873. In order to re-
lieve the over-crowded condition of the road in this
city and to reduce the cost of handling freight, sixty
acres of land were purchased for freight-yard purposes
at Kensington, the junction of the Michigan Central and
Illinois Central roads.
The year 1880 was the most successful since the or-
ganization of the company, the particular concomitants
being the largely increased volume of traffic, the con-
siderable and permanent improvement of the property,
and a resulting dividend of eight per cent, paid to
share-holders. One of the features in the history of the
company for the year, which deserves special mention,
is the unprecedented sale of lands, at greatly advanced
prices, there being 47,124.41 acres sold, at an average
price per acre of $14.46. There had been a steady ap-
preciation in the prices realized. In 1877, the average
price was $8.74 an acre ; in 1878, .$9.86 ; and, in 1879,
$11.40. The assets of the Land Department, on Jan-
uary i, 1881, were thus summed up by the Land Com-
missioner:
408,881 acres of land, estimated at $3,066,607 50
Amount due on land contracts 561,388 41
Cash on hand, December 31, iSSo 84,843 73
Total ..$3,712,839 64
220
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
On April i, 1881, the company leased the Detroit iv
I!ay City Railroad, and assumed its debts.
In December, iS.Sj, an agreement was entered into
with the Canada Southern Railway Company, tinder
which, for a period of twenty-one years from January i,
i.XX}. the Michigan Central assumed the operation and
management of the Canada Southern and its leased
lines. At the time of the execution of the agreement,
the latter line had partially built (and during the next
twelve months completed a line from Kssex Center to
the Detroit River, opposite Detroit, with a suitable ferry
to that city. During 18X3, it constructed, tinder its
agreement with the Central, a branch of its main line
from Welland to the Niagara River, just below the Falls
crossing the river upon the well-known " canti-lever "
bridge , and increased its equipment to an extent suf-
ficient to meet the demands of the through traffic. The
provisions of the agreement with regard to earnings,
expenses, etc., may be summarized as follows: After
paying the common charges, the balance of earnings was
to be divided in the ratio of two-thirds to the Michigan
Central Company, and one-third to the Canada South-
ern. In examining the appended tables, it must be
borne in mind that the sudden increase in totals, notice-
able in the year 1883, is due to the fact that, for the
years following, the business of the Canada Southern
line is included. On January i, 1884, the miles of road
operated were as follows :
Main line —
Chicago to Detroit 284.07
Windsor to Suspension Bridge 226.18
Branches —
\1 irhi^an ( Vntrul System 750.26
Canada Southern System 207.64
510.25
957.9°
Total miles operated 1,468.15
This increase of mileage, while occasioned chiefly
by the addition of the Canada Southern system, was
partly due to the acquisition, on February 15, 1883, of
the Saginaw Bay & Northwestern Railroad.
The year 1884, being one of financial depression,
the Michigan Central road suffered, in common with
other business interests of the country.
The financial operations of the Michigan Central Railway (including Branches) during the years 1872 to 1884,
inclusive, were as follows:
Vraix ending
June i.
t iruss earning.
OPKKATI.M. KXIKNSES AND
TAXES,
Net earnings*
Fixed charges,
interest, rental,
etc.
\,-t iiii onir.
1 hvidends.
Surplus.
Amount.
Per cent.
1872
S 6,441 412 56
7,302,118 06
7,634,081 70
7,102,286 41
6,850,964 06
6,498,126 70
3,903,513 9°
6,872,094 03
7,415,428 86
9,085,748 71
S.934,331 62
9,041,032 33
14,077,468 14*
",738,934 72
84,447,803 46
4, 9^6,935 46
5,523,642 39
5,068,097 76
4,802,902 23
4,706,442 06
2,591,015 39
4,307,238 81
4,699,592 43
5,738.751 09
6,732,095 90
6,671,726 56
9,741,638 45
8,959,132 41
70.64
68.29
72.35
71-35
7O.IO
72.43
66.37
63.55
63.97
64.11
76.50
75-17
69.53
76.84
$1,993,609 10
2,315,182 60
2,110,439 31
2,034,188 65
2,048,061 83
1,791,684 70
1,312,498 51
2,624,520 12
2,715,836 43
3,346,997 62
2,202,235 72
2,369,305 77
4,335,829 69
2,779,802 32
S 264,954 86
140,952 86
631,103 70
891, 596 53
891,649 59
1,447,640 oi>
849,243 oo
1,615,950 oo
1,621,702 oo
1,681,593 oo
1,692,926 38
1,801,370 97
3,044,986 95f
2,659,049 69
$1,728,654 24
1,889,542 95
',479,335 61
1,142,592 12
1,156,412 24
344,044 70
463,255 51
1,008.570 12
1,094,134 43
1,665,404 62
509,309 34
567,934 80
1,290,842 74
120,752 63
$1,501,085 oo
1,609,001 oo
None
None
None
None
None
749,528 16
1,030601 22
1,499,056 32
468,455 10
374,764 08
I,I24,2g2 24
None
$227,599 24
280,541 95
1874
1875
1876
[877..
Srvni months
ending Dec. 31.
1-77
Calendar vrars.
1878
359,041 96
63,533 21
182,537 30
40,854 24
193,170 72
165,550 50
IS;.)
1882...
188-1
1884
'Including »67,7oi.45 denved from investments. tlncludlng the payment of one-third of the net earnings to the Canada Southern Company.
The freight and passenger business and earnings of the Michigan Central Railway, from 1872 to 1884
inclusive, were as follows :
Years ending June i.
Total
tonnage
carried.
Tons carried
one mile.
Rate per
ton per mile.
Revenue.
Years ending June i.
Total
number of
passengers
carried.
Passengers
carried
one mile.
lh
s^-g
P>_I, »
'i
Revenue.
1872
t873 -
1,708,964
1,909,671
2,186,786
2,375,496
2,686,248
3,056,386
I,703,225
3,564,731
3,513,819
3,797.137
4,196,896
3,913,869
5,197,278
5.141,597
Cents.
•56
•57
.22
.16
.12
.88
.82
.85
.69
.84
•72
•77
•83
.65
$4,096,198 76
4,652,873 82
4,908,961 93
4,437,838 69
4,417,275 57
4,158,887 32
2,516,686 21
4,646,247 91
4,986,987 84
6,195,970 72
5,675,731 oo
5.426,455 II
9,472,365 62
7,620,887 14
1872
774,349
• 852,352
§77,445
831,489
893,279
1,450,136
906,717
',433,937
1,445,655
1,699,810
2,079,289
$1,687,256 49
1,785,716 33
1,803,247 66
1,793,727 66
1,663,642 65
2,026,235 44
1,203,375 24
1,918,608 96
2,062,264 51
2,46l,77i 31
2,812,705 53
3,146,309 13
4,007,548 30
3.4f'4,559 75
1873 -
1 -/4 _
1875
1876
1874-
1875 ...
72,826,047
70,566,893
93,830,515
51,354,147
79,684,072
93,232,430
2.40
2.35
2.16
2.34
2.41
2.21
2.13
2.07
2.21
2.22
2.10
1876
1877 -
473,837,807
252,373,503
548,053,707
721,019,413
735,611,995
7'/ ',022,930
703,241,320
1,411,282,864
1,179,193,827
1877
From June I, 1877,
to January I, 1878
Calendar years.
1878
From June I, to De-
cember 31, 1877
Calendar years.
1878
1879
1880
1880
iSSi
1882
1881
1882
"5, 523. 789
.35,706,148
1883
1884
1883
ISS4
2.9t>9.323
142,237,961
180,749,225
64,968,660
fh* figures given f,,r the years 1872 to 1882 apply to the main line only.
J he fixures given for the years 1872 to 1882 apply to the main line only.
RAILROAD HISTORY.
221
The following sketches are of some of the prominent
railroad officials, the headquarters of whose lines are in
other cities :
iii:\!'.v C. BARLOW, traffic manager of the Mexican Central
Railway, was born in the town of Niles, Mich., on August 15,
1850. He is a son of Lemuel and Hannah (Orcutt) Barlow, and
his father lirst came to Chicago in its village days. Young Barlow
lived with his parents in Niles until twelve years of age, and the
family then removed to Amboy, 111. He was afforded such advan-
tages of education as were given in the school at Niles, but on leav-
ing there pursued his studies only about one year. lie then went
into his father's general store in Amboy and assisted him in the
business for about a year. At the end of that time he went to
Chelsea, Mich., and took a clerkship in the general store of Mr.
Congdon, with a salary of ten dollars a month and board. lie
worked there for just a year and then joined his brother, who was
agent for the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad, at
Negaunee. He assisted him in his office and learned the science of
telegraphy and thus practically commenced his railway career. I K
remained there for a number of months and then went to Toledo,
Ohio, and became a salesman for a large wholesale leather house.
He passed eight months there and then decided that he would prefer
the railroad business as an occupation. In accordance with that de-
sire he went to Warren, 111., and commenced his highly successful
career. He checked goods in the freight warehouse of the Illinois
Central Railroad at that point until February, 1868, when he was
appointed telegraph operator at Harrington, 111., on the line of the
Chicago & North-Western Railroad. He served the company in
that capacity, as clerk, station agent and travelling freight agent
until May 30, 1881. He was careful, faithful and assiduous in his
work, and his promotions were made as rapidly as vacancies oc-
curred On July I, iSSl, he was made division freight agent of
the \Vinona, St. Peter and Dakota Central Division of the Chicago
iV North-Western Railway and made his headquarters at Winona.
A year later he was tendered the office of assistan general freight
agent of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, and in another
year he was promoted to general freight agent of the road, making
his headquarters, during those two years, at Topeka, Kansas. On
November 10, 1884, he was elected traffic manager of the Mexican
Central Railway and took general charge of that corporation's com-
mercial affairs. Although the general offices of that company are in
the City of Mexico, Mr. Barlow prefers a residence in the North,
and Chicago being most centrally located and his favorite city he
makes this his headquarters and home. Within less than twenty
years, he has become an occupant of one of the most responsible
and important positions in one of the largest railroad corporations
in America. Mr. Barlow was married on January 15, 1883, to
Miss Mary Cone, of Winona, Minn. ' He is a member of Covenant
Lodge, No. 526, A.F. iV A.M., of Chicago, and of Sparta Lodge,
I.O.O.F., of Sparta, Wis.
CHAKI.I..S 11. WOOD, general agent of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Railroad, was born in Worcester County, Mass., in 1834.
His early boyhood was passed in that locality and his education was
obtained at the common schools. In 1852, Mr. Wood entered into
the railway service and has been identified with the same over
thirty-three years. He first took a clerical position in the construc-
tion department of the Marietta iV Cincinnati Railway, and so
remained for three years, when he was promoted to conductor of a
'iger train. His run was between Marietta and Cincinnati, and
he retained that position for ten consecutive years. In 1863, he
was tendered the office of general western passenger agent of the
I 'an Handle road, and accepted, making his headquarters at Cin-
cinnati. He served the road in that capacity for six years, and was
then transferred to Chicago and took charge of the freight business,
where he remained for three and one-half years. He then left Iheir
employ to represent the Blue Line Fast Freight in this city, and
so remained until January I, 1883, when he resigned his office in
order to accept the general agency of the Atchison, Topeka \
Santa ¥6 Railroad. His headquarters were at Kansas City for
nearly two years, and then he was transferred to the same position
in this city, which he has held up to the present time. Mr. Wood
was married on September 30, 1867, in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Miss V,.
V. Hudson. They have one daughter, Helen E. Mr. Wood has
been for some titne a member of the Illinois Chib,
WII.I.HM WAITKK TMIHKKNKK, general agent of the Milwau-
kee & Northern Railway, was born at Milwaukee, \Vis., on April
22, 1856. Mr. Tabberner during his boyhood had only limited
educational advantages, and, owing to the force of circumstances,
was obliged to seek his own living and maintenance from the time
he was about thirteen years of age. In the fall of 1869, he entered
the office of the superintendent of the Chicago & North-Western
Railway at Milwaukee as messenger boy, and continued in that
capacity for some time. Deing active, energetic and ambitious, he
was rapidly promoted. He left the superintendent's office and took
the place of messenger in the local freight office of the same road.
A year or two later he was offered the position of expense bill-clerk
in the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway office, which he
accepted, and a little later was promoted to bill-clerk. After he
left this road he took the position of clerk in the local freight office
of the Milwaukee iV Northern Railway, and afterwa'rd was promoted
to a clerkship in the general ticket office of the same line. This
was in 1873, when the road was leased to the Wisconsin Central
Railway. Mr. Tabberner continued his identification with railroads,
filling various positions, until 1882, when, in December' of that
year, he was appointed agent of the Milwaukee & Northern Rail-
road, at Green Bay, \Vis. He remained there until March, 1883,
when he was ordered to Chicago to represent the last named com-
pany as their general agent. Mr. Tabberner has been the Mil-
waukee iV Northern's accredited agent in this city up to the present
time. The line which he represents runs from Milwaukee to
Mcnominee, Mich., anil a branch from Hilbert to Appleton, Wis.
He was married at Racine, \Vis., in September, 1883, to Miss
Annie F.vans, of that city.
FRANK FERRIS, commercial agent of the Missouri Pacific Rail-
way Company, was born at Peekskill, N. V., on March 21, 1853.
He was brought up in his native State and received his education
at Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., one of the oldest educa-
tional institutions of the Fast. Mr. Ferris took a collegiate and
classical course of study, graduating from the college in 1876. In
August of that year, he took a position in the office of the general
manager of the Hoosac Tunnel Line, at Rochester, N. Y., where
he remained for about eight months. In the following March he
was made contracting agent for the Hoosac Tunnel Fast Freight
Line, with his headquarters at Rochester. On September 4, 1877,
Mr. Ferris came West and was made general agent of the Wabash
system, at Quincy, 111. He held that responsible office until June I,
1881, when he became private secretary to II. M. Hoxie, vice-
president and general manager of the Texas Pacific and Interna-
tional & Great Northern Railways, whose headquarters were at
Palatine, Texas. He was so employed until the consolidation of
the above roads with the Missouri Pacific and Iron Mountain
Railroads, and the formation of what is now known as the South-
western system, which embraces the following railroads : The Mis-
souri Pacific; Missouri, Kansas A; Texas; Central Branch of Union
Pacific ; St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern ; Texas & Pacific;
International & Great Northern ; and Galveston, Houston & Hen-
derson; having a total mileage of six thousand and forty-five miles.
On January i, 1882, he went to Laredo, Texas, as general agent of
the system at that point, where he remained until the following
December. He was afterward made contracting agent, with headquar-
ters at Kansas City, where he remained until May, 1883. He then
received his appointment as commercial,, freight and passenger
agent for the same system, for the Republic of Mexico, with
headquarters at the City of Mexico, where he was located until
October, 1884. He was then transferred to this city as commercial
agent for the company, and holds that office at the present time.
For a young man, Mr. Ferris has had a large experience in the
traffic business, and has been rapidly promoted to such positions
as require the greatest business ability. He is to be congratulated
on his early success in life, and the foundation for a splendid
career in the future is assuredly well established.
T. B. GAUI.T, general agent of the Union Pacific Railway,
was born in New Hampshire, on June 30, 1841. He was reared
' ^* __ _ T .V _ .1 _ 1 .. . 1
clerk in their office at Rockford. He continued as such for about
five years, when he was promoted to agent at that station. He re-
mained in the employ of the company until 1874, when he went in-
to the manufacturing business at Rockford. Three years later he
closed out and went to work for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railway, taking the station agency at Owatonna, Minn. He con-
tinued there three and one-half years, and was then appointed
general agent of the Wabash system, with headquarters at Omaha.
He was their representative there until the road went into the pool
in 1882, when he left the railway service and came to Chicago to
make his permanent home. He became president of the Western
Fence Company, which made a specialty of constructing wire fences
for railroad protection, and was quite successful in this enterprise.
Notwithstanding his determination to keep out of the railway ser-
vice, on January I, 1883, he accepted the position of general agent
of the Union Pacific Railway, with headquarters here, and this
office he holds up to the present time. His brother, John C'. Cault,
was recently arbitrator of several railway associations in the West]
and is now located at Cincinnati. T. B. Gault is a thorough rail-
way man, qualified in every particular for the duties of his position,
and possessing qualities which mark him as a gentleman. The Union
Pacific has in him an efficient and popular representative of their
Eastern interests
222
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
I.. V S \\vvr.R, contracting freight agent of tin.1 Northern
Pacific Railroad, was born at Dover. \. II. .on February 2(>, iS.)-j.
Mo spent his earlj ho \hood in his native town, attending its public
sciiools. anil finished his education at Providence, K. I., at the insti-
tution known as the Friends' College. When the War broke .ml
in the spring of [86l, Mr. Sawyer was about completing his col-
legiate studies, and returning honie a short time later he enlisted in
Co. " K," nth New Hampshire Infantry Volunteers, and was
made sergeant. He was in active service all through the War and
was in "many of the most important engagements. He was pin.
moled to the rank of captain and served on the stall" of I .revel
Major-General S. G. Griffin as brigade inspector until the close <>!
the War. President Johnson signed his commission as brevet
major of volunteers just before the surrender of the Confed. i
When he was mustered out Mr. Sawyer came to Chicago and com-
menced bookkeeping for I lake \ Woodman (wholesale bakers) and
afterward for George II. I'.rooks ,v Co., a commission firm then on
South Water Street, lie remained with them until 1868, and the
following year he took a position as bookkeeper with the I'ullman
::\ and later on was made assistant auditor. He was in
the service of the I'ullman Company until 1873, and then went into
the real-estate business on his own account. For three years Mr.
Sawyer was engaged in this pursuit, and during that time trans-
acted a \er\ large business. In 1>77. he was tendered a position
with the Northern 1'acilic Railroad, with headquarters in Chicago.
His duties were connected with the freight department, under
the administration of Mr. Wright, then president ol the road. Mr.
Sawyer lias been with the Northern Pacific since that time, and is
now" their contracting freight agent for Chicago. Mr. Sawyer was
married on November 15, 1*71,10 Miss Emma, daughter of I.orin
P. Hilliard, one of Chicago's earliest residents ami formerly county
treasurer for Cook County.
G. W. K. GIMIIIMI, city passenger agent of the Northern Pa-
cific Railroad, was born at Troy, N. V., on August 16, 1846. The
earlier part of his life was spent in ( Igdcnsburg, where he attended
school and commenced business life. Mr. Goodno first entered the
railway service, with which he has been identified for the last eight-
een years, in 1868. He went to work for iiie Grand Trunk Kail-
way, taking a position as traveling agent in the Kastern territory.
lie remained with them for three years, and then went to Kansas
City, Mo., where he was in the I'ullman service as conductor for
abo'ut two years. In the latter part of 1873, he went with the Union
Pacific Railroad, in whose employ he was for about live years, serv-
ing in various capacities. Mr. Goodno also became connected with
the Krie iV Chicago road and the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy
Railroad, lie was then sent to Omaha as the western passenger
agent of the Michigan Central line, and remained there for some
time. Me took a position with the Northern Pacific company on
September I, 1884, as their passenger agent in this city, which office
he now occupies. Mr. Goodno is one of the most active, energetic
and reliable agents in the city and possesses in the fullest degree the
Q .nlidence and good opinion of the Northern Pacific administration,
lie was married at Ogdensburg, N. Y., in 1868, to Miss Abbie
Mead, of that place. They have had five children, one of whom,
Forest S., is now dead. The remaining children are Mamie,
Becky, Bessie and George.
BALTIMORE & OHIO RAILROAD.
The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company secured
an entrance into Chicago in November, 1874, over the
line of the Illinois Central road, with which company
a contract was also made for the use of depot grounds.
The project of an extension of the road to Chicago was
conceived in 1871-72. A line was accordingly con-
structed from a point about ninety miles north of New-
ark, Ohio on the Lake Erie Division), to Chicago, — a
distance of 260 miles. The location secured at once
the two great advantages of low grades and directness,
the distance from this city to Baltimore, by this route,
being 811 miles, and to Washington 784 miles. The
point of divergence was chosen with a view to the ulti-
mate concentration, upon this route, of the traffic of the
main line and of the Pittsburgh, Washington it Balti-
more Railroad, as well as that between Pittsburgh and
Wheeling. The value of the line was estimated, by the
directory, on its completion, at •$<>, 35 7.^93.43.
The following table affords a comprehensive view
of the financial results of the operation of the branch
since its opening:
Yr;ir ending
S< ptnnln-r |O.
Gti «fl r.iniintfs.
Expenses,
\r1 r, tt Tillies.
!>--!
S 64,05 i O8
$ 3<>.'S57 09
is 27,195 39
1,169,331 69
1876
1,231,78-; 88
1,065,082 86
166,703 02
,<--
ijs7. (195 60
834,415 21
123,280 39
1878
.°57. 55s ')('
628,010 57
.42.1,548 39
[S7Q
,153,852 27
659,321 57
4.14.530 7"
iS'M)
,548,994 51
982,320 88
566.673 63
1881
,(138,661 65
1,185,591 97
453, o(,., (in
1882
,(H)2,oo6 57
1,245,600 01
446,406 56
188-5
,878,167 22
1,304,664 10
573.503 12
1884
2,046,880 53
1.557,892 57
488,987 96
About the time of the completion of the branch,
forty acres of land were purchased at Chicago Junction,
fifty-six acres were donated at Garrett City, and forty
acres at South Chicago, for depot grounds, machine
shops, engine houses, etc. In this city, a brick freight
warehouse, was erected in 1875. Connections were
made with the Stock Yards, and ample preparations
made for an extensive traffic in live-stock.
During 1877, some changes were made in the cor-
porate constitution and control. The original legal
name, — the Baltimore, Pittsburgh cc Chicago Railway, —
did not properly represent or characterize the line
finally adopted, and was changed, under the laws of
Ohio' and Indiana, to the Baltimore & Ohio & Chi-
cago Railway Company. The line, however, is still
known as the Chicago Division of the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad.
The extension of the Baltimore & Ohio line to this
city was not viewed with favor by other of the trunk
lines, who believed that in it they saw a formidable
competitor. Much jealousy was engendered, and a
fierce commercial rivalry raged for some time. By
mutual consent of the Baltimore & Ohio and Illinois
Central companies, the use of the depot of the latter
was abandoned by the former in 1875, and the city
terminus was fixed at the Exposition Building, on
Michigan Avenue.
KDMITNII CI.AKK LAWKKNCE, city passenger and freight agent
of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railroad, was born in
Delaware County, N. Y., on June 30, 1843. His parents removed
to DeKalb County, 111., when he was thirteen years old. His
father being a farmer, the son was reared in the country and at-
tended the district school. Upon his maturity, he decided to follow
farming individually, and so continued, on land near his old home in
I leKalb, until the summer of 1875. He was then offered a position
as local agent for the land department of the Kansas Pacific Rail-
way, and, selling out his farming interests, he opened an office in
Millington, 111., and from that time to the present has been identi-
fied with railroad corporations. He remained at Millington but
two months, the company deeming his service of such value as to
warrant their placing him in charge of the Chicago office of the
land department. Mr. Lawrence's long and practical experience
as a farmer fitted him for the position he occupied, and he was of
value as an agent for the disposal of the company's lands. He re-
mained with them until January 24, 1880, when the consolidation of
the Union Pacific, Kansas Pacific and Denver Pacific railroads was
completed. He was .then appointed general traveling agent of the
land department of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad,
having for his principal work the advertising of their lands along
the line in Iowa. He remained with them until they had effected
sales for over eighty thousand acres, which comprised the bulk of
their lands in Iowa, and, in iSSl, took a position as travelling
passenger agent. He now occupies the position as city passenger
agent, with general charge of the freight business in this city for
the above company. Mr. Lawrence was married at Sandwich, III.,
on November 14, 1872, to Miss Kliza Dean; they have one daugh-
ter,— Cora Bell. Their two sons, Bertie and Edmund, died when
five and two years of age, respectively'.
EI.MKR II. WOOD, general agent of the freight department of
the Union Pacific Railroad, was born in Monroe County, N. Y.,
on January 12, 1854. His early education was obtained in his
native State at the common schools, and, after his removal to Illi-
nois in 1870, he entered into, and graduated from, the Grand
RAILROAD HISTORY.
223
Prairie Academy al Onarga, having taken a full course in both
commercial and classical branches. He then became identified with
the railway service, and took the position of station agent at Still-
man Valley, III., on the old Chicago & Pacific line, now a part of the
( 'oiincil Bluffs 1 livision of the Chicago, Milwaukee tV St. Paul system.
He was station agent for six months and was then transferred
to the I 'hicago iV Pacific ticket office in this city. lie served the
road in that capacity until < Ictober I, 1876, when the line was
about to become consolidated, and he then went into the employ-
ment of the Union Pacific Railroad, taking a position as clerk in
their city office here. On September I, 1884, he was promoted to
the office of general agent of the freight department, which position
he holds at the present time. Mr. Wood was married on Septem-
ber 14, 1876, to I.innie I.. Barnes, of ( Inarga, 111. lie is a resident
of Oak Park and a member of the National Union Society.
1 1 \KKV C. Ffl.l.KK, general agent of the freight and passenger
department of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, was born at Grand
Haven, Mich., on August 22, 1858. He resided there during his
boyhood, attending the public schools until he was thirteen years ot
age, his parents then removing to Chicago. In 1871, he went to the
Douglas School in this city for a short time, and also took a com-
mercial course in St. Ignatius College. Completing his studies he
commenced to work for the tea and coffee house of Downer Ov Co.,
and acted as their general accountant up to 1876. He was then
employed as shipping clerk for the well-known safe firm of Warren,
Howard & Co., of Cincinnati, who had a branch house here. He
remained with them until March 30, 1877, when he became con-
nected with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. He was
engaged in their city office as messenger, and rapidly went through
the grade of promotions at the local freight depot. In 1880, he was
returned to the city office as a clerk, and, on Dei-ember 30, 1884,
won the post of chief clerk. On the 1st of February following he
received his appointment as general agent of the freight and pas-
'• department of the Wisconsin Central Railroad, with head-
quarters in this city. This position he now holds, and by his
prompt and careful attention to the duties of his office, together
with his genial and courteous manners, he has won the highest
approbation of his employers and stands well in the estimation of
his many friends in railway circles. Mr. Fuller was married on
August i-j, 1884, to Miss Helen White head, of Chicago, and they
parents of an only daughter, Virginia.
NEW YORK,
CHICAGO
RAILWAY.
ST. LOUIS
The New York cc Chicago Railway Company was
incorporated in the State of Illinois under the general
railroad act, and articles of association were filed in the
office of the Secretary of State on March 23, i88r.
The purpose of incorporation was the construction and
operation, in connection with the Buffalo, Cleveland &
Chicago Railway Company, of New York, the Buffalo &
Chicago Railway Company, of Pennsylvania, the New
York & Chicago Railway Company, of Ohio, and the
New York & Chicago Railway Company, of Indiana, in-
corporated respectively at or about the same time in the
various States named, of a railroad from Buffalo to
Chicago.
These various companies were consolidated soon after
their incorporation, under the name of the New York,
Chicago cc St. Louis Railway Company, and articles of
consolidation were filed on April 12, 1881, stating the
amount of capital stock to be $35,000,000, which amount
was increased one year later to $50,000,000.
Soon after the consolidation, the work of construc-
tion was commenced, and on September i, 1882, the
road was formally turned over to the company by the
contractors, and the entire line from HulTalo to Chicago
— 512.54 miles — was put in operation. The line is
known as the "Nickel Plate."
At the opening of 1885, the total liabilities of the
-ompany were as follows:
Common stock :... $28,000,00000
Preferred stock _ 22,000,00000
Funded debt-. 19,703,00000
Floating debt.. 2,815,810 82
The result of the financial operations tor 1884 were
as follows:
Total income. $ 3,028,82937
Operating expenses and taxes 2,073,135 59
F.xcess $1 ,oo<>, 7&2 70
Less taxes.. 82,37289
Net inci imc
Interest and rentals.
2.073.135 59
fr 955,6<J3 7S
1 ,52(1,627 23
Total $72,518,810 82
Deficit for year $ 570,93345
The excess of assets over liabilities at the close of
1884 was $1,008,937.33.
I. l.K Gk\.M> I.OCKWOIID, local freight agent of the New
York, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio,
on February 2, 1847. I le was brought up and educated in Ken-
tucky, where he attended the common schools and took a practical
course in a college. lie afterward read law for a year, but, decid-
ing not to pursue a professional career, he terminated his legal
studies and entered into the railway service. He first took a cleri-
cal position in the claim department of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail-
road Company, in 1872, and retained that for one year. 1 le was then
made chief clerk of the Globe Fast Freight line, an auxiliary of the
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, wfth an office at Toledo, Ohio. He
occupied that position for about fifteen months, and was then placed
in charge of the station at Plymouth, ( )hio, where he remained from
1874 to iSSo. He was, during the last named year, transferred to
the station agency at Tiffin, Ohio, and, in August, 1881, took a
similar position at Sandusky. In the fall of 1881, the company
seni him to Chicago to manage their local freight business here.
One year later Mr. I.ockwood resigned that position to take a more
remunerative and responsible office, that of a freight agent of the
New York, ( Chicago \ St. Louis Railroad. This position he holds at
the present time. Mr. Lockwood was married, in 1876, to Miss I.illie
A. P.owlby. of Plymouth, Ohio. They have one daughter, — I.illie M.
CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY.
The Chicago cc Grand Trunk Railway Company is the
consolidation of several independent companies control-
ling and operating a line from this city to Port Huron.
The names of the corporations, with brief sketches of
each, are as follows :
Port Huron & Lake Michigan Railroad Company, incorporated
on January 30, 1847, from Port Huron to "some point on Lake
Michigan at or near the mouth of Grand River."
Port Huron »S: Milwaukee Railroad Company, incorporated on
February 12, 1855. Line similar to that of the Port Huron iV Lake
Michigan Company, with which it was finally amalgamated.
Peninsular Railroad Company, incorporated on October 3, 1865,
from Lansing to Battle Creek, Mich.
Peninsular Railroad Fxtension Company, incorporated on Jan-
uary 3, 1868, from Battle Creek to the Indiana State line. On
February 17, 1868, this company was consolidated with the former,
under the name of the Peninsular Railway.
Peninsular Railroad Company of Indiana, incorporated on
October 14, 1859, chartered to construct a railway through Indiana
Consolidated with the two companies last named, and the Penin-
sular Railroad Company of Illinois, in May, 1870. The line from
Lansing to South Bend was completed and opened for traffic in 1872
Chicago iV Lake Huron Railroad Company, incorporated in Aug-
ust,1873. Formed by the consolidation of the Port Huron & Lake
Michigan and the Peninsular Railway companies. The section
from South Bend to Valparaiso was opened in October, 1873.
Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company (of Michigan),
incorporated in Inly, 1874, to construct the " missing link " between
Austin and Flint, was completed and opened by January I, 1877.
Chicago & State Line Railway Company, incorporated in June,
1878, to purchase the Chicago iV; Southern Railroad, which hail
been sold under decree of foreclosure on April 24, 1878. Authority
was thus obtained to construct a continuous line of road from
Chicago to the Indiana State line.
Chicago \ State Line F.xtension Railway Company, incorpor-
ated in April, 1879, from the Indiana State line to Valparaiso.
Northwestern Grand Trunk Railway (of Michigan), incorpor-
ated on August 23, 1879, to acquire, by transfer from the Master in
Chancery, under a degree in foreclosure, the railway property
between Port Huron and Flint.
Michigan Railway Company, incorporated on January 6, 1880,
--•I
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
to acquire (ruin purchasers under a previous ton-closure --ale the
railw.iv between Lansing and Milton.
Indiana Railway, inrorporalcd on janua;\ 6, t88O, lo acquire,
in the same manner, the line from Milton to Valparai-o.
: western ( irand Trunk Railway (in Illinois and Indiana),
incorporated on September i, i>7'|. Kormcd by the consolidation
of the Chicago & Stale Line Railway and Chicago <V State Line
Kxtension Railway companies, with power to complete their road
from Chicago to Valparaiso, which section was opened for trallic on
:v g, 1880.
On April 7, 1880. was consummated the consolidation
of tin- various companies above enumerated, under the
name- of the Chicago \- Grand Trunk Railway Company.
The length of the line — exclusive of two short
branches aggregating 8.76 miles — is 330.5 miles. Its
capital s:> - ',600,000; its funded debt, at the close
of tin- year 18X4. was §12,000,000; its floating indebt-
edness at the same time was $696,221.60; the total lia-
bilities aggregating ,$i 2,^96.22 1.60.
The following table shows the financial results of the
operation of the road during the first five years of its
existence :
N ear < -inline
JLIIK- ^o.
Total . ,n nhtgfl
l >|nT,it in:; c xprnv |.
Net famines.
IS 72
- j-o -54
$l()2,544 40
Si 24 ()2^ OJ.
~4<j 8 1
417,314 18
2^7 c.'iz (yi
1874
721,334 13
444,335 oo
276,000 IT.
It is apparent that, with a bonded debt of nearly
§4, 000,000, bearing 7 per cent, interest infold, it was a
mere question of time when the company should be-
come insolvent; and, in 1875, the road passed into the
hands of a receiver, by whom it was operated until, in
1877, a reorganization was effected. The line passed
tinder the control of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois
Railroad Company on September i of that year.
On May i, 1880, the company leased the Evansville,
Terre Haute & Chicago Railway, since which time it
has been operated as the Terre Haute Division of the
Chicago & Eastern Illinois line. Owing to the poor
condition of the property at the time of the lease, the
dross caniillKs.
Operating CXJXMIM -s.
Taxi's,
Net income.
Interest on bonds,
rentals, etc.
1880
$ 897,736 69
1,702,116 oo
1.1)08,231 18
2,669,769 03
3,098,949 28
$ 743,852 96
1,365,902 16
1,607,618 39
1,926,697 03
2,346,066 65
$ 8,123 II
16,704 74
38,242 23
54, ^'3 93
74.136 83
8145,769 53
319.50" i<>
262,270 56
688,208 97
678,716 40
$181,511 oo
319,509 10
262,270 56
685,652 18
681,273 19
1881
1883
1884
ci: lli-.i.i. RKKVK. traffic manager of the Chicago & (Irand
Trunk and the Detroit, (irand Haven & Milwaukee railways, was
born in County Surrey, Kngland, on October 23, 1840. He passed
the greater portion of his boyhood in his native land. When he was
twenty years old he entered the railway service, taking a position
as freight clerk, on May I, 1860, with 'the (Irand Trunk Railway.
In iS62. having previously studied the science of telegraphy during
his leisure hours, he took a position as operator at the town of
lielleville, for the Grand Trunk. From 1863 to 1864, he was train
dispatcher at Belleville, and the two following years he passed as
relieving agent on that line. Mr. Reeve has always been connected
with the Grand Trunk roads, and, from the date o'f his first employ-
ment, has steadily gone upward till he has attained one of the most
nsible and exacting posts in railway service. In 1866, he was
appointed station agent at lielleville, and resided there for seven
years. In 1873. he was appointed assistant general agent, with
headquarters at Montreal. He thus served the company until 1881,
when he was made traffic manager of the Chicago & Grand Trunk,
and holds that position at the present time. In 1884, he was also
intrusted with the duties of traffic manager of the Detroit, Grand
Haven & Milwaukee, a separate corporation from the Grand
Trunk, but controlled by the latter organization. In all lines of
business tlu-rr are none which require men of such exceptional
ability as does the railroad service. It is only by a. lifetime of ef-
fort that such men as Mr. Reeve acquire the 'knowledge necessary
to satisfactorily handle the immense business which comes to our
leading railroad corporations. Mr. Reeve has worked his way by
unceasing toil, unswerving purpose, and unflinching determination.
CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAILROAD.
This company is the successor of the Chicago, Dan-
ville cc Vincenncs, which was chartered in the winter of
1865-66, and first opened for travel, as far north as this
city, on January i, 1870, having its general offices in
( 'Incago. The length of the line was 108 miles. Dur-
ing the following year, an Indiana branch (subsequently
abandoned , from liismarck to Snoddy's Mills, was built,
a distance of twenty four and one-half miles. The
value of the road and equipment at that time was esti-
mated by the management to be $7,428,122.06. The
financial operations of the roads were not satisfactory.
road was operated at loss until 1882. Since that time,
however, it has proved profitable. During the same
year, the directory made a contract for the construction
of a branch road of about seven miles, from Danville to
the coal fields of Grape Creek, in Vermillion County. A
contract was also made with the Chicago & Western
Indiana to build from South Englewood, on their line,
to South Chicago, and to grant the right of use of the
line.
Owing to the delay occasioned by the litigation be-
tween the Lake Shore and the Chicago & Western
Indiana companies, over the question of crossing the
tracks of the former at Sixteenth Street, the company
was for several months confined to using the tracks for
their passenger trains only to the depot at Archer
Avenue, while the freight entered the city over the
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway. The right
to reach the new passenger and freight depot, near the
corner of State and Polk streets, was obtained about
December i, 1880, but the severity of the winter pre-
vented a complete transfer of business until late in the
spring.
The mileage of the road was somewhat increased, in
1882, by the extension of the Grape Creek line, to a
junction with the Danville, Olney & Ohio River road,
and the building of a thirteen-mile branch line, known
as the Strawn \- Indiana State Line road.
In 1883, the five lessees of the Chicago & Western
Indiana Railroad— namely, The Chicago cS: Eastern
Illinois, Wabash, Grand Trunk, Louisville, New Albany
cc Chicago, and Chicago & Atlantic companies, — be-
came, by agreement, owners of equal shares in the prop-
erty, mcludingthe Belt Railroad system around Chicago
and the Indiana elevator. The design of the erection
>f a new and commodious passenger depot was at once
conceived, and steps were soon taken to carry the plan
into execution.
On July 19, 1885, a new steel bridge over the Ohio
OS
o
H
^
o
225
226
II1>T<>KY OF CHICAGO.
River, at Henderson, was opened for traffic, thus giving
to the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, through its connec-
tion with the Louisville \ Nashville Railroad, an un-
broken line to the South.
The following table shows financial results of the
operation of the road from its reorganization until June
30, 1885 :
nding
w receipts.
Opfnitill^
expt'll'-o.
Net earnings.
August 31, 1878
'(.555 76
$555,039 73
$'J2i),5i6 03
ist 31, 1879
831,899 18
529,502 51
302,396 67
August 31, 1880
,020,794 56
896,255 79
124,538 77t
June 30, 1881*.
,289,237 64
808,465 83
480,771 81
June 30, 1882..
,692,266 47
'l<l-,>21 52
114 95
June 30, 1883.-
.759,132 10
952,261 2O
806,870 90
June 30, i-
,566, i-'o 61
"9 93
7 1^,130 68
June 30, 1885..
.(11x5,142 So
899,560 08
700,582 72
*Fur u-ii i
* only.
Ki n in. tin In '
\Viiii\\i AKMSTKOM;, general solicitor of the Chicago &
Eastern Illinois Railroad, i-, a native of Indiana, having been born
on a farm near Yincenne-,. on January 17, 1849. His father was
John !•'. Armstrong. During his bovhood, William worked on
the farm in summer and in winter attended the country school,
till he was nineteen years of age. He then entered the Indiana
State University at Illoomington, where he remained for four years.
He had determined on entering the profession of law, and while in
college prepared himself for the work. He took a thorough classi-
cal course of study, and, when he graduated, in 1872, he received
the degrees of Hachelor of Arts and Law. Upon the completion of
his collegiate training lie entered the office of General Shackleford,
at Evansville, Iml., and, under his direction, took a course in law
for the following two years. I luring these years he was obliged to
support himself on the munificent salary of $3 a week as a lawyer's
clerk. He slept on a cot in the office, and devoted himself night
and day to perfecting his studies, and though these years of pri-
vation were hard to endure, the young man showed his willing-
ness to submit to them until he could establish himself in
business, confident that then the results would be satisfactory. Upon
leaving General Shackleford's office, in 1874, he went to Washing-
ton, Ind., and began practicing law. He continued there with
moderate success until January I, 1881. He then made up his
mind to come to Chicago and launch out into a larger field, not-
withstanding the advice of friends to remain where he was. They
were afraid the young lawyer would be unsuccessful in the metrop-
olis, but he had the courage and determination to run the same risk
that many others had, and he opened an office here on the above-
mentioned date. Within a few months he was doing a very fine
practice, and when, in October of the same year, he was tendered
the general solicitorship of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Kail-
road, he accepted, and began to see the dawn of his ambition.
Since that time Mr. Armstrong's practice has wonderfully increased,
till now he requires the aid of several assistants in his large cor-
poration practice, to which class of litigation he devotes his whole
time. Personally, Mr. Armstrong is one of the most genial and
courteous of gentlemen, a hard worker, a thorough scholar and
learned in his profession. While those attorneys of the town
where he began his studies are making a living out of fees before a
justice's court, the young law student is now handling litigation
involving hundreds of thousands, which net him an income annu-
ally far in excess of his early anticipations. Mr. Armstrong has
been very successful, but his is that success that comes from hard,
unyielding, conscientious devotion to purpose. He was married in
Rockport, Ind., on January 30, 1876, to Miss Alice Kercheval ;
they have two daughters, — Lavenia and Eugenia. Mr. Armstrong
has not been identified with politics since his residence in Illinois,
but has served four years on the Republican State Central Com-
mittee of Indiana.
LOUISVILLE, NEW ALBANY & CHICAGO.
The New Albany & Salem Railroad Company was
organized on July 8, 1847, under a law of the State of
Indiana authorizing private companies to complete any
of the unfinished works of the State. On February n,
1848, the State, by enactment, relinquished its rights to
improvements already made, and authorized the company
to extend the road. The road was completed from New
Albany to Michigan City (288. 26 miles), and opened for
business on July 4, 1852; on October 4, 1859, the name of
the company was changed to the Louisville, New Albany
\- Chicago Railway Company. On December 27, 1872,
its property was sold under a foreclosure of mortgage.
The bond-holders became the purchasers and a new
company was organized, under the present name, with a
capital stock of $3,000,000. A consolidation with the
Chicago & Indianapolis Air Line Railway Company was
effected on May 5, 1881, but the new corporation re-
tained the name of the Louisville, New Albany \-
Chicago Railway Company. The main line runs from
New Albany to Michigan City, and the Chicago & In-
dianapolis Division runs from a point four miles west
of Indianapolis to Hammond, Ind., where a junction is
formed with the Chicago & Atlantic road, a distance of
158 miles. The total length of the road is 446 miles.
In reaching this city, the company use one and one-half
miles of the Chicago & Atlantic road and nineteen and
one- half miles of the Western Indiana road, for both
which it pays annual rentals.
The following statement shows the financial condi-
tion of the company at the close of 1884 :
Capital stock. $ 5,000,000 oo
Funded debt 6,300,00000
Floating debt 500,815 50
Total indebtedness $11,800,815 5°
A statement of the company's assets and liabilities
at the same time shows an excess of the former of
$14,421.97.
The net income from trafficfor 1884 was $263,455.32;
the amount paid for interest and rentals was $481,651.76;
leaving, as the result of the year's business, a loss of
$218,196.44, as against a profit for the year 1883
of $232,618.41.
JOHN B. CARSON is president of the Chicago & Western Indi-
ana Railroad and the Belt Line Railway of Chicago, and vice-
president and general manager of the Louisville, New Albany &
Chicago Railroad. He is eminently one of those men who have
gradually grown into prominence in' the business world, and whose
uprightness as a citizen and official have merited the esteem and
received the homage of his friends and the public. Mr. Carson is
endowed, by both birth and training, with a character that has served
him well as a basis for success in life. He was born in Lycoming
County, Penn., on October 23, 1833. He was the eldest son, and
enjoyed the advantages of the schools of his native town, and
during his youth studied and graduated at the Loch Haven (Penn.)
Academy, preparatory to entering Lafayette College. Owing to
financial reverses in his family he was obliged to forego the com-
pletion of his studies, and commenced life for himself with a view
to the support of his mother and younger brothers. How well he
succeeded, the following years of his life give ample testimony. At
the age of eighteen he entered the railroad service as rodman in an
engineering party, in which department he continued for two years,
or until 1854, when he went into the freight office of the Michigan
Southern Kaijroad and took a position as clerk, where he remained
until 1857. Then commenced his rapid advancement in life. He
was appointed western agent for the New York Central Railroad
with headquarters at Toledo, O., in which service he remained until
1866. Then he. was made general freight agent of the Toledo,
Wabash & Western Railroad, now better known as the Wabash, St.
Louis & Pacific Railway. His headquarters were also in Toledo
and he remained there until 1873. By this time, Mr. Carson's rep-
utation as a successful railway official had become fully recognized ;
and at the earnest solicitation of the late James H. Rutter, president
of the New York Central Railroad, with whom he had been intimate
from boyhood, he returned to the service of that road, taking the
management of the " Blue Line," with headquarters in the city of
Rochester. He remained with them until 1878, when he was
elected to the management of the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad
IJurmg his connection with that corporation he administered the
attairs ot the road with the most gratifying success. Taking the
management when it was at a very low ebb, he commenced a gen-
eral reconstruction and brought it to a sound basis, and left it a
dividend-paying property and with a prominent position among the
:-class railroads of the country. After the line was purchased
RAILROAD HISTORY.
227
by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad and consolidated
with that system, Mr. Carson was elected vice-president, and held
that office until July, 1884. He was then elected to the vice-
presidency and made general manager of the Louisville, New
Albany & Chicago Railroad, and was also elected president of the
Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad and the Belt Line Railway of
( 'hicago, taking up his residence in this city. John B. Carson ranks
among the most successful and prominent railroad managers of the
country, having by industry, economy and judicious invest-
ments accumulated an ample fortune, and by his rare executive
ability and splendid social qualities achieved a position in the busi-
ness and social world of which he may well feel proud. In the
midst of a competence accumulated through his own untiring indus-
try, Mr. Carson still continues in the railway service from pure love
of his profession and desire for the work and excitement entailed
upon an officer of a large railway corporation. The young man
seeking a pattern for life need go no farther than this. Some per-
haps may achieve fame and fortune under less trying circumstances
than those which surrounded Mr. Carson in his early manhood, but
there is no reason why honesty, industry and economy should not
result as proudly as in the case of John 11. Carson. Mr. Carson
was married, in March, 1854, to Miss Jennie K. Murray, daughter
of the late Robert E. Murray, of Cleveland. They have two
children. James D.Carson, their son, is at present general manager
of the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad and the Belt Line
Railway of Chicago. Their only daughter is the widow of the late
managing editor of the Chicago Tribune, Samuel J. Medill, and
now resides with her parents in this city.
WILLIAM K. \Voun. \KI>, general superintendent of the Louis-
ville. New Albany & Chicago Railroad, is the son of Isaac N. and
Mary A. Woodard, and was born on a farm in Shelby County,
Ohio, on August lu, 1841. The family removed to Sandusky City
when he was a young lad and there he was brought up and edu-
cated at the public schools. In 1854, he worked as messenger
in the telegraph office at Sandusky, Ohio, where he learned tele-
graphy. He was afterward sent to Cleveland and Toledo as oper-
ator and bill-clerk, in which cities he remained but a short time.
He then opened the first telegraph office in Oberlin, Ohio, on the
line of road now known as the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern
Railway, and then went to Klyria and other points for the Western
Union Telegraph Company for a short time. He afterward was lo-
cated at Cincinnati in the employ of the same company as operator,
am', in 1857, became connected with the Ohio & Mississippi Rail-
road. For two years he acted in different capacities until he was
made general superintendent ; he thus had charge of the entire
transportation business of the line before he was eighteen years old.
There is no other instance of record where such a responsible
position was attained by so young a man. Mr. Woodard from the time
of his entry into the railway service was eager, ambitious and ener-
getic, and being endowed with a robust constitution and unflagging
energy worked hard and faithfully in whatever capacity he was em-
ployed. The officials of the Ohio & Mississippi quickly recognized
his worth and gave him the greatest opportunities for displaying his
ability. He remained with the road until 1866, when he accepted
the office of superintendent of the Central Division of the Missouri
Pacific Railway. While acting in that capacity he also filled the
offices of general road master, superintendent of bridges, fuel
agent, and on through the grade of promotions till he
was made assistant to General Superintendent Robert Harris.
He was with him until about 1870, when he was made
general superintendent and superintendent of construction of the
Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad. This road had only fifty-
nine miles of track laid at that time, and Mr. Woodard's services
were desired to complete the construction of the line. He con-
structed six hundred and twenty-two miles of road-bed, laid the
track, and saw it completed, equipped and operated by himself for a
year before he left the company. Upon his withdrawal from the
Missouri, Kansas & Texas road, he decided to quit railroading. He
organized the Texas and Atlantic Refrigerator Company, at Deni-
son, and they built refrigerator cars, ice-houses, dry-houses, etc., at
a cost of $25,000. Mr. Woodard passed much of his time on the
Plains buying cattle, but, after he had been in this business about
ten months, upon returning to his hotel in Austin from a long cat-
tle-buying expedition, he found a telegram offering him the position
of general superintendent of the Ohio & Mississippi line. It
caused a railroad fever to attack him, and he at once closed up his
affairs in Texas, and within a week was at his new post on the road
with which he was formerly employed. While there he was made
assistant to the vice-president, and so remained until the road was
purchased by the Baltimore & Ohio Company. This occurred in
the spring of 1876, and he then became connected with the Hanni-
bal & St. Joseph Railroad as general road master, and superintend-
ent of bridges and building and fuel agent, and was finally made
general superintendent. He was with that corporation seven or
eight years until his appointment as general manager of the Texas
it St. Louis Railway was made. This road had considerable diffi-
culty in sustaining itself, and, after a time, Mr. Woodard was ap-
pointed receiver. He remained as such until May I, 1885, when he
was tendered his present office by his former associate, John B. Car-
son, and came to Chicago to accept the office of general superin-
tendent of the Louisville, New Albany \ Chicago .Railroad. As a
telegrapher, Mr. Woodard was one of the very best in the country,
and stood high in the estimation of the late General Anson Stager,
when with the Western Union Company. He has achieved con-
siderable distinction as a train dispatcher, being one of the fathers
of the system. As a railroad man, Mr. Woodard is thoroughly
practical, having a perfect knowledge of every detail connected with
the business. He has handled the shovel on a road-bed, laid rails.
driven an engine, run a train, performed clerical work in freight,
passenger and auditor's departments, built bridges, buildings and
railroads, operated the latter and held the receivership of a company,
and there is nothing in railroad work with which he is not thor-
oughly familiar. Mr. Woodard was married on June 20, 1865, at
Seymour, Ind., to Miss Ella C., daughter of Rev. Mr. Booth.
They are the parents of two sons and a daughter. The eldest son
is named in honor of Thomas McKissock, who was general superin-
tendent of the Missouri Pacific Railway when Mr. Woodard was
connected with that road; and the second son bears the name of
William Conlogue, general superintendent of the Ohio & Missis-
sippi line. The little daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Woodard is named
Mary Adelaide Patti, the latter in honor of the noted diva. Mr.
Woodard is a 32° Mason and a member of Itasca Commandery,
K.T., of Quincy, 111.
CHICAGO & ATLANTIC RAILWAY.
The original name of this company was the Chicago,
Continental & Baltimore Railway Company, organized
under the general railroad law of Indiana on November
8, 1871. On November 28, 1871, had been organized,
under the general law of Ohio, the Baltimore, Pitts-
burgh & Continental Railroad Company. On February
!3> J873, the name of the former was changed to the
Chicago & Atlantic Railway Company, and on August
8, 1873, the two companies were consolidated under
that name.
On November i, 1880, the company leased from the
Chicago & Western Indiana road the use of their track
from Chicago to Hammond, Ind. (or State line), a
distance of 18 2 miles. The road from Marion, Ohio,
to Hammond, Ind. (249 miles), was turned over to the
consolidated company by the contractors on February
i, 1883. On April 12, 1883, the first train run between
Chicago and Huntington, Ohio; and from Huntington
to Marion, Ohio, on May i, 1883. The first through
traffic was undertaken on June 17 of the same year.
At the close of 1 884, the entire length of the main line
and branches owned by the company was 249.1 miles,
these figures being exclusive of the 18.2 miles, between
this city and the Indiana State line, leased from the
Western Indiana.
The company's total liabilities at the same time were
Capital stock .
Bonded debt .
Floating debt
10,000,000 oo
6,500,000 oo
2,358,095 45
Total $18,858,095 45
The general balance sheet for the year showed a de-
ficiency in assets of $749,176.22, and the financial
operations of the year showed a loss of $563,734.94.
JOHN H. PARSONS, superintendent of the Chicago & Atlantic
Railway, was born at Whitehall, N. Y., on May 20, 1840. He
was reared in Wyoming County, in the western part of that State,
and obtained his education at the public schools. At the age of
nineteen, he entered railway service, and has since been identified
with that work. He first held a position at Burr Oak, Mich., with
the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad Company, in the
telegraph office, and was afterward operator at Bronsoii, on the
same line. After two years' service as station operator, he took
a similar position in the office of John I). Campbell, general super-
intendent, at Adrian, Mich., in which he continued two years, and
228
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
was then made ticket agent and operator at Coldwatcr. Mich, lie
remained there for two year-, and afterward was extra operator at
different points ailing the line, lie subsequently went to Ouincy,
Mich., a-, freight agent and operator, and held that position for
three years. In 1-70. he was I :it of the comp.r
South Bend, Iml., and the folio •. raa road master of the
1 a Porte Division. In i>72. he was made a division superintendent
and had chaise of the Lansing Division, and there liad his head-
quarters. The following jn piomoled to the office of
snix-rintendcnt of the \Vestern Division, his olticc being located in
He filled that position for ten years, and. nil June ID,
was tendered the promotion to superintendent of the Western
Div'i- • IhicagO \ Atlantic Railway, and holds that office at
the present time. Mr. I 'arsons is a vigorous and active worker,
and diligently conserve* the interests of thi 8 Atlantic
Railway. He was married, in Chicago, in iSS2, to Kittie M. An-
drews. Many \e.,:- igo Mr. Par-ons became connected with the
Masonic order, ami is at present a member of South Bend (Ind.)
Commandery, No. 13, K.T.
CHICAGO ,Y WKSTKKN INDIANA RAILROAD.
Tliis company was organized on June 6, 1879. The
articles of incorporation declared the object of the cor-
poration to be the construction of a road from the In-
diana State Line to and into the City of Chicago, at Van
Buren Street. The entire distance from the Indiana
line to its present terminus, at Polk Street, in this city,
is twenty-eight miles. The line was opened for opera-
tion to Twelfth Street, Chicago, in December, 1880, but
its extension to Polk Street was not completed until
June, iS.S.v
On April 20, 1880, the South Chicago & Western In-
diana Railroad Company was organized. The proposed
iine of road to be constructed by this company extended
from a point on the line of the Chicago iV Western In-
diana road, — near the intersection of the South Chicago
Branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific line, — to
a point on the north bank of the Calumet River.
On April 22, 1881, was organized the Chicago &
Western Indiana Railroad Company. The announced
object of the incorporators was to construct a line of
railroad between the towns of Hyde Park and Lake
View. It was built for the purpose of making a con-
necting line between the several railroads in Cook
County, with a view to the transaction of a general
transfer business.
On January 26, 1882, the three companies above
named were consolidated under the name, of the Chi-
cago & Western Indiana Railroad Company.
On May i, 1883, the consolidated company leased
to the Belt Railway Company of Chicago all that por-
tion of its line of road known as die Belt Railway sys-
tem, at an annual rental of $100,000.
The original Chicago & Western Indiana road is
operated under the following plan: The company fur-
nishes terminal facilities to the Chicago & Eastern Illi-
nois, the Chicago \- Grand Trunk, the Wabash, St.
Louis & Pacific, the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago
and the Chicago & Atlantic companies, for which the
latter pay their respective shares of the operating ex-
penses and repairs (ascertained by the wheelage of each
over the company's tracks), and, in addition, a monthly
rental for the use of the yards, freight buildings and
track service.
I'm. Hi I.T RAILWAY. — The Belt Railway Company
of Chicago was organized on November 22, 1882. The
object of the corporation was declared to be "to con-
struct, complete and operate " a line of railroad which
was described as follows: "Beginning at a point on
Lake Michigan, near Belmont Avenue, in Lake View
Town, thence westward!}- about six miles, to a junction
with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, in the Town
of Jefferson; thence southwardly about thirteen miles
to ticar the centre of Section 27, Township 38, Range 13;
thence due eastwardly about four and one-half miles to
Stony Island Boulevard; thence eastwardly about one
mile, thence southwardly about five miles to a junction
with the main line of the Chicago & Western Indiana
Railroad, together with a branch to the lake at Kighty-
Srvrnth Street, and also such branches and turnouts as
may be necessary to reach warehouses, lumber or stock
yards, and docks in the vicinity of said line of road, all
of which is in Cook County; it being the intention that
this shall be a connecting line of railroad between the
several lines of railroad in Cook County, in order to
transact a general transfer business."
A lease was executed between the company and the
Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad Company, whereby
the latter turned over to the former all the above men-
tioned line of road at an annual rental of $100,000, ami
the Belt Railway Company of Chicago commenced to
operate the road on May i, 1883.
JAMI.S I). CARSON, general manager of the Chicago & Western
Indiana Railroad and the Belt Line Railway of Chicago, was born
at Cleveland, O.. on July 21, 1855. He is the son of John li. Car-
son, one of the best-known railway men in the West. During his
boyhood the family resided at Toledo, where he attended the pub-
lic schools until he entered the Lehigh University, at Bethlehem,
1'enn. He took a scientific course at that institution and paid par-
ticular attention to the study of civil engineering. In June, 1876,
Mr. Carson graduated from the University. In the year following
he was sent to the Pacific coast as western agent of the " Blue
Line," the New York Central's fast-freight auxiliary. Ilis head-
quarters were at San Francisco, and he filled the position with
great credit to the company and himself. In 1879, he came to
Chicago and engaged in the packing business. During 1881, Mr.
Carson was connected with an enterprise, the results of which
proved beyond question his executive ability. On June 15, of
that year, the first stone was laid for the Columbia (formerly Ilav-
erly's) Theater building, and, on October 12, following, the house
was opened to the public. It took just eighty days to build the
theater entire, and the whole supervision of the work was in the
hands of Mr. Carson. It was the quickest erection of a structure
of like dimensions and architecture ever made in this city. In No-
vember, 1881, Mr. Carson was tendered the position of manager
for the Kansas City Union Depot Company, and he remained in
charge of their affairs until he resigned in September, 1884, which
he did in order to take the position of general manager of the Chi-
cago & Western Indiana Railroad and the new Kelt Line Railway
of Chicago. Mr. Carson has inherited all the executive ability and
genial nature which has distinguished his father, and, though he is
one of the youngest railroad managers in the West, the duties of
his position are transacted in such a manner as to win him a repu-
tation as a successful railway official. Since his return to Chicago,
Mr. Carson has invested largely in real-estate, ind among the other
enterprises with which he has become identified is the Adams Ex-
press Building, one of the notable edifices of the city. Mr. Car-
son is a half-owner of the building. He was married, on Septem-
ber 4, 1878, to Miss May Oakley, daughter of James YV. Oakley, a
gentleman well-known in commercial circles of this city. They
have two children.
Jo.i.i'ii X. RANNEY, general agent of the Chicago & Western
Indiana Railroad and the Belt Line Railway of Chicago, was born
at Columbus, O., on December 4, 1845. lie was brought up in
his native city and received his education at the high school there.
When the War commenced, he was only sixteen years of age.
N< it withstanding his extreme youth, he was permitted to join Co.
" I!," 31! ( )hio Volunteer Infantry and went into active service, re-
maining three years in the Army. His first introduction to War
was in McClellan's campaign in Virginia, in 1861, and he bore the
hardships and trials of army life with a courage worthy of 'an old
warrior. He was only wounded once, although he participated in
nearly all the principal battles. He was promoted from the ranks
to sergeant when with the Army of the Cumberland, and he fought
for the great cause till the cessation of hostilities. After the War
closed he took a position with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, as
clerk in their office at Columbus, and, during his three and a half
years' service with that company, was promoted to chief clerk. In
Mr. Ranney came to Chicago and took the position of fore-
man of the freight houses and yards of the Chicago, St. Louis &
Pittsburgh Railroad, at that time better known as the I 'an Handle
Line. lie remained with that company until after the fire of 1871,
and then became local agent of the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes
RAILROAD HISTORY.
229
Railroad, which office he held until 1878. Tn iSSo, he took a posi-
tion wilh the Chicago & Kastern Illinois Railroad, remaining with
them until he was called to his present position, on September i,
Mr. kanney's duties with the Chicago \ Western Indiana
Railroad and the Belt Line Railway of Chicago are such as require
the services of a person familiar with every detail of railroad man-
agement, and his experience with leading western roads in the
past has served to make him perfectly competent for the responsi-
ble position he now occupies. He was married, in 1878, to Miss
Marlowe, of Chicago. They have three daughters, — Katharine,
Agnes and Frances.
PULLMAN'S PALACE CAR COMPANY.
The palace, drawing-room, sleeping and hotel cars
are so intimately asssociated in the mind of the travel-
ling public with the name of Pullman, that George M.
Pullman has been very generally credited with having
number of Pullman cars were running on the Michigan
Central road, under a ten years' contract.
The entering wedge was thus driven. The next
problem was the manufacture. The inventor and
patentee here found difficulties piled mountain high.
The ideas of Mr. Pullman were as pronounced as were
those of the car manufacturers, and an utter lack of
harmony was the result. Mr. Pullman soon abandoned
all hope of securing any satisfactory arrangement with
then existing factories, and established a shop of his
own. His difficulties may be imagined, when it is said
that the situation comprised comparative poverty on
the one hand, and on the other an incredulous public.
To insure success under such circumstances, more than
an ordinary measure of faith and perseverance was
necessary. In due time, however, success came. The
t f t fr f f f ft I TI<M^J^S/* '***•' '
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UNION DEPOT.
originated the sleeping-car. This is not true. Sleep-
ing-cars first came into use on railroads in 1857, and
very crude, uncomfortable arrangements they were.
Their average cost, each car, was $4.000. Imperfect as
they were, they were no sooner introduced than the
travelling public set upon them the seal of popular
approval in the form of a remunerative patronage.
Mr. Pullman was quick to see the possibilities of the
situation, and two years later he was busily engaged in
manufacturing better cars — palaces on wheels, with ele-
vated tops, thoroughly ventilated and elaborately uphol-
stered, the average cost being $18,000. The project
was received by railroad magnates with smiles of in-
credulity if not of derision. "He laughs best who
laughs last," however, and Mr. Pullman lias lived to
verify, in his own experience, the truth of the old French
adage. John W. Brooks, of Boston, then president of
the Michigan Central Railroad, was one of the first to
appreciate the prospective value of the Pullman cars.
In compliance with a request from Mr. Brooks, Mr.
Pullman visited Boston, and very shortly thereafter a
first shops were opened in Detroit, and before the e:
piration of 1881, the annual output was one hundred
and fourteen cars, or more than two completed each
week. Despite the increased capacity of these works,
the demand exceeded it. A still further enlargement
of the shops was made and other works located, until,
in January, 1883, the Pullman Palace Car Company
(which had been organized in 1880), employed a total
force of over seven thousand men, operated over one
thousand sleeping, parlor and hotel cars, and had build-
ing and repairing shops at Pullman, III.; Philadelphia,
Penn.; Elmira, N. Y.; Detroit, Mich.; St. Louis, Mo.;
Derby, England; and in Italy.
In a general way, the contracts under which railway
companies use the Pullman cars aim to make the
former part owners, to the extent of three-fourths, the
Palace Car Company desiring to retain only a small in-
terest, seeking profits mainly from manufacture. Where
companies do not care to purchase, the Pullman cars
are run independently — the railways pulling the cars
for the -sake of the convenience afforded passengers,
230
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
and the Pullman Company running the cars for the
privilege of incidental profits, the repairs of the car be-
low the body being made at the expense of the railways.
The Detroit shops were selected for exclusive work
on palace cars, while at the Pullman shops were manu-
factured passenger, baggage and express cars (the
capacity of the Pullman shops being twenty-five cars a
day), as well as complete equipments for passenger rail-
ways. Thus, as may be readily conceived, the combined
business of the Pullman Palace Car Company aggre-
gates many millions of dollars a year, and employment
is given to thousands of skilled mechanics and ordinary
laborers.
As the business of the company increased in magni-
tude, the advantage of centralizing manufacturing facili-
ties became apparent. Coupled with this was the well
formulated .though as yet unannounced i plan of Mr.
Pullman to found a manufacturing community which
should be without parallel in point of morals; from
which should be excluded the refractory and contam-
inating elements found in other communities, and
which should contain only temperate and industrious
workmen; which should assist to elevate the character
and condition of all classes, and give to them and
their families those advantages and facilities for mental
and moral education which their wages alone would not
secure for them in the outside world. To say, however,
that the project had its origin solely in sentimental con-
siderations for the working classes would be untrue.
It was Mr. Pullman's idea to demonstrate that such
advantages and surroundings make better workmen by
removing from them the feeling of discontent and
desire for change which so generally characterizes the
American workman, thus protecting the employer from
the loss of time and money consequent upon intemper-
ance, labor-strikes and dissatisfaction, which generally
result from poverty and uncongenial home surroundings.
Mr. Pullman has invested $5,000,000 in the town of
Pullman. The original purchase of land embraced three
thousand five hundred acres, of which five hundred were
conveyed to the Pullman Palace Car Company (which,
by the terms of its charter, was not permitted to acquire
or hold more land than sufficient for its actual manufac-
turing needs), and the remaining three thousand acres
to the Pullman Land Association. In this way, control
was maintained over the site for a large city ; objection-
able characters and business were excluded; and a city
was built of uniform beauty. The average monthly
rental of rooms, inclusive of all the houses in Pullman,
is $3-3°- This includes the better class of houses, occu-
pied by officials, merchants and professional and business
men. The average monthly rental of rooms, including
basements used as kitchens and dining-rooms in houses
occupied wholly by operatives, is $2.50. The latter
figures are about the same as those for neighboring
towns, occupied by manufacturing operatives. It should
be remembered, however, that the houses in Pullman are
built of brick, on broad, paved, shaded streets, with a
perfect system of sewerage and drainage, and supplied
with the modern conveniences and comforts of gas,
water, and complete sanitary arrangements. In addi-
tion to these advantages, there are excellent schools,
good markets, an admirable fire department, churches
suitable to almost every phase of religious belief, a the-
ater perfect in its appointments, and a splendid library.
The total amount of money paid to employes at
Pullman, during the fiscal year ending July 31, 1885,
was $2,160,241.20. The average number of operatives'
including women and children, with the average earn-
ings per day, are shown in the following table-
Total payments.
Av. number
operatives.
Av. pay
per day.
Car Works
$1 328 461 60
2,329
$1 84
Town of Pullman, including
brick yards, carpenter shops,
railroad, farm, gas and water
works, etc.
380,661 40
686
I 7Q
ceo
Pullman Iron and Steel Co. —
Allen Paper Car-wheel Co
65,875 oo
27,193 20
125
51
i 70
i 72
$2 160 241 20
7 74,1
$i 86
The census of the town, taken on July 28, 1885,
showed the following results : Population: men, 3,752;
women, 1,945; children, 2,906; number of families,
i, 381; average number of persons to each household, 6.2;
average number of children to each household, 2.1; aver-
age number of children in daily attendance at school,
953. Annual death rate, 7 in 1,000 (believed to be the
lowest death rate in the world); annual birth rate, 46)^
in 1,000.
That the employes are reasonably prosperous is
shown by the following statement from the savings
department of the Pullman Loan and Savings Bank :
Number of
accounts.
Balance on
deposit.
Average
each account.
August I, 1884
August i, 1885
October 13, 1885 ..
518
625
652
$ 83,943
98,605
108,200
$145 23
157 76
165 95
During the fiscal year ending July 31, 1885, renewals
of contracts were made with the New York, Lake Erie
& Western Railway and leased lines, and with the Penn-
sylvania Railroad Company, including all lines owned
and operated by it. These renewals, together with new
contracts, entered into with several smaller lines of rail-
road, cover a mileage of 12,234 miles, making the total
mileage of contracts then existing 71,439 miles.
GEORGE FRANCIS BROWN, general manager of Pullman's Pal-
ace Car Company, was born on October I, 1843, in Chicago. He
is the son of Simeon B. and Minerva (Townsend) Brown, and the
place of his birth was opposite the old William B. Ogden homestead
on the North Side. He was educated in the public and private
schools of Bloomington, 111., and the academy at Galesburg. His
entry into active business life was at the outbreak of the War, when
he became chief clerk to his father, who had been commissioned cap-
tain and assistant quartermaster of United States Volunteers. He
remained in this position until the close of the War, at which time
he was stationed at Nashville, Tenn. In July, 1867, he went to
Clarksville, Tenn., as secretary and treasurer for the receiver of the
Memphis, Clarksville & Louisville Railroad. Returning North in
the- (all of 1868, he entered the employment of the Illinois Central
Railroad, and remained with that corporation for one year; first as
agent in charge of war claims and later as contracting agent in the
freight department. In the fall of 1869, he was elected secretary of
the Bloomington Insurance Company, with headquarters at Bloom-
ington, 111., where he remained until the spring of 1871, when he
came to Chicago and entered into mercantile business, which term-
inated in the conflagration of October 9 of that year. In December,
1871, he entered the service of Pullman's Palace Car Company, in
the general superintendent's office. In 1873, he was promoted to be
assistant to the general superintendent; in October, 1880, was made
acting general superintendent; in December, 1880, was appointed
general superintendent; and on May I, 1885, was promoted to the
position of general manager. Mr. Brown was married on Septem-
ber 27, 1865, to Miss Catherine Wager, of Philadelphia, Penn., and
they have two children,— Charles Edward and George Francis.
ROBERT BARRY, superintendent of the Central Division of
I ullman s Palace Car Company, was born in New York City on
March 31, 1851, the son of James and Catherine (O'Neil) Barry
RAILROAD HISTORY.
231
He received his education at the common schools and the free acad-
emy of his birthplace, and remained at home until his departure for
Chicago, where he arrived in September, 1871. In November,
1871, he entered the service of Pullman's Palace Car Company as
clerk in the purchasing department, this being his first commercial
experience as well as his entry into the railway business. In April,
1873, he became cashier of the Detroit office of the Pullman system,
where he remained until 1874. when he was made cashier of the
New York office of this company, and there remained until 1880.
He then traveled for one year in the interests of the Pullman Com-
pany. In 1881, when Mr. Brown was appointed superintendent,
he designated Mr. Barry assistant supe'rintendent, which position he
retained until he was appointed to his present position, to date May
I, 1885.
EDWARD ADAMS JEWETT, superintendent of the Chicago
Division of Pullman's Palace Car Company, was born on July 18,
1838, at St. Johnsbury, Vt., his father, Ephraim Jewett, being a
merchant of that place. In 1857, young Jewett graduated from
Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and subsequently took a partial
course at Harvard University. Ill health, however, obliged him, in
1859, to sever his connection with the University. He afterward
entered the employ of a large wholesale boot and shoe house in
liiiston, remaining with that establishment until 1861. During that
year he was sent to Burlington, Vt., to settle up the affairs of a
boot and shoe store which was owing his house a large amount.
He not only settled up its business but purchased the establishment
himself, and conducted the enterprise for four years. Mr. Jewett
was afterward engaged for a time on the construction of a railroad
between Swanton, Vt., and St. John's, Quebec — a section which
subsequently became a portion of the Central Vermont Railroad.
From 1866 to 1870, he was in the Government service as deputy
collector of Internal Revenue, at Burlington. For the succeeding
three years he engaged in the book and stationery business, and, in
May, 1873, removed to Chicago and became connected with Pull-
man's Palace Car Company during the succeeding July. From that
time until June I, 1874, he held the position of assistant to the
superintendent of the Chicago Division. Upon the latter date he
was appointed to his present post of honor and responsibility. Mr.
Jewett is a Mason of high standing, being a member of Washington
Lodge, Burlington Chapter and Council, of Burlington, Vt. ; Chevalier
Bayard Commandery, of Chicago, and Boston (Mass.) Consistory.
He has served as District Deputy Grand Master of the State o£
Vermont for one year; Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter for
two years; and Grand Generalissimo of the Grand Commaindery for
one year. Mr. Jewett was married, in 1870, to Jennie M. Hubbell,
a member of an old and respected Vermont family.
ALFRED ENNIS, general counsel of Pullman's Palace Car
Company, was born on June 24, 1837, in Morgan County, Ind ,
the son of Mitchell and Nancy (Trent) Ennis, who were among
the early settlers in Central Indiana. In 1855, he entered Franklin
College, Indiana. He was a faithful and laborious student, and, by
means obtained from teaching in the district schools and from farm
labor, he continued his attendance at college several terms, devot-
ing all his spare time to study— studying at night and on Sundays,
when away from his classes. In 1858, without solicitation, he was
tendered the position, which he accepted, of chief clerk and sales-
man in the dry goods house of Parks & Hite, the largest and
wealthiest mercantile firm at the county - seat of his county. In
March, 1859, his father died, and Mr. Ennis at once returned
home, where, with his two brothers, he took charge of and culti-
vated the farm that season. He was appointed administrator of his
father's estate. The duties thus imposed necessitated his reading
the statutes of the State, which resulted in his forming a desire to
study law. He read Blackstone's Commentaries during the sum-
mer of that year. When the principal part of the farm work was
done for that season, he taught school, in his home district, from
which he realized sufficient money to enable him to attend a law
school, at Indianapolis, conducted by Honorables Jonathan W. Gor-
don, Napoleon 15. Taylor and John Coburn. ' At the close of
this school he entered the senior class of the law school of the
Northwestern Christian University, at Indianapolis, from which he
graduated in the spring of 1860, and again returned home. He
was soon employed to commence suits and conduct trials in his
neighborhood. Ills first case was of a novel character and without
a precedent. A man named Hall, seeing a swarm of bees pass in
the air, pursued them, making the necessary effort to stop them.
As a result, he succeeded in settling them on a small tree on the
land of a man named Hess. Hall returned home for a hive ; while
gone, Hess, who lived near by, discovered the bees thus settled,
felled the tree, hived the bees, and carried them away. Hall claimed
the bees. Hess refused to give them up. Hall applied to Mr.
Knnis for counsel, who advised the commencement of an action of
replevin. The action was commenced. On the day of the trial,
Mr. Ennis, armed with such authorities as he could obtain, ap-
peared for Hall. He fully recognized the fact that this was the
then most important event of his life. He took the position that
bees, although fera; naturae and not the subject of absolute property,
might be subdued and reclaimed, when they would become the sub-
ject of qualified property and ownership ; that the pursuing and
settling of the bees by Hall was such a subduing and reclaiming of
the same as to give him a qualified property and ownership in them.
Mr. Ennis's reasoning had its desired effect. A decision was ren-
dered in favor of Hall. The victory thus achieved was complete,
and was soon followed by others. In the fall of 1860, Mr. Ennis
opened a law office at Martinsville, Ind. He soon formed a law
partnership with the Hon. Samuel H. Buskirk, subsequently one of
the judges of the Supreme Court of Indiana. On November 29,
1860, Mr. Ennis was married, at Manchester, Ind., to Miss Alma-
rinda Baldridge. From this time forward, Mr. Ennis succeeded in
his profession far beyond his most sanguine expectations. In the
summer of 1863, the law partnership existing between Mr. Buskirk
and Mr. Ennis was dissolved by mutual consent, the warmest
friendship and personal esteem ever afterward existing between
them. At this time, Mr. Ennis took into partnership James V.
Mitchell, a worthy and highly respected young lawyer of his
county. This co-partnership continued until the beginning of
1864. Mr. Ennis then formed a law partnership with Cyrus F.
McNutt, subsequently professor of law in the State University of
Indiana. In 1866, Air. Ennis joined the Christian Church, of
which he has since lived a worthy member. In the spring of 1867,
Mr. Ennis visited the South on business in the line of his profession,
stopping at Louisville, Mobile, New Orleans, Sabine Pass, Texas, and
Jackson, Miss. In the fall of 1867, the law partnership existing
between Mr. Ennis and Mr. McNutt was dissolved by mutual con-
sent. At this time, Mr. Ennis fitted and furnished his law offices
in most excellent style, at the same time adding many new volumes
to his then large law library. In the spring of 1869, Mr. Ennis
visited England on business. Before starting, he was presented
with many kind letters of introduction and commendation to many
distinguished persons both in this country and in England, among
which may be mentioned one from Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks,
afterward vice-president of the United States. Mr. Ennis visited
Liverpool and Chester, and spent a month in London, where he at-
tended sessions of the various courts and saw the practical admin-
istration of justice under the old common law and equity forms of
procedure. Mr. Ennis next visited France, first stopping in Paris,
where he attended sessions of the various courts. He also visited
Scotland and Ireland, sailing for home from Queenstown. In
the fall of 1869, he completed and moved into one of the finest res-
idences in his county. In 1870, Mr. Ennis took into partnership
with him, Ambrose M. Cunning, this partnership continuing until
the summer of that year, when Mr. Cunning removed to an adjoin-
ing county. In the summer of 1870, Mr. Ennis visited Kansas,
stopping at Topeka. While there, he determined to remove to that
State, and, on June 29, 1871, with his family, left Martinsville,
Ind. , to take up his residence in Topeka. Before his departure, he
was visited by his brother-members of the Bar of the place, who, as
a token of their respect and esteem, presented him with a series of
highly commendatory preambles and resolutions, which had been
previously adopted at a meeting of the Bar held in his absence and
without his knowledge. Mr. Ennis soon opened a law office in
Topeka. His success was complete. He had a very extensive ac-
quaintance, consequently his clients were not confined to this coun-
try, but extended to England. His business was large, probably
second to that of no other lawyer in the West, and he stood at the
head of his profession. In the summer of 1882, Mr. Ennis, accom-
panied by his family, took up his residence in Boston, where he re-
mained for something over one year, attending to his business in-
terests, which had necessitated his removal there. In the summer of
1884, Mr. Ennis located in Chicago, where he took charge of the
legal department of Pullman's Palace Car Company. As a thor-
ough, energetic, hard-working lawyer, business man and diplomat
he has but few equals. He is thorough to a fault, has confidence
in his own judgment, and is self-reliant. He has great power of
legal analysis, and is, therefore, a convincing forensic debater.
He possesses a kind, generous, liberal disposition, but has great
firmness. His labors have been blessed. He is the possessor of a
comfortable competency of his own making. In politics, Mr.
Ennis is now and has ever been a democrat. While of very posi-
tive political opinions, he does not allow himself to devote time to
politics. He is a Royal Arch Mason and a Knight Templar; has
also received the degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite.
Mr. Ennis has four children, — Lillie Alice, Walter Baldridge, Luna
May and Alma Viola.
THOMAS H. WICKES, western general superintendent of Pull-
man's Palace Car Company, was appointed to his present position
on May I, 1885, and his promotion was but the natural result of
long, faithful and able service. For over seventeen years he has
been in the employ of the company, first entering their service in
April, 1868, as assistant to the agent at St. Louis. From 1870, to
232
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
M.iy. 1873, he acted as assistant superintendent, and fmm May,
, until May, iSSj, he held the position of division sii|>crin-
U-ndt-nt, during the entire period his headquarters being in St.
l.ouis. When he received his last promotion he was transferred to
Chicago. Mr. \\ 'ickcs is a nati\i -of 1 airland, having been boru in
Leicestershire, on August 28, 184!), the son of Charles \\ . and Eli/a-
hetli (Wright) \\ ickcs. I le came to this country in iS<><>, anil, after
sending a short time with a brother in Canada, was called to St.
Louis' to enter the employ of Pullman's I'alace Car ( 'oinpany.
I'KVMis \\II.I.I\M Ri SSKU , chief bookkeeper of Pullman's
I'alace Car Company, and the son of Charles Russell, of Farnham,
ly of Surrey, in England, was born at llattersea, in that
county, on November 6, 1838. He received his education at pri-
vate schools in Kent and at Chelsea College. In 1852, he left
school, and from that date, until [368, was engaged in the parlia-
mentary priming business in Westminster. In the latter year he
became a partner in a floor-doth manufacturing concern in London,
where lie continued until the close of 1870, when he came to this
country. Arriving in New York he at , (led to Chicago,
and took a position with Pullman's I'alace Car Company, in which
service he has since continued. 1 Ms lirst work was as assistant in
the office of his brother, Charles II. Russell, who was at that time
the auditor of the company. Later he became chief accountant,
and, since then, chief bookkeeper, which latter post he still occu-
pies. Mr. Russell was married at the parish church of St. Mary
Lambeth, in England, on July 31, 1861, to Miss Amelia Maria
•liter ot Richard Holt Gilib, of London. The children
living are live sons and one daughter. The first two were born in
London, the others in Chicago. Their names are Sidney George,
Reginald Charles. Stanley Edgar, Richard Clarence, Francis Albert,
and Fmily May. Mr. Russell has for years taken an active part
in the workings of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He is a
vestryman of Grace Church Parish, Hinsdale, and at one time was
choir-master of the church.
WILLIAM A. AM;I;I i., purchasing agent of Pullman's I'alace
ompany, is one of the oldest of the oiiicials of that company,
and one who, since his long residence in this city, has made an
enviable record for probity, industry and perseverance.
In connection with the palace-car portion of the rail-
road interests of this city, a sketch of Zenas Cobb is
given. From that biography can be gathered the
claims that gentleman makes to the invention of a
sleeping-car:
/r.NAs (.'nun, inventor of the sleeping-car and an early citizen
and business man of Chicago, came here in 1845. He comes of a.
stock where industry and intelligence have been leading character-
istics. His father, Xenas, and mother, Eleanor, were old residents
of New York State, the former being quite celebrated as an inventor
in his time. To him is credited the first church clock and the steel
audiphone, and he also invented the first machine for making wooden
screws. He was foreman in the foundry of Dr. Knott, the college
president at Schenectady, and up to the time of leaving business
was famous as a progressive man in ironmongery. The son received
his education in his native place, Albany, where he was born on
September 19, 1817, and at the age of seventeen entered a type-
foundry and learned the rudiments of that trade. In 1836, he
joined his brother Elijah, in the boating business, and they 'ran
two or three boats from 1 lammondsport, on Crooked Lake, to New
^ ork. He abandoned this service about four years later and came
\\est, settling at Cleveland and assuming charge of the business of
his brother, Ansel R. Cobb, then largely engaged in marine busi-
ness. He remained with him for five years and then came to Chi-
cago. Mr. Cobb's lirst venture was in the lumber line, and his yard
was an old landmark near the junction of the two branches of the
tion with the business. In 1857, Mr. Cobb went into the real-estate
business, ami continued in that line until ten years after the panic,
during that period devoting his time to invention, and meanwhile
handling many pieces of property that have had a historical bearing
in the progress of the city. In IS;3, Mr. Cobb invented the sleep.
ing-car berth, being live or six years in advance of inventors in this
line, who came later into the field. He did not fully comprehend
the value of the invention at that time, for like all innovations it
evok(" judice. George M. Pullman made Mr. Cobb an
offer of (4,000 for his device, which the latter accepted. Although
Mr. Cobb claims to be the original inventor of the system of sleep-
irs, yet the practical application of the device' and its utili-
xation by improvements which have constantly arisen from time to
time, is due to Mr. Pullman, says Mr. Cobb, as' is the credit of their
nt utility and the necessity which they have become to the
traveling public. Therefore, in strict justice it may be said, that
with Mr. Cobb originated the embryo, but to Mr. Pullman is due
its development, culture and utility. The original combination of
forming a bed from a seat and back was implied iii the letters-patent,
and several minor improvements went with the same. In 1867, Mr.
Cobb was attracted to the Pennsylvania oil regions by the excite-
ment of the hour, his genius finding new fields for the e.xercise of its
inventive abilities. He was given charge of the Ilumboldt refining
works, at Plummer, \ cnango Co., and there invented a new s\strni
for the continuous distillation of oil through one cylinder. Mr.
Cobb'a invention triplicated the quantity of oil in treatment and
simplified the cleaning process by connected stills, so as to feed at
one- end and draw the residuum from the other. The result was a
production of better oil and an advanced run of from sixty to four
hundred barrels a day; and had the apparatus been of the si/.e now
employed, as high as three thousand barrels could have been pro-
duced. Mr. Cobb, engrossed with business, neglected to patent
this valuable invention, and others, perceiving its utility, modified
its lormand benefited by the primal results of his genius.' In 1869,
Mr. Cobb returned to Chicago and engaged in the manufacture of
car-seat springs at No. 292 West Adams Street, supplying the entire
Pullman service in this line. In 1875, he removed to the corner of
1 learborn and Kinzie streets, where he remained until early in 1885,
when he abandoned that business and engaged in fruit-growing at
Los Angeles, Cal., his health demanding a change of climate. Ill's
inventions, embracing a theater - seat, patent plow and other im-
portant improvements, cover many branches of general utility, but
he has made a specialty of none ot these, his executive force seem-
ing to lie in rapid construction, prompt operation, and as ready an
application to some new demand of necessity as it arises. 'Mr.
Cobb has two sons, named Samuel 11. and I len'ry H., both of whom
were formerly associated with him in the car-seat spring industry,
and who are now engaged in this city. At an advanced age, Mr!
Cobb is still in a vigorous prime, although failing eyesight has
clouded the complete enjoyment of the ripened years of a life well-
spent. His mission has been busy and successful, and from his ad-
vent into Chicago until the present time, his career has been one of
honorable business enterprise, of strict personal integrity, and ot
practical usefulness to the community of which he is a valued
and esteemed member.
COMMISSIONERS. — As an important addendum to the
railroad history, is presented a sketch of one of the
commissioners whose labors in behalf of the corpora-
tions have made them important factors of railroad
interests :
LLOYD DURANT RICHARDSON, commissioner of the Chicago
and Ohio River Pool, was born in Swanzey, N. II., on April 21,
1827. He attended the schools of his 'native town, and after
finishing his studies, he entered into railroad work on April i, 1845.
Mr. Richardson is among the longest-in-service men of the country,
having been connected with railroads for the past forty years, and
has drawn a salary from some corporation every thirty days, 'with
the exception of a single month, during that long period. He first
went to work on the railroad track of the lioston & Albany road as
repairer, and afterward engaged with the New York & New Haven
line in the construction department. He then took the position of
conductor on that road. He was thus employed until he went to
work on the Cheshire Railroad, remaining there only a short time
when he was appointed general agent at Boston for the Fitchburg'
Cheshire and FSennington & Rutland railroads. Mr. Richardson
was their representative until April i, 1867, having served them for
fourteen years. In 1867, he decided to come West and having
been offered the position of traveling auditor for the Chicago Mil-
waukee ,V St. Paul Railway, accepted, and located in Milwaukee
He remained there hut a short time, however, coming to Chicago on
March t, 1868, when he took the office of general agent for the
Green Line. This place he held up to 1874, and was then made
traffic manager of the Kankakee and Green lines. In November
1883, Mr. Richardson's abilities were so highly appreciated by the
various lines which he now represents, that they elected him to the
commissionership of <he Chicago and Ohio River Pool, which com-
- the following corporations : feffersonville, Madison & Indi-
anapolis Railroad, Indiana, l!loomington\: Western Railway Louis-
yil.e. New Albany ,V Chicago Ry., Cincinnati, Indianapolis St
Loins tv Chicago Ry., Cincinnati, Hamilton ,Y Dayton R R
Chicago & Fasten, Illinois R R., Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburgh
IV 'i.f"d _the "lm',"S ' cntnil k' "<• ""ring and prior to his ten,,
ed three times ; first in October, 1847, at Keene, N.
hss Martha Ilernck, who died September to. 18.10 Mr
Richardson married a second
September 19, 1849. Mr.
RAILROAD HISTORY.
living. He has been a member of the Masonic fraternity since
[858, and is a 1'ast Kmincnt Commander of Chicago Conimandcry,
No. ii). K.T..uml a member of Oriental Consistory, S.I1. U.S., 32".
THK CHICAGO FREIGHT BUREAU was organized at
a meeting held on August 30, 1883, at which time a
constitution and by-laws were adopted and the follow-
ing officers and executive committee were elected:
A. C. Bartlett, president; Edson Keith, vice-president; Simon
Reid, treasurer; and h'rank M. I'.lair, secretary. M. Sel/., J. V.
Farwell, Ir., [. [. I'arkhurst, John Tyrrell, \V. 11. Kellogg, J. II.
Bradley, "|. W. Ellsworth, and W. II. Sard, committee.
The work of this association is defined by the con-
stitution as follows :
" The object of the Bureau shall be to give the Railroad and
Transportation Companies such information regarding the various
lines of goods it represents as shall insure their proper classifica-
tion; to secure freight rates to all shipping points that shall in no
ca-c discriminate against Chicago; to assist in adjusting claims for
losses, damages or overcharges; and to render its services to mem-
liers individually and collectively in all matters pertaining to the
transportation of merchandise and the extension of the trade of
Chicago."
It was originally intended to embrace a membership
of about fifty merchants and manufacturers, but at the
first meeting over one hundred firms were represented,
and a subsequent meeting, and the result of a short
canvass, was to enroll a membership of about two hun-
dred and fifty leading Chicago merchants and manufac-
turers. The commissioner, the only salaried officer of
the Association, is Cassius M. Wicker, who represents
the members and their various interests before the" Rail-
way and Transportation Lines, and from his intelligent
action the members of the Association have derived
great benefit.
The policy of the Bureau has always been to work
with, and has never yet found it necessary to antag-
onize, the railways. Necessarily, the actions of the Bu-
reau, to a great extent, remain unpublished, the
members interested in the various changes being pri-
vately advised. The management believe, and have
acted upon the principle, that the railways desire to be
advised of the wants of their patrons, and the Associa-
tion undertakes to lay before the roads the unanimous
desires of the merchants and manufacturers, and expe-
rience shows that such information is very acceptable
to the Railways and Transportation Lines throughout
the country.
• . M. WICKKR, the commissioner, has been connected with
the Bureau since its establishment. He was born in Addison
County, Vt., in 1844, the son of Cyrus Washburn and Maria
'Delight) Wicker, and received his education at Vv'illiston Academy
and Middlebury, Vermont. When he attained his majority, he
left his native State and settled in St. Louis, Mo., where he be-
came an employe in a wholesale and retail grocery. He remained
there a little less than a year, and left to take charge of the Star
Union Line's business at Kast St. Louis, where he remained for
that company, and later in charge of the St. Louis Transfer Com-
pany's teams, for two years. He then took charge of the interests
of the 1'eople's Despatch Fast l-'reight Line, an offshoot of the then
existing Merchants' Union Express Company at St. Louis. He
was there for a year, after which he entered the service of the old
North Missouri, now a part of the Wabash Railroad, as Chinese
Emigration Agent, with his headquarters at St. Louis. In his
capacity of Emigration Agent, Mr. Wicker was, for once in his
lifetime, connected with an unsuccessful enterprise. This was an
effort to supply Coolie labor to the South after the War; but the
impoverished condition of that section of country, precluded success
attending any project where the employment of a large amount of
capital was requisite. Seeing no hope for the Coolie trade, he was
made assistant general freight agent of the North Missouri Kail-
road Company, and occupied that position for one and a half years.
During the summer of 1871, Mr. Wicker was offered the position
of assistant general freight agent of the Chicago & North-Western
Railroad, and assumed the duties of that office on August i of that
year. During the five years that he was with that company, among
other things, lie settled the fire-claims of the company, resulting from
the fire of October <j, 1871. In December, 1876, he accepted the
position of general agent of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in this
city, remaining in that position, as general agent or assistant gen-
eral freight agenl, and, later, as traffic manager of the division west
of the Ohio River, until January I, iSSo. At that time all the offices
of the Trans- Ohio Divisions, except the operating department,
were removed to and consolidated with the general offices of the Bal-
timore & Ohio road, at Baltimore. In January, iSSo, Mr. Wicker
took charge, as manager, of two iron mines in Northern Michigan,
and retained that position, working the property until the depres-
sion of the iron interest of 1883, when the mines were closed, as
were nearly all others in that section. Mr. Wicker then look-
charge, as general manager, of several coal mines located at
Springfield, liraidwood and Tracy, Illinois, the same parties being
interested in the coal, as were interested with him in the iron,
mines, whose management had been intrusted to Mr. Wicker, the
corporation being known as the Central Illinois Coal Company.
In the fall of 1883, the Chicago Freight Bureau was organized, and
Mr. Wicker was asked to meet the executive committee, which con-
ference resulted in the proffer of, and acceptance, by him, of the
office of commissioner, a position he has filled thoroughly to the
satisfaction of the Bureau since that time. lie still retains his
stock, and the position of director, in the Central Illinois Coal Com-
pany. Mr. Wicker was married on June 5, 1872, at Lebanon, 111.,
to Miss Augusta C. French, the eldest daughter of the late (iov-
ernor Augustus C. French, of this State. They have three chil-
dren,— Henry Halladay, Lucy Southworth and Cyrus French.
TICKET BROKERS. — This class of business men has
become one of great importance to the travelling com-
munity, and, although their relations to various railroads
are sometimes a little tinged with hostility, the benefit
the public derive is very often financially appreciable.
As representatives of this branch of business some
sketches of leading firms are subjoined.
J. J. WALSER & Co., at No. 93 South Clark Street, is one of
the three responsible firms in the railroad ticket brokerage business
in Chicago. They are members of the American Ticket Brokers'
Association, and guarantee all their transactions with the public.
The business was begun in this city about 1870, and increased in a
hap-hazard way till 1879. when the Association was formed to pro-
tect the brokers as well as the railroads from fraudulent tickets, passes
and spurious paper. Mr. Walser began, in 1875, at No. 75 South
Clark Street, and did a business of about $20,000 the first year.
He was then his own clerk, cashier and errand boy. Now he
has a partner, ten employes and a trade that, in 1884, equalled
$800,000. In 1878, to get more room and less rent, No. 93 South
Clark Street was chosen as an office and the change to the present
location was made. The business is yet in its infancy, but experi-
ence amply demonstrates the fact that it can be legitimately carried
on with profit to the brokers and the public and accommodation to
the railroads. The broker acts as a middleman between the rail-
road company and the traveller, and deals principally on regular
coupon tickets, bought in blocks to sell at some specified future
time, and usually working with an understanding with the railroad
company.
J. J. (Frt/.wwas born in Germany, in 1848, in Baden, and is
the only child of Joseph and Emma Walser. His father was a
stone and brick mason, a contractor and builder, and removed to
New Orleans in 1853, and afterward to Chicago, in 1855. Mr.
Walser is a member of Harlem Lodge, No. 540, A.F. & A.M.; of
Cicero Chapter, No. 180, R.A.M., and of Siloam Commandery,
No. 54, K.T. In 1873, at Marengo, 111., Mr. Walser married
Miss Sarah Vail, daughter of Elisha J. Vail, a prominent farmer of
that section.
L. SALOMON & Co., railroad ticket brokers and members of
the American Ticket Brokers' Association, conduct their business at
No. 99 South Clark Street, in the Reaper Building. Here, in 1876,
L. Salomon, the present senior partner, opened an office, selling
tickets on one side and cigars on the other. The brokers' ticket
sale is largely controlled by the influence of a war in railroad rates
and the commission paid by the companies, the largest profit being
on excursion tickets. So rapidly did Mr. Salomon's business
increase that, in 1883, assistance being needed, Alfred Blum, an ex-
perienced broker from New York, was taken into partnership. The
first year's sales amounted to about $50,000, and the total footings
of 1884 aggregated over $300,000.
L. Salomon was born in the City of Schleswig, Schleswig-Hol-
stein, Germany, on August 16, 1840, and is one of the twelve chil-
dren of S. M. and Caroline Salomon. His father was a dry-goods
merchant. Mr. Salomon, after acquiring a liberal education, be-
came a lawyer's clerk in his native city, where he remained until
1862, when he went to London, England, and had the care of
exhibits for several continental manufacturers in the International
Exposition of that year. In the winter of 1862-63, Mr. Salomon
234
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
came to Chicago and at once found employment a- packer for |. A.
Kotlichilds (now Kuthchikls & Strader) in the manufacturing of
CO. lii iS(>4, when the firm engaged exclusively in the leaf
tobacco trade, Mr. Salomon began for himself the manufacture of
cigars, and occupied the premises No. 48-50 LaSalle Street. The
contlagration of 1871 burned him out in his retail store at No. 84
Dearborn Street, anil his wholesale store on LaSalle, causing a loss
-i ;,<KXI, upon which was a partial insurance, and of which only
a -mall percentage was recovered. The day after the fire, Mr.
Salomon paid S-1*) lor a little shoe -shop at No'. 211) West Randolph
Street, and there immediately began the manufacture and sale
[1- .in.] tobacco. Shortly afterward he opened the cigar-stand
in C'onley's restaurant, corner Madison and .Market streets, by the
Hoard of Trade building, and also kept a store at the corner of
Madison Street and Fifth Avenue. In 1873, he moved to the
Kca|>er Block and disposed of his restaurant stand, and three years
later, prompted by the chance of possible big profits in Centennial
Imposition travel. 'he drifted into the ticket brokerage business. In
1871), he sold his cigar interests and devoted his shrewd abilities to
the development of his ticket trade, in which he is more than
usually successful. Mr. Salomon, in 1865, married Miss Lina
Oppenheimer, daughter of L. Oppenheimer, of Chicago. Mr.
Salomon is a member of Chicago Lodge, No. 437, A.F. & A.M.
Alfmi Hliini came to Chicago in iSSi. He had been in the
ticket brokerage in New York for several years and easily found a
place in Chicago in the same line. Until his association with Mr.
Salomon as partner, in 1883, Mr. Blum was confidential man with
J. J. Walser, ticket broker at No. 93 South Clark Street. Mr.
"Blum was a commission merchant, and, in 18(13, removed with his
family to New York, where he now resides, carrying on the same
business.
BENCH AND BAR.
With the public buildings of the city, the fire of
iS; i destroyed the records and papers of the State and
Federal courts. Here and there a few documents
were saved, but the loss was practically total. The
liar <if the city had not only been deprived of offices,
courts, and valuable papers, — containing the evidence
upon which depended the adjustment of the most
important pending interests, — but also of the law books
and reports so necessary to every practicing lawyer.
Little, indeed, remained of the courts but their organi-
zations. This, with the changes which have since taken
place, are given in the pages following.
UNITED STATES COURTS.
These courts at the time of the fire were organized
as follows :
Hon. David Davis, Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court, Presiding Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit;
Hon. Thomas Drummond, Circuit Judge ; Hon. Henry
\V. Blodgett, Judge of the District Court ; Hon. Joseph
O. Glover, U. S. District Attorney ; Hon. B. H. Camp-
bell, U. S. Marshal ; Hon. W. H. Bradley, Clerk of both
courts.
Since then several changes have occurred, which
can readily be seen from the following table :
Officers.
When appointed.
Expiration of
term.
Remarks.
JUDGES.
David Davis
I°6l
w
iN OV, 2Q, 1077
jMected to the
U. S. Senate.
John M. Harlan
Nov. 29, 1877
Vice Davis.
Thomas Drummond
Dec. 22, 1860
Dec., 1884 ..
Retired.
Walter Q. Gresham
Dec., 1884 ..
Vice Drum-
mond.
Henry W. Blodgett .
Jan. n, 1870
District Judge
vice Drum-
DISTRICT ATTORNEYS.
mond.
Tames O Glover
_Qf;~
,
March, 1875.
jasper D. Ward ...
March, 1875.
Nov., 1875 ..
Mark Bangs
Joseph B. Leake . . .
Nov., 1875 ..
Sept., 1879 ..
Sept. i, 1879
Dec. 16, 1883
Resigned.
Held over until
Feb., 1884.
Richard S. Tuthill .
Feb., 1884 ..
MARSHALS.
I). H. Campbell ...
Mav, 1869.-.
Mav, 1877 ..
Jesse L. Hildrup.. .
May, 1877...
May, 1881 ..
A. M. Jones
Mav, 1881...
June, 1885 ..
Frederick H. Marsh
June, 1885 ..
MARK BANGS was born at ITawley. Franklin Co., Mass., on
January 9, 1822, his father being /enas Bangs, who brought up his
large family on a barren mountain farm. Mark was the youngest
child, and, in 1828, was left an orphan, his mother having died
during the previous year. Zenas Bangs was a man of marked
character, taking an active part in the affairs of his county, and for
several years was the representative of his town in the General
Court at Boston. In the autumn of 1828, Mark emigrated with an
elder brother to Western New York, and at the age of seven was
put out to live with a farmer of Monroe County, near Rochester.
From the age of fourteen to eighteen he worked upon a farm for
an older brother, having previously obtained a little schooling. He
taught school, was one year at a Rochester institution of learning,
and in 1844 was prepared to enter college; but instead of doing
this, a boyish freak prompted him to emigrate westward. He
reached Chicago in October, 1844, remained here two or three
months, became disgusted with its general appearance, and left for
the now central portions of the State, where he spent about two
years in running a threshing machine, farming, and teaching a sing-
ing and district school. In the spring of 1847, he went to Massa-
chusetts, and taught a few classes in the English and Classical
school of his brother in Springfield, while he read law in the office
of Judge Henry Moris. In the autumn of 1849, he settled at
Lacon, Marshall Co., 111., and spent one year as clerk and book-
keeper in a dry goods store, meantime pursuing his legal studies.
He then entered the law office of Ira I. Fenn, of Lacon, was soon
admitted to practice, and, about 1851, became a partner of Mr.
Fenn, under the firm name of Fenn & Bangs. On January I, 1852,
Mr. Bangs was married to Miss Harriet Cornelia I'omeroy, second
daughter of Deacon Samuel Pomeroy, of the F'irst Presbyterian
Church of Lacon. From the time he was admitted to the Bar, he
took an active part in local and State politics, and was one of the
first to move in the organization of the republican party, being a
delegate to a State Convention held at Springfield, to consider meas-
ures for the organization of a new party that should unite the entire
anti-slavery element of the country. Owen I.ovejoy was a member
of that Convention. Many persons of distinction in the State,
who have since done active service as republicans, stood aloof from
that Convention, fearing its strong views on the slavery question.
Mr. Bangs became an active, radical republican, engaging earnestly
in every political campaign, either local or general, from 1855 to
1875. In March, 1859, he was elected judge of the Twenty-third
Circuit of Illinois. In August, 1862, he presided at the republican
convention, held in Galesburg, at which Hon. Owen Lovejoy re-
ceived his last nomination for Congress, and that fall made with
him the campaign, the severity of which doubtless cost Mr. Love-
joy his life. In the 'fall of 1862, Mr. Bangs formed a partnership
with Thomas M. Shaw, since State senator from that district, and
now a judge on the bench of the Circuit Court of Illinois; and for
fifteen years, the firm of Bangs & Shaw, and later Bangs, Shaw &
Edwards, held a leading position at the Bar of Central Illinois.
In June, 1862, Mr. Bangs, with four other citizens of the State
originated and set in operation the celebrated Union League of
America, of which he was chosen president, and he spent much of
the year following in organizing branches and granting charters,
among which was the charter for the organization of the National
League, at Washington, D. C. In 1869, he was elected to the
State Senate, which had its share in the work of adapting our State
legislation to the new Constitution. In February, 1873, he was
appointed, by Governor Beveridge, judge of the Circuit Court of
Putnam, Marshall, Woodford and Tazewell counties, to fill the
vacancy occasioned by the death of Judge Richmond. In December
BENCH AND BAR.
235
1875, he was called, without previous knowledge or solicitation on his
part, by an unanimous request of the republican delegation in Con-
gress, to the position of United Slates Attorney for the Northern
District of Illinois, which he held until September I, 1879, when he
resigned. Most of the following year he spent looking after some
small mining interest and in search of health among the mountains
of Colorado. On October 20, iSSo. Judge Bangs entered upon a
law practice in Chicago with Judge Joseph Kirkland, under the
present tirm name of Bangs & Kirkland. Judge Bangs, while on
the Bench, won the confidence and respect of all
by his urbanity and knowledge of the law, and the
correctness and the impartiality of his rulings and
decisions. Whether as judge or attorney, he was
industrious and untiring in his efforts to find the
law and the facts of cases; hence, his unusually
large practice and marked success. Mrs. Bangs,
after a somewhat protracted illness, died on June
20, 1884, leaving two children, — Fred A., now a
student in the Chicago Law School, and Nellie,
the well known pianist, now the wife of John S.
Kelton, a popular cornetist of this city.
JOSKI'H H. LKAKE was born on April I, 1828,
at Deerfield, Cumberland Co., N. J., his family
having been among the early settlers of that colony,
and of Welsh descent, His parents removed to
Cincinnati at an early day, where Joseph prepared
for college. He graduated from Miami University,
Oxford, Ohio, in 1846, and then studied law with
Hon. W S. Groesbeck until he was admitted to the
Ohio Bar on January 16, 1850, after which he
opened a law office in Cincinnati. He practiced
with success about six years, when he removed to
Davenport, Iowa. In 1861, he was elected to the
Iowa Legislature, and took part in what was known
as the " War Session," and in the autumn of that
year was elected to the State Senate from Scott
County. He served through the session, which
commenced in January, 1862, and at its close was
elected president f»v fern of the Senate. At the
second call of 1'resident Lincoln for volunteers, in
i><>2, he resigned his seat in the Senate, recruited
a company, of which he was elected captain, and
was mustered into the 2Oth Iowa Infantry. He
was commissioned lieutenant-colonel upon the or-
ganization of the regiment, and as such commanded
it until the close of the War. He first served in
the Army of the Frontier, under General Schofield,
and afterward under Generals Blunt and Herron.
In the spring of 1863, General Herron's division,
to which Colonel Leake's regiment belonged, was
sent to aid in the siege of Vicksburg. He also
participated in the capture of Yazoo City; then was
sent to Port Hudson, and thence to New
Orleans. The division was ordered to
Morganza, and, in an engagement while
on this expedition, Colonel Leake was
wounded and captured, and sent to Tyler,
Texas, remaining there until July, 1864.
He was then exchanged and sent to New
Orleans. He afterward participated with
his regiment in the capture of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and
again returned to New Orleans; and was next ordered into Ar-
kansas during Price's raid. In the spring of 1865 his regiment
was attached to the 1 3th Army Corps, Army of the Gulf; joined
in the operations against Mobile, assisting in the siege and cap-
ture of Fort Blakely and Spanish Fort. The regiment remained
in that city until the close of the War, and was mustered out at
Clinton, Iowa, in the summer of 1865. This regiment never re-
mained over six weeks at any one point during its entire term of
service. General Leake was brevetted brigadier-general of volun-
teers for bravery on the field. He resumed the practice of law at
Davenport, and in the same fall was elected to the State Senate on the
republican ticket, serving throughout the session, and doing much
a member and president of the Board of Education of Davenport,
he resigned both positions on his removal to Chicago in 1871. lie
formed a partnership with Captain William Vocke, under the firm
name of Leake iN; Vocke, and was favored with liberal patronage.
General Leake was appointed September 4, 1879, district attorney
of the Northerti District of Illinois, a position which he filled with
marked ability, giving universal satisfaction, for four years. He is
an able lawyer, an accomplished scholar, and is as worthy as a citi-
zen as he is profound in the law.
to shape its legislation, commencing January, 1866, as chairman of
the judiciary committee. In 1867, he resigned his seat in the Senate
and devoted himself to the law, gaining an extensive and lucrative
practice. Having been elected attorney for Scott County, and also
RICHARD S. TUTHILL was born at Vergennes, Jackson Co.,
111., on November 10, 1841, the youngest of nine children, and the
son of Daniel B. Tuthill, a native of Vermont. His father was ed-
ucated for an Episcopal clergyman, but decided not to enter the
ministry on account of delicate health. His mother was Miss Sally
Strong, daughter of Luke Strong, a prominent lawyer of Ver-
gennes, Vt. His parents immigrated to Illinois, in 1829, and set-
tled on the prairie which afterward bore their name. The town
of Vergennes was founded by them, and named by Mrs. Tuthill
after her native place. Mr. Tuthill was postmaster of Vergennes
under different administrations. He was a whig, and afterward a
republican. Such men as President Lincoln, Judge Breese, Bishop
Chase, John A. Logan and D. L. Phillips made visits to his hos-
pitable mansion. Richard S. received his education in a private
school established by his father, also in the St. Louis High School
and in Jacksonville College, finally graduating from Middlebury
College, Vermont, in August, 1863. He joined the Union Army
before Vicksburg, soon after his graduation, and served with a
company of volunteer scouts through Mississippi to Meridian. He
was then commissioned by Governor Blair, of Michigan, second
lieutenant of Battery " H," ist Michigan Light Artillery, and was
attached to General Logan's old division of the I7th Army Corps,
Army of the Tennessee. He served with this battery during the
War, taking active part in the campaign which ended in the fall of
Atlanta, and in the battles of Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Alla-
toona, and in the numerous severe engagements in front of Atlanta.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
He was afterward in Genera! George II. Thomas's campaign
inst General Hood in Tennessee, and in the battle of Nashville.
IVIicung the War at an end, lie resigned his i ommis-i, ,n on May
29, jsiif. He resumed his study oi Hie law in the office of the
lion. lj. II. Harrison, at Nashville, and, in |si,t>, was admitted to
the liar ami commenced the practice of his profession in that city
llr was elected attorney-general of the Nashville circuit in [867,
serving until iS;o, when a change in Southern politics threw all re-
publicans out of office. lie ran for presidential elector, on the
republican ticket, in 1872, and > nous campaign, stump-
ing the district, which was largely democratic, and lacking only a
lew votes of election. Mr. Tuthill came I.. Chicago in I he early
part of 1873, devoting himself to his profession with great dili-
gence. In 1875, Mr. Tuthill was the republican candidate for
city attorney, and was elected (with what was known as the " Re-
form I'ouncil") by a majority of over 5,000 ; and, in 1877, was re-
elci •:. gely increased majority. lie established so high a
reputation as .1 corporation lawyer, that he has since
been employed by the city to conduct highly impor-
tant suits in the Supreme Court of the United
States, involving the right of the city to impose a
license fee upon the cars of the street railway com-
panies. At the close nl his term as city attorney,
Mr. Tuthill formed a partnership with Colonel
David Onigg. -^'r- Tuthill is an earnest and active
republican. In 1880, he was a member of the State
Conventional Springfield; anil was a delegate to
the National Convention held that year in Chicago,
being one of the " 31 if) " who voted for the nomina-
tion of General Cirant. He is richly endowed with
the I'mest qualities of mind and heart, and is high-
minded and honorable in all things. Mr. Tuthill
is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic,
the Veteran Club and Military Order of the Loyal
1 cgion. lie is al-o a member of the Illinois and
I'nion League Clubs. In February, 1884, he was
appointed United States district attorney for the
Northern District of Illinois. He was married, in
[868, to Mis- Jennie Smith, of Vergennes, Vt., who
died at Nashville, Tenn., December 22, 1872, leav-
ing one child, Eliza Strong. He was married, on
January 2, 1-77, t,, Mi — Ilattie McKey, the daugh-
ter of the late Kdward McKey, a noted dry goods ::
merchant of Janesville, \Vis. They have had
three children, — 7,oe Gertrude, Mary Elizabeth
and Lillian McKey.
JOHN Iu\ HKNM.TI was born in Otsego
County, X. V., on November 27, 1831. His
parents, Joseph and Lydia (Birdsall) Bennett, were
Ouakers. They removed in 1843 to Knox County,
Hi., where they lived two years, when they settled
at Davenport, Delaware Co., X. Y In 1847,
through the influence of Rev. Sanford I. Fergu-
son, Mr. Ucnnett was sent to Charlotte Academy,
where he studied and taught until September, 1851,
at which time he entered Union College as a sopho-
more, graduating in June, 1854. While a college
student, he became a member of the Phi Beta
Kappa fraternity. From August, 1854, to July,
i8=i7, he was principal of Liberty Academy, at
Springfield, Tenn., meanwhile studying law. In
June, 1857. he was admitted to the Tennessee Bar.
lie removed toGalva, Henry Co., 111., the following
July, and commenced practice. In 1865, he was
admitted to practice in the United States Supreme
Court. In 1 86 1, he was appointed on the staff of
'or ', ate1'., with the rank of colonel, and per-
formed efficient service in the recruiting depart-
ments. In i-d.i, Mr. licnnett was the republican
elector for the Fifth Congressional District of Illi-
nois. II,. was the founder of the Galva Union,
and its editor and proprietor for two years; and
engaged in coal mining as proprietor and operator,
ntinuing the practice of his profession. He
was for many years a member of the Board of Edu-
cation of ( lalva. In June, 1872, he removed to Chi-
taking up his residence in Hyde Park. In 1878-79, he was
pie-idem of the Hyde I'ark board of trustees, and has also been a
member of the Board of Education. In 1879, he was appointed one
of tne masters in chancery of the United Stales Circuit and District
Courts for the Northern j ((strict of Illinois, which position he still
holds. In the summer of 1855, Mr. Bennett married, at Hender-
son. Ky., Maria !•'.. Reynolds, a native of Delaware County, N.Y.
They have seven children — Fannie (now Mrs. W. C. Nelson, of
Park). Frank Ira (admitted to the Illinois liar in 1880, now
practicing law in Chicago >,• Fred Fuller (a promising journalist),
Lewis, George, John and Will.
Fill \n II. SIIIKMAN. I.I. .!>.. is the son of Flias II. and
Clarissa (Wilinarth) Sherman, was born at Fairlield, Vt., on June
i-. [832. Until twenly-one years of age he remained upon his
father's farm, during t'he winter months acquiring an elementary
education or engaging in teaching. In 1854, he removed to l>ran-
don, and was fora year employed as clerk in a drug store. In 1855,
he began a course of -Itldy preparatory for college, and cnlen-d
Middlcbury College in 185(1, from which he was graduated in [860,
and where, in 1884, he returned to deliver the annual address be-
fore the alumni of the college. After teaching in South Woodstock
and Brandon, Vt., Mr. Sherman enlisted as a private in the gth
Yermont Infantry, was elected lieutenant ol Co, " C," and ser\ed
until January, 1863, when he resigned while his regiment was at
Camp Douglas, and entered the law department of the Univer-
sity of Chicago, graduating in 1864. Since that time he has
been engaged in the successful practice of his profession in Chi-
cago. From 1877 he has been attorney, in Chicago, for the Audi-
tor of Illinois, and as such he instituted proceedings for closing the
affairs of the Republic Life Insurance Company, the Chicago I ife
Insurance Company, and the Protection Life Insurance Company
In the Republic Life and Chicago Life cases, Mr. Sherman was
opposed by some of the ablest attorneys at the Chicago Bar such
as Judge Beckwith, Mr. Kales and Mr. Bonney, who attacked the
constitutionality of the insurance laws of Illinois, and especially the
statute for the dissolution of insurance companies. In the li'tio-a-
tion which has grown out of these matters, Mr. Sherman's inter
pi-elation of the insurance laws has been sustained by the Supreme
Courts, both of Illinois and of the United States. In 1876, he was
BENCH AND BAR.
237
elected to the General Assembly from the then Fourth Senatorial
district, and was re-elected in 1878. His name is identified with
all the more important legislation of those years. lie served as
chairman of the Committee of Judicial Department, and was chiefly
instrumental in formulating the law establishing the Appellate
Courts, which are now a part of the judicial system of Illinois. He
was also chairman of the committee on corporations, and a member
of the judiciary committee, as well as of the committee which pre-
pared the military code now in force. As a legislator, he was uni-
formly arrayed against all jobbing schemes; his long experience
in the trial of causes placed him in the front rank as a debater;
and this period is one of the most satisfactory in his successful
career. In 1879, Mr. Sherman was appointed one of the masters in
chancery of the United States Circuit Court for the Northern
District of Illinois, the appointment being made at the request of
the leading members of the Bar. He has discharged the duties
of this important office to the complete satisfaction of the licnch
and liar, while continuing the successful practice of his profes-
sion. His name has frequently been mentioned for higher office,
but he has preferred to retain the position which he now occupies.
Mr. Sherman has served as Grand Master of the ('.rand Lodge,
I. ().(.). F., and was its representative for two years to the Sover-
eign Grand Lodge. He is an active member of the Chicago
Philosophical Society, of the Chicago liar Association, and of the
Chicago Law Institute. He is a member of the State liar Associa-
tion, of which he has been president. The annual address which
he delivered before that body in January, 1882, was published by
the Association, and attracted much attention, not only as a brilliant
literary production, but because of its keen and incisive blows at
existing faults in jurisprudence, coupled with suggestions for their
reform. 1 le is also a member and one of the vice-presidents of the
American liar Association, and has been prominently identified with
various other organizations of public and philanthropic character.
In private and social life he is one of the most agreeable of gentle-
men,— well read, a close and accurate thinker, and a brilliant con-
versationalist. In 1885, Middlebury College conferred upon Mr.
Sherman the degree of I.L.D., a recognition highly prized by him,
since this conservative college lias conferred that honor upon only
three of those graduating from it during the last forty years. In
iSljd. he was married to Ilattie G. Levering, daughter of S. M.
Lovering, of Iowa Falls, Iowa, a most estimable and accom-
plished lady.
SUPERIOR COURT OF COOK COUNTY.
This court was first established in 1849, in place of
the Court of Common Pleas, and was continued by the'
Constitution of 1870, which went into effect on August
8 of that year. At the time of the fire it was constituted
as follows : Judges, John A. Jameson, Joseph E. Gary,
and William A. Porter; Clerk, Augustus Jacobson.
Terms : First Monday in each month. The changes
which have taken place on the Bench since that time are
as follows :
Judges.
When appointed
or elected
Expiration of
term.
Remarks.
John A. Jameson . .
June — , 1867
Dec
I, 1883
( Re-elected ' in
} 1871 and 1877.
Joseph E. Gary
June — , 1869
Dec
I, 1887
i Re-elected in
( 1875 and 1881.
William A. Porter, -
June — , 1867
Dec
I, 1373
Died Oct., 1873.
Samuel M. Moore. .
Nov.—, 1873
Dec
I, 1879
(Vice Porter,
| deceased.
Sidney Smith
Nov. — , 1879
Dec
I, 1885
Vi 'p \T rtrt
George Gardner
Nov. — , 1880
1 >ec
i! 1886
(Additional
Kirk Hawes
Nov. — , 1880
Dec
i, 1886
• 1 L A fr
Elliott Anthony- . .
Nov. — , 1880
Dec
i! 1886
J uuges Dy j\ct
of April i,
Rollin S. Williamson
Nov. — , 1880
Dec
I, 1886
1875.
Henrv M. Shepard.
Nov. — , 1883
Dec
I, 1889
Vice Jameson.
Gwynn Garnett
Nov.—, 1885
Dec
I, 1891
Vice Smith.
cian. All financiers remember the powerful blow which he struck at
the time of the " silver craze," and the country at large looked upon
him as one of the most effective opponents of " third-termism." A
tribute to his ability and to his marked success in this latter conflict
was thus offered by the Chicago Times, during the judicial election
nf I vSo, which placed Judge 1 lawes upon the liench of the Superior
Court : " To Air. Hawes, more than to any other one man in Illi-
nois, was due the success of the struggle which ended in the admis-
sion of the unpledged delegates from this State to the National
Convention, a move which may br held to have prevented the nomi-
nation of General Grant. His light for the Farwell Hall delegates
at Springfield enabled his associates logo before the superior tribu-
nal [National Convention] at Chicago with a record that compelled
attention. Hut for his foresight in forcing that record, the contest-
ants would have come up to this city without a case, and the whole
history of the National campaign, possibly of this Nation, might
have been changed by their failure. His plea before the State
Convention was a model of clear, forcible, terse and eloquent
reasoning." Under the Act of 1875, providing that for every
50,000 inhabitants over 400,000 in Cook County, one judge of the
Superior Court should be added, to the number of nine, Mr.
Hawes was, in November, iSSo, called to his present position, and
no man has made more friends and fewer enemies than he by his
justness and courtesy. Judge Hawes was born in Worcester
County, Mass., in 1838, his ancestors and relatives having earned
a high station in the liberal professions- Spending his earlier years
in the Last India trade, he became ambitious to enter the legal
profession. He was fitted for Williams College, by a course of
three years at the Munson (Mass.) Academy. Becoming a fresh-
man during the fall of 1859, at the close of his junior year he enlisted
in the nine-months' service, raising a company for the 54th Massa-
chusetts, anil joining General lianks at the Gulf. He was afterward
in the 42d Massachusetts, and continued to serve his country until
the surrender of Vicksburg, when he returned to college and grad-
uated in the fall of 1864. He then entered the law office of Bacon
,V Aldrich, Worcester, Mass., where he remained about one year,
after which he came to Chicago, completed his studies, was admit-
ted to the Bar, and, forming a partnership with H. T. Helm,
commenced practice. Mrs. Mary J. Holmes, the authoress, is a
sister of Judge Hawes, and the affection between them, and their
mutual pride in each other's success, is a testimony to their individ-
ual character. In the fall of 1871, Judge Hawes married Lizzie H.
Dunham, daughter of John H. Dunham, the banker, of Chicago.
They have four children.
HENRY M. SHEPARII, judge of the Superior Court, is one
of the youngest occupants of the Bench in Chicago. In March,
1861, being then but twenty-one years of age, he came to Chicago
to practice his profession, the principles of which he had acquired
in Albany, N. Y., under the instruction of the famous John K.
I'orter. Upon first coming to this city he entered the office of
Waite & Towne, and tlid not begin independent practice until
1863. The partnership which he formed during the spring of 1864,
with M. W. Fuller and Charles H. Ham, existed until 1868,
Mr. Ham, however, retiring during that period. He continued
to labor faithfully but quietly, giving most of his attention to
real-estate matters, until called to his present position in Novem-
ber, 1883. Judge Shepard was born on December 12, 1839, at
Athens, Bradford Co., Penn. , where his grandfather, a native of
Connecticut, settled at an early day. His mother's maiden name
was Abigail Sage Ellsworth, also from Connecticut, and she was
related to Oliver Ellsworth of that State, the third Chief Justice of
the United States. His education was academic, he having the
good fortune also to obtain a course at the University of Heidelberg,
in Germany. He commenced the study of law in the office of General
A. S. Devens, at Elmira, N. Y., and next entered the office of John
KIRK HAWKS, associate justice of the
Superior Court, is one of those rare men who
combine eloquence with a sound, judicial
mind — consequently he has never been a
partisan, although his principles have gener-
ally led him to affiliate with the republicans.
His views upon all national questions evince
the fact that his mind is moulded more after
the dimensions of a statesman than a politi-
msntkv OK CHICAGO.
K. Porter, as stated, being admitted to the liar in Albany at the
•I twenty-one. Originally a republican, Judge Slu-pard joined
the democratic party in 1*70. lie was a member of the Legisla-
ture in 1866-67, the only political office ever held by him. In i ^'»,
he was married to Frances \V. Stuart (daughter of the late ( leneral
Charles I!. Stuart), of (iciuva, N. V., and has three children — two
nd a daughter.
II KM ]'M> \n W \sm:t KM: was born on November II, ]-;_•. .u
(ialena, l<> I laviess Co., 111., and is the son of Honorable Klihu 1!.
Washburnc. the noted statesman and constitutional lawyer. Hemp-
Mead Washburne's mother was, before marriage. Miss . \dcle ( iratiot.
He received his preliminary training at Kent's Hill, keadlield. Me.,
alter which lie went abroad and pursued the study of metaphysics
at [he celebrated L'niversity of lionn. In the winter of 1871-72, he
returned to America, and si-tiled in Madison, \\is., there systemat-
ically pursuing his law studies in the oltice of Cm-gory cV 1'inney,
and at the law school in Madison, for two years, after which he
wa-. admit:' tar. In May, 1*7?, he came to Chicago and
of liatber ,V I.ackner; also entered the 1'iiiou
College of Law, from which he was graduated in the summer of
i>7'i ; and formed a partnership in the fall of that year with Henry
S. Kobbins. In October, is>i, the partnership mime was changed
to that of Trumbull, Washburne <V kobbin- — Hon. Lyman T rum-
bull having at that time become a member of the linn. This tirm
has been continued to the present time. In jSSo, Mr. Washburne
was appointed master in chancery of the Superior Court, which
he still holds. In iSsj, he was elected city attorney for
Chicago. Although a lawyer young in years he has made no
uncertain mark in his profession. His careful preparation prior
to entering court, his clear and concise statement of his own case
and his aptitude to describe the fallible points of his adversary's.
have distinguished him as an able trial lawyer. The systematic
and comprehensive study which he inaugurated upon his deter-
mination to enter the legal profession, and which he has maintained
since, will, if pursued in the future, render him a worth) successor
to his father. Mr. \Vashburne was married in June, 1883, to Miss
Annie Clarke, daughter of J. V. Clarke, president of the Hibernian
Bank of this city.
The incumbents of the office of clerk of the Superior
Court since the fire have been: Augustus Jacobson,
from November — .1868, to December i. 1-872; Alexan-
der F. Stevenson, from November — , 1869, to December
I> Io>75; John J. Healy, from November — , 1875,10
December — , 1884; Patrick McC.rath, from November
— , 1884, term expires December — , 1888.
J'>HN J. 1 1 KMY, now clerk of the Appellate Court, was born
public schools and the Academy of Notre Dame, Indiana, when
about fifteen years of age he entered the employ of Philip Conley,
the dry goods merchant, with whom he remained until the breaking
out of the War. Knlisting as a private in Colonel Mulligan's Kegi-
ment, he soon rose to the position of first lieutenant, with a com-
mi-sion as captain. Upon the very day that Colonel Mulligan was
killed, Major Healy was severely wounded, and when he recovered
was appointed assistant adjutant-general, with headquarters at
Springfield. There he remained, in charge of the draft rendezvous,
until the close of the \Var, when he returned to Chicago, and for
two years was agent of James Dalton >V Bros., of White Lake,
Mich., extensive lumber dealers. He afterward went to Milwaukee,
where, for one year, he ably managed the lumber business of M!
\V. O'Brien, his uncle, Returning to Chicago, he was elected
supervisor of the Sixteenth Ward. The following year he was
elected clerk of the Town of North Chicago, holding the position
four years, during a portion of which time he acted as clerk of the
North Side Police Court, kesigning in 1872, he became a deputy
under keeorder Stewart. In the fall of 1875, he was elected clerk
of the Superior Court. For nine years he held this position, when
he was, in the fall of 1884, advanced to his present office. Major
Mealy still maintains an active interest in military matters. He re-
mained captain of the Mulligan /.oiiaves, which he organized soon
after the War, until it was merged into the 2d Kegiment, I.N.d.,
of which he was chosen major. He has acted as commander of
Phil. Sheridan Post, (I. A. k., and was at one time, an aide-de-camp
on the stall of ( .overuor Ilartranft, of Pennsylvania, commander-in-
chief of that Order. He is also a prominent member of the Veteran
Club and the Veteran t'nion League. Me is also a member of
the Hoard of Trade. It will thus be seen that he is actively iden-
tihed with many of the important interests of Chicago. Major
llealy's father, who was an early employe of the Chicago, kock Is-
.v Pacific road, died at St. Paul in !$$<). On Februa
Mr. Healy married Nellie M. Lane, daughter of lames Lane'
who settled in Chicago, as one of its pioneer merchants, in the
spring of 1836. They have three children, — two girls and a boy.
CIRCUIT COURT.
By the Constitution of 1870. Cook County was made
to consist of one circuit, with five judges, including the
judge of the Recorder's Court and the judge of the
Circuit Court. Three new judges having been elected
in July, 1870, the Court at the time of the fire was com-
posed of the following judges: Krastus S. Williams
(former circuit judge, elected in 1867), W. K. McAllis-
ter (former judge of the Recorder's Court), and the
three new judges, W. W. Farwell, John G. Rogers and
Henry I). Booth; Clerk, Norman T. Cassette. Terms:
Third Monday in each month. The changes occurring
since that time have been:
Judges.
When elected.
Expiration of
term.
Remarks.
Krastus S. Williams
June — , 1867
July — , 1879
( ke elected in
' >*73.
\V. W. Farwell
July — , 1870
July — , 1879
\ Re-elected in
' i*73.
( Re-elected in
John G. Rogers
July — , 1870
July — , 1891
•j 1873,187931^
f 1885.
Henry D. Booth. ..
July — , 1870
July — , 1879
i Re-elected in
"/ 1873.
("Vice McAllis-
Lambert Tree
Nov. — , 1871
July — , 1875
j ter. Re-elect-
1 ed in 1873: re-
1 signed 1875.
^ Vice Tree. Ke-
\V. K. McAllister..
Nov. — , 1875
Julv — , 1891
•< elected in 1879
( and 1885.
^ V ice Booth.
Thomas A. Moran.
June — , 1879
July — , 1891
• Re - elected in
( 1885.
( \ ice \\ illiams.
Murry F. Tuley
June — , 1879
July — , 1891
-, Re-elected in
( 1885
William H. Barnum
June — , 1879
July — , 1885
, Resgn'd in I)e-
} cember, 1884.
Lorin C. Collins, Jr.
( Appoint- )
j ed 1884 f
July — , 1891
i Re-elected in
June, 1885.
THOMAS A. MORAN was born at Bridgeport, Conn., on Oc-
tober 7, 1839. When he was seven years of age his parents removed
to Kenosha County, Wis., and settled on a farm, where he remained
until about nineteen years of age, attending school in the winter
and working during the summer. After having received a partial
academic education, and having taught school, he commenced to
study law, in Kenosha, when twenty years of age. To help " pay
his way," he still continued to teach during the winters. By con-
stant practice in debating clubs, he developed his natural aptitude
as a fluent and forcible public speaker, so that before he was twenty
years of age he was making political speeches, while during the
campaign of 1860 he "stumped the county." Mr. Moran was an
ardent admirer of Stephen A. Douglas and in full accord with his
principles of liberal democracy. On account of the illness of his
father, in 1862, he returned to the farm and managed it one year.
I luring the year his father died, the farm was sold, and the family
removed to Kenosha. His mother died in 1864, when he went
Last, and in the fall of that year entered the Law Department of
the Albany University, graduating in May, 1865, when he was ad-
mitted to practice. In November of that year he removed to Chi-
cago, and has since earned the honors at the Bar which were pre-
dicted for him when a student. He was first in the office of U.S.
Monroe; subsequently in the partnership of Schoff & Moran, then
ol Moran ^ English and of Moran, English & Wolf. As a jury-
lawyer he was considered by many to stand at the head of the Clii-
the Cook County Bench. For some time after he took the Bench
lie sat as common-law judge, but is now holding one of the chancery
branches of the court.
I.OKIN C. COLLINS, JR., judge of the Circuit Court, is the son
t Kev. Lonn C. Collins, a Methodist clergyman, who preached in
BENCH AND BAR.
23'J
COUNTY COURT.
This court, in October, 1871, was presided
over by Hon. M. R. M. Wallace, county
judge ; John G. Gindele being clerk, and
Timothy M. Bradley sheriff. Terms : Sec-
ond Monday in each month. The officers
of the Court since that date have been —
Massachusetts, his native State, many years. Tn 1853, he removed
to St. I'aul. Minn., where he continued as a local preacher for four-
teen years. Two years thereafter, on account of a difference of be-
lief, Mr. Collins withdrew from the Minnesota Conference, and en-
gaged in the work of the ministry as an independent. His last
charge was at Monticello, Minn., 'but for many years past he has
resided at Norwood Park. Ilis son, Lorin C. Collins, Jr., was
born at Wapping, Conn., on August I, 1848, and after pursuing
a preparatory course in the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delaware,
in 1868 entered the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111.,
graduating in 1872. He commenced the study of law in the office
of Clarkson \ Van Schaack, Chicago. In September, 1874, he was
admitted to practice before the Supreme Court, at Ottawa. As a
member of the Bar he at once took rank with the ablest lawyers of
the young generation, showing from the first a broad and judicial
turn of mind. Although he energetically followed the practice of
his profession, in 1878, he was chosen by his constituents of the
Seventh I listrict to represent them in the Thirty-first General As-
sembly, being re-elected in 1880 and in 1882. He was chosen
Speaker of the House during his last term, being the youngest man
who was ever called to that position. In the fall of 1884, he was
elected judge of the Circuit Court, succeeding William II. Karnum.
ludge Collins was married, in 1873, to Miss Nellie Robb, daughter of
George A. Robb. They have two children, — Loring C. and Grace.
The clerks of the Circuit Court, since 1871, have
been : Norman T. Cassette, November — , 1868, to De-
cember i, 1872; Jacob Gross, November — , 1872, to De-
cember— , 1884; Henry Best, elected November — ,
1884, term expires December, 1888.
HENRY !!KST, clerk of the Circuit Court, was born in the old
Best homestead (or Brewery), corner Indiana Avenue and Four-
teenth Street, on December 22, 1848. His first regular schooling
was obtained when he was eight years old at Mrs. fox's establish-
ment, on Indiana Avenue and Twenty-second Street, it being at
that time the only public school south of I larrison street. He also
attended the Moseley and Haven schools, previous to his sixteenth
year, when he entered his father's brewery, and subsequently took
entire charge of it. He had been a member of the Ellsworth Zou-
aves, and when the War broke out enlisted as drummer-boy in the
721! Illinois Regiment ; but he never got further than Cairo, for his
father pursued the patriotic minor and brought him back to the
shelter of the paternal roof. His brave rescue of a drowning person,
off the lake pier near his father's brewery, in 1866, made a hero of
the youth. His love for athletic sports, especially swimming, in
which he is remarkably proficient, is warm to this day, he having
received several medals for his skill and endurance. Before the
great fire, he engaged in the wholesale grocery business, but in that
disaster he lost all his worldly possessions. In 1873, he was elected
constable by the largest majority received by anyone on the repub-
lican ticket. He was re-elected in 1878, and resigned during his
term to accept a position as deputy sheriff under John Hoffman,
being re-appointed under O. L. Mann and Seth F. Hanchett. As
deputy sheriff he displayed excellent detective ability. In the
" diamond case," in which it was necessary to obtain conclusive
evidence from the wife of a diamond broker, against whom a cred-
itor held a $i , 500 claim, that the property which she was disposing of
was her own, he personated an advance agent, and with his principal,
an actress, called upon Madame in order to purchase some brilliants.
She confessed that the property was her own, whereupon the
diamonds were promptly levied upon. Mr. Best has also had the
honor of having levied upon Remenyi's wonderful violin, valued at
$5,000, for a printing bill of $331. These are merely examples of
the hundreds of cases through which Mr. Best has passed with such
marked credit. In November, 1884, he was elected to his present
position, receiving a majority of 8,000 over his opponent. In 1870,
Mr. Best was married to Miss Minnie Myers. They have three
children — two boys and a girl. Mr. Rest has always taken a very
active part in republican politics, and has been prominent in the
counsels of the ward in which he has resided. He is a charter
member of Court Energy, No. 19, I. O.K., and acted as financial
secretary of the same four terms. He is also a member of Gariield
Lodge, No. 195, A.O.U.W. (of which he was master overseer one
year), and of Dearborn Lodge, No. 310, A.F. & A.M.
Officers.
When
elected.
Kxpiral iim nl
term.
Remarks.
FUDGBS.
M. R. M. Wallace. _.
Nov., 1869
Dec., 1877..
Re-elected 1873.
I Term extended
Mason B. Loomis, Jr.
Richard Prendergast -
Nov., 1877
Nov., 1882
Dec., 1882..
Dec., 1886..
•! by law, one
( year.
CLERKS.
John G. Gindele
George W. Wheeler. _
Herman I.ieb
Nov., 1869
Jan., 1873
Nov., 1873
Dec., 1873..
Dec., 1873..
Dec., 1877..
Died Jan. 1872.
Vice Gindele.
( Term extend-
E. F. C. Klokke
Nov., 1877
Dec., 1882...
•< ed, by law, one
Michael W. Ryan
Nov., 1882
Dec., 1886.-
( year.
SHERIFFS.
Timothy M. Bradley. .
Erances Agnew
Nov., 1871
Nov., 1874
Dec. I, 1874
Dec. I, 1876
Re-elected 1871
Charles Kern
John Hoffman.
O L Mann
Nov., 1876
Nov., 1878
Nov 1880
Dec. I, 1878
Dec. I, 1880
Dec. I 1882
Seth F. Hanchett
Nov., 1882
Dec., 1886..
( Term extended
/ to four years.
MICHAKI. W. RYAN,, the present county clerk, was born in the
county of Limerick, Ireland, in 1847, being the youngest of ten
children, the family consisting of eight brothers and two sisters.
lie received his early education at one of the public schools in the
parish of Cappamore. His mental qualifications having proved him
worthy of abstruser studies, he was sent to the Jesuit College, at
Limerick, where he studied the higher branches of mathematics and
the classics, graduating at the head of a class of thirty-two students.
A few years thereafter he sailed for America, and came to Chicago
in 1866. He at once went into the contract business with his
brother, D. W. Ryan, a man of prominence, who died soon after-
ward. Mr. Ryan next embarked in a dry goods venture, but as his
tastes were for public service, in 1875 he entered the recorder's
office, under James Stewart. Later he served in the county clerk's
office and in the office of the clerk of the Probate Court. While
holding the latter position, he was nominated by the democrats for
the West Town collectorship, which was unsought by him, and was
the only person of his party who was elected. The bond
which he gave was for $5,000,000 ; and his administration
showed an honesty and ability which gained him the confidence
and esteem of all citizens. In the fall of 1882, he was unani-
mously nominated by his party for the office of county clerk ;
and though the contest was a spirited one, he carried the county by
a decided majority and materially aided the balance of the ticket.
In the spring of 1884 he was married to Mamie, only daughter of
John Cochrane, an honored and early resident of Chicago. Mrs.
Ryan is an accomplished and highly cultured lady, being a graduate
of St. Mary's Institute, South Bend, Ind. Mr. Ryan is a man of
fine presence and easy and social manners, and his popularity
among all classes is as unquestioned as his integrity and ability are
undisputed. He is a member of Division No. n, A.O.H., and
was county delegate of the County Board of that order in 1881.
WILLIAM H. GI.KASIIN, chief clerk and deputy sheriff, also a
member of the wholesale jewelry house of Charles H. Knights &
Co., was born at Wardsboro', Windham Co., Vt. , on November 15,
1843. His father, Josiah Gleason was a farmer, and his mother's
maiden name was Susan R. Morse. He received his education in
the district schools, and worked upon his father's farm until twenty
years of age, attending school at the Springfield Wesleyan Semi-
nary for one term only. In 1866, Mr. Gleason removed to Balti-
more, Md., where he was engaged in the baking business until the
fall of 1868. Locating at Chicago in April, 1869, he at once found
employment as a clerk in office of Galpin & Hanchett, deputy
sheriffs and auctioneers, with whom he continued until the great
fire. Mr. Gleason then accepted a position with the Pullman Car
240
HISTORY OF CHir.U.O.
p:my, which he retained until 1 lecembe-r, 1-72, when he was
ippoiiucd baililf of the County Court by Sherill T. M . llradley.
lletehc remained until December, i>7<), when he formed a part-
nership with Scth F. llanchett, the two operating a collection
,11011 with their probate business. In the- fall of
1.177, Mr. Clca-on was appointed chief deputy in the ollicc of the
,il tlu- I'tob.ite Court, and continued so to act until, in the fall
oi 1.1.12, \ir. llanchett was elected to his present office, when he ap-
pointed Mr.cileason to the- position hi- now holds. Since February,
117'). lie has also b, ,| with the private business men-
-'n \pril ~. I--;, Mi. ( dcasoii was elected South
I own Collector by a majority 'f nearly twelve hundred, leading his
tie ke-t by several hundred votes, and is' the tirst republican who has
held that position. Mr. Gleason is a member of the- Masonic fra-
tcrnii ,imected with Oriental Lodge, No. 33. He was
married in June, 1113, tl, |riinie M. Crow.
KMII. DIK f/.si-n (rccogni/ecl in ( ierman circles as a litterateur
lie merit, a poet, a dramatist, an essayist, and a historian), is
connected with the sheriff's office, and is also spoken of by many
as "Cook County's best coroner." Three of his annual reports",
published in [878, were translated into German, circulated quite
ally in the Fatherland, and were spoken of by the- Knglish
prcs- ol their kind. The one of 1870, in particular, was
noticed by the Chicago Tribune in a long editorial of eulogy,
s|H-aking of it as not only the best report made by a Cook County
coroner but by any other official of the county. It goes on to say
'it is such a tep. !u be expected from a genial and
\crsaiilc gentle-man, and its humor, satire and learning, as well as
its terse statement of facts and pertinent comments," would be the
more appreciated when its author's various accomplishments should
be recited. It then speaks of him, in the highest terms of praise
•'- -1 poet, a prose writer, a humorist, a scholar, a dramatist, a
dian, a musician, and a politician. That these statements are
•.crdrawn may lie proven from the facts that Mr. Dietzsch is a
contributor to Puck, Staats /.filling, and L"m die Welt, and that he
has published in book form a lyric poem on the history of the
German nation, which has received favorable notice by critics of
high repute. He- is also the author of the "History of the
Germans ot Chicago." published by Max Stern. The artistic
talents for which his family have been noted for generations have
descended to him. and when president of the German Ma<nnerchor,
that organization was wonderfully prosperous. Mr. Dict/sch is a
descendant of an old protestant, patrician family, residing since the
of the seventeenth century in the city of Nuremberg,
ia. A good many members of this family have been famous
.it artists, among others the celebrated painter, |ohann Israel
Hict/sch, born in ifiSr, and the founder of the well-known art
cabinet in that city. His two sons, Johannes Christopher and
George Friedrich Dietzsch, like his daughter Margareth Barbara
Dietzsch, have all been famous painters of landscapes and fruit-
pieces and of sea and land battles. The daughter made her mark
•.ers, birds and fruit-pieces. Their oil paintings can be found
to-day in the galleries of Nuremberg, Munich, and in the possession
is in Frankfort-on-the-Mftin and other cities. In
the year 1777, Johann Gottlieb Dietzsch, a grand-son of Johann
Christoph Dietzsch, arrived as a young merchant in the city of
Frankfort. Soon after his arrival there, he became acquainted
will) • Ke-gina Mack, the daughter of Counselor Leo-
pold Mack, and after a few years took her as his wife. Afterward
he settled in Frankfort as a manufacturer of oil cloths. They had
two daughters and one son. This son was Kmil Gottlieb Diet/sell,
born in Frankfort on May 10, 1802, and was the father of the sub-
ject of this sketch. In the year 1828, when Emil Gottlieb Dietzsch
was a clerk in the celebrated banking house of Hethman & Son, in
Frankfort, he was appointed, upon the recommendation of that
il administrator of the great iron-melting works,
foundries, rolling-mills and hammers of Baron August von Gienanth.
Graf, a daughter of Friedrich \Vilhelm Graf, dean of the'jrinity
h, in Worms, where he preached over forty years in the same
Dr. Martin I.uther stood in the year 1521, during the
•I Worms, under the F.mperor Charles V. F:mil Dietzsch
was born on April 7, i,s2ej. and was educated until his fourteenth
year in the famous private school of Louis Stellwag, in Frankfort
where the sons of the tirst families of Frankfort and other cities
were also educated. He next attended the Gymnasium in Worms
and left this institute in 1845, to learn the apothecary business in
rslautern. He also attended the University of Munich and
graduated from 1 leidelberg. Mr. I >ict/scli was caught in the revolu-
tionary maelstrom which swept over Germany, was one of the
' with such characters aa Carl S'chur/ and Madame
Annccke. lie- was imprisoned in |S4,,, and then spent two years
as a druggist in Switzerland. Coming to Chicago on August 16
1854, he went into the drug business with Louis Warlich, at the
corner of Kin/ie and Clark streets. The establishment was burned
in the great lire, and Mr. Diet/sell went into the wholesale import-
ing wine trade. In 1874, he was elected coroner, and re-elected in
1^711. running seven thousand ahead of his ticket the last time. In
lie was appointed deputy sheriff, which position he has held
up to date. Fmil DicUsch was married on February 16, 1857,
to Ida Garthe, by whom he had four children. His lirst wife dying
in May, 1*74. he was married, four years later, to Lli/a Sehmic.lt;
they have had two children.
HOMII; II. GALPIN, deputy Sheriff and bailiff of the Probate
Court, is an example of the self-made man who has obtained the
respect of his fellows and a fair share of this world's goods through
his own endeavors; one of those who, in his own words, has " paid
board " since he was nine years of age. I le was born at Williams-
town. Mass., on February 2, 1831, his parents being Abel and
Susan (Mattesen) Galpin. All his schooling was obtained previ-
ous to his ninth year, at the district schools. When he was eight
and a half years of age he commenced work in a woolen factory
at North lloosic, N. V., where he remained until he was fifteen.
The next three years he spent in learning the blacksmith trade
in the reaper manufactory of Walter A. Woods, at lloosic Kails.
Young Galpin then started for the \Vest, reaching Chicago on
luly 5, i34y, and passing into Warren, Lake County, where he
engaged in farming. In 1852, he returned to Chicago, engaging
in various occupations and putting his hand to any " honest job."
Ib- then went to farming again in the Town of Palatine, being
appointed constable in 1854. He commenced his twenty years'
service as deputy sheriff under Anthony C. Hesing, in 1860, being
also appointed bailiff of the County Court, which then had pro-
bate jurisdiction. He continued in this position for ten years,
acting as a deputy for eight years longer. In 1878, he entered
into partnership with Henry McGuren, and managed a collection
and detective agency for two years. In l&So, he was appointed
United States government store-keeper, serving two years in this
capacity. WHen Sheriff Hanchett came into office, in 1882, he
received the appointment of deputy sheriff and bailiff of the Probate
Court. Mr. Galpin was married in August, 1858, to Mary J.
Caely, of Palatine. She died in 1863, leaving one daughter,
Nellie, now the wife of William Gager, who is connected with
Jansen, McClurg & Co. His second wife was W. J. Plimpton,
of Wardsboro', Vt., whose father was a prominent democratic
politician of that State. Of the two boys by this marriage, ¥.. !•'.
is connected with the business department of the Chicago Times,
and Homer Knickerbocker is attending school.
CRIMINAL COURT.
This court was created by the Constitution of 1870,
which provided that the Recorder's Court of Cook
County should be continued as the Criminal Court
of Cook County, and was to have the jurisdiction of a
Circuit Court in all cases of a criminal and quasi-
criminal nature in said county. In its institution it
was also stipulated that the terms of said court should
be held by one or more of the judges of the Circuit or
Superior Court.
Its officers, since 1871, have been —
i MTicerc.
Whcnelr.-lrel.
Expiration of
term.
Remarks.
STAI E'S ATTORNEYS.
Charles II. Reed...
Luther Laflin Mills-
Julius S. GrinnelL.
Nov. — , 1868
Nov. — , 1876
Nov.— 1884
Dec. — , 1876
Dec. — , 1884
Dec. — . iSSS
Re-elected.
( Re-elected in
\ 1880.
CLERKS.
Daniel O'Hara ..
Austin J. Doyle
Thomas D. Barrett.
Nov. — , 1873
July I, 1877.
Dec. i, 1877.
Dec. I, 1877.
Resigned.
Vice Doyle.
(K e - e 1 e c t e d
John Stephens
Nov. — , 1877
Dec. i. 1886-
in 1 88 1. Term
extended, one
year, by law.
I. ruin; I. AII IN Mil I. s was born at North Adams, Mass., on
September 3, 184*. and is the son of Walter N. and Caroline
(Smith) Mills. His father removed to Chicago in 1849, and estab-
lished the pioneer wholesale dry-goods house of the city. Luther
BENCH AND BAR.
241
was educated in the public schools and at the Michigan State Uni-
versity, lie inaugurated the study of law in 1868, entering the
office of Homer N. Ilibbard. Commencing the practice of his
profession three years later, he, in 1875, became senior partner in
the linn of Mills, Weber <V Ing ham. In 1876, Mr. Mills was
elected State's attorney, receiving four thousand votes more than
his fellow candidates ; and, in 1880, was re-elected for a further
term of four year--. He is a Royal Arch Mason, a Knight Templar
in Apollo Commandery, and a member of the I'si Upsilon Frater-
nity. On November is, 1870, he was married to Klla J. lioies, of
Saugerties, X. V., a refined, accomplished and amiable lady. This
union has been blessed with five interesting children, — Matthew.
Klecta, Mari, Caroline, and Agnes. The personality and career of
Mr. Mills are deserving of more prominence than can be given
to either by the perfunctory biographer. His talents and accom-
plishments place him in bold relief against the background of
mediocrity and commonplace. As a man, he lias learning without
pedantry, energy without loss of grace, amiability without detriment
to his force of character, ambi-
tion without envy, talent with-
out egotism, religion and m«r-
lity without cant or Pharisaism.
In his profession Mr. Mills is
both orator and lawyer. His
peculiar excellence in the first
has given a one-sided aspect to
his professional career, not con-
ductive to completeness of view.
All things considered, he is
probably the most eloquent ad-
vocate in the State. A man
who "feels deeply and con-
ceives vividly" in language, he
paints rather than describes.
With him, ideas are personified
and facts breathe and move.
Through the alchemy of his
passion, the abstractions of rea-
son are transmuted into the
pictures of imagination, "caus-
ing the distant to become near,
and the absent or invisible to
start up before us with a living
power." But Mr. Mills is more
than an orator; he is a lawyer.
Intellectually, the law is his
mistress. Devotion to his pro.
fession i- a marked character
istic. Thoroughly grounded in
legal principles, and acute and
subtle of apprehension, his use
of cases is but to illustrate and discriminate. His judgments are
cognate, and not those of an empiric. These traits were not so
manifest in his able conduct of the office lately occupied by him.
As State's attorney, his talents as an advocate were made conspic-
uous ; now, that he has returned to the general practice of the
law, the versatility and breadth of his legal knowledge will be
recogni/.ed.
Jrui s S. GKINNKLI., State's attorney for Cook County, was
born at Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. , in 1842. His ances-
tors, remotely, were both French and W-elsh. Both of his parents,
Dr. J. H. and Alvira (Williamson) Grinnell, were natives of
Vermont. Mr. (irinnell traces his ancestry back to Grinnelle, now
a considerable manufacturing village just east of Paris, and within
the fortifications. His ancestors emigrated first to Wales and
subsequently to this country, one branch of the family tree spread-
ing from New York, another from Connecticut, and the third from
Vermont. Of the latter, Mr. (irinnell is a member. He was edu-
cated in the schools of his native town, and fitted for college at
Potsdam Academy, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., taking a full course
in the Middlebury (Vt.) College ; graduating in the summer of
iSf>6. He entered the office of Hon. William C. Brown, in Og-
densburg, as a law student, and was admitted to practice before the
State Supreme Court in 1868. Previous to coming to Chicago, in
December, 1870, he practiced his profession, and taught school in the
Ogdensburg Academy. When he reached this city, he commenced
the practice of the law, almost a complete stranger among its
people. In 1879, he was the democratic candidate for city attor-
ney ; and, although the party was not then in power, he was elected
by a decided majority. In 1881, and in 1883, his majorities were
increased, indicating the public approval of his official actions. In
November, 1884, he was called by the popular voice to his present
post. Mr. Grinnell was married, on October 5, 1869, to Augusta
Hitchcock, daughter of Dr. William Hitchcock, of Shoreham,
Addison Co., Vt. They have two children, — a boy and a girl.
FRANCIS W. WALKKR, a member of the firm of Ennis &
16
Walker, and now first assistant prosecuting attorney, was born on
October 12, 1856, in this city. His parents, Lucas B. and Lu-
cinda (LeSeur) Walker, were natives of New York. His father
was a commission merchant here for many years. Mr. Walker's
education was obtained in the grammar and high schools of Chi-
cago and at Dr. Dyhrenfurth's college. He commenced the study
of law in the office of Luther Lallin Mills, and, taking a course
in the Union College of Law, graduated therefrom in June, 1877.
In November, 1880, he formed a partnership with L. W. Knnis.
Mr. Walker is a leading member of the Iroquois Club, and took
a prominent part in the political campaigns of 1880 and 1884.
lie early showed literary talents, and had won a reputation as a
line debater before entering the broad arena of the law. Upon
the election of the democratic candidate for prosecuting attorney,
Julius S. Grinnell, in the fall of 1884, Mr. Walker was appointed
his assistant, he having shown a remarkable aptitude in the con-
duct of trial cases.
JOHN STEPHENS, clerk of the Criminal Court, was born at
CRIMINAL COURT BUILDING.
Albany, N. Y., on September 16, 1840. His parents removed to
Chicago in April, 1844. His education was obtained in the public
schools and in one of the commercial colleges of this city. After-
ward he entered the employ of Thomas Manahan, furniture dealer,
and, being of a lively and uneasy disposition, after a time he
joined J. H. McVicker as property-man, his previous experience
being of great benefit to him. In common with all the enterpris-
ing and active young men of Chicago, during the early days, Mr.
Stephens was a leading member of the Fire Department, and, in
March, 1857, organized Kmpire Hook and Ladder Company No. 3.
At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he joined the igth Illinois
Infantry, on April 19, 1861. He made a record during the War
of which any man might well be proud. At the battle of Chicka-
mauga he had his left foot carried away by two grape-shots, was
captured by the enemy, and remained a prisoner fifteen days.
While sergeant of Co. "K," he received other wounds. Mr.
Stephens commanded his company at Stone River and for some
time subsequently. Soon after the conclusion of the War he was
appointed to a position in the registry department of the post-
office. In the fall of 1870, he was elected coroner of Cook County,
and re-elected on the republican ticket in the fall of 1873. Upon
both occasions he received the largest majorities on the ticket. In
1874, he was succeeded by Emil Dietzsch. For three years he
acted as deputy in the recorder's . office, under James Stewart,
and, in 1877, was elected clerk of the Criminal Court, being
re-elected, in 1881, for a term of four years. Mr. Stephens is Past
Commander of G.A.R. Post, No. 28; Senior Past Commander of
the order in the State; a member of the Union Veteran Club, Vet-
eran League, and of the igth Illinois Veteran Club. He was also
the first commander of Ransom Post, No. I. He was married, in
1871, to Miss Emma Morton, who died on June 12, 1883. leaving
one child, Maud.
Ih.NKV SKYKKIN, alderman of the Sixteenth Ward and chief
bailiff of the Criminal Court, was born in Marlow, Germany, on
February 14, 1847, and is the son of William and Caroline (Wag-
242
HISTORY OF CHICAC.O.
neri Severin. His parents came to this country when he was nine
years of age and located at Klgin, 111., where, for live years, his
father was engaged in harness making, young Severin assisting him
and attending school at the same time. In 1861, he removed, with
his parents, to Chicago, and the son commenced to learn the trade
of a cigarmaker. Mr. Severin continued in the tobacco business
until 1873, having three years previously been chosen constanle of
the county. After serving in this capacity four years, he was in-
spector of th<- Health Department live years. In April, 1879, he was
appointed chief bailiff, which position he still holds, lie wa-
elected republican alderman of the Sixteenth Ward in April, 1883.
Me is a member of Mithra Lodge, No. 410, A.I''. \ A.M., and is
connected with Kureka Lodge, No. 8, I. O.K. Mr. Severin was
married on September I?. !>(><). to Minnie Wagner. They have
four children, — two boys and two girls.
RKH.MUI.i TATION OF THE COURTS.
The members of the liar and public authorities were
not at all behind the business men of the city in their ef-
forts to repair the losses and ravages occasioned by the
fire. In a few days, a portion of the late Court House
was hastily repaired, ami made habitable for the Crimi-
nal and County courts. The United States courts
found an abiding place on Congress Street, between
Michigan and U'abash avenues; while the State courts
occupied, for about a year, the High-school Building on
the West Side. Some of these locations were three miles
apart, anil the inconvenience and difficulty of practice
in the different courts by the same lawyer may well be
imagined. It was a welcome day when the "Old
Rookery," on the corner of LaSalle and Adams streets,
was completed, and occupied by the State courts in
January, 1872. The Republic Life Insurance Building,
now known as the National Life Insurance Building, on
LaSalle Street between Monroe and Madison, about the
same time afforded somewhat better quarters for the
United States courts. The new Criminal Court Build-
ing, on the North Side, was completed and occupied by
the Criminal and County courts in 1873. Thus the
several courts, within a year, were brought conveniently
together, but nine years passed before the Bench and
Bar of our city saw their desires realized in the occu-
pancy of suitable and adequate rooms and offices, the
necessity for which the fire only anticipated by a few
years. The United States Government Building was
occupied by the courts in May, 1880, and the new Court
House in 1881.
The number of lawyers in the city in October, 1871,
was six hundred and twenty-five. To this number an
average of eighty have been added each year since that
time; the greatest number having been one hundred
and fifty in 1879, and the least thirty-five in 1873. At
the present time the roll numbers one thousand six
hundred and sixty-five. Of these a large quantity are
simply ornamental, many of them having never prac-
ticed at all; others have retired; the larger number
have only occasionally a case; so that, in fact, the bulk
of business is in the hands of less than four hundred
firms or individuals.
Interspersed with the various matters treated in the
following pages, are individual sketches of members of
the Bar in this city, many of whom were prominent
actors in the cases cited as examples of peculiar litiga-
tion, and all having attained distinction in the profession.
The following table exhibits the number of suits
commenced in the several courts during each year,
since 1871 ;
u
U. S. District
3
.;
S
t
3
U .
Court.
O
(_J
0
.9
k. «J
except bankruptcy.
U
o
U
Year.
cc'J
"C
0
u
c
3
1
P
Civil.
t'rimin.-il.
B,
3
/.
U
O
1
1872
478
I64
4,580
4,619
...
i*7t
568
2,173
2O
4,671
4.421
—
i>74
820
827
6
6,7OI
4.337
—
1875
956
237
90
6430
4,421
—
1876
1,114
388
156
5.742
4,291
—
1877
1878
1,026
830
335
279
71
85
4,482
2,896
4,161
3,4/2
I,Og8
249
498
1879
762
185
68
2.580
2,102
942
542
l88o
485
70
118
3,579
4,400
441
620
1881
447
76
96
3,357
2,800
461
788
1882
489
76
107
4,089
3,322
687
752
1883
600
48
81
4.552
3,6tl
579
880
1884
562
67
89
5,149
4.049
899
908
1885
517
97
76
4,848
3,629
1,055
718
From the foregoing table, it would appear that the
law business has not kept pace with the other interests
of Chicago. The greatest number of cases commenced in
all the courts of this city (excluding the Criminal in
any one year since the fire, was 12,690 in 1874. From
that period there was a gradual falling off in the number
of suits brought, up to 1880, there being but 7,151 in
1879; and even now, although tne number of lawyers
has more than doubled, there are not as many cases
commenced in the different courts in this city as there
were ten years ago.
This decrease may be accounted for in various
ways. The large number of suits brought in 1873 to
1876, inclusive, grew in part out of the re-building of
the city, — the enforcement of mechanics' liens, etc. A.
number of causes which would have been litigated were
settled in the bankruptcy court. Then came the
shrinkage in values after the collapse of 1877, followed
by such dullness in business as not to encourage those
risks which result in the creation of litigation. To this
may unquestionably be added, as additional reason for
this decrease, the delays in court proceedings, as well
as their expense and uncertainty. There appears also to
be a growing disposition on the part of those having con-
troversies, to settle their disputes individually, or to ar-
bitrate without recourse to law.
There have been added to the courts of this city,
since the adoption of the new Constitution in 1870,
eight additional judges,— three to the Circuit Court in
1870, one Probate judge in 1877, and four Superior-
court judges in 1880. ' Notwithstanding the number of
judges have been more than doubled since 1875, they
are not called ..upon to dispose of a much greater num-
ber of cases than at that time ; and thus the delays,
formerly unavoidable, do not now occur. Many old
cases, especially in chancery, which were carried on the
docket year after year, are now fast disappearing. New
causes, it is said, may now be heard in the Superior
Court, within six weeks after their commencement, and
in the Circuit Court in three months.
While, as before stated, the principal portion of the
business before the courts in this city is confined to less
than four hundred individuals and firms, the amount
of income of those whose business pays is likely to vary
considerably from year to year. For instance, the in-
come of one lawyer of this city, one year, was $67,000,
while the next year it was only $1,000. Perhaps the
BENCH AND BAR.
243
best average practitioner, doing a general business,
does not receive, one year with another, over $10,000.
Litigated cases, in which lawyers have an opportunity of
exhibiting their powers to the public, as a rule pay the
least ; while lawyers who are employed by large corpora-
tions are paid the best, receiving salaries ranging from
$4,500 up to $15,000, besides fees from outside business.
CRIMINAL COURT CASES.
The causes tried in the Criminal Court each year
since the fire, ending with September ist, are shown in
the appended table. The "Quasi-Criminal" column
includes cases of appeal, quo warranto, bastardy, etc.,
of which no results are given.
in any one year was two hundred and fifty-seven, in
1881 ; the least number one hundred and eleven, in 1879.
In 1876, a greater number (three hundred and seven) of
persons charged with crime were acquitted by the jury
than were sentenced to the penitentiary (two hundred
and two). In 1876, there were twenty-four instances
in which the jury failed to agree — the greatest number;
and in 1880, only five — the least.
CHANGE OF JURISDICTION. — In view of the situation
after the fire, the Superior and Circuit Courts made the
following order in regard to pending litigation :
"On the first Monday of November, 1871, the clerk of this
court will commence a docket of all cases pending and undetermined
on the law side thereof, whenever parties or their attorneys, shall,
by leave of the Court, file copies of papers destroyed, which cases
will be numbered in the order in which they are prepared for said
CONVICTIONS.
ID
« i
•^•d
||
t
tn
0
•a
1
j
V
5 o
c .
S'" X
Whole
Quasi-
c~
"3 g
. «
>.
a.
c
8
S
I
w|
e
CO D
Year.
number.
criminal.
E |
u. L.
«'~
a
Reform
JU
jj
01
'3
*3
a a.
» a
"c ^
. bo
c
"
School and
"o
•g
y
5
>,
E v
§|
•5 =
- u
°G S
ii
>— i
House of
2
ft
V
•<
9
T ~
~
z
en jj
a
Correction.
C
"— >
(J
O
1
V
1872
1,433
283
893
95
162
124
220
96
132
254
144
119
7
138
755
1873....
2,116
683
1,153
Mi
139
1 80
I40
236
174
306
1 02
187
15
193
960
1874....
I,7l6
260
940
400
116
204
I7S
193
IOO
212
139
124
17
143
797
1875....
2,008
266
1,126
395
221
212
143
165
82
488
207
204
16
181
945
1876....
2,l82
241
1,007
594
340
2O2
134
169
120
794
176
307
24
196
811
1877. .__
2,504
48l
1,063
867
93
193
99
173
76
487
133
171
23
174
889
1878....
2,842
520
1,020
1,175
127
217
62
134
IOO
646
70
150
7
237
783
1879....
2.626
352
1,051
1,142
Si
I76
1 02
in
132
463
52
US
8
211
860
1880
2,643
230
1,222
1,089
102
223
172
204
2O2
636
133
138
5
237
985
1 88 1
2,609
286
I.lSo
1,002
141
3l8
99
257
2 2O
693
132
195
15
217
883
1882
2,760
304
1,439
802
155
350
188
220
414
39°
6Q
133
17
176
1,263
1883
2,352
19!
1.341
724
96
26o
128
224
324
438
39
157
13
221
1,120
1884....
2,818
572
1,274
875
97
324
88
174
272
426
51
141
9
233
1,108
1885....
2,597
1,325
737
68
202
1,123
From the foregoing table it will be seen that the
greatest number of indictments found in any one year
was 1,439, m 1882. In 1878 and 1879, more bills were
ignored by the grand jury than indictments returned.
The greater number of convictions in proportion to the
number of indictments was in 1881, — fifty-seven per
cent.; and the least number in 1879, — thirty-seven per
cent. In 1872, more criminals were sent to the county
jail than to the penitentiary ; in every other year since,
the greater number have been sentenced to the peni-
tentiary—the greatest difference occurring in 1884, when
three hundred and twenty-four were sent to the peni-
tentiary and eighty-eight to the jail. The greatest num-
ber sent to the House of Correction and Reform School
* The following are the sentences of death imposed since 1871 :
Names.
Term of Court,
Remarks.
Andrew J. Perteet.
December, 1871...
Executed in Will County,
j Sentence commuted by Governor
Christian Rafferty.
George Driver
Jeremiah Cunolly . _
George Sherry .
John Keenan
September, 1872..
February, 1873..
March, 1878 I
March, 1878.... f
September, 1881..
/ to five years in penitentiary.
Executed at Waukegan.
Executed.
Tried and executed together.
\ Xi'\v trial, and sentenced to peni-
( tentiary for life.
j Sentence commuted by Governor
July, 1882
) to penitentiary for life.
Isaac Jacobson
James Dacey
Ignazio Silvester..
Agostino Gelardi..
Giovanni Azari
Frank Mulkowski..
June, 1884..
February, 1884...
July, 1885 - )
July, 1885 V
July. 1885 )
November, 1885. .
Executed.
j Tried in McHenry County ; still
( pending.
Tried and executed together.
Executed.
docket, from No. I A, and upward, the making of which docket
will be continued only until the last day of the January term, 1872,
at which time, unless otherwise ordered, all other pending and unde-
termined suits on the law side of said court shall be dismissed at
the costs of the plaintiffs ; and in suits which have been tried and
stand upon a motion for a new trial, or in arrest of judgment, such
motions shall be overruled and judgment entered upon the verdict
of finding."
F. W. TOURTELLOTTE, the well-known lawyer of Chicago, a
member of the firm of Eldridge & Tourtellotte, which, for years,
held so enviable a reputation among the legal firms of this city, conies
of a noted Huguenot family which fled to the United States upon
the revocation of the edict of Xantes in 1687. The head of that
family, Gabriel Tourtellotte, is said to have been the son of a count,
being affianced to his subsequent wife in France. They were mar-
ried in this country, and had three children, two sons and a daughter.
He resided at Newport, and, with his eldest son, was lost at sea
near that port. The remaining son, Abram, settled in Gloucester,
where he owned many acres of land. His mother resided with him
until the close of her life, and both are buried in Gloucester. From
him have descended all the Tourtellottes in this country. Jesse C.
Tourtellotte, the great grandson of Gabriel Bernon, and father of
Captain Daniel Tourtellotte, of West Sutton, was a public man and
a gentleman of a warm heart and benevolent disposition, which
qualities were united with an iron will and unfaltering perseverance.
These qualities have always marked the lives of the Tourtellottes
as a family. Captain Daniel Tourtellotte married with a descend-
ant of Thomas Angell, who emigrated from England with Roger
Williams, and was one of the pioneer and most prominent settlers
of Providence. Probably the most conspicuous among the French
settlers in Massachusetts and Rhode Island was Gabriel Bernon,
born in 1644 of an ancient family of Rochelle. Among the refugees,
he landed in Boston in 1688, where he engaged in various mercan-
tile pursuits with Peter Fanueil, his brother-in-law, and of blessed
Fanueil Hall memory. The maternal relatives of the family branch,
to which the Chicago Tourtellottes belong, are descended from the
union of Gabriel Bernon's sister with Peter Fanueil; the paternal
relatives are descended from the marriage of Captain Daniel Tour-
-'44
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
tellotte with the descendant of Thomas Angell. Mr. Tourtellotte,
a worthy descendant of such noted families, was born on January
lo, IS37. in 1 hompson. WindhamCo., Conn. His education was
gained in the best institutions of the Fast, his preparatory studies
being in tl ol 1'rovidence. After leaving Brown Univer-
sity, he commenced to iav the foundation of his profession in the
Albany Law School, graduating from that institution and being
admr liar at the ca:U age- ol twenty-one years. Being
ambitious, however, and full of energy ami determination, the
\\c-t had the usual attractions for such a vonng man, and he, there-
fore', came to the vonng cily of Chicago the next gradu-
ating. Previous to his arrival here, and while still a student in the
law school, he had virtually formed a partnership with his old
friend. Hamilton \. F.Idridge, who was several years his senior.
The partnership continued until the death of General Eldridge, on
November 27. i--2. and the firm of Eldridge \ Tourtellotte Mood
during this period for all that was honorable, solid and safe in the
domain of legal advice and actual accomplishment. Since the
death of the senior member, Colonel Tourtellotte has continued to
maintain and increase his standing as a lawver, numbering him-cM
among the loremo-t and most successful of his profession, es]xvially
in technical cases. Although opportunities have not been wanting,
he has steadfastly refrained from mixing with politics. As an oliicci
in the War, < 'olonel Tourtcllotic acquitted himself with credit, he with
his partner being entitled to the honor ol rai-ing the I27th Illinois
Infantry. General F.Idridge having given himself entirely to the
the Army. Mr. Tourlellotte was obliged to return to the
care of their extensive and important practice. ( Olonel Tourtellotte
was manicd on Mayo,, iSni, to Miss Julia Isabella [nelson, only
child of Dr. Edward Jndson, a wealthy and prominent citizen of
.;•>. They have one child — Frederick |ud-on.
I W. P,K\M>T, of the firm of liran.lt \ Hoffman, was
born in Hampshire County W. Ya., on September 14, 1845, and
is the son of Daniel K. and Eli/a (Wilson) lirandt. In 1862, he
came with his father's family ived his literary educa-
tion in the State University of Iowa, studied law with Richard T.
Merrick, was admitted to the liar in 1867, and immediately com-
menced the practice ejf his profession. In 1872, he associated with
himself Francis A. Hoffman, Jr., and the firm has since continued,
gaining by straightforward and well directed ability a large and
lucrative practice. Mr. Brandt has also gained a reputation as a
writer— his work on "Suretyship and Guaranty" being an
admitted authority among the members of his profession.
FKAV is A. HOFFMAN, IK., son of Hon. Francis A. Hoffman,
was born at Addison, DuPagc Co., III., on December 26, 1845.
When six years of age, he came to Chicago with his parents, and,
after receiving a thorough private education, entered Wheaton
c at the age of thirteen, graduating from Knox College,
Galesburg, when seventeen years old. He next took the master's
degree at the University of Michigan, after which he studied law
with McAllister, Jewett & Jackson, graduating from the State
University in 1866. During the same year he was admitted to the
Bar of the States of Michigan and Illinois, and, since April, 1867,
has been practicing his profession in Chicago. His first partner-
ship was with Judge McAllister, which was dissolved when the
latter was elected judge of the Recorder's Court. He afterward
became a member of the firfn of Harris, Hall & Hoffman, and since
1872 has been a member of the firm of Brandt & Hoffman.
MH.-II vi-.i. M. MIIII.I; was born at New Castle, County Lim-
erick, Ireland, and came to this country with his father and mother,
who died soon afterward, leaving him an orphan when seven years
of age. In September, 1863, he arrived in Chicago, and after en-
in various occupations, he commenced the study of law.
In 1868, he was admitted to practice, and, in 1871, had become so
popular in the republican party, that he was elected town clerk of
\\e-t Chicago, on the " fire-proof " ticket, of which Joseph Medill
was the head. In 1872, Mr. Miller formed a partnership with
John Mason, one of the most noted criminal lawyers of Chicago,
which connection continued until, in the spring of 1874, he retired
_ _.,
temporarily, from practice, in consequence of impaired health. In
the fall of this year, Mr. Miller was elected to the Legislature on
the republican ticket, having two years previously declined a nomi-
nation. In 1875, he became converted to the principles of the
reform democracy, and during the Tilden campaign vigorously up-
held his cause. Two years later, he decided to abandon politics
and devote himself to his profession. His practice is of a general
nature, although he stands most prominent as a criminal lawver
In early times Mr. Miller was an uncompromising abolitionist, and
afterward a strict republican, therefore, when his first daughter
born in 1871, upon the anniversary of the adoption of the
in 111. Mercantile Bank of New York, and, coming to Chi-
cago at an early day, managed the first amphitheatre in the city,
which was then located near the site of the present Court House.
lie died of cholera in 1860. Henrietta Height, his mother, who
came of an old family in the Fast, died in 1855. Thus, at sc\cn
years of age, Mr. Simons was left an orphan. He sold papers and
blacked boots until, at the age of fourteen, he worked at farming
by the month in Western New York. He then became acquainted
with F. I!. Morgan and Henry Wells, of Wells, Fargo iV Co., at
Aurora, N. Y., who took so great an interest in him that they gave
him every encouragement and advised him to procure i good educa-
tion. At the age of eighteen he commenced the study of law. In
M.u, is;!', after he had been pursuing his studies for two years, he
removed to ( hie ago, and, on January 5, 1874, was admitted to the
Illinois liar. Since that time he has practiced alone, doing a gen-
eral law business.
\\ ii i i \M I. HYNI.S was born at Kilkee, County Clare, Ireland,
on March 31, 1843, and is the son of Thomas Hynes, formerly
architect, builder ami superintendent of public works in that locality.
His father died in 1*4.-., and, a few years later, his mother, Cath-
erine (i)'Shea) Hvnes, emigrated with her family to America, ar-
riving in New York on November 29, 1853. They settled at Spring-
field, Mass., where William J. attended school until, in 1855, by
reason ot his mother becoming an invalid and his desire to assist in
her support, he entered the office of the Springfield Republican,
where he served an apprenticeship as a printer. Availing himself
of the evening schools of the city and of private instruction, and
studying when his ten hours' labor was completed, he succeeded in
keeping up with his schoolmates in the high school until they gradu-
ated. In 1864, his mother died, and he soon after commenced his
labors in behalf of the Irish National movement in America. Not-
withstanding his youth, he was selected to organi/e New Fngland,
and made a thorough canvass of those States, speaking in the more
important towns, cities and villages. In 1866, he commenced the
study of law, entering also into a partnership with General John
I I'Neill, in Nashville, Tenn., for securing the adjustment and settle-
ment of claims against the Government growing out of the War.
In 1867, he went to Washington, D. C., and thence to Georgetown,
whete he completed his studies in the Columbia Law University,
and was admitted to the Bar in 1870. He went to Little Rock,
Ark., where he commenced practice; his First case of importance
being a contested election before the Legislature in the winter of
1870-71, involving the seats of three members. After a bitter con-
test he was successful in seating his clients (independents), which
success changed the political complexion of the legislative majority.
One of these members was John J. Sumter, now member for Ar-
kansas of the National Democratic Committee. In 1872, he was
elected, on the Greeley ticket, Congressman-at-large to the XLIIId
Congress, — reform republicans, liberal republicans and democrats
uniting in his nomination. He ran again for Congress in 1874, when
Mrs. Miller is a first cousin of ( 'ongressman Frank I .awler's wife
I i; \NKI IN P, SIMON , was born in New York City on Septem-
ber IS, 1853. His father, Nelson ['. Simons, was at one time
Resolving to devote himself exclusively to his profession, he decided
to locate in a larger and more central city; and after visiting Chi-
cago in May, 1875, to deliver the oration at Calvary Cemetery on
Decoration Day, fixed upon this city as his future home and removed
hither the following September. His first partnership was with
Judge- Walter B. Scates. In iSSo, the firm of Hynes, English &
Dunne was organized, and it now ranks as one of the leading legal
firms of Chicago. The practice of Mr. Hynes is mainly confined
to civil suits; but his services, with those' of Emory A. Storrs,
Leonard Swett and Thomas A. Moran, were retained by the defense
in the celebrated criminal case of the State of Illinois vs. Alexander
Sullivan, for the murder of Francis Hanford, at that time principal
of the North Division High School. Mr. Hynes was married in
September, 1871, to Miss Jeannie W. Way, daughter of ]udge
George B. Way, then a resident of Washington, D. C., afterward of
Ohio. He is still an ardent Irish patriot, identified with all true
measures looking to the ultimate emancipation and nationality of
his native land. He is now one of the directors of the Public Li-
brary and is deeply interested in the cause of public education.
WILLIAM S. EVERETT is a lineal descendant of Richard Ever-
ett, who emigrated from England to America in 1636, and founded
the town of Dedham, Mass. He was born in Fannettsburg,
Franklin Co., Penn., in 1836, receiving his education at Mil-
wood Academy, Huntingdon County, and at Lafayette College, of
Easton, in the same State. Graduating from the latter institution
in 1857, he studied law with William McLellan, in Chambersburg,
was admitted to the Bar, and had been practicing but a short time
upon the breaking out of the War. He at once took an active part
in the border service, filling several positions of importance. At
the' burning of Chambersburg, he and five other citizens were taken
prisoners, and held as hostages for the payment of $500,000 levied
by the rebel general upon the citi/.ens of the town. "The approach
General Averill enabled the prisoners to make their escape.
BENCH AND BAR.
From 1863 to 1866, he held tin- ofl'ice of county attorney, was
mayor of the town in 1867, and in 1869 removed with his family
to St. Joseph. Mo., where he was appointed attorney for Buchanan
( 'onnty, holding the office two years. While living in St. Joseph he
was repeatedly urged to run for Congress, and was tendered the
appointment of United States attorney for the Western District of
Missouri, but declined all these honors, devoting himself to his
profession, and further establishing his character, which had been
continual!) broadening since, in 1860 and 1864, he labored with
all the energy of his nature for Abraham Lincoln and the Union
cause. During the campaign of the latter year he became known
throughout portions of Pennsylvania and Ohio for the power of his
political orations. When he removed to Chicago, in 1875, he had
established himself in the history of a great State of the East and
another of the West. Here he has since resided, enjoying a good
practice, going occasionally to England to look after his interests
in that country. He has enriched his fund of knowledge by exten-
sive traveling, both in America and Europe. He has delivered ad-
dresses in Europe on American institutions, which have received
favorable notice in both English and American journals. Mr.
Everett has been twice married ; in 1861, to Miss Jane K. Cree,
who died in 1864, leaving two children ; and in 1865, to Miss Char-
lotte S. Reed, of Charlottsville, Va., a lady of rare scholarship and
refinement. She was educated in Boston, and during the Rebel-
lion, although living in the South, contributed many valuable arti-
cles against the evils of slavery and in favor of the Union. By
this second marriage, he has seven children.
|"iis C. EVERETT, the son of William S., was born in Cham-
bersburg, Penn., on March 6, 1862. He removed with his parents to
St. Joseph, Mo., and to this city. Here he attended the Univer-
sity of Chicago, and graduated from the Union College of Law in
1884, taking the prize for his essay on the " Punishment of Crime."
Alter reading law with his father, in June of that year he was ad-
mitted to the Bar, and at once formed a partnership with him under
the firm name of Everett & Everett.
GKOKI;K If. KETTELI.E is of French descent, his great-grand-
father, a native of Alsace, settling in Massachusetts previous to the
Revolutionary War. His father, Charles Kettelle, was born at Bos-
ton, Mass., and married Lucinda Dickinson, of Hadley, Mass.
In 1835, he settled at I'eoria, 111., where, on December 18, 1838,
George II. Kettelle was born. After reaching the proper age, he
prepared for college at Hopkins Academy, Hadley, Mass., but
was obliged to return to Peoria and go into the office of his father,
who was county clerk and recorder, a position he held for thirty
years. While performing his clerical duties, Mr. Kettelle studied
law with Judge M. Williamson, and was admitted to the Bar in
1864, but did not commence regular practice until 1868, when he
began his career in Metamora, the county-seat of Woodford County.
Attracting the attention of \V. W. O'Brien, the celebrated criminal
lawyer, he was induced to remove to Peoria and form a partnership
with him. There he held the office of city attorney one term. In
1876, Mr. Kettelle located in Chicago, continuing in partnership
with Mr. O'Brien until May, 1880, since which time he has prac-
ticed alone. He has been the principal attorney in over forty mur-
der trials during his residence here. He is now giving some
attention to civil matters, and is working into a large general prac-
tice. Mr. Kettelle was married, in 1858, to Malina A. Keach, of
I'eoria. They have had five children, — two sons and two daughters
being alive. On June 7, 1882, occurred the double marriage, of
his daughter Abbie M. to George McConnell, and his son Frank D.
to Marcia Moore. Mr. Kettelle's father died in 1872 ; his mother
is still alive.
NAIIIANIEI, C. SEARS, of the firm of Sears & Foster, was
born in Gallipolis, Ohio, on August 23, 1854. He graduated from
Amherst College in 1875, and, during the same year, went abroad
to study Roman and international law at Heidelberg and Berlin.
Returning to the United States in 1877, he entered the office of
William II. King as a student, and the next year was admitted to
the Bar. The firm of Sears, Adams & Lieb was dissolved in 1880,
Mr. Adams leaving the city and General Lieb being appointed
superintendent of water collections. In 1881, Mr. Sears formed
his present partnership with Henry A. Foster. Mr. Sears is espe-
cially known as a successful trial-lawyer. He has been connected
with a great many prominent suits in the last two or three years,
among which are the Cleary libel suit against the Herald Company,
and the Straus-Jager suit, involving the title to a large amount of
business property in the city. He was attorney for the Town of
North Chicago, in the suit against Patrick Loftus, supervisor. In
1885, he defended one of the five Italians charged with complicity
in the " trunk murder," and, in spite of the fact that public senti-
ment was strongly against the accused, and that out of more than
two hundred jurymen it required three days to select twelve men
who were in any degree impartial, he secured the acquittal of his
client. He is connected with various leading orders, being a mem-
ber of Covenant Lodge, No. 526, A.F. & A.M.; Palm Lodge, No.
467, I.O.O.F., and of the Union Club. In 1881, Mr. Sears mar-
ried Mary Lee Barclay, daughter of lion. I). F. Barclay, of
Elgin, for many years mayor of that city. His wife died during
the same year.
WILLIAM S. FORREST was born at Baltimore, Md., on July
9, 1852. Having received an excellent preparatory education, he
entered Dartmouth College, was honored with an "election to the
Psi Upsilon fraternity, and graduated in the class of 1875. Soon
afterward he commenced reading law with Gaston, Field & Jewett,
of Boston, and remained with that linn until he came to Chicago in
1878, and was admitted to the Illinois Bar in October of that year.
Since becoming a resilient of this city, he has been engaged in
several noted criminal cases, but, although successful in that line,
he is a general practitioner in his profession. In politics he is a
democrat, and some of his addresses in the political campaign of
1884 attracted general attention and admiration. On April 17,
1879, he married Miss Elizabeth Whitney, of Boston, Mass.,
daughter of the late Melvin Whitney, for many years a prominent
merchant in New York City.
APPELLATE COURT.
Under the provisions of the Constitution of 1870,
providing for the creation of Appellate Courts after
1874, the Legislature of 1877 provided for four Appel-
late Courts in the State, one of which was for the county
of Cook; each of these courts to be held by three
of the judges of the Circuit Court, to be assigned by
the Supreme Court for the term of three years; two
judges constituting a quorum. Clerks of this court are
elected for six years.
The Appellate Courts have appellate jurisdiction
only; and this on all matters of appeal or writs of er-
ror from the final judgments, orders or decrees of the
Circuit Courts or the Superior Court of Cook County,
in any suit or proceeding at law or in chancery, other
than criminal cases and cases involving a franchise or
freehold or the validity of a statute. Appeals and
writs of error lie from the final orders, judgments or de-
crees of the Circuit or City Courts and from the Su-
perior Court of Cook County directly to the Supreme
Court in all criminal cases, and in cases involving a
franchise or freehold or the validity of a statute. In
all cases determined in the Appellate Courts, on actions
ex contractit, wherein the amount involved is less than
$1,000, and in all cases sounding in damages, wherein
the judgment below is less than $1,000 (exclusive of costs
in both instances), and the judgment is affirmed or other-
wise finally disposed of in the Appellate Court, the judg-
ment, order or decree of this court shall be final. In
all other cases, appeals shall lie and writs of error may
be prosecuted from the final judgments of the Appellate
Court to the Supreme Court. A majority of the judges,
may, however, if they be of opinion that any case de-
cided by them, involving a less sum than $ 1,000, also
involves a question of law of such importance that it
should be passed upon by the Supreme Court, grant ap-
peals and writs of error to the Supreme Court, on pe-
tition, in which case they shall certify to the Supreme
Court the grounds upon which the appeal is granted.
The first assignment of appellate judges was made
by the Supreme Court at the September term, 1877.
Those appointed for the First District (Cook County)
were W. W. Heaton, George W. Pleasants, and Theo-
dore D. Murphy. Judge Heaton died in 1878, and
was succeeded by Joseph M. Bailey. By a second as-
signment, made in June, 1879, Joseph M. Bailey, Isaac
G. Wilson, and William K. McAllister became appellate
judges for Cook County. Subsequent assignments have
not disturbed the personnel of this court.
Eli Smith, the first clerk, was elected in 1877, and
was succeeded by John J. Healy in 1884.
There being no building for the Appellate Court,
rooms were at first rented and the courts held in the
246
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
(Irani! I'.ieifie Hotel. Rooms are now rented by the
State, for court-room, library and clerk's office, on the
fourth floor of the Chicago Opera House, corner of
Clark and Washington streets.
PROBATE COURT.
This court, in pursuance of the provisions of section
twenty of article six of the Constitution of 1870, was
established by Act of the Legislature of 1877.
Hon. loshua C. Knickerbocker was elected judge at
the November election of 1877. His time having been
extended by law one year, he was re-elected in Novem-
ber, 1882. S. F. Hanchett was elected clerk in 1877,
and he was succeeded by Thomas \V. Sennott in 1882.
The status of this court was early brought in ques-
tion, and several decisions of the Supreme Court have
been required to settle the controversy. The circuitous
and halting manner in which results have been arrived
at by the Supreme Court regarding this court is remark-
able, not only for divided opinions but for their mode
of enunciation.
The first question raised, was the constitutionality of
the Act providing for the establishment of Probate
Courts in counties of seventy thousand inhabitants and
over. On one side it was contended that the Legisla-
ture ought to have provided for Probate Courts in each
of the counties having a population of fifty thousand
and over, or in none of them ; while, on the other hand,
it was asserted that the authority to establish could be
exercised in any county having the requisite population.
To bring this matter to an issue, an information, in the
nature of a writ of quo warranto against the judge, was
filed in the Criminal Court in February, 1882, upon
which a judgment of ouster was rendered. From this
decision an appeal was taken to the Supreme Court,
which, at the March term, 1882, reversed the judgment
of the Criminal Court, sustaining the constitutionality
of the Act, and directed that the information be quashed.
Justices Scott and Walker dissented from this opinion.
The next question requiring to be adjusted arose out
of a conflict of jurisdiction between this and the County
Court. Judge Knickerbocker assumed the position that,
under the Constitution, when the Probate Court was es-
tablished, the County Court in such county was deprived
of its jurisdiction in matters of probate and in all other
matters over which Probate Courts are given jurisdiction,
and that there could not be concurrent jurisdiction be-
tween the two courts in the same county, that of the
Probate Court being exclusive. This opinion was con-
firmed by the Supreme Court in Klokke vs. Dodge. The
opinion in this case was delivered by Justice Scott. The
question to be decided was, whether or not the Act of July
i, 1881, extending the jurisdiction of County Courts in
counties in which Probate Courts are established, was
constitutional. A majority of the court decided that it
was not. In giving his opinion, the judge argued,
as the ground of it, that in counties having Probate
Courts, County Courts had concurrent jurisdiction with
those courts in probate matters. In these views only two
other members of the court acquiesced. Thereupon
Judge Mulkey filed a separate opinion, taking the
ground that, "upon the establishment of a Probate
Court in a particular county, the County Court of such
county is at once, by operation of law, deprived of
its jurisdiction in matters of probate and in all other
matters over which Probate Courts are given jurisdic-
tion " ; that there could not be concurrent jurisdiction
between the two courts in the same county, that of the
Probate Court being exclusive. In this opinion, Justices
Craig, Dickey, and Sheldon concurred, which being a
majority of the Court made it the decision thereof.
This same question was again brought more directly
before the Court in the case of Messerve, executor, etc.,
vs. Delaney, when the Court again decided that the
erection of the Probate Court divested the County
Court of all probate jurisdiction, — the Court standing,
as before, four to three.
Another interesting but disputed question growing
out of the establishment of this Court, was whether it
had the power to order the sale of the real-estate of
minors. This was sustained by the Supreme Court in
the case of Winch vs. Tobin ; in which the court de-
cided "that the jurisdiction of the Probate Courts, as
conferred by statute, to order the real-estate of minors
to l)e sold at a guardian's sale, be upheld," on the
ground that it is a "probate matter."
In the case of Rosenthal vs. Prussing, in which
Judge Knickerbocker decided that a public administra-
tor is not, by virtue of his office, entitled in all cases to
administer on estates of non-residents, and that a cred-
itor of such estate has preference over him, his opinion
was affirmed by the Supreme Court, the case having
been appealed to the Circuit, Appellate and Supreme
courts.
The only case thus far in which the decision of this
court has been reversed was the somewhat noted one
against J. Charles Haines for contempt. As questions
of great interest are involved, the facts in that case are
presented. The plaintiff in error (Haines) being in ar-
rears, as administrator with the heirs of J. H. Schuler.-
berg, in the sum of $651.20, entered into the following
stipulation :
" It is hereby stipulated that the account on file and approved
in said estate, on August 8, 1879, showing a balance of $651.20, in
the hands of said administrator of said estate, stands for and in
lieu of a final account, and that an order be entered directing said
administrator to pay said balance so found in his hands, less the
costs of final settlement, to the several parties entitled thereto,
within the time provided by statute, thirty days from entry of or-
der, and that no further demand be required by said administrator. "
Upon the filing of this paper, the Court made an or-
der approving the same, and directing the administra-
tor to pay the amount to the heirs within thirty days ;
and that upon his filing their receipts for their respec-
tive shares he should be discharged. On the I3th of
January following, the Court, after reciting the forego-
ing facts, entered an order directing that an attachment
be issued against the said administrator, requiring him
to be brought before the Court, and to answer for a
contempt in failing and refusing to comply with the re-
quirements of said order. Haines was arrested, and
appeared in Court. The cause was continued until the
following day, when it was ordered "that the said J.
Charles Haines be committed to the common jail of Cook
County, 111., until he shall comply with the require-
ments of an order made and entered of record Decem-
ber 8, 1879, or until the further order of the Court."
The case was taken to the Supreme Court on a writ of
error. The following is the opinion of that Court :
"A writ of error lies in this State from either this or the Ap-
pellate courts to all inferior courts of record, for the purpose of re-
viewing their final determination in all cases involving property
rights or personal liberty, when no appeal is given from such in-
ferior courts of record to some other intermediate Court or to this
s by force of the common law. * * * Before the
Probate Court is warranted in making a commitment in any
case under section 114, chapter 3, Revised Statutes, it must ap-
pear, among other things, that the administrator has failed or re-
fused to pay over the moneys in his hands to the person or persons
entitled thereto, in pursuance of the order of the court within
thirty days after demand made for such money. The demand is
one of the necessary elements that enters into the offense, and it
BENCH AND BAR.
247
can not be dispensed with, or even waived by the administrator."
Mr. Haines, therefore, won his case.
JOSIICA C. KNICKERBOCKER, judge of the Probate Court, has
been a resident of Chicago for over a quarter of a century. His
father, David, was one of the pioneers of Mcllenry County, 111.,
from which locality the family removed to this city when Judge
Knickerbocker was twenty-three years of age. Here he studied
law, and was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court, in
March, iSf>2. In 1867, J. J. Knickerbocker joined him as a part-
ner, and previous to the fire, they had obtained a good general
practice. The great fire destroyed the library of the firm, —
"burned them out" completely, — but they renewed their pro-
fessional labors with unabated vigor. Judge Knickerbocker served
as supervisor from 1864 to 1867; was alderman from the First Ward
from 1865 to 1869; and his course gave such general satisfaction
that, in 1868, he was elected to the XXVIth General Assembly.
Here he acquitted himself so creditably that, in 1869, the Republi-
can County Convention nominated him, by acclamation, for probate
judge, but the entire ticket was defeated. In 1875, he was ap-
pointed as a member of the State Board of Education, to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of John M. Foster, being re-appointed
in 1877, for a term of six years. In October, 1877, he was chosen
Probate Judge, and at that time his law partnership was dissolved.
Judge Knickerbocker organized the present Probate Court in
December of that year, under the provisions of an Act of the Gen-
eral Assembly, approved during the previous April. In 1882, he
was re-elected, and has, at present, jurisdiction over some of the
most important and intricate questions which come up for settle-
ment before any court, — the estates of minors, lunatics, spendthrifts
and drunkards. Judge Knickerbocker was born in Gallatin,
Columbia Co., N. Y., on September 26, 1837 His ancestors, for
several generations, had been natives of Columbia and Dutchess
counties. In the spring of 1844, his father removed to Alden,
McHenry Co., 111., where he lived as a farmer, and died there in
February, 1874. In August, of the same year, his wife followed
him. Judge Knickerbocker was educated in the common schools
and academy at Alden, where he also taught school for a time
previous to coming to Chicago.
THOMAS \V. SENNOTT was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on June
3, 1853, and received his early education in the schools of that city,
and also attended St. Xavier College, from which institution he
graduated in 1867. He deemed it expedient to add to his knowl-
edge a practical trade, and therefore commenced to learn the busi-
ness of carriage-making, during the progress of which he came to
Chicago, on July 9, 1869. He was then employed three years as a
carriage-builder in the factory of John V. Kline, and for some time
afterward was with the Northwestern Horse-Nail Manufacturing
Company. He is a resident of the Eighth Ward, 'and is an active
political worker, being prominent as one of the most indefatigable
and /.ealous republicans of that district. He was chief bailiff of the
civil courts under sheriffs John Hoffman and General O. L. Mann.
In 1880. he was nominated on the republican ticket for city clerk,
but was defeated, although he ran five thousand ahead of his ticket.
In 1882, he was nominated on the same party ticket for clerk of the
Probate Court, and was elected for a term of four years. His un-
questioned probity and the genial cheerfulness of his disposition,
together with his prominent ability, admirably fit him for the posi-
tion he occupies. He was married on July 10, 1883, to Miss Mar-
garet Powell, daughter of Edward Powell, one of the oldest settlers
of this city.
FRANK B. LANE, son of James Lane, one of Chicago's oldest
most respectable citizens, and chief deputy in the office of the
and most respectable citizens, and chief deputy in the office of the
clerk of the Probate Court, was born in this city on February 4,
He attended school at the University of St. Mary's of the
1850.
Lake, from whence he graduated in 1866. During the War he
enlisted as company clerk in the 23d Illinois Volunteer Infantry,
Colonel James A. Mulligan commanding. He was discharged in
Engine Company No. 13," whose foreman was then Maurice W
Shay, now assistant fire-marshal. For five years, Mr. Lane followed
a fireman's life, being upon the ground and in the thickest of the fray
during the memorable October 8-9, 1871. Two years later he re-
signed to engage in mercantile occupations, entering the service of
John Wade, Board of Trade weighmaster, as his first assistant. Here
he remained until 1875, when he became connected with the office of
the clerk of the Superior Court as deputy, serving during the terms
of judges Gary, Jameson, Williamson and Smith. On December 4
1883, Mr. Lane resigned his position to accept that of chief deputy
clerk of the Probate Court, under Thomas W. Sennott. This posi-
tion he now fills with his usual ability. Mr. Lane is a member of St.
Julian Lodge, Knights of Pythias ; Apollo Lodge, No. 139 A O
U.W.; Stephen A. Douglas Council, No. 642, Royal Arcanum-
and the Knights of Labor. He was married in October, 1875, to
Annie M. Rew, of Chicago. They have four children — one girl
and three boys.
WILEY S. SCRIBNER, the present recorder of deeds of Cook
County, was born at Jacksonville, 111., on September 6, 1840. Al-
though he had scarcely attained his majority he joined the l6th
Wisconsin Infantry, having removed to Fair Play, Grant Co., Wis.
After serving three years as a private, he was appointed aide-de-
camp on General Ewing's staff, and subsequently served as brigade
quartermaster, with the rank of first lieutenant. He participated
in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, luka. Holly Springs, siege of
Vicksburg, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, and the march to the sea.
In 1866, he was elected to the Wisconsin Legislature. Declining a
renomination, he was appointed postmaster at Fair Play, conduct-
ing also a general mercantile establishment. This retired life, how-
ever, was not suited to the energy and ambition of his character,
and the next year he started for Helena, Montana, where he soon
became connected with the Daily Herald, first as business manager
and then as city editor. In the spring of 1869, and within a year
from his arrival in the Territory he was appointed its secretary, and
upon the outbreak of the Crow Indians in the Gallatin Valley, was
colonel on the staff of Governor Smith, being assigned to command
the district of Helena. Coming to Chicago in 1873, he entered the
law office of Isham & Lincoln, remaining there one year, and in
1875 served as a deputy clerk of the Superior Court. When the
Probate Court was created, in 1877, he was given charge of its
important records, and remained there until called to his present
position, in November, 1884, to which he was elected over Joseph
Donnersberger, the democratic candidate, by a majority of about
eight thousand. He is a member of the Chicago Union Veteran
Club, and was its president for one year. He also is the president
of the Chicago Veteran League and a member of Post No. 28,
G.A.R. He takes an active part in all political campaigns, and
aids the republican party both on the stump and as an effective
worker. Mr. Scribner was married at Madison, Wis., on May 16,
1870, to Miss Mary L. Reynolds, a daughter of General Thomas
Reynolds of that city. They have an adopted daughter, — Annie
Marie Nyhan, eight years of age.
JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.
By the Constitution of 1870, it was provided that all
justices of the peace in the City of Chicago
" shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the ad-
vice and consent of the Senate (but only upon the recommendation of
a majority of the judges of the Circuit, Superior and County Courts) ;
and for such districts as are now, or shall hereafter be, established
by law, they shall hold their offices for four years and until their
successors shall be commissioned and qualified; but they may be
removed by summary proceedings in the Circuit or Superior Court
for extortion or other malfeasance."
GEORGE KERSTEN, police justice of the North Side, was born
in Chicago on March 21, 1853. In 1850, his father, Joachim Kers-
ten, came from Mecklenburg, Germany, to this city, and for many
years conducted a successful tailoring establishment. He died in
1868. George Kersten attended the German-American Institute of
Captain Standon, and afterward the Franklin School and Eastman's
Commercial College. From the latter institution he graduated in
1869, and for the next ten years engaged in various commercial
pursuits. His first public office was the clerkship of the Police
Court, to which he was appointed in 1880. In the spring of 1883
he became justice of the peace, and in October of the same year
Mayor Harrison appointed him police justice. Justice Kersten is
a member of the Masonic fraternity, of the Independent Order of
Foresters and of the Knights of Pythias. He is one of the most
prominent marksmen of the Northwest, having been the first master
of the Northwestern Schuetzen Bund, and for fifteen years has
been a member of the Chicago Sharpshooters' Association, of which
he also has been master. He was one of the founders of the Swan
Lake Gun Club, whose grounds are in Marshall County. Mr. Ker-
sten was one of the originators of the Cook County Democratic
Club, of which he has been secretary since its organization. A por-
tion of the time he has also served as its president. In 1881, the
German-American Cook County Club came into being, largely
through his efforts. He is also connected with the Policemen's
Benevolent Association. Justice Kersten was married, on Septem-
ber 4, 1875, to Julia, daughter of Adam Baierle, one of Chicago's
early settlers. They have one child, — Walter George.
Louis KISTLER was born on June 25, 1835, in Strasburg,
Germany, the son of Andrew K. and Mary Kistler. His father
was a brave soldier in the Napoleonic wars, and died in 1845 from
the effects of wounds and exposure. At ten years of age, therefore,
Louis was left virtually alone, his mother being in no position to
248
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
assist him. Tlir next year lie came to this country, ami settled in
Koehester. lie immediate! v set to work to earn his living, mastered
the English language, and was enabled to pursue a classical course
at the Syracuse I'imersity, from which he graduated in 1858. lie
then became a teacher in the Greenwich Academy, Rhode Island;
and, in iS(>2, he visited Hurope for the purpose of taking a course
at the I'niversity ot Berlin, at the same time carefully studving
-ocial and political condition of his native land. Returning in
[864, he accepted a position in the Northwestern University, at
Kvanstoii. as professor of Creek Language and Literature, and
afterward as professor ol Political Science, his term of service c-ov-
cring Fourteen years. In 1878, lie began the practice of the law.
During this year his residence and line library, together with all his
manuscripts, we , I by lire. Nothing daunted, however,
he so. in repaired his fortune. His staunch character and abilities
made him a recogni/cd leader among the (German-American
republican i. 1 It is president of the City Club ; and his
extemporaneous speech of welcome to James (;. Blainc, at the
(.rand 1'aciiic Hotel, on October -';, 1885, is among the political
"gems "of the campaign. It is here given, as a model of its
kind : "Mr. Blainc — \Ve are pleased to meet you. As men com-
ing from the various walks of life, and representing the ( ierman-
. \merican republicans of Chicago, the metropolis of the .Northwest,
we extend to yon a most cordial greeting. \Ve are ac(]uainted with
your long and varied • public servant. Your course as a
member and speaker of the House of Representatives, senator, and
member of the great and lamented ( larlield's cabinet, and as the
historian of those great national events that have rendered the name
and fame of our country a household word among the great nations
of the civili/eil world, commands most truly our confidence and re-
1 Hiring your long and honorable public service given to the
TV of our choice and adoption, you have been distinguished
from all other men in public life as the typical American statesman —
broad and liberal in your own \ie\\s, seeking your country's highest
and best interests, and never losing sight of those fundamental
principles of the American Constitution which stand forth so prom-
inently as the great bulwark of protection to every American citizen
in his personal rights and his personal liberty, lieing zealous of
our own personal liberty in the country of our choice and adoption,
and being fully identified with its great and varied interests, we
hail you as the great leader and champion of our aspirations. Your
earnest and persistent advocacy of protection to the great industries
of our own loved land, now far dearer to us than the land of our
fathers ; your broad statesmanship ; your love of personal liberty —
all these inspire in us the belief that your administration of the
National Government will be the beginning of a new era in our
national growth and prosperity. You, sir, and our gallant General
John A. Logan, are the chosen leaders in this grand march of our
national prosperity. You have our heartiest support. Please
accept our presence as an indorsement of your life, character, and
public services. In the name of the German-American republi-
cans of Chicago we bid you a most hearty welcome to the queen
among the cities of the lakes." In May, 1883, Mr. Kistler was
appointed justice of the peace for the Town of North Chicago,
but still retains most of his previous practice, and is in continual
demand as a counselor-at-law. He is connected with the Masonic
and Odd Fellows fraternities, Royal Arcanum, Knights of Honor
and Royal League. In 1861, Mr. Kistler was married to Miss
Frances Dow, of Boston. Of their five children but one is living,—
Theodore — who, although but fifteen years of age, is said to 'be
fairly grounded in the principles of law.
PETER L. HAWKIXSOX, justice of the peace of North Chicago
has held this office for eighteen years. Born at Christianstad'
Sweden, on June 19, 1826, he worked on his father's farm until
he was twenty-six years of age. He was educated in the common
schools of his native town, and during the latter years of his resi-
dence there did considerable business in administering estates. In
1852, he came to this country, locating at Galesburg, III., where he
red the occupation of a carpenter, and there held his first
public office, that of street commissioner. In February 1863 he
came to ' hicagO, haung obtained a position with the Illinois Central
1 as examiner in the land department ; and in the spring of
I8t>4,he was named Swedish and Norwegian vice-consul, which post he
held for three years. In the fall of 1866, he became a justice of the
He then relinquished his business connection with the land
•nent, and. in iSyi, under the provisions of the new State
l (institution, resigned his consulship in order to continue his duties
Mr. Hawkinson has given general satis
f -i , t ,,, .1 . .< 1 1, 1.-,,.' i:_. l :. .1 "
I • • , - . *-'Siltlijl,^-l*ClcH Silll>i-
ictioii in this posit,,,,,, being among the most popular judicial
officials in the city. lie was married at Galesburg, in 1850 to
lermilla Lawson, who died six years thereafter. He has one
lopted daughter.
CHARI.KS ARM,, justice of the peace of North Chicago was
•rn at llernhard s Bay, OswegO Co., N. Y., on January 26 i8tc
is father, Frederick, was, when a young man, in the German
army. and. during the War of the Rebellion, served in the 1st New
York Cavalry, and subsequently as lieutenant in the 22(1 Regiment.
Lieutenant Arnd was captured during Wilson's raid in the Shenan-
doah Yalley, and suffered in most of the Southern prisons, being
one of the seven who survived of the forty-two prisoners taken at
that time. After being educated at the public schools, Charles
Arnd graduated, in 1871, from Haverling Free Academy, at Hath,
N. Y.. and from Amherst College in 1875. During the next two
yean he studied in the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg, Ger-
many, and the University of Paris. He became a line German and
French scholar, traveling over Europe and obtaining a useful fund
ol cosmopolitan information. In 1877, he returned to Hath, and
commenced the study of law, being admitted to the Bar at the first
Appellate ( 'ourt examination at Chicago, in April, 1878. He at
once began practice, which he continued until appointed justice of
the peace, in December, 1880. Justice Arnd, as secretary of the
Auxiliary Club, organized in 1878 to purify local politics, obtained
something more than local reputation. lie was the only justice
re-appointed for North Chicago in 1883, and his youthful appear-
ance, as well as his acknowledged ability, have drawn much
attention.
(N \KI.ES J. WHITE, police justice of the Third District, was
born at Dublin, Ireland, on August 12, 1848. On June n, 1854,
he arrived in Chicago with his parents. Owing to a serious acci-
dent in early boyhood, lie was able to attend school but two years, and
his subsequent education was attained by his studies at home.
collector's office as an assistant. In the spring of 1879, Mayor
I larrison appointed him the first assistant, or deputy collector, wnich
he held until the fall of 1882, when he became assistant city
treasurer under Rudolph Brand. At the expiration of Mr. Brand's
service, he obtained a position in the county treasurer's office ; but
being appointed by I Governor Hamilton justice of the peace for the
Town of West Chicago, he resigned the former. Mayor Harrison
appointed him police justice of the Third District, with headquarters
at the Desplaines-street Station. Since filling this position the
records of the Police Court show that the number of cases disposed
of by him exceeds ten thousand a year. Justice White is a member
of many organizations of a. political, social and charitable nature.
He was one of the original committee to organize the Cook County
Democratic Club, and was for several years one of its officers. He
is also a member of the Irish-American Club and of the Union
Catholic Library Association. Mr. White was married, on Sep-
tember 22, 1880, to Miss Emma L. Plunkett. They have two
children : Anna Louise and Charlotte Frances.
PROMINENT CASES.
born
His
THE BURNED- RECORD LAWS. — At a joint ses-
sion of the judges of the courts of record of the city, on
October 31, 1871, the draft of a bill to make provision
for lost or destroyed records was discussed and sub-
mitted. Before action by our State legislature, how-
ever, Congress, in March, 1872, passed an Act "to re-
store the records of the United States courts in the
Northern District. of Illinois." On March 19, 1872, our
State legislature passed a law providing "for the restor-
ation of court records which have been lost or de-
stroyed"; and on April 9, passed an Act " to remedy
the evils consequent upon the destruction of any public
record by fire or otherwise," which was subsequently
amended by Act of March 4, 1874. This latter Act
came up for construction by the Supreme Court in the
case of Smith vs. Stevens et al., in which the Court
remarks :
" We do not think the objections taken to this abstract are
well founded. The abstract was offered under the Act ' to remedy
the evils consequent upon the destruction of any public record by
BENCH AND BAR.
249
fire or otherwise ' The condition of property-owners in Chicago,
after the great tire of October, 1871, was appalling, demanding
legislative interference. A great evil had befallen them, which this
Act was designed to remedy. It is emphatically a remedial Act,
and, in accordance with a well-established canon, it must receive a
liberal construction, and be made to apply to all cases which, by a
fair construction of its terms, it can be made to reach."
A suit in chancery was brought under this Act, in
1874, praying for the confirmation of title to the west
half of the northwest quarter of Section 30, in Town-
ship 40, North of Range 14 east, valued at $120,000,
by Robert \V. Robinson against John Ferguson. The
Supreme Court, to which it was appealed from the Su-
perior Court, decided "that where a petition is filed
under the statute known as the Burned - Record Act
to establish and confirm the title to land, the court is
authorized to decree in favor of the better title, in a case
of dispute as to the ownership."'
A noted suit, involving this law and the practice
under it, was that of John L. Beveridge (formerly sher-
iff of Cook County) against A. L. Chetlain, administrator
of Martin O. Walker, in the Circuit Court before Judge
Rogers. The facts in the case were as follows : In
October, 1868, one Oliver Smith, being about to com-
mence an action against George Aylsworth for false im-
prisonment, filed his affidavit as required by statute,
and sued out a writ of capias ad respondendum, upon
which Aylsworth was arrested and held to bail. He
thereupon executed to the sheriff (Beveridge) a bail-
bond in the penal sum of $3,000, with Martin O.
Walker as his surety. While this suit was pending and
undetermined, the files and records in the case were
destroyed by the fire of October, 1871. Afterward the
plaintiff filed a petition under the Burned - Record
Act, to have a certain portion of the records in said
suit restored ; and upon notice to Aylsworth, an order
was entered restoring the affidavit, declaration and
pleas. A trial was afterward had, resulting in a judg-
ment in favor of plaintiff for $6,000 and costs. Upon
the judgment an execution was issued, and returned
unsatisfied. Subsequently, a capias was issued against
Aylsworth, and returned non est inventus. Pending
these proceedings, Walker, the surety on the bail-bond,
died, and, after the return of the last-mentioned writ,
a claim against his estate was filed in the County Court,
to enforce his liability on said bond. On the hearing
of this case the County Court found the issues for the
administrator. From this decision the claimant ap-
pealed to the Circuit Court, in which, also, the case
went against him. He then took the case to the Appel-
late Court. This court, among other things, decided
that
"The relief afforded to parties under the Burned - Record
Act is not exclusive, but cumulative, upon the rights and reme-
dies existing independently of its provisions. Where a judicial
record is shown to be lost or destroyed, resort may be had to sec-
ondary evidence to prove its contents. Notwithstanding some por-
tions of the record were restored under the provisions of the
Burned - Record Act, secondary evidence of other portions not so
restored may still be given."
The judgment of the Circuit Court was reversed,
and the cause remanded.
Prior to the Burned -Record Act, the courts held
that an application to restore lost files in a case is ad-
dressed to the discretion of the court (3 Scammon,
259). Neither would equity entertain a bill to restore a
lost record (65 111.). "The whole record should be sub-
stantially restored. Cause should be shown for the
omission of part " (Kehoe vs. Rounds, 69 111. 351.)
In the District Court of the United States, under a
petition for the restoration of a lost record, Judge
Blodgett held that proceedings to restore records in
that court must conform to the Act of Congress, and
that the State statute did not control.
JOHN \V. \Y.u <;iioi- was born on April 28, 1823, at Ports-
mouth, Va. His father (James !•'. \Vaughop) served in the war of
1812, and contracted to build the first railroad in Virginia, from
Portsmouth to Roanoke, which was the second charter for a railroad
issued in the United States, The family settled in Tazewell County,
111., in 1835. The subject of this sketch came to Chicago in 1843,
without means. He attended school, working nights and Saturdays,
thereby supporting himself and paying for his education. He en-
tered the law office of Spring tV I ioodrich in 1846, where he remained
two years and was then admitted to the Bar. In the fall of 1848,
he married Ellen, a daughter of A. Bigelow, of Chicago. Soon
after this event he commenced the practice of his profession, and
has been in active and successful practice ever since. He was
elected superintendent of schools of Cook County in 1854, and re-
elected to that office in 1856. He has always taken an active part
in the affairs of the Methodist Church in Chicago. Mr. Waughop
is an active republican, was president of the Third Ward Republi-
can Club during the Garfield campaign, and zealously supported
Elaine and Logan in the campaign of 1884. He served with
marked ability as bank commissioner under Governor Vates. He
was in the State Convention that nominated Mr. Bissell for gov-
ernor. He is an able lawyer and an excellent citizen; has been prom-
inently connected with public improvements; and is a friend of ed-
ucation. He has a family of five children living, — James !•'., Arthur
B., Caroline H. (now Mrs. R. M. Ware), Nellie and Winnie B.
JOHN HO\VI.AM> THOMPSON, attorney and counselor at law, is
the son of Luther and Grace (Howland) Thompson, and was born
at Heath, KranklinCo., Mass., on September 8, 1827. lie is of New
England descent, his ancestors being among the earliest settlers in
Massachusetts, and one of them, John Howland, came over in the
Mayflower, and was one of the assistant governors of the Plymouth
Colony. Mr. Thompson prepared for college at Williston Seminary,
and graduated at Amherst College in 1850. He was a teacher in
Monson Academy and principal of Dcerfield Academy. He studied
law in Springfield, Mass., and was admitted to the Massachusetts
Bar in 1853, and was for a time assistant editor of the Springfield
Republican. He came to Chicago in 1854, and has since been en-
gaged in the practice of the law. In 1856, he was associated with
Henry W. Bishop, and the firm of Thompson & Bishop was for
some time the oldest law firm in Chicago. Mr. Thompson has been
engaged in many important suits. He was the attorney of the con-
tractors in the case of McAuley vs. Carter (22 III. 53), in which was
established the binding effect of the superintendent's certificate in
building contracts. He was the attorney for the importers in sev-
eral important suits involving the construction of the United States
Revenue Laws; and in Smith, U. S. Collector, vs. Field et al. (105
U. S. 52), he succeeded in a closely contested case in regard to the
duties on laces. He was engaged in several of the suits brought
after the fire of 1871, against stockholders of insurance companies,
and in one of them (Burkett vs. Plankington et al., 103 111. 378),
one of the most important decisions was made as to the liability of
stockholders. In the summer of 1885, Mr. Thompson delivered an
historical address at a centennial celebration of his native town,
which has been published and has received high encomiums. Mr.
Thompson married, on December 15, 1869, Victoria, daughter of
Benjamin Carver, a prominent citizen of Chicago, and has three sons.
IRA WARRKN BUELL was born at Lebanon, Madison Co.,
N. Y., on December 9, 1830, and is the son of Elijah and Polly
(Higgins) Buell. He received his early education at Hamilton
Academy, and taught school from his sixteenth to his nineteenth
year, when he entered Madison University, at Hamilton, N. Y.
After completing a full classical course in that institution, he studied
law in the office of Charles H. Mason, then judge of the Supreme
Court of New York ; afterward pursued his studies with Judge
Humphrey, at Rochester, N. Y., and was admitted to the Bar at
that place in September, 1855. There he engaged in practice until
his removal to Chicago in April, 1856. In 1860, Mr. Buell was
elected supervisor of North Chicago, and during the next year
became city attorney. The nomination of judge of the Circuit
Court of Cook County was tendered him in 1871 by a joint com-
mittee of republicans and democrats, but he declined the honor.
He was also president of the republican convention which nomi-
nated Mayor John B. Rice the first time, and of the congressional
convention in which Charles V. Farwell received his first nomi-
nation as congressman. It will thus be seen that Mr. Buell's
influence extends far outside of his profession, although in chancery
practice, in insurance and commercial law, he stands in the front
rank. He is one of the oldest members of the Law Institute. He
also stands high in the Masonic fraternity, having been a past-
master of Blaney Lodge, No. 271, A.K. & A.M. He was married
on August 25, 1858, to Miss Lydia A. Gillette, who died on Sep-
tember 19, 1864. Mr. Buell was married a sec'i-id time in July,
1807, to Anna M. Averill, daughter of Captain James Averill, an
250
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
old ami respected citizen of Chicago. They have one daughter—
licssic A.
llhNKV C I'.xi i AKI> wai born at Smyrna, Chenango I o., .v
y ,.n -\nril S. 1830, removing to Castile, Genesee Co.. -V Y..wttli
his'parents, when he was quite young. In iS44. hi- parents, Luther
W uid Rachel (Randall) Ualkird, started \Vest with their family of
INTERIOR OF COURT HOUSE.
five children, of which Henry was the •-econd. They traveled in
the usual canvas-lopped wagon, and settled about one mile from
lies I'laines, in the limn of Maine, Cook Co., 111. In 1850, he
returned to Cortland County, V Y., where his mother's relatives
resided, and attended Central College, at McGrawville, for about
three years, when he entered the Albany Law School, graduating
in 1856. He was admitted to the liar in the same year, came to
Chicago, and commenced practice, his first partner being Louis M.
Andrick. He afterward associated himself with Usher F. Linder,
also with G I'.ellows and O. P. Abercrombie, but for the
pa* ten vears has practiced alone. During a portion of the time,
Mr liallard lias been manager and attorney for the United -States
Mercantile Reporting Company, of New York. He was married,
in 1868, to Fannie C. Tallmadge. who was born in Chicago. He
has one son, Arthur T.
\VlLLi\M CUTTING GRANT, of the firm of Grant & Brady, at-
torneys and counselors at law, is the son ot 1 eter
and 1'iolly (Ware) Grant, and was born at Lyme,
N 11 , on ( IcK.ber S, 1829. His grandfather, John
Grant, with William W. Cutting, and others of
Lyme, Conn., went up the Connecticut River m
1767 where t'ley founded and settled the town of
Lyme, naming it after the old Lyme in Connecticut.
Here, Peter Grant was born, in 170, and in 1825
married Dolly Ware, daughter of Joseph and Sarah
Ware, «>f Thctford How, Vt., nearly opposite Lyme,
N. H. When he was two years of age the family
removed to a farm in Troy, Orleans Co., Vt., where
he remained until twelve years of age, his father
dying during that time, in 1835. Upon the mar-
riage of his mother to Raymond Hale, they re-
moved to Chelsea, Vt., where young Grant worked
on the farm and attended school in the winter. At
sixteen years of age he secured a license as teacher,
which vocation he followed until 1847, when he
entered I hirtmouth College, graduating in the class
of 1851. During the following year, he filled the
position of principal of the Andover Academy, N.
11 for two terms and during the next four years
was principal of the Howe School, Billerica, Mass.,
devoting all his leisure to the study of law. In
1855, he began reading law in the office of Hon.
William 15. Hebard, of Chelsea, and was admitted
to the liar the following year, and subsequently
entered the law school of Harvard College, where
he remained until the spring of 1857, when he lo-
cated in Chicago, and shortly afterward became a
member of the firm of Williams, Woodbridge &
Grant. In 1863, Mr. Williams retired from the
linn upon his election to the bench of the Circuit
Court, and Mr. Grant was associated with Mr.
John Woodbridge until 1867. From 1871 to 1880,
he was connected with William H. Swift when
Matthew P. Brady was admitted as a partner in
the firm of Grant, Swift & Brady. This firm con-
tinued until May, 1883, when Mr. Swift retired,
since which time he has been associated with Mr.
Brady. Mr. Grant has always been engaged in
general practice, the chief feature of which has been
real-estate and chancery business, together with
commercial and corporation law. He is recognized
as one of the ablest lawyers of the Chicago Bar,
and is held in high esteem by both Bench and Bar
as a thoroughly educated lawyer, a successful ad-
vocate and a most reliable counselor. Mr. Grant
was married, in 1861, to Jennie A. McCallum,
daughter of Mrs. Rebecca M. Seymour, for many-
years a resident of Chicago. They have two chil-
dren, both sons.
THE RAFFERTY MURDER CASE.-
Among the noted causes which have been
tried in the Criminal Court since 1871, the
first to merit attention is that of Christo-
pher Rafferty for the murder of Patrick
O'Meara, a police officer, which occurred
on the night of August 5, 1872. The cir-
cumstances of the killing, as gathered from
the 'opinion of the Supreme Court, were:
A little after midnight of the 4th, Rafferty
was sitting quietly and peaceably by a table
in a saloon, in Chicago, when O'Meara and
another policeman, named Scanlan, came in.
O'Meara immediately drew attention to Rafferty; when
the latter, addressing O'Meara in a friendly manner,
asked him to take something to drink, or a cigar, which
was declined. Scanlan then went directly up to Rafferty,
tapped him on the shoulder, and told him he had a
warrant for him. The former demanded that it be read,
which was done, and he apparently submitted to the
arrest, but immediately threatened to shoot the first
BENCH AND BAR.
man who should lay a hand upon him. O'Meara, who
had his club hung to his wrist, stationed himself at the
outer door to prevent Rafferty's escape, while Scanlan
kept himself in a position to guard a back door. All
this occurred in a brief space of time ; and while
O'Meara was guarding the door which led into the
street, Rafferty shot him with a pistol, inflicting a mor-
tal wound. There was no pretense that Rafferty had
been accused or suspected of having committed any
felony, or was at the time in the act of committing a mis-
demeanor ; nor did the State's attorney, on the trial,
attempt to show that such was the case ; or that either
of the policemen had at the time in their possession any
lawful warrant authorizing the prisoner's arrest. There
were three trials of the case, and three appeals to the
Supreme Court. The first trial, resulting in a convic-
tion and sentence of execution, was had at the Septem-
ber term, 1872. The case being taken to the Supreme
Court on a writ of error, that court reversed the judg-
ment below, on the ground that the court had erred in
refusing a change of venue as prayed, and also in refus-
ing to admit testimony showing that the prisoner was
intoxicated at the time of committing the alleged offense.
The venue having been changed to the county of
Lake, another trial also resulted in a conviction and a
sentence of the death penalty. The case was again heard
in the Supreme Court on a writ of error, and was again
reversed and remanded — the court holding that the
court below had erred in refusing to admit testimony
showing the invalidity of the warrant in the hands of
the person making the pretended arrest. If it was true that
the process was void, the homicide would be reduced from
murder to manslaughter, unless express malice toward
the deceased was shown by the proof.
The third trial of this remarkable case occurred in
Lake County, in October, 1873, and for the third time
the prisoner was found guilty and sentenced to be
hung. For the third time, also, the cause was taken to
the Supreme Court on a writ of error, but not with the
same favorable result. The judgment of the court be-
low was affirmed. It having been established by proof
that, three days previous to the killing, the prisoner had
declared that no Bridgeport policeman (as they were
who made the arrest) should arrest him while he had a
pistol ; and when he had shot O'Meara through the
breast, without offering to go out of the door, he had
instantly turned around and fired two shots at Scanlan,
the court held that this was sufficient evidence of express
malice to justify the finding of murder, notwithstanding
the attempted arrest was illegal. He was executed at
Waukegan in 1874.
Wi i.i.i AM A. MONTGOMERY, senior member of the firm of
Montgomery & Smith, is a son of John R. Montgomery, and a
grandson of William Montgomery, both lawyers of Lancaster,
I'enn. , where he was born on June 21, 1838. He received his
higher education at Washington College, Penn., and at Beloit
College, Wis. After graduating from the latter, in 1857, he
attended the law-school at Louisville for one year, when he returned
to Wisconsin and completed his legal course in the office of Judge
Hopkins, of Madison, who afterward was elevated to the Bench of
the United States District Court. After his admission to the Bar
at Madison, in 1860, he removed to Chicago. lie had been in
practice but a short time when the War broke out. He enlisted in
the 1 5th Wisconsin Infantry, and at the close of the War had risen
to the rank of captain. Returning to Chicago, he became a mem-
ber of the firm of Wilson, Martin & Montgomery, and later of
Montgomery & Waterman. For several years after the dissolution
of the latter partnership he practiced alone, forming, on January i,
1885, a connection with Jaspersen Smith. Mr. Montgomery has
one son,— John R.
LEWIS L. COBURN was born at East Montpelier, Vt., on
November 2, 1834. His ancestors were among the oldest settlers
of the counties in which they lived. His father, Lamed Coburn,
was a successful and wealthy farmer, his landed estate being one of
the largest and most valuable in Central Vermont ; he was a mem-
ber of the State Legislature several times. Lewis L. Coburn was
the youngest of five children. He attended the district school in
winter and the academy in fall and spring, and between times
worked on the farm. At sixteen, he began to teach the district
school, and soon acquired a high reputation as an instructor and
disciplinarian. He took his preparatory academic course at Barre,
Vt., and entered the University of Vermont in 1855, graduating in
1859 with the degree of B.A. He had spent a good part of his
college vacations in reading law with Roberts & Chittenden, at
Burlington, Vt., and was quite advanced in his legal studies when
he left the University. After a short time in the office of Hon. T.
I'. Redfield, of Montpelier, he entered the Harvard Law School,
from which he graduated in 1861. He was admitted to the Bar in
Boston, and immediately after his graduation from Harvard started
for Chicago. Mr. Coburn determined to make patent law a spe-
cialty. Invention had been stimulated to unusual activity by the
War, and very soon he had all he could attend to. In the latter
part of 1861, he took into partnership an old schoolmate and per-
sonal friend, William E. Marrs ; and in a few years the firm had a
very extensive legal business. Mr. Coburn was diverted from the
law for a time. Visiting his parents in Vermont, he arrived when a
brigade of nine months' men had just been raised for the Army.
He was unanimously chosen captain of one of the companies, and
went at once into active service. In the front ranks at Gettysburg,
Captain Coburn and his command served two days, and he distin-
guished himself for his efficiency and bravery. He was offered
honorable preferment, which he declined, not wishing to remain
in the Army for a longer term than he had enlisted for. At the end
of his service he returned to Chicago to resume his law practice,
which had been carried on by his partner under the firm name.
The business increased rapidly, the pressure of work causing the
breaking down of the health of Mr. Coburn 's partner, Mr. Marrs,
who died in 1868. Mr. Coburn carried on the business, with the
assistance of a large corps of clerks, until 1875, when Hon. John
M. Thacher, an old friend and classmate, became his partner. Mr.
Thacher, for ten years previously, had been in the United States
patent office, occupying various positions from assistant examiner
to commissioner of patents, and the latter position he resigned to
become a partner with Mr. Coburn. This firm still continues.
Mr. Coburn is quick to recognize any new principle or combination,
and equally quick to see where a claimed invention may be an
infringement on something already patented. He has been attorney
in many of the most important patent suits ever tried in this country,
and is always on the successful side. Among these cases are the
barb-wire suits, the beef-canning suits, the Irwin tubular lantern,
and other equally important cases. Mr. Coburn is a large property
holder. He was the leader of the movement which brought about
the radical change in the South Town and city governments. He
was one of the originators and founders of the Chicago Athenaeum,
and the first president of the Union League of Chicago. He has
frequently been mentioned as candidate for the State Senate and for
representative in Congress, but such positions he has always declined.
Mr. Coburn is a tall, courtly and dignified gentleman, in the full
prime of life, and stands in the highest estimation of the citizens
and his acquaintances.
SAMUEL EMMET DALE, attorney and counselor at law, is the
son of Samuel and Jane Dale, and was born at Dublin, Ireland, on
September 16, 1841. His grandfather and the celebrated Irish patriot,
Robert Emmet, were cousins. When he was six years old, his par-
ents came to this country, and settled in Milwaukee, where he re-
ceived his early education. At the age of seventeen, he entered the
law office of Finches, Lynde & Miller, of that city, with whom he
remained six years. He was admitted to the Milwaukee Bar in
1862, and a year afterward located in Chicago. In 1869, he became
a member of the firm of Carter, Becker & Dale. Mr. Carter re-
tired in 1874, and the firm of Becker & Dale continued until Jan-
uary, 1880, since which time Mr. Dale has been actively engaged in
general practice. He is highly esteemed by Bench and Bar as an
able lawyer, and by a large clientage as a most successful advocate
and prudent counselor. Mr. Dale was marriey, on September 13,
1871, to Miss II. Harriet Beckwith, of Exeter, England. They
have five children, — Gertrude, Walter B., Frederick S., Harriet, and
Stephen M.
GEORGE G. BELLOWS was born at Boston, Mass., on October
14, 1831. His father, John Bellows, was an old bank president
and merchant of that city. George was educated in Cambridge,
Mass. , and New York City, securing a course of two years in Har-
vard University. After this he commenced the study of law with
Judge Vose, of Walpole, one of the' leading lawyers of New Hamp-
shire, with whom he remained one year, and then went to New
York City to complete his studies with Hall, Butler & Everts. He
took part in the Scott campaign, and was also a supporter of Fill-
more and an earnest advocate of the election of Abraham Lincoln.
Upon the breaking out of the War he actively engaged in raising
troops for the regiment of Colonel Fardella, one of Garibaldi's old
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
..in, ers. As quartermaster, he spent eighteen months ;il tin- fn.nt,
ami ivmrni'il i.nly after he had been stricken witli lever contracted
in the Chickabominy Swamp*. When he was well enough to be
about again, he went to Kentucky ami tcnncssec. lleneM lec-
tured through Wisconsin for the I'nited States Sanitary Commission,
,,l which institution Dr. Henry W. liellows, his brother, was presi-
dent. Returning to New York for a short time, in November,
1864, be came to Chicago, where he has since resided, engaged in
the practice/>f his profession. For manv years he was in partner-
ship with Henry C. Hallard. Mr. Mellows is a cousin of Henry
Bellows, deceased, formerly chief-justice of the Supreme Court of
New I lampshire.
KHMINII S. Iloi.iiKooK is a sun of Stephen and Sally (God-
dardl Holbrook, being the youngest of the family, lie was born
at I Irafton, Mass., received a preparatory course at 1'hillips
Academy, Andover, and graduated from . \mherst College in 1839.
While in school he hail acquired a reputation for oratory and as a
poet and dee]> thinker, so that, upon his graduation, he was at once
invited by the New Kngland Anti-Slavery Society to become one of
their lecturers. He accepted the office, but the next year located in
My. Va., as a professor of languages, belles-lettres and
vocal music. He followed this pursuit for three years, studying
law besides, and coming quite prominently before his people as an
orator and debater. 1111843, he was admitted to the Richmond
liar: but finding the slavery sentiments of the country distasteful,
he removed, in the fall of that year, to ( Htawa, 111. Soon afterward
Mr. llolbrook settled in Peru, l.aSalle County, and there assisted
in the organization of a company of troops for the Mexican \\ ar,
and was elected lieutenant. He was present at the battle of Buena
Visia. and returned home in July, iS_|7. In 1848, he established a
weekly free-soil paper called the Peru Telegraph, and supported
Martin \ an llnren for president. At the organi/ation of the re-
publican party, he upheld their anti-slavery views, being a pioneer
champion of the cause himself. Mr. llolbrook is still an unflinch-
ing republican, is a valued contributor to current literature, being
especially known in circles of spiritualists. Since 1865 he has prac-
ticed law in Chicago, opening a branch office in Joliet in 1870. He
has always made a specialty of real-estate law, in which he is con-
sidered a safe and well-posted counselor. He married, in 1852, Ann
Case, of Racine, Wis., daughter of Caleb Case, a native of New
York. She died in 1882, leaving three children.
THE GKKAI' Con M.MIT CASE. — Growing out of the
Rafferty ca.sc was the celebrated cause of The People
vs. Charles L. Wilson, proprietor, and Andrew Shuman,
editor, of the Chicago Evening Journal. Rafferty had
recently been tried and convicted of murder. A writ
of error, staying the execution, had been granted, and
was pending and undetermined at the date of the publi-
cation. The following is an extract from the article
upon which the information was based :
" At the time the writ was granted in the case of the murderer
Rafferty, the public was blandly assured that the matter would be
examined into by the Supreme Court and decided at once; that possi-
bly the hanging of this notorious human butcher would not be de-
layed for a single day. Time sped away, however, and we hear of
nothing definite being done. ' * * The riff-raff who con-
tributed fourteen hundred dollars to demonstrate that ' hanging is
plau-d out' may congratulate themselves on the success of their
game. Their money is operating splendidly. We have no hesi-
tancy in prophecying clear through to the end just what will be done
with Rafferty. He will be granted a new trial. He will be tried
somewhere within a year or two. He will be sentenced to imprison-
ment for life. He will eventually bepardoned out. And why? Be-
cause fourteen hundred dollars is enough to enable a man to
purchase an immunity from the consequences of any crime. If
next winter's Legislature does not hermetically seal up every chink
and loophole through which murderers now escape, it will deserve
the bitter censure of every honest man in Illinois. We must simplify
our mode of procedure in murder trials. The criminal should be
tried at once, and when found guilty should be hanged at once, and
the quicker hanged the better. The courts are now completely in
the control of corrupt and mercenary shysters — the jackals of the
legal profession, who feast and batten on human blood, spilled by
the hands of other men. All this must be remedied. There can be
found a remedy, and it must be found."
The defendants were ruled to appear before the Su-
preme Court, to show cause why an attachment should
not be issued against them for contempt. Justices
Hreese, Scott and Sheldon dissented from this ruling.
The respondents severally answered under oath. Mr.
Wilson admitted his proprietorship, but denied all
knowledge of the article prior to its publication. Mr.
Shuman, while admitting his editorship of the paper,
denied the authorship of the article, although he had
read it before its publication, and permitted it to be
published. Both defendants disavowed any intentional
disrespect to the court, or any design to embarrass the
administration of justice, insisting, however, upon their
right to examine the proceedings of every department
of the government of this State, and that they were not
responsible, in a proceeding of this character, for the
truth of their publications, or for the motives with which
they may be made, " save when such publications impede,
embarrass or obstruct the administration of justice."
Upon this answer the attachment was ordered to issue
forthwith. The defendants were thereupon arrested,
and brought before the court. Chief-Justice Lawrence,
who had given the leading opinion in the case, caused
the respondents to "stand up " before the court, and
passed sentence upon them. After reciting the previous
proceedings, he said:
" It now only remains to impose upon you a penalty for the
offense. It is in the power of the court, in cases of this character,
to punish by both fine and imprisonment. We have, however, no
desire to inflict a severe penalty. * * * We are not unmindful
of the fact that neither of you wrote the objectionable article, and
that you, Charles I.. Wilson, did not see it before its publication.
We shall impose upon you only a moderate fine, as we can not be-
lieve you are likely to commit similar offenses in the future. You,
Charles I,. Wilson, are adjudged to pay a fine of $100, and you,
Andrew Shuman, are adjudged to pay a fine of $200. You are also
adjudged to pay the costs of this proceeding."
The case attracted the widest attention. The news-
papers of this country, and even of Europe, took it up,
and commented upon the action of the court with more
or less severity. As a specimen of these comments, the
Legal News, of this city, said, "Since the organization
of our State the court has made no decision that will so
degrade and lower its dignity as this one." The Legal
Gazette, of Philadelphia, said:
" It strikes us that the Illinois judges are entirely too sensitive
in the matter, and have committed a great mistake in attempting to
punish the offending journalists in the manner stated."
Justice Scott, in his opinion, said:
"If it is anything more than simply an unjust criticism on the
court in reference to a. cause then pending, the most unfavorable
view that can be taken is that it is a constructive contempt, and as
such it could not directly or indirectly affect the administration of
justice in an appellate court. I should be very unwilling to admit
that it would have any such effect."
The London Law Times, in commenting upon the
case, approves the action of the court, and cites English
authorities to maintain that view. It says:
" There assuredly can be no more serious reflection upon a court
of law than to say that it is susceptible to corrupt influence; and it
seems to us that the American judiciary have only to tolerate attacks
of this kind upon their honesty to bring upon themselves well mer-
ited contempt."
On the other hand, the United States Jurist, a quar-
terly law magazine published in Washington, said:
" This seems to us an extraordinary proceeding on the part of
the court; the despotic exercise of very doubtful constitutional au-
thority. It was not pretended that this newspaper paragraph, pub-
lished in a distant city ' impeded, embarrassed or obstructed the
court in the administration of justice,' but that it was calculated to
do S5>- If newspapers are libellous, have not injured
parties ample means of redress without any such e.x-parte proceed-
ings as these?"
The action of Judge Lawrence in the case undoubt-
edly contributed to his defeat as a candidate for re-elec-
tion to the Supreme Bench the following year, whereas
Mr. Shuman was elected lieutenant-governor of the
State in 1876.
BENCH AND BAR.
253
CHESTER KINNEY is a son of Ethel P. Kinncy, a prominent
ship-builder of New York and Canada, and Lavinia (Porter) Kinney.
He was born in Onondaga County, X. Y., on July 15, 1827, and
was educated in the Clinton Liberal Institute, Oneida County, and
Fally Seminary, Oswego County, N. Y., preparatory to taking a
collegiate course. Entering Hamilton College in the second year,
he graduated in 1850, and then resided four years in Central New
York, studying law with Noxon, Leavenworth <_V Comstock, of
Syracuse. On January 2, 1*54, lie was admitted to the Bar of New
York, and in 1857, came to Middleport (now known as \Yatseka), Iro-
quoisCo., 111. Mr. Kinney removed to Chicago in 1865, and formed a
partnership with his brother, C. P. Kinney. They afterward admit-
ted Colonel John II. Peck to the lirm, the connection continuing a
number of years. Since IS6S, he has been engaged in a general
practice alone. Mr. Kinney was married on March 26, 1857, to
Louisa L. Spencer, daughter of Colonel [. C. Spencer and niece of
Judge John C. Spencer. They have one son and a daughter, the
latter being the wife of Albert L). Kerry.
SAMUEL WARE PACKARD is a lineal descendant of Samuel
Packard, of \Vindham, England, who immigrated to Hingham,
Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts), in 1638. His grandfather was
Reverend Theophilus Packard, D.I)., and his father, who was also
of the same name, were Congregational ministers, and preached to
one church, in Shelburne, Franklin Co., Mass., for over fifty years,
the son succeeding the father in the same pulpit. His grandfather,
Rev. Dr. Packard, was one of the founders of Amherst College,
and a trustee of Williams College for fifteen years. Mr. Packard's
mother, Elizabeth Parsons Ware, was the daughter of Rev. Samuel
Ware, also a Congregational minister, of Ware, Mass. Mr. Pack-
ard himself is a Puritan of the strictest type, not only by descent,
but in all his beliefs and observances. Horn at Shelburne, Mass.,
on November 29, 1847, he came to Chicago at an early day, his
family having been broken up. At sixteen years of age, Mr. 'Pack-
ard was thus left to shift for himself. While making a thorough,
but unsuccessful canvass of the city for employment, he met his old
family physician, and was told, to his astonishment, that he was
intended for a lawyer, and that an opening would be found for
him in the office of Joseph N. Marker, the brother-in-law of his
medical friend. Thus it was that, in the spring of 1864, he com-
menced to study with Barker & Tuley, and remained there until the
fall of 1865, having, in the meantime, assiduously cultivated a beard
and worked up quite a practice on account of his' mature appearance
and manners. \Vhen seventeen years of age he tried his first case
before a justice of the peace. After attending the Shelburne Falls
Academy and the \Villiston Seminary at East Hampton, Mass., he
returned to Chicago, in 1866, and remained another year with
Barker & Tuley, being admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court
of Illinois on August 16, 1667, when nineteen years of age. In the
spring of 1868, he formed a partnership with Colonel ). S. Cooper,
which continued for upwards of ten years, Gwynn Garnett and W.
W. Gurley being, during a portion of the time, members of the
firm. In 1874, when but twenty-six years of age, Mr. Packard
argued his first case in the Supreme Court of the United States.
It may be stated that, since 1880, he has practiced alone, satisfying
himself with the faithful and successful conduct of a few important
cases rather than striving after a large and miscellaneous business.
For example, from 1877 to 1882, he acted— in connection with
other notable litigations — as attorney for the creditors of the Chicago
.V Illinois River Railroad in a very complicated litigation covering
that period, and which he carried to a successful issue. Mr. Pack-
ard obtained $100,000 for his clients, who, during the preliminary
stages of the litigation, had vainly attempted to effect a compromise
•>,ooo. Another important case, well illustrating the perti-
nacity and aggressiveness of his character as a lawyer, is that known
as the " Yankton County (Dak.) bond case." He was retained as
the attorney for the bondholders of that county, after the Supreme
Court of the Territory had declared the bonds, which amounted to
some §300,000, invalid. He took the case to the Supreme Court of
the United States, and there obtained a reversal of this decision —
Matt. II. Carpenter being the opposing counsel. After this,
Mr. Packard found his way obstructed by certain acts of the Ter-
ritorial legislature, which prevented him from enforcing payment of
the judgments. Shortly afterward, in 1882, a strong effort was
made by the republican party, then in control of both houses of
< i ingress, to procure the admission of Southern Dakota as a State,
lie thereupon prepared a protest, which was presented to Congress,
against the admission of the Territory, on the ground that its
Legislature aided and abetted Yankton County in its action of
repudiation, and until it purged its records of this disgrace it ought
not to be admitted into the Union. He also flooded the country
with circulars and pamphlets, and created so strong a sentiment in
his favor, that it was found impossible to obtain a vote for the
admission of Southern Dakota into the Union while the Territory
stood in this attitude. Thereupon, the delegate of the Territory,
upon the adjournment of Congress, informed his constituents that
the Dakota admission bill could not be passed until the Yankton
bond matter was settled; he therefore advised them that a Legislature
must be elected favorable to the payment of the debt. This advice
was followed, and, during the spring of 1883, Mr. Packard pro-
cured the passage of a refunding Act, the matter being thus settled
to the satisfaction of the bondholders. Speaking in general terms,
the success which has come to Mr. Packard in the practice of his
profession is attributable to those qualities which a certain justice
upon the Bench, of high standing, attributed to him in a pre-
eminent degree, viz., "thoroughness of research, logic, and clear-
ness of expression." Mr. Packard has always been a very strong
temperance man, both in his belief and practice. He was married,
on June 23, 1874, to Clara A. Fish, of Lombard, 111. They have
three children — Stella, Laura and Walter Eugene.
KOSWEI.I, B. BACON was born near Medina, Orleans Co., N. Y.,
on September 28, 1838. Allen Bacon, his father, was of English de-
scent, a well-to-do farmer, and a man of great influence in local mat-
ters. His mother, Diantha (Hulburd) Bacon, was of Welsh extrac-
tion. After securing a common school education, he commenced
his preparation for college at Temple Hill Academy, Geneseo, N.
Y. He graduated from Williams College in 1862, studied law in
the office of Benedict & Martindale, at Rochester, N. Y., and was
admitted to the Bar in 1864. In the autumn of 1865, he removed
to Chicago, and until May, 1868, was with Gallup & Hitchcock,
Gallup & Peabody, and Barker & Tuley. At this time he formed
a partnership with C. M. Hawley, under the lirm name of Hawley
& Bacon, which continued until Mr. Hawley was appointed United
States District Judge for the Territory of Utah. Mr. Bacon subse-
quently associated himself with James S. Norton, as Bacon & Nor-
ton, which firm was dissolved in 1872. In May, 1873, he became
a member of the firm of Lockwood (Joseph E.)& Bacon, Mr. Lock-
wood being an old college friend. In 1875, the partnership was
dissolved by Mr. Lockwood's death. Mr. Bacon, in the fall of the
same year, became a special partner with John Y. LeMoyne, which
continued while that gentleman was serving his term in Congress.
He has since practiced alone, his business being principally of a
real-estate and chancery nature.
EDWARD ROUY was born at Brockport, Monroe Co. , N. Y.,
on August 31, 1840. He received his education in that State. At
the breaking out of the War he offered himself for service, but was
rejected on account of ill health. Mr. Roby was admitted to the
Bar in June, 1861, at Albany, N. Y., and commenced regular prac-
tice in Chicago, upon his arrival here in April, 1865. His legal ca-
reer in this city has marked him as a lawyer of broad, constitutional
mind, and he has argued a great number of cases before the State
Supreme Court, especially in the line of upholding the provisions of
the State Constitution of 1870 relating to the collecting of munic-
ipal revenue. In accordance with legal opinions, the city govern-
ment attempted to collect its taxes, in the old way, as if the Con-
stitution had never existed. The Superior Court sustained its action,
but test cases being taken to the Supreme Court by Mr. Roby, the
provisions of the State Constitution were upheld upon two separate
occasions ; notwithstanding which, the city still believed that special
legislation was required to give effect to the general law, and not
only was a statute passed in 1873 to keep up the special city offices
for assessment and collection of the taxes, but, in 1875, a special
municipal charter was adopted by popular vote, instead of allowing
the general city incorporation law of the State to go into effect.
Mr. Roby argued the question of constitutionality before Judge
Wallace, of the County Court, and gained his point. The city ap-
pealed. Mr. Roby again took the matter in hand before the Su-
preme Court, which sustained the lower tribunal. Thus the special
law and the special charter fell together. The issuance of the
scrip of 1875, in violation of the State Constitution limiting munic-
ipal indebtedness, was followed, two years thereafter, by a suit
brought by Mr. Roby, in behalf of Judge Henry Fuller, praying
for an injunction against its payment. This action had the effect
of forcing the city officers into more economical measures, but, be-
fore the Supreme Court decided in favor of the injunction, the
scrip had all been paid. In fact, it is not too much to say, that no
man has done more, through the machinery of the courts, to bring
about the city's low rate of taxation and freedom from indebtedness
than Mr. Roby. He is an acknowledged authority, also, on real-
estate and commercial law, having delivered several lectures before
prominent colleges on these topics. Mr. Roby was married, in
1876, to Mrs. Lelia P. Magoun, a Boston lady. They have two
children.
THE HANFORD MURDER CASE. —The trial of no
cause in Cook County was ever attended with greater
interest and excitement than this. The homicide oc-
curred on August 7, 1876. The deceased was principal
of the North Division High School. In a communica-
tion to the City Council, in regard to the confirmation
254
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
of certain appointees of the Board of Education, he used
the following language in regard to Mrs. Sullivan, wife
of Alexander Sullivan, who was then secretary of the
Hoard of Public Works:
" The instigator and engincer-in-chief of all deviltry connected
with the legislation ..I the Board, N Mrs. Sullivan, wife of the
Secretary of the H.ar.l of 1'ublic Works. Her influence with Colvin
(the mayor) was proven l.y her getting Bailey dismissed, and her
husband appointed in his stead."
Mr. Sullivan was present when the communication
was made. He immediately returned home, informed
his wife what had occurred, and having ascertained that
Mr. Hanford was the author of the communication, he
procured a carriage and, with his wife and brother, pro-
ceeded to Hanford's residence, where he was found,
with his wife and son. sitting on the steps of his house.
The parties were not acquainted : but, having ascer-
tained the presence of each other, Mr. Sullivan de-
manded a retraction of the offensive language above
quoted. This was refused. Some angry words fol-
lowed, with a blow from Mr. Sullivan, which knocked
Mr. Hanford down. Mr. Me Mullen thereupon seized
Mr Sullivan, his wife and brother in the meantime get-
ting out of the carriage. A general melee ensued, in
which, as was alleged, Mr. Hanford struck Mrs. Sulli-
van. Her husband then drew a revolver, and fired at
Mr. Hanford. inflicting a wound, of which he died in
thirty minutes. Sullivan was defended by Leonard
Swett, W. W. O'Brien and Thomas Moran. The people
were represented by Charles H. Reed, State's attorney.
The trial began October 16, 1876, and lasted until the
zyth, when, the jury, failing to agree (standing eleven
for acquittal to one for conviction), was discharged.
\ second trial was had in March, 1877. At this time
the prosecution was conducted by Luther Laflin Mills
and Colonel Van Arman, and the defense by Messrs.
line musical talents. Although holding a lucrative and responsible,
position in a large manufacturing establishment, he immigrated to
\merica and settled on a farm in Salem, Kenosha Co., \\ is., in
Swett, Moran, Storrs and Hynes. The trial lasted a
week. The jury was out but a few minutes, returning
with a verdict of "not guilty."
JOHN S. COOPER, attorney and counselor at law, son of Isaac
and Elma Cooper, was born at Mt. Gilead, Morrow Co., O., on
July 23, 1841. He received his early education in the school of
Erasmus G. Phillips, and from his thirteenth to his fifteenth year
he attended the Mt. Gilead High School, and two years later
entered Oberlin College. Before he could graduate, he enlisted in
the Federal Army, in 1861, and saw active service in Virginia and
participated in the engagements of Cross Lanes, Winchester,
slaughter Mountain, Port Republic, Fredericksburgh, Chancellors-
ville, Gettysburg, the siege of Petersburg, and other historic battles,
receiving a severe wound at Aiken's Farm, on September 29, 1864.
He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the io7th Ohio
Volunteer Infantry, which he commanded until discharged on July
25, 1865, at Cleveland, O. In August, 1865, he came to Chicago
and devoted his entire attention to law, and \\as admitted to the
Bar in iSdy. During the following year, he associated himself with
Mr. Packard, the firm subsequently becoming Cooper, Garnett &
Packard. Mr. Ccxjper is recognised by the legal fraternity and a
numerous clientage as a thorough lawyer, a successful advocate and
a reli.. elor. His socially is commercial and railroad cor-
poration law.
IOIIN T. D.M.F. was born at Sandbach, Cheshire. England, on
April 25, 1841. Mis father, Thomas Dale, was a master machinist,
endowed by nature with great mechanical genius, and possessed of
neighboring academy during
tical education. He «'as intensely fond of literature, and his
general reading was very extensive. He taught school two winters.
and in the spring of 1863 came to Chicago. In the latter part of
1863, he entered the law office of D. C. & I. J. Nicholas as a stu-
dent'and clerk, where he remained two years, and was admitted to
the 11-ir in the spring of 1865. He afterward attended lectures on
real-estate law, in the Union College of Law, by Hon. Henry Booth.
He formed a partnership, in 1867, with Judge E. S. Holbrook.
Their practice was principally in real-estate matters, besides which
thev conducted several important patent cases. Losing their papers
and library in the tire of 1871, this partnership was dissolved. Mr.
Dale subsequently formed a partnership with Sidney Thomas,
which lasted about one year. Since then he has been in practice In
himself. In 1870, he removed to Winnetka, where he identified
himself with the interests of the village. He was elected four years
and is now president of the board of trustees, and was a member of
the Council, as trustee, for four years. In 1864 he became a mem-
ber of the I.O.O.F. He isamemberof the Congregational Church,
a republican, and a gentleman of literary tastes. He has been for-
tunate in his investments and is in good circumstances. He mar-
ried, in September, 1880, Miss Leila W. Graves, of Chicago, a lady
of tine musical accomplishments.
DAVID BKAINKKH 1,\ MAN is the son of the late Rev. David B.
Lyman, formerly of New Hartford, Conn., a graduate of Williams
College and student at Andover Theological Seminary, who was a
missionary to the Sandwich Islands, from 1831 until his death more
than fifty years later, and where his widow still resides. Mr. Lyman
was born on March 27, 1840, in Hilo, on the Island of Hawaii.
He held several important positions at an early age under the
government of the Sandwich Islands, through which he procured
means to obtain a university education. In 1859, he left Honolulu,
saited around Cape Horn, and arrived at New Bedford, Mass., in
May, 1860. The following September he entered Vale College, and
graduated in 1864; then attended Harvard Law School, and gradu-
ated in 1866. In 1864-65, he was connected with the Sanitary
Commission as hospital visitor, being then in charge of the Eifth
Corps hospital of the Army of the Potomac and also the Point of
Rocks hospital, in Virginia, and for the last few weeks of his service
was in charge of the station established by the Sanitary Commission
for the forces concentrated around Washington while the Army was
being disbanded. Mr. Lyman was admitted to the Boston Bar in
1866, when he came to Chicago and entered the office of Waite &
Clark as clerk, remaing with them two years. He formed a part-
nership on July I, 1869, with lluntington W. Jackson, under the
firm name of Lyman & Jackson, which still continues. Mr. Lyman
is a good classical scholar and possesses fine literary attainments.
He is very learned in real-estate law, and a thorough practitioner in
every branch of his profession. He prepares excellent briefs and
his arguments have great weight with both court and jury. He
never advises unnecessary or groundless suits. In politics Mr.
Lyman is a consistent republican, but not a rabid partisan. Ik-
was married on October 5, 1870, to Miss Mary E. Cossitt, daughter
of Franklin I). Cossitt, of Chicago. They have thfee children liv-
ing. He resides at LaGrange.
SHERRY AND CONNELLY. — Of all the murders
which have ever- been committed in Chicago, that of
Hugh McConville by Patrick Sherry and Jeremiah
Connelly, on the night of January 19, 1878, was the
most cowardly, brutal, and unprovoked. On the after-
noon of January 19, 1878, the two started out together,
and by dark they were dangerously drunk. At eight
o'clock, at No. 1594 State Street, they met James Don-
egan, and attacked him. Sherry struck him on the
head with a slung-shot, Connelly calling out to kill him.
Trying to get away, Sherry struck him again, when he
ran into Peter Smith's market, where the two followed
him, threatening to kill, but he made his escape through
the back door. They then threatened to kill Peter
Smith, and attacked him with a knife. At Thirty-
seventh Street they attacked Jacob Rapke, and shortly
after, meeting another man, they made a lunge at him
with a knife. In running away one of them called out
to the other, " Catch him, and I will make mince-
meat of him." Soon after this they made an assault
BENCH AND BAR.
255
upon two women in the street, and then upon others.
Finally they met Hugh McConville, walking with his
niece. Sherry immediately seized the young lady,
slapped her in the face, using most outrageous and
indecent language. She ran. Her uncle rushed to her
defense, when one of the scoundrels plunged the butch-
er's knife they had secured at Peter Smith's into his
heart. The righteous verdict of the jury was guilty,
and the penalty death. Sherry and Connelly were
hanged on June 21.
EDWARD L. BARKER was born at Hopkinton, R. I., on May
20, 1843, and is the grandson of Colonel Edward N. Barber,
well known in political and military circles in that State. His
parents moved to Wisconsin when he was in his tenth year. His
early education he received in the common schools, and later entered
Milton College, in that State, from which he graduated in July,
1865. He commenced the study of la\v in the office of Carter,
1'itkin & Davis, at Milwaukee. In June, 1866, he was admitted to
the Bar. Spending a year in travel, and in settling up the affairs
of a friend at Janesville, VVis., in 1868 he came to Chicago, and
entered the office of Bates & Tousley. At the time of the tire
he was with Garrison, Anderson iS: Eastman. The fire swept away
Mr. Barber's library and valuable papers, involving a loss of over
§10,000. For eleven days after the fire he was chairman of the
vigilance committee that had charge of the important district south
of Twenty-second Street and east of Halsted. After the fire he built
an office on Twenty-ninth Street, near State, and embarked in busi-
nesss for himself, connecting with his law practice a real-estate and
loan and rental agency, which is still conducted under the style of
E. L. Barber & Co., Mr. Barber's father, who came to Chicago
in 1868, and for a greater portion of the time has been engaged
in the real-estate business, constituting the company. Mr. Barber
has a large and lucrative practice, which is principally real-estate
and chancery, combined with corporation law. He has travelled
extensively in every State of the Union, during which tours he has
indulged his literary aspirations, as many biographical sketches and
descriptive and dramatic articles will testify. He was married in
this city, in 1873, to Miss Annie !•'. Shaw, of Bangor, Me.
CHARLKS I.. KASTON was born at Loweville, Lewis Co., N. Y.,
and is the son of William L. and Emeline (Henry) Easton. His
father was a native of the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts. In
early life he emigrated to Mohawk, Herkimer Co., X. Y., where
he learned the printing trade in the same office with General Fran-
cis E. Spinner, ex-United States treasurer, and other notable New
Yorkers. He founded the Black River pazette (now Journal and
Republican), at Lcrweville ; later he became president of the old
Bank of Loweville. He was an old-time whig in politics, an inti-
mate friend of William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed, and a
presidential elector-at-large on the Scott-Graham ticket of 1852.
In 1853 or 1854, the father became a liberal investor in Iowa and
Minnesota lands, and established the banking house of Easton,
Cooley & Co. (subsequently William L. Easton & Son), at Deco.
rah, Iowa. The latter firm was succeeded, shortly after the
passage of the National Bank Act, by the First National Bank of
Decorah, of which James L. Easton, (the "Son") is the president.
Charles L. was educated at Union College, Schenectady, X. Y.,
and was graduated from that institution in 1863. He then entered
the law office of Charles D. Adams, a prominent lawyer of his na-
tive town, but now of Utica, N. Y., where he pursued a very thor-
ough course of study, and was admitted to the Bar in 1866. In the
fall of that year he came to Chicago, and entered upon a success-
ful professional career. He is a thorough lawyer, of excellent quali-
fications. In 1876, Mr. Eastman was elected, as a republican, to
the Illinois Legislature, where he was distinguished for his sound
judgment and care of his duties as a legislator and the interests of
his constituency. He is a Master Mason and an excellent citizen.
THE MURDER OF ALBERT RACE.— On the night of
October 4, 1878, the store of E. S. Jaffray & Co., in
Chicago, was entered by burglars, and a large quantity
of goods, consisting principally of silks and silk hand-
kerchiefs, was stolen. The goods were taken in a
wagon, by the burglars, to the store of Lesser Fried-
berg, a pawnbroker on State Street. .While the burg-
lars were removing the goods from the wagon, between
ten and eleven o'clock at night, they were discovered by
a police officer, who, on attempting to investigate their
proceedings, was shot and killed by one of the burglars.
Before the officer came up, a large quantity of the
goods had been carried into Friedberg's store, he being
present.
The State was represented on the trial by Mr.
Mills, State's attorney, Emery A. Storrs conducting the
defense. It was supposed by the defendant, Friedberg,
that the only evidence against him was that of one
Freeman, who assisted in the burglary and had turned
State's evidence. He testified to the facts of the rob-
bery, and also that the goods were taken and delivered
to Friedberg, in pursuance of a prior arrangement
made with him. As it turned out, the evidence of the
accomplice, upon which it is generally so difficult to
convict, was supported by others. Two witnesses, who
resided two blocks from the defendant's pawnshop, test-
ified that one or two nights previously they had been in
his place, looking at some silks, and remarked that they
did not wish to pay more than $1.50 a yard. Friedberg
replied, "Come in to-morrow or next day night, and I will
have some more." It was also shown that, immediately
after the occurrence in front of the store, the defend-
ant's door was locked, the lights in the store nearly ex-
tinguished, and that he could not be found. He sub-
sequently denied being in the store when the officer
was shot, although that fact was fully established.
Upon the evidence, the jury found the prisoner
guilty, and he was sentenced to the penitentiary for
four years. A supersedeas was granted by the Supreme
Court, when the case was extensively reviewed at the
March term, 1882, and the judgment of the court below
affirmed. Judge Dickey, however, dissented, stating
that the evidence to his mind was not sufficient to
justify a conviction.
Albert Race was the name of the murdered police-
man referred to in the above account. John Lamb and
George Freeman were indicted for his murder, and
tried at the March term, 1879, of the Criminal Court,
before Hon. E. S. Williams. Lamb alone was put on
trial, Freeman having turned State's evidence, as in
the burglary case. The prosecution was conducted by
State's Attorney Mills and his assistant, E. P. Webber,
and the defense by John Van Arman, Mr. Gordon and
J •
W. S. Forrest. After an exciting trial, the jury found
the defendant guilty, and directed, by their verdict, the
infliction of the death penalty. The case being taken
to the Supreme Court on a writ of error, which was
made a supersedeas, the judgment of the court below
was reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial.
The principal error, as found by the court, was in the
refusal to instruct the jury, that even if they believed
that the homicide was committed by one of several
burglars while engaged in secreting or disposing of
property which they had previously stolen, and that the
killing was done to prevent the discovery and seizure
of the property by the person killed, then, unless the
jury believed from the evidence, beyond all reasonable
doubt, that the defendant was present at the homicide,
or sufficiently near to render aid to the perpetrator, and
actually did aid the person who committed the homi-
cide ; or unless the jury should find that the defendant,
before the homicide, counseled or advised the persons
in charge of the goods to oppose and resist whosoever
should attempt to seize them or interrupt them in their
secretion or disposal, and that the killing of the de-
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ceased occurred in tin- coarse <>f such resistance, then
they ought to acquit the defendant. In this opinion
the court was divided ; lour being in favor and three
(>]>[!
lingered along until February 6, iN.Xj,
when the deieiulant was a.nain put upon trial, which
lasted until February 16. The evidence not being
-itiered sufficient by the jury, their verdict was "not
guilty."
FRANCIS A. RIDDI.K. — Of thf many public men whose lives
;in- sketched in these volumes, either because of their representative'
ch.ir.ieter at US furnishing something: of the history of Chicago, it
is notiee.ibletli.it few of them are Illinoisans by birth. Francis
A. kiddle is one of this limited number. He was born near the
city ot Springfield, in Sang.mion County, on March iq, 1843.
His t.nher, l-.hu Uidille. was .1 prosperous farmer, and Francis,
up to the age of sexcntccn years, had the common experience of
country boys, his time being fairly divided between the labors of
farm life in the summer and the district school in winter. In iSoo,
having progressed beyond the privileges the rural school-house
led, he was entered as a student in tile school then known as
the Illinois Slate I'niversity, at Springfield, where he remained
nearly two years, when the stirring events of the Civil \Var, and
that impetuous patriotism which carried so many of the young men
ol that day to the tieM, drew him away from kinks and preceptors
and into the ranks of the I'nion army. In June, 1862, he enlisted
in Co. " 11," of the 1301)1 Regiment of Illinois Volunteers. His regi-
ment, which had been recruited at Camp liutler, was presently
sent to Memphis, whence il was transferred to Milliken's Bend and
,urticipint in the famous campaign which led up to the
investment and capture of Vieksburg. Hardships his youth could
not well withstand resulted in severe sickness, and he was sent
home In regain his health. Returning to the front, he rejoined
his regiment at I 'arrollton, I .a., and in the early fall of 1*63 was
made a second lieutenant in the q3d United States Colored Infantry,
an orgaiii/ation he had helped to form in pursuance of orders issued
by the Secretary of War. He was soon thereafter promoted first
lieutenant, on recommendation of a board of military examiners,
and in the winter of isiq was made judge-advocate of a military
commission at Thibodeaux, La., of which Colonel George R. Davis',
then of the 31! Rhode Island Cavalry, and, subsequently, for six
years member of Congress from the City of Chicago, was president.
At the close of this duty, he was appointed post-quartermaster at
larrollton. He was mustered out on August I, 1865, having reached
his majority during the period of his military service. Having
thus honorably closed his experience as a soldier, he anxiously
turned again to the studies from which he had been separated for
:liing more than three years, and in September was admitted
to the junior class of Illinois College, at Jacksonville. In this
graduated in is!,;, lie was admitted to the Bar in the same year.
During the eighteen years that have intervened between that 'time
and the date of this writing, Mr. Riddle has been engaged in the
general practice of his profession in Chicago, and has won for him-
self a substantial success. Especially is this true in that large and
important field known as commercial and corporation law. In this
class of litigation he has a large clientage and has merited distinction
as a lawyer. In 1876, he was elected to the State Senate as a
republican, serving as a member of that body through the XXXIst
and XXXIId General Assemblies. He brought to the duties of
that position the same practical experience, activity and earnestness
that characterize him in all his work, and was recognized as a lead-
ing and influential legislator. Mr. Riddle was married in 1870
to a daughter of the late Rev. William G. Gallagher, of Jackson-
He is a member of Post 28, G.A.R., and of the'.Military
Order of the Loyal Legion.
WII.I.IAM R. Pi.t-M was born at Massillon, Ohio, on March
His parents, Henry and Nancy (North) Plum, removed
Idletown, Conn., to the Western Reserve in 1836 and
while he was an infant, moved to Cuyahoga Falls, Summit Co
>nio, where they have since resided.' His grandfather, Colonel
Mmcon North, was quite an inventive genius, and, from the admin-
in of Washington to that of Pierce, was employed by the
nment as a manufacturer of fire-arms, his last and largest ar-
mory being at Middletown, Conn. He originated the manufacture
:ols so that their parts should be interchangeable. One of his
'.as offered the sole charge of the Harper's Ferry Arsenal and
gran. Is,,,, has taken out a very large number of most useful pat-
In his fifteenth year. Mr. Plum learned telegraphy and in
February, 1662, offered himself for army sen -ce. He was refused
on account of his age, but finally obtained charge of the first otliu:
opened in Columbus, Ky. lie was soon given the management of
a repealing office through which were sent dispatches to or from
the foiee- operating against Cumberland Gap. When General
Morgan ihrcatcned Frankfort, Mr. Plum was sent there to take
charge of the telegraphing; and thence to the Nashville olncc.
1 le was now one of the most expert operators, especially in taking by
sound, in '.he service. Wishing to be with the Army, he was sent
to take charge of General Gordon Granger's office in the field.
When Granger moved off the line of the telegraph, Mr. Plum went
to General Rosecraiis's headquarters at Murfreesboro', and shortly
thereafter started for Vicksburg, where his services were required,
but the emergency ceasing while en route, he was temporarily sent
to Columbus, Ky., and then given command of all lines and men
from Nashville to Paducah, via Clarksville and F'ort Donelson,
with headquarters at the latter. In the performance of his duties he
had several narrow escapes from guerillas, who had sent word they
would kill him, and who did kill two of his repairers. After many
months of unusual success in keeping open this, the second, tele-
graphic route of communication with the North, Mr. Plum, at
his earnest request, was sent to the front. Joining General Thomas
near Atlanta, he remained in charge of his telegraphic and cipher
service, until the close of the War, being with him at the battles of
Jonesboro', Ga., and Nashville, Tenn. By the General's orders, he
remained with him until the fighting was over, signing all cipher
messages sent from Thomas's headquarters, and becoming as thor-
oughly posted as to the main plans of commanding officers as any
other man in the Military Division of the Mississippi. Such a trust
is rarely reposed in one yet in his teens. In April, 1865, Mr. Plum
resigned, to attend a business college in New Haven, Conn., but
subsequently entered Yale College, and graduated from its law de-
partment in 1867. During the two years he was studying law he
was also night-manager of the New Haven city telegraph office.
In 1867, he began the practice of law in Chicago, in the office of
Scates, Bates & Towslee. Three months later he entered the office
of Joel S. Page, with whom he remained until Mr. Page's death,
in August, 1883. His practice has been general and includes many
important cases. In 1877, he began his history of the " United
States Military Telegraph Corps of the War of the Rebellion,"
which, five years later, was published by Jansen, McClurg iV Co.,
of this city, in two large octavo volumes. Mr. Plum's work received
the highest encomiums from the press of this country and Europe,
but the burden imposed upon him impaired his health, which a trip
of four months in New Mexico and Colorado restored. Mr. Plum
was largely instrumental in organizing the Society of the Military
Telegraphers of the United States, in iSSi, and he has since been
its president. In 1882, he was elected president of the Old Timers'
Association, a similar organization, composed in part of the most
eminent telegraphers in this country. He drafted a bill for the
proper recognition of the service and status of army telegraphers,
which was introduced in the United States Senate by General John
A. Logan, and favorably reported upon by the House Committee
on Military Affairs, but, owing to pressure of other matters, it has
not yet come up for action. Mr. Plum was married, in 1867, to
Helen M. Williams.
ELBERT H. GARY was born in 1846, in DuPage County, III.,
and is the son of Erastus Gary, who came to Illinois from Pom fret,
Conn., in 1831, and, after pursuing various vocations, became a
wealthy land-owner. The ancestors of the present Gary family
were settlers at Roxbury, Mass., in 1(131. Mr. Gary utilized to the
best advantage the liberal education bestowed upon him at the com-
mon schools and at college, and laid the foundation for the reputa-
tion he now enjoys as a scholar and a distinguished lawyer. He
studied law in the office of Vallette & Cody, of Naperville, 111., two
years, after which he entered the Union College of Law at Chicago,
graduating in June, 1867, and in October of the same year being •
admitted to the Bar. During the following three years, he was
chief deputy clerk of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in
1870, commenced the practice of the law, continuing it two years
on his own account. In October, 1872. he formed a partnership
with his brother, N. E. Gary, under the firm name of E. H. & N. E.
Gary. In 1879, Judge H. H. Cody became a member of the firm,
and its style was changed to Gary, Cody & Gary, which firm occu-
pies a leading position among the Chicago practitioners. Judge
( lary is the general solicitor for a large number of the leading in-
surance companies represented in this city, and also has charge of
the legal interests of a number of prominent manufacturers. He
resides at Wheaton, where he is the principal proprietor of the bank;
is the president of a company that owns an extensive creamery at
that place ; is the president of the Agricultural and Mechanical
Association of the county; and is a large real-estate owner in Du-
Page County and in Chicago. From 1872 to 1874, he was presi-
dent of the Town Council of Wheaton; and was made judge of the
County Court of DuPage County in the fall of 1882, which office
he continues to hold, ably performing the duties of his position,
BENCH AND BAR.
257
THE LAW'S OKI, AYS AND CONTINGENCIES. — The
following case will remind the reader of Janidyce vs.
Januiyce. The names of the parties originally, fifteen
years ago, were S. \V. Hardin vs. Andrew Forsyth, in
ejectment. It involved the title to six hundred and
forty acres of land, near Joliet, worth $30,000. The
plaintiff claimed the land under a judgment against one
Kagan, the former owner; the defendant, by virtue of
a deed directly from Eagan. The case was first tried
in loliet, in 1871, and resulted in favor of the plaintiff.
It was thereupon appealed to the Supreme Court and
the judgment reversed. Then the venue was changed
to Cook County. Here, three years after, it was again
tried before Judge Rogers, and once more resulted in a
verdict and judgment for the plaintiff, which, on motion,
was set aside by the court. When it came up for trial
again, it was heard before Judge McAllister in 1878,
but this time the verdict was in favor of the defendant;
which, as in case of the preceding trial, was set aside
by the court. The next time it appeared, was before
Judge Rogers again, and the defendant was once more
successful. For the second time it was carried to the
Supreme Court. But a change of tribunals did not
change the result, the judgment of the court below be-
ing affirmed. In almost any other case, this would
have ended the litigation ; but under our statute the
plaintiff had a right to a new trial, which he took. The
case was not reached until 1882, when it again resulted
in favor of the defendant. This judgment the Supreme
Court was again asked to reverse ; and it did as re-
c|ucMed, leaving the plaintiff once more in a position
for another trial. Thus far there had been five hearings
of the case in the Circuit Court and three in the
Supreme Court. In the meantime, although the de-
fendant had died, the case was still alive. The plain-
tiff, becoming doubtless somewhat weary of the pro-
longed and uncertain litigation, had sold out his interest
to his attorney, E S. Holbrook, who was now the
plaintiff de facto. At last, as it seemed impossible to
settle the dispute in the courts, a compromise was
effected between the plaintiff and John Forsyth, son of
the original defendant ; but before the final judgment
was entered up in the court, in September last, in
accordance with the terms of the compromise, John
Forsyth died. And so the case is finally disposed of.
KI INERT KinviN JENKINS was born in Clark County, Mo., on
February 6, 1 846. 1 1 is mother died when he was only eight months
old, and he spent his early years under the care of his aunt, Mar-
garet Jenkins Hendricks, at Fairfield, Iowa, where he attended the
common schools until he was twelve years of age. Returning to
his father's home in Missouri, he worked on the farm and attended
the winter schools until he was nineteen. He then entered Illinois
College, at Jacksonville, and, after a partial course, came to Chicago.
and became a student in the Union College of Law, from which he
graduated in 1867, and was, soon after, admitted to the Illinois liar
by the Supreme Court. lie was one year with 1 lames & Story, and
a year with Lincoln Clark, register in bankruptcy, after which he
opened an office on his own behalf, making a specialty of bankruptcv
practice. He acted as assignee of bankrupt estates, in nearly a
third of the cases that came before the Court from Cook County.
Since the repeal of the bankrupt law, in 1878, he has devoted him-
self to the general practice of the law, and other fiduciary business
demanding integrity and probity no less than professional ability.
lie is a member of the liar Association, Law Institute, and the Irv-
ing Literary Club of Chicago. He is also a member of the Union
I'ark Congregational Church, of which he has been one of the dea-
cons for several years, and is superintendent of the Sunday-school
connected with that church. 1 le was among those actively engaged
in promoting the organization of the City Missionary Society, and
is a prominent member of the Chicago Congregational Club. In
politics he has always been an active republican. He has been re-
peatedly urged to become a candidate before the people for impor-
tant offices, but has always declined. Mr. Jenkins married, in
1879, Miss Marcia Raymond. They have three children, — George
Raymond, Helen Mary, and Edith Daisy.
I?
GKORI;K L. I'ADIIOCK was born on October S, 1832, at Augusta,
Ga. His parents, George Hussey and Rebecca M. Paddock, were
born at Hudson, N. V., settled not long after the Revolutionary
War by colonists from Xantucket, Mass. .among whom were Stephen
1'addock, the great grandfather, and I.aban Paddock, the grand-
father of the subject of this article. Mr. Paddock's- father was for
some time a banker in Augusta, ( ia. , having charge of a branch es-
tablishment connected with a northern house. His parents subse-
quently returned to New York City, where they remained until
1846, when they moved to Princeton, liureau Co., 111., and settled
upon a farm in that locality. When of age Mr. Paddock com-
menced the study of law, while serving as deputy circuit clerk under
K. M. Fisher and deputy county clerk under Stephen G. Paddock,
his brother. He was admitted to the Bar of Illinois in 1858 and
was graduated at the Harvard Law School in 1859. Returning to
Princeton, he was the partner of Joseph I. Taylor, a leading attor-
ney, for two years. In April, 1861, he entered the 12th Illinois
Volunteer Infantry as first lieutenant of Co. " I," Captain Frank
1>. Ferris; entered the re-organized regiment in the same position
at the end of three months' service, and afterward filled different
positions on the staff, serving much of the time as brigade quarter-
master. He remained in active service, in the operations of General
Grant in 1861 and 1862, in Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee and
Mississippi. Resigning his commission, he re-entered the United
States service as major of the 7th U. S. Heavy Artillery (Colored),
and major of the nth U. S. Colored Infantry. Subsequently he
was assigned to duty as assistant inspector-general on the staff of
Major-General Dana, headquarters of the Department of the Missis-
sissippi, and was mustered out under the above rank July 28, 1865.
He became a member of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee
and of the Loyal Legion of the United States, having been elected
a companion in the latter by the Illinois Commandery on January
5, iSSi. Returning to Princeton in 1865, he resumed the practice
of his profession with Harvey M. Trimble, since county judge. He
was appointed by Judge Edwin S. I. eland as master in chancery of
the Circuit Court of Bureau County, and acted as such for several
years. Coming to Chicago in April, 1868, he entered the office of
Gallup & Peabody, and was placed in charge of their general court
business. In 1871, he formed a partnership with George O. Ide.
The firm of Paddock & Ide continued in business twelve years, and
became one of the most active firms in the city. On May I, 1883,
he became associated with Owen F. Aldis under the firm name of
Paddock & Aldis. Mr. Paddock was married on October I, 1862,
to Miss Caroline M. Holies, daughter of Hon. John A. Bolles, de-
ceased. Judge Bolles was at one time Secretary of State of Massa-
chusetts and was judge-advocate on the staff of Major-General
John A. Dix, during the War ; after the War he was Solicitor of the
Navy Department, and died in Washington, Mr. and Mrs. Pad-
dock have five children.
CHAKI.KS MCKRAY HARRIS is a native of Munfordville, Hart
Co., Ky. His parents, John and Jane (Murray) Harris removed
with their family from Kentucky when Charles M. was a youth of
thirteen, and settled in Oquawka, 111. Charles returned to Mun-
fordville soon after, and attended school at Greensburg, acquiring
the foundation of his education. On returning to Oquawka, he
was employed in his father's store and also commenced the study of
law. In the course of two years he had mastered the elementary
principles, and, in 1845, after a thorough examination, was admit-
ted to the Bar. Many of the most complicated and important cases
in the district were intrusted to him, and conducted to a successful
issue. Civil practice was his specialty and preference, but in crimi-
nal suits his success was good. In 1862, he was the democratic
nominee for Congress, his district being republican by two thou-
sand majority. A vigorous canvass resulted in his election over
Hon. Charles B. Lawrence by nearly three thousand majority. At
the expiration of his term, he resumed his practice, and, in 1868,
moved to Chicago, whete he has since practiced successfully in both
State and Federal courts.
HUNTINGTON Wol.coTT JACKSON was born on January 28,
1841, in Newark, N. J. From the biographical sketches of the
Bench and Bar of Chicago, we have procured the following facts
respecting his life. His father, John P. Jackson, was an eminent
lawyer, highly respected for his purity of character and great use-
fulness as a citizen. His mother was Miss Elizabeth Wolcott, a
native of Litchfield, Conn. Her great grandfather, Major-General
Roger Wolcott, was the first governor of Connecticut, and her
grandfather was Oliver Wolcott, Sr., a signer of the Declaration of
Independence. Her uncle, Oliver Wolcott, Jr., was secretary of
the treasury under General Washington. Her father was Frederick
Wolcoti, who occupied a judicial position for forty years in his
native State. Her mother was a Himtington and a member of that
branch of the family distinguished in Connecticut during the Revo-
lution. Mr. Jackson prepared for college at Phillips Academy,
Andover, Mass., and entered Princeton College in 1859. At the
end of his junior year, he went into the Union army, and after
serving in various grades was brevetted lieutenant-colonel and ap-
HISTORY OK CHICAC.O.
pointed aide-de-camp i>n the staff nf Major-General John New ion.
who commanded the First Army Corps, participating in the battles
of Fredericksburg. Chanccllors\ ille. Gettysburg, and other c,
mcnls of the Army of the Potomac. He was with the Army
Cumberland in Micrman's campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta.
He was wounded at Kencsaw Mountain, and was present at the fall
'-I Yt'ania. A ski-tch ol Colonel lackson's military career is given
in " Foster's New Jersey and the Rebellion." Alter being inus-
otil ol sei vice lie attended Harvard Law School one year, and
then traveled in Europe a year. On returning home he resumed
the study of law in li his brother, the laic |ohn P. lack-
son. Jr., of Newark. In the fall of 181,7. he came lo Chicago, and
entered the ohm of YYaite .V (lark, where he completed his studies
and was admitted to the Bar in 1868. < In July I. IX.S, he entered
into partnership with II. B. l.ynian, which continues up to the
present time. Mr. Jackson is a republican in politics. lie was
elected su]x-rvisor of South Chicago, and continued the reforms in-
stituted by his predecessors, Robert T. Lincoln and Edward G.
Mason. He was appointed by the Hon. John K. Knox, comptroller
of the currency, as receiver ami attorney of the Third National
Bank ol Chicago, and his management of the affairs of that institu-
tion has received high commendation. Mr. lackson possesses a
well-balanced judgment, and is a safe and wise counselor ; prudent
conscientious, an able advocate, and a successful practitioner
at the Chicago Bar.
Tin. RIGHTS OK MAKKIKD WOMK.N. — The change
in the common-law relating to the property-rights of
married women in this country has been gradual for
many years; but in this State the law of 1069 made a
radical change, — much more so, indeed, under the de-
risions of the Supreme Court, than is generally sup-
posed. In the case of Harriet M. Haight vs. Franklin
MacYeagh et al., the laws of this State were construed
by our Supreme Court in 1873 — the case going up from
the Circuit Court of this county. Mrs. Haight was a
married woman residing with her husband, and with his
consent carried on the business of a retail grocer in her
own name, having a Mr. Chase as a silent partner.
The husband acted as her clerk, but had no interest in
the business. The suit was brought for goods pur-
chased by the wife in her own name. The 'court held,
under the circumstances, the goods purchased by her
became her own sole and separate property, for which
she must be held to pay.
" 'Lhat it is not tn be supposed that it was within the contem-
plation of the Legislature, in conferring upon married women the
right to receive, use and possess their own earnings, and to sue for
the same in their own names, that it was to be limited to such only
as should result from manual labor; or that in contemn^ upon
them the right to have their separate property under their sole and
separate control, and to hold, own, possess and enjoy the same as
sole and unmarried, they were to be restricted in
is use or disposition. That the right to control is indispensable to
the acquisition of earnings, and to the unrestricted possession con-
.1 and enjoyment of property. The court perceives no reason
why a married woman, invested with these rights, may not, at least
nth the consent of her husband, earn money in trade as well -is at
the wash-tub or with the sewing-machine; why she may not as well
be the proprietress of a grocery store as a farm ; contract debts for
goods to be used in trade as well as for animals and farming imple-
ments or lands or farm labor.
" Lhat in removing the common-law restrictions upon her right
" acquire an, I control her property, the Legislature have left her to
etermme, at all events when her husband shall not object from
the dictates of her own judgment, in what lawful pursuit she will
engage and whether it shall be prosecuted alone or in conjunction
with others.
Referring to I lowarth vs. Warmser (58 III.) : " That bv taking
away the husband s control of the earnings of the wife, the reason
of the common-law rule holding him liable for the payment of his
wifes debd contracted before marriage, was removed, and the,-,-,
-ing the rule must also cease? " I pon a like principle 5
was held ,„ Marline e, al. vs. Robson. thai the husband s no
longer liable for the torts of the wife, when not committed by his
direction, nor with his consent."
In the case of ihe I'awtucket Institution for Savings
vs. Mary 1 ». |!owen et al., in the United States District
Court, Judge Blodgett held as follows:
" A personal decree will not be granted against a married woman
who joins her husband in a note and gives a mortgage on her i.
tate to secure its payment, when the mortgage is Ion-closed, and, on
sale, the premises fail to bring enough to pay the note.
" A married woman can not be held liable personally, even
under the law as it now stands, unless it be made to appear that the
debt contracted was for her personal benelit, and about her personal
interests, or for the purpose of protecting her personal estate, <.r
that she became surety for iier husband."
AI;M K MM I ii, of the linn of Smith \ Burgctt, was born at
Orange, Mass., on August 4, 1843. I lis parents were Humphrey
and Sophronia A. Smith. After graduating from .Middle-bury Col-
Yt., in 1866, he taught one- year al Newton Academy, Shore-
ham, Vt., when he removed to Chicago, entered the law office of |.
I,. Slark, and commenced the study of his profession. He was ad-
mitted to the Bar in 1808, and formed a partnership with Mr. Slark
under the linn name of Stark A: Smith, which continued until ter-
minated by Ihe death of Mr. Stark in 1873. In April, 1877, he
formed the partnership with John M. II. Burgctt, which still ex-
ists. Mr. Smith has never been a politician, exi epl i< > express him-
sell freely and independently on all questions of the day and \ot<
accordingly. He was married, on October 5, i86cj, to Miss Ada C.
Smith, daughter of Sereno Smith, of Shoreham, Vt.
FRANCIS W. S. UKUVI.KY, of the law firm of Brawlcy \
Dunne, was born at North Kast, Erie Co., I'enn., on February 12,
1825. John Brawley, his father, was for many years an assistant
judge of the Court of Common Pleas of that county. Mr. Ilrawley
commenced the study of his profession at Krie in 1845, with John
Galbraith. During this year he removed to Chicago, and, in 1847,
was a Staunch democrat and a friend of Stephen A. Douglas, and
for about a year edited the Free-port Bulletin, lie- twice served as
superintendent of schools for Slephenson County, and for a long
time was a member of the Board of Education of Free-port, anc!
prepared the special charter under which the public schools were
conducted. He was postmaster from 1852 to 1858, and city attor-
ney between 1860 and 1869. Mr. Brawley is a Mason of high
degree and a member of the Proteslant Episcopal Church. He
married, in 1850, Mary Keitzell, daughter of Phillip Keitzell, of
Slephenson County.
LoTiiitiip SMI i'ii lIoiHii-.s, of the firm of Hodges \- Shippen,
attorneys and counselors at law, was born in Durham County,
Canada, on August iS, 1832. lie remained at home, attending
school until seventeen years old, at which time he entered Victoria
College, at Coburg, where he continued four years. After leaving
college, he read law for three years at Osgood Hall, subsequently
resuming his study at Pontiac, Oakland Co., Mich., where he was
admitted to the Bar in March, 1861. Locating at Detroit, he was
engaged in active practice in that city eight years, and in 1869 settled
at Chicago. Until the fire, in 1871, he was associated with George
C. Bates, the firm being Bates & Hodges, afterward with John |.
McCiellan for three years. After practicing alone for several years,
he formed his present connection with Joseph Shippen, in
He enjoys a lucrative clientage, and is known to both Bench and
Bar as a scholarly lawyer, thoroughly posted, and is a reliable
counselor and advocate. Mr. Hodges 'was married on September
22, 1858, to Miss Helen C. Williamson, of Brooklyn, N. Y. They
have had two children,— George H., who died in Nevada in 1882,
at the age of twenty-one years, and Fanny, now the wife of Dr. II.
P. Newman, of Chicago.
FARI.IN Oi ICI.KY B.U.I., attorney and counselor at law, is the
son of James M. and Keturah K. Ball, and was born near Shelbv-
ville, Ohio, on March 28, 1838. His parents were descended from
a prominent Scotch family that came t<> this country over two
hundred years ago and settled in Virginia. II is grandfather, Farlin
Ball, in 1812, located in the old Ouaker settlement of Richmond,
Ohio, marrying a Miss More, of Virginia. His mother was a
member of the family of Thomas Ford, formerly Governor of
< >hio. When young Farlin was eleven years old, his parents came
\\esi and settled al Monroe, Wis., where he attended school until
prepared for the university at Madison, Wis., from which he grad-
uated in the class of 1861. During the late War he enlisted in the
3ist Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and was in active service on
the Mississippi until after the battle of Chickamauga. In Septem-
ber, 1862, he was promoted to a first lieutenancy, and in the fol-
lowing year received a captain's commission while at Nashville,
lenn. His command was a part of Sherman's army in its famous
march to the sea," during which he was advanced" to the rank of
major. At the close of the War he returned to Madison Wis
dm the fall of 1865 was admitted to the Bar. In the fall of
50(), he was elected State's attorney of his county, which position
: held until 1869, when he came to Chicago, lie was associated
with George A. Shufeldt from 1871 to 1875, and afterward was
BENCH AND BAR.
259
with Monroe \ I'.isbcc for some time. Mr. Hull dissented from the
opinion-. »l leading lawyers in the mailer of the right of the \\'est
I'ark Hoard to take Washington Street as a boulevard. Upon the
submission of the question to the Supreme Court he was sustained
in his views, and thereafter acted as attorney for the commissioners
in that improvement until the boulevard was completed. His stand-
ing in the Chicago liar is of the best, and he ranks among the fore-
niHsi lawyers of Chieago. His specialties are real-estate, banking,
insurance and chancery law. Mr. Hall was married on June 23,
1868, to Miss Kli/.abeth Hall, of Chieago, daughter of Thomas \V.
Hall, the wool merchant. They have two children, — Farlin II. and
Sydney II.
BOARD OF TKAUK CONTRACTS. — In the Revised
Statutes of Illinois, chapter 38, section 130, it is pro-
vided :
" Whoever contracts to have or give to himself or another the
option to sell or buy, at a future time, any grain or other commodity,
stock of any railroad or other company, or gold, or forestalls the
market by spreading false rumors to influence the price of com-
modities therein, or 'corners' the market, or attempts to do so, in
relation to any such commodities, shall be lined not less than ten
dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or confined in the
county jail not exceeding one year, or both; and all contracts made
in violation of this section shall be considered gambling contracts
and shall be void."
In the case of Pickering et al. vs. Cease, appealed
from the Superior Court of Cook County, the Supreme
Court says (79 Illinois, 329) :
"So far as anything is proven in this case, the alleged pur-
chases are purely fictitious. The grain, plaintiffs bought of II.,
was immediately sold back to him. It was not paid for, nor was it
expected by the parties it would be called for or delivered. The
parties were merely speculating in differences as to the market values
of grain on the Chicago market. Such contracts are void at com-
mon law, as being inhibited by a sound public morality.
" Agreements for the future delivery of grain, or any other
"lity, are not prohibited by the common law or by any statute
of this State. What the law does prohibit, and what is deemed
detrimental to the general welfare, is speculating in differences in
market values. '• What were they but 'optional contracts'
in the most objectionable sense ? That is, the seller had the privi-
lege of delivering or not delivering, and the buyer the privilege of
calling or not calling for the grain. On the maturity of the con-
tracts they were to be filled by adjusting the differences in the market
values. Being in the nature of gambling transactions, the law will
tolerate no such contracts."
In the case of Pixley et al. vs. Boynton et al. (same
volume of Illinois Reports), appealed from the Circuit
Court of Cook County, the court decides :
"A purchase of grain at a certain price per bushel, made in
good faith, to be delivered in the next month, giving the seller until
the last day of the month, at his option, in which to deliver, is not
an illegal or gambling contract, and the purchaser will be entitled
to its benefit, no matter what may have been the secret intention
of the seller."
A later cast.' is that of J. 1!. l.yon \- Co. vs. Culbert
son, Blair & Co., appealed from the Superior Court of
^7^
Cook County (83 111. 34). The appellees brought suit
against appellants, to recover damages for an alleged
failure to perform contracts for the purchase of a quan-
tity of wheat. One of these contracts was as follows :
"Cme.vcu, August 14, 1872.
"We have this day bought of Culbertson, I'.lair \ Co. 10,000
bushels of No. 2 spring wheat, in store, at Si. 57 '2 per bushel, to
be delivered, at sellers' option, during August, 1872. This con-
tract is subject in all respects to the rules and regulations of the
lioard of Trade of the City of Chicago.
"J. B. LVON & Co."
Under these contracts, deposits and margins were
put up by the parties, in conformity to said rules, from
time to time. On August 10, 1872, the market for No.
2 spring wheat opened at from $1.55 to $1.57, and de-
clined during the day, closing, alter exchange hours, at
from $1.44 to $1.38. On the 2oth of the month the
market opened at from $1.27 to $1.34, and fell rapidly
during business hours. Between n and -i o'clock it
was as low as $1.10 to $1.11 a bushel. It is claimed
that on the morning of the 2oth, the appellees became
entitled to further deposits, and thereupon, by written
notice sent to the office of the buyers, demand was
made of Lyon & Co. for further margins; but failing to
respond to the demand within the next banking hour,
Culbertson, Blair & Co. elected, under the rules, to con-
sider the contracts filled, and charged to account of
l.yon cv: C'o. the difference between the purchase-price
and $1.1 i }«, and notified appellants thereof. This dif-
ference was the matter in dispute between the parties.
On the trial in the court below, the jury found for the
plaintiffs the difference as claimed. The Supreme Court
(Judge Walker) decided :
" The fact that no wheat was offered or demanded shows that
neither party expected the delivery of any wheat, but in case of de-
fault in keeping margins good, or even at the time for delivery,
they only expected to settle the contract on the basis of differences,
without either performing or offering to perform his part of the
agreement; and if this was the agreement, it was only gaming on
the price of wheat, and if such gambling transactions shall be per-
mitted, it must eventually lead to what is called corners, which en-
gulf hundreds in utter ruin, derange and unsettle prices, and operate
injuriously on the fair and legitimate trader in grain, as well as the
producer, and are pernicious and highly demoralizing to the trade.
A contract to be thus settled is no more than a bet on the price of
grain during or at the end of a limited period. If the one party is
not to deliver, or the other to receive, the grain, it is, in all but
name, a gambling on the price of the commodity."
The judgment of the court below was thereupon re-
versed and the cause remanded, Judge Dickey dis-
senting.
A later case is that of Jackson vs. Foote, in the
United States District Court, before Judge Blodgett, in
1882. The defendant gave orders from time to time to
Hooker & Co., commission merchants and members of
the Board of Trade, to buy or sell commodities on the
Board for his account, which orders they executed in
the usual forms of such transactions, where the seller had
the option to deliver within a certain time. These deal-
ings continued until 1876. When they were closed, the
defendant was indebted to Hooker & Co., some $22,000,
in payment of which he transferred four notes of $5,000
each, held by him against the Couch estate, the payment
of which he guaranteed, two of which notes were trans-
ferred by Hooker & Co., to the Third National Bank,
upon which the suit was brought. The court
held:
" The testimony in the case fully satisfies me that
Mr. Hooker, when he assumed for his firm to act as the
^ 4 defendant's broker, did not contemplate nor intend to
~~~* make any different transaction for the defendant than
for his other customers. He undoubtedly intended to
make purchases or sales when the seller had an option
as to the time within which to make delivery, and he intended to so
conduct the defendant's transactions as to avoid taking and paying
for any article bought; and he seems to have explained to the de-
fendant how, by reason of his many customers, some of whom were
sellers and others buyers on the market, he could so manage the de-
fendant's deals that he need not take any commodity bought, but
could settle simply the difference between the purchase-price and
the market-price when the seller had the right of delivery. Hooker
did not, I am satisfied from the proof, intend to deal in options to
buy or sell at a future time, such as are prohibited by the Illinois
statutes, but intended, as I have said, to deal in time-contracts and
to settle the differences so as avoid paying for and carrying the com-
modities bought." Judgment for plaintiff.
An action decided directly contrary to the above,
was the case of Foote vs. Pearce, brought in the Cook
260
HISTORY OF CH1CAC.O
County Circuit Court, appealed to the Appellate Court,
ami thence to the Supreme Court, by the defend, int. It
was an action of trover to recover the value of one <>t
these same Couch notes for $5.000, which had been as-
signed to Hooker cv Co., and by them to defendant
Ott, in his opinion, remarks:
" It is plain that under the contra. Foote and Hooker
\ Co., it w-as not in the contemplation of the pal ties that my actual
purch.i-e- < -rain or other commodities, should he made
for pi. '-i his behalf. All the speculating that was
] ditfcicnces in optima, or. .is the parties termed it.
• betting on the market.' * * * Such a contract i
fictitious, having none of the element- aith, as m a con-
tract where both parties are bound, and is defined by statute as
a gambling contract.
"When a person met with losses under an optional contract,
and. in adjusting such losses, transferred to his brother, through
whom and in whose name the deal was made, certain promissory
notes which he held, with his guaranty thereon, the assignment ami
• :ity oi the notes not only in the hands of the im-
mediate" assignee, hut also in the hands of another to whom the
latter might transfer the notes without value, as in the case of an
'iiment for the benefit of creditors, as in this case."
The plaintiff's judgment of $7, j<>5 was accordingly
affirmed in the Appellate and Supreme Courts. ( 113 III.)
WAI IKK M'iKK'N IIowi.AM), attorney and counselor at law,
the son of William Avcrv and Hannah (Morton) I lowland, was
born at Conway. Franklin Co., Mass., on July 22, 1840. He is
lineally descended from John 1 lowland, one of the passengers to
America in the Mayflower, and his family have since been highly
connected throughout the New F.ngland States, lie remained at home
during his hoy hood, and after graduating from the Williston Sem-
inary in is;.), entered Amherst College, taking the regular course,
and graduated among the first in is6^. After leaving college, he
determined to take up law as a profession, became a student in
the ollice of his brother, Hon. William llowland, one of the
leading lawyers of Lynn. Mass., since deceased, and later continued
his studies in Chicago. lie was admitted to the liar by the Su-
preme Court of this State in is(',c), and by the Supreme Court of
the United States in 1876. He is reeogni/ed by both Bench and
< holarly lawyer. As an able advocate and a sound
counselor, he has been successful in securing a lucrative clientage,
to which he devotes his unwearied attention and energy. Mr.
llowland was married, on July 2, 1873, to Miss Florence C. Rey-
nolds, daughter of Hon. John Reynolds of TeTe Coupee, Ind.;
she died on January 2, 1874. 1 1 is marriage to Miss Mida 1).
Warne, of Chicago, occurred on July 12, 1881. They have one
child, — Florence Eli/abeth, born (in Slay 28, 1883.
I \\iis FKAKK, attorney-at-Iaw, was born in the town of
Loughborough, Leicestershire, Kngland, on March 29. 1841.
licoige Frake, his father, immigrated to America in 1844, and
with his family settled at Wheeling, Cook Co., 111. The senior
Frake died upon his farm, in March, 1846. The mother of James
Frake subsequently married John Henley, a farmer of Northfield,
with whom James lived and worked on the farm until he was
eighteen years old. He then decided to obtain an education, and,
with no other resources than his own energy and determination, he
started out to prepare the way for his future life. He entered the
preparatory school connected with the Northwestern University, at
F.vanston, and during his academic career supported himself, and
so ambitious and determined was he to succeed in his purpose that
he reduced his expenses to the lowest possible figure by keeping
bachelor's hall. He passed through college successfully and with
honors, being at the head of his class when he graduated, in July,
1866. I luring almost the whole period while at the school his health
at times was very poor, and his physical condition did not improve
for several years after entering into the practice of law. From
the Noithwestern I'niversity he received the degree of A.B., and,
after leaving the college, he became principal of the Bloom Aca-
demy, where he remained one year. lie then went abroad. Upon
his return, he attended the Chicago Law School, from which he
graduated in 1869. In May of that year, he was admitted
to the liar by the Supreme Court, and commenced his profes-
! life with absolutely nothing. He has steadfastly and con-
scientiously devoted himself to his profession, has accumulated
a nin .mil is now in active practice. 1 luring the contin-
of his practice, Mr. Frake has made a most enviable reputa-
tion, both in the preparation of his cases and in their presentation
before the courts. lie now stands in the front rank of his profes-
sion, and i : by the- Bench, the liar, and the public a9 a
lawyer whose integrity is unquestioned. In June, 1874, Mr.
Frak. ed a member of the hoard of trustees of the North-
western University, and still holds that position. He was chosen
secretary of the- joint board of management of the Union Co
V, and SO continues. In JamiaM, [879, In- was appointed a
member of the city board of education, being called upon to lill out
the unexpired term of Joseph S. I lennis, resigned. Mr. I- rake was
lirst married, in 1 .-><»>, to Melinda Doty, of Frankfort, Will < o.,
111. She died in 1873, and he afterward married Evelyn M. Allen,
Of ].;n .mghier of John Allen, Sr. They have two chil-
dren, a boy and a girl. Mr. Frake is a member of the Centenary
M. ]•:. Church.
\I,[;KKI L F.I.VIC;, one of the most reliable and successful
members of tile < : icagO liar, is the son of Andrew and Johanna
and was born in Bergen, Norway, on April 13, 1841. He
remained at home- until seventeen years of age-, during which time
he attended the Bcrgcn I'niversity, and, in [858, came to this
country. At Boston, he went to sea in the coasting trade, continu-
ing in that vocation until 1860, when he secured a position upon
the school-ship " Massachusetts," which he filled until the Rebel-
lion. He at once enlisted in the navy, shipping aboard the frig.nc-
" Massachusetts," and was subsequently transferred to the iron-
clad cruiser "South Carolina." This vessel was ordered to join
the Ciulf squadron, and for a number of months was actively
engaged in the blockade of Cialveston, Texas, during which time
she- look a large number of pri/es. His vessel was present at the
bombardment of 1'cnsacola, the surrender of New Orleans, and
made the important capture of the confederate blockade runner
" Magnolia," bound for Havana, where she was to be fitted out as
a privateer with the intention of imitating the famous " Alabama."
At the close of the year 1863, he received an honorable discha:1
Boston, and came West, finally settling in this city. He read law
with Kenney, I'eck \- Kenney until 1869, when he was admitted to
the Bar, and since has been engaged in general practice. Mi.
Elvig has an excellent standing at the Bar, and is held in high
esteem by a large clientage. Reliable as a counselor and success-
ful as an advocate, he has justly earned his position in the legal
fraternity. Mr. F.lvig was married, in Chicago, to Charlotte
Smith, of Allcghany, 1'enn., on November 8, IS66; she died on
February 28, iSSl, leaving no family.
FKKIIKRICK WAI M i; UICKI.K, solicitor and counselor at law.
son of Iliram and Sophia M. Becker, was born at Ann Arbor,
Mich., on October 27, 1844. His father was a prominent merchant,
and, under he administration of 1 'resident Millard Fillmore, was ap-
pointed United States Marshal for the District of Michigan. He
received his education in the Ann Arbor high school and the Uni-
versity of Michigan, from which he graduated, with honors, in the
class o| iSij(>. Subsequent to his graduation, he spent two years in
study and travel through Europe. His collegiate course was both
classical anil legal. Immediately after his graduation at the law
school at Ann Arbor, he went to Milwaukee, where he was admitted
to practice, and entered the office "f Carter, Pitkin iv. Davis. In
18(19, he came to this city, and after a connection of a few months
with the firm of Jewett A: Jackson, formed a partnership with W. S.
Carter, formerly of Milwaukee. The firm of Carter & Becker was
subsequently changed to Carter, Becker <\; Dale, by the admission
of Samuel E. Dale, which continued until 1874, when Mr. Carter
reti-ed, going to New York. Since 'iSSo, Mr. Becker has had no
associate. He is recognized by the Bar as one of the ablest practi-
tioners of general practice in Chicago, and stands among the fore-
most of clear-headed and sagacious lawyers. Mr. Becker was
married, on September 22, 1882, to Miss Clara Cooley, daughter of
ludge D. N. Cooley, of Dubuque, Iowa. They have one child, —
Walter C.
THE LOCATION OF THE BOARD OF TRAJH, Hi n,n
ING. — Upon a petition presented to the City Council,
an ordinance was passed on June 23, 1881, vacating
that portion of LaSalle Street, which lies between Jack-
son and Van Buren streets, for the purpose of erecting
thereon a new building for the Hoard ot Tiade. The
Union Building Association thereupon filed a bill in
chancery, in the Circuit Court, against the City of Chi-
cago, which was subsequently amended by making the
Hoard of Trade a party defendant, in which the' fact of
the passage of the ordinance of vacation was recited,
and stating that by reason of the location of the Cham-
ber of Commerce occupied by the Hoard of Trade, on
the southeast corner of Washington and I.aSalle streets,
the complainants had built a more expensive house on
the southwest corner of Washington and LaSalle streets
in 1072-73, for the accommodation of members of the
Hoard of Trade who had their offices in the immediate
vicinity. The bill further averred that if the street
should be vacated, they would suffer great damage to
BENCH AND BAR.
261
their property, and that all other property-owners on
I.aSalle Street, and other streets in the vicinity of the
( 'hainber of Commerce Building, would also be dam-
aged to a great extent. The bill prayed for an injunc-
tion restraining the City of Chicago from preceding to
execute its orders for the vacation of that part of I.a-
Salle Street between Jackson and Van Buren streets.
Answers were filed to complainant's bill by all the de-
fendants, and, on December 3, a pro forma decree was
rendered, granting the relief prayed for, and declaring
the ordinance of vacation illegal and void. An appeal
was taken to the Appellate Court, where the decree of
the Circuit Court was affirmed, and the case was then
appealed to the Supreme Court. That court decided:
" The owner of a lot and buildings thereon can not maintain a
bill to enjoin the city from vacating a part of a street, some three
half blocks distant from his property, when it does not ap-
pear that he will suffer some special injury different from that of
the public generally, though in a greater degree, and when the
burdens of taxation are not thereby increased and his property will
not sustain any physical injury in consequence of the vacation.
And the fact that in consequence of such vacation, a corporation will
change its place of business, thereby diminishing complainant's
tenants, will not authorize such a bill.
Subsequently a bill in chancery was filed by A. C.
Hesing, in the Superior Court, against the City of Chi-
cago, the Board of Trade, and a number of' persons,
praying to have the ordinance of vacation declared
void. The court below sustained a demurrer to the
bill, and dismissed the same. It was taken by writ of
error to the Supreme Court. Justice Walker, in deliv-
ering the opinion of the court, said:
" After a careful examination, we find no facts in this case to
distinguish it from the case of the City of Chicago ads. Union
Building Association. * * * Unless a party is liable to sustain
some special injury different from that of all other taxpayers, or
others in the vicinity, by the vacation of a public street, he can not
maintain a bill to enjoin the vacation." Decree affirmed.
FRANK J. SMITH was born at Centre Lisle, N. Y., on January
26, 1845. When he was fourteen, the family removed to Ashtabula
County, Ohio. He there entered Kingsville Academy, with a view
of fitting himself for college; but circumstances over which he was
powerless thwarted his intentions. On leaving the academy, he
taught school one winter and worked for a railroad company about
three months. In the spring of 1866, he came to Chicago, and, ob-
taining a place in the office of Melville W. Fuller and H. M. Shep-
ard, commenced his study of the law, finishing his course in two
years, and being admitted to the Bar in the fall of 1869. He began
practice in company with Justice D. Harry Hammer, with whom
he was identified until after the great fire. In 1872, he was associ-
ated with S. I\. I )o\v, and they continued together until 1875, when
the firm dissolved and Mr. Smith joined William (.'. fves, now of
Omaha. Neb. At the end of two years they separated. In 1883,
Mr. Smith admitted Frank A. Helmer into partnership, and the firm
is now Smith & Helmer. Mr. Smith applies himself to a miscella-
neous civil practice, and among the prominent cases in which he
has appeared was the special assessment against the State Insurance
Company. The creditors of that corporation employed Mr. Smith
to look into its affairs, and by his efforts he succeeded in adding
about $80,000 to the assets of the bankrupt concern. Single-handed
he fought against a number of the most prominent attorneys of the
City and Slate, and he fairly earned the victory. For five years
Mr. Smith was secretary of the Chicago Law Institute. He is a
member of (Airfield Lodge, No. 686, A.F. £ A.M., and for several
years has been an elder of the Eighth Presbyterian Church. He is
also secretary of the John Morris Company, and is a stockholder
and director of the Chicago Trust and Savings Bank. Mr. Smith
was married on July 2, 1874, to Miss Myra C. Gilbert, a daughter
of F. II. Gilbert, of Creston, 111. They have two children, — Lottie
and Foster.
GLORUK MANIICKRE, the eldest son of Judge George and Ann
H. (Reid) Manierre, was born at Chicago on February 5, 1845. He
prepared for Vale College at Lake Forest, and finished his collegiate
studies in 1868. lie then entered the Columbia (N. Y.) Law
School, and after graduating returned to Chicago. He was mar-
ried, in 1876, to Annie E. Edgerton, third daughter of Flon. Alfred
P. Edgerton, of F'ort Wayne, Ind. They have had six children, —
Jenette, Alfred, Louis, Arthur, Samuel and Francis; Jenette and
Samuel are deceased.
WILLIAM J. ENGLISH is the son
of John and Elizabeth (Hill) English,
and was born at Kenosha, Wis., on
May 16, 1845. His father, now a re-
tired merchant of Chicago, was for-
merly a prominent business man and
treasurer of Kenosha County, and af-
terward engaged in the wholesale mil-
linery business in this city. William
J., after acquiring a preparatory education at the Kenosha High
School, entered the Michigan University at Ann Arbor, in 1863,
graduating in 1867, with the degree of A.B. He remained with
the institution as Greek tutor, assistant librarian and curator,
pursuing also a two years' course in the Law School, from which he
graduated in 1869, and was admitted to the Michigan Bar. In
July, 1869, Mr. English came to Chicago and entered the law
office of Walker & Dexter as assistant to J. M. Walker, counselor
for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Michigan Central, and
the Joy railroad companies. In 1871, he formed a co-partnership
with Thomas A. Moran, under the firm name of Moran & English,
this association lasting until Mr. Moran, in the fall of 1879, was
elected circuit judge of Cook County. In 1880, with W. J. Hynes
and Edward F. Dunne, he formed the present partnership of
Hynes, English & Dunne, Mr. F.nglish making corporation law his
specialty. Among the important corporations retaining his services
may be mentioned the Catholic Bishop of Chicago, Hibernian
Banking Association. Chicago City Railway Company, People's
Gas-Light and Coke Company, and the Fortune Brewing Company.
In addition, he has the management of a great number of estates
and a large common-law docket. He has been three times a mem-
ber of the Chicago Board of Education, on which he served from
1874 to 1881, a large portion of the time acting as chairman both
of the committee on school-fund property, amounting to $3,000,000,
and of the committee on high schools. Although a thorough class-
ical scholar, and fully appreciating the value of the higher branches
of study taught in the city high school, he favored giving every
possible advantage to the primary schools, when the condition of
the city finances made retrenchment a necessity. Mr. English was
for many years attorney for the Board of Education. He has not
lost his fondness for his early studies and pursuits, and his opinion
262
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
is regarded as of great value on any question relating to compara-
tive eumolngy. ,.n whirli subject In- is constantly in communication
with the best authorities in the country ; and he is also deemed an
authority on philology.
GKIIKC.I-: II. I.F.ON \KII. a lawyer of high standing in Chicago,
and closely identified with the best interests of Hyde I'ark, was
borni.n June icj, IS);, in Stafford, Gencscc Co., N . \. l-'.ducaled
at Columbia College, Washington, !).(.'., he graduated at the law
school of that institution in June, I.S(xj. and immediately became a
resident of Hyde I'ark. In iss, he was elected a member ol its
Hoard of Kducation, on which he still i has been influ-
ential in maintaining the high reputation for efficiency which the
school-, of the village have ever possessed. Mr. Leonard was
elected a trustee of the village in April, iSS-j. and one year later
president of the Hoard. While holding this position his reports to
the P.oanl were considered models of their kind, recommending, in
an honest, common-sense manner, the policy of economy and" the
trimming away of all governmental excrescences. As a lawyer, he
evinces the same characteristics. Mr. Leonard was married ill
September, 1876, to Laura R. liutlin, daughter of Thomas (.',.
Hutlin, of Hyde I'ark.
IN HOARD OF TRADE NOT PROPERTY.
— In the casr of liarday vs. Smith (107 111.,), our Su-
preme Court decided:
" A certificate of membership in the Hoard of Trade of the
City of Chicago is not property, in any such sense as to render it
liable to be subjected to the payment of the debts of the holder by
legal proceedings.
1 The Hoard . if Trade of the City of Chicago is a corporation.
r its charter and by-laws, no one can become a member except
upon a favorable vote of not K-ss than ten of the board of directors;
nor is a certificate of membership transferable to any person except
he be approved of by the directory after due notice. The right of
membership is not a right which the holder can dispose of as he
pleases: nor can it be enforced in favor of a purchaser or assignee
by the courts. It has none of the elements of property to render it
liable to a judicial sale."
In 6 Bissell, Judge Blodgett decided:
" I am of opinion that the bankrupt's membership in this Hoard
[of Trade] being in the nature of a franchise, title or privilege, does
not vest in or pass to his assignee, and can not be treated as a por-
tion of his assets."
In the case of Weaver vs. Fisher (i 10 III.) it was held :
"A person engaged in the milling business in Chicago em-
ployed an agent to manage the financial part thereof, and furnished
him with a certilicate of membership on the Hoard of Trade, to en-
able him to conduct thai part of the business advantageously; and
such agent, on leaving his employment, refused to transfer such
certificate and surrender the same to his employer. //<•/</, That a
court of equity would compel him to assign the same in blank, and
deliver the same to his employer.
"It is a misapprehension to suppose that this court held in '
liarday vs. Smith (107 111.) that there are no property rights of any
kind in a certilicate of membership in the Hoard of Trade of the
< ity ot ( Ihicago. It was simply held in thai case that such a certi-
l.cate is not property which is liable lo be subjecled lo Ihe payment
of debts of the holder by legal proceedings, under the law as it now
exists.
MYRON A. DECKER was born in Livingston County N Y
on February 21. 1837. His father, Henry Decker, sprang 'from an
ancient Dutch family, while his mother, Martha (Mather) Decker
was descended from the famous New England family of that name'
When he was fourteen years of age, his mother died, and in order
to give his boy good educational advantages, Mr. Decker removed
to Luna, where Myron studied in Genesee College and Genesee
\\esleyan Seminary. In the spring of 1860, at twenty-three years
of age, he was admitted to practice at the Bar of the Supreme
« "i>» of the State of New York. He at once established hhnself
Lima, where he remained for two years, when he accepted -i
position m the L ruled States Treasury Department, at Washington
which he retained until the close of the War. In Jibrtnrv iW
upon motion of Senator Timothy O. Howe, he wTs admitted to
practice before the Supreme Court of the United Stales, and durine
the succeeding three years he spent most of his time in WashinrtoS
usconsin, engaged in suits for setting aside fraudulent govern-
ment ti les to pmc lands ,„ the northern part of that State In
1870 Mr. Decker located at ( WcagO, His office and library were
completely burned ont in the great tire, but he continued to practice
alone until is;,, when he associated with himself Henry Becker
of Lima. I nder the firm name ol I Vckcr ,V I lecker they practiced
for two years, when on account of ill health, he retired, and snen
some three years in travel. In 1879, he returned to Chicago and
since then has given himself to the care of his large real-estate in-
terests and to the conduct of larger cases and negotiations. Mr.
Decker was married on April 2i), i Soy, to Miss Kiltie L. Knox, of
Milwaukee, daughter of Thomas M . Knox, deceased, formerly a
judge in the city of Madison.
L<;I:I;I;I KILI.MORE Al.LEN, attorney and counselor at law. is
the son of Cyrus and Susan Allen, and was born in Kric County,
N. Y., on Slav id, 1837. When he was six years of age, his
parents came West and setlled in McHenry County, this State,
where he atlended the public schools until prepared to enter the
collegiate institute at Marengo, from which he graduated, with
honors, in iSjy, and shorlly afterward wenl lo Wcavcrville, Cal.
Possessing natural legal ability, he became interested in law. and
began its study in the office of Jabez Chadbourne, a prominent law-
yer of the Trinity County Har. He was admitted to practice on
April 20, 1863, and succeeded to a partnership interest with Mr.
Chadbourne. He continued there in active practice until August,
1870, when he came to Chicago. From 1875 to iSSo, he was asso-
ciated with his brother Charles Allen, but since has been alone.
Mr. Allen is recognized by the Chicago Har as a reliable and saga-
cious counselor and a brilliant advocate, who leaves no stone
unturned in the interest of his clients, withal a gentleman of ster-
ling principles and integrity. Mr. Allen was married, on March 23,
iSd4, to Miss Diantha Joy, of Cass County, Mich. They have one
child, — Susie J.
WILLIAM J. MANNINC,, whose ability and energy called forth a
petition from many business and professional men of Chicago re-
questing the use of his name as a republican candidate for State's
attorney in 1884, first came to this city twenty years before. The
early period of his residence was spent in various commercial pur-
suits, but having persistently kept up his legal studies he took a
course in the Union College of Law, graduating in June, 1870, and
being admitted to the Har during the latter portion of that year.
For three years after the lire, besides attending to a large commer-
cial business, he established a high reputation as an insurance law-
yer in the adjustment of losses, and subsequently made his mark as
an attorney in bankrupt cases. He brought to punishment, under
the old bankrupt law, Henry Feuerstein and Charles Pfiuger, for
defrauding their creditors. The former was sent to the peniten-
tiary for one year and the latter to the county jail for six months.
Since 1874, his practice has been general. He has been the attor-
ney, for many years, of leading manufactories and wholesale houses
of New York and Hoston in the collection of their Chicago accounts.
He practiced alone until November i, 1884, when he formed a part-
nership with Percy V. Castle, under the firm name of Manning \
Castle. Mr. Manning was born at Waterloo, Seneca Co., N. Y.,
on April 15, 1838. In 1849, 1]is parents removed to Warrenville.
Dul'age Co., 111., where his father was for many years a leading
merchant. Graduating from the seminary in 1859, he worked in a
store and afterward went into business for himself at Aurora, mean-
while pursuing his legal studies. While in Warrenville and in
Aurora, he was one of Ihe leading members of Ihe republican parly,
and was for several years a member of the central committee of
1 hi Page County. Mr Manning was married, on August 15, 1877,
to Kllen 1'. Curtis, daughter of N. H. Curtis, formerly a banker <>l
Peoria. They have two children,— both boys.
THE CITY vs. EX-TREASURKR GAGE ET. AL.— This
was a case involving over half a million of dollars, and
the facts were as follows: On November 7, 1871,
David A. Gage was duly elected his own successor as
treasurer of the City of Chicago. The records in his
office were destroyed by the fire of October 9. Subse-
quently he reported that there was in the city treasury
$645:749 on October 9 ; and that at the date of the ex-
piration of his second term, in December, 1875, there
was in his hands the sum of $965,780, of which sum he
paid over to his- successor $458,077, leaving a deficit of
$5°7>7°3- This action was brought in the Circuit
Court against Gage and his sureties on his official bond,
to recover this amount.
The circumstances of giving the bond were as fol-
lows : In November, 1871, Robert Clark, Gage's son-
in-law, at Gage's instance, took the bond in blank, ex-
cept the treasurer's signature, and proceeded to secure
the names of W. F. Tucker and John B. Sherman
Mr. Tucker inquired what was to be the amount of the
bond, to which Clark replied that the amount had not
then been fixed, but that he (Tucker) could find that
out when he qualified. Tucker signed under these cir-
cumstances, and procured Sherman to do so. The lat-
BENCH AND BAR.
263
ter made the same inquiry as to the penalty of the bond,
and stated that he would not sign it if it was to be over
$250,000, and not then unless the co-sureties were
satisfactory to him, which contingencies he would re-
serve until he went to acknowledge the bond. Sher-
man never did acknowledge it, and never saw it again
until on the trial of the cause ; he never authorized
anyone to fill up the bond, and never ratified or ap-
proved it after it was filled up. On November 27,
Gage lodged with the city clerk the paper sued upon,
signed by all the parties whose names were subscribed
thereto, but with all the blanks still unfilled. The
paper so remained with the city clerk until December
1 1, at which date duge went to said officer, and re-
quested him to fill the blanks, stating that the required
amount of the penalty was to be $1,000,000. This the
clerk declined to do. The two then went to Mr. Clyde,
an attorney then in the employ of the city, and at the
request of Cage he filled up the blanks in the bond. It
was subsequently, on January 8, 1872, approved by the
Common Council.
The trial in the Circuit Court resulted in a verdict
against the defendants for the penalty of the bond and
$507,703 damages. The defendants took the case to
the Appellate Court, where the judgment was reversed,
from which decision the city appealed to the Supreme
Court. There it was decided :
" A party executing a bond, knowing that there are blanks in
it to be tilled by inserting particular names or things necessary to
make it a perfect instrument, must lie considered as agreeing that
the blanks may be filled after he has executed the bond. If the
party signing the paper shall insert in the appropriate places the
amount of the penalty, or the names of the sureties, or any other
thing he may deem of importance as affecting his interest, he may
in I hat way protect himself against being bound otherwise than he
shall thus specify ; but if, relying upon the good faith of the prin-
cipal, the surety shall permit him to have possession of a bond
Mailed in blank, the surety will have clothed the principal with an
apparent authority to rill the blanks at his discretion, in any appro-
priate manner consistent with the nature of the obligation proposed
to be given, so that, as against the obligee receiving the bond with-
out notice, or negligence, and in good faith, the surety will be
estopped to allege that he executed the paper with a reservation or
upon a condition in respect of the filling of such blanks, and this
whether the blanks to be tilled have reference to the penalty of the
bond, the names of the co-sureties, or other thing.
" The mere fact that the obligee in a bond has knowledge at
the time he receives it that there were blanks in the instrument which
had been tilled subsequent to the signing by the sureties, and in
their absence, will not operate to affect the obligee with notice of
any secret conditions upon which the sureties may have signed the
bond."
There was a question whether the deficit occurred
under the first or second term of the treasurer. On this
point the court said :
"In an action on such bond, the sureties will be precluded
from showing that the amount so appearing as treasury balances in
the hands of their principal was not actually in the treasury at the
time. Nor would it be competent for the sureties to prove that a
part of the balance, shown to have been on hand at a certain time,
was actually loaned out for the benefit of the city."
The judgment of the Appellate Court was, therefore,
reversed, and the cause remanded, with directions to en-
ter a judgment of affirmance of the judgment of the
Circuit Court.
Oi--KiKi.il \ Tmvi.K, comprising Charles K. Offield and Henry
S. Towle, devote their whole time to practice in the U. S. Courts;
which practice consists almost entirely of patent, trade-mark and
copyright cases. Their clientage is probably as exclusive as that of
any firm in the city, and in their practice they are associated in sev-
eral prominent cases with the finest legal talent in the United
States, among whom are William M. Kvarts, Roscoe Conkling and
Benjamin F. Tluirston. In their professional ethics, they disdain
to do a dishonest act. and give disinterested advice to actual or
prospective clients, discouraging unjust or groundless litigation.
They have been prominently identified with many of the most im-
portant patent causes in the country, — <•.,»•., the Washburn-Moen
Manufacturing Company and Isaac L. Ellwood barb-wire suits,
the " horse-nail " litigation, the beef-canning suits, and the oil-stove
combination suits; general attorneys in patent matters for the 1'ull-
man Palace Car Company, and had charge of the suits against the
Wagner Sleeping-Car Company; in matters in the" West, for the
Singer Sewing Machine Company; general attorneys for the Com-
mercial Manufacturing Company of New York, the owners of the
Mi'ge Patent Manufacture of Oleomargarine, and conducted the ex-
tensive suits on that behalf in the United States Court of this city;
attorneys for James S. Kirk & Co., of Chicago; for steam and water
elevator patents, represented principally by W. K. Hale & Co. ; for
K. Hoe & Co., New York; for Jones & l.aughlins' large iron in-
terests; for the tobacco trade-marks of S. W. Venable & Co., of
Petersburg, Ya., and for the Brush Electric Light Co.; general
attorneys for the car-lamp combination, and for the large packing
linn of 'Libby, McNeill & Libby; in addition to many of the wealth-
iest corporations and firms in the United States.
Charles K. Ojfield was born at I.ewistown, Fulton Co., 111.,
and is a son of Franklin I'ike Offield, a prominent business man,
who was honored by numerous offices of trust in that county. He
was one of the incorporators of the town of Canton, 111., and erected
the county buildings of Fulton County. He died when Charles K.
was a child, leaving him to care for his mother, who is now Mrs. E.
O. Thompson, of New Haven, Conn. Mr. Offield began his pre-
liminary education at the seminary in Aurora, 111., and, in 1864, he-
entered the Northwestern University. During his studies at this
institution, he joined Co. " F," I34th Regiment Illinois Volunteer
Infantry, serving as sergeant during a nine months' campaign in
Missouri and Kentucky, being mustered out in November, 1864.
He entered the law department of the University of Michigan, at
Ann Arbor, in 1867, graduating in 1869. He then came to Chi-
cago, entered the office of Goodwin, Lamed & Towle, and was ad-
mitted to the Chicago Bar in 1870. In 1874, E. C. Lamed left the
firm, and his place was filled by Mr. Offield, the firm name being
changed to Goodwin, Offield & Towle, which continued until the
death of Mr. Goodwin in 1871), when it became Offield iV Towle.
Mr. Offield is an expert, not alone in mechanics, but also in chem-
istry and natural philosophy, and likewise erudite in the law in all
its details, and thoroughly conversant with all the decisions of the
courts in Europe and America bearing upon patent litigation. I le
is brilliant and comprehensive in his presentation of cases, and pos-
sesses pre-eminent ability as a forensic orator. Mr. Offield is a re-
publican in politics, but, in consequence of the demands of his pro-
fession, gives no more consideration to that subject than becomes a
good citizen. In 1875, he was married to Miss May R. Munson,
of New Haven, Conn. They have had three children,— Charles
K. Jr., Franklin Pike (deceased), and James Rogers.
/1,-nrv .S'. '/'<w/,- was born at Mishawaka, Ind., on October
10, 1842, the son of Oilman Towle, who is still a leading citizen of
Mishawaka. He received a thorough education at Mishawaka and
Valparaiso, Ind. In 1862, he was connected with the sanitary ex-
pedition sent out by Governor Morton for the relief of the soldiers
from Indiana in the Southwest. Serving in this capacity about one
year, he was sent to Washington on a similar errand, where he was
engaged some time in the service of his State. He entered the law
department- of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, in 1867,
graduating in 1869. Coming to Chicago, he was admitted to the
Bar of Illinois, and began practice in the office of Arrington & 1 lent.
He afterward became a member of the firm of Goodwin, Lamed tt
Towle, subsequently Goodwin, Offield & Towle, and Offield &
Towle. Mr. Towle has a high standing in his profession, and has
played a very important part in building up the extensive practice of
this firm. For some years he has not taken an active part in poli-
tics, but his sympathies are with the republican party. He has
been a trustee of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, for ten
years, which position he still fills, and is prominently identified with
the interests of that institution. He is also one of the board of
management of the Union College of Law. I le is greatly interested
in all educational matters, and is an earnest advocate of raising the
standard of educational excellence. In 1868, he married a daughter
of Robert F. Queal, of Evanston; she died in iSSi, leaving one
child. In religion, Mr. Towle is a Methodist, having been identi-
fied with that church many years.
JOHN DuM.Ai1 AIIAIK was born at Carlisle, 1'enn., on Novem-
ber 24, 1843. His father, S. Dunlap Adair, one of the most dis-
tinguished lawyers of Eastern Pennsylvania, was an earnest whig,
and defended several fugitive slaves who escaped over the border
from Maryland. Young Adair received his higher education at
I )i( kinson College, Carlisle, but, before graduating, enlisted in
Co. "A," 7th Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves, 3d Division, 1st
( 'orps, Army of the Potomac. I le was soon promoted to the second
lieutenancy of Co. "G,"and after the battle of Antietam became
captain and commissary of subsistence, serving on the staff of Gen-
eral \b-ade, then commanding the Division to which he was at-
tached. In 1803, he was transferred to the staff of S. \Vylie Craw-
264
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ford, anil then to that of deneral Aimer Doubleday. In the latter
position he was present throughout the dcttyshup.; campaign. ami
was subsequently appointed inspector of the subsistence department
for the armies operating aiound Kiclniiond, being stationed at den-
eral drain's headquarters, where he remained until the movement
against Kielnnond in [Mis. Me was then assigned to the stall of
Brigadier-C.encral Ranald S. MeKen/ie, commanding the cavalry
In igadc nl the Army of the James. ( 'aptain Adair remaineil on duty
at Kielnnond until mustered out in November, iSd,. He was 1.
ted major and lieutenant-colonel for gallantry in the lield, but,
higher than any title, lie pi i/cs a letter from deneral Meadc, speak-
ing in high terms of his services. He returned to Carlisle in the
winter of iSds --<><>, and commenced the study of law with A. Brady
Sharp, being admitted to the liar in iSd;. I le removed to Chicago,
in the spring ot |s;n, and entered the ollice of John V. l.e.Moyne,
where he remained live years. In 1883, he formed a partnership
with l.orin ('. t'ollins, Jr., which was dissolved upon Mr. Collins's
elevation to the Bench.
Sl.l Kl'!.\(.-l Ak Co.MI'ANIKS NOT LlAHI.K AS
KKKPEKs OR CARRIERS. — In the case of C. M. Smith
vs. I'ullman Palace Car Company (73 111.), it appeared
that the plaintiff bought a sleeping-car ticket from
Chicago to Kast St. Louis, for which he paid $2, and
took a berth in a Pullman car at nine o'clock p. m.
His money (§i,i.So) was in an inside vest-pocket, and
when he retired for the night the vest was placed under
his pillow. In the morning he found the vest as he
had left it, but the money was gone. On trial in the
Superior Court, the plaintiff obtained a verdict and
judgment for $277. On appeal to the Supreme Court
the judgment was reversed and the cause remanded.
The court said :
" The owners of sleeping-cars, who receive pay from lodgers
merely for the sleeping accommodation afforded by their cars, are
not liable as innkeepers |,,r money that may be stolen from the
IK.TSOH of such lodgers on the cars. * * * The proprietors of
sleeping-ears are not carriers, and can not be held liable, as such,
for property lost by or stolen from lodgers whilst on the cars."
In the case of Nevin vs. I'ullman Palace Car Company,
appealed to the Supreme Court (106 111.), the court de-
cided that sleeping car companies owe duties to the
public as common carriers, and that
"where a passenger, who, under the rules of such company, Is
entitled to a berth upon payment of the usual fare, and to whom
no personal objection is attached, enters the company's sleeping-car
at a proper time for the purpose of procuring accommodation, and
in an orderly and respectful manner applies for a berth, offering to
pay the customary price therefor, the company is bound by law to
furnish it, provided it has a vacant one at its disposal."
JAMI.S K. DIHI] i n IK was born on January 3, 1815, in Hamp-
ton, Washington Co., N. Y., and is a son of Reuben and Sarah
(Rood) Doolittle. He graduated from deneva College, in Western
New York, in 1834. He studied law in Attica, Warsaw, and
Rochester, X. Y., and was admitted to the .New York liar in 1837.
lie commenced practice in Rochester, but shortly removed to Wy-
oming County, N. V. Although a democrat, his popularity was
such as to overcome a hitherto republican majority in his county,
and secure his election as district attorney. In February, 1847,
he was a member of the Democratic State Convention, and placed
himself on record as a free-soil democrat. In 1851, Mr. 1 (oolittle
settled in Racine, Wis., where he soon attained high rank among
the lawurs ot that State. In 1853, he was elected judge of the
First Judicial District of Wisconsin, which position he resigned in
the spring of 1856. Xot very long after his resignation, the efforts
to make Kansas a Slave State compelled him, in conscientious
lance with his former record, to disavow all further allegiance
to the democratic party, while it should remain the tool of slavery
propagandists, and he joined the republican party. Through the
apaign ol 1850, and during the succeeding ten
years of conflict, he was one of the most eloquent and ardent
ites of the cause he had espoused. In the winter of 1X56-57,
lie was elected I'nited States Senator by the republican Legisla-
ture of Wisconsin, and, in 1863, was re-elected, lie was the
originator of the first National Convention held after the War,
and was president of the National I'nion Convention at Philadel-
phia, in 1866. In 1871, he was the democratic nominee for
rnor of Wisconsin. In 1869, he resumed the practice of his
profession, in Chicago, as a partner ot the late |csse(l. Norton,
still retaining his residence in Racine.. This linn was dissolved
soon afler the hie o| i.s;,, ,u,,| :1 1K.W partnership formed with
his son, lames K. Doolittle, Jr. In 1876, Henry McKey became
a member of the linn, since which time it has continued under
the style of Doolittle .V McKcy.
rlBRBBKI B. Imi.NsuN is a son of Dr. Caleb C. Johnson,
a physician of forty years' practice in Western New York and in
Ilillsdale, Mich. 1 1 is mother, Julia H. Hates, was a daughter ol
(aptain Henry W. Hates, both of his grandparents being of New
Kngland ancestry and pioneers of \\cstcrn New York. Sir. John-
sun was born at Kendall, (Means Co., N. Y , on September 5,
1X44 ; prepared for college at the ( ienesee Wesleyan Seminary,
Lima, N. Y., and graduated at I'nion College, Schenectady,
N. \ ., in 1.1(17. For two years he was principal of the Lowell
(Mich.) Union School ; then entered the Albany Law School, and
alter graduating from that institution in June, 1870, came to Chi-
cago. Soon afterward he associated himself with Colonel K. \V.
Riekahy ; the firm lost severely in the great lire. Since 1872, Mr.
Johnson has practiced alone, his business relating largely to com-
mercial law, and he is well and favorably known among Kastern
merchants. In 1874, Mr. Johnson received the honorary degree of
A.M. from Ilillsdale College, Mich. He is a member of Fidelity
Lodge, No. 0.0, A.I''. iV A.M., of that place. He is connected
with the Chicago Law Institute, the I 'si IJpsilon Society, and was
one of the organizers of Professor Swing's church. Mr. Johnson
was married, in 1872, to Eleanor B. Barnum, daughter of Rev.
George Itanium, of Wauseon, Ohio.
|!INI\MI\ M. SiiMiNKK. a young German-American lawyer
of prominence in this city, was born at Kimigsberg, Prussia, 'on
May 2i), 1847. His father, Abraham, came to this country in
1850, and first settled in New (Means, but in 1857 removed to
Springfield, 111. In 1803, Benjamin graduated at the high school,
and almost immediately entered the United States quartermaster's
department at Springfield, remaining thus employed until iHOs,
when he was appointed by Congressman Cnllom a cadet at the
Annapolis Naval Academy, graduating in 1869. He then returned
to Illinois, and soon afterward commenced the study of law in
the office of Judge Skinner, at Ouincv. lie was admitted to the
Har in the fall of iSfxj. Li January, 1870, came to Chicago, and
formed a partnership with James doggin, and subsequently with
D. I.. Shorey. For eight years he has been practicing alone. Mr.
Shaffner was married, in 1871, to Jennie Kinstein, a daughter of
Morris Finstein. They have one son, — Clarence B.
JOHN M. dAkTsiiiK was born at Philadelphia, I'enn., on August
24, 1849. He is the son of 1'enjamin and Caroline (Measey) < larl-
side. natives of Lancashire, England. His father was for many
years an engraver in the Quaker City. In 1855, the family removed
to Iowa City, and in 1861 to Davenport, Iowa. At the latter place
Mr. dartsicie worked in a store and went to school. By the time
he was eighteen years of age he had virtual charge of a large tailor-
ing establishment, besides having obtained a good general and
business education. The last three years of his residence in Daven-
port was spent in the insurance business, having charge of the
Northwestern office of one of the leading companies. On October
i, 1870, he came to Chicago. He at once entered the offi
Dent & Hlack as a law student, pursuiiv; other studies, however,
under a private tutor, and was admitted to the Bar in June, 1873.'
He remained with Dent & Black until 1876, obiaining a very good
position for a young man; but desiring to establish' himself as a
practicing attorney, he severed 1 is , n injection with the firm during
that year. Since then he has secured a good general practice. Mr.
dartside was married, in September, 1874, to Annie L. Davis,
daughter of I.evi Davis, of Davenport, low-i.
JESSK HOI.IIOM, of the widely-'.now.: law-firm of Knicker-
bocker & Holdom, was born in London, England, on August 2.3,
1851. Previous to 1868, he had received ; u academic education in
his native City, and also obtained some legal education in a London
law office. During that year he came to Chicago, and after study-
ing his profession for about two years, in tSyo he entered the office
of J. C. & J. J. Knickerbocker. When J. C. Knickerbocker was
elected judge of the Probate Court, the "present partnership was
formed. The firm is justly considered one of the most prosperous,
both in the professional and .'inamial way, in Chicago. Their law
library is one of the largest and most complete in the city. Person-
ally, Mr. Holdom's practice has been in the common law, chancery,
and the probate courts, real-estate and probate suits taking up most
of his time. He has had the management of some of the largest
estates that ever went through the courts here, among which are
those of the late E. H. Hadduck, lesse Whitehead, William Hick-
ling, Josiah L. James and Charles B. Pope. lie also had personal
management of the Lehmann-Rothbarth controversy, which is still
pending in the courts. Mr. Holdom came into decided notice
through Ins connection as counsel for the defendant, with the case
«'l Winch, minor, VS. Thomas Tobin, guardian, in the Supreme
nrt. I he argument he then made was upon a writ of error sued
lit Of that cuurt, attacking the constitutionality of the Act of the
Legislature conferring jurisdiction upon the Probate Court in guard-
ianship matters, and it: power to order the sale of a minor's
BENCH AND BAR.
265
real-estate. In this case, an order had been made, disposing of val-
uable property to the Lake Shore i.V Michigan Southern Railroad
Company. Mr. Iloldom succeeded in sustaining the jurisdiction of
the 1'robate Court, although many of the leading lawyers of Chicago
had doubted the constitutionality of the Act, and had expressed
opinions to the effect that the Probate Court had no jurisdiction in
Mich cases. The decision of the Supreme Court set the matter at
rest. Mr. Iloldom also has a large foreign clientage, and is accused
by his friends of making annual trips to Europe to look after their
interests and his own pleasure. Mr. Iloldom owns a line library of
general literature, numbering more than one thousand two hundred
volumes, among which are some very rare works. In this regard he
takes special pride In all that relates to the history of his native city,
and has a large number of tomes, some of which are very ancient
and extremely rare, treating of that city, from the earliest to the
? resent time. In 1876, Mr. Iloldom was married lo Miss Kdith I.
'oster, of Ovid, N. V. They have three children.
LIABILITY OF THE CITY FOR ACCIDENTS FROM DE-
FECTIVE SIDEWALKS AND STREETS. — In the case of
Hesing, administrator, etc., vs. The City of Chicago
(83 111.), the facts were as follows: A child, four years of
age, came to its death by drowning in a ditch filled
with water, to the depth of five feet, immediately in
front of its parents' residence. The boy's mother
was engaged in her ordinary occupation at her house,
and the father was at work in a lumber-yard not far
distant. Tin- case was tried before Judge Gary, and
judgment was obtained for the plaintiff for $800. The
city appealed to the Supreme Court, where it was
decided
" That a failure to keep a constant watch on a child could not
be imputed as negligence on the part of the parents, and that it
was gross negligence on the part of the city to leave a ditch filled
with water in a public and frequented street, bordering on the side-
walk, without any guards to prevent children from failing into the
same." The judgment below was affirmed.
In the case of Mary E. Bixby vs. The City (84 111.),
the facts were as follows: In passing along Green
Street, she slipped and fell, and broke her leg. At the
where she fell, a portion of the walk was up to
and a portion ten or twelve inches below grade,
and, to enable persons to pass conveniently, a step had
been placed at the intersection of the two walks, about
six or seven inches wide and two inches thick, extending
the entire width of the sidewalk, which was sound and
firmly fastened. There was ice on the walk, and it was
very slippery at the time of the accident. In the trial
below, the plaintiff recovered a judgment for $2,000.
The City appealed, and the Supreme Court reversed
the judgment. The syllabus in the case is as follows :
"A city is bound only to the exercise of reasonable prudence
and diligence in the construction of a step from a higher to a lower
sidewalk, and is not required to foresee and provide against every
po-Mhle danger or accident that may occur. It is only required to
kei-p its streets and sidewalks in a reasonably safe condition, and is
not an insurer against accidents."
Another case is that of Minnie Herx vs. The City
(87 111.). In passing over a sidewalk on \Vabash Avenue,
near Twentieth Street, which had been constructed
above the level of the street, a plank on which plain-
tiff stepped gave way, which caused her to fall, with
one foot in the hole and the other on the walk, and in
an effort to save her child, which she was carrying in
her arms, she fell backward, sustaining a severe injury
of the spine, from which she suffered intense pain. It
was not until after six months that she could be carried,
even on pillows. She recovered a judgment against
the city for $7,500. On appeal by the city, the Su-
preme Court decided:
" Where a city suffers a sidewalk on a frequented street, built
some four feet above the ground, to become dilapidated and out of
repair, and in such a condition as to become dangerous, and after
notice of its unsafe condition did not repair the same, the right of
the plaintiff to recover, no want of prudence being attributable to
her for the injury so received, was clear." •
i I IK.MU.KSON, attorney-at-law, is a native of Chicago,
and a son of one of its most respected and useful citizens, the Kev.
Abner W. Henderson, well known in the 1'resbyterian church and
as one of the early settlers of the city. The son was naturally af-
forded every opportunity to acquire a thorough education, prepar-
ing for college at a select school in Clinton. N. Y ., and then going
to Heidelberg, Germany, to pursue a course of study in its far-
famed university. While there he gave particular attention to the
study of civil law, and afterward attended the University of F.din-
burg. Upon his return to this country, Mr. Henderson entered
the Albany Law School, from which he graduated in 1870. After
being admitted to the liar of New York State, he returned to Chi-
cago, where he commenced practice as a member of the Illinois
Har. At first he went into the office of Miller, Van Annan X
Lewis, but soon afterward established his own office, and has built
up a successful practice. He is a student and worker, and is fa-
vorably known as an attorney representing banking and other large
interests.
CHARLES A. DIHHI.E, a prominent member of the Chicago liar,
and president of the Chicago Union Veteran Club, has been a resi-
dent of this city for over fourteen years, and since the great fire of
1871 has been identified with the most advanced progressive inter-
ests of the metropolis. Mr. Dibble was born in Herkimer County,
N. V., the son of William L. and Sarah Dibble, on January 31,
1842. His mother was descended from the McQueen family of Scot-
land, and his father was a well-known resident of Herkimer, Salis-
bury and Stratford, where for many years he was engaged in the
lumber business. In 1849, the family came West and located at
Randolph, Columbia Co., Wis. Here the elder Dibble engaged in
farming, and the son began the acquirement of the rudiments of
a thorough practical education, attending the schools of Randolph
and Kox Lake, and finally became a teacher in the academy where
he had made his early studies. When the War of the Rebellion
broke out, the young school-teacher had not yet attained his major-
ity, but with all the ardor of honest patriotism he set at work to
help organize the noted Fox Lake company, which recruited mainly
professional men, merchants and students. On August 13, 1862,
Mr. Dibble was formally enrolled in the Union service, in Co.
" E," 2gth Wisconsin Infantry. The regiment went into quarters
at Camp Randall, near Madison, Wis., and soon afterward was
sent South, first to Helena, Ark., then to Friar's 1'oint, Miss., and
to Milliken's Bend, La., where it was assigned to the I3th Army
Corps, under General McClernand. The regiment was present at
the running of the batteries on the night of April 22, 1863, at Vicks-
burg, and, following the Grant campaign, was present at the Grand
Gulf gunboat attack of April 29. On May i, 1863, at the battle of
I 'on ( iibson, Miss., Co. " E "came out of a terrible sortie on the
enemy with over twenty-five men killed and wounded, among the
latter being Sergeant Dibble. He was carried off the field of bat-
tle by l>r. James II. I'lecker, now of this city, and at that time
a stranger to him, and was conveyed to the hospital, where his
wounds necessitated the amputation of a leg. Later, he was taken
North with others by boat to near Young's Point, then by six-mule
teams over hard, corduroy roads across Young's Point, then by boat
to Memphis, Tenn., and then to the Jefferson barracks at St. Louis,
Mo., where he was discharged on September 2, 1863, after over a
year of active service. Mr. Dibble then returned to Columbia County,
\Yis., and resumed his tutorship of the public schools at that place
and at Fox Lake, Dodge Co., and, in the summer of 1866, went to
Milwaukee, where he attended Markham's Academy and also a
course of law lectures, preparatory to adopting the profession of the
law. Returning again to Columbia County he was made clerk of
the Circuit Court at Portage City, a position he tilled for six con-
secutive years, being re-elected twice to the office. In 1871, he
266
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
was admitted lu the Wisconsin Bar in Dodge County, ami at this
lime was our ol the best-known professional men in ilir southern
portion of the Slate. In ( )clol>er, I .-71. Mr. Dibble resigned his
|xisition as clerk nl the court anil came to Chicago, arming in this
city the morning alter the great lire ol is;i. Here he entered upon
the practice of tile law, and soon hccainc a representative member
ol the city liar, for some lime having Congressman I liram liarbcras
a law partner. In addition to this, he became identified with vet-
eran soldiers' organi/aiions most prominently, and his combined
inlluence and popularity fade high political preferment a possi-
bility tendered, but, amid the duties of business, declined. For
three years he was judge -advocati ( ,. A. K., and, in !>-_',
was made its senior vice-commander. lie was also judge-ad-
lor three years of the Veteran I'nion League, and later was c
vice-president of the Chicago I nion \\-lcr.m Club, an organ!
comprising; 1,040. members, a club of which Ocncra! (.rant was
a member. In Januan, jsSd, )„. u..,s elected [O ||K. prcsiileiiey ol
tliis organi/ation, one of the largest and most important of its kind
in the West. Mr. Dibble has led a busy and xaricd career. In
his professional, military and private life his record lor integrity,
courage and usefulness has been without a stain, and he enjoys the
m of numerous warm personal friends, and the respect of the
niiiiity at large. With rare and brilliant political and profes-
sional advamcmcnt awaiting him almost at the threshold of an early
and vigorous prime, he is also happily blessed in his domestic life.
Mr. Dibble was married, in is;", to Miss Sarah I'. \Vinter, eldest
daughter of Dr. I'. Winter, of lloricon, Wis., formerly surgeon of
the K)th Wisconsin Infantry, and connected by ties of relationship
with the family of John [. Blair, of New Jersey. They have two
charming and interesting children, — a daughter aged fourteen years,
named Stella Winter I 'ibble, and a son, three years her junior, named
Mlair \\inter Dibble. Mr. Dibble's parents died some years since,
in Wisconsin, (if the members of the family still living are two
brothers ol Mr. Dibble, fanners in Minnesota, one brother engaged
in mercantile business at St. Louis, another in the abstract business
at Minneapolis, and another, a clergyman in Dakola.
WIU.IAM L.vniK'H' Muss, one of the ablest and most success-
ful members of the Chicago liar, is the son of William 1.. and
Minerva C. Moss, of (iranville, Mass., and was born on October
-•s, [835. During his infancy the family came West and settled in
i'eoria County, this State, where young William attended school
and assisted his father in farming; subsequently entered Jubilee
ge, under liishop Chase, where he finished his education,
vears later he determined upon law as a profession and began
reading in the office of Jonathan K. Cooper, a leading lawyer of
I'eoria County, ami was admitted to the liar in 1869.' He con-
tinued active iiraet ice, as an associate of Mr. Cooper, until 1871,
when he came to Chicago and settled down to practice just after the
tire. Mr. Moss is well-known to both the Bench and Bar as an
able lawyer and to a numerous clientage as a forcible advocate and
sagacious counselor. He was married June 14, 1865, to Miss llattie
I '. Mel. can, of New Hartford, New York, an estimable lady of
many accomplishments. They have three children,— Annie Tilden
Fdith Helen and Charles McLean,
KKANK J. CKAWMIKH was born on July 12, 1834, in Hunting-
don County, 1'enn., and is the descendant of a family of that name
of Scotch extraction, that settled in Pennsylvania during its early
history. His youth was spent on a farm iii Central Pennsylvania.
In the fall of iS.j-t, when he was fourteen years of age, his family
removed to Western Maryland. I [e subsequently became a student
in Allcghany College, at Meadville, I'enn., from which he received
the degree ol Master of Arts. He taught school in Marvlaml
Pennsylvania and Illinois. In 1855, he came to Illinois, and re-
sided in LaSalle County, engaging in mercantile pursuits and
teaching school. Later, he read law in Ottawa, III., in the ollice
eland & Leland. Mr. Crawford was admitted to the Bar in
1858, after examination by Judges licckwith and Peck and Hon.
li. Judd. He practiced until the opening of the War, in 1861
when he enlisted in the 53d Illinois Volunteer Infantry passing
through all gradations from private to captain, lie was 'afterward
brevcttcd major of Cnited States Volunteers, for meritorious ser-
n the held. He participated in the Tennessee and Vicksburg
ligns; was promoted to a second lieutenancy " for meritorious
services at the battle of Piltsburg Landing," or Shiloli • and w is
Her appointed aid-dc-camp on the staff of the brigade com
pander, Oencral J. C. l.auman, of the 7th Iowa Infantry remain,
ing with him in ml he was transferred to the subsistence department
General Unman, in his official report of the battle of llatchie
River, fought in October, I8f,2, says: "To Captain Scolield mv
assistant adjutant-general, and Lieutenant Frank f. Crawford, my
aide, I tender my most sincere thanks for the valuable assistance
Bdered me. I can truly say, they were the right men in the
right place. He was appointed by President Lincoln as commis-
Ol subsistence, with the rank of captain, November 10 i, so-
on the recommendation of Oeneral Hawkins, chief of the subsist'
lepartment of the staff of Major-Genera] Cram With' the
exception of one year that Major Crawford was stationed at Port
Hudson, La., he was in active- tic]<!--er\ ice during his entire term
;ee years and eight months, lie was on t lie staff of Major-
( icncral Alvin I'. I lovey. ol Indiana, during the Vicksburg campaign,
and until after the capture of Jackson. lie was afterward on tin-
staff of Major-l icncral Ccorge L. Andrews, in Louisiana. Major
Crawford, at the close of the \\'ar, returned to Illinois, and re-
sumed the practice of his profession. In 1871, he came to Chicago,
and has been connected with interesting cases, involving important
litigation, since that time. Major (raw ford is an able lawyer.
lie is diligent and persevering in business and leaves no part of
his duty unperformed. In politics he is a republican, having cast
his lirst ballot for (icncral Fremont, in iSjo. F'.ver since that
lime he has uniformly supported the republican party. In
he married Miss Max Fylfe, daughter of the late General I1'.. I'.
Fyffe, of Ohio, and the eldest sister of Captain Joseph Fvlfe
U. S. V
LIADII.ITY OF STKKET-CAR COMPANIES tou Acci
IIKNTS. — On May 13, 1875, tlle plaintiff, Mrs. 1'lmli.-
R. Mills, in company with Mrs. Camp, took passage on
the West Division Railway open-cars, at a point on the
southern part of its line, intending to go to a point a short
distance south of the northern terminus of its line; but
this intention was abandoned on the coming up of a
slight shower of rain, and they remained in the car (in-
tending to return home by it) until it had been run to
its northern terminus and returned south again as far as
the corner of State and Randolph streets, where, the car
stopping, the plaintiff and her friend again changed their
minds, and concluded to leave the car at that point.
Mrs. Camp left the car without difficulty, but the plain-
tiff, while attempting to leave it, was, in consequence of
the car being suddenly started forward, thrown with
great violence to the ground. She received a severe
and painful injury, and was put to serious expense for
attendance of physician and care in nursing. The
plaintiff recovered a judgment of $7,000 before Judge
Rogers, from which an appeal was taken to the Supreme
Court. Here the judgment was reversed and the case
remanded.
At the January Term, 1882, of the Circuit Court,
another trial was had, which resulted, as the first, in a
judgment for the plaintiff. The case was then appealed,
first to the Appellate Court, which affirmed the judg-
ment below, and then to the Supreme Court, which also
affirmed the judgment. The law is laid down as follows:
" In an action to recover for personal injuries, when the plaint-
iff was injured while alighting from a street-car, by the negligent
starting of the ear while the plaintiff was in the act of getting off, it
is of no consequence whether the car was stopped at the instance ol
the plaintiff or not, or whether the plaintiff asked and obtained per-
mission to alight.
" If a street-car is stopped for any cause where passengers are
in the habit of getting off, a passenger will have the right to alight
without making any request or obtaining any permission; and if the
driver of the car knew, or by the exercise of due care would h.-ne
known it, it will be negligence to start the car before a passenger
in the act of leaving the car has had a reasonable time in which to
alight."
In the case of Catherine McMahon vs. Chicago Citv
Railway Company, it appeared that the plaintiff entered
the defendant's street-car through mistake. On finding
she had entered the wrong car, she requested the con-
ductor to stop and permit her to leave it. Itwasclaimed
that he refused ; and in attempting to descend from the car
while in motion she was injured. Three trials followed.
The first, in favor of plaintiff, was set aside; in the
second, the jury failed to agree; the third resulted in a
verdict and judgment in favor of plaintiff for $1,500.
This judgment was affirmed in both the Appellate and
Supreme Courts.
LEWIS II. liisiiKK is the son of David Hisbee, a farmer of
rby, Orleans Co., Vt., where he was born on .March 28, 1839,
and worked on the farm until sixteen years of age. lie prepared
for college in the academies at Glover, Derby and Morrisvilfe, in
BENCH AND BAR.
267
Northern Vermont; entering St. Hyacinth College, near Montreal,
Canada, at nineteen years of age and graduating at twenty-one.
The course of study there being conducted in French, he mastered
that language SO as to write and speak it fluently. Reading law
with T. I.. Fdwards, a prominent lawyer of Derby, and paying his
way mainly by teaching French, lie was admitted to the Bar in June,
is ('>•_>. The same month, he enlisted in I'o. " K," gth Vermont In-
fantry, and afterward became captain of Co. " II " of the same regi-
ment, serving with credit in all the severe campaigns through which
that regiment passed. At 1 larper's Ferry he was captured, released
on parole, and sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, where he remained
until exchanged, when he rejoined his regiment, resigning, on ac-
count of sickness, in 1864. lie then returned to Newport, Vt.,
and soon built up an extensive law practice. In 1866, he was
elected State's attorney of Orleans County and was re-elected in
18(17; but soon resigned and became deputy collector of customs,
which office he held until 1869, when he was elected to the Legisla-
ture, and re-elected in 1870. He was placed on the most important
committees, and was among the acknowledged leaders of his
parly. Some of his arguments were pronounced the ablest ever
made in that house. From 1865 to 1870, he was United Slates
commissioner for Vermont under the extradition treaty. He re-
mo\ed to Chicago just before the fire of 1871. He had great faith
in the future of Chicago, and his success, both financially and pro-
fessionally, indicate that his judgment was sound. Mr. Bisbee has
had several partners, and is at present with John 1'. Ahrens and
Henry Decker, under the firm name of I'.isbee, Ahrens & Decker.
In 1878, he was elected to the Illinois Legislature, receiving the al-
most unanimous \ote of his district. He at once took rank as one
of the most formidable debaters in that body. 1 lis speech in nomi-
nation of Senator Logan has often been referred to as a model of
eloquence, and had powerful effect in securing his election. In
1864, he was married to Miss Jane K. Hinman, of Vermont. They
have two children, — llattieand lienjamin II. Mr. liisbee is a mem-
ber of the F>ar Association and of the Chicago Law Institute. His
lie connection is with darlield Lodge, No. 680, A.F.iV. A.M.;
York Chapter, No. 148, R.A.M.; and St. Bernard Commandcry,
No. 35, K.T.
IONS F. DAI. TON was born al Detroit, Mich., on July 26,
1847, his father, Michael Dalton, being a pioneer of the State. A
few years after his father's death (1849), his mother Margaret
lliody) Dalton, also passed away, leaving the boy to the care
maternal uncle, Francis A. Goodbody, a farmer of Lake
County, 111. Mr. Dalton obtained some schooling at Lake Forest,
and later continued his studies at Detroit College. In 1868, he
commenced the study of law in the office of Runyan, Avery,
Loomis ..V Comstock, in this city, graduated at the Law I'niversity,
and, in June, 1871, was admitted to the Chicago liar. He has
given his attention chiefly to real-estate and chancery law. Since
the spring of 1882, Mr. Dalton has represented the Thirteenth
\\ard in the City Council, having been, during all this period,
chairman of the Committee on Judiciary; and what is quite re-
markable, although a pronounced democrat, he has been twice
returned from a strong republican ward. Mr. Dalton is actively
interested in such organizations as the Catholic Library Associa-
tion, the Illinois and the Irish- American clubs, and various charita-
ble and benevolent organizations. He is a busy man, whose mind
is devoted to the study of his profession and its practice in the in-
terest of the clients lie so efficiently protects.
TnmiAs C. \VIHTKSIIIK was born on February 28, 1837, in Ma-
rion, Grant Co., Ind. He began a collegiate course at Farmers'
College, College Hill, Ohio, and subsequently entered Union Col-
lege, Schcneclady, N. Y., in the fall of 1855, from which he grad-
uated in 1858. He became a law student in the office of Daniel I).
Pratt (afterward a United States Senator), of Logansport, Ind.
He was admitted to the liar in 1860, and commenced practice at
1'eoria, 111., where, in company with Leslie Robinson, he continued
practice but a short time. In 1861, he settled at Wabash, Ind.,
where his father resided. In the fall of that year, he was appointed
State's attorney for the eleventh district, and held the office, by
election, until the autumn of 1864. In 1864-65, he represented
Kosciusko and Wabash counties, Indiana, in the Legislature, and
during the session introduced the joint resolution ratifying the
amendment to the Federal Constitution which abolished slavery.
In June, 1865, he was appointed judge of the Twenty-first Judicial
District, by Governor Morton, comprising the counties of Cass,
Miami, Wabash, Kosciusko and Fulton, and in the fall of that year
was elected, without party opposition, to the same position, and
held the office until the fall of 1871. In 1868, he was a candidate
for Congress, but withdrew in favor of his law preceptor, I )an-
iel I). Pratt. In 1872, he ran for Congress as a liberal republican,
sharing in the general defeat, although his votes were largely in
excess of the balance of the ticket. His successful competitor was
Hon. James N. Tyner, afterward assistant postmaster-general and
then Postmaster-General in Grant's cabinet. fudge Whiteside
married, in the spring of 1860, Miss Lavina, daughter of Hon.
George 1!. Walker, of Logansport, Ind. They have one son,
Walker, aged fifteen years, who is already distinguished throughout
the country as a talented youthful tragedian. He is called "The
Young Roscius," and has played an engagement as a star in the lead-
ing roles of Hamlet and Richard III., at the head of a.New York com-
pany, lie is acknowledged by the press and public to be the
greatest actor of his age, in Shaksperian characters, now in America.
KERR vs. THE SOUTH PARK COMMISSIONERS. — This
was a case involving the title to about one hundred and
ninety-six acres of land in the South Park. It presented
several important and interesting questions under the
execution and homestead statutes of the State. One
Charles B. Phillips was the owner in fee of the land in
1849, and all parties to the suit claimed under him.
The case was tried in the Circuit Court of the United
States, and the opinion was given by Mr. Justice Har-
lan. The facts of the case are exceedingly complicated.
The final result of the case was that the complainant,
Kerr, recovered one hundred and sixteen acres of the
land, while eighty acres was declared subject to the
right of homestead. Both sides appealed to the Su-
preme Court of the United States, which, at the October
Term, 1881, affirmed the decree below, the court being
divided.
The points decided by Judge Harlan were as follows:
" In Illinois, the sale of property, while occupied as a home-
stead, by virtue of an execution and levy is void; and it makes no
difference whether the premises are worth more or less than the
$1,000 allowed as ihe limit in value of the homestead.
' In determining whether there has been an abandonment of
the homestead, regard must be had as well to the purposes and
declarations of the wife as of the husband; and where there is an
intention or desire on the part of the wife to return, the right of
homestead may not be lost, even though the husband did not intend
to return."
ROIIKRT STEVENSON CARROLL was born at New Bedford,
Mass., on November 20, 1845, the son of Robert and Meriban B.
Carroll, and was educated in the public schools of his native place.
His father died when he was twelve years old; and when sixteen years
of age he enlisted in one of the companies of the Merchants' Guards,
47th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. This force was
left to guard New Orleans during the fighting at Port Hudson.
Mr. Carroll was with the command eleven months; returning home,
he re-enlisted in Co. " E," sSth Regiment Massachusetts Veterans.
He served in all the battles of the Wilderness, under General Grant,
and was before Peterburg and at the battle of the Crater, on July 30,
1864. At the explosion of the mine he was taken prisoner and car-
ried to Danville, Va., where he was confined over six months. Be-
ing paroled February 22, 1865, he was sent to Annapolis, Md. He
participated with his regiment in the grand review at Washington,
and was mustered out in Massachusetts, as a first sergeant. After-
ward he went to Boston and was appointed inspector in the custom
house; was also appointed constable and justice of the peace by
Governor Washburn. He was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar
and practiced in Boston. Removing to Chicago, he established
himself in the practice of mercantile law and the collection of ac-
counts. He is a member of Corinthian Chapter, No. 69, R.A.M.,
and of Chicago Council, No. 4, R. & S.M. He is also a member
of Post No 28, G.A.R. In November, 1879, Mr. Carroll married
Helen M. Erickson.
LEWIS ELLSWORTH (deceased), although not a resident of Chi-
cago, had hosts of friends in this city. He was prominently identi-
fied with the public affairs of DuPage County and the agricultural
interests of Northern Illinois. When he came to this region, in
1836, it was somewhat uncertain as to whether Naperville or Chi-
cago would eventually lead in the commercial race. Judge Ells-
worth cast his lot with the former, where for nearly half a century
he resided, but had property interests in Chicago, and came often to
this city to meet his many friends. Judge Ellsworth was born at Wal-
polc, N. H., July 22, 1805, and in 1823, removed to Rutland County,
Vt., where he resided four years. In 1827, he went to Troy, N.\ '.,
where for nine years he engaged in various mercantile pursuits. In
the spring of 1836, induced by a favorable business offer and by a
desire to see the Great West, he left New York for Naperville, and
in June of that year purchased the land upon which stands the fam-
ily homestead. The next year he erected his dwelling-house, to
which, in October, 1837, he removed his family, and immediately
commenced his career as a successful fanner and merchant. In
1839, he was elected the first probate judge of DuPage County, and
subsequently was internal revenue collector for his district, and re-
peatedly served upon the county board of supervisors. Judge Ells-
268
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
worth, in isp, established tin' Diil'agc County nurseries, which
became famous throughout the Northwest. Hi- was one <>l the in-
ion Agiicultural Society, tin- hist in Northern
Illinois, ami served fur many years a-- its president and VlCl presi-
dent, lie was also inn- ..I the constituent members of the Mate
iitiir.il Society, organi/cd at Springfield in 1853, serving as its
president in IS; i) oo. and lor another term of l\vo years subse-
quently: for many year-, was a member of the Mate Hoard; ami was
oi the DuPage County Agricultural Society,
serving for some time as its president, lie was married, in I >e-
js. to Miss Chlov M. Skinner, of New Lebanon, V S .,
.1 II.. 1-70. On January Is. [885, the husband
followed his faithful helpmeet, both mourned by a wide circle of
!s and the poor, sic k and unfortunate whom they had sus-
lained in their afflictions. Two children (Milton S. and Lewis C.)
.,ch ,«viipying high stations in society and public life.
Mil. KIN S. ELLSWORTH was born at Troy, N. Y., on Sep-
tember 8, 1889, and, in 1837, removed to N'aperville, where he re-
! his education and for some time was connecled with his father
in carrying on the Dul'a^c ( 'oiinty nurseries. In the fall of 1877
he was' elected county clerk of DuPage County, which position be
has since held. In September. [878, he removed with hisfnmily to
\\iieaton. his present home. On May -J-', 1854, he married Miss
lane !•'.. Barber, of Barber's Corners, Will Co., 111. They have two
children, a son and a daughter.
l.KUisC. F.I.I.SWOKIII was born on June 30, 1832, at Troy,
N. Y., and was brought by his parents to Naperville, 111., in 1837.
In iSjj, he came to this city and eiitere.il the banking house of II.
A. Tucker \ Co., with which linn he remained, as clerk and partner,
In 1871. he removed to Denver, Col., and inau-
gurated the present system of street railways in that city. There
he was a member of the convention that framed the constitution
ol Colorado, and was elected to its first General Assembly, in the
Senate of which he served four years. In 187,), he was appointed
by tin ites Court receiver of the I lenver ..V Kio Grande
Railway Company, pending the litigation between that company
and the Atchison, 1'opeka \ Santa Fc Railroad. On September
58, he was married to Carrie J. Haynes, of Boston, Mass.,
who died on March 17, iSSl.
Mil ION R. FuKsmv MT.r.s was born in Brooke County, Va.,
on August >t. 1^44, his father. George Frcshwaters, being a mem-
ber of one of the oldest families in the State. Iloth of his parents,
and his grandfather, are still living on the old homestead, which
has remained in possession of the family for many generations. He
obtained his primary education at the 1 lopedale (Ohio) Seminary,
and then entered Alleghany College, at Meadville, Penn., not com-
pleting his course, however, beyond the full sophomore year and
the junior year in mathematics. He entered Bethany College in
|Sfi| graduating in two years, and having the pleasure and proht
of an acquaintance with James A. C,arficld, for so many years its
trustee Graduating in 1866, he commenced the study of law in
the office of Joseph Pendleton, at Wheeling, W. Va., and during the
succeeding year was elected county superintendent of education.
I le was offered a re-nomination but refused it, and was admitted to
the Bar in 1869, and at once begun practice. Nathaniel Richard-
sun, a prominent criminal lawyer of Wheeling, was his partner for
about six months, but Mr. F'reshwaters being elected State's attor-
ney of his count)- was obliged to sever the connection, lie served
his term of two years, anil, in 1872, removed to Chicago, where he
has secured a good practice, especially in real-estate, chancery, and
probate matters. Since coming to this city he has joined the Ma-
order of the Ked Cross of Rome and Constantine, which is
under the jurisdiction of the grand lodge in England. No Mason
who has not taken at least the "third" degree is admitted to
membership.
LIABILITY HF EXF'RESS CO.MPAMKP. — This was an
•a of assumpsit, tried before Judge Blodgett, with-
out a jury, the facts being that a package containingtwo
gold watches and five gold chains, worth about $500,
was delivered to the agent of the Southern Express
Company at Bethany, (ia., directed to the plaintiff,
John H. Mather, Chicago. The Southern Express
( 'ompany forwarded the package to Cairo, where it
was delivered to the American Express Company, which
undertook to transport it to Chicago. No value was
marked upon tin- package. The receipt given to the
consignor stated, " Value asked, but not given." The
package was lost after arriving jn this city, by theft, by
reason of its not having been treated as a valuable
package and deposited in the safe, where it would have
been placed if its true value had been marked upon it.
The statute of Illinois, on this subject, passed in
1X74. which prohibits common carriers from limiting
their liability by any stipulation expressed in the re-
ceipt given for the property transported, was construed
by the court as follows:
" I do not think that the statute of Illinois intended that a com-
mon carrier should be prevented from limiting its liability when it
asked for the value of the commodity of which it undertook the
transportation, and the information requested is withheld. '
Judgment was given for plaintiff, and his damages
assessed at $50.
Oscjixin BKOWN, of the firm of I'eckham & Brown,
attorneys and counselors at law, is the only son of Kdward
and Eliza (Datton) Brown, and was born at Salem, Kssex Co.,
Mass., on August 5, 1847. His parents were descended from
F.nglish stock, and the family have been natives of the Bay State
for two hundred and fifty years, where they are prominently con-
nected and known as most excellent people. He received his early
education at home, and at the age ol fifteen entered Brown Univer-
sity, from which he graduated, with honors, in the class of 1867.
Shortly after leaving college, he taught school one year. Deciding
upon law as a profession, lie entered the law department of 1 larvard
University, and at the close of the course, in competitive exami-
nation with a class of one hundred, was successful in winning the
Dane prize. After lilling the position of assistant and deputy clerk
of the Rhode Island Supreme Court for some time, he finished his
legal studies in the office of Hon. Francis Miner, of Providence,
R. L, and, in April, 1870, was admitted to the Bar. lie was con-
nected in active practice, at Providence, with Charles K. Gorman,
until the spring of 1872, when he became a member of ihe Clr
Bar, and has since been engaged in general practice with Orville
I'eckham, attorney for the F'irst National Bank. Mr. Brown is
known to the Bench and Bar, as well as a numerous clientage, as
a successful advocate and counselor. He was married, on |une25,
1884, to Miss Helen Gertrude Kagle, daughter of James K. and
Flixabelh F.agle, of this city. They have one child, Edward E.
PERKY A. Ilri.t., the son of William M. and Samantha (Dod^c)
Hull, was born at Williamsfield, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, on December
22, 1850. His father was a land-owner of wealth and influence.
his mother being the daughter of Captain John Dodge, of Con-
necticut, an officer in the war of 1812. Until he was fifteen years
of age, Perry attended the public school, and then entered Kings-
ville Academy at Ashtabula. Completing his preparatory course
in two years, he entered llillsdale College, Mich., where he re-
mained over three years. He next read law with Colonel R. W.
Rickaby, then prosecuting attorney of llillsdale County, and, in
1871, came to Chicago, where he continued his studies in the office
of W. II. Richardson. Mr. Hull was admitted to the Bar in
January, 1872, and subsequently formed a partnership with Mr.
Richardson. Since 1873, he has been alone and has, by ability and
close attention to his practice and to the interests of his clients.
built up a professional business second to none enjoyed by any
law yer practicing the same length of time. I le is largely employed
in actual trials in court, in which he has earned an enviable reputa-
tion. He is a republican, and has been very active in the cause for
the last ten years.
HENRY DECKER, of the firm of Bisbee, Ahrens K Decker, was
born at Livonia, Livingston Co., N. Y., on December 4, 1832.
His father, Henry I)., who settled in that county in 1795, was a
substantial farmer, and a soldier of the war of 1812; while his
mother, Martha Mather, was of an old family who were among the
earliest settlers of Connecticut. Mr. Decker received his primary
education in the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, at Lima, N. Y., after-
ward attending Genesee College (now Syracuse University) for three
years, and subsequently Williams College, from which he graduated
in 1854. After taking a course at the Albany Law School, he was
admitted to practice in 1856, and the same' year associated with
himself Colonel George B. Goodwin, now of Milwaukee, Wis., his
brother-in-law. Removing to Menasha, they practiced law for
three years, when, on account of failing health, he returned to New
York, where, having recovered, he practiced for about twelve
years. In August, 1873, he came to Chicago, but, on account of
ill health, was obliged to temporarily relinquish the active duties of
his profession. In 1880, he formed a partnership with Stephen A.
I >ouglas, Jr., son of the great statesman, and who had just removed
from North Carolina, when Mr. Decker was admitted to the pres-
ent firm in May, 1882. He was married, in 1856, to Ann K.
Grove, of Lima, N. Y. They have live children,— three sons and
two daughters.
CONFLICT oi' JURISDICTION. — THE TICE METKR
CASE. — The Commissioner of Internal Revenue having
BENCH AND BAR.
269
adopted the patent meter of Isaac P Tice, to be used
by distillers under the act of Congress, the plaintiffs,
A'. Naslibaum et al., distillers, at 1'eoria, received these
meters from Enoch Emery, the collector, and paid to
him the purchase price therefor. On arrival and trial
of the meters, the plaintiffs were dissatisfied with their
operation, and abandoned their use, bringing suits in
the 1'eoria Circuit Court to recover the purchase money.
They also filed bills in chancery against Emery and
Tice, in the same court, alleging that the meters were
worthless and the law requiring their use unconstitu-
tional, and praying that Emery be injoined from pay-
ing the money over to Tice. All these cases were re-
moved to the District Court of the United States, at
Chicago, where they were pending at the time of the
lire. After the fire, the record was restored in the
common-law cases but not in the chancery cases. To
the restored declaration, the defendant pleaded the
general issue, and filed special pleas, to which the
plaintiffs demurred. The court overruled the demur-
rers, and allowed the plaintiffs twenty days — their attor-
neys not being present — to elect whether they would
stand by their demurrer or plead.
The record stood in this manner until July, when
the defendants appeared and asked for judgment on the
demurrer. Notice was forwarded to the plaintiffs'
attorney, whereupon he came into court and dismissed
the common-law case.
A few days after this dismissal it was ascertained by
the court that, after the decision upon the demurrer,
one of the plaintiffs had brought suit in chancery in the
Peoria Circuit Court, alleging that the money for the
meters was wrongfully withheld from him, and praying
for relief. On default of Emery, a decree was entered
on the 25th of June against him, and on the 7th of
July, the day before these cases were dismissed, he paid
over to complainant the amount of money in his hands.
Thereupon counsel called the attention of the United
States Court to these facts, and asked that these cases
be re-instated, claiming that he was entitled to a judg-
ment on the demurrer and to an order that the money
be paid to Tice. The motion was sustained on the
ground that the cases had been " improvidently dis-
missed." Defendants' attorney then asked for a rule
against Mr. Emery, to show cause why he should not
pay this money into court, which was granted. Mr.
Emery appeared, and moved to set aside the order re-
instating the cases, and to re-dismiss them. Judge
IHodgett said, that he could see no reason for changing
the order of reinstatement.
" I think in the present status of the record, and in view of
what has transpired elsewhere, it is the duty of this court to retain
these cas-s within its own control and within its jurisdiction, for
the purpose of protecting the rights of the real parties in interest.
1 ran not look upon the proceedings at Peoria, whereby
an attempt, at least, was made to obtain the adjudication of the
1'eoria Circuit Court upon the matters in controversy between the
parties, as anything less than a fraud upon the jurisdiction of this
court and the real parties interested in the suits here. It seems to
me I hat this is as mild a term as the court should, in justice to itself
and to the parties, apply to the transaction."
After going on to show that there must have been
,i connivance between the plaintiffs and defendants, and
a collusion between them in bringing to a successful
termination the Peoria suit, the court finally made an
order that Mr. Emery — who had in the meantime ceased
to be collector — should pay the money into the District
Court within twenty days. Thereupon, Judge Cochran,
of the Peoria Circuit Court, issued an attachment against
Judge Doolittle, of this city (of counsel in the Vase),
and Isaac P. Tice, for contempt of court, in having
ignored and disobeyed the injunction issued by that
court. They were arrested and taken to Peoria. A
motion was made to quash the writ of attachment, and
upon argument, the respondents were discharged.
Subsequently, the controversy was settled by the
distillers paying to Mr. Tice some $13,000. The
distillers, however, eventually succeeded in having the
order of the Commissioner, requiring them to use this
particular meter, revoked.
JAMES M. FLOWER, of the law firm of Flower, Kemy \ Greg-
ory, comes of an old .Massachusetts family, and was born at Han-
nibal, Oswego Co. , X. V.. on March IO, 1835. Calvin and Han-
nah (Phillips) Flower, his parents, were natives of Ashlield, in that
State, and, in 1844, came West, to settle on a farm at Sun Prairie,
\\ is. There his father still lives, his mother having died in iSSi.
Mr. Flower was graduated from the University of Wisconsin, in
1856, and immediately commenced to read law at Madison. For
about a year after graduating he was deputy clerk of the Supreme
Court, and, in 1857, was appointed clerk of the Commissioners to
revise the Statutes of the State. From Hartford, Conn., whither
he had gone to supervise the publication of the statutes, Mr.
Flower went to the Albany Law School, graduating in May, 1859.
He opened an office at Madison, and, in the spring of 1860, became
a member of the firm of Abbott, Gregory, I'inney iV Flower, with
which he remained two years. During the succeeding decade, he-
associated himself with leading attorneys, also holding the offices
of police justice and deputy collector of internal revenue. In Janu-
ary, 1873, Mr. Flower removed to Chicago, and joining Henry W.
and Daniel K. Tenney and Otis 1'. Abercrombie, formed the firm
of Tenneys, Flower & Abercrombie, which partnership continued
until January, 1879. F'rom that date until October, 1880, the firm
was Tenney & Flower, and from October, iSSo, to May, 1882,
Tenney, Flower & Cratty, at which time the latter partnership was
dissolved and the present one formed. The several firms with which
Mr. Flower has been connected have made a specialty of commer-
cial law. For some years, he was engaged in winding up the busi-
ness of the German National Hank, of which he was receiver and
attorney, and which was successfully closed up, and its creditors
fully paid by him, in the summer of 1884. In September, 1862,
he was married to Lucy L. (Jours. They have three children.
JOHN P. AIIKKNS, of the firm of Bisbee, Ahrens & Decker, is
a native of Germany, and the son of Fdward A. anil Elizabeth M.
(Paulsen) Ahrens. Mr. Ahrens's grandfather was a noted physi-
cian of large practice in Germany, and his maternal grandfather
was the Rev. II. Paulsen, an able Lutheran clergyman. When
but four years of age, he came to this country with his parents, who
located at Davenport, Iowa. Here he received a good education,
and commenced the study of law with General J. B. Leake, then
practicing at Davenport. Removing from Chicago in May, 1872,
Mr. Ahrens was appointed a deputy clerk of the Superior Court of
Cook County, and held the position for several years. lie was ad-
mitted to the Bar on June 7, 1873, and commenced practice in Janu-
ary, 1875. He obtained his full share of legal business previous to
the formation of his partnership with L. II. liisbee, on October I,
1879. This association placed him in connection with one of the
ablest and most successful lawyers. Mr. Ahrens himself is a good
trial-lawyer, makes a lucid, logical argument, and excels as a special
pleader. In 1882, he was admitted to practice in the Supreme'
Court of the United States. Mr. Ahrens is widely known in social
and business circles. For several years he has been prominently
identified with the Royal Arcanum ; he is Past Regent of Fort
Dearborn Council, and was elected Grand Regent of the State of
Illinois, on April 14, 1885. He was married, on October 24, 1877,
to Miss Fannie Hamblin, a lady of rare accomplishments and a
fine musician. They have three children, — Edith Louise, Leila M.
and Edward.
FRANK BAKKR was born at Melmore, Ohio, where his father,
a successful and prosperous farmer, still resides. His paternal
grandfather, Samuel Baker, was a Revolutionary soldier and the
first judge of Steuben County, N. Y. His maternal grandfather
was a member of Congress from New York, and the only son of
( 'aptain Silas Wheeler, a soldier and officer of the Rhode Island
line in the Revolutionary War. Mr. 1 taker was educated at the
< >hio \Vesleyan University, where he graduated in 1861, and at
Albany Law School. He served as a private in the 84th Ohio
Volunteer Infantry in the War of the Rebellion, and began the
practice of law at Tiffin, Ohio, in 1865. He was elected city solic-
itor of Tiffin in 1867, and prosecuting attorney of Seneca County in
!>(><), and held both offices until his removal to Chicago in 1873.
Al the < 'hicago l!ar, Mr. liaker has attained a high position. He is
careful and thorough in the preparation of his cases for trial ; in a
trial always cool, self-possessed, and self-reliant; and is an earnest
and forcible speaker. In politics he has always been a democrat.
270
HISTORY (>!•' CHICAGO.
In issj, lie was tin- candidate of his parly for probate judge, and
after a dose contest was defeated by Judge Knickerbocker.
HiNKY M. MATTHEWS, of the firm ol Matthews \ Dicker, was
born . V V.. on April 16, iSjj. the
son of Isuae V. Matthews, a farmer and proniiiient man in that
locality. I luring the Rebellion he enlisted in the I3f>th New Yoik
Infantry ami served through to the elose of the War. lie was
wounded at Kesaca. After being mustered on! of the service, he
entered Union College, at Seheneetady, where he remained three
! joined the senior da-- ol Aniherst College
;he first rank. He read law with Lanning.
Vulsoni >V Willetl. ol Uull.tlo, and was aihnitted to the New York
l!ar in 1^7-'. Previous to coming to Chicago, he acted for about a
a nunaging elerk in the office ol Dprscheimet >\ Lansing, ol
Bulfalo. S he has been pursuing a general praetiee in
this city, having, iii December, iSS-.', formed a partnership with
Fdwani A. I hi '•
M.UTiir.w I1. I'.k \i>v, of the firm of drant \ Brady, attor-
neys and e.Jlinselors at law, is tile son of ( Iwen and Mary A. Brady,
and was born at Liverpool, F.nglaml. on June 5. 1840. After
attending the Aeademie Institute of Rev. M. A. Delaney, he was
a pupil of the noted elassieal academy of Rev. T. Kelley, at Kver-
ton, near Liverpool, and subsequently spent two years in the Uni-
versity of St. Philip. In i- nne to Chicago, and, after
Swift, and entered the law department of the Chicago University,
ami was admitted to the liar in 1*73. For some time afterward he
continued in the office of (Irani >Y Swift, and was engaged in gen-
eral practice until I.SSo, when he became a member of the firm of
drant, Swift \ I'.rady. In May, iSS-,, Mr. Swift retired from the
firm, since which lime he has been associated with Mr. dram, the
style of ihe linn being dram \ llrady. lie is known to the Bench
and liar as a thoroughly educated lawyer, and enjoys an enviable
reputation as a successful advocate and prudent counselor. Mr.
Bradv is a Roman Catholic, of Irish origin, and since early man-
hood has been a republican in politics from conviction. Up to
a recent date, the vast majority of the Irish in Chicago were demo-
in politics. Mr. I'.rady, in answer to ihe question, often put
to him : " Why are yon, an Irish-Catholic, a republican in poli-
ties?" has invariably replied, "Because I am an Irish-Catholic.
'The race and Church to which I belong have always earnestly con-
'i for liberty and the equality of all men before God, and,
therefore, in conscience and by principle, I am bound to be a re-
publican, since that party is opposed to slavery and battles for the
rights of man in the true sense of liberty." In May, 1885, Mr.
Brady, with other gentlemen of his race, organized the Irish-
American Central Republican Club of Cook County, of which
he is president, and which is a large and influential body, com-
posed of men of Irish blood, and the first organization of ils kind
created in Illinois. Mr. Brady was married, on May 25, 1882, to
Miss Cordelia M. Hansen, a native of New York. They have two
children, — Rose Mary and Helena.
"\I\KK TWAIN" IN COURT. — This was a bill in
chancery by Samuel L. Clemens against Belford, Clark
iV Co., filed in 1882 in the District Court. The com-
plainant stated in his bill that he had been an author
and writer by profession for twenty years, and that dur-
ing that time he had been in the habit of publishing
books and sketches composed by him for publication as
" Mark Twain," the name assumed by him to designate
himself as such author. That the said designation of
" Mark Twain " had been used by him as his nom de
plume; that the said writings, under said name, had ac-
quired great popularity, and had met with a ready and
continuous sale; and that no other person has been li-
censed by him to use said designation. That the ex-
( insive right of selecting and publishing, in any form,
the sketches and other writings written and published
by him, by right ought to belong exclusively to him,
and is of great value to his reputation; that the said de-
fendants have published and sold, in great quantities, a
certain hook, called upon its title-page, " Sketches by
Mark Twain, now first published in complete form.
IJelford, Clark \- Co., 1880," containing three hundred
and sixty-nine pages, many or most of which, in one
form or another, are substantially like sketches published
prior to iS8o by complainant; and that the said defend-
ants had no authority from complainant to maxe pub-
lication of said book or any part of it. That complain-
ant, by such wrongful act, has been greatly injured;
and that his property in the said trade-mark of "Mark
Twain " has been greatly deteriorated and lessened in
value; wherefore, he prays damages and profits, and a
writ of injunction restricting the further publication of
said work. To the bill the defendants demurred. The
Court (Judge Blodgett) held:
" An author or writer can not acquire any better or higher
right in a nom de plume, or assumed name, than he has in his Chris-
tian name, and he can not have a trade-mark in his nom de plume,
so a- to prevent the application of the rule that the publication of a
literary product without copyright is a dedication to the people,
after which any one may republish it, and in connection with the
author's name.
" An author who is known to the public under a nom de plume
has the right to prevent the publication of matter which he did not
write in connection with his nom de plume, and purporting to be
written by him. Any person can publish any uncopyrighted pro-
duction, and give the author's name on the title-page or elsewhere
as he chooses. The nom de plume ' Mark Twain ' is not a trade-
mark." The demurrer was therefore sustained.
N \IIIAMEI, MAI;KCI>I-'.K JDNKS, a member of the Chicago
Bar, is the son of Benjamin and Rachel \V. B. Jones, and was
born in Jackson, La., on August 8, 1850. When he was six years
of age the family moved to Port dibson. Miss., where he received
his early education. In 1865, he entered the Southern University,
at Cireensborough, Ala., and graduated, with honors, in the class of
1869. Shortly after his graduation he accepted a position as in-
structor in the Collegiate Institute of Baton Rouge, La., which In-
filled two years, subsequently reading law with Trusten Polk, a
leading lawyer of the St. Louis Bar. In 1873, he came to this city,
and during the same year was admitted to practice, and, until May.
iSSj, was associated with B. I). Magruder, now on the Supreme
Bench. Mr. [ones is known to the legal fraternity and to a numer-
ous clientage as a thoroughly posted and careful lawyer, of ex-
ceptional ability as an advocate and counselor. He was married,
on October 4, iSSi, to Mary K. Merrill, daughter of H. T. Mer-
rill, of Chicago. They have one child, Helen M.
dEoRi;E Wiu.is CASS, son of Abner L. Cass, a physician of
Coshocton, Ohio, was born on February II, 1851. He is a nephew
of General deorge W. Cass, formerly president of the Pittsburgh,
Fort Wayne i^ Chicago Railroad Company, and of deneral Lewis
Cass, of Michigan, and a grandson of Jonathan Cass, a revolu-
tionary patriot ; his maternal ancestors being of an old Scottish
family. Mr. Cass attended Kenyon College, at dambier, Ohio,
from which he graduated in 1870. He then attended the Univer-
sity of Michigan at Ann Arbor, completing his course in 1873, when
he came to Chicago, and became a member of the firm of Klliott \'
Cass. This connection continued until 1877. Since that time Mr.
Cass has practiced alone, his specialty being real-estate and cor-
poration law. He is a member of the Law Institute and Bar
Association, and stands well with the profession and the public.
Mr. Cass was married, in 1878, to Rebecca Osborne.
GEOKCE WASHINGTON KKET/.IN<;I-:U owes his derman name to
his paternal grandfather, who came from Frankfort to Virginia.
His father. Rev. Isaac Kretzinger, is a clergyman of the United
Brethren denomination. The poverty of a. minister's family obliged
deorge W. to support himself by manual labor during his college
course, so that in this he followed the tradition of many other
American boys who have won their way to high places. In his first
college year, the War of the Rebellion broke out, and, though far
under age, he dropped his books and went to the front as a member
of the famous Black Hawk Cavalry. After being captured and
paroled, he went back to his college, staying there until he was
exchanged, when he returned to the service and remained until the
i lose of the War. ' He then again went back to college, and, still
underage, graduated with high honors. Having obtained a posi-
tion in a classical school in Keoktik, he taught two years with
marked success, though working hard at the same time at the study
of his chosen profession, that of the law. His legal studies were
continued under the direction of the Hon. George W. McCrary,
who was Secretary of War under President Hayes and afterwaul
judge of the United States Circuit Court, in Iowa. Mr. Kretzinger
subsequently entered the office of Henry Strong fora short time,
and, in March, 1867, was admitted to practice. In September,
1867, he formed a partnership with Judge R. L. Hannaman, of
Knoxville, 111., which lasted until 1873, when the rising young
lawyer accepted an offer of partnership with John I. Bennett, of
Chicago, now master in chancery of the United States Circuit
Court. Some time later this pirtiu-rship was dissolved, and Mr.
Kretxinger has since been associated with his younger brother, J.
BENCH AND HA R.
271
T. Kretzinger. It will be observed by the foregoing, that the sub-
ject of this sketch pursued his stndirs with gentle-men wlio are
prominent in railroad anil corporation law. Mr. Kret/.inger has
particular attention to these branches of the law, and his
identification with many of the prominent railroad legal contro-
versies of the last ten years has established him as a corporation
lawyer second to none in the West. In tS;;, he accepted the
general solicitorship of the Chicago X: Iowa Railway, which was,
at that time, involved in difficulties which were considered beyond
legal redress. Mr. IvreUingcr's genius, however, is well known to
be fully aroused only in emergencies, and in these famous contests
lined for himself an eminent position and won for his client the
right to redeem itself from hopeless bankruptcy to a condition from
which its stockholders could realize its full value. Since the close
of these cases he has been engaged in many important controversies,
and is acknowledged to be a lawyer of almost inexhaustible
resource and energy. These qualities are supplemented by analyti-
cal powers of remarkable clearness and a wonderful memory which
has become a proverb among brother lawyers and judges who know
him. As an orator, he is possessed of an extraordinary and con-
vincing eloquence, and, though sternly logical and terse, and a
inpiiious rejecter of every flavor of rhetoric, his speeches all
bear the stamp of an illuminating imagination which brings every
outline of the subject into distinctness under its lightning Hash, and
.11 the weapons of logic or ridicule or biting sarcasm close to
his hand. Mr. Kretzinger is just in the prime of life, and, with
his splendid abilities, tireless industry, and unblemished character,
it is safe to predict for him a brilliant future. At present he is
very properly regarded as one of the prominent and rising men of
the Northwest. He was married, on August 29, 1878, to Miss
I'lara J. Wilson, of Rock Island, 111. They have one son, George
\\ ilson, and a daughter, Clara Josephine.
CIIARLKS S. THORNTON was born in Boston on April 12, 1851,
and, after obtaining a thorough preliminary education in the public
and grammar schools and the famous Latin School of that city,
entered llarvard College when seventeen years of age, graduating
in lSy2. During his course he devoted a great part of his time to
the study of law, attending lectures at the Harvard Law School
and enjoying tor two years the advantage of a course of law study
under Henry Adams, of Cambridge; he also received instruction
at the Boston Law School. In the spring of 1873, he came to
(''hicago, and, after studying until the fall in the otlices of Lynian
A Jackson and Isham iV Lincoln, was admitted to practice before
the Supreme Court, at Ottawa. 1 Hiring his twelve years' practice
Mr. Thornton has conducted many suits involving large real-estate
interests, and has been called upon so frequently to adjust the rights
ol owners of land, that he has become recognized by the liar and
real-estate profession as an authority upon real-estate litigation and
matters relating to that branch of the profession. lie has taken
an active part in the conduct of public affairs in the Town of Lake,
where he resides, being especially prominent in educational matters.
HKNKV McCi.oRY was bom at Belfast, Ireland, on August I,
1832, where his father, who bore the same name, was a prominent
business man and contractor. In 1848, the son emigrated to Amer-
ica, and entered Trinity ( Allege, Hartford, from which he graduated.
In 1860, he entered the llarvard Law School, but hisfather wishing
him to be educated for the Church, he entered Berkeley Divinity
School, from which he graduated in 1862. and was ordained a
deacon, and later a priest, in the Protestant Kpiscopal Church.
Slh. illy afterward he married a daughter of Mr. 1'ersse, of 1'ersse
iX: Brooks, a paper manufacturer. His father-in-law assisted the
elder Bennett when he was establishing the Herald on a few hun-
dred dollars' capital, and through life the warmest friendship existed
between them. It thus happens t hat the same feeling has descended
to James Gordon Bennett and to Henry McClory. Mr. McClory
spent the first five years of his service in the Church as rector of a
parish in Boston. He subsequently removed to I'lattsburg, N. Y.,
where, in 1870, he lost his wife. It was a severe blow to him and
seemed to dishearten him for future work in the Church. Soon
after his wife's death, he commenced the studv of law, and, in
1871, was admitted to the Michigan liar, settling in Three Rivers
to practice his profession. In 1874, he removed to Chicago, and
subsequently married Matilda 1'ersse, a sister of his first wife.
El.HkliHiK II \\KCV, a prominent member of the Chicago Bar,
was born at Trenton, \Vis. During his childhood, the family
removed to Milwaukee, where he attended the public schools anil
finished his studies in the Milwaukee Academy, graduating, with
honors, in the class of tS63. In the following year, he came to
this city and began reading law in the office ol ilervey, Anthony
cV C.alt. In September, 1874, he was admitted to the Bar, and,
until 1877, was indirectly associated with Mr. I lervey. but has since
been alone in general practice. He is known to the profession and
a numerous clientage as a convincing advocate and reliable coun-
selor. Mr. llanecy was married 511 March I, 1876, to Miss Sarah
Barton, of Chicago ; they have four children.
THE " FUND W." CASK. — This was an indictment in
the United States District Court against Frank 1,. I.oring
and John Flemming, on a charm: of using the mails for
fraudulent purposes. The case was tried before |ndgc
Blodgett in November, 1883, and created a great deal of
interest, both in the city and in the country — especially
among those who had been the victims of the alleged
fraud. General Leake, United States district attorney,
was the principal prosecutor for the United States, and
Messrs. Storrsand Goudy for the defendants. The trial
occupied eleven days, and was attended by large crowds
of interested listeners.
The facts in the case appeared to be, that the firm
of Flemming \: Mcrriam were the ostensible authors of
a scheme, on the principle of a "mutual co-operative
fund " for speculating in grain, provisions, and stocks;
buying and selling On the Chicago Board of Trade and
the New York Stock Exchange. Circulars were sent
all over the country, and advertisements put in the news-
papers, showing immense profits, and by this means a
large number of persons were induced to send money
for shares. The dividends were not "profits," but a
part of the investment, and were paid to encourage in-
vestors to send on more money, as was charged, until
the scheme was ripe, when the entire capital disappeared.
A warehouse was rented on Murket Street, and it was
proposed to let shareholders have the profits to be de-
rived from the business done there. This it was alleged
was only a part of the plan to get people excited and
induce them to pour in the cash for shares more liber-
ally. Merriam did not appear in the case — was a myth,
so tar as the trial was concerned, if not so in fact.
Frank L. I.oring, it was charged, was the principal of
the firm, who, with defendant Flemming, were its chief
manipulators.
( )ne witness testified that he invested in the scheme
$30 of his own money and $370 due him for getting
subscribers. He received back $100 in dividends, but
none of the principal. A large number of witnesses
testified to transactions of a similar kind, some losing
more and some less; the losses, in some instances, ran
up into the thousands of dollars. It was proven that
when their bank account was closed, on January 31,
1883, they had a balance of $90,000 in one bank, which
was all drawn out in two or three days thereafter. The
postmaster had excluded them from the use of the mails
on January 30, 1883. Flemming left the city. The in-
spector's report shows that the firm received, during the
first twenty days of January, through the Chicago Post-
Office, seven hundred and seventy-five registered letters.
None of these letters, he states, contained less than ten
dollars, and many of them contained amounts varying
from one hundred to five hundred dollars. They had,
at the same time, received about eight hundred and
twenty money orders, aggregating $20,416. They also
received, during said period, large sums by express,
estimated at not less than $30,000. Their customers
were found not only in this, but in nearly all the other
States and Canada, and even in France and Germany.
The stoppage of their mails, brought this magnificent
scheme to a sudden and disastrous termination. For
some days, large crowds visited the city, and called at
the late place of business of the enterprising firm, en-
deavoring to ascertain its whereabouts and its status.
There were loud threatenings of mob violence, but there
was nobody found to mob. The more the matter was
investigated, the greater the swindle was developed to
be. Then followed the indictment and trial.
The judge charged the jury that it was sufficient to
show the fraudulent intention to convert to defendants'
-r-
HISTORV 01- CHICAGO
own usv till' money which other persons should send
them for investment in " Fund \V." The jury arrived
;it a conclusion in about one hour, ami their verdict was
"guilty." After the usual delays on motions for a new
trial and rehearing, which were overruled, the delend-
ants wen- sentenced to one year imprisonment, and to
pay a line <>f $500 each. After serving a few months
of 'their sentence, they were pardoned by President
Arthur.
;. a prominent member of the Chicago
liar, and lout; known a-- the associate ol George A. Shufeldt, is a son
k II. and Ph<ebc M. Westover, of Manlius, N. V.,
where lu- was bom on August IS. 1836. When hi- was nine years
he came \\ lunyiug Professor Bailey, of Manlius,
making tin m Buffalo to Milwaukee on the steamer New-
Orleans. Al that time there were no railroads, and the great North-
west was but sparsely inhabited. I 'pon his arrival at Milwaukee.
ight the keeper of the light-house, \-.\\ I'.ati-s. a family friend,
to whom he had a letter of introduction, and through his direc-
tions ay to the residence of a married sister. Mr. Hates
was then keeping the light-house at 835 a month, but subsequently
• hicago, and died a millionaire. Mr. \\i-st-
ir Milwaukee until 1852, when he entered Oberlin
ge. In the following year he returned to Milwaukee, his
parents having settled there, and became a student in the Milwau-
kee I'niversity, where he graduated, and. later, was appointed an
instructor of Latin, ('.reek and mathematics in that institution. He
law with Hon. Jason Downer, also with I.eander Wyman,
both prominent lawyers of the " (.'ream City," and was admitted to
In isi.i, he locate. 1 in Waukesha County, and
two years later received an appointment in the paymaster's depart-
ment of the Army, then lying before Vicksburg. After recuperat-
ing his health after the VVar, in IS66, he associated himself with
1). \V. Small, at Oconomowoc, Wis., with whom he continued until
Mr. Small was elected circuit judge, in 1870. During this time
he edited and published, for a brief period, the newspaper " I. a-
lielle Mirror." In 1874, he became a member of the Chicago Bar,
and formed a partnership with George A. Shufeldt, a brother of
Admiral Shufeldt, of the United States Navy, and continued to be
iated with him until thespring of 1885, when Mr. Shufeldt re-
tired from the linn. Mr. Westover is one of the leading members
of the liar, and has figured conspicuously as a corporation lawyer.
He is known to both liciich and liar as an able and scholarly law-
nunselor and an eloquent advocate. Mr. West-
over was married on April 14, 1868, to Miss Elizabeth Miller, of
Brooklyn, N". V. They have one child, Vesta M.
M.S. kiiMNSuN was born at Connersville, Kayette Co. , Iml.,
in 1*45. When a boy he removed with his parents to McLean
County, 111., where he remained until 1869. At the breaking out
of the War he joined Co. " I)," 2oth Illinois Infantry, and served
throughout the War. In iSOg, he removed to Pontiac, Livingston
Co., where he studied law with I.. K.l'ayson, now member of Con-
gress from that district, and other attorneys. During this year he was
admitted to the liar, coming to Chicago in 1874, and engaging in a
general practice. He has lately published a book on " Marriage
and I 'ivorce," containing a compilation of the laws on this subject,
which has already run through three editions. Mr. Robinson is a
member of I'ost No. j-\ (;..\.K., and of Kort Dearborn Lodge,
Royal Arcanum, lie is also connected with the National Associa-
tion of ex-l'iiion Prisoners of War, being a member of the execu-
tive committee.
HKSKV MrKl-'.v, member of the law firm of Doolittle \
McKey, was born in the County <>f Mayo, Ireland, on December 8,
He came with his parents, Kdward and Mary A. (Tolc)
McKey, in 1847, to America. They first located in New York
State, and later at Janesville, Wis. During his boyhood Mr.
McKey studied at the public schools of Janesville, preparing for
college at a private school for two years before entering Racine
College, from which he graduated in 1*67, receiving from that
institution, in iSyo, his degree ol A.M. His father and uncle,
Kdward and Michael 1 . Mi Key, were prominently identified with the
business in nu-sville, and both accumulated large property
in Chicago and in Wisconsin up to the time of their deaths. The
uncle died .d his father in 1875, and to Mr. McKey was
intrusted the settling up of the estates. I'pon graduating at Racine
College. Mr. MeKey took a course of study in the law department
of the Michigan I'niversity. and graduated in i.Soo. Soon after
graduating he took a trip to Knro|>e with his father's family,
and in the summer of iS7i, owing to ill health, caused bv close
study, he took another trip, and on returning attended to there-build-
ing of destroyed property owned by his father. In 1874, he com-
menced the practice of lav, and associated himself willi Hon.
lames R. Doolittle and James R. Doolittle, Jr. His attention was
directed to real-estate law, for which branch he is well qualified.
He has been employed in settling several large estates, Mr. McKey
married, on < »ctober25, 1876, Miss Adella S. Parkhurst, daughter of
linn. William S. Parkhurst, a prominent lawyer, late of Rome, N.
V. They have three children — Henry Parkhurst, Kdward Bennett
and lolui William. Mr. McKey is a non-affiliated member of the
Pythian Order, and belongs to the Iroquois, Calumet and Ken-
lubs, 1 lis residence is in Hyde Park.
\/i 1 | •'. II MI ii, partner of Thomas |i. llryan, was born on
September 6, 1848,8) I. isle, Dul'age Co., III., where he received
his early education. When nineteen years of age- he entered Oberlin
College', Ohio, where he remained for three years, when he joined
the senior class of Vale College. Graduating in i,s-i. he removed
to Sheyboygan. Wis., where, for one year, he acted as principal of
the high school. He removed to Chicago in 1872, and, entering the
office of Shorey \ Norton, began the study of law. In September.
1874, he was admitted to the liar, and in I lecember commenced the
active practice of his profession, first associating himself with Nor
. llulburd. In 1880 , he formed a partnership with O. I .
Aldis, under the firm name of Hatch & Aldis, and December i,
was associated with Mr. llryan. A late case, which has
attracted much attention, was the suit brought by Mr. Kdison
against Griest for an alleged infringement of patent by the latter in
tiie manufacture of his electrical or mechanical pen. Mr. driest,
through his attorney, Mr. Hatch, showed the existence of another
mechanical pen antedating Mr. Kdison 's, so that the suit was decided
for the defendant. Mr. Hatch also conducted the re -organization
of the Chicago Herald Company, of which he was the president for
two years and is now vice-president and attorney. I le was married
on Februarys, 1880, to Grace II. Greene, of Lisle, 111. They have
three children.
THE I,iAi:ii,rrY AND DUTY OF TELEGRAPH COM-
PAXIKS. — The law on this subjei t was settled by our
Supreme Court, in the case of Tyler, Ullman & Co. vs.
Western Union Telegraph Company (60 111. 423 .
This was an action of assumpsit, to recover damages
for alleged carelessness in transmitting a dispatch for
appellants, by appellees, from Chicago to the City of
New York. The message, when written and delivered
to the operator, was as follows :
"ToJ. II. WKKNN <>;• A. T. UKOW.N.
".Sell one hundred (100) Western Union. Answer price.
"T., U. & Co."
As delivered to Wren, in New York, the message
read as follows:
" To }. II. WKKNN, care Gilman, Son & Co.
"'"Sell one thousand (1,000) Western Union. Answer price.
"T., U. ,V Co."
The message was written on one of the blanks pre-
pared by the company, which contained the following
stipulation :
" In order to guard against and correct, as much as possible,
some of the errors arising from atmospheric and other causes ap-
pertaining to telegraphy, every important message should be re-
pealed by being sent back, from the station at which it is to be
received, to the station from which it is originally sent. Half the
usual price will be charged for repeating the message, and tin-
companies will not hold themselves responsible for errors or delays
in the transmission or delivery, nor for the non-delivery of repeated
messages, beyond two hundred times the sum paid for sending the
message, unless a special agreement for insurance be made in writ-
ing and the amount of risk specified on this agreement, and paid at
the time of sending the message. Nor will these companies be re-
sponsible for any error or delay in the transmission or delivery, or
for the non-delivery, of any unrepeated message, beyond the
amount paid for sending the same, unless, in like manner, specially
insured, and amount of risk stated hereon, and paid for at the time.
"No liability is assumed for error in cipher or obscure mes-
sages, nor for any error or neglect by any other company over
whose lines this message may be sent to reach its destination ; and
these companies are hereby made the agents of the sender of this
message, to forward it over the lines extending beyond those of
these companies. No agent or employe is allowed to vary these
terms, or make any other verbal agreement, nor any promise as to
the time of performance ; and no one but a superintendent is au-
thorized to make a special agreement for insurance. These terms
apply through the whole course of this message, on all lines by
which it may be transmitted."
On receipt of this message, Wrenn sold one thou-
sand shares of this stock, and to do so was obliged to
BENCH AND BAR.
273
go into the market and purchase nine hundred shares;
to re-place which, he had to buy on a rising market the
F ?°
-d^tx^d
same number of shares; so that the difference in the
selling and buying price amounted to $729.77, which
amount was wholly lost to the plaintiffs.
It was admitted that the mes-
sage ill-question was not repeated.
The case was tried before
Judge Gary, in the Superior
Court. The jury found for the
plaintiffs, and assessed the dam-
ages at two dollars and sixty cents,
being the cost of the message
with interest. A motion for a new
trial was overruled, and judgment
rendered on the verdict, to reverse
which the plaintiffs appealed.
The Supreme Court ^opinion by
Breesc decides :
" A telegraph company is a servant
(if llie public, and bound to act whenever
called upon, their charges being paid or
tendered. They are like common carri-
ers, the law imposing upon them a duty
which they arc bound to discharge. The
extent of their liability is, to transmit
correctly a message as delivered.
"When a party, desiring to send a.
telegraphic dispatch, is required by the
company to write his message upon a
paper containing a condition exonerating
the company from liability for an incor-
rect transmission of the message unless
it shall be repeated, and at an additional
cost therefor to the sender, such a restric-
tion, e%-en if it be regarded as a contract,
is unjust, without consideration, and void.
Nor is such a restriction relieved of
its objectionable character by a stipulation
in the contract that the company will as-
sure the accurate transmission of the
message by a special agreement, to be
made with the superintendent of tile
company, the amount of risk to be speci-
fied in the contract and paid at the time
iing the me
" It is against public policy for tele-
graph companies to secure exemption
from the consequences of their own gross
negligence by contract. So, notwith-
standing any special conditions which
may be contained in a contract nullifying
the liability of the former, in case of an
inaccurate transmission of the message,
the company will still be liable for mis-
takes happening by their own fault, such
as dclecthe instruments, or carelessness
or unskillfulness of the operators, but not
for mistakes by uncontrollable causes.
" The receiver of a. telegraphic mes-
sage is not required to telegraph back, to
ascertain the correctness of the me
The company is bound to send the mes-
sage correctly in the first instance.
" If the sender of the message in this instance was compelled
to, and did, purchase nine hundred shares of the stock to re -place
that so sold by reason of the carelessness of the company in transmit-
ting the message, and that of the interval between the selling of one
thousand shares, and the re purchase of the nine hundred shares to
re-place the extra number of shares sold, that stock had advanced
18
in price, this advance, in an action against the company, would be
the measure of damages." The judgment was accordingly reversed.
The cause having been remanded, a new trial was
had in the court below, which, applying the principles
above recognized as correct, resulted in a' verdict and
judgment for plaintiffs, in an amount sufficient to cover
the damages they had sustained by the negligence of
the defendants in transmitting their message. From
this judgment the telegraph company appealed. Mr.
Justice Breese, in giving the opinion of the court (74
111.), says :
" (Ireat efforts have been made to induce this court to depart
from the ground it occupied on the first appeal, by questioning the
VIEW OF CLARK AND ADAMS STREETS.
correctness of the principles which governed our ruling. These
have caused us to examine that case and those principles, —to ex-
plore anew the whole ground ; and we desire to say, and that most
emphatically, there is nothing in the opinion then delivered we de-
sire to retract or modify, fully believing it is sanctioned by reason,
by law, and by justice, — alike demanded by public policy and public
274
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
-ity." The judgment of tin- Superior Court was accordingly
ooofinned.
I \MI-S II. RAYMOND, was born at Wilbraham, Ilampdcn Co.,
Mass., on [unco. is?o. His father, Re v. Miner Raymond, D.D.,
was for sixteen years principal of the Wesleyan Academy in that
town, the oldest educational institution under the auspices of the
Methodist Church in this country. In 1*04, Dr. Raymond settled
at Evanston, III., where he now resides, being professor ol Svsiem-
atic Divinity at Garrett Biblical Institute. There his son was
ited, graduating from the Northwestern University in June,
IS;L In |uly, 1871. lie was appointed secretary of the Erst Hoard
ol ' Railroad and \VarehonseCotnmissioncrsof Illinois, remaining
in that |Xisition until Ilecember, 1873. In April, 1874, Mr. Ray-
mond was elected secretary and treasurer of the Western Railroad
.[dilating from the Union College- ol Law,
Chicago, in 1874, he was admitted to practice before the State and
i States courts, and, in 1877, before the Supreme Court of
•litcd States. Having, in November, iS1^, severed his rela-
tions with the ra: ;ation, he commenced the practice of
corporation and patent law. In January. iSSj, he formed a part-
nership with \V. C. Rainey, under the tirm name of Raymond <V
Rainey. Mr. Raymond was married, in October, 1873 to Mary S.,
daughter of Judge Benjamin S. Edwards, of Springfield, 111.
They have live children.
FREDERICK SII.AS BMKI>, attorney and counselor at law, is the
1 Silas and Eli/.abeth \V. liaird/and was born in McIIcniy
County, 111., on l-'ebruary 17, 1852. lie remained at home until
his seventeenth year, going to school and assisting on the farm,
.[iieiitly removing to Warren. Jo Davicss County, where he
continued his studies, Becoming interested in law, he began read-
ing, in i>72, in the law office of Jones ("Long Jones") .V Ha\cs.
In the fall of the same year, he came to Chicago, and entered the
law office of Rinnan, Avery, I.oomis \ Comstock ; at the same
time was a student in the law department of the Chicago Univer-
sity, from which he graduated in 1873. Upon the organization of
the Union College of Law, he attended one year, received his
diploma as an attorney and counselor in June, 1874, and was
admitted to the Bar during the same month. He continued with
Runyan. Avery, I.oomis \ Comstock until 1875, when he began
practice. From iSSo to 1882, he was associated with F. E.
Lansing, but since has been alone. Mr. liaird's parents are Ver-
mont people, his father coming West, about 1850, from Chittenden,
Yt.. and settling in Mcllenry County, where he married Elizabeth
Witt, of Woodstock. Yt. The sterling principles and traits fos-
tered by the descendants of the old Puritan stock find a notable
exposition in the character of Mr. Baird. Besides his prominence
as a lawyer, he has been honored by being chosen to represent the
Ninth District in the \XXIYth General Assembly, in 1884. He was
one of the "103" who elected General John A. Logan to the United
States Senate, and he took an active part in passing the new elec-
tion law, which has proven so effective in securing the purity of
elections. Mr. Baird was married on November 9, 1876, to Miss
Ilattie E. Rogers, of Warren, III., daughter of James II. Rogers.
They have four children: Elaine C., ManleyF., Hattie S. and
Frederick R.
SIMI:"\ STRAUS was born at Milwaukee, Wis., on November
21, 1855. His father was Samuel Straus, a well-known Chicago
lawyer and one of its earliest settlers. Simeon commenced his
education in the public schools of Chicago ; entered Yale College
when only sixteen years of age, and was graduated from that
institution with a complete record as a bright student with excellent
prospects. At nineteen years of age he was admitted to the Bar
at New Haven, Conn. He was associated with his father in the
practice of law until May, 1875. He was then employed as attor-
ney exclusively for the Greenebaum banks, consisting of the ( ler-
man National Bank, the German Savings Bank and the banking
house of Henry Greenebaum & Co.; and was so retained up to
the time of their withdrawal from business, in December, 1877.
Probably no member of the Chicago Bar, of the age of Mr. Straus,
has had intrusted to his care and management as many large and
important cases as have fallen to him since he began the practice
of the law. He has been eminently successful, and his business is
steadily increasing. He is diligent in his professional career,
and looks carefully after all matters intrusted to him. His judg-
ment is well balanced, and he manages his legal business with care
and discrimination. Mr. Straus was married on February 14, 1880,
to Miss Adelaide Eisendrath, an intelligent and accomplished lady
of Chicago. They have three children, — Samuel, David and Ira E.
CHARLES A. FOI.SOM was born at Skowhegan, Somerset Co.,
Mi-., on February 26, 1836. He is a direct descendant of General
Nathan Folsom, a delegate to the first American Congress, who
commanded a brigade of New Hampshire troops during the Revo-
lution, and distinguished himself as a captain in the battles of Fort
Edwards and Crown Point during the French and Indian War, in
1755. Mr. Folsom lined himself for college at Lowell, Mass.,
where for a number of years he was a surveyor. Then, up to the
breaking out of the War, he was employed by Naylor & Co., steel
manufacturers. He first enlisted in the 4th Battalion Massachusetts
Infantrv, and re-entered the service, with the rank of lieutenant,
and subsequently became captain, in September, 1861, having
joined the 24th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry ; was
in the battles of Roanoke Island, Newborn, Rowles Mills and
Tranter's Creek- ; built the fort at Washington, D.C.; was in the
three months' siege of Forts Sumter, Gregg and \\agner, being
engaged in the assault on the rebel rifle-pits while the-latter strong.
bold was being invested. Captain Folsom also erected the earthworks
on Scabrook Island, made for protecting the navy while attacking
the defenses of Charleston; engaged in the campaign of Florida;
to Chicago in 1868, he first engaged in commercial pursuits, but,
since 1875, has practiced his profession. Captain Folsom was
married, on Tune 29, 1871, to Sarah Sweet, daughter of Dr. Richard
Sweet, of Norton, Mass. They have two sons.
CONTRACTS MADE ON SUNDAY. — The question as to
the validity of a contract made on Sunday was pre-
sented to the Supreme Court for the first time, for its
determination, in the case of Richmond vs. Moore
(107 111. 429).
This was an action of assumpsit, brought in the
Superior Court of Cook County, and tried by Hon.
Sidney Smith. The issues were found for the plaintiff,
and his damages assessed at $566, upon which a judg-
ment was rendered, from which an appeal was taken to
the Appellate Court. Here the judgment was affirmed,
and the case taken by appeal to the Supreme Court.
The suit was brought upon a contract entered into
between the parties, for the sailing of the vessel "Scotia,"
during the season of 1880, it being claimed that the
plaintiff prevented the defendant from performing his
contract.
On the trial in the Superior Court, the evidence
tended to prove that the agreement was entered into on
Sunday. The defendant asked the court to hold that
the contract was prohibited by our statute, and was
void, and that was the principal question involved in
the case.
The provision of our statute which, it is claimed,
renders this contract void, is section 261 of our Criminal
Code, and is as follows :
"Whoever disturbs the peace and good order of society by
labor (works of necessity and charity excepted), or by amusements
or diversion, on Sunday, shall be fined not exceeding $25. "
The court, by Mr. Justice Walker, said :
" The common law did not prohibit the making of such con-
tracts. * * * The doctrine that contracts made on Sunday are
void depends alone on statutory enactments ; and in the various
States of the Union the statutes vary, in language or substance,
and the decision of the different courts have been based on the
phraseology of their several statutes. * * * Is the making
of such a contract as that under consideration embraced in our stat-
ute as labor? Could the parties to this contract have been crimi-
nally prosecuted, convicted and fined ? If they could, then the con-
tract is void, as no principle is more firmly established or better
recognized than that a contract made which violates a statute is void.
If the term ' labor' necessarily embraces business of all kinds, why
were the terms ' labor ' and ' business ' used in the various statutes to
which we have referred ? It was for the obvious reason that those
who framed and adopted the statutes supposed that the word ' labor '
did not necessarily embrace ' business ' ; nor does the word ' labor '
include, as a definition, mere ' business' ; and this being the ordi-
nary meaning of the word, we must accept it as the sense in which
it was used by the Legislature. * * *
"If this contract should be held to be illegal, then every
contract not shown to have been absolutely necessary or performed
for charitable purposes, would be void, and render parties to it
liable to the penalty. The marriage contract is held to be a civil
contract by our laws, and yet vast numbers of such contracts are
entered into on Sunday. It would be difficult to show such contracts
necessary, in the sense of the statute ; and shall it be held that such
contracts are void, and the parties to them guilty of living in an
open state of adultery or fornication, and liable to be criminally
BENCH AND BAR.
275
punished ; and must their children be held to be bastards ? Must a
person be criminally punished for writing a letter to a friend on
Sunday, or a barber' for shaving a customer, or a person for selling
to another a cigar, or purchasing and reading a newspaper on Sunday,
and for almost innumerable like acts ? * ' * When the Legisla-
ture shall prohibit labor, whether it shall disturb others or not, and
the transaction of business, or the making of contracts, on Sunday,
we will unhesitatingly carry out the legislative will ; but we can
neither add to nor detract from the statutes as they are enacted. "
Judgment affirmed.
JOHN M. THACIIER, member of the firm of Coburn & Thacher,
attorneys and counselors at law, is the son of Rev. Joseph and
Nancy A. Thacher, and was born in Barre, Vt., on July I, 1836.
Both parents were from Woodstock, Vt., and on the paternal side
In- is descended from a long line of clergymen who were dis-
tinguished for their religious work and talents. He was fitted for
college at Barre, and entered the University of Vermont in 1855,
graduating with honors in the class of 1859. After his graduation,
he was engaged as instructor in the academies of Lyndon, Vt., and
Andover, Mass., until 1861, when he enlisted in Co. " I," I3th Ver-
mont Volunteer Infantry, with the rank of captain, and served three
years in the War of the Rebellion. In 1864, he entered the Patent
Department, Washington, 1). C., as clerk, where he continued until
1874, during which time he was advanced, by successive appoint-
ments, until he occupied the position of Commissioner of the De-
partment. In the meantime, he devoted much of his time to the
study of law, and in April, 1870, was admitted to the Bar at Alex-
andria, Va. He took an active part in the political construction of
the State of Virginia, and was a delegate to the National Republi-
can Convention in 1868, which nominated Grant and Colfax, and,
in 1870, was a member of the State Central Committee of Virginia.
In 1873, he represented the government in the international patent
congress at Vienna, Austria. Two years later he located in Chi-
cago, associating himself with L. L. Coburn, and has since been
actively engaged in practice, making a specialty of patent law.
GEORGE A. GIBES is the son of Aaron Gibbs, an early resident
of Chicago, and Catherine Gulliver. He was born in this city, and
educated in Cornell University and the University of Chicago.
Mr. Gibbs pursued both a collegiate and a law course, and after-
ward studied law with Waite & Clark, of Chicago. He was ad-
mitted to the Bar of New York State, and has been a practicing
attorney in this city for the past ten years. Mr. Gibbs was married
in June, 1881, to a daughter of James I'. Smith, an old resident and
merchant of Chicago.
NEWTON CAI.VIN WHEELER is a members of the Chicago
Bar, and is a native of Illinois, but of New England parentage.
His father (Dr. Calvin Wheeler), was a native of the old Granite
Mate, and his mother (whose maiden name was Sarah J. Hoyt)
was born in Connecticut. They afterward resided in the State of
New York, where they were married. In 1843, they removed to
Kendall County, 111., where the former was a prominent physician,
and a highly esteemed and honored citizen up to the time of his
demise, in 1876. The mother of Newton C. still resides on the
old homestead at Bristol, 111., where he was born on August 21,
1849. He enjoyed the benefits of the public schools of his native
village, and at the age of sixteen entered Clark's Seminary, at
Aurora, to prepare for college. In the fall of 1867, he entered
Beloit College, where he completed his preliminary course. The
fall and winter of 1868-69, ne spent in teaching near his home, and,
notwithstanding his yotithfulness, was very successful and evinced
a peculiar talent in that profession. He intended to return to
Beloit and pursue his college course, but, yielding to the solicitation
of friends, he changed his purpose, and joined the freshman class
of the University of Chicago in the fall of 1869, where he continued
his studies uninterruptedly until after the great fire. He then dis-
continued them for a brief period, to take a position as tutor in
Washington University, at St. Louis, Mo. He achieved a decided
success as a teacher, but declined an invitation to continue his ser-
vices at that institution at an advanced salary, in order to return to
college and finish his course. He resumed his studies at the Uni-
versity in the fall of 1872, but again abandoned them temporarily,
at the urgent request of the president of the college, to take charge
of Winnetka Academy, then a branch of the University. He re-
fused a permanent engagement in that capacity, and returned to
college, whence he graduated in the classical course in the year of
1873 — a class noted in the annals of the University for scholarship
and oratorical ability. As a writer and speaker, Mr. Wheeler was
considered one of the first of his class ; his graduating oration re-
ceived the highest encomiums of the local press. At college,
Mr. Wheeler was a bright scholar, and a diligent, earnest stu-
dent ; and, although a leader in college sports, he did not subor-
dinate his mental to his physical improvement. lie was an
enthusiastic member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity, and in his senior
year was elected president of his class. He spent the year follow-
ing his graduation at the Union College of Law, and subsequently
continued his legal studies in the office of Lyman & Jackson, and,
upon examination before the Supreme Court, at Ottawa, in Sep-
tember, 1875, was admitted to the Bar. In May, 1876, he was
called home by the serious illness of his father, whose death
occurred in May of that year ; during the remainder of that year,
he engaged in settling up his father's estate, and, subsequently, he
spent a year travelling on business through the Central and Southern
States. When he returned, he spent spent six months assisting
H. \V. Jackson, receiver of the Third National Bank of Chicago,
in settling up the business of that institution, and, in the fall of
1878, he opened an office and began the practice of the law on his
own account. He formed a partnership, in May, 1881, with I).
W. Munn, under the firm name of Munn & Wheeler — a partner-
ship that has proved very successful.
THE DOUGLAS MONUMENT. — The Legislature of
1877 made an appropriation of $50,000 for the com-
pletion of the Douglas Monument at Chicago, to be
paid out of the treasury as the work progressed. In
December, 1878, there remained undrawn of this appro-
priation $8,648, and the commissioners appointed to
superintend the work reported that fact, and that it
would require a further appropriation of $9,000 to
complete the Monument. In May, 1879, tne Legisla-
ture appropriated the additional sum asked. On Sep-
tember 30, 1879, all the first appropriation was drawn
except $4,798, and nothing from the second. After
September 30, 1879, and up to July i, 1880, the com-
missioners had drawn $8,450, when they checked for
$1,200, but for which the Auditor refused to draw his
warrant.
The Supreme Court (96 111.), on an application for a
mandamus against the Auditor, held, that under section
1 8, article 4, of the Constitution, the $4,798 balance of
the first appropriation had lapsed, and could not be
taken from the State treasury, by reason of the expira-
tion of the first fiscal quarter after the adjournment of
the regular session of the General Assembly succeed-
ing that at which the application was made ; and that
said provision of the Constitution is not confined to
appropriations for the ordinary and contingent expenses
of the government, but applies to all appropriations of
public money.
LUMAN ALLEN, attorney and counselor at law, was born on
"Greenwood Plantation," in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, on
November 6, 1845. His parents, both now deceased, were Dr.
Luman and Alvernon (Greene) Allen. His father was a graduate
of Lane Seminary and Ohio Medical College, at Cincinnati ; his
mother was an accomplished, finely educated, and talented daughter
of Dr. John Greene, of Virginia. The subject of our sketch
received an elaborate classical and practical education in private
schools and academies in Virginia and Cincinnati. In 1861, when
Virginia seceded from the Union, he, with his father, abandoned
everything and came North, locating at Cincinnati. There he took
up the study of law, under the guidance of Judge Carter ; but
delicate health and too close application to his studies forced him
to suspend them for the time being, A very strong predilection,
however, for a military life, led him to enlist, in 1862, in the Army.
He joined the 2d Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and immediately left
for active service, intending to go through the War. Camp fever
and a chronic stomach disorder soon compelled him to abandon
this cherished purpose ; and he resumed his legal studies at Cincin-
nati, in the offices of Judge Aaron F. Perry. In 1869, he married
Miss Julia Ellis, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of Charles
W. Ellis, a banker of Cincinnati, and shortly afterward moved to
Columbus, Ohio, when he was admitted to the Bar by the Supreme
Court of Ohio. From 1871 to October, 1875, he was engaged in
private practice, in Cleveland, as a corporation lawyer, and then
removed to Chicago, where he continued in the same capacity until
January, 1883. Since the last named date he has been in general
practice, having a valuable clientage among a number of resident
and foreign corporations. Mr. Allen has been an extensive traveller,
and is familar with nearly every " nook and corner" of his country.
He is a hard student, an indefatigable brain-worker, and an accom-
plished scholar and writer. He has long been a valued contributor
to the press, under the nom de plume of "Pea Green," and has
written several books. lie is the author of the "Sage of Mentor,"
a remarkable epic poem, which has been extensively reviewed by
leading journals, and pronounced by them a proof of splendid
genius. One of its verses aptly expresses his philosophic creed :
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
> Ml plans, l.iit aid
\ ;i supreme which nn.vcs tin- I inverse,
\Vhi, ;~t, nor ;irt evade.
So, TliiHi^li presumptUOlU m.m m.iy "ft rehearse
Surh '-<• hinh H.av'n --'tis vain !
The plan uf Nature's ti.x'd ; ils laws remain.
JOMN R. I'AKKKK, attorney and i -ounsclor at law, was born on
.it l.ran.l View, Spencer Co., In.!., his parents
Henry Nelson and Mary (Stillwell) Parker. In September,
1853, his father removal to DcKalb County. 111., where, until John
was" hftccn years of age. he spent his time as a fanner's boy. work-
JHi, at - sueh schooling as lie could. Alter attending the
Sycamore High School for a time, he taught a district school and
finished his education at Clark's Seminary and Ilillsdale College.
Hillsdale, Mich. He took the full course of four years at the latter
institution, graduating in 1871, and in the fall of the same year be-
came principal of public schools, holding, also, the same position at
Fulton during IS;-.-. In August, is;;,, he came to Chicago, pur-
sued his law studies in the oliice of \Vheaton, ('.-infield & Smith,
and in |une. 1^7;, was admitted to the I'.ar, at Mount Vernon, 111.
He a*s,Viated himself with Mr. Canlield for about a year, and then
opened an oliice alone, and has since practiced without a partner,
giving much of his attention to real-estate matters. Mr. 1'arkerwas
married. .>:, -''), [875, to Mary J. Daniels, of Kendall-
ville, Ind. They have two children, — Irving and Russell.
b'HN M. II. l!fKi;i'.rr, member of the law firm of Smith &
liurg'elt, was born at Ilartland. Vt., on April 28, 1850. His
parents, Daniel A. and Adeline Burgett, came to Illinois in 1854,
locating near I.ewistown. where they still reside. Here John
received his education, graduating from the high school in 1868,
and from the 1'niversity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, in 1872, with
the degree of Ph.B. After studying law with K. 1>. Stevenson,
of I.ewistown, he was admitted to practice before the State Supreme
Court, at Mount Vcrnon, 111., in June, 1875. Mr. Burgett came
to Chicago during the following September, and, in April, 1877,
formed his partnership with Aimer Smith. He was admitted to
practice before the I'nited States Supreme Court in 1883, at which
time he was engaged in the case of Drury vs. Hayden, on appeal
taken from the I'nited States Circuit Court for the Northern Dis-
trict of Illinois, and was also attorney for defendant Drury before
the appeal, and had the gratification of seeing the decision of the
Circuit Court reversed by the higher tribunal, Justice Gray deliver-
ing the opinion, with directions to dismiss complainant's bill for
want of equity. The case, which obtained considerable notice, is
reporte.l in III U.S. Rep.
I''KKI>I-:RK.'K WILLIAM PACKARD is. one of the most prominent
and promising of the younger members of the Chicago Bar. No
lawyer of his years enjoys a better reputation. He is very popular
with his professional brethren as well as with all who know him.
He has taken a very high position for the length of time he has
been at the Bar. He is always courteous and gentlemanly, is
endowed with the faculty of legal analysis, has an excellent educa-
tion, and is well read in general literature as well as in the law.
When he appears in court it is apparent that he is carefully prepared
on all of the points of his case, and his style of presentation is
clear, forcible, and entertaining. He was born at Orange, Franklin
Co., Mass., on November 5, 1850; prepared for college at Willis-
ton Seminary, East Hampton, Mass., one of the famous schools of
New England, and graduated at Amherst College in 1872 ; entered
the law office of King, Scott & Payson, as a student in the fall
of 1872, and was admitted to the Illinois Bar in January, 1875 ;
and has ever since been actively engaged in law practice in the
State and Federal Courts. Several years since, after the dissolution
of the firm of King, Scott & Payson, Mr. Packard became a part-
ner with Mr. King, under the firm name of King & Packard, which
firm still continues. He was married, on July 25, 1877, at Amherst,
Mass., to Stella C. Williams, a most worthy lady. They have one
daughter, — Fanny.
MASSES FOR THE SOUL. — The following opinion of
Judge Tuley of the Circuit Court, in the case of Kehoe
vs. Kehoe, attracted wide attention, and was exten-
sively copied in legal and other newspapers. On ac-
count of its novelty and the interest taken in the subject-
matter, its main points are here given
John W. Kehoe, a few weeks prior to his decease,
made a deed to complainant of certain personal prop-
erty, upon oral directions or trusts, which were in
substance that the funds should be devoted to the pur-
pose of procuring masses to be said for the soul of the
said John W. and for the soul of his mother, also
deceased. The defendants, his legal representatives,
contended that the trust was void because it was not
wholly in writing; and because the funds were given
for a superstitious purpose or use. After ruling against
the first objection, and reviewing the English law on
the subject of superstitious uses, and how far the stat-
utes of 'England have been adopted in this country, the
judge proceeds to sa\ :
" The question being freed from the force of precedents, must
•cided upon principle. In the United States, where no dis-
crimination is made in law between the professions of any particular
religious creed; where there is an absolutely free toleration of re-
ligious opinions and modes of worship,— can any such thing as a
superstitious use be said to exist ? Who is to decide whether or not
a use, as connected with the religious belief of the donor, is or is
not superstitious? Must it lie decided according to the sectarian
views of the chancellor? Nor is the question here whether or no the
doctrine of a purgatory is well or ill founded? or whether or not
masses for the soul are'efficacious ? Who can penetrate the life be-
md say there is no purgatory? This property was appropriated
e donor to a use according to his religious belief. That there
is a purgatory, and that masses for the souls therein are efficacious,
is a part of the belief of those professing the Catholic religion. In
the formulary of the faith of Pius IV., which is still that of the un-
changeable Church, and which persons becoming members are ex-
pected to give their adhesion to, I find the following :
" ' I profess, likewise, that in the mass there is offered to God
a true, proper and propitiatory sacrifice for the living and the dead.
'"I firmly hold that there is a purgatory, and that the souls
therein detained are helped by the suffrages of the faithful.'
" This being the donor's belief, why should not his desires be
carried out? It has become a maxim of the law that a man may do
what he will with his own. The only limitations are that he does
not violate the law in so doing, nor devote his property to an im-
moral purpose. A person may gratify any whim or caprice, relig-
ious or irreligious, that he may desire. The Legislature has not
declared such a disposition of this property illegal. Neither the Leg-
islature nor the Court has the power to declare that any religious use
is a superstitious use. With us there is a legal equality of all sects,
— all are equally orthodox. To discriminate, and say what shall be
a pious use and what a superstitious use, would be to infringe upon
the constitutional guarantee of perfect freedom and equality of all
religions.
" The right of a person to devote his property to any purpose
which he believes to be a religious purpose, is just as necessary to
the religious liberty guaranteed by the Constitution, as is the right
to believe and worship according to the dictates of one's own con-
science. The wish of the donor must be followed, and the funds
appropriated to the procuring of masses to be said in accordance
with his instructions."
THOMAS A, BANNING was born on January 16, 1851, in McDon-
ough County, 111., and studied law in Brownfield, Mo., and this
city. In September, 1875, he was admitted to the Bar, and, after
acting as assistant corporation counsel for a year and a half, under
Judge T. Lyle Dickey, he associated himself with his brother.
The firm was first brought into prominent notice by their pro-
nounced success in certain litigations involving the patents of var-
ious agricultural machinery, and in a number of cases favorable to
the brewers. Mr. Banning lives at Hyde Park, where he takes an
active part in all local public affairs, being especially prominent in
his opposition to the proposed division of the town. He was mar-
ried, in 1875, to Sarah J. Hubbard. They have three children.
EDWIN FLETCHER ABBOTT, of the firm of Abbott & Johnson,
counselors at law, is the son of Dr. Nathan W. and Sarah Y. Ab-
bott, and was born at Janesville, Wis., on May 4, 1851. During
his infancy his parents moved to Dixon, 111., where he remained
until 1869. After attending the Dixon public schools, he entered
the State University at Champaign, in 1867, where he continued
two years. In the fall of 1871, he entered the law department of
the Michigan University, at Ann Arbor, from which he graduated,
with honors, in the class of 1873, in the meantime spending his va-
cations in the office of Sleeper & Whiton of this city. The year
following his graduation, he spent in completing his studies in the
same office, and subsequently began active practice. In 1883, he
associated himself with Cratty & Johnson, as a member of the firm
of Cratty, Abbott & Johnson, from which Mr. Cratty retired in
1884, since which time the firm has remained Abbott & Johnson.
Mr. Abbott is recognized by the profession as an energetic, pains-
taking and clear-headed lawyer, and, through his unvarying success,
has secured a lucrative practice in all of the courts. Mr. Abbott
was married on September 30, 1885, to Miss Nellie Howe, daughter
of J. L. Howe, of Chicago.
JACOB NEWMAN was born on November 12, 1852, and removed
with his father's family, in 1858, to Butler County, Ohio. At the age
of ten years, he removed to Noblesville, Ind. In 1867, he went to
Washington, 1'enn., and later in that year he came to Chicago. He
graduated at the University of Chicago in 1873. He read law in
BENCH AND BAR.
277
the office of Hon. James R. Doolittle, and was admitted to the Bar
in 1875 Heat once entered into partnership with Judge ( iraham,
and began a successful career. Judge Graham removed, in 1877, to
a western city, leaving Mr. Newman with a good clientage, which
he was able to retain and increase. He practiced alone until 1881,
when he entered into partnership with Adolph Moses, under the firm
name of Moses & Newman. The business has steadily increased
until it is one of the most profitable in the city. Mr. Newman is of
Jewish faith, and is connected with several of its educational and
charitable societies, and in that, as in everything- to which he gives
his attention, he is energetic and active, ever ready to do his part
with a cheerful heart and a willing hand. In politics he is an ardent
republican.
JKSSK III 1. 1. INGS BARTON, of the law firm of Barton & Hoch,
was born at Demorestville, Ontario, in 1850. His father, Samuel
E. Barton, descended from a staunch old Puritan family of Massa-
chusetts, and his mother, Philana Billings, from the well known
family of Vermont and New Hampshire. In 1873, Jesse graduated
from Albert College, Belleville, Ontario, and immediately removed
to Chicago and began the study of law with Ewing & Leonard. He
was admitted to the Bar in January, 1876, and entered the office of
Corporation Counsel Elliott Anthony. He afterward became
assistant corporation counsel, which position he held until Carter
Harrison was elected mayor, in 1879. Mr. Barton then commenced
the practice of his profession in a private capacity, being associated
for a short time with E. L. Chamberlain. In May, 1884, he formed
a partnership with James J. Hoch. Mr. Barton's practice has been
general, he having acted for a few years past as attorney of the
South Park Commission. He was married, in 1879, to Miss Ella
Wilcox, of Jefferson County, N. Y., who died during the same
year. In February, 1885, he married Mrs. J. F. Boniield, under
whose husband he had formerly served as assistant corporation
counsel. Mrs. Barton is a daughter of Jesse B. Thomas, at one
time judge of the State Supreme Court;" her grandfather on her
mother's side was Theophilus Smith, also a judge on the Supreme
Bench.
THE WILSON HOMICIDE. — The mysterious murder
of Mr. and Mrs. James L. Wilson occurred in Win-
netka, in this county, on February 13, 1884. The
tragedy was not discovered until about ten o'clock in
the morning, when a young woman named Emma
Dwyer called at the residence for the purpose of keep-
ing Mrs. Wilson company during the day, as had been
her custom on Wednesdays, which day Mr. Wilson
usually spent in the city. Finding the kitchen door, at
which she usually entered, locked, and the blinds down,
and concluding that one or both of the aged couple was
sick, she pried open a window and let herself in. Pass-
ing into the sitting-room, she beheld through the dim
light the body of Mr. Wilson lying on the floor, behind
the stove. Thinking the old man had fainted, she hast-
ily called in a neighbor. On raising the window-blind
they saw that Mr Wilson was lying in a pool of blood,
dead. Two other neighbors being called in, they pro-
ceeded up-stairs in search of the wife, and found her
lying half naked on her bed, her head pounded into a
jelly and the pillow and bedclothes literally soaked with
blood.
The village was soon aroused, and at a meeting of
the citizens the popular indignation at the enormity of
the crime which had been committed in their midst was
expressed m offering a reward of $1,000 for the arrest
and conviction of the murderer. Mr. Wilson was an
old citizen, and had been president of the village board
for the past three years. He was a brother of the late
Judge John M. Wilson, of Chicago, and, with his wife, had
been highly respected. He came to Chicago in 1848.
The hour of the crime was not known, neither was
there the slightest clue to its perpetrator. Detectives
and others were soon actively engaged however, in
search of evidence which might lead to his discovery
Their efforts resulted in the indictment, in April of
Neil McKeague. He was put upon his trial for the
murder on May 5, 1884, before Judge Anthony. The
Criminal Court room was thronged daily with an audi-
ence which closely watched every development as the
trial progressed. The State had to rely wholly upon cir-
cumstantial evidence; and although all the facts known
were ably presented and sifted by the State's attorney,
the jury was not able to find sufficient evidence to con-
vict. Their verdict, accordingly, after a two" weeks' trial,
was "not guilty."
Up to the present time no new facts or circum-
stances have been discovered. It is one of the murders
which remains enshrouded in mystery.
CURTIS H. REMY, of the firm of Flower, Remy & Gregory,
was born near Hope, Bartholomew Co., Ind., on April 29, 1852!
His father, Allison C. Remy, is one of the most prominent citizens
of Marion County, Ind., and commenced his son's education by
sending him to Nazareth Hall School, Penn., when the boy was
fourteen years of age. In 1870, he graduated from Transylvania
College, Lexington, Ky., and the next year from its law depart-
ment. In 1872, he pursued a legal course at the law depart-
ment of the Northwestern University, Indianapolis, Ind., and
immediately commenced to read law with Judge Byron K. El-
liott, now of the Supreme Court of Indiana, and afterward with
General Thomas M. Browne, then United States District Attor-
ney and now a member of Congress. Mr. Remy practiced law in
Indianapolis from 1872 to 1876, when he removed to Chicago, and
in the fall of 1879, associated himself with Judge J. C. Chumasero.
In May, 1882, he became a member of the present firm. Mr.
Remy was married in October, 1875, to Fanny Wheeler. They
have one child.
HENRY S. ROBBINS was born at East Stoughton, Mass, on Feb-
ruary 5,1853, and is a lineal descendant of Colonel Oliver M. Spencer,
a Revolutionary soldier in General Washington's army. His grand-
mother's brother was Chancellor Halstead, of New Jersey; and
Judge A. M. Spencer, of Cincinnati, is his great-uncle—all being
in the maternal line. Mr. Robbins, who was named after Henry
Spencer, formerly mayor of Cincinnati, and a brother of Judge
Spencer, is the son of John V. and Anastasia (Ford) Robbins. He
was educated at a boarding school preparatory to entering Yale
College, which he left during his junior year, and attended law school
at Madison, \Vis., where he was admitted to the Bar. He then
went to New York City, and practiced law two years. In 1876, he
came to Chicago, and entered into a partnership with Hempstead
Washburne, doing a flourishing business. In 1883, Hon. Lyman
Trumbull became a member of the firm, which assumed its present
style, Trumbull, Washburne & Robbins. Mr. Robbins was mar-
ried, on December 12, 1883, to Miss Fanny F. Johnson, daughter of
II. Morris Johnson, of this city, formerly of Cincinnati.
OWEN F. AI.DIS, of the firm of Paddock & Aldis, was born at
St. Albans, Vt., on June 6, 1853. He comes of a legal family,
both his father and grandfather having been honored by positions
on the Supreme Court Bench of that State. Mr. Aldis' spent six
icago Bar in 1876, and immediately
entered practice. In 1880, he formed a partnership with A. F.
Hatch, under the firm name of Hatch & Aldis. This connection
being severed in the spring of 1883, he became associated with
George L. Paddock, his present partner.
EDWARD FISK GORTON, of the firm of Conger & Gorton,
attorneys and counselors at law, is the son of Anson and Ellen F.
Gorton, and was born at Ashtabula, Ohio, on May 6, 1854. His
mother dying at that time, he was reared by his grandfather, at
Rochester, N. Y., where he attended the public schools and gradu-
ated from Wilson's private school. In 1871, he went to Columbus,
Ohio, where he remained until the spring of 1883, when he came
to this city and entered the law office of E. A. Small as student
and clerk. Subsequently, he entered the Union College of Law,
and graduated, with honors, in the class of June, 1876, and was at
once admitted to the Bar. During the same year, he formed a co-
partnership with W. P. Conger, his present associate, and since
has been engaged in active practice. He is recognized by the
legal fraternity and among a numerous clientage as an able and
successful advocate and counselor. Possessing natural talents, so
highly requisite in the legal profession, he has, by assiduous study
and delving, acquired the thorough knowledge which constitutes a
first-class practitioner, and his position at the Bar is an enviable
one. Mr. Gorton was married on June 19, 1879, to Miss Fannie
Louise Whitney, of Chicago.
PKRRY H. SMITH, JR., was born at Appleton, Wis., on May
10, 1854, and came to Chicago, with his father's family, when five
years erf age. Pursuing his primary studies in Racine College until
278
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
tlu-n took a 1 'uropcan trip of two years. Kiucrln- tlu- sophomore
class of Hamilton Collene in 1871, he graduated in 1874. Mr.
Smith spent another year abroad, ami, in 1875, entered the< olnmbia
Coll, irom which he graduated in 1876, with the
degree of 1.1..M. He was admitted to practice in the Sup
CcHin of the State of New York, when he returned to Chicago and
cnk.,vd tl . [ohn N. Jewett. In 187.), he formed a
nershipwith K ram-is II. Kales', and after the latter's decease, in 1 --n.
became connected with Samuel P. McConnell. During the Han-
cock campaign, in iSS4, he was the democratic candidate for Con-
in the Third Illinois District, and. although defeated, carried
the city precincts by one thousand majority. Mr. Smith was mar-
ried at Baltimore, Md., on June 18. 1878, to Kmma 1,., the daughter
of William S. McCormick. They have had three children: Perry
II., who died on September 13, iSSi ; Ruby McCormick and Perry
Herbert.
THK ELECTION CONSPIRACY CASE OF 1884.— This
celebrated case occupied not only the public mind of
Chicago, but also that of the State and Nation, from
mber, 1884, until March, 1885. And being as yet
undetermined, in some of its legal aspects, it still holds
a place of absorbing interest in political circles. No
trial involving so many questions of interest and im-
portance to the public generally, and which in its pro-
gress developed so many sensational features, ever
occurred in this State.
The defendants in the case were Joseph C. Mackin,
secretary of the Democratic State Central Committee,
William J. Gallagher, a judge of election, and Arthur
i son and Henry Biehl, deputy clerks of the county
clerk of this county. The facts which led up to, and
resulted in, the information upon which the above-
named parties were put upon trial in the United States
District Court were as follows:
The presidential election occurred on Tuesday, No-
vember 4, 1884. At first, it was claimed by the repub-
licans that they had carried the Legislature of this State
by five or six majority; but it was soon discovered that
the complete and corrected returns left that body a
political tie— that is, the democrats had one majority
in the House and the republicans one majority in the
Senate. The election, therefore, of a United States
Senator, to succeed General Logan, whose term had
expired, would be impossible, if each member voted ac-
cording to his political complexion, unless some change
should be made.
Under the law of this State, it is made the duty of
the county clerk, together with two justices of the
peace to be selected by him, to canvass the returns of
the election for members of the Legislature and other
public officers, and certify the result to the Secretary of
State, as a basis for the issuing of a commission to the
ollicer entitled thereto. The performance of this duty
by County Clerk M. W. Ryan, and Justices Scully and
Kersten, who had been called in to assist him, began
November 1 1. A State senator was chosen at this elec-
tion from the Sixth District, which included the second
election district of the Eighteenth Ward of Chicago.
The candidates were Henry W. Leman, republican,
and Rudolph Brand, democrat. When the vote of this
district was counted on the night of the election, it ap-
peared that Leman had received four hundred and
twenty votes, and Brand two hundred and seventy-four
votes, which, with the returns from the other precincts
of the district, ek-ctcd I .em.-in by two hundred and forty-
four majority. The canvassing board, in the course of
their labors, reached this election district on November
1 8. Upon opening the envelope containing the returns
therefrom, it was found, to the surprise and astonish-
ment of those who were watching the canvass, that the
certificate appeared to have been changed. The word
" four " in the sentence " Henry W. Leman had four
hundred and twenty votes for State Senator," as it was
originally written, had been erased, and the word "two"
had been written in its place. And the word "two"
opposite the name of Rudolph Brand, as originally writ-
ten, had been erased, and the word "four" written in its
place, making his vote to appear to be four hundred and
seventy-four instead of two hundred and seventy-four.
A forgery had evidently been committed by some one,
and the question immediately arose whether or not the
Hoard was authorized to go behind the returns as thus
presented to them, and to ascertain their correctness by
examining the ballots. Upon application of those inter-
ested, arguments were heard on this question, and the
Board decided that they had no power to do so. The
returns, as they had been changed, and as they came
before the Board, elected Mr. Brand by a majority of
ten. And this, as the result of the election in the Sixth
Senatorial District, was certified to the Secretary of
State.
If a high crime had been committed, the result to be
accomplished was no less high. The giving of Mr.
Brand a seat in the Senate instead of Mr. Leman gave
the democratic party control of the XXXIVth General
Assembly, and the election of a democratic United
States Senator in the place of General Logan was
assured. A change of senators from Illinois would go
far towards changing the complexion of the United
States Senate for the succeeding two years. To effect
these momentous results,— to capture a State Legisla-
ture and the Senate of the United States, had there been
a conspiracy to manipulate the returns of the election ?
That was the question which took full possession of the
minds of good citizens of all parties.
It so happened that the United States Grand Jury
was in session at that time in the Government Building.
Witnesses were subpoenaed, and an examination into the
alleged fraud was entered upon at once. It was deter-
- mined to inspect the ballots of the second precinct,
where the change had been made ; but as there was
some question in regard to their legal right to do so,
the opinion of Judge Blodgett was invoked by the Dis-
trict Attorney. Upon his decision, a subpcena was
issued, requiring the county clerk to produce the poll-
book, tally-sheet, and ballots of said precinct, for the
inspection of the grand jury. This writ was served at
2:05 o'clock on the aist. The clerk doubted the right
of the grand jury to demand these papers. He appeared
before that body without them, and asked for time to
consult an attorney. District Attorney Tuthill insisted
upon the immediate production of the returns and bal-
lots. The county clerk left the building, and had not
returned when the grand jury adjourned. He and his
associate canvassers were notified that they must appear
with the required documents by ten o'clock on the 22cl.
They appeared, as requested, before the jury on the
22d, and testified, but not with the ballots or returns.
An attachment was asked for. Mr. Ryan stated that
he had been advised by counsel that the grand jury had
no authority to compel him to produce the poll-book
and ballots, and that he would not do so except upon an
order of the United States District Court. It was on
this day that the canvassing board unanimously decided
BENCH AND BAR.
279
to return the vote to the Secretary of State as it appeared
on the face of the poll-book and tally-sheet.
On the opening of the court on Monday morning,
Mr. Ryan, by his attorney, Mr. Green, appeared before
it to answer why he had not obeyed the subpoena of the
grand jury. Authorities were cited, tending to show
that the original papers called for should not be pro-
duced. The judge, however, made an order, that unless
the clerk should produce the required documents within
one hour, the court would hold him for contempt. The
attorney departed to inform Mr. Ryan, who was not
present, of the order just issued ; but in a short time,
A. C. Storey, of counsel, returned just as the court was
about to adjourn, and entered a formal protest against
the grand jury being allowed to examine the ballots
cast in the precinct in question. He read authorities to
substantiate his position. The judge thereupon stated
that he would order the foreman of the jury not
to open the ballots until the court gave him an order to
do so. At two o'clock, the clerk appeared before the
grand jury with the poll-book and tally-sheet. They
were then examined, but Mr. Gleason, the deputy, was
instructed not to leave the papers with the grand jury,
as they requested, but to bring them away with him,
which he did.
At 11:20 on the 24th, the court issued a further
order, that Mr. Ryan appear before it within one hour
with the tally-sheet and poll-book. The court was
asked, by Mr. Green, if the order covered the ballots.
Judge Blodgett replied, " If the jury want them, the
order covers the ballots. " The papers were, accord-
ingly, again brought before the grand jury, where they
remained.
On the morning of the 25th, after a further hearing
of the matter, the court overruled the objections to the
production of the ballots, and they were thereupon pro-
duced before the grand jury.
The fact revealed by an examination of the ballots
was another surprise. It had been supposed that they
would show that "pasters" had been used, making the
numbers correspond with theerasureson the certificate ;
but instead of this, ballots, with the name of Mr. Brand
printed on them, were found to the number of four
hundred and ninety-eight, while only one hundred and
eighty-nine tickets appeared having on them the name
of Mr. Leman. But the investigation still continued.
In addition to the county clerk and his deputies, John
B. Jeffery, who had printed the republican ticket, was
interrogated. According to his testimony, the tickets
with Brand's name printed on them, to the number of
over two hundred, were counterfeits of the genuine
republican ticket. Many leading citizens who had
voted for Leman, but who according to the tickets
found in the ballot-box had voted for Brand, were ex-
amined and testified to that fact. New developments
were made each succeeding day of the investigation.
By Monday, December i, sufficient evidence had been
advanced to justify the belief that spurious republican
tickets, with Brand's name on them in the place of
Leman's, had been printed in the city on November
21. The engraver of the counterfeit head and the
printer were both found.
The inquiry before the grand jury resulted, on
December n, in the finding of an indictment against
the judges and clerks of the precinct in question, for
malfeasance in office ; and also in an indictment against
Mackin, Biehl and Gleason, for a conspiracy to change
the returns.
In the meantime, it was believed by the District
Attorney that the man who really did the "fine work "
of changing the certificate of election, and of making
out the forged tally-sheet, had not yet been discovered.
At length the persistence of his efforts in that direc-
tion was rewarded. A comparison by experts of the
handwriting of the substituted tally-sheet with that of
William J. Gallagher, seemed to show conclusively that
they were the same. The grand jury had now ad-
journed, but such, in the opinion of the District Attorney,
was the urgency of the case, that he determined to
commence the prosecution at once. This he did on
December 31, by filing in the District Court of the
United States an information against Joseph C. Mackin,
William J. Gallagher, Arthur Gleason and Henry Biehl.
The charge was for unlawfully conspiring together to
break open the envelope containing the election-returns
of the second district of the Eighteenth Ward, to re-
move therefrom the returns, to alter the certificate of
election, to destroy one of the tally-sheets and substitute
therefor a false and spurious one, to break open and
abstract therefrom the package containing the ballots
cast at said election, and to substitute therefor, in the
same form, spurious printed papers.
The defendants were arrested, and the trial begun be-
fore Judge Blodgett on Februarys, 1885, and continued
until the 2ist. The court-room, having a seating capa-
city of only about one hundred, was filled at every
session by interested spectators. Every inch of space
was occupied, while hundreds stood in the corridor
outside the door, vainly trying to obtain admission.
Assisting Hon. Richard S. Tuthill in the prosecution
were Israel N. Stiles, General Hawley and Judge James
R. Doolittle. The attorneys for the defense were Judge
Turpie, of Indianapolis, Leonard Swett, H. W. Thomp-
son, F. D. Turner, Peter S. Grosscup and William S.
Young, Jr.
The theory of the prosecution was, that the erasures
in and change of the certificate and the substitution
of the forged tally-sheet were accomplished, with the
connivance of the deputy clerk or clerks, by some one
or more persons, prior to their being opened by the
canvassing board on November 18, and that the spuri-
ous ballots were ordered and procured by defendant
Mackin on November 21, and placed in the ballot-
box, in lieu of the same number of genuine ballots taken
therefrom on the same night.
The examination of the people's witnesses was con-
cluded on the 1 3th. All the defendants testified in
their own behalf, denying the charge against them.
After the examination of several witnesses for the
defense, on the I4th G. B. Titman testified that he
had rented his printing-press and materials, on State
Street, to one J. J. Sullivan, to be used on Mon-
day evening before the election, and that on the
next morning he found on the floor of his printing-
office the lower half of the republican ticket. The
next witness called for the defense was J. J. Sullivan.
He testified that he had engaged Titman's press to print
a split-ticket, the day before the election, for a man
named Gilmore. One of the Brand tickets alleged to
have been spurious being shown him, he identified it as
the one printed by him. On cross-examination, he
stated that he did not know Gilmore, but had met him
in a saloon on Clark Street occasionally, and that he
received twenty dollars from him for printing the tickets.
Charles E. Gilmore then took the stand, and testi-
fied that he had been employed at the democratic head-
quarters during the late campaign, at a compensation
of three dollars a day. A few days before the election
he was told to see if he could not get an impression of
the republican ticket. He was somewhat acquainted
zSo
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
with tin- office nf John ]!. Jeffcry, and bargained with
a young man employed there, for twenty dollars, to ob-
tain a stereotype of the republican ticket, with Rudolph
Hrand's name inserted in place <>f 11. \V. Leman's for
State Senator in the Sixth District. He received the
stereotype block from the young man the next day.
He had met Sullivan, and knew he was a printer. He
employed him to do the printing of the tickets the day
before the election, agreeing to pay him twenty dollars
therefor. He got the tickets from Sullivan, at Tit-
man's office, between three and four o'clock on the
morning of the election.
Kdward N. Simons then testified that he was clerk at
the democratic headquarters. He had told Gilmore that
he would make it all right with him if he would get a
of the republican ticket with Hrand's name on it.
This was on Saturday. November i. On Monday
night. Gilmore brought the tickets to headquarters.
He had made them up in packages, and delivered them
in the fifth and sixth precincts of the Eighteenth Ward.
The tendency of the foregoing testimony was in the
direction of giving a satisfactory explanation of the ap-
pearance of the so-called spurious tickets, an important
branch of the investigation, so far at least as the de-
fendant Mack in was concerned. Mackin then took the
stand, and gave his version of the defense, liut in the
meanwhile there was that in the evidence, as well as in
the appearance and manner, of the witnesses Sullivan
and Gilmore which aroused the suspicion that they had
not sworn to the truth. Their conduct was narrowly
watched. Sufficient evidence was soon obtained to
justify their arrest, together with that of Titman and
O'Brien.
The next scene in this exciting drama was the im-
prisonment and confession of Sullivan. On Tuesday,
the i yth, he again appeared in court, and, taking the
stand, testified that he had nothing to do with the
printing of the tickets, as he had previously sworn to ;
that he had never seen Gilmore until during the trial ;
that O'Brien had introduced him to Mackin at the Palmer
House ; that Mackin had there given him a ticket,
which he, Sullivan, swore he had printed at 'Pitman's
on the night of the 3d— the same ticket which he had
produced when he gave his testimony; that Mackin
gave him two dollars; that, after testifying on the 141)1,
he again met Mackin at the Palmer House, who had
told him that his evidence had been given "all right,"
gave him two dollars more, and assured him that he
would get him a place in the Government printing-
office at Washington.
O'Brien was arrested on the lyth, and admitted that
he had introduced Sullivan to Mackin at the Palmer
House, as he had stated.
Titman also again testified on the I7th. Being con-
fronted with J. J. Sullivan, he said that he was not the
man he had rented his office to on the night of Novem-
ber 3d. The ticket which he had alleged to have been
printed in his office at that time was given to him by
Mai kin. The evidence tending to show that perjury
had been committed by witnesses for the defense was
complete. But the trial went on ; the evidence being
1 in, the addresses to the jury began on the i8th.
These occupied nearlv three days, and were concluded
on Saturday, the 2ist. Then followed the charge of
Judge Blodgett. The jury, at 4:30 p. m., came into
court. Their verdict was that defendants Mackin,
Gallagher and Gleason were guilty.
A motion for a new trial having been overruled,
Mackin and Gallagher were sentenced to be imprisoned
in the penitentiary for a term of two years, and each to
pay a line of five thousand dollars.
The cause was then removed co the Circuit Court,
before Judge Gresham. The sentence of Gleason was
suspended. On March 24, Judge Gresham decided that
the defendants were entitled to have their cause reviewed
by the Circuit Court. The defendants having been
admitted to bail, the hearing was had before Judges
Ilarlan and Gresham in May, when a divided opin-
ion was certified to the Supreme Court of the United
States.
TRIAL OF MACKIN FOR PERJURY. — The next event
to be noticed in connection with the election frauds of
1884 is the trial of Joseph C. Mackin, for perjury, before
Judge Moran, in the Criminal Court of Cook County.
He was defended in this case by Emery A. Storrs. The
prosecution was conducted by State's Attorney J. S.
Grinnell, Israel N. Stiles and Joel M. Longenecker.
In the course of the investigations of the State grand
jury, W. H. Wright and S. B. Wright had testified (as
they had previously in the conspiracy trial; that on
November 21, 1884, they had been employed by Mackin
to print the alleged spurious republican tickets, with the
name of Brand upon them as a candidate for the State
Senate in the place of Leman, and delivered the said
tickets to Mackin, at the Palmer House, on the same
night. Mackin, being called as a witness before the
grand jury, denied that he had employed the Wrights to
print said tickets, as they had testified to. For this he
was indicted.
The trial was a brief one, only lasting two days. On
July i, the jury brought in a verdict of guilty. A mo-
tion for a new trial was overruled, but sentence was
stayed to give the defendant an opportunity to apply for
a writ of error. This was issued, and the cause argued
in the Supreme Court, at Ottawa, in September.
It was while he was engaged in this case, in attend-
ance upon the Supreme Court at Ottawa, that the death
of Emery A. Storrs occurred.
The Supreme Court filed their opinion on November
17. They reviewed the case at great length, and de-
cided not to disturb the verdict and judgment of the
court below. Mr. Mackin is, therefore, at this time
serving out his sentence in the penitentiary at Joliet.
WILLIAM ERNEST MASON, son of Lewis and Nancy (Winslow)
Mason, was born at Franklinville, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., on July
7, 1850. His father, who died in Iowa, in 1865, was a merchant,
a man of marked character, and a strong abolitionist. His mother
also died in Iowa in 1875. Mr. Mason came West with his father's
family in 1858, and settled at Bentonsport, Van Buren Co., Iowa.
When thirteen years old, he entered Birmington College, in Van
liuix-n County, where he remained two years, and, during the suc-
ceeding two years taught school in the winter, and subsequently
taught for two years at Ues Moines, Iowa, where he began his law
studies, in 1870, under Hon. Thomas F. Withrow. When that
gentleman became general solicitor of the Chicago, Rock Island &
Pacific Railroad, in 1871, Mr. Mason removed with him to Chicago,
remaining in his office another year. For the five years following,
he was in the office of John N. Jewett, where he completed his
studies and perfected himself in practice. In 1877, he formed a
partnership with M. R. M. Wallace, which firm continued until
Judge Wallace was appointed prosecuting attorney. Mr. Mason
is a republican, an active politician, and an efficient worker in the
ranks of his party. He was a member of the State Legislature in
1879, and, in November, 1882, was elected a State Senator from
the new Ninth Senatorial District. He was chairman of the com-
mittee on warehouses in the XXXIIId General Assembly, and was
chairman of the Committee on Judiciary in the XXXIVth General
Assembly, serving, in addition, as a member of the committees on
judicial department, corporations, insurance, military affairs, and
miscellany. He married, in 1873, Miss Julia Edith White, daugh-
ter of George White, a wholesale merchant of Des Moines, Iowa.
They have five children,— Lewis F., Ethel Winslow, Ruth White,
Winifred Sprague, and William Ernest, Jr.
BENCH AND BAR.
281
[on\ FOSIKK HiniiiKs was; horn at Brownsville. Pcnn., on
September 14, 1850. He is a son of Rev. I). Rhodes, of the Ohio
Conference of the Mrthoilist Episcopal Church. He received his
education chiefly at St. Mary's Academy, Dayton, Ohi». In IM>7,
he went to Cincinnati, where he engaged with Andrews, liissell &
Co., bankers. In 1873, he came to Chicago, where he was em-
ployed by the Hibernian Banking Association for several years.
I luring the period of his bank service he occupied his spare hours
in the study of the law. Later, lie read systematically with E. A.
Small, and, entering the law department of the University of Chi-
cago, was graduated and admitted to the Bar in 1877. Up to early
in 1884, he practiced in this city. He then became interested in
building operations in Chicago. The first building with which
he had to do was the Commercial Bank. He was next associated
with W. K. Xiwn in the Northwestern Safe and Trust Company,
and erected the Insurance Exchange Building, one of the largest
office-buildings in the city. In the fall of 1884, he became inter-
ested, with others, in the Traders' Safe and Trust Company's Build-
ing, opposite the new Board of Trade. He has now completed the
formation of a syndicate, in connection with Mr. \V. K. Nixon, to
erect the largest office-building in the world, adjoining and connect-
ing with the Board of Trade. In each of these enterprises he has
been an officer and director of the several companies and also an
active member of their building committees. Mr. Rhodes is the
treasurer of the Globe Electric Light and Power Company. In
1 88 1 he organized the Dearborn Savings, Loan and Building Asso-
ciation, and has since been its secretary and manager, making it
one of the most successful institutions of its kind in the country.
The position that Mr. Rhodes holds has been gained by his ever
persistent industry anil integrity, as since he was twelve years of
age he has been dependent upon his individual sagacity and enter-
prise. He was married, in Chicago, to Miss Margaret W. Patterson,
the daughter of one of the early residents. They have two children
— Margaret Elizabeth and Joseph Foster. He is a member of
Lakeside Lodge, No. 739, A.F. & A.M.; of Corinthian Chapter,
No, 69, R.A.M.; and is a charter member of Chevalier Bayard
Commandery, No. 52, K.T.
Hi RAM II. CODY is a man whom office and honors have per-
sistently sought regardless of party lines, and possesses conspicuous
abilities, which merit confidence and admiration. He was born in
Oneida County. X. V., in 1824. His ancestors were among the
pioneer settlers, and his grandfather was a soldier of the Revolu-
tion. He was early designed for the law, and educated with this
object in view. In 1843, he removed with his father's family to
Kendall County, III., and settled a year later, at Bloomingdale,
DuPage Co. Four years afterward, he was chosen clerk of the
Commissioners.' Court of that county. He then removed to
Naperville, and upon the adoption of the Constitution of 1848,
was nominated by acclamation, and elected the first county clerk of
his county, making his whole service as clerk six years. Mean-
while, having been admitted to the Bar, he declined re-nomination,
and devoted himself to his profession. Although a democrat in
politics, he was indebted to his party vote for no other office. At
the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was an ardent Union man,
and his energy and eloquent appeals contributed very largely to
the brilliant war record of DuPage County. In 1861, in a conven-
tion embracing all parties, he was nominated for county judge, and
elected by an almost unanimous vote. In 1869, he was chosen dele-
gate to the Constitutional Convention by a majority of nearly two
hundred, though his opponent was one of the most popular repub-
licans in a county where the democratic majority was exceedingly
small. In this body he was chairman of the important committee
on revision and adjustment, making his report at the hour of final
adjournment — a promptitude which secured his committee the only
unanimous vote of thank-; gi\cn during the session. Judge S.
Wilcox, of the Fourth Judicial Circuit, then composed of Kane,
DuPage and Kendall counties, resigned his office in 1874, and
Judge Cody was elected his successor, by the largest majority ever
given in the circuit, three towns in his own county polling for him
all but fourteen out of ten hundred and twenty-one ballots. In 1877,
three republican counties were united with the Fourth, to make the
Twelfth Judicial Circuit, and in the contest which followed, Judge
Cody was not elected, though he reduced his opponent's majority
from twelve thousand to about two thousand votes. He then be-
came a member of the firm of Gary, Cody & Gary, doing business
in this city, though retaining- his residence in Naperville. Since
then he has been nominated for State Senator, and twice for Con-
gress, regardless of his protest and continued refusal to accept
office, because of his professional engagements and the interests con-
fided to his care. He was a careful, deliberate and correct judge,
and over eighty per cent, of his appealed decisions have been
affirmed by the higher courts. He is an effective advocate ; is sin-
cere, earnest and eloquent ; and performs every duty with the
single desire of reaching absolute justice in the particular case be-
fore him. As a matter of correlative interest, it may be remarked,
that Judge Cody wrote the wills of John Baptiste Beaubien, David
McKee and Joseph Naper.
II \KKY RriiKNs was born at Vienna, Austria, on July 7, 1850.
At the age of fifteen he entered the Vienna Polytechnic School, re-
maining until the breaking out of the Austro- Prussian War in 1806;
when, as one of the Students' Legion, he entered the army, and
participated in several important battles. At the conclusion of the
war, he returned to his school, from which he graduated, in 1867.
During the same year he emigrated to America, where he engaged
in journalistic work, principally on German papers. In St. Louis
he was employed on the YVestliche Post; and subsequently, in 1871,
with Joseph Keppler, the artist, he founded and started, in the
same city, the celebrated comic pictorial Puck, now published in
New York. During the same year he became private secretary' to
Hon. Carl Schurz, then United States Senator, and removed to
Washington. In the winter of 1872, he was assistant secretary of
the Missouri State Senate. He came to Chicago in the spring of
1873, and was local editor of the Freie Presse, subsequently being
connected with the Times and the Evening Mail. After reading law
with Edmund Jussen, he was admitted to the Illinois Bar, at Mount
Vernon, on June 8, 1877, and commenced practice with Henry
Hiestand, under the firm name of Rubens & Hiestand. Mr. Hie-
stand withdrew in 1882, and Mr. Rubens formed a partnership with
John McGaffey, which continued until the present firm of Barnum,
Rubens & Ames was organized on Decemberi, 1884, Judge William
H. Barnum resigning his seat on the Circuit Bench in November,
1884, to become a member of the firm. Mr. Rubens was appointed
by the mayor, in 1879, a member of the board of directors of the
Chicago Public Library, and, in 1882, he was elected president of
the board. He was for several years attorney for the Liquor Deal-
ers' State and National Associations, and has been president of the
Germania Society (1883) and of the West Side Turnverein. He is
now attorney for the Board of Education.
J. BLACKBURN JONES, a prominent and well-known lawyer,
was born on September 7, 1842, and came to Northern Illinois,
with his father's family, in 1846. He was a student at Rock River
Seminary, and afterward attended the Northwestern University and
the Chicago Law School. When Fort Sumter was fired upon, al-
though then in the senior year of the law school, he raised a com-
pany in Lake County which was credited to the First Congressional
District, and on April 23, 1861, was mustered in as captain of Co.
" I," I5th Illinois Infantry. The regiment was mustered into the
United States' service on May 13, 1861, and as a part of the Army
of the Tennessee, participated in all the battles of the Southwest. He
was in a number of the prominent battles of the War, was several
times seriously wounded, and was promoted, through the grades of
lieutenant-colonel and colonel, to the rank of brigadier-general.
With one exception he was the youngest general in the army. At
the capture of Fort Blakely, one of the defenses of Mobile, on April
9, 1865, he was very severely wounded. After he had partially re-
covered, he was, in August, 1865, assigned to the Department of
West Louisiana; but his wounds becoming very troublesome, he
was sent North for medical treatment, and on October 19, 1865, he
resigned his commission in the Army, and began the practice of law
in Randolph County, in Southern Illinois, subsequently removing
to St. Louis, where he became a partner of ex-Governor Thomas
C. Fletcher. From 1866 to 1877, General Jones was employed in
almost every important criminal case in Southern Illinois, and in
many in Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and was conspicuous
in the railroad litigation of those years, being for eight years attor-
ney of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company. In
1867 he founded the Sparta Plaindealer, which became at once one
of the most influential papers of the State. In 1877, he formed a
co-partnership with Hon. Henry T. Steele, and removed to Chicago.
That partnership ended in four years, but the two partners still oc-
cupy jointly the same offices. General Jones is now the attorney
of a number of corporations, has a large and desirable clientage both
in this country and Europe, is the Western representative of a prom-
inent New York bank, and is an authority upon all questions affect-
ing loans, commercial law and contracts. He is solicitor of an
important railway company, and is largely interested in the develop-
ment of Southern enterprises. General Jones was in Chicago be-
fore the city had a population of thirty thousand and before it had
a single railroad. He is well informed, quick and energetic, pre-
282
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
waya to arbitrate and compromise, hut, when compromise
Jlsu bitter ami determined fighter < .em-ral fonei has been an
extensive traveller, having visited all ..I the civilized and many of
the uncivilized countries on the globe, and has many fr
the world.
l-i. M.N I II \KKNKSS, of lenkins & llarkness, was born m
Ontario, Wayne Co., N. V.. on" August 31, IS43. the son of South-
ward and Harriet (Foote) llarkness. I laving just completed his
preparation for college, in 1862, he enlisted as a private in the I3»th
New York Volunteer' Infantry, which regiment was afterward trans-
ferred into the artillery branch and known as the 91 h New \ ork
Ile-ivv \rtillery. Remaining with that command a year, he was
commissioned captain in the 6th U. S. Colored Troops, Colonel
|ohn \V \rnes lie accompanied General Butler's James River
expedition in 1864, and was with him in 1864-65. He participated
in the Fort Fisher expedition, and was afterward with General
Terrv in the capture of that stronghold and of Fort Wilmington,
on to Goldsboro', N. C. At the close of the War, Captain
llarkness was mustered out of the service at \\ilmmgton, N. C.
lie settled in Chicago in 1868, entered the special assessment de-
partment of the Board of Public Works, and, in 1873, was placed
in charge of the preparation of all condemnation cases. In Janu-
arv, 1877, he was admitted to the Illinois Bar, and, until Novem-
ber, 1883, was in charge of this species of litigation in court, under
the corporation counsel. In 1883, Mr. llarkness formed his pres-
ent partnership with Robert E. Jenkins. lie was married in Janu-
ary, 1870, to Marianna Bates, of Rochester, N. N'.
H;E C. BUEI.L was born at Burlington, Io\va, on July 22,
1853. He is a son of John T. Buell, who located at Burlington in
1839 and won distinction as a noted politician. Mr. Buell com-
menced his education in the common schools of Burlington, and
afterward attended Peekskill Military Academy, on the Hudson
River, and Knox College, Galesburg, 111. He studied law with
Douglas Harvey, at Galesburg, and attended a course of lectures
at Albany, N. V. In 1877, he was admitted to the Bar before the
Supreme' Court, at Ottawa, and immediately commenced to prac-
tice in Chicago. I luring the past five years he has made a specialty
of corporation law, and represented the citizens who opposed the
construction of the Chicago & Evanston Road. He was presented
with a handsome gold watch by his clients in this case, as a token
of appreciation of his services in their behalf. His active opposi-
tion to the Chicago & Lake Calumet Road, and his efforts toward
repealing the municipal ordinances giving the right-of-way to
elevated roads, have brought him prominently before the public,
both as a lawyer and an orator. Mr. Buell is a member of the execu-
tive committee of the Citizens' League, and has accomplished much
in the cause of political reform. He was married, on September
30, iSSo, to Miss Kittie Dexter Clark, daughter of W. J. Davis, of
Chicago. They have one son, Dexter C.
BENJAMIN F. RICHOLSON was born on January 30, 1854, at
Leland, LaSalle Co., 111. He is the son of Lars R. and Ilellen
L. (Johnson) Richolson, both of Norwegian birth. His father was
an extensive farmer and stock-raiser, and settled in Illinois in 1840.
His mother is still living on the old homestead. Mr. Richolson
received his education in the village schools and in the seminary at
Aurora, 111., graduating in 1873. He entered the law-office of
Richolson & Snow, at Ottawa, 111., and was admitted to the Bar in
1876. In the fall of the following year he settled in Chicago.
After practicing for a short time alone, he entered the law-office of
Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. In 1879, he opened an office for himself in
the Major Block, where he is still located. He is universally liked
and respected by the Scandinavian people of Chicago and vicinity.
He is a republican and quite prominent in politics. In 1883, he
was chosen by the Citizens' Committee as their candidate for the
office of city attorney, and a few days after was nominated for that
office by the Republican Convention, but the ticket (which was sub-
sequently known as the "Citizens' Union Ticket") was defeated.
Mr. Richolson was married on October 15, 1879, to Miss Ella
Daley, then of Chicago, but formerly from Leland, 111., a talented
and accomplished lady. They have one child, Edna Lucille.
ASSESSMENTS AGAINST ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITU-
TIONS.— On the ground of being legally exempt, the
ISuptist University, on the South Side, and like institu-
tions, have refused to pay for their share of street
improvements made around and adjacent to their build-
ings and grounds. Upon a thorough examination of
tliis question of liability, the Corporation Counsel became
satisfied that these exemptions were unconstitutional,
and, as a test-case upon which to try the question, se-
lected the Baptist Theological Union, which has in its
charter the clearest and most emphatic exemption, not
only from taxation but from all special assessments also.
The case was taken to the Supreme Court. The posi-
tion taken by the city was that the Legislature had no
power to exempt these institutions from paying their
share of the cost of public improvements ; that it might
exempt them from taxation, as that was a burden on the
property, but not from assessments which enhance the
value of their property. This view has been sustained
by the Supreme Court, in a decision filed in the case in
October last, in which it is held that the charter-pro-
vision on this subject is unconstitutional and void.
The decision is a far-reaching one, affecting a large
number of cases. A number of improvements, hereto-
fore deemed impossible on account of these exemptions,
were ordered to be made.
WILLIAM A. PAULSEN was born in this city on May 26, 1854,
and is the son of Martin and Augusta (Edson) Paulsen. His
father is one of the early settlers of this city ; and his grandfather,
Robert Edson. was a soldier in the War of 1812, and took part in
the battle of Lundy's Lane. Mr. Paulsen received his preparatory
education in Lake Forest University, and subsequently entered
Racine College, Wis., from which he graduated, at the head of his
class, in 1876, receiving the first prize for excellence in Greek com-
position. He attended the Chicago College of Law, and acquitted
himself so well that when he graduated in 1878, he received a prize
of $50 for the best Greek. He was then admitted to practice at
the Illinois Bar. He continued his legal studies in the office of
Hon. Elliott Anthony, and was for two years attorney for the
National Line Steamship Company, during which period he trav-
elled all over the world, visiting the principal cities and towns in
Europe and Asia, and many other important points and historic
localities in other quarters of the globe. Upon his return to this
city, he entered into partnership with Eugene Clifford and Charles
E. Anthony, and their practice has since become remarkable for its
extent and prosperity as well as for the distinction, social and com-
mercial, of the clients. This success is, with justice, attributable in
a great measure to Mr. Paulsen's legal ability and the comprehen-
sive knowledge of the ordinary points involved in a suit at common
law as well as in the more erudite branches of the profession. In
the preparation of his briefs, or in his addresses before the Bar,
Mr. Paulsen is noticeable for clear and logical reasoning ; and the
deductions which he draws from the stated premises have, in a num-
ber of cases, been of convincing effect before both court and jury,
lie was married June 21, 1884, to Miss Carrie H. Brown, a native
of Utica, N. Y., a lady as distinguished for her social qualities as is
Mr. Paulsen in his profession.
WALTER MATTOCKS, son of Rev. John Mattocks, of St. Paul,
Minn., and Frances Helen (Haywood) Mattocks, was born at
Keeseville, N. Y., on June 21, 1856. He was educated at St. Paul,
and, in April, 1872, removed to Chicago. He was admitted to the
Bar in April, 1878, and is a member of the present law firm of
John & Walter Mattocks.
WILLIAM HERBERT JOHNSON, of the firm of Abbott & John-
son, attorneys and counselors at law, is a prominent member of the
Chicago Bar. He is a son of Gilbert D. and Nancy Jane Johnson,
and was born at Law-ton, Mich., on October 31, 1856. He re-
mained at home until his nineteenth year, during which time he at-
tended the public schools and graduated from the high school,
when he entered the office of Edwards & Sherwood, a leading legal
firm of Kalamazoo, Mich. (Mr. Sherwood is now a member of the
Michigan Supreme Bench), with whom he read three years, and
was admitted to the Bar in September, 1878. In the latter part of
the same year he came to this city, and, until March, 1881, re-
mained in the office of E. F. Abbott, when he engaged with the
firm of Tenney, Flower & Cratty. In May, 1883, he became a
member of the firm of Cratty, Abbott & Johnson, and upon the re-
tirement of Mr. Cratty, in 1884, formed his present association with
Mr. Abbott. Mr. Johnson is known to the profession as a man of
integrity and a capable lawyer. His specialty is commercial law.
SEXTON vs. THE CITY. — A case involving a differ-
ence of $36,000 was decided at the September term of
the Supreme Court, which has been in controversy since
1879. Sexton sued the city on a contract for the iron-
work of the new City Hall, — the question being whether
or not the city had a right to declare said contract for-
feited. The Supreme Court, on the first hearing, de-
cided that it had not, and that he was entitled to recover
for the work done by him; under which decision Sex-
ton was entitled to recover $126,000, being $23,000
more than the original contract. A rehearing was re-
BENCH AND BAR.
283
fused. When the case came tip for hearing the stj< -mid
time, before Judge Smith, the latter, under the rulings
of the Supreme Court, felt obliged to render a judg-
ment in favor of the plaintiff for $56,000, being the
amount before found due, less what the city had paid
him. The city claimed that only $20,000 were due
the plaintiff. The case was thereon appealed by the city
to the Appellate Court, which affirmed the judgment of
the Superior Court. The city then took the case to the
Supreme Court. Upon the cause coming before the
Supreme Court for the second time, it was decided that
the city was only bound to pay the plaintiff what it ad-
mitted on the trial to be due him. By which decision
there is saved to the city upwards of $36,000.
JOHN I). GILL was born at Antwerp, Jefferson Co., N. V., on
February 23, 1851, and is the sun of James and Sarah (Beaman)
Gill, lie was ambitious to improve himself, and early acquired
proficiency in the common branches and commenced to teach. He
then obtained a season of schooling at Ives Seminary, now Black
River Conference Seminary, in his native town, and, in 1868, com-
pleted his course there. In 1871, he came to Illinois, entering the
Illinois Industrial University, at Champaign. There he taught
and engaged in manual labor, in order to pay his way. He was
obliged to absent himself from the University a year, but finally
graduated in 1876. He first studied law with George W. Gere, o'f
Champaign, and then attended the Cincinnati Law School, from
which he graduated in 1879. At once coming to Chicago, he com-
menced practice, although previous to his admission to the Bar, he
had acquired considerable business at Champaign. Mr. Gill has
obtained a good reputation among the younger members of the liar
for his industry, the thoroughness with which he prepares his cases,
and the clearness of his arguments in court. In May, 1885, Mr.
Gill was appointed attorney for Chandler & Co., the mortgage-
bankers, but still continues his general practice of law.
JOHN GIHBOXS was born in the County Donegal, Ireland, in
March, 1848, being the youngest child of John and Cecelia (Carr)
Gibbons. His father, though a farmer of limited means, took
great pride in the education of his children, but as he died in 1851,
and as educational advantages were few in that part of the country,
John was compelled to work on the farm until he was about
seventeen years of- agv. His brother, Hon. Patrick Gibbons, now of
Keokuk, Iowa, enabled him to commence his scholastic training at
a private academy in Londonderry, which was resumed, on coming
to America in 1866, at Broad-street Academy, Philadelphia, and
afterward pursued at Notre Dame University, in Indiana, which
latter institution in 1877 made him, by honorary degree, a Master of
Arts. He returned to Philadelphia in 1868, and entered the law
office of William II. Martin, to work for his board. There he re-
mained until January, 1870. In March, 1870, he was admitted to
the liar at Keokuk, Iowa. His career in Iowa is best told by Hon.
S. M. Clark, of The Gate City, in his sketches of the Keokuk Bar,
published in 1879:
" Every hour that he has been a lawyer he has
been a student; he has been at once practitioner and
pupil. The fact deserves recognition as the method
deserves praise. Seeing his capacity and his promise,
his new legal friends at Keokuk, with that esprit dc corps
which makes the law the most magnanimous and ad-
mirable of professions, solicited and obtained for him,
shortly after his coming to Keokuk, the appointment of
assistant prosecuting attorney. He held the place until
he resigned it, nearly five years later. From 1873 to
1876, he was also city attorney, kept in the place by the
vote of both republicans and democrats. Some of the
most noticeable and distinguishing work Mr. Gibbons
ever did was in this capacity. The city was a debtor at
once compromising and defendant. Many nice and
intricate points under the law of contract and debt,
complicated by intruding elements of Federal law,
were involved in or arose under these city cases, taxing
alike the ingenuity of counsel and the research of
courts. Many of these points, at once practical and
obscure, refined but germane, were enlightened by the
originality, developed by the industry, and made cogent
by the capacity of Mr. Gibbons. Elected to the Leg-
islature in 1876, as a member of the most brilliant and
probably the best delegation Lee County ever had in
the General Assembly, he was put at a disadvantage at
the outset by being, if not the youngest, the least
known, and so at the start did not fare so well as his
associates in the assignments to committee work. But
the test of the work of a session showed the qualities
of the man. Before the Legislature adjourned he was
conceded to be the highest authority in the house upon
questions of constitutional law. The nourishment
then given his influence by his ability, secured for him
a year later the nomination of his party for the attor-
ney-generalship of the State. Successful as a prac-
titioner, it would yet seem a fair presumption that
Mr. Gibbons's highest qualities and capabilities are
judicial. That if he had opportunity he would win
"~" his highest possible distinction and do his best work
as a judge."
While a member of the Legislature of Iowa, his
proposed amendment to the State Constitution, shortly after Gen-
eral Grant- delivered his famous speech at Des Moines with refer-
rence to the Catholics and the public schools, brought him promi-
nently before the country — being himself a Catholic. It is here
given:
"That no public funds, moneys, or revenues whatever, shall
ever be appropriated or used in the establishment, support, or main-
tenance of any school, seminary, college, or institution of learning
or charity, unless the same shall have been established by the laws
of the State of Iowa and under its control; nor shall any institution
established, supported and maintained at the public expense, be
under the control of any religious denomination, nor shall sectarian-
ism, atheism, or infidelity be even taught therein."
It was defeated principally upon the ground that the latter por-
tion of it might bar out the Bible from the public schools. While
pursuing the practice of the law Mr. Gibbons was for some years
professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the Keokuk Medical College,
and was also editor and part owner of the Keokuk Constitution.
In the field of journalism he did some effective work during the
Tilden campaign. He is independent in politics and thoroughly
American in sentiment. In 1879, he removed toChicago, where he
has built up a good practice. For a man who received so few early
advantages, his career has been somewhat remarkable.
HENRY A. FOSTER, of the firm of Sears & Foster, was born
at Winona, Minn., on January 12, 1858. He is a grandson of
Henry A. Foster, of Rome, N. Y., formerly a judge of the Court
of Appeals of that State. Mr. Foster received his education in
the University of Toronto, leaving that institution in 1876 and
coming to Chicago. He was for a time in the county treasurer's
office, but was admitted to the Bar in 1879, stu lying in the office
of Gardner \r Schuyler While Mr. Foster has a general practice
he gives special attention to probate matters.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
YMIMITY OK \ CIAMIM; S i \ i \T TK — Tills was an
action on a ease sued in the Superior Court, founded
upon section 132 of the Criminal ('ode, brought for the
use ol Mary Lamed vs. }•'. Tiernan, to recover treble
the sum of $2,000, which it was alleged one E. P.
I.urnrd lost ami paid to the defendant by playing cards.
The defendant demurred to the plaintiff's declaration,
and, in support thereof, insisted that this section of the
revised Criminal Code is unconstitutional and void,
because the subject-matter thereof is not expressed in
the title of the Act of which it forms a part. Judge
Smith, presiding, sustained the demurrer.
The cause \va> taken to the Supreme Court, where
the ruling of the Superior Court was reversed. The
court decided that said section is not in contravention
of the Constitutional provision referred to, and say:
" This Constitutional provision has always received a liberal
construction, anil the courts hold, substantially, that there may be
included in an Act any means which arc reasonably adapted to
secure tlie object indicated by the title.
" For the purpose of suppressing and punishing crime, the
I .c^islature may constitutionally provide punishments other than by
indictment, a public prosecution, and line on conviction. It may,
in addition, provide for a civil action in favor of the party injured,
or give a penal action at the suit of any one who will prosecute for
line, in which the guilty party may be subjected to fine, penalty,
forfeiture, or damages."
KI«:\K A. I i i lous was born, in 1847, at New Orleans, La ,
and is the son of Thomas and Celeste (Pavina) Fellows. His father
passed hi- early manhood in .New York State but removed to New
Orleans in 1^25, where he spent the remainder of his years as a
prominent banker until his death in 1868. At the commencement
of the War. Mr. Fellows was a member of the Beauregard Cadets,
afterward called the Home Guards. The Guards encamped at
Carrollton, about six miles from the city, and upon the present site
of the Exposition. He served as first sergeant of his company.
When General Butler captured the city he was paroled, and was
exchanged in September, 1862. After the War he was in business
for about seven years, being at one time a commission merchant.
While a resident of New ( Irleans, Mr. Fellows took a deep interest
and a leading part in social and literary matters, and was connected
with many of its prominent societies, among others, the Shake-
spere Club, the histrionic talent of whose members are of no mean
order. In religious belief Mr. Fellows is an Episcopalian. He
came to Chicago in 1874, and studied law in the office of his brother,
Eugene J. Fellows, being admitted to the Bar in 1880. Mr. Fel-
lows was entered into a co-partnership with his brother, which con-
tinued until the latter was elected to the XLIIId General Assembly
in 1883. Since then he has been engaged in general practice alone.
Mr. Fellows has figured rather prominently in politics, coming out
during the Presidential campaign of 1884. He was made chair-
man of the Third Ward Democratic Club, which position he now
holds. As a lawyer he is very pugnacious, as well as tenacious,
never giving up until he finds himself thoroughly defeated, when he
submits with a good grace.
\Vn.i. IAM HARKIE SHIRLAND was born at Troy, N. Y., on
July 4, 1851. Before reaching his majority he had received an
academic education, travelled extensively in North and South
America, and located in California, where he became connected
with the I'nited States mint, and commenced to read law with
General Oscar Hugh l.aGrange, of San Francisco, formerly a
prominent cavalry officer of Wisconsin. After his transfer to
Washington he was in government employment, and subsequently
took a course in civil engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti-
tute, at Troy, N. Y. There, resuming his law studies with Martin
[. lownsend, I'nited States District Attorney, he was admitted to
the Bar of New York in iS-4and to the Supreme Court of the
I nited States in 1878. Mr. Shirland removed to Chicago in 1880,
was briefly associated with Emery A. Storrs, and in 1882 formed a
partnership with W. C. Aaajr. Since the dissolution of the latter
firm, in December, 1883, he has been alone and engaged in a
general practice of the law.
GKANYII i.].; \\iu.iAMs BKOWXINC, attorney and counselor at
w is the son of George T. and Elizabeth (McClung) Browning,
if 1 \i' nc iwvm o» 1 .1 . i ;.. .- «.,-.!:,. T 1 _- * * i ^ __*?
his graduation he came to this city, and, having determined on law
as a profession, he began reading in the office of William II. King,
and was admitted to practice in 1880. After his admission to the
liar, he continued his studies in the office of Judge Moore, and was
connected with him in practice until April, 1885. Since the death
of Judge Moore he has been alone, and continues general business.
Mr. Browning, although one of the younger members of the Bar,
has been unusually successful in practice, and has not only won the
excellent opinion of the Bench and Bar as an able lawyer, but has
secured an abundant and lucrative patronage. With a naturally
gifted legal mind, he has, by assiduous application to study, become
learned in law; a profound thinker, he is a safe counselor, and, with
tine oratorical powers, is a most convincing advocate.
POWER OF THE LEGISLATURE TO EXEMPT PROP-
ERTY FROM TAXATION. — This question arose in the
case of the People, ex rel. H. B. Miller, vs. The North-
western University, on appeal from a judgment rendered
by the County Court against certain lands and town
lots in Cook County for delinquent taxes.
The appellant claimed that the property was exempt
under the provisions of an amendment to its charter
(1855), in these words : " That all property, of whatever
kind or description, belonging to or owned by said cor-
poration, shall be forever free from taxation for any and
all purposes."
The lands and town lots, the taxation of which was
in controversy, were leased to different parties on leases
for a longer or shorter time, and none of them were
used or occupied for buildings or other direct applian-
ces for education. The Supreme Court decided
" That it was not competent for the General Assembly, under
tbe Constitution of 1848, to exempt from taxation property owned
by educational, religious, or charitable corporations, which was not
itself used directly in aid of the purposes for which the corporations
were created, but which was held for profit merely, although the
profits were to be devoted to the proper purposes of the corpora-
tion." (80 111. 333.)
Another case, involving the same question, against
the same corporation, for the taxes of 1875, amounting
to $6,644, was also appealed to the Supreme Court (86
111.), when that body, arriving at the same conclusion,
said: "We see no reason for departing from the views
there expressed,"— referring to the former case.
The first case above referred to was taken to the Su-
preme Court of the United States on a writ of error,
and was pending there when the second case above
mentioned was before our Supreme Court. The Su-
preme Court of the United States (gth Otto) held, that
the statute of Illinois of 1872, conforming taxation to
the Constitution of 1870, impaired the obligation of the
contract of exemption of the statute of 1855.
" That the lots, lands, and other property of the University, the
annual profits of which, by way of rent or otherwise, are devoted to
the purposes of the institution, as a school, could, within the mean-
ing of the Constitution of 1848, be exempted by the statute from
taxation, and that the exempting power of the Legislature was not
limited to real-estate occupied or in immediate use by the Univer-
sity." Cause remanded.
LAWRENCE M. ENNIS, eldest son of James and Mary A.
(Sexton) Ennis, was born in Chicago, on November 3, 1859. He
was educated in the grammar and high schools of the city, to which
was added instruction in the languages under private tutors. He
Jf 7-
. «, , subsequently preparing for
college under private tutors. At the age of eighteen years he
tithe Michigan University, taking the regular course and
graduated, with honors, in the class of 1877. During the year of
then entered the office of his father as a law student, where he
remained until his father's death, on November 9, 1880, when Mr.
Ennis had barely attained his majority. He immediately formed a
co-partnership with F. W. Walker, but a few years his senior, under
the firm name of Ennis & Walker, and the firm immediately took
charge of the large practice which the father had left, much of it being
BENCH AND BAR.
285
among Germans, whose language Mr. Ennis speaks with fluency.
At the time of his father's death he had not yet been admitted to
practice. On November 16, 1880, he made his application and was
examined before the Appellate Court, where the judges, in consid-
eration of the urgent necessity for his immediate admission, granted
him permission to practice until the convening of the Supreme
Court, lanuary 12, iSSi, at which time he was formally admitted as
a member of the Illinois Bar. Mr. Ennis was successful in retain-
ing the large practice of his father, although at that time the youngest
attorney with an established practice in the State. During his first
year of practice he tried over one hundred jury cases, and several
in the Supreme and Appellate courts, in which his success dispelled
the doubts which his youth was calculated to inspire. Mr Ennis is
an ardent democrat ; he commenced his active political work before
he was of age, and was one of the organizers of the Iroquois Club. 1 n
June, iSSo, under the auspices of the Democratic State Committee,
he commenced a canvass of the State and made sixty-seven speeches
for Hancock and English, and Trumbull, gaining the sobriquet of
" the boy orator of Chicago." In religion he is a Catholic, in which
faith he was born and educated. Mr. Ennis was married, October
2. 1884, to Elizabeth (1. Uuinlan, of Woodstock, daughter of one
of the oldest and most highly respected settlers of McIIenry County.
Since an early age, Mr. Ennis has taken great interest in literary
work, and is a contributor to numerous magazines and periodicals.
So interested has he been in the advancement of literature that each
year he presents a gold medal to the North Division High School for
its best essayist. He resides at Rogers Park.
FRANCIS THEODORE COLBY, attorney and counselor at law, is
the son of Andrew J. and Mary Colby, and was born in Chicago on
September 27, 1860. His father is a descendant of a prominent
New Hampshire family, and is one of the oldest settlers of Chicago
now living, having been here since 1850. Erancis T. received his
early education in the public schools, and in 1877 entered the North-
western University, at Evanston, taking a special course. Upon
finishing his studies, he read law in the office of I). Harry Hammer,
and entered the Union Law College, from which he graduated, with
honors, in the class of 1880, and was immediately admitted to the
Bar. He is known to the profession as a highly successful realty
ami probate lawyer, and recognized as an able advocate and coun-
selor. Mr. Colby was married on November 27, 1882, to Miss Rose
L. Sullivan, of Chicago. They have had two children, — Erancis
Everett, who died November 6, 1883, and Beatrice, who is still
living.
LYSANDER HII.L, of the law firm of Hill & Dixon, was born
at Union, Lincoln Co., Me., on July 4, 1834, and is the son of Isaac
Hill. His ancestors were among the oldest Puritan families of
of Massachusetts. After attending Warren Academy he entered
Bowdoin College, graduating in 1858, and studied with A. P.
Gould, at Thomaston, Me., until he was admitted to the Bar in
1860. The partnership which he formed in that town with J. P.
Cilley, under the firm name of Cilley & Hill, continued until 1862,
when he entered the Army and served as captain of the 2oth Maine
Infantry for about one year. He was then discharged on account
of physical disability, and, settling at Alexandria, Va., he entered
into partnership with George Tucker, which continued until 1867.
In 1870, he associated himself with E. A. Ellsworth, and, the same
year, he removed to Washington. Their practice was largely in
patents.- Hill & Ellsworth dissolved in 1878, and Judge Hill con-
tinued alone until in May, iSSi, when he formed a partnership
with T. S. E. Dixon, of Chicago, under the firm name of Hill &
Dixon. Judge Hill has held several important positions, being
register in bankruptcy of the Eighth judicial I )istrict of Virginia
from 1867 to 1869, when he was appointed judge of that district, to
fill an unexpired term, which office he held until 1870. He was
chairman of the Republican State Central Committee of Virginia
two years, and a delegate to the National Union Convention at
Philadelphia, in 1866, and to the National Convention which nomi-
nated Grant in 1868. Judge Hill was married, in February, 1864,
to Adelaide R. Cole, of Roxbury, Mass. They have three children.
DISBARMKNT OF AN ATTORNEY. — An information
was filed in the Supreme Court, hy three members of
the Chicago Bar, in 1875, against Alphonso Goodrich,
charging that he had been guilty of improper conduct,
in causing false and fraudulent advertisements to be
inserted in the newspapers, inviting divorce business.
The following are specimens of said advertisements.
They were published anonymously, but admitted in the
defendant's answer.
"Divorces legally obtained, without publicity and at small
expense. Address P. O. Box 1037. The owner has obtained 577
divorces during the last seven years."
" Divorces legally obtained for incompatibility. Residence
innecessary. Fee after decree. Address P. O. Box 1037."
The court held :
" The Supreme Court, having power to grant a license to prac-
tice law, has an inherent right to see that the license is not abused.
"A license is granted on the implied understanding that the
party receiving it shall, in all things, demean himself in a proper
manner, and abstain from such practices as can not fail to bring dis-
credit upon himself and the courts.
" When an attorney publishes advertisements without any sig-
nature, representing that he can procure divorces for causes not
known to the law, and without any publicity, and without reference
to the residence of the parties, and, by such advertisements, solicits
business of that character by communication through a particular
post-office box by its number, such conduct is a libel on the courts
and a disgrace to the attorney, and is calculated to bring reproach
upon the profession."
The court concluded by saying :
"We are satisfied that the defendant has disgraced the pro-
fession of the law and his position as one of its ministers, and that
he ought to be, and he is from this time forth, disbarred. His
name will be stricken from the roll of attorneys of this court."
In the case of the People, etc., vs. Samuel Appleton
(105 111.), the court decided :
"Although the general rule is, that an attorney-at-law will
not be disbarred for misconduct not in his professional capacity,
but as an individual, there are cases forming an exception, where
his misconduct, in his private capacity, may be of so gross a char-
acter as to require his disbarment."
The rule was discharged in this case.
JOHN Lu TAYLOR was born at Carbondale, Luzerne Co.,
Penn., on August 24, 1884. He is of Irish parentage, being a
descendant of George Taylor, an old patriot of the Revolution.
Until he was about twelve years of age, he lived about the mines of
Luzerne County, when he went, with Dr. II. M. Freas, to Mill-
edgeville, Carroll Co., 111. In the summer of 1860, he removed to
Jones County, Iowa, and there enlisted as a private in Co. " L,"
2d Iowa Volunteer Cavalry, entering the service August 24, 1861.
I le was wounded and captured at Rienzi, Miss., on August 26, 1862,
but escaped the following night. He was also severely wounded in a
cavalry charge near West Point, Miss. In April, 1864, he was de-
tailed from the regiment to the headquarters of the Sixteenth Army
Corps, General S. A. Hurlbut commanding, and stationed at Mem-
phis, Tenn.; afterward he was with General C. C. Washburn, com-
manding the district of West Tennessee; and was mustered out of
service October 3, 1864, at Davenport, Iowa, after having served
for three years and three months. Mr. Taylor participated in
nearly all the battles and skirmishes in which his regiment was en-
gaged, numbering some twenty or thirty, among which were New
Madrid, Island No. 10, the cavalry charge at Farmington, battle
of Booneville (which made Sheridan his first star), and at Rienzi,
and luka, Miss. He rode on the battle-line as orderly for General
Rosecrans at the battle of Corinth, on October 4, 1862, and was an
eye-witness to the charge of Colonel Rogers, of Texas, on Fort Rob-
inette. He was in the raid from Memphis, Tenn., to West Point,
Miss., in February, 1864, and was wounded on February 22, near
West Point. He was in Memphis when Forrest made his raid into
that city in August, 1864, and fought a squad of Forrest's men at
corner of Union and Main streets, and again, on the retreat, at the
7th Wisconsin Battery camp, capturing one of the enemy. He de-
clined promotion as a commissioned officer in two different colored
regiments. He ended his military career as captain of Co. "A,"
Dakota Mounted Rifles, a frontier organization. Early in the fall
of 1865, he commenced the study of law, which he continued irreg-
ularly for several years. He was admitted to the Bar, in Febru-
ary, 1874, at Vermillion, Dak., where he had lived for five years.
He became prominent in politics in Dakota, being prosecuting
attorney of Clay County and deputy United States marshal. He
was chairman of the Republican Central Committee which, in 1880,
organized the republican party of the southern Black Hills region.
In September, 1881, he removed to Chicago. In August, 1882, he
was appointed an examiner of claims in the pension office at Wash-
ington, resigning about one year later, and then made a specialty
of prosecuting claims in all the Departments and before Congress.
Of late, Captain Taylor has taken a leading part in the Grand Army
of the Republic, having been for the past year a commander of
Godfrey Weitzel Post, No. 425. In August, 1865, he was married
to Belle C., daughter of George C. Searle, of Chillicothe, Ohio.
WILLIAM S. ELLIOTT, JR., was born on May i, 1849, at Niles,
Mich., and is the son of William S. and Caroline (Morse) Elliott,
the latter a native of Maine, and daughter of Daniel Morse, who
went to Ohio in an early day, where the daughter was educated in
tlie same school attended by President Garfield. Mr. Elliott is a
lineal descendant of John Eliot, the renowned Indian apostle.
When he was three years of age his mother died, and he went to
286
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Ohio and livcil with his grandfather, Daniel Morse , who then
resided on the \\cstern Reserve, where he remained live \
His father having married Arthaline Ilowell. an ..Id school-mate of
his mother, William accompanied his father's family toOumcy, 111.,
in is;:, where he resided twelve years, attending the public schools
of that city, and receiving a scientific and classical coin-seal the
Nuile \ Hyatt, famous lor its educational advantages,
durinn the War. He always stood at the head of his classes, and
took high rank as a debater and orator. He spent four years in
the Merchants' and Fanner--1 National Hank, at Ouincy, under
President 1 |1, obtaining an excellent training in financial
matters. On March 4, lS6.). he came to Chicago, and engaged in
the insurance business, in which he continued until June I, 1879.
He then 1» 'inly of the law in the office of Kmery A.
Storrs, being admitted to the liar by the Appellate Court of the first
district of Illinois, in October, iS.si, and was one of live standing
equally well at the head of a class of thirty-three applicants. He
immediately began practice in the office of Mr. Storrs, doing a
prosperous business up to August I, iSs:,, when he entered into a
partnership with thai gentleman. Among the cases in which Mr.
Klliott's ability has shone conspicuously may be mentioned that of
Matthew II. Escott. an insolvent debtor who had been imprisoned
•wo years under the insolvent debtors' act. It was generally
heM that' he was hopelessly imprisoned for life; but Mr. Klliott
took his case and persevered until he discovered technical delects
in the proceedings by which he had been committed, which resulted
in the release of Mr. Escott. On ( Ictober 14, 1871, while the ruins
of the greal city were still smoking, Mr. Elliott was married to
Miss Alinda Caroline Harris, formerly of Janesville, \Vis. To many
a young man, such a disaster to the city would have caused a post-
ponement of his wedding day; but Mr. Elliott never allows his
to be interrupted even by the elements. When he came
to Chicago he united with the First Congregational Church, Rev.
!•:. I'. Goodwin, pastor, his wife being a valued member of the same
church. He has been a prominent member of the Apollo Mu-
sical Club of Chicago, being on its board of management two years,
and to his efforts during the earlier years of its existence is due very
much of its present success, lie is a republican, and has been
intimately identified with all the campaigns of that party since
the nomination of President Garlicld in iS.So. He was a promi-
nent candidate for the office of State's attorney before the Cook
County Republican Convention in the fall of 1884. He is a mem-
ber of the Young Commercial Republican Club of Chicago, of the
Young Republican Club of Chicago, of the Cook County Central
Republican Club, of the Twelfth Ward Central Republican Club,
and of the Seventh Precinct Republican Club. He is a member of
C.arlield Lodge, No. 6S6, A.K. & A.M. ; Orator of Garden City
Council, No. 202, Royal Arcanum; a member of Archon Council,
No. 4, Royal League; and of the Stephen A. Douglas Council,
No. 66, National Union. Mr. Elliott has a wonderfully retentive
memory, and possesses the power of analysis in a high degree.
He conducts his business in accordance with the highest standards
of professional ethics. He is a logical reasoner and illustrates his
discourses with similes, metaphors and antitheses in rich and varied
prolusion.
THE CIRCUIT AND SUPERIOR COURTS THE SAMI .
—The question of the identity of these courts was
raised in the case of Jones vs. Albee (70 ill.). The
Supreme Court held:
" The intention of the Constitution of 1870 is, to give the sev-
eral judges of the Circuit and Superior Courts of Cook County
identically the same powers, and place them on the same footing of
Circuit Courts, but composed of branches corresponding with the
number of judges, each judge, while holding such branch, to have
all the powers of the Circuit Court. It does not require a majority
of the judges of either of said courts to sit together, but each may-
hold court by himself."
In the case of Hall vs. Hamilton (74 111.), it was
held:
"It is error for more than one judge to preside at the same time
during the trial of any case, or to participate in any decision. The
record should show that but one judge presided."
Iii a still later case (112 111.), it was held:
" The Superior Court of Cook County being, in law, a Circuit
Court, it follows that where a special statutory jurisdiction is con-
ferred on the Circuit C'ourt, the Superior Court will, by the same
act, though not named, acquire a like jurisdiction, and vice versa."
\VIIII\M C. A SAY, son of Edward (',. and Emma (Oliver)
Asay, was born at Chicago, in 1857. After attending school at
Lake Forest fora time, he went to Europe for two years, and while
there prepared for college; entering Yale College upon his return,
from whence he graduated in 1880. He then attended the Law
School at Chicago, and in iSSi, was admitted to the P.ar. undergo-
in- his examination before the Appellate Court of this State, lie
commenced the practice of law in Chicago with his father, who, in
i 38 • went to Europe and delegated to his von the care of his large
practice during his absence. This duty was performed to the sat-
isfaction of his father and the clients whose interests he had
protecicd: during this period he prepared the briefs, and instituted
a number of very important litigations. So thoroughly satisfied
was Mr. Asay with the proficiency of his son, that he joined him
with himself in business; and this action on the part of the veteran
lawyer is conceded to have been fully justified by the legal ability
of his son and to have been an eminently fitting commercial arrange-
ment, as a continuance of this association in the law. by William C.
Asay] will enable him worthily to wear the mantle of his father.
The son is now engaged in contesting one of the most important
ever brought before the Federal Courts, involving a most thor-
ough and exhaustive knowledge of constitutional law, as upon the
decision of the case rests the constitutional police power of the State
relative to the control of navigable streams. He was married at
Bellevue, Ohio, in iSSo, to Miss Belle Woodward, daughter of
Dr. Amos Woodward. They have one daughter.
CIIAKLKS El. i CuriKsiiANK, attorney and counselor at law, is
the son of Levi and Ann (Crosby) Cruikshank, and was born at
Utica, N.Y., on October 6 1857. After attending the public schools,
he passed through the high school and prepared for college at the
Whitestown Seminary. In 1877, he entered Hamilton College, from
which he graduated, with honors, in the class of June, 1879.
Shortly after his graduation he became interested in law, and began
reading in the office of Hon. J. Thomas Spriggs, member of Con-
gress for the Oneida district, and was admitted to the Bar. He
remained there until 1882, engaged in active practice, when he came
to this city, where he has since been located. Mr. Cruikshank has
won the excellent opinion of both Bench and Bar, by conscientious
work, as an able lawyer, and enjoys an enviable reputation as a suc-
cessful advocate and counselor.
WILLIAM THOMAS BI.AIK, attorney and counselor at law, is the
son of John and Isabel Blair, of Grand Rapids, Mich., where he
was born February 15, 1850. When he was five years of age, his
parents moved to Martin, Allegan Co., Mich., where he attended
school and assisted his father in farming until his twenty-first year,
when he entered Olivet College, at Olivet, Mich., taking the full
preparatory and classical course, and graduated, with honors, in the
class of 1877. During the same year he came to this city, and
accepted the chair of commercial law and bookkeeping of St. Ignatius
College, which he filled three years. During the most of this time
he was reading law in the office of Hon. John N. Jewett, with
whom he remained as student two years. In the October term,
1880, of the Appellate Court, he passed the rigid examination required
by the statutes, and was admitted to practice. Shortly after his
admission, he returned to Grand Rapids, and entered the law office
of Blair, Kingsley & Kleinhans, where he continued as principal
clerk for two years. At the expiration of that time, having thor-
oughly prepared himself for his profession, he located in this city,
and has since been engaged in general practice, Mr. Blair is one
of the most successful lawyers of the Chicago Bar, and owes his
standing in his profession to a thorough legal education and natural
aptitude and talents for the work. He is a reliable counselor, a
shrewd advocate, and a sound lawyer.
CHARLES F. M. ALI.EN, attorney and counselor at law, is the
son of Frank G. and Sarah Allen, and was born at Rochester, N.
Y., on February 28, 1861. After attending the public schools of
his native city, he graduated from the Rochester Free Academy,
and shortly afterward came to Chicago. His inclination for the
legal profession induced him to begin the study of law, and he
became a student in the office of Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, the
reviser and compiler of the Statutes of Illinois, with whom he
remained one year, when he entered the office of Henry M. Bacon.
He finished his studies in the offices of Young, Scott & Adams,
and was admitted to practice in October, 1883. Mr. Allen com-
bines the talents of both the advocate and counselor to an exceptional
degree, and his success in general practice, also that of realty, has
given him an •.•xcellent standing with the Bar and a gratifying pat-
ronage of clients. With his habit of thoroughness in detail and
unremitting attention to his well chosen profession, he will take
an envied position among the leading lawyers of Chicago.
BENCH AND BAR.
287
HENRY J. FISIIKK was born on March 27, 1847, at I'oint
Pleasant, W. Va. His father (Henry J. Fisher, deceased) was
one of the oldest lawyers of that portion of the State, served in the
Legislature, and was otherwise prominent in State affairs. Mr.
Fisher graduated from the military school at Lexington, studied
law with his father for two years, and, in 1868, was admitted
to practice in the State courts. For the succeeding three years he
practiced in \Vest Virginia. After spending some time in Kansas,
Texas, Arkansas and Minnesota, he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio,
where he remained until 1883. During that year he came to Chi-
cago and established himself as a lawyer whose specialty from the
ln-l has been corporation law and the management of will contests.
He is a stalwart republican, and took an active part in the last
presidential campaign. Mr. Fisher is a member of the Law Insti-
tute ; also is a member of Ashlar Lodge, No. 308, A.F. & A.M.;
corporate limits, is not a tax in the Constitutional sense of that
term."
RUFUS NAPOLEON RHODES, son of Rufus K. and Martha F.
Rhodes, was born at Pascagoula, Miss., on June 15, 1856. When
thirteen years of age he was sent to the preparatory school of Dr.
J. B. Shearer, at Custer Springs, Halifax, Va. ; but before his
course was finished, Dr. Shearer was elected president of the South-
western Presbyterian University at Clarksville, Tenn., where Mr.
Rhodes followed him, graduating in 1873. The next year he was
appointed assistant treasurer of the Mississippi Levee Board, with
headquarters at Greenville, Miss., where he remained nearly one
year. He then began the study of law with Senator James K.
Bailey, of Clarksville, Tenn., and served as his private secretary at
Washington in 1876-77. In 1877, he was elected city attorney of
Clarksville, to which office he was successively re-elected five times;
VIEW OF ONTARIO AND RUSH STREETS.
LaFayette Chapter No. I, R.A.M.; and St. Bernard Commandery,
No. 35, K. T. He was married on June 27, 1875, to Maria Proctor,
of West Virginia.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL POWER TO LICENSE. — This
question was raised in the cases of Braun et al. vs. The
City of Chicago (no III.). The Supreme Court held :
"The Legislature is fully authorized by the Constitution to
confer power, by general law, upon incorporated cities to demand
and collect a license-fee or tax of all persons who shall pursue the
business or calling of brokers within their limits, and to prohibit,
within such limits, the business of a money-changer or broker,
broker or commission merchant, including that of merchandise,
produce or grain broker, real-estate broker, and insurance broker,
without license therefor ; and such a provision in the charter of a
city, and an ordinance in pursuance thereof, are not in conflict with
any Constitutional provision.
"A license-fee imposed by a city or village, in pursuance of
power conferred by the Legislature for that purpose, upon certain
avocations, trades, business, or occupations, carried on within the
and, in 1880, was elected by the State-debt-paying democrats to the
General Assembly of Tennessee. In the latter part of 1883, he
moved to Chicago and resumed his legal practice, associating him-
self with Hon. Frederick H. Winston, now Minister to Persia, in
February, 1884. Mr. Rhodes comes from a prominent Southern
family. His grandfather, Thomas Rhodes, once owned nearly
every vessel on the Alabama River, and his father was a lawyer of
distinguished talents at the New Orleans Bar, who, prior to the
Wrar, was a member of the Court of Appeals. All of the members
of his mother's family were wealthy ship-owners. Mr. Rhodes was
married on June 27, 1884, to Miss Margaret Dabney Smith, a rela-
tive of the prominent Dabney family of Virginia.
\Y] K T I >KXTER WALKER, son of James M. and Ella M. Walker,
was born at Chicago, on September r, 1860. His parents formerly-
resided at Ann Arbor, Mich., and removed to this city about 1852.
Hon. James M. Walker was a prominent member of the Bar dur-
ing the earliest history of this city, and until his death stood in the
foremost rank of able lawyers. W. D. Walker received his ele-
mentary education under private tutors, and at the age of sixteen
entered Vale College, whence he graduated in 1880, taking a classi-
cal diploma. Immediately after his graduation he returned to this
288
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
city :ind entered the law office of W'irt Dexter, the prominent advo-
cate and counselor, remaining with him as a student three, years,
when, aftei nl examinati.nl. he was ^ranted a certilicate
to practice in ;.jl of the courts. Mr. Walker confines himself to
civil practice.
1'owh.R OF 1111. CITV TO LICENSE 1' \i ki\i;-I IOUSES.
—The location of s<> many packing-houses, tallow-chand-
leries, bone and soap factories, and tanneries, within the
city limits and adjacent thereto, had become a matter
of serious investigation by the Hoard of Health and
others. That these establishments were noxious to the
health and comfort of the citizen was evident from ex-
perience and observation. The question arose as to
how they could be regulated and controlled. In 1874,
City Attorney R. S. Tuthill drew up an ordinance to
cover the case, which was adopted by the City Council.
It provided for the licensing of these estab'ishments,
fixing the sum to be paid therefor at one hundred
dollars. It also empowered the Mayor to revoke any
license on conviction of any one for a breach of the
ordinance. Of course, such an ordinance provoked
pronounced opposition, and many good lawyers thought
it would not stand the test of examination by the Su-
preme Court. A case soon arose, — the Chicago Pack-
ing and Provision Company vs. The City. The facts
were agreed upon, and the ordinance was sustained by
the court below. On appeal to the Supreme Court,
where ic was urged that the city had no power to pass
the ordinance, that Court decided ''That the law giving
cities the power to direct the location and regulate the
management and construction of packing houses, etc.,
confers the power to license such establishments, as one
means of regulating the same." The results of this
ordinance have been as important as beneficial to the
health of the city.
CALVIN CAIK MARCH, attorney and counselor at law, one of
the most successful members of the Chicago Bar, is the son of Reed
C. and Mary March, and was born at Londonderry, N. H., on April
30, 1846. Until he reached his eighteenth year, he attended the
public schools and assisted his father in farming. His parents,
meanwhile, coming to this State, and settling at Dixon, in 1855, he
became a student of the Dixon Seminary, graduating, with honors,
from that excellent institution in the class of 1868. Becoming in-
terested in law, and possessing natural qualifications for that pro-
fession, he read for some time with Hon. T. K. Edsall, of Dixon,
State attorney-general, and entered the law department of the Michi-
gan University, at Ann Arbor, acquitting himself with honors in
1870. Locating at Rochelle, III., he engaged in active practice of
his profession during the succeeding three years, then formed a part-
nership with M. I). Hathaway. In 1884,' he removed to this city,
where he has since been engaged in general practice. Mr. March
is a successful advocate and a prudent counselor, and devotes his
entire attention to a lucrative clientage.
11 IK AM !!II;KI.OW, attorney and counselor at law, is the son of
Joel and Mary A. Bigelow, and was born at Whitby, Ontario ( ;m
ada, on January 28, 1860. When he was five years of age, his
parents removed to Milwaukee, where they remained until 1867
and then came to Chicago. After passing through the public schools
and graduating from the High School, he turned his attention to
the study of law, and entered the office of C. C. Clark, of this city
as student and clerk. During iss2. he entered the Union Law
1. from which he graduated, with honors, in the class of 1884
and was admitted to practice. Mr. Bigclow's natural legal talents!
<T with a thorough and conscientious preparation for his pro-
fession, have alrea.lv secured him a liberal patronage and an excel-
lent standing in the Chicago liar. Reliable as a counselor and a
ready advocate, he has met with enviable success as one of the
younger members of the legal fraternity, and his position as a lead-
ing lawyer is more than assured.
GK"MKI:K W \siiiN. ;T<>\ NoKIHKri', Jr., attorney and coun-
selor at law, is the son of George W. and Mary S. Xorthrup, and
was born at Rochester, \. Y., on January 20, :86l. The father
has all his life been identified with educational institutions, and now
occupies the president's chair of the Morgan I'ark Theological Sem-
inary. In [867, tin- family came West and located in this city.
Here, young Xorthrup received his early education, subsequently
entering the Rochester ( V Y .) University, from which he gradu-
ated in the class of iS8i, with high honors. Immediately after his
graduation, he accepted the chair of mathematics of the Morgan
I'ark Military Academy, which he tilled one year, and afterward
turned his attention to the study of law in the office of Grant \
Brady. In 1884, he was admitted to the liar, passing a rigid ex-
amination before the Appellate Court here, with the highest average
in a class of thirty. Mr. Northrup, although one of the youngest
members of the Bar, is a thoroughly educated lawyer, and has won
a numerous clientage through his success as an advocate and
counselor.
(i rmiKKT WARD LAING was born at Newcastle, on the borders
of Scotland, on June 23, 1845. His father, David \. Laing, was then
a prominent iron manufacturer, of the firm of Laing tV Gardner. Mr.
Laing, Sr., served his apprenticeship in the same shop and at the same
bench with Robert Stephenson, son of the famous inventor of loco-
motives, and assisted in producing the castings for the first engine,
which was completed in IS2I. Cuthbert was the second son of a
family <'f six children, four of whom are living. After the panic of
1847, the Laing family emigrated to Klatbush, Long Island, and
afterward to Buffalo, N. Y., where Cuthbert attended the high
school and studied civil engineering with General William Sooy
Smith, now of Chicago. In Detroit he also pursued a course of
The elder Mr. Laing started the extensive Boomer Iron Works in
Chicago. He is the owner of several farms in Michigan. Cuth-
bert joined the 2d Michigan Battery, as a private, on August i,
1861, and in the following October became second lieutenant.
After the battle of Shiloh he was made first lieutenant, being the
only officer of his command not killed or captured. Of his battery
of six guns; four were captured on the afternoon of the hrst day's
light, on April 6, 1862, and Lieutenant Laing was ordered to another
part of the field with his section, where he lost a number of horses,
thus compelling him to spike one of his guns, and leave it on the field;
but soon after he rallied his men. and brought it off by hand. He
was alterward commissioned captain of a new battery, but not must-
ered. Subsequently, he became adjutant of the 141)1 Illinois In-
fantry (Governor Palmer's regiment), and served with credit in the
Army of the Tennessee. At the conclusion of the War, he served
on the Western plains with his regiment, until November, rSfij.
For the succeeding three years, he was connected with the Chicago
iv. Alton Railroad and the Illinois Central as a civil engineer, and
afterward engaged in business as an architect. He was subse-
quently admitted to the Bar, and has been for some time a practic-
ing attorney in this city. In 1879-82, Colonel Laing served as ad-
jutant of the ist Regiment, I.N.G.. and from the latter year until
1884, as lieutenant-colonel and assistant adjutant-general of the ist
Brigade, I.N.G. He also holds the position of adjutant-general
for the State of the Uniform Rank of the Knights of Pythias.
Colonel Laing is a Mason in good standing, being a member. if
Detroit Lodge, No, 2, A.F. & A.M., and Lafayette Chapter, No.
2, R.A.M. In 1874, he was married to Clara'lrene, daughter of
the late Isaac C. Day. many years a leading wholesale merchant of
Chicago. She died in August, 1876, leaving one child, — Clara Irene.
JOHN Buss I'ORTKR, attorney and counselor at law, is the
son of John B. and Mary S. Porter, and was born at St. Augus-
tine, Florida, on September 27, 1857. His father was a surgeon
of the regular army After having received his rudimentary edu-
cation, he was htted for college in the \\~illiston Seminary, East
Hampton. In 1876, he entered Vale College and graduated, taking
his degree of I!. A., with the class of 1880. He determined upon
law as a profession, anil, shortly after finishing his collegiate course,
attended lectures in the law department of the Alma Mater, and
took his degree of LL.B. in 1882. and was at once admitted to the
Connecticut Bar. During the following year became West, and
entered the office of K. G. Asay, and has since been engaged in
general practice, giving special attention to the law relating to real
estate.
LAW AM) ORDER.
•
THK CITIXKNS" LAW AND ORDKR LKAGUE is a new
thing in the world of reform. It originated in Chicago,
and has spread throughout the country ; has attained a
BENCH AND BAR.
289
national organization, and has attracted attention in
other parts of the world. The president of the National
League is now Charles C. Bonney, who has long been
known as one of the most celebrated members of the
Chicago Bar, and a writer on political and legal sub-
jects of wide reputation, and from whose published
addresses and official reports of the local and national
organizations has been compiled the following brief
historic sketch of the Law and Order movement.
The object of this organization is the enforcement
of the existing laws, particularly those enacted for the
restriction of the liquor-traffic, and especially those which
forbid the sale of intoxicants to children and youths.
The supreme purpose of the Law and Order movement
is the preservation of the rising generation from habits
of dissipation and vice. Protect the young, and the
State will endure. This new crusade is against those
who violate the laws. It teaches respect for the consti-
tuted authorities, a reverence for the sacred principle of
human government, and the duty of all who receive the
protection of the laws to uphold and enforce their re-
quirements. It leaves the propriety of the laws to the
people whose representatives enact them, and insists
that, while a statute intended to suppress an evil or
advance a remedy is in force, it shall be obeyed. It
seeks neither truce nor compromise, but demands only
obedience to the laws. The only terms which Law and
Order organizations offer to law-breakers are " uncon-
ditional surrender," and they " move immediately upon
the enemy's works." The League is not vindictive; it
seeks no revenge, but it insists upon submission to the
laws.
The Law and Order movement originated in Chi-
cago in 1877. During the railroad riots which, in that
year, startled and alarmed the country, Frederick F.
Elmendorf and Andrew Paxton observed that a large
proportion of the rioters were half-drunken boys. Sub-
sequent observations, carefully conducted, showed that
an army of such boys, estimated to number thirty thou-
sand, were habitual patrons of the liquor-saloons of Chi-
cago, and were undergoing a rapid transformation into
drunkards, vagrants, paupers, lunatics, and criminals.
Those men gathered a handful of friends, and earnestly
sought a remedy. They were led to the creation of a
new agency for the repression of the worst evils of in-
temperance. On November 25, 1877, the "Citizens'
League of Chicago for the Suppression of the Sale of
Liquor to Minors" was organized. This is the parent
organization of the new movement. Mr. Elmendorf
was elected president, and Mr. Paxton appointed prose-
cuting agent. The president raised the funds ; the
agent prosecuted the cases.
The methods of operation were simple. Mr. Pax-
ton, and sometimes others, visited the dram-shops in a
regular order, and whenever a minor was found drink-
ing in a saloon a complaint was made before a magis-
trate and a prosecution instituted. Obstacles were
encountered, but they were speedily overcome ; and
soon the penalty of fine or imprisonment followed the
complaint so swiftly, that the then three thousand
liquor-saloons of Chicago practically surrendered, and
have ever since acknowledged the power of the Citizens'
19
League. It is believed that fully five-sixths of the sale
of liquors to minors has been effectually suppressed.
The extraordinary success of the new crusade led peo-
ple to wonder why it had not been thought of before.
It has had from the beginning, the warm, support of the
pulpit and the press. Its meetings have generally been
held in churches and on Sunday evenings. The news-
papers, almost without exception, have commended the
work and published its progress.
Such a movement could not long remain merely
local. It soon extended to other States, and attained a
National organization in Tremont Temple, Boston, on
February 22, 1883, through a convention of delegates
from eight States, and took the name of " The Citizens'
Law and Order League of the United States." The
second annual meeting was held at Lake Bluff, near
Chicago, on August 28-29, l884i and tne tn'rc' 'n New
York City, on February 23, 1885.
The spread of the movement has been so rapid and
so spontaneous, and without direct aid from the orig-
inal or the National organization, that exact statistics
are not accessible; but the secretary reported at the
second annual convention, that, from all the informa-
tion he had been able to obtain, he felt warranted in
stating that there were then probably not less than five
hundred Law and Order Leagues in the United States,
with a membership of at least sixty thousand persons.
Inquiries for information of the means by which
such extraordinary successes have been achieved, have
come from several foreign countries, including England,
the Sandwich Islands, and the Cape of Good Hope. It
was the belief of Mr. Elmendorf, that the Law and
Order movement would finally become not only national,
but also international; and the signs of the times indi-
cate that his faith will yet be verified.
The anniversary of the birthday of Washington has
been adopted as the annual Law and Order day.
In an address setting forth the nature and principles
of this reform, Mr. Bonney said :
"While the present work of the Law and Order
movement is concentrated on the single point of en-
forcing the laws for the regulation and restraint of the
liquor-traffic, and especially the preservation of the youth
of the country from the evils it engenders, the \rital prin-
ciple of the movement is as broad as the domain of
government, and is essential to the endurance of con-
stitutional liberty. That vital principle is the supremacy
of the laws. Liberty must be obedient to the laws that
self-government enacts, or liberty itself will degenerate
into anarchy, and perish. It is generally admitted that
the laws for the restriction of the liquor-traffic are the
most difficult of enforcement. If they can be enforced,
any others which public opinion approves can be carried
into effect. The Law and Order movement is mani-
festly entitled to the support of all good citizens,
unless it can be shown that those engaged in the liquor-
traffic are entitled to a special indulgence to disobey
the laws. All other classes are required to yield obedi-
ence to the requirements of the law-making power, and
the last persons who should ask to be made an excep-
tion to that rule are the saloon-keepers and liquor-
dealers."
The organization of the National Law and Order
League, for 1885, is as follows:
1 'resilient — Charles C. Bonney, Chicago. Vice-Presidents —
Rev. Israel 1". Warren, D.D., Maine ; Charles H. Thorndike, New
Hampshire ; lion. John B. Mead, Vermont; Hon. Kufus S. Frost,
Massachusetts: lion. T. T. Carr, Rhode Island; Hon. Noah
Davis, New York; General Clinton B. Fisk, New Jersey; Hon.
Arthur M. Burton, Pennsylvania; Rev. Washington Gladden, D.U.,
290
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
Ohio; Jerome T. Cobb, Michigan; Captain I. I'. Knmscy, Illinois;
(•eneral I. ncius l-'airchild. \\isi-onsin; Right Kev John Ireland,
Minnesota; lion. I", t . Noin-e. Iowa; ( ieiu-ral ( '. O. I Inward,
Ni-hraska; |oat> Mulvane. Kansas. Secretary — 1.. Kdwin Dmlley,
lio-ton. Mass. Treasurer — lion. John ('.. Webster. I'.oMon, Mass,
('•eneral Agent — Andrew l'a\t<m. Chicago. Executive Committee —
kev. l.yman Ahl>ott. D.I).. New York; lion. T. K. Swinton.
Maine; Lewis 1 ). \'ail, 1'ennsylvania; \V. I', li. Milliken,
York; kev. Howard Crosby, D.D., New York; ( ieneral C. T.
Christiansen, New York: John \Yunainaker, Pennsylvania; Jolin 11.
Perry. dmncctiem; P.. li. Johnson, Massachusetts; C. YV. \\yman,
\'ennont; |. C. Shaffer, Illinois; licorgc II. Foster, Wisconsin.
The following are the officers of the Chicago Citi-
zens' League for 1885 :
Piesident — I. P. kumsey. Viee-l'residents — I >. \Y. Irwin,
K. \Y. lilatchford, John Y. l-'a'nvell. 11. N. lligginhotham. !•'. F.
S|x;nccr. P. I). Armour. Tuthill King, General I. N. Stiles, A. A.
Carpenter, k. 1 >. l-'owler, kev. \. I',. Kittredge, K. (i. Keith,
Dr. Oscar 1 >e YVoif, kt. kev. \Y. K. McLaren, N. K. Kairbank,
!.. J. Cage, T. M. Avcry, kohert Seott. J. 11. McVieker, Charles
I., ilntdiinson, liisliop ( 'liarles I-'.. Cheney, Murry Nelson, C. II.
Case, Hymn I.. Smith, Kev. |. H. Harrows, K. Nelson Hlake, O.
\\. Potter, YV. |. (Juan. S. W. Allerton, \V. T. liaker, Kev. Erank
M. llristol, I-'.. F. Cragin, O. I >. \Yetherell, Robert Ilines, Mar-
shall l-'ield, kev. E. P. Goodwin, C'. II. .McCormiek. kev. Dr.
I.orimer, ( >. S. A. Spraguc, l-'.mery A. Storrs (deceased), David
Swing, \Y. |. Onahan, George M. Pullman, \Y. A. Fuller, Ferd.
W. Peck. A". G. Yan Sehaick. John k. Walsh, kev. \Y. H. Ryder,
II. M. Sherwood, C. B. lilair. Lxecutive Committee — k. T.
Crane, J. C. Shatter, Thomas Hood, A. C. liartlett, II. \Y. Rogers,
Father I lagan, John Wade, Ira I. Mason, C. N. Fay, John C.
I'urgiii, A. T. Hemingway, \Y. P. Rend, Herman II. Kohlsaat,
W. J. Chalmers, C. C. Bonney. Recording Secretary — Francis I'.
Fisher. Corresponding Secretary — Thomas Kane. Treasurer —
John R. Walsh. General Agent — Andrew Paxton.
tated the question at the hall of the ( lardcn City Division »| ih,
Sons of Temperance, ol which he is a prominent member, and in
connection with the late F. 1 . Llmendorf, president of the Citi/.ens'
l.eague, brought before that society the question "What can be
done to save the boys?" The discussion which followed was the in-
ception of the Citizens' League. The work of the League has
been reduced to a system by Mr. Paxton and his assisiants, and
thousands of law-breaking saloon keepers have been vigorously
prosecuted with the most salutary and gratifying results; boys and
girls, to a large extent, have been kept out ol saloons; and the prac-
tice of selling liquor to minors over the bar has been almost entirely
suppressed. Mr. Paxton was married, in May, 1850, to Miss An-
nie I'yburn, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, since deceased;
she bore him three children, — James P., John E., and Kli/abeth A.
His marriage to Martha Proctor, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, oc-
curred on May 21, 1861. They have two children, — Alice (the
wife of Mr. H. Comstock) and Annie.
THE ILLINOIS STATE BAR ASSOCIATION.
This society was organized at Springfield, January
4, 1877, and the Chicago Bar has always taken a leading
part in its proceedings. It is not within the province of
this work even to enumerate all the valuable contribu-
tions of Chicago lawyers to the proceedings of the State
Association, but some of the more important may be
named. They include addresses, essays and reports by
E. B. Sherman, J. B. Bradwell, C. C. Bonney, M. W.
Fuller, H. F. Vallette, F. H. Kales, T. Lyle Dickey, J.
K Edsall, Isaac N. Arnold, John A. Jameson, J. B.
Leake, Thomas Dent, G. W. Cothran, and Van Buren
Denslow.
RECAPITULATION OF CASES PROSECUTED SINCE THE ORGANIZATION OF THE I.F.ACTF..
Chicago.
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
Total.
Charges against saloon-keepers
166
nft
Held to the grand jury...
Si
90
233
779
1.114
3.757
Fined by justices-
Si
Qc
98
105
596
55
J3
°3
45°
432
45i
1.007
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF ARRESTS.
Before the Organization of the League.
Since its Organization.
Chicago.
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
Total.
No. of general ar-
rests
26,430
27,291
28,035
27,208
27,338
28,480
31,713
32,Soo
37. 'S7
39,434
224,160
No. of arrests of
minors
5,138
6,.K)S
6,818
5»4«>
5,261
6,144
6,753
7,199
6,675
6,718
44,15"
No. of minors com-
mitted to House
of Correction..
No. of girls under
1,335
1.527
1,782
i,57i
1,247
1,224
1,207
1,413
1,339
1,510
9,5"
20 years of age
sent to House of
Correction
279
306
289
257
M5
94
104
105
1 20
86
911
ANDREW PAXTON, general agent of the Citizens' League son
of Andrew and Mary Paxton, was born in Haxham, England on
November 25, 1825. lie received his education in the schools of
is native city. Soon after coming of age he removed to New-
castle-upon- I yne. and engaged in the furniture business.continuin"
ton vocation seven] years. In 1869, he came to this city and was
employed as collector for some time, subsequently engagin- in the
restaurant business for various parties, and in 1873, established him-
self m the same business on Washington Street", at the corner of
treet, which he continued until 1878. Since early youth Mr
I axton has been an active worker in church and benevolent socie-
and has operated a great portion of his time in the aid and de-
velopment of charitable institutions. The riots of 1877 directed
is attention to the fact that a large number of those constituting
>s were boys, and that most of them were drunk lie -igi
On the death of Hon. O. H. Browning, in 1881, Mr.
Sherman, who was then vice-president for the Seventh
Judicial District, became president of the Association,
and served until the close of the term. At the annual
meeting in January, 1882, C. C. Bonney was elected
president for the ensuing year. David 'Davis, whose
interests and judicial services in Chicago, make him, in
a certain sense, a Chicago man, was president of the
Association in 1884.
Its work has been of a highly practical nature, em-
bracing such topics as criminal-law reform, the legal
education of lawyers and the people, the prevention of
HARBOR AND MARINE.
291
needless expense and delay in litigation, bankruptcy
legislation, the regulation of corporations, and other
subjects of general importance.
THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION.
This organization, which embraces a large number
of the most distinguished lawyers of the United States,
was organized at Saratoga, New York, on August 21,
1878. It has held an annual meeting in the same month
of each succeeding year.
Chicago has taken so prominent a part in the pro-
ceedings of this Association, that some mention of what
it has done in that connection is due in the present his-
tory. Chicago has been represented in the vice-presi-
dency by C. C. Bonney and E. B. Sherman; in the
executive committee by C. C. Bonney; in the general
council by Thomas Hoyne, E. B. Sherman, and James
K. Edsall; in the State council by Lyman Trumbull,
B. F. Ayer, R. Biddle Roberts, Isaac N. Arnold, and
Richard S. Tuthill; and in the proceedings of the Asso-
ciation by Mr. Sherman's resolution, calling for legisla-
tion discriminating between professional and non-ha-
bitual criminals, and a speech on the proposal of a Na-
tional Appellate Court; and Mr. Bonney's speeches on
the same subject, and on " Judicial Supremacy," " De-
fective and Slip-shod Legislation," and "The Delay and
Uncertainty of Judicial Administration."
The Chicago members of the Association, at the
present time, include the following names: B. F. Ayer,
C. C. Bonney, Thomas Dent, James K. Edsall, John
M. Hamilton, E. G. Mason, R. Biddle Roberts, E. B.
Sherman, Lyman Trumbull, and Richard S. Tuthill.
HARBOR AND MARINE.
HARBOR.
The Chicago harbor, since 1833, when the first ap-
propriation was expended in opening a straight outlet
from the river into the lake, has gradually been extend-
ed to its present splendid proportions. Since 1871, the
work of forming an outer harbor has been carried stead-
ily forward. Besides the north and south piers and the
new light-house, the improvements include over five
miles of substantial breakwater and two pier lights.
The work now in progress, when completed, will afford
an outer harbor for all vessels seeking the port, and the
breakwater a safe protection to all craft driven to the
southern end of the lake under stress of weather. The
annual appropriations, and expenditures on this work,
since 1871, have been —
Date of appropriation.
Amount.
Net annual ex-
penditure.
Surplus of 1870—71
[une 10 1872
March 3, 1873. .
90 ooo oo
June 23 1874 .
June 23, 1875
78 ooo oo
71 ooo oo
August 3 1876
5 ooo oo
8 1 ooo oo
June 18 1878
March 3, 1879 ...
75 ooo oo
7C OOO OO
[une 14 1880
March 3, 1881 . .
150,000 oo
70 ooo oo
August 2, 1882
200 ooo oo
175 ooo oo
1883
Julv 5, 1884
TOO OOO OO
3OO OOO OO
Totals prior to 1871
606 305 oo
486 305 10
Grand totals. . .
$i 689 305 oo
Surplus balance ..
For 1883, the liabilities exceeded the balance of for-
mer appropriations, and no appropriation having been
made this year, Congress, on July 5, 1884, made the ap-
propriation of $100,000 to cover the deficiency. The
amount expended during the fiscal year ending July i,
1883, exclusive of the outstanding liabilities of July i,
1882, was $130,843. On July i, 1883, the outstanding
liabilities were $65, 357, and the amount available at this
date was $45, 65 1. 40. An item of $250,000 for the Chi-
cago harbor was inserted in the river and harbor appro-
priation for 1885, but it was lost with the other items in
that bill.
The engineer officers who have had charge of the
harbor improvements since 1871 have been —
Lieutenant F. A. Hinman, assistant to Colonel Houston, Octo-
ber 4, 1872, to December 19, 1873 ; station, Chicago.
Major G. L. Gillespie, temporarily on duty under orders of
Lieutenant-General Sheridan, April I, 1873, to May 3, 1877 ; in
charge of improvement of Chicago harbor from July 14, 1874, to
May 3, 1877 ; engineer officer, Military Division of the Missouri,
from July 16, 1878, to September 28, 1878 ; station, Chicago.
Major G. J. Lydecker, assistant to Colonel Houston, May I,
1874, to May 3, 1877; station, Chicago, to April 29, 1875; en-
gineer officer, Military Division of the Missouri, May 3, 1877, to
July 16, 1878; in charge of construction of harbor of Chicago, May
3, 1877, to June 19, 1882 ; station, Chicago.
Major W. H. H. Benyaurd, in charge of construction of har-
bor of Chicago, June 19, 1882, up to date.
Captain J. F. Gregory, lieutenant-colonel and aide-de-camp,
engineer officer, Military Division of the Missouri, from December
27, 1878, to October 29, 1883 ; station, Chicago.
Major T. II. Handbury, engineer officer, Division of the Mis-
souri, December 15, 1883, to date ; temporarily in charge of im-
provement of Chicago harbor during Major Benyaurd's leave, on
account of sickness, December 4, 1884, to date ; station, Chicago.
The light-house keepers since 1871 have been
Charles H. Bann, appointed April 9, 1874, resigned in
1875 ; Antony Aagen, present keeper, appointed June
23> ^75- The first assistant keepers for the same per-
iod have been James Peterson, Hans S. Hanson, H. S.
Hagenson, Charles Klingston, Samuel Hendrickson and
S. P. Nelson.
MARINE.
The marine interests of Chicago, at the time of the
fire of 1871, were in an extremely flourishing condition,
and although the Custom-house records were destroyed,
an accurate estimate of the business done that year has
been made. This shows 1871 as comparing favorably
with all preceding years, as also with those succeeding,
there having been, down to 1885, only one year when a
larger number of vessels was owned in the district, and
two years in which the tonnage has been larger. Navi-
gation opened in 1871 on April 3, the earliest date then
known in the history of the port. By December, 12,330
vessels, with 3,096,101 tonnage had arrived, and 12,312,
with tonnage of 3,082,235, had cleared ; vessels with a
sail capacity of 2,406,300 tons, and steam capacity of
292
1IIMOKY OF CHICAC.O.
394,000 tons laying up at this port for the winter. The
number of vessels muied in the district was 650, with
tonnage aggregating 95-. 595-95. divided among 84
steam vessels, 333 sail vessels, and 233 canal-boats and
barges. During the ensuing fourteen years, numerous
transfers of vessels were made to other districts, so that
the ownership list was reduced nearly fifty per cent.
This is shown in the following table:
Year.
owned
ID district.
Tonnage.
I S 7 1 . _ _ . ...
650
95 ^95 95
lS;j
654
QQ 4O •?
1 -- i
646
IO4 827
|8? J
- ; Siu
]S;s
4IO
78 760
1876
•07
T\ 8 "4
ISO
368
68 647
1870...
364
67 988
1880 .. .
360
1881
366
71 670 87
1882
36S
(>7 zvz 2s
1883
1^7
1884
372
60 oj. i ^6
In this table, a decrease is shown in the number and
tonnage of vessels owned in Chicago in 1X84, as com-
pared with 1871, of 278 vessels and 34,4154.39 tonnage;
although, during the intervening period, there had been
built in this district 126 vessels, with a tonnage of
13,025.45. Of these, there were 32 schooners, 23 propel-
lers, 21 steam canal-boats, 27 tug-propellers, twelve tugs,
one scow schooner, three steamers, and one sloop-yacht.
Whatever increase in the tonnage these additions to the
marine made, was more than offset by the loss of vessels
from this port by burning and sinking, of which there
were 119 schooners, two propellers, one scow, two tugs,
one steam canal-boat, one steamer, one sloop, five brigs
and five barks, a total of 137 vessels with 27,413.91
tonnage. Following is a record by years of the ships
built and lost, with their tonnage :
Year.
Vessels built.
Tonnage.
Vessels lost.
Tonnage.
1872
1873.
1874..
10
14
3,380
'9
8
4,470
1,548
1875 ..
IO
1,074
1876
1877
IO
g
725
13
3,421
1878
1879
1880
12
3
477.81
58-77
7
10
1,943
1,944.17
1,714-17
1881 ....
9
a
1882 .. .
1883
IS
1,010.83
9
2,528.40
1884
12
498.53
9
4.355-4O
1,866.95
The largest tonnage represented was in 1873, when
ten large schooners were built ; and the largest number
constructed in one year was in 1882, when ten tug-pro-
pellers were built. In 1883, the list of marine disasters
exceeded that of any year since 1872, and one steamer
and more tug-propellers than had been built in 1X82
were wrecked and destroyed, at a loss of $191,000!
with an insurance of $129,100. Fifty persons lost their
lives by the destruction of the vessels represented.
The dates of the opening of the Straits of Mackinac
have been —
1871, April 3 ; 1872, April 28; 1873, May i: 1874, April 29;
1875, April 28; 1876, April 28; 1877, April 20; 1878, March 14;
1879. April 23; 1880, April 5; iSSi, May 4; [882, April 5; 1883,
April 28; 1884, April 24.
The records of vessels engaged in a foreign tradt
shows arrivals as follows:
1872, 152; 1873 ,189; 1874, 140; 1875, 84; 1876, 41; 1877, 101;
1878, 135; 1879, 233; 1880, 423; 1881, 291; 1882, 154; 1883, 93;
1884. 57-
Clearances for foreign ports have been —
1872, 150; 1873, 197; 1874, 138; 1875, 72; 1876, 40; 1877, 95;
1878, 156; 1879, 228; 1880, 466 ; 1881, 277; 1882, 185; 1883,
100; 1884, 63.
During the same period, inclusive of 1871, the
amount of annual collections from tonnage dues, clear-
ances and enrollment fees, penalties and fines have not
increased materially. For 1873 and 1874 the average
was $36,005.13 as against $21,051.56 for 1884. The
collections for the ten years were —
1875, $27,449.39; 1876, $24,927.36; 1877, $28,681.74;
$29,894.83; 1879, $31,267.79; 1880, $32.057-38; 1881, $34,174.08;
1882, $32,102.28; 1883, 130,628.97; 1884, $21,051.56.
A detailed statement of the marine at the end of
1884 shows, in addition to the figures given in preceding
statements and tables, a loss in wrecks and collisions
among vessels hailing from this port, of $57,800 for the
year, with $43,200 insurance, divided among the follow-
ing classes: 27 screw steamers, tonnage 7,019.82; 4
paddle steamers, tonnage 1,379.97; 28 steam canal-boats,
tonnage 2,033.60; 4 steam yachts, under five tons, ton-
nage 5.49; 227 schooners, tonnage 49,765.08; 5 sail
yachts, tonnage 13.17. Of the 63 vessels clearing for
foreign ports and 57 vessels arriving from foreign ports,
during 1884, the tonnage represented was 21^552 and
19,725 respectively. Following is a table showing the
arrivals and clearances of vessels at this port, with their
tonnage, from 1871 to 1884:
Year.
Clearances.
Tonnage.
Arrivals.
Tonnage
1871 -.
12,312
12,531
11,876
10,720
10,607
9,628
10,284
10,494
12,014
13,302
12,957
13,626
12,015
ii,472
3,082,235
3,017,790
3,338,803
3,134,078
3,157,051
3,078,264
3,3",o83
3,631,139
3,870,300
4,537.382
4,228,689
4,904,999
3,980,873
3,751,723
12,320
12,824
",858
10,827
10,488
9,621
10,233
10,490
11,859
I3,2l8
13.048
13,351
11,967
11,354
3,096,101
3,059,752
3,225,911
3,195,633
3,122, <x)4
3,089,072
3,274.332
3,608,534
3,887,095
4,616,969
4,533,558
4,849,950
3,812,464
3,756,973
1872
1873 .. .
1874
1875
1876
1877
•1878
1879
1880
iSSi
1882 ...
1883
1884
Total
163,838
51,024,409
163,558
51,128,348
THK CIIICAOI) DKKIXJING AND DOCK COMPANY was incorpor-
ated in 1877, with a capital stock of $85.000. Charles S. Crane is
president, Daniel Booth, vice-president, Frank R. Crane, secretary,
William H. Woodbury, treasurer, and Fred Davis, superintendent.
The company is made up of several others, .Mr. Crane having
bought the effects of the plant of the estate in bankruptcy of Fox
\ Howard, who had been in the business from fifteen to twenty
years, and one or two others, combining them, with his own, into
one company, which was incorporated. The company does a gen-
eral business as contractors, in dredging, building docks, piers and
bridges, in the lakes and rivers of the north and west. It owns
and operates seven dredging machines, live pile-drivers and three
tug boats, with all the machinery necessary for doino- their work
and carrying out their contracts. It has at 'times over live hundred
men in its employ, and its business often exceeds $500,000 per
annum.
CHARLES S. CRANK, president of the Chicago Dredging and
Dock Company, was born at 1'aterson. N. J., on March 21 1834
ami is the son of Timothy I!, and Marian (Ryerson) Crane ' After
completing his studies in the schools of his native town he came
HARBOR AND MARINE.
293
to Chicago, where he has resided since 1855. He engaged in busi-
ness with his brother, in brass manufacturing, under the firm name
of R. T. Crane & Brother and the next year they added the man-
ufacture of iron pipes to the business. In 1859, they built and
operated a foundry in connection with their other work. In 1865,
they commenced the manufacture of wrought-iron pipes, the first
made west of 1'ittsbtirgh, Penn., and the same year they erected
works for the manufacture of malleable iron. About this time, they
organized as a stock company and changed the name to the North-
western Manufacturing Company, which they retained until 1872,
when they again changed the name to The Crane Brothers Manu-
facturing'Company, by which title it is still known. In 1871, .Mr.
Crane assisted in the organization of the Wright & Lawther Oil
and Lead Manufacturing Company, and became its vice-president.
In January, 1885, he became its president, lie engaged in the
dock and dredging business, as a general contractor, in 1873, carry-
ing it on with his other interests, until the present company was
incorporated. Mr. Crane was married on September 23, 1857,10
Miss Eliza Jane Beyea, of I'aterson, N.J.; they have two children —
Frank R. and Charles B. He is a member of Cleveland Lodge,
No. -Jii, A.I-'. tV A M.; of Washington Chapter, No. 43, K.A.M.;
of Si loam Council, No. 53, R.ecS.M.; of Chicago Commandcry,
No. H), K.T.; and of Oriental Consistory, S.l'.K.S. 32-. He
has taken the ninety-six degrees r>f the Egyptian Rite of Memphis,
and is a member of the conclave of the Knights of the Red Cross
of Rome and Constantine.
I) \NIF.I. BOOTH, vice-president of the Chicago Dredging and
Dock Company, was burn at Staffordshire, England, on December
31, 1817. He went to work on a farm when he was twelve years
old, and remained there six years, his wages for the first year being
one pound and a shilling. After completing his sixth year on the
farm, he was engaged in the work of grading on railroads for four
years. He then commenced taking sub-contracts. In 1841, he
went to France, where he worked on a sub-contract about two
years, under Mr. Brussey, one of the most noted and successful
contractors of the world. In 1843, he came to Chicago, and soon
afterward purchased a farm of eighty acres in Jefferson township,
about nine miles from Chicago, for $2.50 per acre; which he still
owns, having added to it, until he has now over four hundred acres,
finely improved. In connection with his farm work, he took a con-
tract to grade a portion of the North-Western Railroad, when it was
first built. In 1882, he was elected vice-president of the Chicago
Dredging and Dock Company, which position he still holds. He
took an active part in the organization of the C. O. D. Live Stock
Company of Montana, in 1883, which has a capital stock of
$100.000, and he is one of its directors. He was a political officer
of the town of Jefferson for over forty years, holding every office,
with the exception of that of collector and constable. He was
supervisor of that town when Levi I ). Boone was mayor of Chicago,
and served for twenty-eight years as justice of the peace, his last
term expiring in April, 1885; his first commission was conferred
by Governor Bissell. He was a member of the XXVIIIth General
Assembly, for the Seventh Senatorial District. Mr. Booth was
married in August, 1842, to Henrietta Chappel, of Yorkshire, Eng-
land, at Poessy, France. They have nine children, — Priscilla,
Josephine, Richard, Daniel, Henrietta, Theresa, Mary, James and
Charles.
FRED DAVIS, superintendent of the Chicago Dredging and
Dock Company, was born at Gorham, Maine, on July 14, 1839, and
is the son of Josiah and Eunice (Frost) Davis. Is a civil engineer.
In 1854. he went to New York City and was employed in the ship-
ping trade for some time, both in the interests of others and on his
own account. He came to Chicago in 1867, and formed a partner-
ship with J. T. Hayden, under the firm name of |. T. Hayden \:
Co. They did a general contracting ami dredging business on the
lakes and rivers, with offices at Chicago and Buffalo. The name
of the firm was changed, in 1870, to Hayden, Carkin & Company,
and existed until 1875, when they sold out the entire interest.
Soon after this, Mr. Davis went to Russia, where lie was employed
in dredging the St. Petersburgh and Cronstadt Canal, remaining
there for several years. In iSSi, he returned to Chicago and ac-
cepted the position of superintendent and manager of the Chicago
Dredging and Dock Company, which office he now occupies.
FRANK R. CRANK, secretary of the Chicago Dredging and
Dock Company, is the son of Charles S. and Eliza Jane (Beyea)
Crane, and was born on May 28, 1862. He received his education
in the public schools and the Metropolitan Business College, of
Chicago. In 1882, he commenced work for the Chicago Dredging
and Dock Company, and in 1884, was elected secretary thereof.
WILLIAM H. WOODBDRY, treasurer of the Chicago Dredging
and Dock Company, was born at Locke, Caytiga Co., N. Y., on
January 22, 1832, and is the son of Luther and Catharine M.
(Harbach) Woodbury. In 1850, he went to Sutton, Mass., where
he worked on a farm about four years, when he came to Chicago
and engaged in the grocery trade on his own account, which he
followed with success until 1871. He was afterward employed by
Charles S. Crane in charge of the department of dredging and
dock-building, where he remained until the present company was
established, then becoming its treasurer. Mr. Woodbury was
married in November, 1871, to Miss Stella M. Beam, of Chicago ;
they have two children, William II. and Stella M.
Gr.okGE B. CARPENTER & Co., at the corner of South Water
Street and Fifth Avenue, are manufacturers and wholesale dealers
in sundries for mill, railway and vessel use, of marine hardware,
wire, rope, blocks, twines and cordage, and are also ship-chandlers
and sail-makers. The business of this house was established by
George A. Robb, in 1840, only three years after the incorporation
of Chicago as a city. In 1845, Mr. Payson was admitted to the
firm and the name was changed to Payson & Robb. Mr. Payson
retired in 1850, and Gilbert Hubbard entered the firm, the style of
which was then made Hubbard & Robb. After the death of Mr.
Robb, in 1857, George B. Carpenter became a partner in the firm,
and the name became Gilbert Hubbard & Co. This style wascon-
tinued during twenty-four years, until Mr. Hubbard's death, in iSSi,
and in the course of those years the house advanced to its present
position in the trade, and the name became a familiar one throughout
the West. On January I, 1882, the business passed into the hands
of the present firm, who had been Mr. Hubbard's associates
for a quarter of a century, and George B. Carpenter & Co. have
since cared for the trade, upon the same principles that characterized
the old establishment. From 1859, until the great fire of 1871, the
concern occupied the large iron-front building at Nos. 205-207
South Water Street, immediately opposite their present location.
It was burned to the ground the night of October 9 of that
memorable year, but before the ruins were yet cold, a tent was
erected and Gilbert Hubbard tv Co. resumed business. The tent
answered the purpose a few days, until more commodious quarters
were titted-up from the ruins of an old grain-house at Nos. 14—16
Market Street, which were occupied in November following the
fire. In April, 1872, the business was removed to a capacious
three-story building, one of the largest and best erected after the
fire, located at Nos. 226-32 South Water Street. In 1874, the
erection of the present building was begun, and a year later was
completed and occupied. It is situated on the northeast corner of
South Water Street and Fifth Avenue, and is five stories in height
and one of the best business structures on the street. The upper
story is used as a general storage room. The sail loft is on the
fourth floor and is one of the best and largest apartments of the
kind in the country. The fourth floor is devoted principally to
manufacturing purposes, and presents at all times a busy scene, a
large number of skilled mechanics being employed ; on the second
story is stored a large variety of the lighter class of goods. The
offices and general sales-rooms are on the first floor. In the cellar,
a light, airy and perfectly dry apartment, are stored quantities of
heavy goods.
(/,'i'iyf B. Carpenter came to Chicago with his father in 1850,
and received his education in the " St. Mary's of the Lake" Aca-
demy, destroyed by the fire. His father, Benjamin C. Carpenter,
was prominently connected with the public affairs of the city, both
political and commercial. He was the first president of the Board
of Public Works, and was a member of the old firm of Marsh &
Carpenter, who were among the early packers in the city. His
death occurred in 1881. Mr. Carpenter entered the present firm
in his twenty-third year. Of life he has made a success, and is
justly honored and respected by the thousands who have formed his
acquaintance during his extensive business career.
GUSTAVUS ADO'LPHUS CLAUSSENIUS, son of Henry Claus-
senius, the Austro-Hungarian consul, was born in New York City,
on March 22, 1854, and came with his parents to Chicago at an
early a'ge. His education comprised a thorough school study,
terminating, temporarily, with a general commercial course at
Dyhrenfurth's College in this city. In 1870, he went to Europe,
and attended Professor Kornemann's celebrated classical schools
in Germany and France, the summer sessions of the institution
being held at Coburg, and the winters at Paris. He devoted two
years to study and travel combined, visiting Switzerland and
Northern Italy, and, returning to Chicago, entered his father's
banking house. He was manager of the institution until 1883, a
term of twelve years, when he went into the general ocean steam-
ship passage and railroad ticket business, at No. 76 LaSalle Street,
with C. Brinkmann, who has since left the firm. He was married
on February 2, 1878, to Miss Lena T. Brachvogel, the daughter of
Charles Brachvogel, a prominent citizen of Chicago. They have
three children, named Lillie, Minnie and Carl. Mr. Claussenius
is a prominent member of the Germania Maennerchor, the Chicago
Bowling Club and the Royal Arcanum, in which organizations he
has held many important positions, from time to time. He is a
fine baritone singer, is actively interested in several well-known
quartettes, and is the treasurer of the village of Morgan Park, where
he resides.
294
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
JOHN ; i F.AKI.I , tin- gciicial western manager of Ihe
Anchor ocean steamship line, is the single agent in Chicago who
si^ns a through bill of lailing from the \Vest direct to British
ports, ami lias acted In that capacity since M.u i, iS;(>. lie was
Uun while his parents, Thomas ;md Henrietta Karle, wen- en
route from France to England on a pleasure tour, on February 28,
1842, on the Island of Jersey in the Knglish Channel, and received
his early education at his ancestral home at Gloucester, later com-
pleting his studies al \\oivesierand Hrislol. lie came to New
York in iSlq, the ensuing vear engaging with Austin, Baldwin A:
Co., ami being appointed their superintendent in 1867. Six
vars later, lie was sent to Chicago as western manager, which
position he Idled until 1876, when he took charge of the Anchor
Line agency, with offices lirst at No. o/> Washington Street, and
more recently at No. jS Clark Street. Mr. Karle was badly
injured in the terrible railroad accident which occurred at Ashtabula.
Oliio, on December 2<>, i.<7(>, in which the lives of many prominent
Chicago.ms were lost. He was the only passenger in the smoking
coach who was not killed, and for a time was himself reported
dead, being compelled to remain near the scene of his injuries for
sixteen days in a critical condition. The line he represents, which,
rendered homeless by the great tire, was selling tickets in an
up-town basement in 1871, has had an extraordinary progress under
his management. Mr. Karle was married on June I, 1880, and has
three children ; Myra Mary, Henrietta Kate and Thomas Estcourt.
Al.i 'KKH MI)|;IT.NS|-.\ was appointed general western agen; of
the Thingvalla ocean steamship line, in iS8i. At that time Ihe
company owned one steamer and, although a direct line between
Scandinavia and New York, operated on a somewhat limited scale.
From that date, the success of the Thingvalla line was almost
phenomenal. Five new steamers were built in four years, and the
Chicago agency, in 1884, sent by that route no less than five thou-
sand passengers. Mr. Mortensen was among the first to inaugurate
ocean excursions, sending ten parties to Europe in three years, in
one instance six hundred and eleven passengers sailing in one
steamer. This enterprise on Mr. Mortensen 's part, which, in 1885,
was rewarded by the general agency of the Compagnie Generale
Transatlantique, was characteristic of his previous busy career.
He was born near Copenhagen, Denmark, in April, 1843, and is
the son of Knud and F^liza Mortensen. Having received his
education at his native place, he left home at the age of seventeen
and came to America. His first employment was as a laborer
under General John and Daniel Caseman, railroad contractors,
then engaged in the construction of the Philadelphia and Erie line.
In a short time he was made foreman, and directed the building of
the road from I.ockhaven to Corry, Penn. At its completion, he
accompanied the contractors to the Far West, and superintended
the construction of the Union Pacific from its inception, in 1864,
to the laying of the last rail three years later. He came to Chicago
in 1867, engaging in a general steamship and railroad ticket
business, and also establishing the European and other small hotels,
near the great emigrant center in North Chicago, which property,
together with his present place of business, he now owns. Mr.
Mortensen is engaged exclusively in the steamship agency business,
controlling the entire western district for two direct lines to Europe,
with his offices at No. 126 Kinzie and No. 101 Clark Street. He
was married in 1872, to Miss Anna Bothman, and has one child, a
son ten years of age. Mr. Mortensen resides at Lake View, where
he recently purchased the residence of ex-Postmaster Palmer for
$30,000.
ANTON BOENERT, general western agent of the Royal Nether-
lands Mail Line (Rotterdam Line), was born in Eastern Prussia,
on April 4, 1848. His father and mother, Peter and Magdalena
Boenert, were land-owners in his native town, where he received
an education under private tutorship for the purpose of entering
the theological profession; but, after having devoted great attention
to .the study in that direction, changed his mind and went into the
mercantile business. From 1868 to 1871, he devoted his time to
the legal profession, and during the last year in that period, filled
an administrative position, as secretary to the executive board of
the University of Kiel, Holstein. Two months before the great
fire of 1871, Mr, Boenert arrived in Chicago, and became em-
ployed in the German and Austrian consulates. He was thus
engaged until 1876, when he made a trip to Europe to settle some
private affairs and inheritances. On returning to this city he
entered into the steamship, banking and real-estate business, at 'NO.
ifth Avenue. Five years later, he removed to ng East Ran-
lolph Street, where he became city passenger agent for the Red
Star and American Steamship lines, which position he abandoned
i, and then assumed the General Western Agency of the
Amsterdam Line, which, after two years' existence, consolidated
with the Royal Netherlands Mail Line (Rotterdam Line). He was
also general agent of the Trieste-American Steamship Line plying
between New York and the Mediterranean ports, but this 'line' on
ccount of great opposition and lack of other means, experienced
hut a short existence. Mr. Boenert was married in July, 1871, to
Miss Augusta llellriegel; they have two children, — Arthur and
Mi 1.1. Mr. Boenrri belongs to several societies: has been treasurer
for several vears of the l'iatt-1 >eiitsche Verein von Chicago, and
occupies a high social and business position in the community.
Nn.s ANIILKSIIN. general western agent of the White Star
Line, has filled that important position of responsibility and trust
since 1883, and was a resident of Chicago for sixteen years anterior
to that date. Mr. Anderson is a native of Sweden and was born
in the city of Lund, in 1837. He received the rudiments of a thor-
ough practical education in his native city, and later entered the
railroad schools of the Government, to prepare for a career as a
railway official. After his graduation he was appointed bookkeeper
in this line of service and, later, traveling inspector, which position
he filled for six years. In 1864, Mr. Anderson came to America,
and for three years was a resident of New York City. In 1867, he
came to Chicago and took up a permanent residence here. It was
four years later that the White Star Line established its first agency
in Chicago. The office of the company was located on \\abash
Avenue, and was burned out by the fire of 1871. It was re-estab-
lished on Market Street, later on Clark Street, then at 120 Randolph
Street, and finally was removed to its present location, No. 48
Clark Street, in 1876. When Mr. Anderson first came to Chicago
he became identified with the Swedish American, a newspaper
published in this city. Soon afterward, in 1869, he went with the
Inman Line, and for fifteen years was chief clerk in the office of its
western agency. At the same time, from 1877 to September I,
1884, he published the newspaper named. In 1883, Alfred Lager-
gren, the old-time agent of the White Star Line, — one of the most
popular and successful steamship lines between New York and
Liverpool, — returned to Sweden, and Mr. Anderson was appointed
general western agent of the company. In this capacity, as in his
business as a publisher, he has shown fine executive ability, intelli-
gence and integrity.and is regarded as a progressive and represent-
ative man in the line of commercial interest in which he is engaged.
His mother is now a resident of this city and his brother Christian
Anderson is an inspector of the Swedish Government Railroad at
Flen, near Stockholm, Sweden. Mr. Anderson was married in this
city, in 1874, to Miss Emily Clock, a native of Boston, Mass. They
have two children, Eva Ellen and Anna Sophia. Mr. Anderson
is prominently identified with the social and literary associations
of the Swedish people in Chicago, and, during 1868-69, was sec-
retary of the Svea Society.
THE DUNHAM TOWING & WRECKING COMPANY was the out-
growth of Mr. Dunham's interest in the tug business, in the
spring of 1885. The business of the company comprises towing
vessels in and out of the Chicago harbor, and the raising of sunken
crafts, etc. Their pumps are used for various purposes, the
Worthington 14-inch pump being employed for water only; the 12-
inch rotary for water and all kinds of grain; the 8-inch centrifugal,
for water, grain and all kinds of coal not larger than seven inches in
diameter; the 4-inch wrecking and fire pump, on board of the tug
" Mosher," for general work. The tugs control led by this company
are the "Morford," "A. Mosher," G. W. Gardner," "A. Miller,"
"R. Dunham," "J. C. Ingram," " Uncle Sam " and " F. Thie'l-
deke."
J. S. DUNHAM, president of the Dunham Towing and Wreck-
ing Company, was born at Balston Spa, Saratoga Co., N. Y., on
January 31, 1837, and is the son of James and Rebecca (Sears)
Dunham. When he was fourteen years old, he began marine life
as a cook on a vess 1 on the Hudson River. The wages paid for
that service in those days were three dollars a month. In 1854,
Mr. Dunham, after serving in various capacities, determined to
come West. He landed in Chicago, and for the succeeding three
years was engaged in the towing line. In 1857, he took the tugs
"G. Mosher "and "A. C. Gunnison " from Chicago to New Or-
leans, La., through the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and down the
Mississippi River ; the first crafts of that description that made the
trip at that time. He ran them in that vicinity until 1861, when the
War of the Rebellion began. The Confederates confiscated the
" Mosher," which afterwards was instrumental in causing the flag-
ship of Admiral Farragut. the " Hartford," considerable trouble by
towing a fire-raft up to that vessel, which set her afire shortly after
she had passed the forts below New Orleans. Captain Dunham left
New Orleans with the " Gunnison " for Mobile, Ala. A short
time after his arrival he conveyed a company of Confederates from
that point to Fort Morgan, at the entrance of Mobile Bay when
they occupied the fortifications. From Mobile he went to Pensa-
cola, Fla., and was there arrested as being a Northern man lin
spite of the aid he had rendered the South), and his remaining tug
confiscated. He was sent North, and arrived in Troy, N. Y., in
May, 1861. The " Gunnison " ran between the ground opposite
Fort Pickens, held by Confederate soldiers, and Pensacola, until
1-ort Pickens ordered its stoppage ; the order not being obeyed on
the next trip, the first gun fired by Fort PLckens duriuo- the Rebel-
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
295
lion reverberated over the waters of the Gulf. The shot tore a hole
through the bow of the tug, and she was badly disabled. When
1'ensacola was abandoned by the rebels the little steamer was left
to its (ale, that of destruction. After remaining at Troy for a
short time, Mr. Dunham went to Philadelphia, and in the winter of
1861-62 built a tug boat, and brought her to Chicago via the New
York and Erie Canal and the lake, and then made this city his per-
manent home. Mr. Dunham was married on January 8, 1868, to
Miss Mary V Brown, at Ashtabula, Ohio. They have had three
children, one deceased. The living children are Robert and Ella.
Mr. Dunham is a member of Cleveland Lodge, No. 2TI, A.I''. A:
A.M., the Historical Society, the Citizens' Association, and a
member of other organizations.
One of the Chicago enterprises, whose source of
product is found in the great lakes, is that of fish-deal-
ing. A sketch of the great representative house of the
West is subjoined.
Ai.rRKD Boom, senior member of the firm of A. Booth &
Sons, is a son of Benjamin and Margaret Booth, and was born in
Cdastonbury, England, on February 14,1828. He received a thor-
ough education. In his twentieth year, he came to this country
and, during 1849-50, engaged in farming near Kenosha, \Vis. He
then came to this city and entered the vegetable and fish trade in
the North and State-street markets. In 1851, he established him-
self in the oyster and lish business in the Garnett Building, at the
corner of State and Randolph streets, where he remained for sev-
eral years, during which time he was associated for one year with
Edward Grayson. He conducted a store at the same time at Mad-
ison and 1 >earborn streets, which was subsequently made headquar-
ters. As his business increased, he opened other establishments and
packing-houses at Madison and Harrison streets, Sixteenth Street
and Indiana Avenue, Michigan Avenue and Randolph Street, etc.
As soon as the building he now occupies was erected after the great
fire of 1871, he moved into it, and has since made it his headquar-
ters and general office. In 1880, his sons, Alfred B. and William
V. succeeded to partnership interests, and the house has since been
known under the firm name of A. Booth & Sons. Their producing
houses for oysters, fruit and salmon are at Baltimore, Astoria, Ore.,
and Collinsville, on the Sacramento River, California, and their
fish supply principally comes from Monistique and from Escanaba,
Mich. At other points they have similar establishments of minor
importance than those mentioned. This firm is the most extensive
oyster, lish and fruit dealers in the West. Mr. Booth was married
in April, 1841;, to Miss Isabella Hews, of Chicago. They have
four children, — Alfred E., William V., Margaret E. and Marian
Alice.
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
1872.
This organization, whose measures are watched with
interest in every market of the civilized world, is more
cioseiy identified with the growth and welfare of the
City of Chicago than any other of its many fostering
and progressive institutions. Having for its designs the
management and control of the exchanges and com-
merce of the city and the Great West, to acquire and
disseminate valuable commercial and economic infor-
mation, and to secure to its members the benefits and
privileges of an enlightened and equitable co-operation,
it has steadfastly advanced in the achievement of these
objects. Neither the war of 1861, the cholera epidemic
of 1866, nor the unparalleled conflagration of 1871,
were sufficient to hinder its onward progress, the
courage, energy and resources of its members having
been equal to every emergency.
On October 1 1, 187 1, — two days after the destruction
of the Chamber of Commerce, with its library, trophies
and valuable papers— the directors met and resolved to
reconstruct their building on the old site. The first
work was done on October 14, while the stone and the
brick were yet warm. The first stone in the foundation
was laid on November 6, the first brick in the wall on
December 6, and the first cut-stone on the I2th. In
exactly twelve months, the new building was completed
and formally opened, and the Board of Trade installed
in one of the finest buildings for commercial purposes in
America. At noon of October 9, 1872, the members of
the Board of Trade and invited guests, formed in
procession, headed by the officers of the Board, at the
temporary offices, corner of Franklin and Washington
streets, and marched east along Washington Street to
the Chamber of Commerce. They were formally received
by Daniel A. Jones, and being escorted to the main hall,
the following guests, in addition to the officers of the
Board of Trade, were seated upon the platform :
Mayor Medill, Judges Drummond. Blodgett, Williams, Booth,
Farwell, Tree, Porter, Wallace, Rogers, Gary, and Jameson; Gen-
eral Logan, C. I!. Earwell, Ex-Mayor J. B. Rice, General Sheridan
and staff, W. E. Coolbaugh, Rev. K. W. Patterson; D. A. Jones,
president of [he Chamber of Commerce; George C. Walker, vice-
president; E. (',. Hall, J. L. Hancock, Arthur Carter, 1). M.
Pearsons, C. I',. Pope, J. \V. Town, O. K. Hutchinson, J. T.
Brooks, and F. L. Parker, directors; and C. L. Raymond, secretary.
Having reviewed the circumstances connected with
the re-building of the Chamber of Commerce and the
difficulties encountered, Mr. Jones continued :
" And now, Mr. President, in fulfilment of ourpromise made to
you last October, nearly one year ago, — that at this time we would
have completed for your Board of Trade a finer building and a more
beautiful hall than the old one ; and while, owing to the advance in
the price of material and labor, which has raised the cost above that
contemplated at the commencement, we have spared no pains or
expense to make it a model commercial building ; I, therefore,
now give you formal possession of this beautiful hall, and in so
doing, permit me to say that I hope that no act of the members of
the Hoard of Trade will have a tendency to clog the great wheels
of commerce which are continually rolling in this city, but that
every facility will be given to accelerate the trade that naturally
seeks this market."
The response of Vice-President Culver, was histori-
cal in its character, and therefore is given in full, as
follows :
" Mr. President : Unexpectedly called upon as I am by the
absence, on account of sickness, of Mr. Preston, the president of
the Board of Trade, I shall not attempt a speech, and will say only
a few word in response to your remarks.
" The charter granted by the Legislature of our State to the
Chamber of Commerce allows your corporation to own real-estate
to an unlimited amount, while the charter of the Board of Trade
gives our association the right to own real estate of the value not
to exceed $200,000 — an amount less than the cost of a builuing
such as was desirable and creditable to our city that our association
should occupy. For these and other reasons, in the year 1803, an
agreement was entered into between the two institutions, by the
terms of which the Chamber of Commerce was to erect a building
for commercial purposes, and having a hall and rooms for the
especial accommodation of the Board of Trade.
" For the use of such hall and rooms the Chamber of Commerce
was to receive a specified annual rental for the period of ninety-nine
years. In case of loss by fire of the building, it was to be restored
in as good condition and shape as before damage or loss was sus-
tained. In compliance with this agreement a building was erected,
and, on the 3oth of August, 1865, the Chamber of Commerce gave
to the Board of Trade possession of the finest hall used for com-
mercial purposes in the country. The event was celebrated in
ways thought fitting for the occasion, and the exercises of the day
were participated in by representatives from the different commercial
bodies of the United States. For six years or more your corporation
296
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
was happy In receiving ample return for its Investment, and our asso-
ciation was in the enjoyment of a home suited to its means and wants.
Then came that terrible calamity, and in one half-hour was swqil
away, by a ilame of lire, income and home, and with them was
destroyed the entire business portion of our city. Of that home,
the poet writes :
" Mi'il i his[H-cl each other's liamls and said
'The city of the \Vi *t i»
" There were some even of our own number who doubted if
you could build, or we could occupy, so costly a building again.
Hearing such doubts expressed, your directors at once sought to
know if the Hoard of Trade desired the building replaced. As soon
as the vaults containing the lease and agreement already referred
In could be opened, a meeting of the board of directors of the
lii.ard nf Trade was held. The agreement was read, and the fol-
lowing resolution was adopted :
" ' Resolved. That this board of directors hereby notify the
Chamber of Commerce corporation, that this board will comply
with the provisions of the lease held from them; and in conformity
with that lease, the Board of Trade hereby require that the Cham-
ber of Commerce reconstruct at once their building in as good
shape as ii was originally, as it is the wish of the board to occupy
the building at the earliest possible day.'
" I tut, sir, your corporation needed only to know that the
Hoard of Trade would willingly carry out the conditions of the
and no sooner were you informed of their action than you
commenced the work, thus speedily brought to a successful
termination. In my opinion, no one thing did more to remove
doubt as to the reconstruction of Chicago than the announcement
made on the very week of the tire, that men were at work on the
new Chamber of Commerce building.
" Inspired by your example, and stimulated by your enterprise,
others promptly followed ; doubts were dissipated, the future was
• nteed. And now, we behold the result! On every hand,
ta more magnificent and more substantial than before.
Having full confidence in the ability and determination of the
directors of the Chamber of Commerce, we expected marvelous
things from you; but, sir, you have more than met our expectation.
You present us, on this, the first, anniversary day of the fire, a
building far exceeding in beauty and solidity the one lost in the
great conflagration of a year ago. To the president and directors
of the Board of Trade it is a source of great regret that circumstances
are such that guests from abroad could not be invited to unite with
us on this day, and witness for themselves what has been done in
our city since that memorable day that we were the recipients of
the world's great munificence.
" Sir, you have expressed the hope that while we are privileged
to occupy these premises none of our members will attempt to block
the wheels of commerce. In this, let me assure you, your hopes
are not more ardent than are those of the president and other
officers of our association. I know I but express their views in
saying that they regard as disgraceful and dishonorable any
attempt to promote one's own personal profit at the expense of the
just rights of others.
" And. sir, I appeal to you and to all others who have the
interests of our city at heart to assist in inculcating just and
equitable principles in trade, to establish which was one of the
avowed objects of the .formation of our association.
" The recent action of the Hoard in providing unusual storage
room for grain, and their still more recent adoption of new rules
for margins on contracts, is evidence of its favoring unrestricted
trade, and condemning all interference with the commerce of the
city. You have appropriately referred to those who have performed
the labor, made and executed the plans of this structure, a structure
which for the use intended is not surpassed in size, beauty, and
convenience, by any on this or on the eastern continent ; your
words and their works do praise them.
"And now, sir, in behalf of the Board of Trade of the city
of Chicago, I do hereby accept as fulfilled the requirements of its
directors, as contained in their resolutions of October 13, 1871, and
in receiving possession of these rooms, I, in the same behalf, return
thanks, not only to the host of men employed in the construction
and completion of this building, but especially to you, their chief,
and to your untiring and enterprising assistant and secretary,
( 'harlcs I.. Raymond. In this we are not unmindful of that Provi-
dence under whose kind care and good hand your work has been
accomplished without loss of life or limb."
Prayer was offered by Rev. Dr. R. W. Patterson ;
Mr. Randolph read a congratulatory despatch from the
Buffalo Board of Trade ; Hon. W. V. Coolbaiigh deliv-
ered an oration, reviewing the history of the Board of
Trade and Chicago's commerce, and Hon. Joseph
Mrtlill mounted the events of the fire, its results, and
the re-building of the city.
The building was handsomely finished and conve-
niently arranged. The building committee consisted of
John 'L. Hancock, George C. Wright, and Daniel A.
[ones. J. C. Cochrane was the architect
The last annual April meeting of the Board was
held on the first day of that month, 1871. In the De-
cember previous, the rules had been changed so as to
make the year of the association correspond with the
calendar year. The custom of confining the presidents
to one term of office was departed from this year, it
being considered advisable to retain the services of the
president of 1871, till the completion of the Chamber
of Commerce Building. J. W. Preston was accordingly-
re-elected to that office, and with him Charles E. Culver
and William N. Brainard, first and second vice-presi-
dents respectively.
The directors' report exhibits the financial condition
of the association for the year as follows :
RECEIPTS.
From initiation fees of 141 new members at
$100 $14,100 oo
From annual assessments, 1354 members,
at $20 $27,080 oo
From visitors' tickets 2,56600
From interest- — - 2,426 n
From miscellaneous sources 3,713 78
$49,885 89
On hand from 1871 32,981 64
$82,867 53
DISBURSEMENTS.
For Chamber of Commerce stock $33.346 25
For current expenses 20,058 77
For new furniture n,755 25
For expenditure on Commercial Building 10,854 °°
For miscellaneous expenses 5,651 64
- $81,665 <Ji
Balance on hand - - $ 1,201 62
CORNERS. — The first gigantic attempts at wheat and
pork cornering were made in 1872, but all were disas-
trous excepting one, that of William Nelson, who made
$200,000 on his deal.
CHANGES IN RULES. — In September, an important
change was made in the rules of the association, as a
result of a conference of committees from the Chicago
and Milwaukee Boards of Trade, which was designed
to protect both parties to trades against any loss in the
/J yv7/l^vc-^c4^
event of the failure of either to meet engagements by
affording means, which, if availed of, would furnish am-
ple margins. At a meeting of the Board, Mr. Brainard
had the following substituted for section 9 of rule i:
On time contracts, purchasers shall have the right to require of
sellers, as security, ten per cent, margins, based upon the contract
price, and further security, to the extent of any advance in the mar-
ket above said price. Sellers shall have the right to require, as se-
curity from buyers, ten per cent, margins on the contract price of
the property sold, and, in addition, any difference that may exist
between the intrinsic value and the price of sale. In case of de-
cline of the intrinsic value of any such property, sellers may from
time to time require of buyers additional security to the extent of
any such decline. All such security or margins to be deposited
with the treasurer of the Association, unless otherwise agreed upon
by the parties. In determining the intrinsic value of property un-
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
297
der this rule, its value for shipment to eastern or southern markets,
or for manufacturing, shall alone be considered, irrespective of any
fictitious price, it may, at the time.be selling for in this market; and
in case of a disagreement between the parties as to such value, it
shall be determined by the Secretary, or, in his absence, by the
President of the Hoard of Trade, under the control and approbation
of the lioard of Directors.
KI.I.I A. BEACH, of the firm of Mead, Beach & Co., grain
commission merchants, isa native of Stratford, N. II.; but, coming
West with his father's family in 1852. when but ten years old, he
received his early schooling at Beloit, \Vis.; and afterward, on the
removal of the family to Darlington, (irant County, he finished his
school days there with a few terms at the 1'latteville Academy. Af-
ter leaving school he taught a single winter term to break in a dis-
orderly country school, and out of it have grown some of the
pleasantest associations of his life. In January, 1864, he came to
Chicago, and entered the office of David II. Lincoln, the well-
known Board of Trade man and former president of the Board,
and after an apprenticeship of three years he was taken into part-
nership, in June, 1867. This proved a profitable business arrange-
ment, but, in 1877, the house dissolved and each of the partners
continued in business alone. In May, 1879, a partnership was
formed, composed of Kill A. Beach and Sidney B. Mead, and, later,
they took Henry ('. A very into the company, and the firm has since
done a successful business. His father, Lawrence Clinton Beach,
came West as early as 1836, anil like some others who saw Chicago
about that time, would not have stayed in the mud-hole for the
whole South Side. But thinking he had a better thing, he passed
on and helped to erect the first house in Beloit, \Vis. His business
East requiring his presence there, he started on horseback, by the
way of Cairo, III., riding the entire distance, as he described it,
" through the loveliest country under the sun." Reaching Cairo,
he went by way of the Ohio River to Pittsburgh, then by stage,
river and canal to Philadelphia, and by sea to New Haven, where
he was born. There he met and married Miss Lucy A. Brockett,
and took her to Stratford, N. II., to reside, where he opened the
well-known Beach House, and became known to the travelling pub-
lic far and wide as Captain Beach. For a number of years he
maintained that hotel, and made for it a fame second to none in the
country; it stood upon what was then the great main thoroughfare
between Boston and Montreal, and hence had many competitors in
the business, but everyone would strive to adjust their journeys to
reach this celebrated house. It was one of those old-fashioned
inns, whose prototypes in England Dickens loved to write about ;
and there are numbers of people still living who dwell with delight
upon their reminiscences of the Beach House. There Elli A.
Beach was born, on July 9, 1842, as were several other children,
but in 1850, the father started with his family for Beloit, \Vis. ,
taking New Haven on their way. While there, Mrs. Beach died,
and, in 1852, the remainder of the family came West. On both
sides, Mr. Beach comes of old Connecticut families who settled in
New Haven in a very early day. On October 13, 1868, he married
Miss Abbie I). Stillwell, of Providence, R. I., who, dying in Jan-
uary, i88i,left him with three children, — Annie S.. Henry L., and
Clinton S. On December 17, 1884, he was united in marriage with
Miss llattif A. Peck, also of Providence. Mr. Beach is a member
of the Memorial Baptist Church, of which he is also one of the
deacons, and for twelve years has been a trustee.
MORRIS Re >s KM; A i \i, the head of the cattle and grain commis-
sion house of Rosenbaum Brothers, is a native of Schwabach, Bav-
aria. He came to America in the fall of 1850, when only thirteen
years old. His father had preceded the family and settled in Du-
buque, Iowa, where he received them on their arrival. It isa good
indication of the excellent character of the schools of Bavaria, as
well as of the precocity of the pupil, that Morris had not only been
well trained in his own tongue, but had also received a fair English
education before leaving his native country. He was therefore al-
ready prepared, even at that tender age, to be of great service in
almost any occupation fitted to his years and size. Accordingly he
found immediate employment in a grocery store as a clerk, where
he remained eight years. This was a good practical school and he
must have been a good scholar, for his first business venture was a
pronounced success. With his younger brother, Joseph, he opened
a general store at Cedar Falls, Iowa, having accumulated sufficient
capital to do so. They remained there until 1865, about seven
years, and made a good deal of money, although they began during
one of the worst periods of depression this country has ever known.
In 1865, they removed to Waverly, la., and began to handle live
stock and grain for the Chicago market. In this they were again
successful and laid up money, and two years after started a bank at
Nashua, Chickasaw Co. It was incorporated under the State law
and had a capital of $50,000. The same year (1867) the people of
Waverly requested them to do the same there, and the Bank of
Waverly was organized, having the same capital. Morris Rosen-
baum became the cashier of the Bank of Nashua, and his brother,
Joseph, that of Waverly. Both of these institutions were prosper-
ous, but the field was too narrow, and, in 1874, they sold out their
stock in both banks at $120 and came to Chicago. They at
once opened their present business and have had an unbroken
stream of success. Not, it is true, the same in volume, but they
have never suffered any reverse of fortune or suspended their busi-
ness, and have always paid one hundred cents for every dollar of
indebtedness and had money left. The volume of business done
has increased to $10,000,000 per annum, and they have a reputation
second to none in the city in their line. The brothers are of Jew-
ish extraction and both members of Sinai Congregation, of which
I >r. Ilirsch is pastor. Mr. Rosenbaum was married on October 9,
1871, on the day of the great fire, to Miss Sophia Block, and has
had four daughters; Babette, Stella, Maude, and Alma.
JOSEPH KUSENI:AI-.\I was born in Bavaria on April I, 1838.
His business history has been incorporated with that of his elder
brother, because their lives have been so intimately interwoven thai
they could not be separated. They have never had any separate
business interests, but have always acted as a single individual in
all their affairs. Their whole lives have been a modern rendition
of the beautiful narrative of David and Jonathan. Joseph Rosen-
baum enlisted in June, 1862, in Co. " B " of the 3ist Iowa Volunteer
Infantry, and followed the fortunes of the 15th Army Corps until
the end of the War. He was an active participant in all its grand
achievements, from Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Chattanooga and
Atlanta to the sea, and all between them, until he was mustered
out and discharged with honor at Louisville, in July, 1865. He
was promoted to adjutant near the close of the War, but carried a
musket during nearly the whole period and came home without a
scratch upon either his person or his record. On receiving his dis-
charge he at once rejoined his brother at Cedar Falls, and has been
his constant business partner and companion ever since. In 1873,
he married Miss Emma Frank, a Chicago lady. They have foxr
children; Mannie, Edwin Stauton, Blanche and Walter. Both he
and his brother are Koyal Arch Masons, but have never demitted
from their Iowa Chapter and affiliated in Chicago.
HENRY H. CARR is a son of Joseph Henry and Eve Eliza
(Moshelle) Carr, and was born in La Salle County, III., on June
20, 1844. His ancestry dates back to the original Carrs who were
granted land from the English Government, and settled the State
of Rhode Island. His father was a resident of the State of New
York during his early manhood, but came to Illinois some years
prior to the birth of Henry Carr. During the year following the
latter event the senior Carr was apprised of his inheritence to prop-
erty in New York, and the family returned thither, locating at Sy-
racuse, where they resided nine years. They then came back to
this State, taking up their residence in the vicinity of where they
had first located. In 1853, when the line now known as the Chica-
go, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was first laid, the senior Carr
succeeded in having a town site laid out between the towns of Au-
rora and Mendota. He opened up a general merchandising busi-
ness. He succeeded in getting people to locate there, and thus it
was that he became a founder of the thriving town of Sandwich,
De Kalb Co. In 1870, the family removed to Chicago. The son
Henry attended the common schools during his boyhood and assist-
ed his father in his business during his leisure hours, and was thus
introduced to a mercantile life. The winter of 1859-60, he attended
Commercial College in Chicago. When the War broke out Henry
Carr was eighteen years old, but, obtaining the consent of his parents,
he enlisted in Co. " H," losth Illinois Infantry Volunteers, for three
years service. He was mustered as a private at Dixon, III., and during
the War his regiment was chiefly engaged in the campaigns of the
Army of the Cumberland, participating in the battle of Atlanta, march-
ing with Sherman to the sea, tramping through the swamps of the
Carolinas, and engaging in many of the most prominent battles in the
Southeast. His corps witnessed the surrender of General Johnston
near Raleigh, N. C.; their final battle was at Bentonville, N. C.
After General Johnston's surrender, his corps, with General Sher-
man's whole army, marched from Raleigh, N. C., and participa-
ted in that magnificent review, by the President and his generals,
of the Army of the Cumberland. From there, returned to Chicago,
and his regiment was mustered out in this city in June, 1865. It
was a part of the First Brigade, Third Division, zoth Army Corps.
Mr. Carr upon coming home from the War, soon after started out to
make his own living, and thereby displayed his independence as
well as energy and thrift. He went to Leavenworth, with the idea
that it would be the future great city of the West. This belief he
did not retain long, for, on January I, 1866, he returned to Chica-
go and took a position in Martin (i'Mrien's art emporium. In the
spring of 1867, he was married, and immediately thereafter he went
to Ouincy, 111., with the same ideas of that city's future as he had
previously entertained of Leavenworth. He remained there three
years, connected with the wholesale and retail dry goods house of
W. H. Johnson & Co., occupying the responsible position of head-
bookkeeper and financial man. At the end of that time, he found
298
HISTORY or CHICAGO.
his opinion of Ouincy's future greatness a mcie Fallacy, anil, in De-
cember, iSui), In- ri-tiinH.il to this city. He took a position in the
wholesale department of Field, l.citcr ,v Co , win-re he remained a
'imeoniv. An opening occurred in the linn of !•'. F. Pulsi-
fer \ Co., ami he seeureil an interest therein, and was engaged with
that eoniinissicin house lor the greater p fears. 'I'lle great
lire of 1871 destroyed his home and all his elfeets ihe at that time
\vi-nnel. In iS;(i, lie engaged with the hnn
i.l Jordan \ Huge, with whom hi until March I. I.S77-
Owing to the arduous duties devolving upon him as manager of
their and commission business, his health liecame im-
paired and he withdrew his connection and made several trips across
tlie plains to the Black I Mils, combining business with pie.
with the view of restoring his health. -»ln the fall of 1*77, lie en-
1 in sheep raising in Texas, hut remained there only one
winter, when lie returned to Chicago. He then became con:
with Norm. in I!. Ream in the grain and commission business. On
|amiary I. iS.^4, Mr. Ream withdrew from active cmim-ciion with
rm of N. II. Ream >\ Co., and, on May 15, the linn of II. II.
Carr \ Co. was formed, Mr. Ream becoming special partner. In
his last venture Mr. Carr has been eminently successful, and has
built up a business that affords a magnificent revenue annually.
Mr. Carr was married on March I, 1^(17, to Miss Jennie Hobbs, of
They have two children, l.ulu Maud and Mabel. Mr.
Carr lias been prominently identified with the Young Men's Chris-
tian Association for many years, and is now a life member of the
Association. For a long time he was secretary of the committee
on memberships, and has always taken a hearty interest in all things
pertaining to the advancement of the Association. He is also iden-
tified with the Calumet, Indiana, Century and Washington Park
clubs, is a life member of the Farragut Boat Club, belongs to the
Ro\al Arcanum, Thomas Post, No. 5, t ;. A. R., and the Society of
the Army of the Cumberland. He has for a number of years been
secretary of i he drain Receivers' Association. Mr. Carr, although
not a member, has been a constant attendant at Immanuel Baptist
Church, since the advent of Dr. Lorimer.
NORMAN I!. RI.AM was born in Somerset County. Penn., on
November 5, 1^44. and is a son of Levi and Highly (Ring) Ream.
The family is of German extraction, his ancestors having emigra.
ted from Germany in an early day, and settled in Eastern Pennsyl-
vania, and subsequently in Somerset County, where they engaged
in agricultural pursuits. Mr. Ream was brought up on the farm,
and was early taught the habits of indnstrv and economy. His op-
portunities for scholastic attainments were only those of the com-
mon schools, except a course in a Normal Institute. But he im-
proved the opportunities so well, that we find him following the
vocation of a teacher at the early age of fourteen years. He early
developed an aptitude for business, and could not brook the circum-
scribed sphere of a farmer's life, and first engaged in taking ambro-
types, in which he was so successful as to win the admiration of
those friends who sought to discourage the enterprise, thus demon-
strating that he who would win must enter heartily into any busi-
ness enterprise that commends itself to his judgment. By his own
exertions he procured sufficient means to enable him to enter the
normal school at Somerset, the better to prepare himself for busi-
ness life. After a brief attendance, he concluded it his duty to
-;e in his country's defense, and accordingly visited his parents
and informed them of his conclusions. They were as patriotic as
he, and gave their consent and blessing. Mr. Ream enlisted on
September F, 1861, and assisted is raising Co. " II, " 85th Penn-
sylvania Volunteers, as private, although tendered a commission.
The same spint of thoroughness which has characterized all his en-
terprises was exhibited in his military career, and his proficiency in
military affairs was acknowledged by promotions. At Whitmarsh
Island. Ga.. he was wounded on February 24, 1864, and again at
\Ycarbottom Church, Va., on June 17, following, so badly that he
was incapacitated for military duty, and resigned in August, 1864.
On his return home, he attended the commercial college at Pitts-
burgh, and afterward engaged as a clerk in Harnedsville, where he
remained until September, 1866. He then became ambitious to
try his fortune in the West, ant5 located at Princeton, III. He ob-
1 a position as clerk in a general store, but, after serving a few
weeks, purchased his employer's stock, and commenced life as a
merchant. Ten months later he was burned out, losing nearly
everything. In January, 1868, he went to Iowa, and located at
-mmenced operating in the grain and agricultural
implement business there, and with marked success, until a succes-
i poor crops rendered his debtors unable to meet their obliga-
tions, which caused him to suspend in 1870. Notwithstanding his
temporary reverses, no one doubted for a moment his integrity or
honesty, which at that critical period in his career was of inestima-
ble value. In isji, he came to Chicago, and formed a partner-
ship with Mr. Colfman. under the firm name of Coffman \- Ream,
and carried on the live stock commission business. I laving an ex-
• 'laintance with stock-raisers, they made their consign-
ments to him, and he quickly regained his former position, applying
the hrst money earned toward extinguishing the indebtedness of
$i,,o(«> caused by his failure. This he continued to do until he
had paid the entire principal and interest. From the date of his
ijj to Chicago, lorlune has dealt kindly with him. His rela-
tions with the tirm of Coffman tV Ream continued until 1878, al-
though retiring from active connection in 1875, at which time he
became .1 membei »i the Hoard of Trade. He went on the Board
with George C. Ball \ Co., of which his name was the company.
In is77, he withdrew from that firm and carried on the commission
business alone, under the style- of N. B. Ream ^ Co. In iSSo, R.
\\ . I lark purchased an interest in his business, the tirm remaining
as N. B. Ream it Co. until 1884, when Mr. Ream withdrew from
active business connection. The firm then became R. W. Clark \-
< 'o., with Mr. Ream as special partner, and he is likewise connected
with the commission house of 1 1. II. Carr iV Co. Upon beconi-
member of the Board of Trade. Mr. Ream's very first oper-
ations were crowned with success, and marked him as a man of
keen perception and excellent judgment, lie has conducted some
of the largest operations on the Board, and so successful has been
his career that he is now numbered among the most extensive oper-
ators, and ranks, financially, among the millionaires of Chicago.
He has served as vice-president of the Call-Board, his numerous
business interests preventing him from accepting other positions of
a like nature. Since 1868, Mr. Ream has been engaged in the stock
business on the plains and feeding stock on his many farms located
in the West. In 1883, he assisted in the re-organization of the
Western Fire Insurance Company of Chicago, of which he was
vice-president until he sold out his interest. Mr. Ream is eminently
a business man, and though retired from active participation in the
commission trade he still retains an interest in dealings on the
Board, and devotes his attention to his private enterprises. His logi-
cal mind grasps, as if by instinct, all the intricacies of a business
proposition, which, coupled with his well known energy and dis-
patch, enables him to bring matters to successful issues. Mr.
Ream was married to Miss Carrie T. Putnam, a descendant of
General Putnam of Revolutionary fame, at Madison. N. Y., on
February 17, 1876. Mr. Ream is prominently ^identified with the
Chicago, Calumet and Washington Park clubs. I le has been a
member of the Odd Fellows and Masonic orders for a number of
years, and is at present a member of Montjoie Commandery, No.
53, K.T.
I873-
At the twenty-fifth annual meeting, held on lanuary
6, 1873, a unanimous vote elected Charles K. Culver to
the presidency, George M. How, who had been put into
nomination by friends without being consulted, retiring
in his favor. The first vice-president for 1872, William
N. Brainard, was continued in that office for this year
in order to give effect to the new rule in that respect,
which provided that after 1874, the second vice-president
should succeed the first by rotation. Howard Priestly
became second vice-president.
The annual elections are held on the first Monday
after the second day of January in each year, and the
elective officers, as above indicated are, a president for
a term of one year, a second vice-president for two years,
and fifteen directors for three years, five of whom are
elected each year. A committee of arbitration, and a
committee of appeals, consisting of ten members each,
and holding their offices for two years, are also elected,
one-half of them each year. The secretary, assistant
secretary .afterward provided for), and treasurer are
appointed each year by the Board of Directors. Charles
Randolph was re-appointed secretary, having served in
that position since 1869, and was appointed treasurer.
J. W. Preston, who had ably performed the duties of
chief executive officer of the association during the
critical years of the fire and the re-construction, was
tendered a special vote of thanks by the Board for his
services, upon his retirement. A vote of thanks was also
tendered to Charles Randolph, secretary, for his untiring
zeal in the Board's interests during this period. This
was a notable departure from the tacitly established
rule ol the Board, as well as of all similar organizations,
which preclude the recognition of the services of em-
ployes in this manner.
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
299
The assets of the Hoard of Trade, in 187?, amounted
to $79,672.50 and at the end of 1873 they amounted to
$121,603.23.
The following is an exhibit of the receipts and
expenditures for the year:
RECEIPTS.
Initiation fees $42,30000
Annual assessments 41,300 oo
Dividends on Chamber of Commerce
stock — - 8,524 oo
Visitors' tickets. 2,787 oo
Miscellaneous 3,883 oo
Total $98,794 oo
Balance 1872 1,201 62
DISBURSEMENTS.
Current expenses — $39.999 6 7
Incidental expenses 5,l6l 73
Market and Annual Reports 6,794 18
Withdrawals and deceased members . 1,212 oo
Payments on Commercial Building .. 9,112 49
Purchase 400 shares of Chamber of
Commerce stock 35,542 oo
Miscellaneous 1,980 39
-$99,995 62
Total
Cash on hand January, 1874-.
3,802 46
193 16
-$99,995
At the end of 1873, the membership was one thou-
sand six hundred and sixty-two, an increase of two
hundred and ninety-eight in the year. The annual
assessment was fixed at $25 per capita, an increase of
$5 on the year previous.
FINANCIAL PANIC. — The most notable event of the
year was the financial panic of September. The chief
effect upon the Board of Trade operations was the
decline of wheat from $1.10 to $0.90, but as the decline
was gradual it was not sensibly felt. When the minimum
figure was reached, the bears appeared on 'change as
buyers. Were it not for this it is difficult to calculate
where the downward movement would have ended.
The Board of Trade, unlike similar institutions in other
large cities affected by the panic, continued its regular
business sessions. A fact which members of the Board
are even yet proud to refer to is, that not one of its
members was reported to have failed by reason of the
panic.
NATIONAL BOARD. — The National Board of Trade
held its sixth annual meeting in this city, in October, at
the Kingsbury Music Hall. The delegates from the
Chicago Board were Charles E. Culver, A. M. Wright,
G. M. How, N. K. Fairbank, W. E. Daggett, E. W.
Blatchford, and J. C. Dore. Charles Randolph held the
office of secretary, and Mr. Culver was elected a vice-
president for the year following. Mr. Culver, on behalf
of the Board of Trade, tendered a formal welcome to
the delegates, and availed himself of this, the first op-
portunity since the fire, of thanking the Boards of Trade
and Chambers of Commerce throughout the United
States, through their delegates present, for the assist-
ance that had been rendered them and the sympathy
they manifested for Chicago in that calamity. The
matters discussed by the Convention embraced such
subjects as the bankruptcy laws, shipping interests
and the right of American merchants to purchase for-
eign tonnage anil raise the American flag; the advisa-
bility of establishing a Department of Commerce and
Trade, under the control of the General Government,
and the creation of a Board of Commissioners of In-
ternal Improvements; transportation matters, involving
the opening of a freight line from St. Louis to New
York, connecting with Chicago (a project which origin-
ated here); and the memorializing of the Secretary of
the Treasury and the Commissioner of Internal Reve-
nue, with a view to securing full scope and facilities for
the manufacture for export of distilled spirits.
STOCK YARDS. — The establishment of new stock
yards at East St. Louis, notwithstanding the superior
facilities which that point afforded for reaching South-
ern markets, did not divert trade in provisions from
Chicago as many Board of Trade men and prominent
packers apprehended.
SHORT WEIGHT. — The matter of short grain-weights
was the subject of a host of complaints to the Board of
Directors during the year. While companies carrying
grain by the water routes furnished ample guarantee of
the delivery of the full quantity received in their bills
of lading, the bills of lading of the railway companies,
which gave no evidence of the quantity or value of
property shipped, furnished no guarantee of such deliv-
ery. As pointed out by President Culver in his annual
report, these bills of lading " present a temptation to
misrepresent, and sometimes offer a reward for rascal-
ity." A law was passed at the instance of members of
the Board, and approved in April, 1871, requiring cor-
porations in the State receiving grain for transportation
to weigh the same, and to deliver in quantity equal to
that received. This law, though its provisions furnished
ample protection to receivers and shippers as against
carriers, was never enforced, and the Board decided to
call the attention of the railroad and warehouse commis-
sioners to it.
NEW RULES. — In May, a special meeting of the
Board was held for the purpose of making alterations
in the rules of the association. The new rules in refer-
ence to the elegibility of applicants for membership and
to fees read as follows :
" Any person approved by the Board of Directors may become
a member of the association, by signing the rules and regulations,
paying the initiation fee and the annual assessment. The initia-
tion fee until July I, 1873, shall be $100, and thereafter $250.
"Piv-'iitrtt, That no person shall be approved by the Board of
Directors as a member of the association, who is not a resident
of, or permanently doing business in, the city of Chicago."
The following important rule in reference to the non-
compliance with contracts and the filing of a statement
as to financial condition was also passed :
" Any member of this Association who fails to comply with
and meet any business obligation or contract, may, on complaint
of any member of this Association, be required to make an exhibit
of his financial condition on oath to the Directory of this Board,
which shall be open to the inspection of any aggrieved
member; and should such member, failing as aforesaid,
refuse to make such statement, he shall be expelled from
this Association."
NATHANIKI. K. FAIRRANK was born at Sodus,
Wayne Co., N. V., in 1829. He received a common
school education, studying also at home, and at the age
of fifteen was apprenticed to a bricklayer. The year
afterward he went to Rochester and served his appren-
ticeship. He then entered a flouring mill as bookkeeper,
where he remained several years, and, in 1855, came to
Chicago, entering the employment of David Do\vs &
Co., of New York, as their western representative. After ten
years of steady service in this position, he furnished the cap-
ital for the construction of a lard and oil refinery, which was
built on the south side of Eighteenth street, just west of the
river. A firm was organized under the caption of Smedley,
300
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Peck & Co., Mr. Smedley being the practical man and Mr.
IVrk placed then- to look after the interests of Mr. Fnirbank.
This factory, alter doing a successful business for four year-.,
wax burned out in 1806 at a loss of $=;o.cxx>. and in the fol-
lowing year the factory, a! the corner of F.ightecnth and I'.lackwell
d, was erected at a cost $8o,ooo. A little over two years after
the building of the new factory, Mr. Smedlcy sold out his interest,
and was followed six or seven years later by Mr. Peck, \V. II. Bur-
nett and |. Scars, who now have an interest in the business, going
in. lu 1875, a branch house was built at St. Louis to more con-
veniently supply the Southern trade; another was put up at Omaha
The following table shows the increase in the firm's output year by
year since 1870:
Year. Lbs.
1878 52,707,652
1879 82,035,733
1880 98,595,563
1881 103,233,000
1882 -,111,847,271
1883 117,726,000
1884 119,533,185
1870 11,277,711
iS/1 14,155,299
1872 21,966,631
1873 25,862,155
1874 32.903,780
1875 29,312,386
1876. 41,956,435
1877 44.761,321
COUNSELMAN BUILDING.
in 1883 to do the same thing for the West; and a third at New York
List year, to meel the eastern and export demand. The Chicago
house has double the capacity of any of the other three and the
quartet of factories keep a trille over 1,000 hands busy the year
round. It is only in the last two years that the firm, in its Chicago
and St. Louis houses, has been engaged in the manufacture of soap
lard and lard-oil having previously occupied its entire attention
The output this year, it
is said, will amount to nearly
125,000,000 pounds. The pro-
duct of the factories — what is
left of it after supplying the
home market — is exported to
England and the Continent,
India, Australia, New Zealand
and other distant countries,
rendering it to-day next to
impossible for a nomadic Chi-
cagoan to sight-see any for-
eign city where white men
dwell without encountering the
resplendent lithographs sym-
bolical of the fact that N. K.
Fairbank & Co.'s lard is for
sale in the neighborhood. The
projects which have felt the
sustaining power of Mr. Fair-
bank's hand are numerous and
very diversified in character.
\Vhen the members of the
Chicago Club had been moving
from place to place in search
of comfortable quarters, he
broached the idea of building
a new and handsome club-
house, but met with disap-
pointing apathy. The times
were not as good as they
might have been, and no one
cared to invest his money in
real-estate just then, lusuad
of being discouraged, Mr. Fair-
bank declared that he would
build the house himself and
trust to the future prosperity
of the club for repayment.
The result of his resolution is
the handsome building imme-
diately opposite to the ladies'
entrance to the Palmer House,
on Monroe Street. The club's
new home cost $135,000, but
while it was in course of con-
struction a number of the mem-
bers came forward, and before
it was finished $80,000 of the
stock had been taken off Mr.
Fairbank's hands. The re-
maining $50,000 he kept, and
holds to-day. It is now a fairly
profitable investment, yielding
about 6 per cent. The club
moved into the new building
in 1876, and in that year Mr.
Fairbank was elected president
of the institution, an office he
has retained ever since. When
the late George 1!. Carpenter
conceived the idea of building
Central Music Hall, he went
to Mr. Fairbank as the man
best fitted to help push the
scheme through. The two
figured the matter out and the
plans were left with Mr. F'air-
bank, in whosedesk they lay for two years, in waiting for a favora-
ble opportunity to commence operations. In 1879, the year after X1;<-
pleton's first visit to what was then Haverly's Theater, Mr. Fairbank
placed the plan before the public. The city was in the throes of a
grand-opera furor, and the representation that the city sorely needed
a hall like that which now adorns the southeast corner of State and
Randolph streets had a marked effect. Every dollar of the stock was
THE BOARD OK TRADK.
placed by Mr. Kairbank, and the building commenced and pushed
to completion with all the speed commensurate with satisfactory
work. The Newsboys' Home also owes its present unincumbered
condition to the efforts of Mr. Fairbank, who, in 1877 and 1878,
threw himself into the work of raising subscriptions for the purpose
of paying off the mortgage on the property : the consequence of
which is, that the institution to-day owns, without incumbrance of
any kind, the site recently so largely increased in value by the trans-
migration of the Board of Trade to the head of LaSalle Street.
ISrought up a Presbyterian, it was once thought Mr. Fairbank
wotild become a preacher of that denomination. His pew in the
Fourth Church was rarely empty Sabbath mornings when Professor
Swing occupied the pulpit. On one occasion, when a collection
was being taken up to pay the balance due on the organ, Mr. Fair-
hank sent up a note to Professor Swing to the effect that he would
meet any deficiency remaining after the day's collection had been
taken up and added to the fund. The gap amounted to just ,f 1,000,
and a check bridging it over was duly received by Professor Swing
the following Monday morning. When Professor Swing left the
Fourth Church, Mr. Fairbank was one of fifty gentlemen to
guarantee the success of the services at Central Music Hall for
three years, the phalanx agreeing to meet any deficiency that might
arise in the time specified. lie is now one of the Board of Trus-
tees and a member of the Music Committee. In the latter adjunct
to the services, Mr. Fairbank takes a great interest, being a passion-
ate lover of music. The fifty guarantors, it may be said, never had
any deficiency to meet, the church contributing $2,500 out of its
first year's surplus towards the organ, but this naturally does not
render the congregation's appreciation of their action any less
marked. What among his friends is termed one of Mr. Fairbaiik's
"pets "is the new St. Luke's Hospital. When the project was
si t afloat of erecting a new ami fittingly commodious structure on
the site of the old frame one, Mr. Fairbank came forward with a
sum estimated by different parties at all the way from $25,000 to
$50,000 to set the ball rolling. He also went canvassing in aid of
the project and collected a considerable amount in subscriptions.
He is at the present time a frequent visitor at the hospital and
probably its most interested well-wisher. Of the musical societies
which Mr. Fairbank has helped to success, the Festival Association
is a good example, and the sturdy work performed by him in con-
junction with Charles I). Hamill in aid of the gigantic festivals
conducted by Theodore Thomas will not readily be forgotten. A
work, too, in which Mr. Fairbank takes a more than passing inter-
est i.s the tish culture of the Northwest, the rivers and lakes of Wis-
consin owing a fair percentage of their stock of food for anglers to
his efforts in this direction. Mr. Fairbank has a beautiful country
-eat at Geneva Lake, in the shape of a iSo-acre farm, whither he
repairs with his family during the scorching midsummer months,
lie was married in 1865, ten years after his arrival in Chicago,
and has seven children — four sons and three daughters.
SCHWABACHER & Co.'s COMMISSION MERCHANTS' ROOMS are
a branch of the commission house of J. & M. Schwabacher of New
Orleans. The house was started in 1868, in New Orleans, by Ju-
lius Schwabacher and his brother-in-law, A. Hirsch, as Schwa-
bacher \ Hirsch, and so continued until the death of Mr. Hirsch,
in August, 1882. In 1879, however, Morris Schwabacher entered
the firm, but the name remained unchanged until the'death of Mr.
Hirsch gendered it imperative, when it became J. & M. Schwabach-
er, in New Orleans (where they have for the past ten years done
the largest business in their line in that city), and, for sake of con-
venience, Schwabacher & Co., in Chicago. The Chicago branch
was established in 1878, and is under charge of the senior partner,
Julius Schwabacher, while Morris has the management of the
Southern house. The firm handle western produce and provisions,
and supply the Southern market. They are members of the Board
of Trade here and of the Produce Exchange in New Orleans, and
execute orders for their customers in any line, on commission. It
will be seen that the house is an old one, and has long been, as it
still remains, an important factor in the growing trade of our city
with the South. They occupy a favorable location in New Orleans,
on the corner of Magazine and Poydras streets, one of the very
best for their business that city affords, as any one familiar with
the city will at once recognize, and have the confidence, good will,
and largely the custom, of the business men of the city. Their
rooms here, also, are only across the street from the Chamber of
Commerce, and they are recognized as one of the best and safest
houses doing business on 'change. Mr. Julius Schwabacher resided
some years in Cincinnati, as the representative of his firm, but the
necessities of trade compelled the abandonment of the lesser for
the greater market, and he came to Chicago as before stated.
Julius .S', /;,-,«/)<;,//(•>•, the founder of the commission house of
Schwabacher & Co., Chicago and New Orleans, was born in Wiirt-
emberg, Germany, on August 13, 1839. He is the oldest son of
Lazarus and Julia (Kutz) Schwabacher, and came to America in
1855, when but fourteen years of age, under the protection of an
aunt. His father was a woolen manufacturer and a dealer in for-
eign and domestic wool, lie went direct to St. Joseph, Mo., and
clerked for a number of years. At the breaking out of the War he
had been in the Government employ as clerk in the post-office at
St. Joseph for two years, and at once joined Major Barry's battery
as sutler. He was afterward attached to the g6th Illinois In-
fantry, and followed its fortunes until the siege and fall of Vicks-
burg, when he obtained a Government license to establish a trading
station there, and did a good business for two years. He then
went to New Orleans, and engaged in the importation of white
goods, laces and embroideries. Selling out that enterprise in 1868, he
engaged in the general produce and provision commission business.
On March 4, 1806, he married Nancy Friedlander, the daughter of
Samuel Friedlander, one of the largest cotton factors of New Or-
leans. She bore him two children, Florence and Henry, and died
on January 14, 1873. In November 5, 1879, he married Miss
Km ma Loeb, a very accomplished lady, a native of Mississippi and
reared and educated in Kurope, who still survives. After his
first marriage, Mr. Schwabacher went to Kurope with his bride,
spending eight months in his native land. On his return he brought
his younger brother and present partner, Morris Schwabacher, with
him and employed him in his commission house. In 1877, after
the death of his first wife, he took his two children, and returned
to his native land once more, expecting to remain there, but after
a year's experience in the old ways, he found them once more too
narrow for him, and returned, in May of 1878. He prolonged his
stay somewhat to visit the World's Exposition at Paris. Mr.
Schwabacher is a member of the Sinai Congregation in Cnicago,
the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Standard, a society club. He
is a Mason, and belongs to Cincinnati Lodge, No. 133, also to
Spinoza Lodge, No. 108, I.O.B.B., both of Cincinnati, Ohio, from
neither of which has he ever been demitted.
Mi>rris Seku-abacker was born at Wiirtemberg, Germany, on
November 5, 1849. He received a thorough education in Germany,
and came to this country, with his brother Julius, in 1866. He was
first employed in the commission house of Schwabacher & Hirsch,
at New Orleans, for several years ; then entered into partnership
with Samuel Meyers, and they established themselves in the gen-
eral produce commission business in New Orleans. This partner-
ship was dissolved in about three years, and a company formed of
Schwabacher, Frowenfeld & Pfeifer, and he had an office in Chica-
go for some years representing that house, which did a successful
business until 1879, when Schwabacher sold his interest to his part-
ners, and became a member of the firm of which his brother Julius
was senior partner Schwabacher & Hirsch. After the death of
Mr. Hirsch, he became the resident and managing partner in New
Orleans, and continues so at the present time. Mr. Schwabacher
was married to Miss Nellie, the daughter of Joseph A. Kohn,
of Kohn Bros., wholesale clothiers of this city. In New
Orleans, where he resides, Mr. Schwabacher is quite popular among
his friends and occupies several responsible positions in business
life. He is one of the directors and on the financial committee of
the Germania National Bank, director and chairman of the finance
committee of the Southern Insurance Company of New Orleans,
vice-president of the Harmony Club, and, last year, was vice-pres-
ident of the New Orleans Produce Exchange. He is a member of
the Masonic fraternity.
ALEXANDER MCDONALD YOUNG, the younger brother and
partner of William Young, was born on October 21, 1844, at
Coburg, Province of Ontario, Canada. His father, James Young,
came from Ayrshire, Scotland, about the year 1800, and settled at
Coburg, where he died in 1853, at the age of sixty-live. His wife,
Eliza (Mair) Young, survived him until 1863. At the death of his
father, Alexander, who was a boy of but nine years of age, went to
live with his brother, John M. Young, who was a member of the
firm of John Young & Co., at Montreal. The head of the firm was
an uncle, who, besides attending to his produce business, was
commissioner of public works and a member of the Canadian parlia-
ment. This firm were among the first to ship a cargo of wheat
directly from Chicago to the seaboard, via Montreal. Alexander
attended school at Montreal until the age of sixteen, when he
entered into the employ of the house, remaining until 1863, when
he joined his brother William, who had established himself in
Milwaukee in 1858. In 1866, he became a partner, and remained
so to the present time. In the month of October, immediately
after the fire of 1871, he came to Chicago, and taking R. W.
Dunham into the company, established a branch of his business
here, placing it under the direction of Mr. Dunham, the brothers,
however, alternately spend a portion of their time here, looning
after the interests of the company, particularly since Mr. Dunham
entered the arena of political life. Although Milwaukee boasts ot
the parent house, yet the modest branch is credited with doing ten
times the amount of business annually that the "parent" is able
to pick up. The firm possesses — and practices — the conservatism
in their business generally credited to the Scotch, and during all
302
HISTORY OK CHIC.UiO.
tin- lun;; and trying years of its existence it has nc\< i even been
suspected of beinj; " shaky." They do a sti let ly ei mimisMon busini-ss
here, but their tr.tus.icuon, arc often enormously lar^e. ami
. iluriny .1-11 , an incredible number of bushels of
ijr.iin. At Milwaukee, the house buys and sells on its own aeeonnt.
N'eitherof the brothers take any interest in Aineriean polities cxeept
as it alfecls bu-incs^ Alexander is a very soeiable •jentleman, a
member of the Chicago Club, also a member and dirtetor of the
Milwaukee Club at Milwaukee. lie is an enthusiastic yachtsman,
and introduced the first two yachts ever brought to Milwaukee. Mr.
Voting was married on December 4, 1867. to Miss Alice Wall, a
Milwaukee lady, who has borne him two children, — Helen K. and
John M.
I VMKS M. WAX/.KR is a commission merchant in yrain.
etc., and a dealer on the Hoard of Trade. He was born on
September i). is.-<|, near F.iirlield, Conn., and is a son of Kbcnc/cr
1 . ami Esther (Irish) Wan/.er. the latter of whom was a m.
• >l the Society of Friends. In 1835, he was taken by his parents to
Cayoga County, N. Y., where he received his education and fol-
1 l.tnniiiL; until the fall of 1855, when he came West and
bought a l.mn in Me Henry County, this State, near the ullage of
Iluntley. There Mr. Wan/.er resided until September, 1865, when
he moved to Chicago, and cnyaycd ill the commission business at
No do West Lake ;v i • he remained until about the time
of the [jrc.it tire. The following year he located on South Water
'. and continued in the sale of butter, cjjjjs, cheese, etc., until
[87J, when his business had assumed sncl'i dimensions that he
derided to rc!in(]iiish the trap business (as it is called) and devote
his attention exclusively to receiving and idling [jrain. seeds, etc.
This business lie still maintains under the firm name of \Vanzer &
Co., composed of Mr. Wan/.er, W. II. Chadwick (who has been
interested with Mr. Wanzer for ten years), and C,eorj;c 1!. liroomell,
a partner for the last three years, who looks after the financial
interests of the firm. In iSSi, Mr. Wanzer was elected a member
of the Common Council of this city, and held the office for one
term, llv his efficiency in the administration of his duties in that
position, many needed and important improvements were made in
his (the Thirteenth Ward). In 1854, Mr. Wan/er married (iulia E.
Keese, a native of Clinton County, N. Y.; they had the following
children.— Walter, l-'.va (,., WiiletsG., Lizzie and Carrie, of whom
l-'.va and Willets G. are the only survivors. On March 20, 1872, he
was married to Mrs. Mary Tomlinson Finch, of Western New
York, who died in March, 1884 ; there were no children bv this
marriage. On July S, 1885, Ella A. Badger, born at Chelsea,
Mass.. became his wife.
i li. ]!K(M,MIU. is a member of the firm of Wanzer
: Co., commission merchants. Xo. 205 LaSalle Street.- He was
born in Chester County, 1'enn.. on July 27, 1832, and is the son of
John and Letitia (Parry) liroomell. He is thoroughly a self-made
man. I le worked on a farm during the summer and attended school
in the winter time until eighteen years of age ; then was occupied
alternately in teaching and attending schools for three years, dur-
ing which time he attended two terms at Whitesboro', N. Y.'; was
principal of a Friends' Select School in his native county for two
terms, and had charge of a boarding school in New Jersey for one
term. He then engaged in business for three years, residing most
the time in Philadelphia. In the spring of' 1854, he first came
Chicago, but returned soon after to Philadelphia, and made sev-
al trips to and from Chicago before he came here, in the fall of
1856, to remain. Soon after locating in this city he was made prin-
cipal of the Dearborn School, which was situated where Hershev
Music Hall now stands. He continued in this position until the
la 1 of 1863, when he engaged for a time in mercantile business
his venture not proving satisfactory, by invitation of the Board
Education he resumed the principalship of the Dearborn School in
1865, and one year later was transferred to the Haven, a larger and
more important school. After three years of service in this'place
was elected to the position of Assistant Superintendent of
. being the lirst person to occupy this position in the citv
nation one year, when failing health admonished
i that he should seek a position, the duties of which were less
rduousthan he made those of assistant superintendent \t his
iven the position of teacher of mathematics
High School, in which he continued till he resigned in 1882
<>mc a partner in the firm of Wan/er ,V Co. Mr. lln.nmell is
"a.ura ly well lined for an educator, being possessed of the fine
Ifes and quickness ol perception, as well as depth and
dth of thought, so necessary in that vocation, and having been
nth our schools in their formative period, he had much
haptag our present school system. Aside from his work
r, Mr Broomell is probably better known as an advo-
advocated this reform from earliest manhood ; and not a few in-
dividuals and organi/.ations in this city and elsewhere can testify to
i he persistency and ability of his work in this direction. On April
23, iSlii. Mi. l!roomell married Miss Kllcn li. Chapin, also a
teacher in the public schools, a native of lierkstiire County, Mass.,
and a graduate of ihr Wesltield, Mass., Normal Sciiool. Thev
have three children, — Chester C., < leorge D and Francis F. Mi
l!roomcll was a member of the Society of Friends until his mar-
riage, and subsequently united with the I'nitarian Church.
1874.
At the annual flection of officers this year there
were three candidates for president, and a spirited con-
test ensued. The first < I ay's balloting resulted in no
choice, but on the next day, George M. How, receiving
532 votes, a majority of all those cast, was declared
duly elected. J. R. liensley was at the same time elected
second vice-president. The membership of the Board
numbered one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one
names. The annual dues were fixed at $25. The as-
sets of the Board were found to be as follows :
1050 shares of stock in the Chamber of
Commerce $96,919 63
Chicago city bonds. IO,ooo oo
Furniture and fixtures _ 6,658 95
Investment in Commercial Building 23,696 82
Cash on hand 8*55842
RECEIPTS.
Initiation fees $17,25000
Annual assessments. 41,275 oo
Interest and miscellaneous 21,957 67
$145,833 82
80,482 67
Cash on hand iq3 16
DISBURSEMENTS.
Current expenses and salaries.. $40,580 84
Chicago city bonds .. 10,00000
Miscellaneous 21,53(1 ^7
$80,675 83
72,117 41
Cash on hand $8,55842
Notwithstanding the disastrous panic which swept
over the country in the fall of 1873, the general trade
and commerce of Chicago during the year 1874 was
satisfactory. While the depression in business was
clearly manifest, the amount of agricultural products
handled, although slightly less in volume than the year
previous, was greater in value. In May of this year,
the Produce Exchange was organized. Its membership
is composed of dealers in the minor agricultural pro-
ducts, such as butter, eggs, poultry, etc. Co-operation
and concert of action in dealing in this class of products,
thus inaugurated, has resulted in the continued and suc-
cessful operation of this Exchange.
The power of the Board, under its by-laws and reg-
ulations, to discipline its members, was confirmed this
year by repeated decisions of the courts.
TRANSPORTATION.— The entering into the city of
the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, in November of this
year, thus opening up a new line of transportation east,
was a subject of much congratulation to those interested
in legitimate competition in rates of freight. As a part
of the history of the transportation question, it may be
as well to mention that it was during this year that a
bill was introduced in Congress providing fo'r the con-
struction of a ship canal from Hennepin, on the Illinois
River, to the Mississippi River. The project has ab-
sorbed a large portion of public attention since that
time.
DAVID W. IRWIN, of the firm of Irwin, Green & Co com-
mission merchants in grain and provisions, is the son of W. P. and
THK HOARD OK TRADE.
Mehitable Irwin, and was born at Sodus, N. Y., mi December 14,
1830. The members of thu Irwin familyarc rare examples of stead-
iness of purpose, as I'miiul in characters i.f sterling integrity and
great talent in a commercial way. His brothers, Theodore, of
I iswcgo, and William 1'., of Albany, N. Y., are men of remarkable
ability and foresight, having begun at the lowest rung of the ladder,
and, through their own exertions, have won their way to the fore-
most rank of business men. and are honored, and respected where-
ever known. They are both at the head of extensive business and
commercial interests. David remained at home, and was engaged in
securing an education and operating in farm produce until 1848,
when he finished his studies by a collegiate course. In 1852, he left
home for Newark, N. [., where he entered the grain trade in the
employ of A. T. lilackman. with whom he remained two years, but
afterward spent some time in Canada as grain-buyer. I luring the
month of December, 1853, he came to Chicago, and purchased all
the old corn he could procure about the city during the following
winter, and extended his operations by buying large quantities in
•nintry, principally in the neighborhood of Morris and Henry,
this State, for which he paid New York currency, as all Western
money was at a discount. This venture proved highly remunera-
tive. He continued in the grain business here until 1858, during
which time he bought and shipped large quantities ot wheat to the
< >suvgo Mills (N. Y.) and other points. Close application to busi-
ness injured his health, and he left the inclement weather of our
lake region for the milder climate of the Hudson Valley. He spent
the winter of 1859-60 at Albany, N. Y., where he bought the greater
part of the Van Rensselaer farm, in connection with his brother
William 1'., and erected an elegant residence, built barns, and im-
proved the property by setting out fruit and ornamental trees. The
brothers also built, for renting, a number of residences, also a line
school-house. In 1862, Mr. Irwin returned to Chicago, and became
an active member of the Board of Trade, of which he is one of the
oldest. lie served as a director and was one of the board of man-
agement for erecting the new lioard of Trade Building, which was
completed in 1885, and has been a local director of the Canadian
Bank of Commerce since its agency was established here. He
is one of the oldest grain commission merchants in this city, and
has successively been a member of the following firms : Blackmail
i\ Irwin. 1 >. W. Irwin & Co., Irwin, Orr & Co., and at present of
Irwin, Green tV Co. The latter tirm is comprised of A. W. Green
and i hailes D. Irwin. Mr. Green has been associated with Mr.
Irwin since 1866. Mr. Irwin has made an enviable record during
his lung careei as a business man, and is self-made in every respect.
II s charities and deeds of benevolence are in keeping with a
Christian heart, and are too numerous to be mentioned in detail.
Mr. Irwin was married cm August j8, 1856, to Miss Harriet L. Nash,
grand-daughter of Judge Byron Green, of Wayne County, N. Y.,
-I the four men who established the Board of Foreign Missions
at \Yilliamstowa, Mass., and a member of Congress during Van
liurcn's administration. They have two children, — Charles D. and
Elizabeth II.
HKNRY II. AI.IIRICII was born in Cass County, Mich., in
1840, and \vas educated in that State, remaining there until 1861.
In that year he joined the Army as private in the 6th Michigan In-
fantry, the first regiment that marched into New Orleans, under
General Benjamin F. Butler, after its capitulation. In 1863, he
received the appointment of hospital steward, but only wore the
caduceus for a short time, being appointed first lieutenant and
regimental quartermaster, serving for some six months as post quar-
termaster at I'ort Hudson, Miss. In 1864, he resigned, and was
then chief clerk for Captain L. W. 1'erce, chief quartermaster for
General W. T. Sherman, during the siege of I'ort Hudson, and who
was district quartermaster at Natchez, Miss. After the close of the
War he occupied the responsible position of paymaster's clerk, and
paid off troops at Springfield, 111., and Indianapolis, I ml. He occu-
pied this position until April i, 1866, when he came to Chicago and
went into the commission business, and was for eleven and a half
years engaged with Wiley M. Egan. He became a member of
the Board of Trade in 1874, and was for two years on each of the
Committees of Arbitration and Appeals. He went into business on
his own account on January I, 1882, and during his whole career
has become thoroughly identified with the energetic and honorable
class of Chicago's business men, retaining the exactitude and probity
that made him a successful paymaster's clerk, and exhibiting those
qualities in all his commercial life. Mr. Aldrich was married, in
1879. to Mrs. K. J. Mackenzie, of Springfield, 111.
JOHN W. IlKi'in-KV cV Co.— This is one ,-^f the leading broker-
age linns cm the Board of Trade. Mr. Hepburn, now the sole
member of the company, was born at Columbus, ( Intario Co., On-
tario. He was educated in Canada and, in i-ioij, moved to Rock-
ford, III.. During his residence- at Rockford, he was, for two or
three years, engaged in the dry goods business; then, for three
years, he was assistant cashier of the People's Bank; and for the
next live years he was with Emerson, Taleott iV Co., agricultural
implement manufacturers. m 1 880, he came to Chicago as confi-
dential clerk for Charles Kay cS: Co.. of Milwaukee, who had an
office al No. 78 I.aSalle street. lie had charge ol their office work
until January I, 1882, when they retired from business in Chicago.
At this time, Mr. Hepburn formed a co-partnership with Charles
H. Smith, under the firm name of Hepburn tV Smith. This firm
continued until April, 1884, when Mr. Smith retired, and Mr. Hep-
burn moved from No. 78 I.aSalle Street to No. 162 Washington
Street, since which time he has been alone in his business.
IsKAU. PARSONS Ri \tsi.\ , of the lirm of Rumsey ..V Buell, com-
mission merchants, is the son of Joseph I-'., and Lucy (Ransom)
Rumsey, and was born at Stafford, ( icncsce ( o., N. Y., on Feb-
ruary 9, 1836. Until he was thirteen years of age, he attended
the district schools, afterward taking a four years' course a! the
Bethany Academy, where he graduated with honors, lie began busi-
ness life at Buffalo, N. Y., with the firm of Howard \ \\hitcomb,
wholesale and retail dry goods, receiving $25 per month anil board
for his first year's work. He remained with the firm until his
twenty-first year, and then came West, with the determination of
making his fortune west of the Mississippi River, and brought up
at Dubuquc, Iowa, where he engaged with the hardware firm of
Hitchcock & Brother. During the panic of 1857, the tirm placed
their stock in the hands of a Mr. Smith, a. relative of his employers,
who discharged several of the employes but retained young Kumsey
at a nominal salary, with the view of holding him until business be-
came settled. His determination to remain West prevented him
from following the many who were daily departing for their Eastern
homes, and for a livelihood he carried a morning delivery of one
of the daily papers. The Gate City, which necessitated him to arise
at one o'clock in the morning and work until six o'clock. Shortly
afterward, Mr. Smith placed the store in his charge, and as mana-
ger he engaged his late employers as clerks. In the following
spring, he was directed to move the stock to Chicago, which he did,
placing it in a building at the corner of Qtiincy and Clark streets,
and subsequently relinquished his position to engage with Flint &
Wheeler, commission merchants, with whom he remained until 1861.
I le was active in the organization of Taylor's Chicago Battery, upon
the first call of President Lincoln for troops, and was elected junioi
second lieutenant. He was present at General Grant's first battle,
at Belmont, Mo., and at Fort Donelson was detailed for staff duty
with General W. II. L. Wallace, with the rank of assistant adjutant-
general. At the battle of Shiloh, he was with General Smith when
that brave officer met his death, and was detailed by General Grant
to accompany the remains to Ottawa, 111. Upon his return to his
command, he was promoted to senior second lieutenant. He par-
ticipated in the operations before Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Mem-
phis, etc., and took part in all of the engagements of General Sher-
man's army until it reached Atlanta, Ga. , during which campaign
he was appointed captain of the battery, which he commanded until
mustered out in 1864. Returning to Chicago, he went into the
commission business with Spruance, Preston & Co., and in the next
year began business of flour brokerage, at No. 92 Washington
Street, which he subsequently changed for that of receiving. Since
1865 he has been engaged in his present line of trade, his connec-
tion with A. C. Buell dating from the year 1882. Mr. Rumsey was
recently elected president of, and has been active in supporting the
work of, the Citizens' League, to which organization he has lent
largely of his influence and means. Mr. Rumsey was married, on
June 15, 1867, to Miss Minnie M. Axtell, of Batavia, N. V. They
have five children, — Juliet L., Lucy M., Henry A., Minnie May
and Wallace D.
WILLIAM R. LINN, was born in March, 1850, in Butler County,
Ohio. When quite young, his parents moved to Terre Haute, Ind.,
where he was educated. He came to Chicago in 1867, and was
for five years employed by Linn c.V Reed, commission merchants,
his father, M. G. Linn, being the senior member of that firm. In
June, 1875, he became a member of the lioard of Trade, and has
since carried on a large general commission business. He is a mem-
ber of the Chicago and Calumet clubs and of the Citizens' League.
< ;KCIKI;I: W. Mt RISI.N was born at Milwaukee, Wis., on Janu-
ary 13, 1853, and received his education at the Milwaukee Academy.
He came to Chicago in 1870, at the age of seventeen years, and
shortly thereafter entered the employ of the First National Bank,
under Lyman J. Gage, with whom he remained eight years. Dur-
ing his relations with this bank, he rose from a very subordinate
station to one of the most responsible positions. On November
10, 1879, the day that General U. S. (Irani came to Chicago, after
his tour around the world, Mr. Murison entered into partnership
with 1''. P. Erskine, under the firm name of Erskine tV Murison,
commission merchants in grain and provisions on the Chicago
Board of Trade. Mr. Krskine had been in partnership with Mr.
Murison's father, the firm then being Murison cV Erskine, which
partnership was dissolved by Mr. Murison's death in 1876. The busi-
ness association of Erskine & Murison continued until May I, 1882,
when it was dissolved by mutual consent, and the firm of' Murison
304
HISTORY OK CHICAGO
>V Mcele formed. This firm lasted until May 1, |>S4. since winch
time Mr. Murison has been alone. He' is one of die keenest and
most alert business men on the Hoard. Although a young man, he
is widely and favorably known throughout commercial circles for his
: and thorough reliability to carry to a successful
completion \vlialc\cr he undertakes. An excellent physique enables
him to endure an amount of exertion and fa'.igur that would inca-
pacitate a less hardy man. and his business ability always turns his
jhl direction, Mr. Murison became a member of
the hoard of Trade in July, I -;<>
I875-
The membership of the Hoard hail increased to one
thousand eight hundred anil llfty-one names. Previous
to the raising of the initiation fee, on March 18, from
§J5o to $1,000, two hundred and fifty-four members
were admitted. The rule allowing the transfer of
memberships subject to the approval of the Hoard, was
adopted, under which one hundred and forty-two trans-
fers occurred. The yearly assessment was fixed at $20.
The assets remained the same.
Is! •('] II' rs.
Initiation fees $63,500 <x>
Annual assessments _. 46,275 oo
Interest and dividends 12, MS 90
Clerks' tickets and miscellaneous ... lS,i(>3 76
Cash on hand January i, 1875.. 8,558 42
08
DISBURSEMENTS.
Current expenses _. $22,405 98
Salaries 14,168 03
Miscellaneous 7,444 10
Extraordinary expenses, attorneys
fees, etc 2 1 ,805 50
1 'aid for stocks and bonds 37, 962 50
Reports, etc 12, 940 89
116,727 oo
Cash on hand, $ 31,889 OS
The year 1875 was full of complaints of hard times,
and there was a stagnation of business, which was the
result of former extravagant expenditures, the undue
pressing of credit, and speculation beyond the limits of
prudence or sound financial economy. The movement
of produce fell off somewhat, and although trade gen-
erally was not so active as formerly, Chicago had its
full share. While the yearly exhibit shows a decrease
of seventeen and one-half per cent, in the volume of
the produce trade as compared with 1874, an increase
of seven and one-half per cent, was gained in the
wholesale trade. The continued increase in speculative
trading, although noteworthy, did not lead to any dis-
astrous corners. The adoption of the rule by the Board
that no member should be disciplined because he re-
fused to pay ficticious damages, had a marked effect
upon attempts to manipulate the markets in this way.
I KS I.. IlrivinxsoN v.-as born at Lynn, Mass., on March
7, 1854, and came West, with his parents, when only two years of
age. He received his education in this city, graduating from the
High School in 1873, and immediately entered upon his business
r with his father, li. I'. Ilutchinson, a Chicago millionaire,
known as one of the leading business men and real-estate own-
ers of this city. Charles I., is the eldest son, and will eventually
eed to his father's varied and important business enterprises'.
,ake him competent to handle such large interests, his busi-
ness training has been as follows : One year in the grain business,
car in the packing house, then he entered his father's banking
•iifully through every department until he became
cashier. lie is a very promising young man, and entirely worthy
— _„ Kinsley,
daughter <>I II. M. Kinsley.
F.HWAKI. S. WASHBUEN, of the Hoard of Trade, is the resi-
dent partner and manager of the Chicago branch of the extensive
\ew York commission lirrn of Field, I.indlcv ,\ Co., bmcrs and
sellers and exporters of grain, (lour and provisions. The house
was established in New York City on May I, 1879, and the Chi-
cago branch opened on the same day. The firm is composed as
follows: (leneral partners, Hdward M . Field, Daniel A. Lindlcy.
Tope C. Tefft, John I1. Truesdell and Kdward S. \Vashburn ; spe-
cial partner, Cyrus YV. Field. Mr. Washburn established his resi-
lience in Chicago in iSSl, and has resided here e,ver since.
Wm-.i.i r.u. GIU.OOUY i\- Co.- -The business of this firm was
started in 1874, by ( >. 11. Roach and William I!. Andrews, at the
same office in which the firm of Wheeler, Gregory >V Co. is at pres-
ent located. The linn was then known as Roach, Andrews i\ Co,
It so continued until iSSl, when J. F. Wheeler and Walt.
Gicgory were admitted to partnership. In 1882, .Mr. Roach re-
tired, and the constituency of the firm was so changed that Messrs.
Wheeler and Gregory became the general members of it, with Mr.
Andrews as special partner, under the firm name of Wheeler.
Gregory <X: Co. The business, which started in 1874 with nothing,
has continually grown, until now it sometimes reaches, in commis-
sions, §12;,(X)<> a year.
iri/liiiiii li. .lin/rc^'i. the special partner of this firm, was
born in 1830, at Winsted, Litchfield Co., Conn., a manufacturing
town, delightfully situated on Mad River, at the outlet of Long
Lake. Here he lived during the first twenty-two years of his life,
and received an excellent common-school education. In 1852, he
went to California, and located at Forest City, establishing himself
there in mercantile business, packing and shipping large quantities
of goods to mining districts. In 1855, he returned to the East, set-
tling in New York City, and becoming employed in the dry goods
Hade. In 1857, he returned to his old home in Connecticut, and
engaged there in the dry goods trade, which he carried on exten-
sively until 1863, when he came West, settling in Quincy, 111., and
carrying on there, exclusively for a few years, the dry goods trade,
but, disposing of the same, engaged in the wholesale grocery busi-
ness. After the great lire of 1871, he sold out his business in
Quincy, and came to Chicago, and by close attention has been more
than ordinarily successful in acquiring a competence.
J. F. ir/u'f/cr, senior member of this firm, was born at
Quincy, 111. His father was John Wheeler a native of Vermont,
who moved West to Quincy in 1834. J. F. Wheeler commenced
business as clerk in his father's dry goods store, at Quincy, at the
age of sixteen, and has been in business ever since. For some
years he was with the firm of Latld, Wheeler & Co., his father as
special partner, after which he went into the dry goods business
with his brother. Then, for some years, he was in the retail, and,
still later, the wholesale grocery business, with William li. Andrews,
special partner of the present firm of Wheeler, Gregory i\; Co. In
1873, he came to Chicago, and, in iSSl, became a member of this
firm. He has been a member of the Board of Trade for about nine
years.
\\~nltfr D. Gregory, junior member of this firm, is a native of
Buffalo, N. Y. His father, Daniel Gregory, left Buffalo and went
to St. Louis, moving to Chicago in 1865. Walter I). Gregory then
attended the city public schools and high school, and, later, the
Chicago University. For some time after leaving the University,
he was clerk for J. M. W. Jones, then bookkeeper for Dugan, Case
cV Spears, from 1872 to 1877. lie was then with H. I). Spears &
Co. one year, and after this was with Crosby \ Co., as trader on
the floor of the Board. In 1881, he became a member of the firm
of Wheeler, Gregory & Co. Mr. Gregory became a member of the
Board of Trade in 1875, and of the Committee of Arbitration in
1882. During 1883, he was second vice-president of the provision,
grain and stock call-board.
JOHN G. BEAZLEY, junior member of the firm of George Stew-
art & Co., was born at Belfast, Ireland, on June 28, 1843. His
father was a custom-house officer at Belfast during the whole of his
active life, and still survives, at the advanced age of eighty-three,
supported by a liberal pension from the British government. 1 1 is
mother's maiden name was Ann Meade. She was the mother of
nine children.- whom she carefully reared in the Episcopal faith.
John G. was the second child, and received a common-school edu-
cation, supplemented by the occasional advantages of private tutors.
He left school at the age of sixteen, and spent a few months in
travel on the Continent. Returning, he entered a law office in
Bellast, intending to study law, but at the end of two years, when
about eighteen years old, chose commercial life in preference, and
entered a business office. In 1868, when twenty-six years old, he-
landed in New York* where he remained for a year and a half, and
then came on to Chicago. I lere, he entered the employ of George
Stewart, his present partner, as his bookkeeper. This was in 1870,
and, after four years' service, a partnership was formed, under the
style of George Stewart \- Co., which still continues. Since 1874,
Mr. Beaxley has been a member of the Board of Trade, and was a
director for three years. Aside from his membership in the Iro-
quois Club, he belongs to no public or private club or institution
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
305
whatever. On June 23, 1874, he was married to Miss Jane A. Fen-
nimore, a Chicago lady, by whom he has had four children, three of
whom still survive, — two daughters and a son.
EDWARD DECUKMIS I.mnwas born at Philadelphia, Penn.,
on December 18, 1840, and is a son of Joseph E. and Rachel
(Pluright) Loud. His father, who is still living, was of the well-
known firm of Loud iV Brother, piano-forte manufacturers of Phila-
delphia. His grandfather, Thomas Loud, while in the British
army, was taken prisoner, and became of age while confined in the
Trenton (ail, during the war of 1812. His mother was a descend-
ant of Caleb Pusey, a partner of William Penn, some of her ances-
tors being refugees to this country from the massacre of St.
Bartholomew ; another branch of the family being the Walravens,
who landed at Plymouth Rock with the Pilgrim fathers. Mr. Loud
arrived his early education at the Episcopal academy at Philadel-
phia, and graduated at the age of seventeen from Saunders's French
Institute of that city. Soon after leaving school, he began the career
to which he has ever since inclined, that of buying grain, which he
continued to within a few months of the spring of 1861, when he
enlisted as a private in the Commonwealth Artillery of Pennsylva-
nia, under Captain James Montgomery, and served until August of
the same year, when he received his discharge. In December,
1861, he was mustered in as first lieutenant of Battery " H," 2d
Pennsylvania Artillery, and was afterward promoted senior first
lieutenant, and subsequently to the command of the battery, and
detailed as instructor of artillery of regiments at the defenses
of Washington, D. C. Later, being on sick leave, he was detailed
as an assistant (in charge of deserters, convalescents and stragglers)
to the provost-marshal of Philadelphia. Regaining his health, he
went to the front in command of his battery, participating in the
battle of Cold Harbor, and the battles at the siege of Petersburg.
On |une 27, 1864, he was taken prisoner in front of Petersburg,
and routined under guard at that place; then removed to Libby
Prison, thence to Lynchburg, Va., thence to Danville, thence to
Charlotte, N. ('., thence to Columbia, S. C., thence to Macon, Ga.,
thence to Savannah, Ga., thence (under a fire of Union guns in the
jail-yard at Charleston, S. C.) to the yellow fever hospital on
Ashley River, thence to Camp Sorghum at Columbia, S. C., and
from there sent north on parole on December 9, 1864, on the steam
transport " Crescent," arriving at Annapolis, Md., about December
16. On June 18, 1865, his term of service having expired, he was
discharged, and the following year was appointed captain and aide-
de-camp of the Fourth Brigade, First Division of the National
Guards of Pennsylvania. He subsequently received the appoint-
ment of major and brigade inspector, and, later, major and assist-
ant adjutant-general of the same brigade, which position he resigned
in December, 1866. His service in the State forces commenced at
the beginning of the year 1876, when he was appointed major and
inspector of the First Brigade, resigning in June of the same year.
In the December following, he was commissioned brigadier general
of the Second Brigade, First Division of the National Guards of
Pennsylvania, and, in July, 1877, was ordered to Pittsburg, to par-
ticipate in quelling the railroad riots, taking a part in all troubles
there and in the coal region. (See report of Committee of Investi-
gation of the Legislature of Pennsylvania.) He resigned his com-
inissitm in August, 1877, and is at present aide-de-camp to the
Commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, is a mem-
ber of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States,
and is ex-president of the Prisoners-of-War Association of Chicago.
Mr. Loud's relations to business have always been of a commercial
nature, he having turned his attention to the grain markets early in
life. In July, 1865, he engaged as a clerk with L. G. Graff & Co.,
of Philadelphia, and, in 1867, was admitted to a partnership in the
concern, and, subsequently, Mr. Graff retiring, the firm was made
Dickson, Loud \- Co. In 1877, Mr. Dickson retiring, Mr. Loud
associated with him Mr. Moore, the firm being Loud & Moore, and
so continued for one year. On the dissolution of this partnership,
he associated himself with Hancock, Grier & Co. , of Philadelphia,
New York and Peoria, remaining with them until March, 1883,
when he opened their branch house in Chicago. In January, 1884,
he went into, and still continues, business alone, making a specialty
of buying car and cargo lots of grain, for Eastern account, in which
particular branch he is one of the heaviest dealers in Chicago. He
is a member of Union Lodge, No. 121, A.F. & A.M., of Philadel-
phia, and of Post No. I, G.A.R., of the same city ; also of Illinois
Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United
States. Mr. Loud was married, on April 8, 1869, to Miss S.
Annie Warden, of Philadelphia, who died -in November, 1876.
Mr. Loud has one child, — Mary W., eleven years of age.
1876.
The number of members reported this year was one
thousand eight hundred and forty-two, and the yearly
assessment was $20, NO new members were initiated,
but there were one hundred and sixty new members
admitted by approved transfers. The assets of the
association amounted to $167,841.16.
RECEIPTS.
From annual assessments. $36,840 oo
Sale of tickets and transfers of mem-
bership .- 19,170 oo
Interest, rents and premiums 17,223 19
$73,233 19
Cash on hand 31,88908
— $105,122 27
DISBURSEMENTS.
Rent, heating and water. — $22,291 73
Salaries, including elevator 19,846 82
Purchase Chicago city certificates - 25,000 oo
Foracct. of Commercial Building 11.324 59
Market reports and telegraphing-. 6,515 32
Incidental expenses and repairs. 3,241 75
Annual reports and miscellaneous. 9,966 06
Cash on hand.
98,186 27
6,936 oo
-$105,122 27
The year's business was more or less affected by the
fact that it was not only the Centennial year, which was
generally observed by making patriotic pilgrimages to
the great exposition at Philadelphia, but that it was the
year for the Presidential election, which invariably has
a disturbing effect upon the finances and business of the
country. Besides this, the embarrassments resulting
from the long depression which had existed in commer-
cial and industrial pursuits, were not yet recovered from,
or the reasons therefor removed. The year's business,
however, was not without its encouragements and favor-
able aspects. There was a falling off in the receipts of
wheat of nearly seven million bushels, but a surprising
increase in corn receipts of eighteen million bushels.
The aggregate receipts of grain and live stock, however,
were greater than in 1875. The wholesale trade was
not equal to that of the last year by four per cent.
The manufacturing interests, outside of the packing
business, also shows a material decline, notwithstanding
the shrinkage in the price of the raw material, and of
labor — wages having fallen off eleven per cent. The
year is noticeable for the fact that the rates of trans-
portation for the greater portion of the time were lower
than ever before. The combination, which existed
among the leading railway lines at the beginning of the
year, came to an untimely end at the opening of lake
navigation, when a war of rates commenced which was
continued with unabated vigor throughout the year.
The nominal rate to New York and other eastern ports,
was 20 cents per 100 pounds on grain and fourth-class
freights, and forty cents per barrel on flour, but even
these unprecedentedly low rates were further reduced at
times to as low as 14 cents per 100 pounds on grain. West-
bound freights were still lower. These extremely low
railway rates so interfered with freights by water that
there was no profit in the lake-carrying interest. Medium
sized vessels were practically forced to abandon the
trade, many of them having remained at their docks the
whole year.
COURT DECISIONS. — -An important question was ad-
judicated by the Circuit Court in regard to the right to
demand relief from suspension, by a member of the
Board, who had been suspended for failure to fulfill
commercial contracts, but who had subsequently applied
for and obtained a discharge in bankruptcy. The court
held that such discharge was not a satisfactory adjust-
ment and settlement of the obligations of the bankrupt
as contemplated by the rules of the Board.
306
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
The question also of the liability of a member's stock
to be levied on for his debts, or to garnishment, wu* also
decided this year, the courts holding that it is not so
liable. The United States District Court hail previously
held that these memberships were not properly liable to
be scheduled by a bankrupt, but a personal franchise.
I \MI s M. BRYANT was born on January I, 1823, near Lam-as-
ter Gamut! Co., Ky. His grandfather, John Bryant, was a Vir-
rinian anil a civil engineer by occupation. John went to Kentucky
in 17*4. "hen that State was a portion of the territory of Virginia,
lie there surveyed and entered two tracts of land, of one thousand
acres each, near I .ancaster, taking patents in the name of his father,
lames who then resided in Culpepper County, Va. John Bryant
"several years afterward made Kentucky his home, and married
Mary, daughter of Thomas Owlsley; he settled on the lands he had
previously entered, and lived there until his death in 1833, from
BRYANT BLOCK.
cholera. His widow, Mary Owlsley Bryant, survived him for many
years. James G. Bryant, the father of James M., and the latter,
were born on the lands above mentioned. In the brief biographical
sketch given of James M. Bryant, on page 334, volume II, of this
1 1 istory, some chronological errors occurred. The year of Bryant &
McCampbell's heaviest business transaction was given as 1853-54,
when it should have specified the period as being from July, 1880,
to July, 1881. The date of the building of the Bryant Block
should be 1872, instead of 1865, and the name of Mr. Bryant's first
wife was Sarah \V. Leavell, in lieu of Leavitt. James M . Bryant may
properly be placed with the leading merchants of this or any former
age; with the aid of telegraph his business has swelled to an amount
seemingly fabulous. He has perfect health, a strong physical frame,
and his main characteristics are indomitable energy, order, quick-
ness of perception, and readiness to execute. He is always driving
his business, and not waiting to be driven by it. The order and
smooth movements of his firm's vast trade are due to his execu-
tive ability. Mr. Bryant spent his youth in Kentucky until he was
thirty years of age, coming to Chicago as early as 1854, when the
population was about 75,000. Being of a retiring disposition and
a hard worker, he has not sought to make a very large circle of ac-
quaintances.
KHSVAKII \V. BAII.KY was born at Elmore, Lamoille Co., Vt.,
(in August 31, 1843. \\hen quite young, his father moved into
the immediate vicinity of Montpelier, where he received his educa-
tion. He was the youngest of a family of seven children, and it
fell to his lot, after the rest were all married and settled in business,
to care for his aged parents. Ilo left school at seventeen and took
charge of the farm, where he remained until he was twenty-live.
His father was a man of considerable means, and held several im-
portant otliccs in the county, but, meeting with a severe hurt by an
of the following year, when he bought a feed-mill and elevator, and
the linn added grain and the feed business. In the fall of 1877,
Mr Hailcv sold' out the grocery business to his partner, and bought
out II Taft & Co.'l grain interest, adding to it his own. By this
operation he controlled the grain trade and nulling of Montpelier,
and did a very prosperous trade, putting him in control of the
eastern branch of the business, which lie still manages. He em-
ployed I.. U. Taft, the son of D. Taft whom he bought out, as his
bookkeeper, and on January I, iSSo, took him in as partner. In
June 1879, Mr. Bailey came to Chicago, and opened a gram com-
mission house with V. W. Bullock, of Burlington, Iowa, under the
linn name of Bailey, Bullock \ Co. On July I, 1882, Bailey, Bul-
lock & Co. dissolved partnership, and since then the firm is known
as E. \V. Bailey & Co. Mr. Bailey became a member of the Board
of Trade in 1879. In May, 1869, Mr. Bailey was married to
Miss Jennie Carter of Montpelier, Vt. They have two children,
— George C. and Mary B.
Dun. i! r & GILLETTE. — This firm, consisting of J. II.
Dwight and T. F. Gillette, was formed in 1874. Previous to
that year, Mr. Dwight had been a member of the firm of D.
L. Quirk & Co., joining the firm in 1859, and remaining a
member of it, most of the time, until entering into partnership
with Mr. Gillette. Mr. Gillette became a member of the firm
of A. E. Kent & Co., in 1859, and was continuously with it
untifiS72. Dwight & Gillette at first located in the Board of
Trade Building, where they remained about two years, when
they removed to their present office in the Merchants' Building.
They deal in grain and provisions, and their business lias so
increased that they are now one of the largest commission firms
on the Board of Trade.
John II. Dwiglit was born in April, 1835, at Jackson,
Mich., where his father carried on a general store. He came
to Chicago in January, 1856, and was for some time employed
in the Chicago Bank of I. II. Birch & Co. In 1858, he was
employed by I). L. Quirk & Co., for six months, when he was
admitted to partnership. In 1860, Asa Dow became a mem-
ber, and the style of the firm was changed to Dow, Quirk .X:
Co. In 1868, Mr. Dwight severed his connection with this
house, and joined Charles G. Cooley, under the name of Cooley
& Dwight. In 1872, the firm name was changed to Cooley,
Dwight & Gillette, Mr. Gillette being admitted. In 1874, Mr.
Cooley retired and the firm then became Dwight & Gillette.
Mr. Uwight has been a member of the Board of Trade since
1858. lie has served on its various committees, has been
second and first vice-president, and was president in 1880.
/. /•'. GillJtc was born at Suffield, Conn., in 1832. As a
business man, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits until he
came to Chicago in 1856. Here, he was employed for some
time as bookkeeper by a dry goods house, and in 1859 joined
A. E. Kent & Co. In this year he also became a member of
the Board'of Trade, and has since held various offices on com-
mittees. In 1872, he associated himself with John II. Dwight,
as junior member of the firm of Dwight & Gillette.
ANTHONY BROWNK, commission merchant, was born at Liver-
pool, England, on June 6, 1858. During his youth he studied at
Stonyhurst College, in Lancashire, and then entered into a grain
commission house at Liverpool, where he served his time in a cleri-
cal capacity. In 1879, he came to Chicago, and secured a position
with a commission house, which he retained until launching out
into business on his own account. In iSSi, the firm of Stuart &
Browne began business as general commission merchants in grain
and provisions, and they continued in partnership relations until
October, 1884, when Mr. Stuart withdrew. Mr. Browne continued
under the style and title of Anthony Browne & Co. Having de-
voted his entire life to the business with which he is connected, Mr.
Browne is thoroughly acquainted with the modus operandi of the
Board of Trade, 'of which he has always been a member since com-
ing to this city. Mr. Browne does a general commission and option
business, and, from the first, has carried a large list of customers
on his books. He is a resident of Kenwood, and is a member of
the Union League, Washington Park and Kenwood clubs.
1877.
At the annual meeting of 1877, the number of
members reported was one thousand eight hundred and
thirty-one. A few memberships were forfeited for non-
payment of assessments. The annual assessment was
continued at $20. There were two hundred and
six transfers of memberships, but no initiations. The
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
307
assets of the Board, not including furniture and fixtures,
were $176,903.59.
RECEIPTS.
For annual assessments $36,620 oo
Clerks' and visitors' tickets. 21,610 oo
Transfer of memberships. . 2,060 oo
Cash on hand — . 6,936 oo
Interest, dividends, rents
and fines 18,869 15
ized. The shrinkage in values (incident to the appre-
ciation of the currency), in nearly all descriptions of
property, rendered investments uninviting, while labor
$86,095 15
DISBURSEMENTS.
Kent, heating and water.- $21,980 27
Salaries and elevator - 20,392 45
Reports and repairs 12,916 04
Legal, expenses 4,822 34
Miscellaneous 8,275 --
Paid for city 7 per cents 15,000 oo
Cash on hand 2,708 83
$86,095 15
The year, as affecting trade and commerce, was dis-
tinguished by many remarkable events. Among these
were the Turco-Russian war, the unprecedented fall
of rain and spell of bad weather during the fall
-o
was far in excess of the demand for its employment.
The agricultural products of the country, however, were
fair and of better quality than those of the previous
year. In these the trade was large, and prices reason-
ably satisfactory. There was a falling off in the re-
ceipts of wheat of over two million bushels, and of corn
of nearly one million bushels. The aggregate receipts
of live stock, also, were less than in 1876.
TRANSPORTATION. — Railway freights
east were more uniform, but higher, than
in 1876. The lowest rate on grain from
Chicago to New York was 30 cents, and
the highest 40 cents per 100 pounds. Rates
on wheat by lake to Buffalo, and thence
by rail to New York, averaged four cents
per bushel higher than in 1876. Lake
freights were also higher, and the move-
ments of grain by water routes were very
much larger.
LEOPOLD BRAUNS, the senior member of the
commission firm of Brauns & Rinehart, was born
in Hanover, Germany, on March 16, 1831. He is
the son of Ferdinand Brauns, a Lutheran minister,
and received a good education in his native country
before coming to America. In 1853, he landed in
New York, and soon after obtained a situation as
clerk and bookkeeper in a large importing house,
which he retained for three years. He came to
Chicago in 1856, and kept books a year for Gers-
tenberg & Westermann, dealers in fancy goods and
toys. Having command of a fair capital, he formed
a co-partnership with his brother, G. Brauns, and
opened a general store at Crete, Will Co., 111.,
doing business as I.. & G. Brauns until 1861. In
this venture, both brothers lost everything they
had, and came back to Chicago without a dollar.
A friend loaned Leopold $80, to be returned if he
succeeded, to be his own if he failed; and he went
into the grain commission business on West Ran-
dolph Street. Despite his misfortunes he had made
many country friends ; they gave him their patron-
age, and he prospered. In 1862, he took Nelson
W. Hewes into partnership, under the name of
Hewes & Brauns, and moved over the river, to the
old Wigwam building. They did a profitable
business up to 1875, when George F. Rinehart, a
prosperous grain-buyer at Blackberry, 111., entered
the firm and added the "Co." to the firm name.
In 1877, Mr. Hewes withdrew and the firm has
since done business as Brauns & Rinehart. They
are doing a general produce commission business of
about $300,000 a year. The fire of 1871 was a
severe blow to the house, then Hewes & Brauns,
at No. 133 South Water Street, and they came out
several thousand dollars in debt. Their loss on
goods held on consignment alone was over $22,000
months, and the great railroad Strike in July. This Twenty-two thousand pounds of butter, in their cellars, added to
latter event paralyzed for a time the industries of the the violence of the fire. Nevertheless, they resumed business
country, clogged the wheels of transportation besides before the embers were fairly cold, and paid dollar for dollar on
involving the destruction of large amounts of property. § *nd whet o^t,^"" tr",,™ '' t' may" bT fu±
t was in tact a year of hesitation, timidity, distrust and regarded thereafter as "pure gold." Mr. Brauns has been a mem-
failures, especially of banking institutions; and the res- ber of the Board of Trade since 1861. In 1869, he took his whole
toration of business activity and commercial prosperity Iam'1y back to the old home in Hanover, and spent five months
which so manv had hoped for, was far from beinsr real- amons,th? scen?s of, ,t,heir. vPut!>- Mr- 1!rau»s is "°t a politician,
nor ambitious of worldly distinction, and, except in a few instances,
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
has never accepted ofF.ce at the hands of his fellow-citi/ens. He
resides in Lake View, and is president of the Concordia Cemetery
t uiup.my. lie is a member of the Lutheran Church. He was
married on April 8, 1858, to Miss Emma Schilling, of Racl/linger,
near the city of Celle, Hanover. Six children have been born to
them, Minna, Anna, Kmina, Herman, Martin anil Leopold.
|. S. I'I.IKONNKI \ Cu. — This business was established in
1864, by the brothers J. S. and \V. !•'. 1'eironnet, who conducted
for years the largest ami most extensive business on 'Change. They
passed through all corners, tire, and panics with reputation, re-
sponsibility, and credit unimpaired and second to none in the busi-
ness. They stand to-day as during the past- twenty-one years, a
pretty good guarantee as to their qualifications and their future.
They have always been active supporters of all measures and regu-
lations which have been brought forward for the permanent welfare
and benefit of the Hoard of Trade, and are very highly esteemed
by their fellow-members in consequence of their executive ability
and indexible integrity. Purchases and sales are made for
cash or on margin. All transactions effected through this trust-
worthy and responsible house are bona-fide purchases or sales, made
through the Hoard of Trade and by the strict rules which govern
it. The characteristics which regulate the business policy of this
house are such as to entitle it to universal consideration, and the
extent of its operations has made this firm a prominent one in Chi-
The influence exercised by this house on the commission
trade has been of the most salutary and useful character, and
those interested in establishing relations with it may depend on re-
ceiving prompt and liberal treatment, and such marked advantages
as can with difficulty be duplicated elsewhere in the Western
metropolis.
/ain,-s S. I'cinwnft was born at Hinghamton, N. Y., on
October 9, 1841. His parents were John S. and Mary I'ieronnet.
Mr. 1'eironnet attended the district school in his native place until
fourteen years of age, when, with his parents, he removed to 1'eru,
111., where five more years were added to his school life. Closing
his studies at Peru, he entered one of the commercial colleges of
Chicago, from which he graduated in 1861. After graduating, Mr.
I'eironnet engaged in the lumber business at Peru, continuing for
two years, when he again came to Chicago and began business
under the firm title of J. S. Peironnet & Co. Mr. Peironnet was
married on February 18, 1873, to Miss Fannie S. Baker, of Chi-
cago. He has four sons, — Clarence, George, Fred and Lance.
Since 1878, Mr. Peironnet has resided at Wheaton, 111.
CHRISTOPH lirxai: is a heavy dealer in grains, provisions,
coal and wood, and an old and prominent member of the Board of
Trade. He was born in the village of Eizen, province of Hanover,
Prussia, on July 27, 1836. His father's surname was Henry, and
his mother's maiden name was Catherine Lapau; eight sons and
three daughters were the result of their union. Christoph received
his education in the religious schools of his native country. At the
age of fifteen he left home to battle with the world for himself, and
engaged his services to a farmer as a common hand, which vocation
he followed until 1860, when he took passage for America, and
came directly to Chicago. His first work in this country was for
Philip Bohlander, a prominent and well-known pioneer of Cook
County, who, at that time, was engaged in farming near the city.
By untiring industry and economy he was enabled, in the spring of
1864, to start a small flour and feed store at No. 608 West Lake
Street, in which business he is engaged at the present time, having
added a coal and wood yard in connection therewith. In the spring
of 1875, he purchased a one hundred feet front at No. 616 West
Lake Street, his present location, so that he might have better facili-
ties for his fast increasing business. He erected a large and com-
modious warehouse, as well as coal-sheds and other necessary out-
buildings to accelerate his enterprises. In 1870, he became a mem-
ber of the Board of Trade, with which he has retained his connection
ever since. He is a strictly cash operator and never deals in op-
tions. He is a member of Union Park Lodge, No. 610, A.F.& A
M.; York Chapter, No. 148, R.A.M.; and of St. Bernard Coml
mandery, No. 35, K.T. He is also a member, of ten years' stand-
ing, of the Chicago-avenue Congregational Church; has been a
member of the board of trustees for seven years, serving one year
as chairman. Mr. Bunge was married, in this city, in April, 1863,
to Miss Dora Darger. They have three children,— Emma, who
acts as bookkeeper and manager of her father's business; Albert J.,
who attends to all the outside transactions in connection therewith;
and Gustav, who is at the present time at West Division High
School, completing his education.
IlKNkv I). WAKNER, of the firm of H. D. Warner & Co., was
born at Montrose, Penn. In July, 1857, at the age of twenty, he
came to this city, and was engaged in the insurance business for
two years. In 1860, he entered the employ of Jones \ Culbertson,
and, later, of Culbertson, lilair & Co., with whom he continued
until in 1876. In the latter year, he opened business on his own
account in room No. 3, Chamber of Commerce, where he remained
until 1882, when he formed a partnership with W. H. Sterling,
under the firm name of H. I). Warner & Co., and removed to No.
123 I.aSalle Street. In 1883, F. R. Warner was admitted to part-
nership, the firm name remaining unchanged. In the spring of
1884, an office was taken in the Calumet Building. With the ex-
ception of fluctuations incident to the general state of business
throughout the country, the operations of this firm have steadily in-
creased until they will bear a favorable comparison with other houses
in the same line.
I'l UK KKSSLER was born in France, on February 25, 1820,
where he spent his childhood and received his education. When
seventeen years old he left home to learn the miller's trade. In
1842, he came to America, landing at New York City in July of
that year. He worked at his trade, fora time, at Lockport, N. Y.,
and then went to Dutchess County, and, in connection with a part-
ner, engaged in the milling business, but at the end of eight months,
financial trouble compelled them to give up the enterprise. In 1849,
he came to Chicago. Immediately on his arrival he was employed
by K. II. Hadduck & Co., who, at that time, owned and operated
the old Marine Mills, located at the foot of Wabash Avenue, which
were swept away by the fire of 1871. He remained with that linn
for three years, and then managed the old Washington Hotel on
Randolph Street. At the end of one year, becoming tired of the
honors of "mine host," and being in the good graces of Mayor
( irav, he went on the police force for one year. In 1856, he moved to
St. Charles, on the Fox River, and engaged in milling with Robert
Haines, under the firm name of Ilaines iV Kessler. At the end of
twelve months, the partnership was dissolved, Robert Ilaines retain-
ing the business and Mr. Kessler returning to Chicago. In the
fall of 1858, he started in his present line of trade, which he has
successfully carried on ever since. He became a member of the
Board of Trade in 1859, being one of the oldest living members.
He relates many amusing and interesting incidents of operations
c'li the same. Mr. Kessler was married, in 1858, to Miss Mary K.
Colson, of St. Charles. They have three children, — John, George
and Madeline.
1878.
This year, the assets of the association remained
nearly the same. The membership at the close of 1877,
had been reduced by death (seventeen), and by losses
for non-payment of the annual assessment, to one
thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine.
The revenues of the Board for 1878, were $10,000
less than for the preceding year, arising mostly from
decreased payments for admission tickets, while the
current expenses were increased about $2,500, as will
be seen by the following table :
RECEIPTS.
From annual assessments $35,9800x3
Admission tickets. _ 14,850 oo
Transfers of membership 140 1,400 oo
Interest, dividends and rents 16,558 15
Cash on hand.. 2,708 83
DISBURSEMENTS.
Rent, heating and water $21,722 56
Salaries and elevator expenses 22,377 59
Market reports and telegraphing 7,394 79
Annual report and repairs 7,095 91
Stationery and printing 1,23098
Legal expenses 4,55865
Miscellaneous. 3,090 56
Commercial Building expenses 3,585 17
Cash on hand-. 440 77
$71,496 98
$71,49° 98
With the year 1878, came the revival of business, and
the cry of hard times, which had prevailed for so many
years, was heard no longer. Unparalleled activity in
the movement of farm products, especially, was a con-
spicuous feature of the year's business, the receipts of
nearly every leading item being largely in excess of any
previous year in the city's history. In grain (flour re-
duced to wheat) the receipts aggregated 134,086,595
bushels, being nearly 40,000,000 bushels in excess of
those of 1877, and over thirty-five per cent, larger than
those of 1873, in which year they were greater than any
other. The trade in corn also assumed a magnitude so
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
far beyond any previous year that the proportion was
somewhat startling. The receipts aggregated 63,65 1,5 1 8
bushels, nearly 15,000,000 bushels in excess of any
former year. I n hogs, also, there was a marked increase,
the receipts for the year having amounted to the enor-
mous number of 6,442,166, an increase of fifty percent,
over 1877, and forty per cent, larger than any previous
year. Prices, however, ruled extremely low, yet as
nearly everything the farmer required to purchase had
also declined in price, the exchangeable value was nearly
maintained. There was also a large increase in the vol-
ume of the mercantile business of the city. The whole-
sale trade was extremely active, and a general feeling
of encouragement was apparent in all commercial
circles.
The condition of our foreign trade was also de-
cidedly improved. The balance sheet for 1873, was
$65,000,000 against us, while that of 1878, was over
$262,000,000 in our favor. The direct export trade
was 602,018 tons as against 309,185 tons in 1877, the
increase being marked in flour, wheat, corn, hog pro-
ducts, butter and cheese, and seeds.
TRANSPORTATION. — Freight rates eastward during
the year ruled low with small fluctuations. All rail rates
to New York ranged between twenty and forty cents per
100 pounds on grain. Lake freights averaged lower
than in 1877. The water-route is undoubtedly what
gives Chicago the great advantage in handling the pro-
duce of the Northwest. By this line its dealers were
enabled this year to transport wheat to New York City
at a cost of six and three-quarters cents per bushel.
While railways are invaluable auxiliaries to water lines,
the latter will continue to regulate the rates of freight.
INSPECTION. — A reorganization of the inspection of
provisions was effected this year, by consolidating under
one head the whole official inspection in this market.
A system for the registration of all warehouse receipts
for provisions delivered on contract by members of the
association, was also established. A system of inspect-
ing flour by grade was likewise founded.
FRANK DRAKE, assessor of the Town of South Chicago for the
past seven years, was born at Elba, Genesee Co., N. Y., on July
12, 1827. He was educated at the Gary Collegiate Institute, in the
vicinity of his birthplace, and then remained at home, farming and
teaching school, until October 17, 1848, when he went to Unadilla,
Mich., and took charge of a school. In the spring of 1849, he es-
tablished a nursery at Stockbridge, Mich. After traveling for C.
II. McCormick and others, he settled at Racine, Wis.. in 1852, and
there kept a nursery for ten years. While living at Racine, he was
elected town clerk and treasurer of the Racine County Agricultural
Society during three successive years, and was the republican nom-
inee for the Wisconsin Legislature, but was defeated by only a few
votes. In 1862, he came to Chicago, but did not bring his family
here until two years later. He became a member of the Board of
Trade, and -was engaged in the grain and produce business until
1879, when he was elected assessor of the Town of South Chicago ;
and the voters of that town have continued to reward his ability
and integrity, by re-electing him to that important and responsible
position for the six successive years. In July, 1883, he was ap-
pointed chief State grain inspector by Governor J. M. Hamilton;
he served one term of two years, giving entire satisfaction and re-
ceiving the hearty approbation of all the business interests con-
nected with the department. In 1855, Mr, Drake married Rebecca
C. Stone, of Rochester, N. Y. Mrs. Drake died on September 5,
1885, leaving two children, — Lula M. Raymond and Frank S.
Drake.
CHARLES H. G. MIXER came to Chicago in February, 1859,
and went into the grain and commission trade, and at the same time
became a member of the Board of Trade. He has since remained
continuously in that business and in his membership, and in both
relations, has conscientiously earned, and enjoys, a reputation for
probity and scrupulous fidelity to commercial transactions second to
none. He is conservative in his operations, but when once he has
entered upon any enterprise, he may be relied upon to fulfill every
iota of his agreement. The stability and energy of the men from
Maine flows in his veins, he having been born in Saco, Me., in
1833. He was taken by his parents to Massachusetts when but
four years old, where he remained, and received his business educa-
tion and early mercantile experience until 1859. In 1859, ne was
married to Miss Annie Edgerly. They have two children, — Mary
A. and Charles T.
Z. R. CARTER & Co., wholesale grain and hay, is composed
of two brothers, Zina R. and James B. Carter.
Zina A'. Cart.-r, tjie founder of the business, was born in Jef-
ferson County, N. Y., on October 23, 1846, and was the eldest of
a family composed of three sons and one daughter. His father,
lienajah Carter, who was married in early life to Miss Isabelle
Cole, was a lover of the water, and followed the lakes for years as
a captain of a vessel in which he owned a one-half interest, and
which floated under the firm name of E. J. Merrick & Co. While
lying in this port, in 1855, he was taken suddenly ill with the ty-
phoid fever, from which, after several weeks of intense suffering,
he died. He was a distinguished Mason, and was buried with the
honors of that order. ' The widow, accompanied by Zina and the rest
of the family, removed to this State in the spring of 1864, and set-
tled on a farm near Wheaton, twenty-five miles west of Chicago.
In his twentieth year he commenced farming for himself, which
business he followed until the fall of 1871, when he came to Chi-
cago and started a grocery store, connecting with the same a small
flour and feed business, on the corner of Polk and Desplaines
streets. He remained there for six years, during which he associ-
ated with himself his brother James, as a partner. The grocery
was finally disposed of, the firm retaining the grain and hay busi-
ness, which has rapidly grown under their efficient management
from a small retail house to one of the leading wholesale establish-
ments of the kind in the city. During 1884, they did a business of
over $350,000. Zina R. became a member of the Board of Trade
in 1872. His operations on 'Change are conducted on strictly cash
principles, and he never deals in options. He was married in this
city, on December 9, 1868, to Miss Mary L. Wheaton, by whom
he had one child, Helen. Was married again, in 1878, to Emma
A. Dennis, by whom he has had two children, — Mildred and Roscoe.
James B. Carter, the junior member of the firm, came West
with the rest of the family. He remained on the homestead, at
Wheaton, until 1868, when he came to this city and entered into
partnership with his brother. He was born on October 16, 1849,
and received nothing but a common school education, as is also the
case with Zina R. By honorable and upright dealings, un-
tiring industry and perseverance, these brothers have risen from
poor farmer boys to an enviable place in the business circles of this
great city and have amassed a handsome fortune. Mr. Carter was
married on December 29, 1873, to Emma Chambers; they have
three children, — Edith, Anna and Nettie.
GILBERT MONTAGUE, of the firm of G. Montague & Co., re-
ceivers and exporters of flour and grain, is a son of Simeon and
Sybil Montague, and was born at Montague, Berkshire Co., Mass.,
on November 24, 1835. His advantages for an education, during
his earlier years, were meagre, but he found many opportunities
for improvement in after years, and managed to secure more than
ordinary cultivation before he reached his majority. At ten years
of age, he began business life, as an office boy, in the wholesale
shoe manufactory of E. A. Forbush, Ashland, Mass., with whom
he remained two years, spending his vacations in study. Going to
Boston, he worked one year in the retail grocery house of Andrew
Hutchinson, and then entered the employ of Stratton & Ayers,
wholesale grocers, and from the duties of office boy was advanced
to the position of salesman and buyer during the six years he re-
mained with that firm. After conducting a retail grocery business
on Pleasant Street for one year, on his own account, he sold out,
and went to New York, and engaged with the wholesale boot and
shoe house of A. B. Meeker, on Dey Street, where he was given
charge of the stock within three months from the date of his en-
gagement. This firm failed during the fall of that year, and he
was employed by Thayer & Thorp, receivers of provisions, etc., and
shortly afterward was sent to New Orleans as their agent, and ope-
rated there, in their behalf, fora number of months. On his re-
turn to New York, he was appointed receiver for the firm, and in
1863, formed a partnership with Gorham F. Baker, under the firm
name of Baker & Montague, and conducted the same line of busi-
ness. In the spring of 1871, he came to this city in the interest
of his firm, and upon heavy loss, incident with the great fire, the
3io
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
lirm was dissolved. With the revival of business in Chicago after
the tire, he formed a connection with Charles A. Gump .V Co., and
controlled the commission department of the tirm three years,
when he retired and associated himself with John Merlon, in the
commission business, under the linn name of Montague .\ Merlon,
at No- 36 " I aSalle Streel. At the end of three year- M r. Mcr-
ton retired, and was succeeded liy II. II. Tolman. The firm of
Mom.;.;!. S Polmail conducted business four years at No. 164
Randolph Street, when he purchased Mr. Tolman's inieresi and
continued that interest under the name of G. .Montague & Co.,
and in May, iSSj, removed to his present localion, Nos. (> and 8
Sherman Street. This house does the largest exclusive commission
(lour and grain trade in the West, and does an immense exporting
and receiving business. Mr. Montague was the lirsl Masler Ma-
lised in Lakeside Lodge, No. 739, A.F. \ A.M., of this city,
after it received its dispensation, and was ihe fourth master of that
lodge; he is also a member of Chicago Chapter, No. 127, R.A.M.,
and was the lirst to receive the order- of Knigjithoocl in Chevalier
IJayard Commandery, No. 52, K.T. Me is also a member of the
Indiana Chili. Mr. Montague was married, on April 6, 1859, to
Mi-- I.ydia A. Thayer. of Concord, Mass.; she died on July 15,
is;,,, leaving one daughter, I.ydia S. lie married his present wife,
Miss KUlora A. Met lee, daughter of G. A. \V. McGee, of Wauke-
gan, on July 21,1
I!. ('.. FISHKR is the son of John and Mary (I.yon) Fisher, and
was born in Brooklyn, Jackson Co., Mich., in 1850. He attended
the public schools in Jackson until he was seventeen years of age,
and then entered the employ of Hennett, Knickerbocker & Co., of
lack-on, and with them learned the milling business. He remained
there four years, when, in 1871, their mills at that place having
been destroyed by lire, he removed to Albion, Mich., and became
resident manager of the linn's extensive flouring-mills there. This
position he filled for nine years, when he came to Chicago, and
as-ociatiiig himself with II. I'. Aldrich and II. Milne, tinder the
lirm name of Aldrich, Milne iV Co., commenced the grain business
at No. 156 Washington Street. The following year, Mr. Milne
retired, and, in 1884, Mr. Aldrich withdrew, and Mr. J. W. Hob-
son became a special partner, the tirm name being changed to
li. G. Fisher & Co. Upon the completion of the new Board of
Trade Building, the firm moved to their present quarters in the
Counselman Building. Mr. Fisher has been a member of the
Hoard of Trade since 1880, and has the credit of having made the
first trade in wheat upon the floor of its new building. He was
married to Carrie, only daughter of S. V. Irwin, president of the
First National Bank of Albion, Mich., on May 20, 1875, and has
a daughter, Genevieve, aged six years.
1879.
The election for president this year was an exciting
one, and the vote, 1,117, was tne largest ever polled.
The regular ticket was defeated by a " reform " ticket,
headed by Asa Dow; he receiving 673 votes, was elected
president. Henry W. Rogers, Jr., was elected vice-
president, Mr. Randolph was continued in the secre-
taryship, and C. J. Blair was appointed treasurer.
The roll of members numbered one thousand
seven hundred and ninety-seven. There were two
hundred and sixty-seven memberships transferred, and
ten deaths. The assets of the Board, although some of
the investments were changed, remained about the
same : $172,502.31.
The authority conferred on the directory to issue
clerks' tickets to the exchange-room having been with-
drawn, there was a falling off of the year's revenue on
this account of $8,600. The receipts and disburse-
ments for the year were as follows:
RECEIPTS.
From annual assessments, $20 each $35, 940 oo
Visitors' tickets 5,845 °°
Kent and premiums on sample tables
and drawers - 6,115 °°
Transfers of memberships, §ioeach 2,670 oo
Inicrcsts and dividends- 10,670 OI
Miscellaneous.. 436 95
Saleof loo shares ( ,iV A. U.K. stock 9,487 50
Cash on hand 440 77
$71,605 23
DISBURSEMENTS.
Rent, heating and water $21,568 73
Salaries and running elevator 22,163 5"
Market reports and telegraphing 6,131 10
Legal expenses 2,342 30
Expenses of Commercial Building 3,495 13
Purchase of Cook County bonds. 5,000 oo
Miscellaneous, stationery, printing,
taxes, etc 6,873 60
Cash on hand 4,03087
$71,605 23
Encouraging as was the commercial exhibit of Chi-
cago in 1878, that for 1879 was still more gratifying.
A feeling of confidence was manifested, which imparted
activity and strength to every department of business.
The resumption of specie payment, as provided by
law, on January i, had been watched by many with dis-
trustful forebodings. The uncertainty regarding its
success as a financial measure had the effect of with-
holding capital from investment and unsettling busi-
ness enterprises in a marked degree. Many able
financiers doubted the practicability of the policy, and
referred to the example of Great Britain in 1818, in its
prolonged effort to achieve a similar result, as a warning
to the United States. The great banking interests of
the country, however, stood firmly in favor of resump-
tion, as did the friends of "honest money" everywhere.
The day came, and to the surprise of even the warmest
supporters of the policy, there was scarcely a ripple on
the surface to distinguish it from an ordinary day of
bank transactions. From that time capital began to
seek for profitable investment. New industries were
established, and improvements in every direction were
inaugurated. Indeed, there was very soon a tendency
developed to run into the other extreme of undue trad-
ing and speculation, the disastrous effects of which, in
many instances, were felt in after years.
The agricultural products of the year afforded an
average yield, and in some localities were exceptionally
large. The increased demand, in consequence of the
revival of business, and of the partial failure of crops
in some portions of Europe, created an active market
all through the year. The grain receipts, large as they
were in 1878, were greatly exceeded by those of 1879.
The receipts of corn also were in excess of 1878, the
crop for that year having been the largest ever produced
in the country. The product in Illinois, was estimated
by the State agricultural department to be 305,913,377
bushels, against 251,149,230 in 1878. In lumber, also,
the receipts were largely in excess of any other year.
The shipments of produce from Chicago to Europe on
through bills of lading, increased twenty-seven per cent,
over 1878, reaching the large amount of 768,153 tons,
valued at $45,000,000.
INSPECTION. — The rules governing the inspection
of flour were amended, by the establishment of two
grades of super and two grades of extra flour. The
fees for inspecting and branding were fixed at two
cents a barrel and one cent a sack.
The State Board of Railroad and Warehouse Com-
missioners also revised their rules for the inspection of
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
grain, to go into effect on December 31. Among others,
the following rules were adopted :
"All persons inspecting grain under the direction of the chief
inspector shall in no case make the grade of grain above that of the
poorest quality found in any lot of grain, when it has evidently been
mixed or doctored for the purpose of deception.
"All persons employed in the inspection of grain shall report
all attempts to defraud the system of grain inspection as established
by law. They shall also report to the chief inspector, in writing, all
instances where warehousemen deliver, or attempt to deliver, grain
of a lower grade than that called for by the warehouse receipt.
They shall also report all attempts of receivers or shippers of grain
to instruct or in anyway influence the action or opinion of .the
inspector, and the chief inspector shall report all such cases to the
commissioners. "
JOHN J. UK v ANT was born at Elizabeth, N. J. After leaving
school, he went to the City of New York, where, for about a year, he
was in the employ of II. B. Claflin & Co., wholesale dry goods
merchants. Leaving them in 1864, he served until the close of the
\Var in the gth New Jersey Volunteers. In May, 1871, he came to
Chicago, and for two years represented the Elliptic Sewing Machine
Company, as their general agent. In January, 1873, he entered
the employ of G. P. Comstock & Co., commission merchants,
with whom he remained until early in 1875, when he estab-
lished the firm of J. J. Bryant & Co., commission merchants and
receivers and shippers of grain. He is an active and enterprising
business man, and has, by his energy and ability, built up a large
trade. His present partner is George II. Mendsen. Mr. Bryant
has been a member of the Board of Trade since January,i872,
and in January 1883 was elected a member of its board of directors.
FRANK (',. LOGAN is a native of Wayne County, N. Y., where
he was educated. At the age of nineteen years, he came West, lo-
cating in Chicago in November, 1870. For over five years, he was
employed in the dry-goods business, and in the spring- of 1876
entered the employ of 1). Elwell & Co., grain commission mer-
chants, remaining with them until in October, 1877, when he
established the firm of F. G. Logan & Co., brokers and commission
merchants. His partner is Frank K. Dunn. Mr. Logan became
a member of the Board of Trade in October, 1877, and in 1884
was elected a member of its Committee of Arbitration. He was
also for some years a member of the Chicago Open Board of Trade,
and a member of its Board of Directors for about three years. He
has been very successful in his operations, and by untiring push
and enterprise has built up a large business.
MICHAEL COXSIIHXK was born in County Clare, Ireland, on
December 23, 1834, and is the son of Michael and Susan (O'Gor-
man) Considine. He attended the common schools of his native
country until he arrived at the age of sixteen, when he left school,
to work on a farm. He soon after sailed for America, and landed
at New York on May 14, 1853; thence he went to Princeton,
N. J., and worked for a farmer a short time. He came to Chicago
during the same year, and, after travelling through the Northwest,
returned to this city, and obtained employment with a farmer in the
suburbs, where he worked for two months, and then sought and
secured a position with Frisby Bros, as salesman in a trading store,
lie remained with this (inn for ten years, when he established a
commission business for himself at Xo. 44 Market Street. About
1879, he moved to his present location, No. 118 West Lake Street.
In 1853, he purchased a membership on the Board of Trade, but
did not become an active member until 1871, since which year
he has maintained a regular standing. Besides his commission busi-
ness, he has dealt in real-estate, and now owns much valuable
city property as well as several stock farms in LaSalle County.
Mr. Considine was married, in 1860, to Miss Catherine Follon, of
Chicago. They have five children,— James J., Mary E., Michael
J., John P. and Susan.
WILLIAM W. W ATKINS is a dealer in hops, barley and malt.
He was born at Trenton, Oneida Co., N. Y., on July 24, 1834,
and was the oldest child of Phineas and Sarah Watkins. li'is early
education he received in the public schools, finishing his studies in
the academy at Prospect, N. Y. At the age of fourteen, he had
the misfortune to lose his father by death, and four years later his
mother died, so that at the age of eighteen he was left alone to bat-
tle with the world. He chose the occupation of a clerk, and entered
a general merchandise store at Prospect, receiving only the small
compensation of $15 a month. His aptness for business was soon
apparent, and made his services so valuable to his employer that his
salary was steadily increased. At the age of twenty-two', five years
from the time that he commenced life for himself,' by the strictest
economy, he had accumulated enough money to enter into the gen-
eral merchandise business at Prospect, with his half-brother. The
partnership lasted for about four years, when he bought out the
interests of his brother, and continued for himself four years longer.
Disposing of the same, he removed to Franklin, I'enn., purchased
the United States Hotel there, and conducted it until April, 1867.
He next went to Indianapolis, Ind., bought out what was then the
Palmer House, and presided over it until July, 1868, when he
removed to Macon City, Mo., and purchased the North Missouri
Hotel, which he managed until 1873. In September of that year,
he came to Chicago, and bought a one-third interest in the hop,
barley and malt firm of Hull & Lidell, afterward known as Hull,
Lidell & Watkins. Their warehouse and office was at that time
situated at Nos. 131-33 Lake Street. The partnership continued
about four years, when Mr. Watkins bought out the interests of his
partners, and has since conducted the business alone. Mr. Wat-
kins became a member of the Board of Trade in 1876, and is now
one of its most active promoters. He is a member of Landmark
Lodge, No. 422, A.F. & A.M. ; of Fairview Chapter, No. 161,
K.A.M. : Montjoie Commandery, No. 53, K.T. ; and the Union
League and Douglas Clubs. He represented the people of the
Fourth Ward in the City Council for one term. Mr. Watkins has
always been identified with the Episcopal Church. He is now, and
has been for nine consecutive years, treasurer of St. Mark's Church
of this city. He was married, in 1862, to Miss Joanna Fretts, of
Richfield Springs, N. Y. He has a beautiful residence at No.
3536 Lake Avenue, which he built the year he came to the city.
Mr. Watkins's career has been a success in every sense of the word.
He began life at the very lowest round of the ladder, elevating him-
self, by his own efforts, into position and affluence, in this the
great metropolis of the prairies. He has preserved his honor untar-
nished, accumulated a handsome fortune, and won the esteem and
confidence of the thousands who have known him.
1880.
This year the membership numbered one thousand
seven hundred and ninety-three, four of which lapsed
and were forfeited bj the non-payment of the annual
assessment. During the previous year, two hundred
and one memberships changed owners by approved
transfers, and there was a loss of twelve by death;
among the latter, for the first time in the history of
the Board, was an officer, Thomas Heermans, one of the
directors. Out of respect to his memory his chair re-
mained unfilled until the close of the year.
The annual assessment remained the same, $20.
The investments of the Board, constituting its, assets,
including cash on hand, and not including furniture and
fixtures, were $174,497.85.
The receipts and disbursements were as follows:
RECEIPTS.
From annual assessments _____ ....... $35,860 oo
Transfers of membership ...... ______ 2,010 oo
Sale of tickets _________ ...... . ..... . 6,910 oo
Interest and dividends ........ . ...... 9,900 oo
Rent and premiums of tables _________ 7,722 oo
Fines ............. ,. ............... 287 34
Cash on hand __________________ 4,030 87
$66,720 21
DISBURSEMENTS.
For rent, heating and water ..$21,369 oo
Salaries and elevator 20,861 21
Market and annual reports 7,042 34
Stationery and printing 1,084 16
Attorneys' fees and expenses 502 25
Expenses Commercial Building. 3,236 41
Miscellaneous, repairs, taxes, etc 6,377 5°
Cash on hand 6,247 34
$66,720 21
The history of the trade and commerce of Chicago
for 1880, is the record of another year of remarkable
results, and of an additional stride forward in the de-
•JI2
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
velopments of the wonderful growth and prosperity of
the City and tin- Northwest. The cereal crops of the
country, excepting wheat, though abundant, were not
quite equal to those of 1879 in quantity, but of a better
quality. There was an increase of corn receipts of fifty
per cent. The movement in oats was larger than ever
before, and also in barley. There was not only a grat-
ifying <• in the number of cattle and hogs re-
ceived over 1X79. but an extraordinary increase in their
value, over any previous year, in the history of this im-
portant branch of Chicago trade. The foreign trade of
the country continued to exhibit an increasing balance
sheet, in favor of the United States, although the aggre-
gate tonnage of direct exports from Chicago to Europe
was less than in 1879.
OCEAN CARRYING TRADE.— The total foreign ton-
nage entered at the seaports of the United States in
1860 amounted to 1,608,291 tons, in 1880, to 12,112,160
tons, while the American tonnage so entered was actu-
ally less in 1880 than in 1860. Within that period the
tonnage engaged in the American trade, owned by our
greatest customer. Great Britain, has steadily increased,
and now constitutes more than half of the whole; but
the most notable changes have been in vessels carrying
the flags of other European nationalities. Scandinavian
tonnage has increased from 42,672 tons in 1860, to
1,304,070 in 1880; German from 230,828 to 1,089,740;
Italian from 31,501 to 612,584; Belgian from 640 to
226,349; Austrian from 5,464 to 206,349; all maritime
nations largely increasing their torfnage, excepting our
own. A very large portion of this trade is carried in
bottoms not only foreign to us, but also to the nations
to or from which the cargoes are taken. The question
of remedying this condition of things, humiliating as it
is to the people of the United States, is daily growing
in importance, and its solution is engaging the serious
attention of American merchants and statesmen.
TRANSPORTATION.— The carrying trade continued
much the same as in 1879. The successful entrance
into the city of two new railroads, the Grand Trunk, in
February, and the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific, in
August, gave increased facilities to shippers, and added
new complications, rendering combinations and pooling
more difficult of success.
MORE ROOM. — The question of enlarging the ac-
commodations of the members for doing business had
been raised and discussed as early as 1877. Each year
it was debated with increasing interest, the advocates
for a change at length constituting a majority. After
the last annual meeting, steps were taken by the Board
of Directors to purchase the ground and erect a new
building at the south end of LaSalle Street, and a pro-
position to that effect was submitted to the members, at
the annual meeting of 1881.
C< EMISSIONS. — The following is the schedule of com-
missions adopted by the association and now in force
as proper charges for selling grain and other property :
For selling car-load lots of wheat, corn and rye, in
store free on board cars or vessels, on track,
delivered, or to , be shipped from any other point,
per bushel $0.01
lor selling car-load-lots of oats in store oo^
The same free on board cars or vessels, on track,
delivered or to be shipped from any other point,
per bushel - 01
For selling car-load lots of barley in store 01
The same free on board cars or vessels, on track,
delivered or to be shipped from any other point,
per bushel — -- .o\]/i
For selling canal-boat loads of grain in store, afloat
or free on board vessels, per bushel oo'/^
For selling seeds in quantity 2 percent.
For -M-lling dressed hogs in car-loads I,'/2 per cent.
For selling bran, shorts and mill stuffs $3 50 per car.
For selling corn meal and mixed feed 5 o<> per car.
For selling broom corn 00/4 per ft.
FnwAKiis & Gnu.. — This lirm of commission merchants was
established in 1879, by Ebene/cr F.dwards and Frederick 1 1 . Guhl,
who were, prior to their embarkment in business, employes of com-
mission houses on South Water Street for a number of years. The
him makes a specialty of vegetables, and only handles car-load lois,
its business being principally directed to the supply of other Stales,
chidlv the Southern markets. It pays particular attention to the
supply of potatoes, and has, at different times, imported large lots
from the European markets. Its quarters on South Water Street
are conveniently situated, being located on the river anil at the
foot of Dearborn Street. It employs eleven men in and about the
premises, and does a business aggregating $300,000 a year.
Ebeittier Edwards isa& born in Wales, Great Mritain, on Sep-
tember 20, 1851. He was brought up and educated on Knglish
soil, and after completing his studies at the grammar schools, en-
tered business life as a clerk. In 1877, he came to America, and
located in Chicago, going into the employ of J. M. Kingwell &
Son, commission merchants. lie was with that firm two years, at
the end of which time, in company with his present partner, F. II.
Guhl, he established his existing business. Mr. Edwards is one of
the energetic business men of South Water Street, and has already
built up a large trade in his line. He is a member of the 1'roduce
Exchange; also of Covenant Lodge, No. 519, A.F. & A.M. Mr.
F.dwards was married, at Northampton, England, on August 2,
1871, to Miss Mary llaker Martin. They have three children, —
Annie May, William and Herbert.
Frederick II. Cult! was born in Germany, on January 22,
1849. His parents came to this country in 1858, and located near
this city, where Mr. Guhl was educated in the common schools. In
1870, he commenced business life by going into the commission
business and becoming a partner in the firm of Handy & Co., at
Nos. 211-13 South Water Street. This house was quite successful
until in the fall of 1871, when its property was swept away. Mr.
Guhl lost all, and was unable to resume business for himself until
some years after the great fire. In 1875, he formed a co-partner-
ship with a Mr. Howes, under the firm name of Howes & Guhl, at
No. 31 South \Vater Street. They continued in business for about
two and a half years, \vhen they dissolved partnership, and Mr.
Guhl took a position in the commission house of Thomas More-
house, where he remained three years. In 1879, he went into busi-
ness with Ebenezer Edwards, his present partner; they have been
very successful in the prosecution of their business. Mr. Guhl is a
member of St. Bernard Commandery, K.T., and is also identified
with the Turn-Gemeinde of the North Side. Mr. Guhl was mar-
ried, in this city, on November 18, 1873, to Miss Agnes Blasheg.
They have three children, — Walter, Mamie and Edna.
WILLIAM TAYLOR BAKER, of the firm of William T. Baker &
Co., commission merchants in grain and provisions, is the son of
William and Matilda Baker, and was born at West Winfield, N. Y.,
on September n, 1841. He began commercial life at fourteen
years of age, as clerk in a country store at Groton, N. Y., with II.
K. Clark; afterward was employed six years by IX B. Marsh &Co.,
of McClean, N. Y. In 1861, he came to Chicago, and engaged as
bookkeeper with Hinckley & Handy, commission merchants, who
were then in the old Board of Trade Building, on South Water
Street, with whom he remained several years, succeeding to an in-
terest in the business upon the retirement of Mr. Handy. In the
following year the firm of Hinckley & Baker dissolved partnership,
Mr. Baker continuing the business. During 1868, he formed a co-
partnership with C. A. Knight and \V. F. Cobb, under the firm
name of Knight, Baker & Co., which continued until 1872, when
Mr. Knight retired and the firm was known as W. T. Baker iV Co.
Immediately after the fire of 1871, the firm occupied temporary
quarters in the Wigwam on the West Side, afterward moving to No.
86 LaSalle Street, where they remained seven years, when they re-
moved to offices in the Chamber of Commerce. In the spring of
1885, upon the completion of the new Board of Trade Building,
they removed to No. 240 LaSalle Street, their present location.
Mr. Baker is a genial, pleasant gentleman, of sterling integrity and
worth, and is held in high esteem by business and social circles.
W.M.TKR FRANKLIN Conn, of 'the firm of W. T. Baker & Co.,
commission merchants in grain and provisions, was born at Montpe-
lier, Vt., on January 18, 1844. When he was two years old, his
parents came West, and settled in this city, where he received an ex-
cellent business education. In 1861, he began commercial life as
messenger and clerk in the banking establishment of J. M. Adsit,
on Clark Street, with whom he remained until the depreciation of
State currency rendered his services unnecessary, his duties being in
that department. He then engaged as bookkeeper with C. S.
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
Hutchins & Co., commission merchants on South Water Street,
where he continued four years, subsequently becoming a partner in
the firm of C. A. Knight & Co. He was afterward connected with
the firm of Knight, Baker & Co., and upon the retirement of Mr.
Knight, in 1872, he continued the business with Mr. Baker, as a
member of the firm of \V. T. Baker & Co. They were located at
No. 86 LaSalle Street for seven years, and removed from their
offices in the Chamber of Commerce, in the spring of 1885, to their
present quarters, No. 240 LaSalle Street. Mr. Cobb was married
on May 31, 1877, to Miss Carrie J. Fish, niece of C. P. Kellogg, of
Chicago.
WILLIAM M. (""iRKG<; was born at Carlisle, Penn., on January
II, 1831, and received his education there. Mis parents came
West in 1846, locating at Monmouth, 111. He began his business
career in the employ of the First National Bank of Monmouth, and
was for some years cashier of that institution, remaining in its em-
ploy about five years; after which he was extensively engaged in
tlie lumber trade until August, 1871. A year later, he came to
Chicago, and entered the commission business, as a partner in the
firm of T. W. Hallam& Co. In 1874, he became associated with
David Kankin, under the style of Gregg & Kankin. This concern
dissolved in 1876, and Mr. Gregg established the firm of Gregg,
Son & Co., of which he is still the senior member, his son Charles
O. Gregg being his partner. The firm does a large business, and
is well and favorably known to the trade. Mr. Gregg has been a
member of the Board of Trade since his arrival, here, and was
elected a member of the Committee of Appeals in the spring of
1883, for a term of two years.
1881.
A very considerable change occurred in the mem-
bership this year, which numbered, at its close, one thou-
sand nine hundred and thirty-six. Of these seventy-
four were admitted by initiation prior to the advance-
ment of the fee from $1,000 to $2,500, in February, and
sixty-nine immediately preceding the advance in Octo-
ber from $2,500 to $5,000. Two hundred and fifty-
two new members were admitted by approved transfers.
The mortuary list numbered eighteen, including the
names of George Armour, a former president of the
Board, and George F. Rumsey, for many years its
treasurer. The assets of the association at the close of
the year were as follows: ,
Invested securities ......... ______________ $167,995 54
Cash on hand ................... ________ 122, 863 8 1
$290,859 35
The current year's receipts and disbursements, show-
ing a very large increase, were as follows:
RECEIPTS.
For annual assessments, 1936 mem-
bers, at $20 ......... ' ..........
Fees from 252 transfers ...........
Sale of tickets ...................
Table and drawer rents and fines
38,720 oo
2,520 oc
9,840 oo
(S4<») --- v ................. 7,921 oo
Interest and dividends ..... ___ 13,918 12
Initiation fees (74 at $1,000, 69 at
$2,500) ...................... 246,500 oo
Cash on hand
$319,419 12
6,247 34
$325,666 46
DISBURSEMENTS.
For rent, water, heating, salaries
and elevators .. - $43,302 77
Market and annual reports, and
telegraphing 6,89698
Stationery, printing, postage, gas
and ice _ 1 ,444 03
Taxes, repairs, statistics and tel-
lers 3,116 74
Expenses of lavatory and sun-
dries 1,725 10
Legal expenses and counsel fees 2,571 40
Expenses Commercial Building 1,675 19
National Board of Trade, old claim,
and care of real-estate 493 28
Incident to death of President
Gartield 1,577 16
$ 62,802' 65
For real-estate and to real-estate
managers 140,00000
Cash on hand 122,863 8l
$325,666 46
The proposition to erect a new Board of Trade
Building having been accepted, $40,000 of the above
mentioned sum was appropriated for a site therefor, and
$100,000 to the Board of Real- Estate Managers as a
basis for a building fund.
HOARD OF REAL-ESTATE MANAGERS. — This body
was created by Rule No. 2, adopted this year, and to it
is committed the control and management of the real-
estate owned by the Board. It is composed of the
president and four other personsof special qualifications,
two of whom are elected annually on the first Monday
of March, to serve two years. It was authorized to ac-
cept plans and estimates for the construction of the
new Exchange Building, to borrow money, arrange for
a deed of trust, and to issue bonds for said purpose.
The year 1881 was one of varied experiences, of
unusual excitements and extraordinary events. The
winter of 1880-81, was intensely cold, of long duration,
and was followed by remarkable overflows and floods
in the spring. Added to this was a protracted railroad
war, and the assassination of President Garfield. Each
one of these occurrences had a direct and tangible ef-
fect upon the business of the country. It was a year
of short crops, and in some sections, especially in Illi-
nois, the failure was severely felt. Having to contend
against a bounteous harvest in Europe, the exports of
cereals was reduced 69,000,000 bushels; yet the short-
age in this country gave an increased value to the pro-
duce marketed, and although the trade was much less
in volume than in 1880, the money value was enhanced.
Trade in other departments of business, outside of pro-
duce, was of a larger volume than in any previous year.
As an index to the growth of commercial transac-
tions, the clearings of the associated banks of the city
which, in 1877, were $1,044,678,475 had advanced to
$1,725,684,894 in 1880, and to $2,249,097,450 in 1881,
more than doubling in five years.
TRANSPORTATION. — The combination of leading
railways for the maintenance of agreed rates, which had
heretofore existed, was disrupted in June, from which
time special rates were made as circumstances might
seem to warrant, regardless of existing tariffs. In some
instances, rates as low as ten cents per one hundred
pounds from Chicago to New York were conceded.
The contest over freights was extended to passenger
rates, and they were lower to Eastern points than ever
before known — as low indeed as $5 for fare to New
York and Boston. The shipment of grain to New Or-
leans, which attracted considerable attention in the early
part of the year, diminished as the season advanced, so
that, as an aggregate, the entire movement of the year,
by that route, was only about eighty-three per cent, of
what it was in 1880, becoming still more insignificant in
the closing months.
3 '4
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
FRANK (',. KAMMKRI--.R is one of the very few business men of
Chicago who, in a comparatively short period of time, have been
able to firmly establish themselves aiming the ablest and most un-
tiring competitors of the most enterprising city in the world. Coin-
ing here only six years ago, from Washington Comity, 1'eiin., where
he passed his earlier years in the successful prosecution of various
mercantile and manufacturing enterprises, Mr. Kammerer at once
engaged in the grain and provision trade, and, by his energy and
business foresight, he has made the house of !•'. (',. Kammerer &
-.\nonym for fair dealing and stability, lie has been a prom-
inent member of the lioard of Trade since coming to Chicago, in
1878, ami in January. i>s4, was honored by being elected a mem-
ber of the Committee of Arbitration.
Cit \KI.KS 1!. E<:i;i i-.si-ov dealer in grain and provisions, was
born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 23, 1850. His father, 1). Eg-
glcston, was in the transportation and general commission business
at Cincinnati, and acquired a large property. lie freighted goods
from New ( Means and intermediate points, by steamboat to Cin-
cinnati, by canal to Toledo, by lake to Buffalo, and by the Erie
i 'anal ami I luds, m River to .New York. lie owned a line of canal-
boats, ami did a very large and successful commission and forward-
ing business for many years. He died in November, 1878. Charles
was his only son. At the age of sixteen he left school, and went
into the grain. Hour and provision trade, and by attention to busi-
ness anil strictly fair dealing he had accomplished success be-fore he
sold out to come to Chicago. lie came here in the winter of 1871,
and until 1876 was in partnership with his father, under the name
and style of I). Eggleston \: Son. In the latter year, they dissolved,
although the style of the firm remains unchanged. Upon the organ-
i/ation of the National Klevator and Dock Company, in November,
1883, Mr. Eggleston was chosen vice-president — which office he still
retains. He has been a member of the Hoard of Trade since 1871.
lie is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church on Michigan
Avenue, and belongs to Oriental Lodge, No. 33, A.I-'. & A.M.
Mr. Eggleston was married to Maggie li. Ward, a daughter of Dr.
I). E. Ward, of Cincinnati, on May 8, 1871. They have one child,
— Charles Evarts.
EDWARD LEES, of the firm of Lees, Hendricks & Co., meat
packers and dealers, was born at Huxton, Derbyshire, England, on
July 25, 1839. Until he was fourteen years of age, he attended
schcxil, gaining an excellent commercial education, and then began
business life as an apprentice in the meat-packing trade. In 1857,
he came to this country, and was engaged in the same business with
Charles Taylor, in New York, until 1863, when he came to Chicago
as meat inspector for J. K. Fisher, on South Water Street, with
whom he remained one season. He took charge of the packing
house of R. M. Groves & Co. in 1864; they were succeeded by
Davis, Pope & Co., and he continued in the employ of the latter
firm two years. At the end of that time, he began business at
Twenty-second and State streets, and conducted the same until 1872
when he associated himself with A. J. Conigan, O. M. Huff and R.
J. Hendricks, under the firm name of Lees, Conigan & Co., at Nos.
467-61) Canal Street. In the following year, the firm was changed
by the retirement of Mr. Conigan, to Lees, Hendricks & Co., Mr.
Huff continuing with the firm until 1875. After a temporary sus-
pension of active business, the firm resumed at Nos. 2635-37 State
Street, with Thomas H. Miller as a member. Mr. Lees was mar-
ried, on October 17, 1861, to Miss Eliza Elliott, of New York
They have one child,— William H.
1882.
This year the number of members remained the
same, after two hundred and seventy-two transfers and
ten removals by death. There were no initiations.
The assets of the Board were invested as follows:
1050 shares Chamber of Commerce stock $81,675 27
I ; . S. 4 per cent, registered bonds 40^000 oo
Hyde Park 7 per cent, bonds 30,000 oo
Lincoln Park 7 per cent, bonds 52,000 oo
Chicago city bonds, $8,000; Cook Co. bonds",
$5,ooo 13,00000
Cash on hand 63,308 09
$279,983 36
I he receipts and disbursements for the year were
as follows :
KKCF.IITS.
From annual assessments, $20 each
member $38,72000
_l ransfers and visitors' tickets !4.O75 oo
Table and drawer rents, and
5i64i 50
Interest and dividends
Chicago city bonds paid
12,980 96
2,000 oo
$73,417 46
Cash on hand 122,863 8l
DlSllfRSEMKXTS.
Rent, heating, salaries and ele-
vator.. $4»,533 94
Market and annual reports, and
telegraphing. _ 7,796 32
Printing and stationery 1,153 94
Repairs, taxes and sundries.- 8,195 75
Attorneys' fees 7,900 10
Court expenses 20,78 81
Purchase 852,000 Lincoln Park
bonds 55,640 oo
Miscellaneous 3,674 32
$196,281 27
$132,973 18
Cash on hand 63,308 09
- $196,281 27
The increased expenditures for the year arose from
the extraordinary amounts paid out for law suits. Among
these were proceedings to nullify the vacation of that
portion of LaSalle Street, on which the Board proposed
to erect its new Exchange Building. Other suits also
grew out of the proposed removal from the Chamber of
Commerce building. The Board was also made defend-
ant in a number of suits by parties interested in ''bucket
shops," the claim being made that they had a right to
all the information secured through telegraphic com-
munication with the exchange room. The result of this
litigation was in favor of the Board, the courts deciding
that it had a right to control its own market reports.
The business of Chicago for the year 1882, while it
had its drawbacks, uncertainties, and solicitudes as to
its final outcome, was on the whole moderately pros-
perous. The wheat crop was saved in fine condition,
and was unprecedentedly large, while the yield of corn,
notwithstanding the wet and cold weather of the fall,
was greater in this State, and in the United States, than
in 1881. The grain and provision market was active
during most of the year, having an unusual speculative
tendency ; and while the trade of the city in agricultural
products generally was less in volume than for several
recent years, it had a greater monetary value than
ever before.
MANUFACTURES. — Local manufacturing interests
were prosecuted with increased vigor, and were gener-
ally in a prosperous condition, excepting, perhaps, such
as were engaged in the production of iron. This branch
of business seems to have been overdone, and in ad-
dition was greatly embarrassed throughout the country
by demands of operatives for increased wages.
The export trade was far less in volume and value
than since 1879, while there was an increase in imports
of over $80,000,000. A very large decline is also to be
noted in the quantity of produce shipped from Chicago
to Europe on through bills of lading, the aggregate be-
ing but 332,297 tons, against 616,718 tons for 1881.
TRANSPORTATION. — There was substantial harmony
between railway lines in carrying freight to the seaboard.
An arrangement was concluded during January which
resulted in the maintenance of uniform rates. For sev-
eral weeks near the close of the year a war of rates be-
tween the railway lines extending into Minnesota pre-
vailed, and was carried on with bitterness for some time,
in regard to which producers made no complaint. Lake
freights averaged even lower than in 1881. Rates to
Buffalo were not quite so low, but the season of low
rates lasted much longer. Ocean freights, owing to light
shipments hence to Europe, ruled unprecedentedly low
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
until after midsummer. In the spring months grain
was taken for ballast to a considerable extent, and in
some instances a small premium was paid for the privi-
lege of carrying it. The withdrawal of a large number
of steamers in service of the English government caused
an advance in rates, which were thereafter well main-
tained.
MII.TON C. LIGIITXKR was born in Montgomery County, Fenn.,
in December, 1850'. His father was an Episcopal clergyman, and
sent his son to Racine, \Vis. , in 1866, to complete his education at
the well known Episcopal institution, Racine College, where he
graduated in 1871. Mr. Lightner spent his vacations in Chicago,
and shortly after his graduation he took up his permanent abode
here, entering, in the summer of 1871, the employ of the Second
National Bank, and remaining with that concern until its failure in
1873. He was then with the Merchants' National Bank until April,
1875, when he entered the employ of McCormick, Adams & Co.,
commission merchants. In January, 1878, he became associated
with Ernest Smith, and formed the commission firm of Smith &
Lightner, which was succeeded, on November I, 1881, by Ellis tV
Lightner. This firm built up a very large business, and were the
principal brokers in the famous " Mcdeoch lard deal," in the sum-
mer of 1883, the failure of which ruined them, and in August of
that year the firm dissolved. In the following September, Mr.
Lightner associated with him his present partner, Marshall 1'. Wash-
burn, under the style of Lightner & Washburn, grain and provis-
ions. The senior partner in the firm has been a member of the
Board of Trade since December, 1875, and in January, 1883, was
elected a member of the Committee of Arbitration. He is also a
member of the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago and Union
clubs, and is a director of the latter. In 1881, he was elected a
member of the board of trustees of Racine College, being the first
of its graduates to hold that distinguished position.
CIIARI.KS FLOYD, dealer on the Board of Trade, was born in the
City of New York on November 27, 1828, and is a son of Ira and
Sarah (Mite-hell) Floyd. He was educated at his native place.
After leaving school, he went to Mexico, where he fought under
.il Winlield Scott in the Mexican War. Upon the close of
hostilities, he lived in Texas four years, and was one of the Texas
Rangers. He then went to Richmond, Va., and engaged in busi-
ness, which he continued until the commencement of the War of
the Rebellion, when he entered the Confederate Army, and served
as a major under Generals Lee and Johnson until the close of the
War. lie then came to Chicago, and in 1869 commenced operat-
ing on Board of Trade, which he has since continued with that
varying success attached to all lines of business. Mr. Floyd is a
member of Richmond- Randolph Lodge, A. F. & A.M., of Rich-
mond, Va.; also of the Commandery of Knights Templar, Peters-
burg, Va. In 1855, he married Miss Helen Parmelee, a native of
Vermont. They have seven children.
JAMI.S Ai GUSTUS EDWARDS is the son of Dr. E. W. and
Catherine R. (Diffenderffer) Edwards, and was born at Baltimore,
Md., on November II, 1854. His father came to Chicago in 1860,
and Mr. Edwards, who came here with him, after attending public
and private schools, became a student of the University of Chicago
in 1868, but left it in 1870, and commenced operations on the Board
of Trade. He was first in the employ of Culver & Co., in the old
Board of Trade building, where he remained for two years ; then
with Dennis & Ingham, No. 157 Washington Street, until 1876.
In May, 1877, he began business for himself, under the firm name
of J. A. Edwards & Co., having an office in the Watson Building;
next the old Board of Trade Building, on Washington Street, where
he remained until the new building was opened, when he moved
to the Counselman Building, on LaSalle Street. He is a member
of Ashlar Lodge; No. 308, A.F. & A.M.; of LaFayette Chapter,
No. 2, R.A.M.; and of Chevalier Bayard Commandery, No. 52,
K. T. Mr. Edwards was married to Minnie E., daughter of J. E.
Paine, of Brooklyn, N. Y.,.on April 12, 1882, and one boy, who
died in infancy, was born to them.
1883.
The number of members who paid their annual as-
sessments was one thousand nine hundred and thirty-
six. Of these three hundred and fifteen were admitted
by approved transfers. There were no new members
by initiation, and the death list numbered fifteen. The
assets were as follows:
Invested securities $ 83,275 78
Cash on hand 55,178 99
The receipts and disbursements for the year were as
follows:
RECEIPTS.
Annual assessments.. ._$ 38,720 po
Transfers of membership 3, $15 °°
Clerks' and visitors' tickets 11,205 °°
Table and drawer rents and pre-
miums 6,070 50
Interest and dividends 10,661 57
Sale of securities 148,026 25
Cash on hand.
$218,198 32
. 63,308 09
$281,506 41
DISBURSEMENTS.
Rent, heating, salaries and elevator $ 47,397 57
Market and annual reports and
taxes - 8,723 70
Printing and stationery 1,162 47
Repairs, lavatory and sundries 3.9J9 83
Legal and court expenses I7,5§7 So
Taxes on new building — 5,9O1 59
On account of law investigations.. 3,266 74
Interest on bonds issued for building 34,611 25
Miscellaneous items 3,75" 47
Paid real-estate managers 100,000 oo
Cash on hand.
$226,327 42
- 55,178 99
$281,506 41
At the beginning of the year the Board found itself
involved in about sixty law suits, which accounts for the
large item of legal expenses in the above table. Among
these were the "bucket shop" suits, before mentioned,
and others involving the validity of contracts for future
delivery, and the right of the Board to discipline its
members. All of these were decided in favor of the
Board. The question as to whether or not member-
ships are personal property, subject to taxation and at-
tachment, or simply franchises, as contended for by the
members, was also ruled in their favor.
An additional sum of $100,000 was appropriated
towards the construction of the new Exchange Building.
In consequence of the increased expenses incident to
the change of location, the directory advanced the an-
nual dues to $30.
During the year the rules, which were found to be in
bad condition from frequent modifications, were revised
and reprinted.
CLEARING-HOUSE. — Under these revised rules a
clearing-house was established, and the committee hav-
ing the same in charge made frequent reports of pro-
gress and of the successful workings of the institution.
This meets a want which has long been unsupplied.
GENERAL TRADE. — The transactions of the Board
of Trade in 1883 point to the fact, that while it was
a fairly active year in business affairs, indicating in many
directions a healthy growth and the accumulation of
substantial wealth, yet in some branches of industry there
was more or less of stagnation and depression. The re-
ceipts of wheat in Chicago were less than in any year
since 1877; the trade in farm products as a whole, how-
ever, was larger in the quantity handled than in the last
year, the increase being large in oats, corn, rye and bar-
ley. The receipts of corn were the largest in the history
of the trade except in 1880-81, and more than fifty per
3i6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
cent, over those of 1882. The receipts of live stock
show an increase in every kind except hogs. There
was a radical shrinkage in the price of hogs and cattle,
and a large falling off in the prices of wheat and corn.
The receipts of lumber and salt were less than last year,
while coal shows an increase of 100,000 tons
Shipments from Chicago to Europe on through hills
of lading, were greater by 123,000 tons than in 1882,
Fresh beef, which is largely shipped in this way, is not
billed through from the city, and hence is not included
in the above estimate.
I'KomntnoN OF AMKRICAN PORK. — France, fol-
lowed in March by Germany, issued a decree entirely
prohibiting the importation to those countries of Ameri-
can pork for consumption. The alleged cause of the
prohibition is the assumed unhealthfulness of that arti-
cle of food. This action in France was regarded as
being so unwise and impolitic that, in November, the
decree was rescinded by the Ministry, but was immedi-
ately re-enacted by the Chamber of Deputies. It has
been urged that the real object of the prohibition, thus
disguised, was to protect the home product of these
countries against the cheaper meats of the United
States. A commission was appointed by the President
of the United States to make a thorough investigation
of the whole subject, for the action of our Government.
TRANSPORTATION. — The Chicago & Atlantic Rail-
road was opened for traffic eastward early in the year,
forming, with its connection, the New York, Lake Erie &
V. Ystern, a direct line to the seaboard. Lake freights
on grain averaged higher than in 1882, and the larger
class of vessels were operated with fair profit.
A renewed interest was awakened in reference to the
construction of the Hennepin & Mississippi River canal.
The Government survey ordered by Congress was most
satisfactory, the report of the engineer showing the
project to be not only feasible but less expensive than
had been supposed.
GEORGE F. STONE, secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade,
was born at Newburyport, Mass., on April 24, 1836, and is the
son of Jacob and Eliza (Atkins) Stone. He was reared in his
native town, receiving his preliminary education in its public
schools. He afterward attended Dummer Academy, at Byfield,
where he finished his academical studies. He then went to Boston',
and entered the counting-room of Denny, Rice & Gardner, a large
and wealthy dry-goods commission house, which is still in existence.
In 1860, he was enabled to enter business on his own account, and
he established the firm of Lord, Stone & Co., flour, grain and pro-
duce commission merchants, and in a short time the house was
among the largest firms in that line of business. In 1871, Mr.
.Stone had the distinguished honor of being elected to the presi
dency of the Corn Exchange of the City of Boston, and was re-
elected to the same office the following year. He had previously
served as director and vice-president, and his election to the presi'-
dency indicated the esteem and favor in which he was held by the
business men of Boston. He resided at Melrose, a beautiful
suburb seven miles from Boston, while he was a merchant in the
latter city, and was actively identified with the history and develop-
ment of that town. For several years he was a member of the
Board of Selectmen, chairman of the school committee, and served
in different positions connected with the vital interests of Melrose
Mr. Stone, during all his life, has been greatly devoted to literary
pursuits and studies, and as an orator he has been somewhat con-
spicuous, having, during his residence at Melrose, Mass., delivered
several addresses on notable occasions. Upon the invitation of the
cm/ens ,,f Meh-ose, he delivered the address upon the dedicating of
their ne,v Town Mall, on June 17, 1874. Mrs. Louisa Parsons Hop-
kins, authoress of " Motherhood." " Breath of Field and Shore "
and other poems, also a distinguished writer on the science of
Pedagogy, is a sister of Mr. Stone. During the Rebellion, he was
very active in supporting all war measures, by contribution of
money and delivering speeches upon the question of the day, arous-
ing much enthusiasm among the Eastern people, and always devoting
his energies to the great cause and the aid and comfort of the sol-
diers and sailors of the Union. Two brothers, Captain Goodwin A
Stone (salutatorian of the 1862-class of Harvard), of the 2d Massal
chusetts Cavalry, and Lieutenant Henry A. Stone, of the 33d
United States Colored Troops, laid down their lives in the preser-
vation of the Republic. Mr. Stone, in 1876, removed to Chicago,
and has since made this city his home. In 1884, he was chosen
secretary of the Board of Trade, and his services were such as to
secure him a re-election to this highly important and responsible
office in 1885 and 1886. Mr. Stone has led a busy mercantile life,
never free from active responsibility, and several times has been
obliged by the pressure of business interests to refuse encourage-
ment to political positions. He is a popular and esteemed ofhYiai
with the members of the Board of Trade, and is held high in regard
and esteem by everyone who is favored with his acquaintance. Mr.
Stone has been a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraterni-
ties for some years, and is past grand of Evanston Lodge, I.O.O. !•'.,
and a member of Evans Lodge, No. 524, A.F. & A.M., at Evans-
ton. He is a member of the Congregational Church. Mr. Stone
was married, on June 24, 1860, to Miss Julia S. , daughter of
Rev. Ephraim Spaulding, of Ludlow, Vt., who was one of the early
missionaries to the Sandwich Islands. Three children have blessed
this union, — G. Goodwin Stone, now a student in the Institute of
Technology in Boston ; Eliza Atkins, and Eliot Parsons.
CHARLES GREEN, general commission merchant, is a native of
Denmark, and was born on October 22, 1849. He resided there
until he was twenty years of age, receiving his education at the
common schools and taking a course in one of the public colleges.
After finishing his studies, he clerked in a grocery store for a few
years. On coming to America, in 1872, he located at Chicago,
and was employed in a grocery store. In 1875, he opened up the
present commission house of Charles Green & Co. This business
was commenced on a small scale, but by constant application and
hard work, he has built up a trade of which he may well feel proud.
Ilis store is located at Nos. 189-0,1 East Kinzie Street, and occu-
pies two floors, 50x150 feet. Although doing a general produce
commission, he makes a specialty of buying flour, butter, eggs, and
cheese for shipment to the Eastern markets. He has seven em-
ploye's. From a comparatively small trade, the volume of business,
within ten years, has reached an average value of $400,000 per
annum. The house of Charles Green & Co. is backed by ample
capital and a man possessed of every qualification for the business
in which he is engaged. Mr. Green, for two and a half years, has
been, and is still, treasurer of the Germania Building Association,
of which he was at one time president for a short period.
1884.
At the annual meeting of the members this year,
E. Nelson Blake was elected president, and George T.
Smith Vice-president. Charles Randolph, who had ably
filled the position of secretary for fifteen years, resigned
the position in March. George F. Stone was appointed
assistant secretary until July i, when he received the
appointment of secretary. Byron L. Smith was re-
appointed treasurer, and Corydon Beckwith counsel of
the Association.
There were two hundred and twelve transfers of
membership during the year and ten removals by death,
leaving the number of members at the beginning of the
year nineteen hundred and thirty-three. The assess-
ment for yearly dues for this year, owing to increased
expenses, was fixed at $50.
The invested assets of the Board were $ 78,792 32
Cash on hand 24,019 72
$103,412 04
The receipts and expenditures were as follows :
RECEIPTS.
Annual assessment $57, 990 oo
Fees for transfer of membership, $25 5,300 oo
Sale of tickets 10,091 50
Drawer rents and fines 1,826 33
Interest and dividends 6,405 oo
Clearing-house profits 6,574 iQ
Market quotations and messengers.. 2,701 25
Sale of securities 3,000 oo
Cash on hand.
(93,888 27
55,178 99
$149,067 26
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
DISBURSEMENTS.
Rent, heating, water, salaries (coun-
sel) and elevator- $43,230 98
Market and annual reports. 8,597 40
Repairs, printing, lavatory and
sundries 5, 071 19
Legal expenses, counsel, costs, etc. 4,811 56
Expenses National Board of Trade . 1,461 50
Furniture and miscellaneous 1,432 61
Taxes and assessments on real-
estate 10,157 30
Interest on building bonds 49,685 oo
Year.
Cash on hand .
$124,447 54
24,619 72
$149,067 26
CALL BOARD. — This organization was dissolved this
year, immediately following which event an afternoon
session of the regular board was established, for the
purpose of filling late orders, aiding largely in doing
away with irregular trading and curbstone quotations.
GENERAL TRADE.— The year 1884 was one of gen-
eral business depression and diminished values, not only
in Chicago but in all the marts of commerce in this
country. Its disappointments, failures and disasters
were foreshadowed by the great fall in prices of 1883,
and the gradual wasting of surplus earnings. There
were 11,620 failures, being an increase of twelve per
cent, over 1883, and a greater number than was ever
before recorded. Undue speculation began in 1879,
increasing each year without regard to well established
conditions, and, being out of proportion to surplus reve-
nues, could but have an unprofitable and disastrous ter-
mination. Reckless speculation in Wall Street, com-
plicated by the grossest frauds, was followed by the
failure of Grant & Ward, the Marine Bank, and the
serious crippling of others. Then came the shrinkage
in the value of stocks, and a further decline in wheat,
corn and provisions and nearly all kinds of merchan-
dise. Add to these the further facts of a plethora of
goods in the hands of the manufacturers, large crops
all over the world, and that this was a presidential election
year, and the unfavorable commercial record of the
period is complete.
The business of the exchange, though sharing in
the general depression, was exempt from any serious
embarrassment, and its members were able to handle
the immense crops which were poured into the city,
with their usual energy, sagacity and success.
The receipts of wheat were 26,397,587 bushels, an
increase, over 1883, of 6,033,432 bushels; and the
shipments amounted to 21,046,577 bushels, which were
9,317,823 in excess of the previous year. The exports
exceeded those of the last year by 7,183,800 bushels.
The average price for No. 2 spring was 83^ cents per
bushel. The movement of corn was less than in 1883.
There was a wide range in the price, being from 34^
to 87 cents. In September, a control of the market
was perfected, and prices went up or down as the
operators desired. So completely masters of the situa-
tion were the managing brokers, that they would bid
90 and 95 cents, with no corn to be sold. The average
price for the year was 51-^ cents.
The crop of oats, 583,628,000 bushels, was the
largest ever grown in this country, and that of Illinois,
viz. 105,314,958 bushels, was larger than that of any
other State. Prices averaged from 23 to 34^ cents.
PRICKS. — The following table shows the highest and
lowest prices for No. 2 spring wheat, No. 2 corn, and
oats, each year since 1872 ;
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876 _
1877
1878
1879
1880.
iSSi
1882
1883
1884
1885
Wheat.
101
89
S3
77
161
146
@ 128
@ 13°^
@
@
@ I7&K
@ 114
@ i33'A
@ 132
95 3-5 @ 143^
giys @ I4°
90 @ 1 1 3 ^2
69^ @ 96
73 @
Corn.
27 @ 54#
49 @ 86
45^ @ 76^
@ 49
@ 58
2<)H @ 49^
29^ @ 43
35^ @ 76^
46 @ 70
34^ @ 87
34^ @ 50
Oats.
23J< @ 40^
37)^ (3) 71
29^ @ 64^
27 @ 35
22 @ 45^
18 @ 27^
I9>^ @ 36^
22^ @ 35
29^ @ 47^
30^ @ 62
25 @ 43^
23 @ 34 K
@
The amount of direct shipments to Europe was
somewhat in excess of the average for the last three
years, but 52,869 tons less than in 1883, the decrease
being mostly in seeds, flour, cheese and oil cake.
There were about 300,000 bushels more of wheat, and
1,000,000 pounds more of butter exported than in 1882.
TRANSPORTATION. — Rates of railway freights are
recorded for this year "vacillating and disturbing,"
with by no means a strict adherence to published tariffs.
Lake and canal rates were lower than for many previ-
ous years. In August, the average rate by Lake for
wheat was 4.2 cents per bushel from Chicago to Buf-
falo, and for corn 3.8 cents. From Buffalo to New
York, by canal, the rate was 1.94 for wheat, and 1.69
for corn.
Following is a table from the valuable report of Sec-
retary Stone, giving the rates on wheat and corn by
lake and canal from Chicago to New York, since 1872 :
Year.
LAKE.
CANAL.
Wheat.
Corn.
Wheat.
Corn.
1872
1873
Cents.
12. 0
10.6
9.0
8.1
5-8
7.0
5-2
6.5
5-9
4-1
5-4
4.6
4.2
Cents.
II. 0
9.6
8.0
7-3
5-3
6.4
4.6
5-9
5-4
3-6
4-9
4-3
3-8
Cents.
9.6
65
3-t
2-5
2.3
4-o
3-2
49
5-6
3-i
2.3
3-6
1.94
Cents.
8.8
5-6
2.1
2.2
1.8
3-6
3-o
4-5
5-1
2.8
2.1
3-7
1.69
1874
18-5
1876 .
1877
1878
1879
1880 . ..
1881
1882 .
1881
1884
THE RECEIVERS' ASSOCIATION. — This is an organi-
zation which has been formed to act directly and espe-
cially in view of the interests of shippers and receivers,
and the maintenance of such regulations as will pro-
mote the interests of both these departments of busi-
ness. It is efficiently managed by George M. How,
president ; George H. Sidwell, vice-president ; A. M.
Henderson, treasurer; H. H. Carr, secretary.
ALFRED B HEWETT is the son of Jephthah and Lurancy
(Button) Hewett, and was born in Peru, Clinton Co., N. Y., in
1820. After completing his education at an academy in Plattsburg,
N. Y., he clerked for the Redford Glass Company, at Redford, N.
Y., for two years, and then for various parties during the next four
years, when he opened a general merchandise store at Plattsburg.
He carried this on for about seven years, and then went into the
foundry business, abandoning this, three years later, for the mill-
ing and flouring business, which he gave up in 1857, and moved to
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Milwaukee, \Vis., where he carried on a wholesale grocery store for
about thirteen ye.us. Subsequently, for about three years, he fol-
lowed the Siinii- line in New York City. He came to Chicago in
1873, and at once became a member of the Hoard of Trade, and en-
1 in the grain and commission business. He was married to
Frances II., daughter of Kensselaer liailey, a pioneer of Chicago,
in ] MII). and has one son.
\\niiAM N. HKAINAKD, who has been a resident of Chicago
for twenty-eight years, and during that time prominently identified
with important interests, was horn at DcKuyter, Madison Co., N.
^ ., on January 7, !>_>;. 1 1 is education was acquired at the De-
Ruyter Institute, from which school lie graduated. The first twenty-
two years of his life was s]>cnt at and in the neighborhood of his
native town. He taught school during the winters and read law,
finally being admitted to the liar. In 1845, he moved to Koine, N.
N'.. and engaged in the warehouse and transportation business until
when the fame of "Golden California" induced him to visit
the 1'acilic coast. He did some mining on the North Fork of the
American Ki\er, near what is known as Cape Horn, on the Central
Pacific Railroad. He then went to Sacramento, and engaged in the
produce commission business, which he followed until 1856, when
be was elected city treasurer. At the expiration of his term, the
following year, he returned to the " States," and in the spring of
nade i 'hicago his permanent residence. He then engaged in
the grain trade, with which he has been more or less connected until
the present time. Mr. I'.rainard has tilled almost every position in
the gift in the Hoard of Trade, of which he is a member, having
been a director, member of the committees of appeals and arbitra-
tion, vice-president of the Hoard, and president of the call-board.
In 1873, he was appointed canal commissioner by the Governor,
and served as such four years. During his term of office, the Cop-
peras Creek lock and dam was built. In 1883, he received the ap-
pointment of railroad commissioner from Governor Hamilton, a.
position lie tilled until 1885, when his term expired. Mr. ISrainard
is a pleasant companion, with a large fund of reminiscences, which
are interesting to hear. He carries his sixty-two years easily, and
Elevator expense, old building 1,601 55
Salaries, except clerk room 17,602 96
Commercial Huilding, less receipts — 5,483 19
Market and annual reports 8,638 13
Visible supply reports - 2,126 97
Printing, lavatory and miscellaneous.. 9,781 77
Legal expenses, $5,251.56; quotations,
$2,015.40 '-. 7,26696
Opening new hall- 5,859 91
Janitor's services 3.512 33
"interest on coupons 49., 338 75
Furniture of new building __ 19,744 71
Cash on hand
$166,090 48
- 34,49" 48
named after the famous I ieneral Vallejo, who was an intimate friend
of Mr. Brainard; and a daughter, Frances M.
1885.
On two occasions only since the War of 1861-65 nas
any one member of the Board been honored by a re-
election to the office of president. The first of these
was in 1872, after the destruction of the old Chamber
of Commerce, by fire, and the erection of the new one,
when J. W. Preston was re-elected; and the other in
1885, while the new Board of Trade building was being
constructed, when that honor was accorded to E. Nel-
son Blake. James H. Milne was elected vice-president,
George F. Stone re-appointed secretary, and Orson
Smith, treasurer. Charles S. Fellows was appointed
assistant secretary.
The number of members at the close of the year
was nineteen hundred and twenty-five. There were
one hundred and ninety-three transfers, and the mor-
tuary list numbered twelve. The assets of the Board
were 1050 shares of the stock of the Chamber of Com-
merce, which cost $78,792.32, and the cash on hand.
The financial statement for the year is as follows :
l\I.i KI1TS.
From assessments of members at $50 $96,250 OO
Transfers and visitors' tickets 16,289 °9
Rents, table and call room 5,098 63
Clearinghouse 2^545 74
Dividends, Chamber of Commerce
. sl'"k 4,72500
Miscellaneous 1,053 78
Bills payable so'ooo oo
$175,961 24
I ash on hand 24,619 72
EXPENDITURES.
Rent and heating old hall $ 7,483 gl
Rent old hall eight months 13,333 34
Taxes, real and persona] I4'3i6 oo
-$200,580 96
-$200,580 96
The financial report of the real-estate managers, to
November 15, showed, receipts $351,351.45, and dis-
bursements the same, including $48,585.74 for expenses
of the new building.
The assessment of dues for 1886 was fixed at $75.
The outlook at the beginning of 1885, was gloomy
and discouraging. Over-trading and undue expansion
in previous years led necessarily to a general cutting
down of expenses, the discharging of employes, and cur-
tailment of business. These measures, in many instan-
ces, were followed by labor strikes, and for a while the
furnace was out of blast, and the smoke-stack of the
manufacturer gave forth no sign of busy work. Three
months were occupied in making indispensable repairs,
then came signs of improvement. Whatever else may
happen, there is a constant and certain increase of
population, and the consumption of needed merchan-
dise and products must continue ; reduced stocks, to
supply the demand, must needs be replenished, and then
the wheels of trade and commerce once more begin to
move. The business of the merchant and manufact-
urer revived. The low price of materials, and the diffi-
culty of finding profitable employment of money in
other directions, gave a renewed stimulus to building.
Although failures during the year were numerous,
but not equalling those of 1884, those on the Board of
Trade were few and unimportant. Numerous attempts
were made to obtain organized control of the corn
market, but none of them succeeded.
HOG-PACKING AND PROVISIONS. — In this important
branch of trade Chicago continues to maintain its pre-
eminence as against any other point in the world. In
the capacity of its packing houses, in the number of
hogs received and actually handled, in the enterprise
of the capitalists and dealers engaged, and in the
amount of money invested and employed, Chicago oc-
cupies the leading position in the meat trade, without a
rival. The daily killing capacity of the packing houses
in the city is 75,000 hogs. In the slaughtering busi-
ness the capital invested is $12,000 ooo, the number of
hands employed from 12,000 to 15,000, and the amount
of money disbursed in wages aggregates over $3,500,000.
During the calendar year of 1885, the number of hogs
packed ^was 5,002,063, as against 3,834,668 in the year
1884. The tendency of prices was downward through-
out the year, and it required close figuring and untiring
vigilance to make a small margin of profit.
AN ERA OF Low PRICES. — The lowest average of
prices for the past twenty-five years, counting the rela-
tive values of articles consumed, is that of 1885. The
general level for the year was twenty per cent, below
that of May, 1860. In 1878, the lowest prices were
reached ; previous to which, the general average was
eighty-three, compared with one hundred in 1861. The
average for 1885, as compared with 1860, was 78.53.
The following table shows the average annual prices
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
of a number of leading articles, in the Chicago market,
since 1872. It is compiled from the yearly averages
given in the Chicago Tribune's annual reviews for each
of the years named.
evening, a banquet was given at the Grand Pacific Ho-
tel, at which four hundred and fifty-seven guests enjoyed
the closing festivities of this interesting and memorable
occasion.
1885.
1884.
1883.
1882.
1881.
1880.
1879.
1878.
1877.
1876.
I875.
1874.
'873-
Spring wheat, bu _ __
$ 83^
$ 83
$1 01^
$1 14%
$i I4'A
$i 05 y2
S 99
$ 96^
$1 20^4
$i 03
$1 02J4
$i 08 £(
$i I7>i
Corn bu.
42^
51^
S31A
diy,
49 H
371A
35)4
37^
44 ^
44 y>
63M
65
37
Oats bu
2S#j
29 y&
34 'A
43 14
3734
29 ¥
27
22 J^
3l'A
3i'A
47
46
284/
Rye, bu. ._
61
57/4"
59/^
71
I OO
77
55
5°'A
db%
63 M
ss y2
86
66
Uarlev bu
66
62 M
7°
72
84 'A
7i K
6l
5%'A
66
(")'A
I 26
i 34
94/4
Flaxseed
I 28
i 50
I 35
I 26
I 27
i -52
i 30
I 26
i 45
I 34^
i 70
i 92
I 70
Muslin, bleached
S'A
9'A
io-'<4
"if
I3>C
l-}4
13 U
lOjj'
11%
12^
13
12
17
Prints yd
*,\i
6
6/2
6^
7
7
7'A
6
b'A
7
iy2
9
JIK
Butter, Ib. - -
16
20
3°
33
30
28
28
20
25
26
28
28
27>i
Cheese Ib.
iVi
9
13
ii
ii
12
12
7^
ii ',
I3K
15^
14
12
Sugar, A
(>y&
6^
8'A
9/^
9^
9/4
i)J4
9>i
10
n^
I0^s
10^
11^
Coffee Rio
qV
II
ii
IO
15
*s'A
i?K
17
21
23X
23
24
24 >^
Lard, Ib
t><4
1%
9^
"K
10%
7/2
6^
6|^
9^
iiji
13^
11^
8
Short ribs .. .
sH
8^
%y»
"Mi
8%
6%
4%
5
7'A
9¥
IOX
9^
8
Pork brl
10 50
17 50
15 I2<4
ig 27'A
16 50
13 25
9 75
8 87^
13 62 ' •-,
18 75
20 25
18 25
15 25
Coal, hard, ton
5 5°
6 75
7 oo
1 25
7 75
S 50
6 f>2>/2
6 25
6 tzy,
7 75
9 50
9 50
II 50
20 67',
21 OO
24 50
28 oo
30 oo
35 °°
30 oo
21 50
20 50
26 oo
40 oo
42 oo
55 °°
IO OO
IO 12 V2
II §Tl/2
13 50
12 75
IO 37 \4
Q 37 V->
8 87^
9 I2J^
7 75
7 °2>2
Q 5O
8 50
HOP'S
\y-
5^
6
11A
6
5
4X
3
4^
6'A
7
6
4^
Cattle
j.;/
c.3/
S'A
t>'/2
s'A
43/
$1A
4
5
4^4
S}4
5if
5^
•ii/i
3M
4%
5
4%
c
4}Z
1'A
4
T.3/
AV
4V
4 1/
Gold
I OO
I OO
I OO
I OO
I OO
I OO
I OO
I OI
i 05
I lll/2
I 15
I I I I/
I 14
IMPORTANT ACTION. — Among the important acts of
the Board, during 1885, were the following :
The action taken to prevent the "bucket shops"
from obtaining quotations, which led to a controversy
with the "Open Board."
The rules were amended permitting the trading in
small lots in grain and provisions, the effect of which
was to add largely to the business of its members.
The penalty prescribed for doing business at less
than a stated rate of compensation was abolished in
November.
The "call board" being restored, after removal into
the new building, was, after a brief trial, discontinued.
The new Board of Trade building was opened for
business on May i.
NEW BOARD OF TRADE. — -The new temple of com-
merce, undoubtedly the most splendid and costly struc-
ture of the kind in the world, was formally dedicated on
April 29. The ceremonies were brilliant and imposing.
Dt-legates and invited guests were present, in large
numbers, from Liverpool, Toronto, Montreal, New
York, Philadelphia, Boston, Baltimore, St. Louis, Mil-
waukee, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Nashville, Providence,
Richmond, Denver, Indianapolis, Sacramento, Mobile,
Dubuque, and other places. These, with the members,
composed an audience of over four thousand persons.
President E. N. Blake presided. The exercises began
by the dedicatory prayer by Rev. Dr. Clinton Locke.
Following this, John R. Bensley, on behalf of the Board
of Real-Estate Managers, delivered the keys, and turned
the building over to the Board of Trade in an appro-
priate address. This was responded to, in behalf of
the association, by its president. Hon. Emery A. Storrs
then delivered the oration of the day, in which the his-
tory, objects, and achievements of the Board and its
members were eloquently portrayed. Speeches were
then made by Hon. Edward Kemble, of Boston ; Hans-
ford White, of Liverpool, England ; C. B. Stone, of
San Francisco ; ]. H. Herrick, of New York ; E. O.
Stannard, of St. Louis ; Sidney I). Maxwell, of Cincin-
nati ; W. Welch, of Philadelphia, and others. In the
The erection of this splendid structure was com-
menced in 1882, the corner-stone having been laid on
December 13.
It has a frontage of 173% feet on Jackson Street, at
the south end of La Salle, and extends south 225 feet.
The rear portion, occupied by offices, is 160 feet high,
and the front, containing the exchange hall, is 140 feet
in height, and is surmounted by a tower 310 feet above
the ground— the tallest in the city. The tower is 32
feet square at the base, and is built of masonry 225 feet,
where each face is supplied with a conspicuous clock-
dial. From this point to the pinnacle the construction
is of iron. The entrances are large door-ways, sup-
ported by polished columns of gray granite. The edi-
fice is built of Fox Island granite, and its entire cost
was$i, 730,000. The exchange hall is 152x161 feet, and
80 feet high. The offices and rooms are elegantly fin-
ished in mahogany, with artistic wood mantels, and are
finely frescoed. Taken as a whole (the hall, rooms, ex-
terior and interior finish, furnishing and decorations), it
far exceeds any other building of the kind ever erected.
1886.
At the thirty-eighth annual meeting for the election
of officers, held on January 4, 1886, A. M. Wright was
chosen president, and George D. Rumsey, vice-president.
At the annual meeting of the Board of Directors, Sidney
Smith was appointed attorney of the Board, and John
C. Black, treasurer.
Privileges of membership have sold, during the past
year, as low as $1,650, but the price has ranged gener-
ally from $1,950 to $3, 300 — the selling price in January,
1886, being about $2,100.
The members have entered upon the work of the
new year with encouraging signs on the commercial
horizon, and are determined, by their vigilance and in-
dustry, to promote the growth and prosperity of the
great city, whose progress is so well illustrated by their
organization, in the coming years as in the past.
320
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
LIST OK OKFICKKS FROM 1872 TO 1886.
Y,.ir.
President.
First Vice-Presidciii.
>i i i Jiid Yirr-l'n-sident.
Secretary.
'1'reasurer.
I - - J
Chark-s Randolph,
[87 i
Charles Randolph .
l874
i>7^
John R. Bensley
1 >,t\ id II. Lincoln,
Charles Randolph,
( 'h. tries Raiulolph
...
\ K Kairbank
John 11 Dwight
John II iKvight
II \V Rogers }r
( ' | K]ajr
John II. Ihvight
R \\' 1 'unhain
( [ Jil-iir
..
i --i
II . \V Rogers Jr
< | IJl^jr
1883
U,, T L U
1885 ..
K Nelson Hlake
A M Wright
• From July i.
M> ('"MMITTF.KS, 1872 TO l8S6.
-J. — Directors : Charles J. Davis, John R. Bensley,
William V Sturges, William E. Richardson, 13. M. Ford. Com-
mittee of Arbitration : George Field, A. R. Atkins, A. S. Hurt, A.
J. Fisher. II. \V. kogcrs, Jr. Committee of Appeals : S. 11. Mc-
Crea, D. A. Jones, \V. II. Goodnow, David Kreigh, D. II. Lincoln.
iSjj-Jj. — Directors: Joseph F. Armour, Robert Warren, Al-
exander Murison, Thomas Wight, K. H. Baldwin. Committee of
Arbitration: J. 1!. Dutch, J. S. I Miner, M. H. Foss, J. S. Pcir-
onnet, D. !•' liaxter. Committee of Appeals: [. W. Preston, J.
11. Reeme.J. K. Fisher, J. H. Ilurlbut, S. M. Moore.
/.v^y-r.v — Directors: William Dickinson, J. B. Hobbs, A. S.
Hurt, S. D. Foss, Alexander Geddes. Committee of Arbitration :
George Stewart, William Kinkead, Haxen Jackman, A. N. Young,
Ira S. Younglove. Committee of Appeals: Charles E. Culver, H.
W. Rogers, |r., C. |. Davis, 1!. M. Ford, II. C. Ranney.
'S75~7<>-— Directors : C. T. Wheeler, H. H. Ross, J. B.
Dutch, E. W. Densmore, R. P. Murphey. Committee of Arbitra-
tion : T. T. Gurney, J. T. Rawleigh, J. J. McDermid, C. J. Ma-
gill, G. II. Sidwell. Committee of Appeals: Alexander Murison,
W. M. Fgan, C. M. Culbertson, Asa Dow, Andrew Brown.
i875-7t>-77— Directors : M. S. Kingsland, C. H. Blackman,
P. P. Oldershaw, A. J. Marble, A. E. Clark. Committee of Arbi-
tration (1876-77) : T. T. Gurney, J. J. McDermid, J. T. Raw-
leigh, C. J. Magill, G. H. Sidwell. Co'mmittee of Appeals: W.
M. Egan, Andrew Brown, Asa Dow, I. S. Younglove, W. N.
Brainard.
/<5>6-77-7<y.— Directors: J. H. Norton, H. W. Rogers, Jr., A.
N. Young, T. H. Hurlbut, R. W. Dunham. Committee of Arbitra-
tion (1877-78): C. H. Adams, W. T. Henness, C. D. Hamill, Wil-
liam Dickinson, William Kinkead. Committee of Appeals:
George Armour, Albert Morse, Murry Nelson, Alexander Geddes,
II. A. Towner.
'877-7879-— Directors : W. E. McHenry, C. T. Trego C
Counselman, C. W. Wheeler, I. N. Nash. Committee of Arbitra-
tion (1878-79): J. H. French, S. H. Larminie, C. C. Moeller, D.
W. Baker, C. H. Taylor. Committee of Appeals: G. H. Sidwell
. Allen, J. R. Bensley, G. W. Couch, G. S. Carmichael.
'SjS-jQ-So.— Directors: C. H. Adams, C. D. Hamill, W. S.
Crosby, E. I. Wheeler, Thomas Heermans. Committee of Arbi-
tration (1879-80): I). E. Sibley, G. T. Smith, G. T. Beebe, P W
Dater, Charles Floyd. Committee of Appeals : Charles E Cul-
P. Oldershaw, J. J. McDermid, Tosiah Stiles, L. D. Norton.
iSjq-So-Sr.— Directors : George Clark, J. J. McDermid I
JJeazley, J. H. French, W. J. Pope. Committee of Arbitration
(1880-81): C. W. Kreigh, G. A. Mair, H. D. Warner, J. R. Hod-
son, J. M. Ball. Committee of Appeals: W. H. Crocker II II
Ross, D. W. Invin, A. N. Young, C. W. Brega.
1880-81-82.— Directors : S. A. Scribner, S. H. Larminie J
J. Lester, Louis C. Huck, F. A. Howe. Committee of Arbitra-
tion fi-i S3): W. II. Ikebe, W. S. Seaverns, John Snowell, H
. Aldrich. < ,eorge ( '. Fldredge. Committee "of Appeals- \s-i
DOW, I. P. Ramsey, G. T. Smith. Frank Clifton, C. H. Hulburd
/SSi-Sj-S?. — Directors: S. A. Kent, A. W. Green, W P,'
\\alker. G. II. Sidwell, F. Nelson Blake. Committee of Arbitra-
tion (1882-83) : M. G. Gaylord. J. R. Hodson, F. A. Crittenden,
1 homas, J. M. Platt. Committee of Appeals- I H
Dwight, J. M. Ball, L. G. Holly, 11. D. Warner C H ' Adams '
1882-83-84.— Directors: A. W. Green, W. B Walker G H
Blake, I S Younglove. Committee of Arbitration
(1882-83) : H. G. Gaylord, J. R. Hodson, F. A. Crittenden, A.
C. Thomas, J. M. Platt. Committee of Appeals: J. H Dwiirht
L. G. Holly,' J. M. Ball, H. D. Warner, C. II. Adams.
tSSj-Sf-Sj.—Dmetan: X. I!. Ream, G. C. Eldredge, G. I).
Baldwin, J. H. Robertson, S. I). Foss. Committee of Arbitration
(1883-84): G. G. Parker, A. Eddy, George C. Hall. William Gard-
ner, 7.. R. Carter. Committee of Appeals: II. W. Rodgers II
H. Aldrich, \V. F. Blair, W. S. Seaverns, C. H. Blackman.
/SSj-S<f-Sj.— Directors: J. H. Milne, G. D. Baldwin, S. D.
Foss, T. J. Lefens, G. I). Kiimsey. Committee of Arbitration
(1884-85): J. R. Hodson, E. A. Hamill, M. C. Lightner, John
\\est, W. I). Gregory. Committee of Appeals: W. M. Gregg, G.
W. Couch, T. S. Francis, R. W. Dunham, H. G. Gaylord.
rSSj-Sj-S6.— 1 Mrectors : G. H. Wheeler, C. A. 'Mair, L. G.
Holly, J. M. Ball, J. J. Bryant. Committee of Arbitration
(1885-86): William Gardner, F. G. Kammerer, J. C. Merrill, G.
W. Phillips, F. G. Logan. Committee of Appeals- J B Hobbs
7.. R. Carter, A. Eddy, Jr., P. B. Weare, X. T. Wright.
1835-86-87— Directors : W. S. Seaverns, J. C. Hately, W. H.
Crocker, Edmund Norton, W. W. Catlin. Committee of Arbitra-
tion (1886-87): W. B. Waters. J. J. Badenock, J. R. Hodson, C.
B. Congdon, L. H. Ash. Committee of Appeals: J. C. Rogers
J. J. McDermid, G. H. Sidwell, H. H. Aldrich, J. L. Ward.
1886-87-88.— Directors : G. G. Moore, G. I. Brine, W. H.
Beebe, W. D. Gregory, George G. Parker.
THE OPEN BOARD OF TRADE.
The objects of this association, as expressed in its
rules and by-laws, are the same as those of the regular
Board. That such an organization was demanded by
the advancing trade and commerce of the city, many
far-sighted business men thoroughly believed before its
successful operations established it on a firm foundation.
One of its principal features at the beginning was to en-
able its members and customers to deal in smaller
amounts of staples than was permitted on the older
board, and yet preserve as strict integrity in all trans-
actions. It commenced business, in a rather informal
way, on December 15, 1877, but was not incorporated
under the laws of the State until May 12, 1880. At
first, a room was occupied on the Board of Trade alley;
then, for two years, the basement No. 121 LaSalle
Street was used, and afterward its business was con-
ducted under the Chamber of Commerce Building. In
1882, steps were taken to erect a building of its own.
A lot situated on Pacific Avenue, between Jackson and
Van Buren streets, loox 105 feet, was leased for ninety-
nine years, and an elegant and spacious building has
been erected thereon, at a cost of $150,000. It is six
stories in height, with a handsome face of superior
pressed brick, relieved by brown-stone and terra-cotta
trimmings. The main hall on the first floor is 101 x8s
feet. The secretary's office and clearing-house are on
the second floor. The offices are all connected with the
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
321
lower floor by speaking tubes. A convenient club-room
for the members is at the east side, on the sixth floor.
The methods of trading are practically the same in
both Boards, and many leading firms belong to both.
The number of members on January i, 1886, was
four hundred and ten. The initiation fee is now
OPEN BOARD OF TRADE
$250, provision being made in the rules that said fee
shall be $500 when the membership reaches five hun-
dred. The yearly assessment for expenses is $50. The
annual elections are held on the second Tuesday in
May, and the elective officers are a president and vice-
president, for a term of one year, and eight directors
for two years, four being elected each year.
The following is the financial statement of the asso-
ciation for the year ending April 30, 1885:
RECEIPTS.
Cash on hand May I, 1884 $77,278 37
From assessments $ 18,900 oo
Special assessments from clerks 1,840 oo
Rent of offices and telephone
boxes 18,907 25
Sale of bonds 20,088 50
Clearing-house and sundries 2,404 96
62,140 71
EXPENDITURES.
Cash paid on account of build-
ing,. $ 83,106 65
For ground rent. 11,199 96
Interest on bonds 7,50000
Insurance, taxes, and repairs.. 4,762 25
Lawsuits, $803 50; fuel,
$2,87158 3,67508
Market reports, gas, etc... 6,017 15
Salaries, and printing and sta-
tionery 12,869 40
Sundries.-. 1,864 98
$139,419 08
$130,995 47
Cash on hand April 30 — 8,423 61
- $139,419 08
LIST OF OFFICERS FROM 1880 TO 1885.
President. Vice-President. Secretary. Treasurer.
D. S. Mugridge, L. E. Hall,
1880 T. M. Baxter,
1881 (leorge W. Hunt, W. I). French"
i88a....T. M. Baxter, W. D. French,
1883. ...W D. French,
1884 W. D. French,
1885 ...E. J. Noble,
S. C Clark.
Llnn^o Katon, L. J. Lainson.
Alonzo Eaton, L. J. Lainson.
Alonzo Eaton, L. J. Lainson.
Alonzo Eaton, L. J. Lamson.
Alonzo Eaton, L. J. Lamson.
Directors (1885-86): L. J. Lamson, E. T. Wanzer, M. J.
Sheridan, J. C. Myers, J. W. Brown, W. D. Hurford, E X. Mor-
gan, S. W. Hunt.
Arbitration Committee (1886-87): S. W. Bassett, E. P.
Phelps, William Strawbridge, W. E. Aiken.
Appeals Committee (1886-87): D. S. Mugridge, M. McKee,
W. D. French, W. H. Cuyler.
21
THOMAS MARSHAL BAXTER, commission merchant, son of Dr.
John and Cassandra H. Baxter, was born at Mount Vernon, Ohio,
on November II, 1840. Until he reached his eighteenth year he
attended the public schools of his native town, and then entered
the Michigan University, at Ann Arbor, from which he graduated,
with honors, in the class of 1862. With the view "of adopting the
law as a profession, he attended one term of lectures in the law de-
partment of his Alma Mater, but becoming dissatisfied with so sed-
entary a life he went to Detroit, and became a member of the firm
of Edwards & Baxter, dealers in rubber goods, belting, etc., Wood-
ward Avenue. In 1865, the firm was dissolved, and Mr. Baxter
came to Chicago, and during the ensuing years operated on Board
of Trade. It was during the year 1877 that Mr. Baxter projected
the idea of an Open Board of Trade; and it was through his energy
and encouragement that the plan took form and was placed in ac-
tive operation. On account of the business failure of his colleagues
shortly afterward, he was obliged to assume the entire responsibility
and control of the organization, and for some time he carried on
the business alone. He succeeded in inaugurating another formal
organization in the spring of 1878, and, with the stimulus thus
gained, the Open Board of Trade became a success and has since
been in a prosperous condition. Until the building now occupied
by the Open Board was erected, Mr. Baxter was located at No. 127
LaSalle Street; in May, 1885, he moved to his present quarters.
Mr. liaxter was honored with the presidency of the Open Board
during the four years subsequent to its organization, and has since
been tendered the same honor, which he was obliged to decline be-
cause of the demands of his private business. Mr. Baxter was
married, in March, 1863, to Miss Mary L. Danforth, of Ann Ar-
bor, Mich., daughter of Hon. George Danforth.
HENRY C. GRAY is the son of John and Mary (Cole) Gray, and
was born at Burlington, Iowa, in 1842. He was educated at Bur-
lington College, in his native town. When about sixteen years old,
he became a clerk in the general merchandise store of George W.
Gray, at Lansing, Iowa, where he remained for about three years,
when he moved to Chicago, and finished a commercial college course
of study. He soon entered the employ of Charles Biggs, who had
then a cutlery store on Lake Street, and three months later he en-
listed in the Army, becoming a member, of the famous Mercantile
Battery, composed entirely of business men of Chicago. He re-
mained with this branch of the service, seeing some hard fighting
under Grant, in the battles and sieges which led to the capture of
Vicksburg, until the battery was lost in the ill-fated Red River Ex-
pedition under General Banks. He also served under Generals
Sherman and McClernand, and in the latter years of the War was
under General Grierson on his expedition through Georgia and
Alabama. Having served through the entire War, he returned to
Chicago in 1865, and entered the employ of Biggs, Spencer & Co.,
cutlery, at No. 44 Lake Street, remaining with that firm until 1871,
when he commenced the cutlery business for himself, having as
partners Joseph H. Williamson and James P. Chess, the firm name
being Williamson, Gray & Co., and their place of business at No.
84 Lake Street. The firm dissolved in 1874, and Mr. Gray en-
tered the employ of E. R. Hoodfc Co., grain and commission mer-
chants, where he remained until 1876. He was next with S. C.
Spencer & Co., in the same business, for about a year, and then he
established himself in the commission business at No. 133 LaSalle
Street, but soon moved to No. 162 Washington Street, where he re-
mained until the new Board of Trade building was opened, when
he changed to his present quarters. He was one of the founders
of the Open Board of Trade, and has been a director since 1879.
He was married to Mary E., daughter of Elijah Mason, of Chicago,
in 1872, and has been a member of the Board of Trade since 1878.
The following tables are self-explanatory:
Year.
SKCDS* (pounds).
SALT (barrels).
Receipts.
Shipments.
Receipts.
Shipments.
1872 ...
44,755,412
22,358,542
606,673
513,850
1873---
52,813,468
25,761,324
651,506
581,167
1874...
73.192,773
43,315,623
687,239
657,295
1875...
75,885,230
55,428,49!
706,588
683,292
1876...
96,890,420
82,344,295
906,965
779,676
1877...
51,141,672
49,977,020
,327,028
809,098
1878...
48,333,521
40,538,960
,382,197
841,092
1879...
50,509,727
47,361,744
,461,233
867,954
1880...
53,972,825
44,704,545
,707,446
1,062,028
1881 ...
47,363,084
49,610,368
,651,239
986,759
1882...
52,839,404
54.469,994
,607,218
1,320,099
1883 ...
70,704,252
62,078,720
,524,29!
1,037,166
1884...
68,096,691
50,001,830
,490,478
1,209,518
1885...
67,674,000
52,626,000
,438,681
1,225,309
*Up to 1876 all seeds arc included ; after thut date flaxseed is excluded.
322
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
\Vlll \T.
Ki < eipts,
bushels.
Shipment!,
bushels.
Loca! consump-
tion, or
left on hand,
bushels.
e price
per bushrl.
No. 2 spring.
1872..
12,724,141
12,160,046
5<>4.095
Cents.
121. OO
1873...
6,563
-.657
i, s 10,905
"7.50
1874...
1,622
27,634.587
2,130,035
108.75
1875...
24,206,370
(.349
1,022,021
IO2.50
1876...
i (,361,950
2,212,108
103.12^
1878...
14,164,515
29,713.577
13,909,160
24,711,239
255.355
5,002,338
120.50
96.62^
1879...
34,106,109
3I,OO(
3,099,320
99.12j|
1880...
23,541,607
22,796,288
745.319
105.62^
1881...
14,824.990
i 7,1 -'7, 540
114.50
1882...
23,008,596
[9.767.884
3,240,712
"4-75
20.364,155
11.7*8,75 i
8,635,401
101.75
1884...
26.397,587
ai.046.S77
5,351,010
83.00
1885...
1 9, 266,773
13,265,223
6,001,549
83.70
its position as the leading manufacturing city of the
great West, has notably fallen behind in the manufac-
ture of flour. There was not as much flour milled in
the city, from 1871 to 1885, as in the preceding four-
teen years, by over one and a quarter million of barrels;
and in no year since 1871 has the product been equal
t< > city consumption. Improved methods in the manu-
facture of flour from spring wheat, and the use of water
power, made it possible for the enterprise of Minne-
apolis,— in the very center of the wheat region and
using the most perfect machinery in the world— to defy
all competition in the manufacture of flour ; and in the
last year her twenty-six mills, having a daily capacity of
thirty-three thousand barrels, manufactured five million
of barrels of flour against the half million of Chicago.
The fact also that the price of wheat in the latter city
almost always ranges higher than flour, does not invite
special effort in this direction. Only six mills in the
CORK
OATS.
Year.
KrCr-iptS,
bushels.
Shipments,
bushels.
Local con-
sumption or left
on hand,
bushels.
Average price
per bushel
or Number 2.
(Cents.)
Receipts,
bushels.
Shipments,
bushels.
Local con-
sumption or left
on hand,
bushels.
Average
price
I^Kj. 2 oats
per
bushel.
1872
47, 366,087
47,013,552
352,535
37-25
15,061,715
12,255,537
2,806,178
29^
1871
38,157,232
36.754.943
1,402,289
37.00
17,888,724
15,694,133
2,194,591
28^
I--i
35,799,638
32,705,224
3,094,414
65.00
13,901,235
10,561,673
3,339.562
46
28,341,150
26,443,854
1,897,266
63-75
12,916,428
10,279,134
2,637,294
47
lS76
48,668,640
45,629,035
3,039,605
44.62j£
13,030,121
11,271,642
1,758,479
3i#
l877
•)7, 915.728
46.361,901
1,553,827
44-75
13,506,773
12,497,612
1,009,161
3«J4
!S78
63 65 1 518
59,944,200
3,707,318
37-37/4
18,839,297
16,464,513
2,374.784
22^
1870
64,339,321
61,299,376
3,039,945
35-62^
16,660,428
13,514,020
3,146,408
27
1880
97,272,844
93,572,934
3,699,910
37-62^
23,490,915
20,649,427
2,841,488
29.^
j88i
78 393.315
75,463.213
2,930,102
49-75
24,861,538
23,250,297
I,6lI,24I
37^
1882
49,061,755
49,073,609
988,146
67-37
26,802,872
23,658,239
3,244,633
43^
1883
74,412,319
71,666,508
2,745,811
53-54
36,502,283
31,845,993
4,656,290
34^
1884
59,580,445
53,274,050
6,306,395
51.20
40,082,362
34,230,893
5,851,469
29^
1885
62,930,474
58,807,609
4,122,865
42.65
37,687,241
32,666,065
5,021,176
2&7/s
Year.
RYE.
BARLEY.
Receipts,
bushels.
Shipments,
bushels.
Local con-
sumption or left
on hand,
bushels.
Opening and
closing price
for the year.
Receipts,
bushels.
Shipments,
bushels.
Local
consumption or
left on hand,
bushels.
Opening
and closing
prices
for wheat.
1872
I,I29,O86
1,189,464
791,182
699,583
1,447,917
1,728,865
2,490,615
2,497,340
1,869,218
1,363,552
1,984,516
5.484.259
3,327,516
1,905,616
776,805
960,613
335.077
310,592
1,433,976
1,553,375
2,025,654
2,234,363
1,365,165
1,104,452
1,773,148
3,838,554
4,365,757
1,218,623
352,281
228,851
456,105
388,991
13,941
175,490
464,961
262,977
504,053
259,100
211,368
1,645,705
95 ©68
76 ©99
65 ©78
63 @ 70
66 ©73
72 @ 56
56® 44
43 @8i
81 ©85
85 ©96
95 ©57
57 @6o
58 ©62
52 ©58
5,251,750
4,240,239
3,354.981
3,107,297
4,716,360
4,990-379
5,754,0^9
4,936,562
5,211,536
5.695',358
6,488,140
8,831,899
7,849,829
10,781,240
5,032,308
3,366,041
2,404,538
1,868,206
2,687,932
4,213,656
3.520,983
3,566,401
3,110,985
3,113.251
3,208,252
4,643,011
4,095,500
5,58l,l8l
219,442
874,198
950,443
1,239,09!
2,028,428
776,723
2,233,076
I,37O,l6l
2,100,551
2,582,107
3,279,888
4,188,888
3.754,329
5,200,059
$1.23© 84
1.18 @i.i8
64 ©1.40
60 @ 70
78® 68
64® 57
41 @ 56
51 @ 66
82@i.o8
1. 13 @i.o6
I 05 @ 80
50© 44
61 @ 56
61© 65
187^
1874 .. .
1875 . - .
1876
1877 .
1878 .
l87O
i860
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
686,993
MILLING AND FLOUR BUSINESS.
The growth of this industry in this country for the
past fourteen years is one of the marvels of the age.
Chicago, however, which has maintained, or advanced,
city are largely employed, and great discrimination and
judgment is required in the grades handled to enable
them to realize a profitable return on the capital in-
vested.
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
323
ANNUAL RECEIPTS OF FLOUR (IN BARRELS) AT CHICAGO, FROM 1858 TO 1871, INCLUSIVE.
By
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
fll
0*3:0
•" -x
Soo '.
si's"
si
Sf
f«s
I1.-
00—"
= - r?
£°°-
1869.
1870.
1871.
£ -"
•> .=J
r-4 '"
* •"
•T-
a"!
g«j
OJCOJ*
a ~.
i"S
2,354
57.708
105, 502
87.205
29.333
104,307
56,549
5.456
45,779
133.541
163.988
79,277
135,237
17,828
8,474
156.915
91.815
58.106
77,060
13.199
32.550
243.281
228,4:i!<
198.883
212.560
13.647
241,958
233.268
209,615
288,926
253.219
12,282
162.857
187.480
165,452
320,018
185,794
12.414
84,715
31,437
55.216
47.952
45,317
25,836
32,959
27.428
34,655
44,732
17,933
30,797
10,323
47,673
13.586
Illinois & Mich. Canal..
Galena & Chicago Ky. . .
Chicago & Kock Island.
140.356
212.066
133,142
124,371
128,392
140,333
179.303
80.173
173,479
213.797
116,417
209,145
281,727
472.546
205,213
234,576
364,686
167,820
251,082
306,859
143.680
232,823
139.355
204,545
Chicago. Burlington *
Chicago, St.Paul & Fond
47,193
8.138
12.602
11.246
84,787
786
10.659
15.978
45,868
5,565
7,856
17,539
12,746
17,079
239,307
9,523
43.594
87,441
3,285
12,574
398,222
4,238
77.844
12,893
2.449
9,979
321.277
3,186
105.299
9,973
7,689
16.508
246,208
4.495
57,754
12,946
5.617
17.484
477,719
4.093
11.974
62.042
129,406
22,369
36,581
506,011
5.901
10,057
51,374
32,486
6,757
15,156
1.386,913
694
2,676
38,094
74.621
48,154
53,366
'"(is'.ioo
9,636
20,535
675,473
1,921
Chicago* Milwaukee..
Michigan southern
Michigan Central
Chicago & Northwest'ii.
Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne
29.640
25.458
961,506
893
14,743
34,489
239,030
2,169
10,677
23.621
1,304,359
1,968
21,638
16,467
624,777
2,611
Cincinnati, Columbus A
161
2.700
Pittsburgh, Chicago &
St. Louis
4.357
5,407
1,530
522,137
140,403
14.5J5
786.321
16.1(10
6.723
713,348
232.00(1
16,353
1.479,284
291.852
31,745
1,666.391
260.980
26.986
1,424,055
223.123
136,800
1,170,274
29.013
105,339
1,252.116
301.776
85,000
2.022,060
452.528
23,616
1.648.906
609,606
62,693
2,276,335
747,932
74,925
2,218.822
543.285
88,330
1,766,037
443.976
56.691
1,412.177
327.739
72.835
Manufact'd in Chicago .
677,045
849.144
961,701
1,802.881
1,954,357
1,783,975
1,565,750
1,638,892
2,498.204
2,321,205
3,099,192
3,850,337
2.266,704
1,812,751
"Number of barrels received from January 1 to March 31, 1863. 154,602.
MODE OF SHIPMENT OF FLOUR (IN BARRELS) FROM CHICAGO, FROM 1858 TO 1871, INCLUSIVE.
By
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
1862.
CO TJ<
•-S CO
OO CO
•» 0
CO •£>
00 OO
•n co
S S
CO t-
CO CO
CO OO
t- GO
CO CO
CO CO
co- o>
co :o
CO CO
1869.
1870.
1871.
March 31,
to
March 31,
March 31,
to
March 31,
March 81,
to
March 31,
March 31,
to
March 31,
March 31,
to
March 31,
March 31,
to
March 31.
Lake
S77.177
28,197
51,362
1,703
579
2.029
6.337
3,018
365.309
54
126,087
65.911
6,443
594
113.625
1,430
4.029
1.959
218.741
158
158.548
80.157
50,109
5,189
169,377
13,488
1,567
423
375
542.927
34
444,392
242,430
43.008
3,431
314,196
2.846
1.264
8,491
301
1,057,803
690
285,034
174.354
3,772
138
213,573
1.207,343
2,845
89.956
98,346
13.443
774
82.551
6.018
1,034,793
1.133
71,750
36,110
8,874
8.225
100,887
5,018
8,532
11,812
5,206
646,356
700
171,305
152.876
70,712
2,095
319.531
59,294
3,517
22.450
1,200
481,491
218
419,947
262,072
70,005
2,162
565,303
27,718
301
81.554
8.562
650,367
512
216.139
181,488
33.423
5,224
432,240
18,701
774.556
554
355,203
306.620
107,787
3,159
640,525
52,680
829.272
936
360.736
220,678
105,934
5,218
469,141
60,084
574,303
2.510
302,560
207,165
83.939
7.677
231,902
15,336
488.505
1.784
152.967
2311,090
37,432
4,860
207,648
17.900
Illinois & Mich. Canal..
Michigan Southern Ry.
Michigan Central
Illinois Central
Chicago, Burlington &
Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne
Chicago, Alton & St.
Louis
Chicago A Milwaukee..
Chicago* Kock Island.
Chicago * Northwest'ii
Cincinnati Air Line
3,172
857
456
647
4,620
1,271
17,934
4,170
30,188
4,920
10,500
3,794
19.456
13,516
19.923
23,3<4
Cincinnati. Columbus A
Indiana Central
1,179
73,149
338.454
357,715
2.700
Pittsburgh. Cincinnati
*st. Louis
272.680
187,413
103,021
Total .
470,402
199,920
6.723
686,351
191.840
16,353
698,132
231.824
31,745
1,603,920
171.975
26,986
1.739.849
165,720
48.788
1.507,814
170.823
105,339
1,887,540
193,205
85,000
1,523,876
91,400
83,616
2.197,787
837.724
62,693
1.917,925
338,355
74,925
J.723,817
273.477
101,898
2.339.063
454,583
56,691
1 705,977
487,892
72.835
1.287,574
492.477
32,700
City consumption and
unaccounted for
677,045
894,544
961,701
1.802.881
1.954,357
1,783.976
1,565,750
1,638,892
2.498,204
2.321.205
3,099,192
2,850,337
2.266,704
1,812,751
•Number of barrels shipped from January 1 to March 31, 1863, F0,071
324
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
AXM-AI. RECEIPTS OF FLOUR (IN F.AKKKI.S) AT CHICAGO, FROM 1872 TO 1885, iNci.rsivjr.
10
1ST-;.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Lftlt*
18.302
17.566
"f.TJUl
47,875
15.180
"87.1011
44.719
20,923
19
91.500
17,036
47,092
-4 IV
102.120
81.805
BSD
73,318
18.010
76.962
439
92.580
15. Ml
57,551
403
77,283
36,176
42.314
1.622
70,953
48.435
5-MI20
1.916
123,839
31.844
12.085
230
117.500
33.784
53.891
2.41S
233.675
36,113
87.913
1.071
J8.12S
492
264.657
31,755
4,699
1,521,226
1.500,189
26,33(
89,46b
32.765
91.777
Ih A MM h. C;ui;t!
1UU, A ('
CtlKMKO, Itlll llMK-
1 KiiM-'l !,
Cliii'HK'o A t,!.in<!
Trunk
118.245
111,012
113.623
9(«
238.831
168.392
1,092
95.734
8,545
131.502
23.818
192.538
9.587
427.292
36,724
460.950
30.779
662.507
19.056
4,533
930.917
1,187.608
421.597
10.590
1.546
2 182,304
1.749,352
229.878
19.380
1.626
1.565,679
1,365,516
237.887
12,335
1,117
2,086,876
1,457,637
137,137
13,795
5.327
2.282.121
1,814,017
M 11 wan -
SI P;tnl -.
789,9911
1.808.837
865.746
1.134,362
1,176,088
1,172.662
115,084
1,142.403
930,211
526
79,712
1.204,374
964.809
390
75,342
1,179.048
1.295.234
24
39.899
1.027.335
Cln.-.. K 1. .1 !•:((-...
-t. I,.. in.-
•ill-Rll
94.81U
133.535
igiisse
97,371
18,258
64,207
443,020
515,847
853
16,310
36,550
397
20.581
203
698,259
603,848
-nti;.l ...
i- A Ml.-h.
S.Hitli.-rn
LoulsvilH-. N .- «
Alllftl.v 1
153,484
14.177
209.885
7,010
iu&na
5,711
220,610
8.135
129.722
6.075
135.301
6,096
158,902
2,756
188,586
5,670
102,993
9,108
62,096
14,156
59,116
13,458
43
21,312
12,971
44,883
1,650
6,799
480
139,408
49.636
5.700
19,350
2.385
Michigan •
N.Y..rhi<-a«.j A SI
l.inii-
20,750
3,429
10,275
23,999
19.123
5,210
6,307
16.319
11.759
34,622
PUMburi
n;il i A St. l,..nis.
Plttsliilrtili. l-'orl
A Chic...
3t I.. A I'.
518
3.442
555
2,553
167
1.991
9,131
535
887
1,776
1.315
352
1,898
1,000
1,175
1.309
6,007
11.754
26.679
4,490
16.309
87,811
5,976
1.862
128,283
25
158,011
135
70,875
165,946
2,625.883
249,653
60.400
Total ii-c-.-ipts. .
Manufactured in
1.532,014
ISI;.:K;S
32.700
2,487,376
vitil.. Hi:!
25.582
2,666,679
244.667
45.700
2.955.197
271,074
62,760
2.691,142
293.244
63,531
3.030.562
308,284
78,049
3,369,958
285.904
89,187
3,215,389
196,041
95,100
4,815,239
238.200
91,525
4.177,912
300,358
83,725
4.295,515
294.720
80,217
4.960,830
535.841
62.437
5,379,772
575.165
58.628
-1 Vf.sst-ls
1.751,682
3.777.321
2.957.046
2935.936
3,289,031
3,047.917
3.416.895
3.745.049
3,506.030
5.144.964
4,561,995
4,670,452
5.559.098
6,013,565
ANNUAL SHIPMENTS OF FLOUR (IN BARRELS) FROM CHICAGO, FROM 1872 TO 1885, INCLUSIVE.
By
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
18T7.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Lake
223.457
1.201
428,821
1.012
555.152
1.272
8.341
7.800
""4:244
8.009
""slim
506
13.024
39.289
399.564
"363! 833
328.283
703
186,829
4.390
""i'SoS
17269
286,591
1.502
173,058
5,161
""Sim
18,470
148.779
1.002
82.723
14,268
""4';363
17.806
321.648
1,336
58,135
14,690
""5:485
16,193
330,257
545
63,84(
15,396
""5:694
24.406
527,873
78!
43. 90S
13,864
""ft 8 18
10,521
128.569
4,269
12,104
159.415
l,43t
58.200
21,887
""ft44«
22.906
394.647
3,538
13.917
792.764
811
86,567
21,502
""5:162
61,490
298.813
9.131
27,161
801,099
645
75.914
5.B07
279.601
8,913
33,404
191.768
17,764
28.928
753.357
180
122.750
12,596
607.357
3,504
10.920
304,500
15,734
37,384
621,473
"195:243
29.724
408.231
1.174
11,151
453.524
10,648
33,953
111. 4 Mich. Can'i
Baltlm're&Ohlo
Chicago A Alton
Chic. & Atlantic
I'.. 11. A ()
Chic. & Eastern.
Chic. * G'd Tr'k
C.. M. &St. V....
Chicago A V - v\ .
Chic. 4 Pacific.
Clii.. Kk. Is. AH.
Illinois (Vntral .
Lake Shore &
Mich. South'!!
L'Tllie. N. Al-
l«n\ A Chic'uo
Mich. Central...
St. L. i
14.552
""?. 346
31.142
' "2'i,'262
""9'|872
39,528
132,249
"isiisso
4.108
""450
9,480
20
29.807
186
6,814
49.825
351.435
"43<U05
200
8.416
935
20.563
28.873
433.144
"514:448
684
7,824
1,081
18.149
37,114
621,767
"S48.'484
1.668
11.470
991
12.793
39,436
694,998
'7831489
3,077
10.021
2.285
12,142
21.140
730,946
'mib'i
1.732
14.136
1,186
6.156
16,240
668,696
1.612:094
6,053
15,572
555,599
'762:534
10,372
24,365
1,071,335
r,6'38,254
11,658
34,936
561,011
831
902.505
6.796
29,011
399.331
1.485
1.028,018
501,159
71,601
11,174
34,459
1.062,008
9.840
675,713
342.611
228.560
11,923
39,202
778,162
24,120
610.279
507,273
236,805
St. L.
81. L. . . . .
236.684
472,185
372.063
619.864
296.733
603.566
225,317
513.175
266.710
699,561
168.717
499.802
152.076
655.065
192,121
738.651
265,302
507.816
1.163
762,708
916.207
4,208
546,358
475,917
6,470
Pitts., Ft W. A
Chicago....
Wat).. St. L. A P.
Total shlpm'ts
In store and In
vessels
>nsuinj>-
ti'in anil unac-
counted for
515.274
3.454
509.031
68.206
994.757
251.657
1,361,338
25,582
364,772
2.303,490
45.700
428.131
2.306.576
60.400
590.070
J,2H.-),113
62,760
588.063
2,634.838
63,531
590,662
2.482,305
78.049
487,563
2.779,640
89,187
548.068
3.090.540
95.100
559.409
2,862,737
91,528
552,268
4,499,748
83,725
561.496
3,843.067
80,217
638,711
3.999.431
62.427
608,594
4,808.884
55,628
691,586
5.209,299
58,638
745,638
1.751.682
2,777.321
2.957.046
•4,!l:i.-|.!l.-|6
3.289.031
1.047,917
3,416.895
3.745,049
3.506,530
5,144,964
4,561,995
4.670,452
5,559,098
6.013.565
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
AMOUNT (IN BARRELS) OF FLOUR MANUFACTURED IN CHICAGO, FROM 1858 TO 1871, INCLUSIVE.
325
Mills.
1858.
1859.
1880.
1861.
1862.
To March
31, 1864.
From March 31 to March 31 each year.
1869.
1870.
1871.
1865.
186B.
1867.
1868.
1869.
Adams
45,000
20,100
40.000
25,000
50.000
29.000
60,000
55,000
36.000
62,000
46,700
53.641
38,886
64,000
53.000
36,500
30.473
Uike Street
13.000
7,000
10.000
15.0(10
12.000
20.500
10.000
18,000
•J;i noil
14,000
26.000
12.000
22.400
16,000
33.000
18.000
43,000
10.000
42,000
14.500
27.350
8,000
9.500
8,000
West Lake Street
Michigan
15,000
15,000
35,000
11,000
31,802
45,000
29,278
25,545
39,0011
24,006
51.850
30,000
42,000
65.000
35.000
40,000
15,000
10,000
1,500
24.124
30.636
27,300
17,300
40,000
ai',045
25,000
20,000
56,660
26.592
40.000
27.000
44.000
36,000
'46.670
23.895
SB. 200
47.285
73.157
35.000
33.681
97,280
46.259
75.000
27.000
i03.2i6
48,149
85,024
55,918
44,578
56,381
'57,663
'50.075
'52,674
38.666
Oriental
Jlrah D. Cole, Jr
State
National
40,000
22,000
37.000
23.416
12,350
45,6'6o
24,000
35,000
35,000
25,000
43.432
47 000
35,692
35 187
24,796
37 381
23 000
50 300
45.000
L 11,092
500
81,000
138,617
123.613
9.800
3.000
100.321
8.000
6,500
55.303
56.500
70.500
59,050
71.526
17,500
28.050
18.500
25.000
140.403
161,500
232,000
291,852
260.980
223,123
290,187
301,776
452,528
609,606
747,932
543,285
443,976
327,739
AM<MNT (IN BARRELS) OK FLOUR MANUFACTURED IN CHICAGO. FROM 1872 TO 1885, INCLUSIVE.
Mills.
1872.
1873.
1874.
Ib75.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Oriental
64.868
104,514
91.0il
95.509
55.910
90.097
4 100
"'5.' 200
15.000
72.000
78.532
112,672
12.000
34.548
78.000
69.993
3.200
12.000
136,000
87,000
15600
235] 241
175.0(1(1
110.000
15,500
2'2'4!349
175.316
160.000
14.000
i's'eies'e
12.000
1391 144
49,800
1 60] 864
60,000
im647
50.200
89,750
161.234
184'. 725
115,633
iiiiij'm
125.385
Norton
n'g'ioo
i54]&49
Other mills
3.000
5.000
3.000
3,000
4,500
3,500
3,000
i'soti
1,500
Total
186.968
264.363
244.667
249.653
271.074
293.244
308.2S)
285.904
196.041
238.200
300.358
294.720
535 841
575.165
CLINTON BRIGGS, president of the Star and Crescent Milling
Company, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., on May 27, 1821,
and is a son of Gilbert and Martha (Place) Briggs. He worked
on his father's farm and attended school until he was twenty-one
years of age, when he left home and started for the West. After
spending two years in Cincinnati, where he was employed as a
clerk, he moved to Rockford, 111., and commenced business, but
soon sold out and went to St. Louis, where he filled a clerical posi-
tion for eight years. In 1856, he came to Chicago, and became a
partner in the firm of Ewing, Briggs & Co., wholesale grocers.
This house did a large and profitable trade until 1870, when they
closed up their business. Mr. Briggs, in company with Thomas
Heermans, soon after bought a milling interest on West Randolph
Street, which they carried on together until Mr. Ileermans's death,
in 1880. Mr. Briggs continued the business alone until 1883,
when a corporation was formed with the following officers: Clinton
Briggs, president; C. B. Cole, vice-president; Z. T. Cole, secretary
and treasurer. Henry C. Cole is also a stockholder and director.
Mr. Briggs was elected treasurer of the city under Mayor Heath in
1876-77, and in the administration of this public trust exercised
the same care and circumspection that have characterized his con-
duct of the large interests of the Star and Crescent Mills. He
was a member of the Board of Trade for twenty-eight years, one of
its board of directors for several years, and was first vice-president
in 1861 In 1869, Mr. Briggs married Sarah Jane Wray, daughter
of Robert Wray, a retired Irish physician, who yet resides at Pitts-
burgh, Penn. Mrs. Briggs died in 1884, leaving two children, —
Martha and Jennie.
BAKERS — Some sketches of the more prominent of
this class of manufacturers are given, a perusal of
which will convey an idea of the magnitude of the
business in this city.
MECHANICAL BAKERY.— In 1858, Dr. Berdan, the famous
sharpshooter, invented an oven for baking crackers, which wi irked
automatically and continuously, greatly adding to the produc-
tive capacity of a bakery. It was brought to the attention of
some of the representative capitalists of this city, and a joint-stock
company was formed for putting it into practical use. Among
those interested, were the late J. T. Ryerson, who became the
president of the company and its general manager, Rumsey Bros.
& Co., and the late E. C. Larned. The company was incorporated
under the name of the Chicago Mechanical Bakery Company.
They erected a building on Clinton Street, between Lake and Ran-
dolph, with three stories and basement. The oven alone cost
$40,000, and was a very ingenious affair, but so complicated that
it was liable to get out of order, and, in consequence, was expensive
to keep in repair. It was very successful from the first, and bade
fair to revolutionize the entire cracker business of the country.
The company also made bread and pies, and did a general baking
business for the city trade. Henry C. Childs was superintendent;
William W. Shaw, now of Blake, Shaw & Co., had charge of the
books; George Fyfe, now of Hay & Prentice, was shipping clerk;
Elisha W. Case, of Case & Martin, had charge of the pie depart-
ment; Alexander Moody and Charles E. Waters were employe's; and,
indeed, nearly every other prominent man in the baking business,
now in the city, had something to do with it in one way or another.
Besides the great Berdan oven, they ran four common ovens for
bread, pies, etc. They employed about one hundred hands, ran
fifteen teams, and kept two men on the road. Soon after the War
broke out they opened a branch house in Louisville. Ky., and,
obtaining a large contract from the Government, devoted the cracker
department exclusively to the making of hard-bread for the Army.
This was a fortunate stroke for the company, and while the War
lasted they made money; but, it was a clumsy corporation, and it
had a shrewd and active opponent in the person of J. M. Dake,
who, forecasting the end of the War, was busy building up a per-
manent trade all over the Northwest; therefore, when the War
closed, Mr. Dake had the trade and the corporation had — its
"plant." The result was, Mr. Dake rented the whole establish-
ment for five years, at a yearly rental of $7.500, solely to get rid
of it. He took into his service such of its employes as he wanted,
sub-let the building to various persons, for all sorts of uses, and
closed the career of the Mechanical Bakery, after an existence of
about fourteen years. The costly machinery of the oven was
finally sold for old iron, and the building was bought by Mr.
Phillips, the well-known dealer in hams, and it is now noted as
Phillips's ham house.
THE DAKE BAKERY.— This bakery has become, if not the
largest, at least one of the largest, and best equipped institutions of
its kind in this country. Its building, situate on the corner of
Adams and Clinton streets, is 65 by 200 feet, and is four stories
and a basement. The power is furnished by a Corliss engine of
one hundred horse-power. Since the fire, the company have baked
no bread, but confine their attention to the manufacture of all kinds
of crackers, snaps, jumbles, cakes, etc. One hundred and fifty
persons of both sexes and of various ages are employed in the
bakery, and their pay-roll amounts to about §1,200 a week, exclu-
326
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
sivo of amount paid to their travelling nu-n. I hey have 0111 iccl-
ovens, running steadily day and night, and annually IMC tinty-In*
thousand b.urclsof Bour, twelve hundred barrels ol molasses, t»o
thousand tierces of lard, and other articles in proportion. TO dis-
pose of tl they keep ten men <m the road continually,
who trawl from Lake Sujx-rior to the Cult of Mexico and from
Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountain-. The capita! required to carry
on thi- business i- in the neighborhood ol (350,000, I hi- well-
known cracker bakery was started in isoi by .1 . M. Date
:,llev in th, 1 I.eater. In the fall ol I Mo, M > .
Hake rented the Mechanical Bakery, at a large rent, tor the purpose
of lessening the competition in trade, a rery successful move on
ft. lie was a very energetic and practical man, and hi!
T I!. Walker and Kilby Page. Before th« peat lire of is;i, Mr
1 Kidman retired, his interest was purchased by W. W. Shaw and
members of the firm, and the style of the firm was changed to
Hlake, Walker ,V Co. They had added a branch factory to the
business, which was situated' on the corner of Illinois Street and
IVarborn Avenue, but both buildings were swept away by the fire.
The loss to the company was about $100,000, but, within ten days,
they had broken ground for a new building on Clinton Street,
between Lake and Randolph streets, on rented "round, and before
January i were at work making crackers. In January, 1879, Mr.
Walker retired, when Mr. Shaw increased his interest to an equal
share with the remaining partners, and the firm name was changed
to that of Illake, Shaw & Co. In 1881, just ten years after the
lire, the business had long outgrown the restricted quarters on
Clinton Street, anil the company bought a Ioox2OO-foot lot, anil
put up the buildings they now occupy. In April, 1875, C. II.
Marshall, who was for some years a travelling salesman for the
my, bought an interest in the business, which he sold in 1880,
but re-purchased, with an additional amount, on March I, 1884.
On lanuary t, iss;. Mr. Page retired from the business, leaving it
in the hands of the remaining members of the firm, E. Nelson
Hlake, William W. Shaw and Caleb II. Marshall. Mr. Blake is a
member of the Hoard of Trade, and does the purchasing of flour
for the house ; Mr. Shaw attends to the duties of the office, and is
the general financial manager; while Mr. Marshall is the general
superintendent, and attends to the manufacture of the goods and
other details of the business.
It'itlnim 1!'. .s'/r,;;,' was born at Swineshead, near Spaulding,
Lincolnshire, England, on December 14, 1832. He is the eldest
son of Robert Shaw, a well-to-do farmer of Lincolnshire, who, at
the age of seventy-seven years, is still managing his estate of four
hundred acres, with the assistance of his youngest son. William
received a good common school education at home, and came to
this country in the fall of 1853, having a great desire to see what
there was to be seen in America. His initial year was spent in and
about Cleveland, Ohio, where he first assisted in the survey of the
railroad between Cleveland and Tiffin ; he afterward went into the
freight office of the Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad, and th«re re-
mained for about six months. In August, 1854, he came to Chi-
cago, undeterred by the hard times or even the horrors of the chol-
era, which was then raging here. He sought for work long and
earnestly, but was prostrated with the cholera, and laid helpless for
six weeks, barely escaping with his life. This was pretty rough on
the English lad, who had been accustomed to the comforts of a good
home ; however, he persevered, and found employment in the flour
and feed store of Potter & Vincent, on the northwest corner of
Canal and Randolph streets, where he remained for three years.
In the meantime he became acquainted with, and married, Miss
Mary Ann Harrison, from his native town, who had preceded him
hicago. At her suggestion, he gave up his situation, entered
Bell's Commercial College, and, by dint of application, mastered
the whole course in about four months, and graduated from that
institution at the head of his class. He then took a situation as
bookkeeper in the Mechanical Bakery, and remained with that con-
cern twelve years, beginning with a salary of $9 a week and ending
with $2,000 a year. In the fall of 1868, Mr. J. M. Dake, finding
the Mechanical Bakery a formidable opponent, succeeded in getting
control by renting it, and Mr. Shaw took charge of his books. On
the death of Mr. I lake, in June, 1869, he followed the fortunes of
the concern as it passed into the hands of Blake, Herdman & Co.
On the retirement of Mr. Ilerdman, he became a partner in the
business, anil has been connected with it ever since. In 1859, Mr-
Shaw had the misfortune to lose his wife, and taking his only son,
William II. Shaw, then but four years of age, he returned to Eng-
land, and spent six months among the scenes of his boyhood. Af-
ter four years of widowerhood, he was again married, on March I,
1863, to Miss Sarah Kli/aheth, daughter of Mr. Eli Bogardus, the
broom-corn grower of llelvidere, 111. ; they have three children, —
!•• I! Robert and Walden W. An English abolitionist by hered-
MV Mr Shaw naturally inclined to the principles and tenets of the
republican party during the \Var, and his sympathies have been
with that party ever since. But while Mr. Shaw is a thinking and
observant man, and alive to the abuses and disadvantages of uni-
versal suffrage, his opinions in favor of the English system of par-
tial representation have been so strong all these years that he has
never been naturalized. His interest, however, in the last Presiden-
tial campaign was so great, and his chagrin that he could not vote
for his favorite candidate, Mr. Blaine, so intense, that he took out
his first papers in October, 1884, and is resolved to be ready with
his vote in 1888. In 1876, Mr. Shaw again visited England, this
time in company with his wife, and after sojourning at the principal
places of interest at home and on the Continent, returned, after an
absence of three months. He is a member of the Second Baptist
Church, and is an earnest and willing worker in every good cause.
He now resides in a very pleasant home, at the southwest corner of
Ashland Avenue and Van Buren streets.
('iit,-f' //. Marshall was born at West Bridgewater, Mass., on
July 16, 1840, and was the third son of Benjamin Marshall, one of
the oldest farmers in that vicinity. Mr. Marshall left school at the
age of fifteen, and, following the fortune of many boys in the re-
gion of Boston (that of working in leather), went into the boot and
shoe factory of Edward Tisdaie, an old and well known manufac-
turer in the village of Cochesett, Mass., commencing at the small
pay of twenty-five cents a day. lie remained there three years,
receiving $1.25 a day during his last year, which, at that time was
considered good wages. Three years more was spent as clerk in
his brother's store in the same village. By this time he had saved
enough to start in business for himself, and after taking a term
at Spear & Sawyer's Commercial College, at Boston, he bought
out a stock of goods at South Milford, Mass., thirty miles from
Boston, on the old Boston & Worcester Railway, and ran an
independent business for a couple of years, also acting as postmas-
ter. In the spring of 1863, he sold out, and went to Boston with
the intention of visiting the city of Washington; but, after consult-
ing with Upham & Steer, one of the houses where he had been in
the habit of buying goods, was advised by them to turn his steps
toward Chicago. They gave him letters of introduction, one of
which was to C. E. Olmsted & Co., the proprietors of the Oriental
Flouring Mills, situated at the Madison-street bridge. This firm
needed more help in its city salesroom, and offered him $9 a week,
which young Marshall thought he would accept for three months,
and thus give him a chance to see a little of Western life, but he
remained with that house three years. He then visited his old
home. Returning to Chicago, he was employed by the Star and
Crescent Flouring Mills, at Randolph-street bridge, and was their
representative on 'change, buying the wheat and selling the pro-
duct of the mill, which had a capacity of six hundred barrels of
flour a day, and filled this position for three years. In 1870, he
went on the road as salesman for Blake, Herdman & Co., and con-
tinued in their employ for about four years, embracing the year of
the fire. In 1875, he bought an interest in the business. In July,
1880, he sold out, and proposed and organized the F. A. Kennedy
Biscuit Company, and became its treasurer and manager. This
company ran" successfully until January 6, 1884, when it was burned
out, and Mr. Marshall sold his stock to other parties and returned
to Blake, Shaw & Co. Buying a much larger interest than he had
before, he assumed charge of the manufacturing department. On
November 17, 1869, Mr. Marshall was married to Miss Celia F.
LeBailley, daughter of Mrs. Cecelia Phillips, formerly of Memphis,
Tenn., by whom he has had two children — Celia H., who died in
1873; and Benjamin Howard, now a boy of eleven years. He re-
sides in a pleasant home, No. 781 Wrest Monroe Street.
DAVID F. BREMNER was born at Ottawa, Canada, on January
30, 1839, and came to Chicago, with his parents, in the fall of 1848.
He received his schooling at the old University of St. Mary's.
His first business after leaving school was clerking in his father's
clothing store. He afterward kepi books for a South Water Street
commission house until the breaking out of the Rebellion. He had
been a member of the Chicago Highland Guards since 1857. On
January 14, 1861. the company, by a unanimous vote, tendered its
services to the Government, which were accepted on April 23, 1861,
and Mr. Bremner elected second lieutenant. On June 17, 1861, it
was mustered into service as Co. " E," igth Illinois Volunteer
Infantry, at which time Lieutenant Bremner was promoted to be
first lieutenant. John Gabriel having left the service, Lieutenant
Bremner was afterward promoted captain. The igth Illinois,
and with it the Highland Guards, were in the Army of the
Cumberland, under General Thomas, and Captain Bremner
commanded his company at the battle of Stone River, and all
the subsequent engagements of the regiment. At the close of
the War, Mr. Bremner was married to Miss Catharine M. Michie,
daughter of James Michie, one of the' old settlers of Cook County,
and popularly known as "Squire Michie." Mr. Bremner first
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
327
established himself in the baking business at Cairo, 111., but after
nine months came back to Chicago. Me here established himself
in the bread trade, running a large number of wagons and obtaining
his supplies of the Dake and Woodman bakeries. In 1871, he had
secured a large line of customers, and when the great fire burned
out Woodman, Dake and others, he saw he must look elsewhere for
his supplies or lose his trade. With commendable foresight and
dispatch, before eight o'clock of Monday, October 10, he had rented
a part of the old Mechanical Bakery, and had men at work fixing it
up. Within forty-eight hours thereafter, he was supplying his old
customers with his own bread and cakes. In the spring of 1872, he
FREDERICK BURCKY, one of the oldest bakers in Chicago, was
born in Gelhausen, Germany, on June 9, 1814, the son of John
Burcky, a physician. He became a pupil at the common school, and
at the age of fourteen was apprenticed to learn the trade of a baker.
His apprenticeship continued two years, and in -1830 he came to
America, with his family, which consisted of the parents and eight
children. They landed at New Orleans late in the fall of 1830,
and remained there during the winter, and in the spring of 1831
went to Cincinnati. In 1835, Jacob Burcky, a brother, bought a
farm in Illinois midway between Hennepin and I'eru, and one year
later was followed by his two brothers, Daniel and Frederick, who
VIEW OF ASHLAND AVENUE, NORTH FROM MONROE STREET.
built a bakery with three ovens at his present location. In 1874,
lie beyan to make crackers for the city jobbing trade, and, in 1876,
his business warranted sending men into the country. In 1879. he
began the manufacture of the brand of bread known as " Eureka,"
and succeeded in revolutionizing the entire bread trade of Chicago.
That Chicago has the reputation of having the best bread in the
world is due largely to the adoption of his manner of making it.
In 1881, Mr. Bremner established a dairy farm on some land he
owned at Orlando, Cook County, on the Wabash Railroad, for the
purpose of securing a steady supply of strictly pure milk for his
bread. He has about one hundred cows, and uses the entire yield
from the herd. lie has seven bread ovens, three reel-ovens for
crackers, etc., and uses about two hundred and fifty barrels of flour
daily. The full capacity of his bakery is about four hundred barrels
a day. At various dates he greatly enlarged his building, and now
he has one of the largest and best appointed institutions in the
country. He gives employment to a total of one hundred and fifty
men in all departments of his business. His engine is a finely
built, noiseless Corliss of eighty horse-power. Mr. Bremner was
the pioneer in Chicago in the introduction and use of machinery for
mixing bread ; it is of his own invention and is a great saving of
time and labor. Mr. Bremner has six children : Agnes, Helen,
David F., Mary, James, John and Vincent. He is a member of
St. Andrew's Society, the Nineteenth Illinois Veteran Club, the
Grand Army of the Republic, and the Union Catholic Library
Association.
opened a grocery store at Hennepin in 1836, continuing it two
years. At the end of that time, Mr. Burcky's health failed, and for
two years he was an invalid on the farm of his brother Jacob.
I )aniel Burcky was for many years identified with the business in-
terests of Chicago, and was devoted to the establishment of Ger-
man educational institutions in this city. In 1840, Frederick
Burcky came to Chicago, and for three years worked for Winship &
Howe, bakers. In 1843, he bought a bakery of a Mr. Barstow,
on LaSalle Street, between Randolph and Lake streets, which he
continued three years. He then moved to Wells Street, where the
Times Building now stands, and started a bakery and coffee house,
the first of that kind in Chicago. He continued business there
until the great fire, and, suffering heavy losses, established again at
No. 93 Halsted Street, selling out his business in 1874. The fol-
lowing year he opened a bakery at No. 180 Randolph Street, which
he continued three years, when he sold out and retired from busi-
ness. In 1843, Mr. Burcky became a member of Lafayette Lodge,
No. 2, A. F. & A.M. He was one of the seven founders of the
Germania Lodge, No. 18, A.F. & A.M., and is the only one of the
seven now alive. On December 20, 1883, he was made an honor-
ary member of that lodge. He is also a member of Chicago Com-
mandery, No. 19, K.T., and of Oriental Consistory, S.P.R.S., 32°.
Mr. Burcky was married, on October 27, 1849, to Miss Susan
Berdel, of Fachbach, Germany; she died on March 6, 1858.
They had five children, only one of whom — Mary, wife of John
Sheldon — is now living.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
'I'm; !•". A. KKNM-HV COMPANY, cracker bakets. etc., ai No--.
I) ;» Ninth I >i-splaines Street, is a branch «i a similar establish-
ment, under the same name, at I 'ambriilyc|»>rt, Mass. The patent
house was fcumdeil. in is^jq. by Artetna- Kennedy, tile lather of F.
A. Kennedy, the president of the company; the branch was •
lished here in August. i-;S, mainly by the cllorts of 11. J Kvans,
tlie secretary, treasurer am] general manager, who is also a stork-
holder in the company. (I •'. (1. ('ass is its vice-president, and, with
its president, owns the balance of tlie stock. I Although but seven
years in the field, this establishment is .me of the largest in the
•try. The. branch was at first only a depot, at No. 41 River
«'ds manufactured in Massachusetts. In January,
t -si. -,[ became necessary to build a bakery, which was enlaiv
double its original capacity in August, iss:i. < >n January <), 1SS4,
this bakery was consumed by lire, but was immediately re-built and
its capacity trebled, so that by July it was again running, with
better facilities than before. The present establishment is on the
site of the former, ami has dimensions ot s_> \ 150 feet, with six
stories and a basement; the power is furnished by a sixty horse-
power I 'orliss steam engine. The company employ one hundred
and twenty-live hands in the factory, and have se\cntccn nun on
the road selling the goods. The territory covered extends from
Detroit and Cincinnati to the Pacific coast, and from Canada to
the Gulf. Exclusive of the expense of their travellers, their weekly
pay-roll amount- -1,000, even in dull times like the present.
When running at the full capacity, the bakery consumes live hun-
dred barrels of Hour a day. The actual consumption, however,
averages about forty thousand barrels of Hour annually, with other
supplies in proportion. To convert all these raw materials into
manufactured goods, requires six of the largest size reel-ovens, to-
gether with all the most improved machinery, some of which Mr.
Kennedy, the president, purchased in England. The company
make a specialty of the liner line of biscuit, of which they make
upward of three hundred varieties.
//. J. Evans, the secretary, treasurer and general manager of
the !•'. A. Kennedy Company, was born at Rochester, V II., in i^o.
When nine years of age, his parents moved to Charlestown, Mass.,
where he received a common-school education. At the age of sev-
enteen, he came to Chicago, reaching here on August 21, 1867.
He could not at first hit upon anything to do which suited him,
but, after a time, bought a horse and delivery wagon, and began
to sell crackers and other baker's goods to grocers. In this, he
was remarkably successful, and before the fire had a large and pro-
fitable trade. That which was a calamity to so many others was
to him, in common with all who dealt in the necessaries of life, a
harvest, and he profited by it. In 1875, he began to handle the
goods of the F. A. Kennedy Company, of Cambridgeport, Mass.,
and the superior quality of their goods greatly enlarged his trade
and necessitated the establishment of a depot, or warehouse, at No.
41 River Street. From this time on his trade began to assume
commanding proportions ; and the brand of goods he had intro-
duced became so widely known and so firmly fixed in popular favor,
that it became essential to its maintenance and future progress that
a factory be built in this city. The Eastern house coincided with his
views, and, in 1881, a suitable building was erected on the site of
the present one. The business has grown from its small begin-
ning, and now stands at the head of all in this branch of the manu-
facturing institutions of our city.
Charles S. Sawyer.— Among those who have been instru-
mental in building up the large business of the F. A. Kennedy
Company, mention should be made of Charles S. Sawyer, who has
charge of the manufacturing department. Mr. Sawyer was born
on April 12, 1850, at Portland, Me., and there he learned the
baker s trade. Coming to Chicago in 1872, he worked at his trade
until the Kennedy Company built their factory here, when he took
the position he now occupies. He has had twenty-five years' ex-
perience in his chosen calling.
Orrin S. Goan has charge of the office of the Company He
was born at Dubuque, Iowa, in 1859. He came to Chicago in
1881, and at once assumed his present position.
:nl 11. Cass purchases all the supplies for the company-
He was born at Cornville, Me. For many years he was engaged
m the grocery business at liangor, Me., and came to Chicago in
iHSjl. to nprf'r^t fliV* rwAcIflrtr, t,.. . ; -., ., *->
New York City and clerked in a dry goods store. In 1856, he re-
turned to Stanhope, and re-entered the general merchandising busi-
ness as a member of the linn ot l\o-e \ Chidester, continuing
therein until iSlii. He then purchased several hundred acres of
woodland on Lake 1 1 opatcong, shipping the wood cut on his pro-
perty to the New York markets, and also became connected with an
iron furnace at I.ockwood, N. I. At the beginning of the War, he
was commissioned enrolling officer for the fourth district, and con-
tinued in that capacity until its close, at the same time maintaining
his large business interests. In 1867, he came to Chicago, and
commenced the manufacture of Holmes's Patent Cream Crackers,
of which he owned the patent-right, associating with him Richard
Cudebeck, under the firm name of Cudebeek \ Chidester. This
co-partnership was maintained for two years, at No. 67 North Hal-
si cd Street. In it(»i, the firm dissolved, and George A. Farnum
became a partner, when the business title was known as Farnum &
Chidester. Their business increased so rapidly that, in the spring
of 1869, they erected a large factory at Nos. 61-63 North llalsted
Street, where, in June, 1869, they were partially burned out, but
had their bakery and machinery in full running order within three
days thereafter. When the fire of 1871 devastated Chicago, their
steam bakery was the only one of that kind that escaped the con-
llagration, and they were compelled to run at nights and on Sundays
to till the orders that poured in for their products. In 1875, Mr.
Chidesler sold out, in consequence of poor health, to William II.
Aldrich & Co., who continued the business. Mr. Chidester then en-
gaged in settling up his business affairs, in attending to a large
tract of land which he had purchased in Kansas, and in the adjust-
ment of other commercial interests,, until November, 1880, when he
re-entered the baking business at No. 379 West Harrison Street.
In 1885, he moved to his present location, where he carries on an
extensive manufacture of his justly celebrated products, under the
firm name of Chidester \ Co.
GKOK..I-: A. !•'. \u\r.\i. the oldest practical cracker baker in Chi-
cago, was born at Smithfield, K. I., on February 27, 1830, and is
the son of Welcome and Martha B. (Tallman) Farnum. He re-
ceived his education at the Prospect Street School, at Providence,
and at the age of fourteen was there apprenticed to A. D. Yeomans, a
baker. After serving an apprenticeship of six years, Mr. Yeo-
mans died, and Mr. Farnum continued in the employ of his succes-
sors for nearly five years. At the end of that time, he went to El-
mira, N. Y.. returning at the end of one year to take a position in
the bakery in which he had learned his trade. He remained there
as manager, until coming to Chicago, in 1863. On his arrival in
this city, he sought to establish a cracker bakery, and built two
ovens at the corner of Clinton and Madison streets, which he sold
the same year, and, in February, 1864, bought a home bakery, at
No. 85 State Street. Mr. Farnum built up an extensive trade by
furnishing bread to the Soldiers' Home and the Soldiers' Rest. At
the close of the War, he sold out his interest on State Street, and, in
company with N. B. Chidester, bought a bakery at No. 74 N. Halsted
Street. About two years later, the firm built a bakery at the corner
of Halsted and Fulton streets, and, in 1875, sold out to C. B.
Marshall. Mr. Farnum then formed another partnership, under
the firm name of Farnum, Fisher & Co., and for one year was con-
nected with a flour mill on Market Street. In that venture, Mr.
Farnum overstepped his usual good judgment, and the financial
results of his enterprise were extremely disastrous. He, however,
formed another partnership with W. H. Aldrich, and together they
purchased the bakery lie had built some years previously at the
corner of Fulton and Halsted streets. In 1883, Mr. Farnum sold
his interest to his partner, and retired temporarily from the busi-
ness. In May, 1885, he bought the bakery of Hugh TempleUm,
which he continues at the present time. In 1882, Mr. Farnum be-
came part owner of two well-known pleasure boats on Lake Geneva,
the " l.icius Newberry" and the " Lady of the Lake," bufsold his
interest on May i, 1885. For a number of years he has been inter-
ested in several business and speculative ventures, and at the pres-
ent time is a stockholder in the Missouri Valley Town - Site
Company, founders of the enterprising village of Fairbanks, Dak.
He also has landed interests at Pierre, Dak., and in undeveloped
gold and silver mines in Montana. He is a prominent Mason, and
is a member of Harlem Lodge, No. 54, A.F. &A.M.; of Cicero
• », /in -Maine volunteers. Miss Xanrv k incrcKn^.r - *k~.r !,„., _ TT „. 7' __!._ i
energetic man of business, who carried on a farm, the manufacture
r and of jhoes, and maintained a tannery. As might be
expected his sons were brought up to active life, receiving such
education as the common schools of New |ersey could give When
•.urteen years of age, Mr. Chidester entered a general store
at Stanhope, as clerk, and remained until 1850. when he went to
Miss Nancy Kingsbury ; they have one son, Henry K., who has
since 1884 been interested in business enterprises with his father.
CONNECTICUT PIE BAKERY. — On April 26, 1869, Elisha \Y.
Case and Stephen K. W. Martin established, under foregoing title,
one of the most extensive pie bakeries in the United States, at the
corner of Lake and Wood streets. In 1872, they were obliged to
enlarge their facilities for manufacturing, and to this end erected
the budding they now occupy. They have three of Vale's sixteen-
feet rotary-ovens, employ about fifty hands, and have twelve two-
horse wagons. Their bakery has a capacity of ten thousand pies
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
329
daily. The lard used by them is rendered fresh every day; and it
is a sufficient commentary on the reputation of Connecticut pies, to
say that they bring in the market about two cents apiece more than
any other brand. During the first year of this firm's existence, the'
average number of pies manufactured and sold was seventy-seven
daily. At that time, Case & Martin thought of only reaching a sale
of one thousand pies a day; and their anticipations were realized in
July, 1870, when they sold a daily average of twelve hundred and
fifty-three during that month. In 1874, the daily average reached
twenty-three hundred and thirty; in 1879, twenty-four hundred and
eighty-two; and in 1880, thirty-seven hundred and thirty-seven.
The wagons used in delivering pies were brought into use in 1870,
are an invention of the junior member of the firm, and since their
introduction have been duplicated by firms doing business in a
number of Western cities. The wagons are handsomely painted
with fruit and forest scenes, have a carrying capacity of two hun-
dred and fifty pies, and cost $700 each.
Elisha II'. Cote, the founder of the Connecticut Pie Bakery,
was born at Norwich, Conn., on January 3, 1833. He received a
common school education in his native town. His elder brother,
Charles A., was for some years engaged in the manufacture of pies
in Norwich, and largely supplied the New York market every morn-
ing by boat. His trade in the great metropolis growing rapidly, he
found it to his advantage to move there, and, in 1849, Elisha entered
his employ. In 1854, Charles Case came to Chicago, bringing his
younger brother with him, and established business at No. 72 Mil-
waukee Avenue, near Halsted Street. This was, at that time,
" away out of town." The building was formerly an old cooper
shop, and the Case brothers persuaded John C. Culver, the owner,
to turn it about so as to face the avenue, to put it in excellent re-
pair, and to build an oven for them; which he did, and they paid
him $25 a month for it until 1858. The brothers found it very diffi-
cult to educate the western appetite to appreciate Connecticut pies.
When the Mechanical Bakery was started, about 1858, the Case
brothers closed out their private business, and took the pie depart-
ment of that concern, making pies, on contract, for one cent each.
In July, 1863, E. W. Case gave up his interest in the bakery, and
moved to his farm in Clinton County, Iowa, where he spent about
three years, and then returned to Chicago. The Mechanical Bak-
ery, in the meanwhile, having closed, Mr. Case started business on
his own account, on April 26, 1869, at the corner of Lake and Wood
streets, with S. E. W. Martin, his present partner. The early ven-
ture of the Case brothers, and their subsequent connection with the
Mechanical Bakery, had established a reputation for Connecticut
pies, causing a demand which no one but the original founder could
supply. When Mr. Case returned to Chicago, there was no ex-
clusive pie bakery in the city; and pies with the old established Con-
necticut flavor had disappeared altogether. The result was an im-
mediate and prosperous business, and Mr. Case is to-day serving
customers to whom he sold his goods in 1854. Charles A. Case
joined the Army during the War, and died at Black River Bridge,
Miss., in the summer of 1864. Mr. C'ase was married, on June I,
1851, to Eliza Jane Baldwin, the daughter of William Baldwin, of
Kranford, Conn. They have four children, — John Morton, Charles
E., Elmer G , and Edna J. He is a member of the Western Ave-
nue Baptist Church, of which he has been deacon for twelve years.
Stf'pht'n I-'.. II'. Martin was born in Sidney, Kennebec Co.,
Maine, on December 14, 1833, and is the son of William and Esther
(Hughes) Martin. When he was a year old, he was adopted by
Mr. and Mrs. Hastings, who were old friends of his parents, and
who had no children of their own. He lived with the Hastings
family and attended the common schools until he arrived at his ma-
jority, when he became a steward on river vessels, working in that
capacity two years. In 1855, he came to Chicago, and obtained
employment, as machinist, with H. A. Pitts, manufacturer of the
Pius threshing machine. He had served no previous apprentice-
ship to the trade, but his natural adaptability to mechanics enabled
him to make himself very useful to Mr. Pitts, and he remained with
him for eleven years. At the end of that time, his health failed,
and, with his accumulated earnings, he started a fruit and vegetable
stand at the corner of Wood and Lake streets, about 1865, and,
after erecting his building, he found himself with but one dollar
and a half to invest in stock. From so small a beginning he built
up a prosperous trade in the incredibly short space of two years.
He continued the business for three years, when he opened a gro-
cery store, selling out his stock, in 1869, to form a co-partnership
with E. W. Case. Mr. Martin was married, in 1858, to Miss Su-
san Lashore, of Chicago. They have one daughter, — Abbie E.
Mr. Martin is a spiritualist, and is a living example of that faith,
lie is also an active temperance reformer.
THE CHICAGO PIK COMPANY was established in July, 1882,
by John Sage and Mark Sullivan. They both were employes of
Moody & Waters at the time, but, believing that they saw an open-
ing for themselves in an independent business, joined their for-
tunes and established their bakery on the North Side. The build-
ing they now occupy was erected expressly for them, and is forty
feet front by sixty-live feet deep. Beginning with one common
oven and two wagons, in 1882, they now have two of Vale's twelve-
foot rotary-ovens, with a combined capacity of one thousand two
hundred pies an hour. They employ twenty hands in the bakery,
daily consume eight barrels of flour, four hundred pounds of the
finest lard (rendered expressly for themselves), and twenty barrels of
apples, and keep eight wagons to deliver the pies to patrons. In
1884, they did a business amounting to $100,000, and prepared
for an increase of twenty-five per cent, during 1885. Their old
quarters were too contracted, and they built a much larger bakery
on Chicago Avenue, which was occupied in the fall of 1885.
John Sage was born in this city on May 27, 1853. He left
school at the age of fifteen, and spent about four years with D.
Long & Co., learning the upholstering business. On completing
his apprenticeship, he left their service, and followed expressing for
a short time, but finally went into the service of Moody & Waters,
bakers. He continued with this firm for about ten years, and mas-
tered all the details of the business of making and vending of pies.
In 1882, he joined fortunes with Mark Sullivan, a fellow employe
of that firm, and they started the Chicago Pie Company, which bids
fair to make the fortune of both. On October 12, 1879, he was
married to Miss Sarah Thompson, a native of Chicago and the
daughter of George Thompson, deceased. They have three daugh-
ters,— Nellie, Mary and Alice.
Mark Sullivan was born on June 9, 1861, at North Wayne,
Maine. He was educated at the Wesleyan Seminary, at Kent's
Hill, Kennebec County, and joined his older brother John, in Chi-
cago, in the spring of 1877. After following ordinary manual-labor
occupations for about a year, he worked for neariy three years in the
Dake bakery, then owned by A. M. Wright & Co. In the fall of 1880,
he went into the service of Moody & Waters, and remained with •
them until July, 1882, when the present firm was organized. Mr.
Sullivan was married on September 18, 1883, to Miss Elizabeth,
daughter of John Anderson, of Manitowoc, Wis.
MOODY & WATKKS. — The baking establishments that survived
the great fire of 1871 found it impossible adequately to supply the
wants of the city. Several young men who had worked for the
older establishments, and had laid up some money, consequently,
saw a golden opportunity for starting in business for themselves,
and seized upon it. Among these were two who had worked for
the Mechanical Bakery and the City Bakery, and had become ex-
perts in their departments, — Charles Edward Waters as a manufac-
turer of pies, and Alexander Moody as a salesman of those goods.
In the month of September, 1872, they joined forces, and the pies
of Moody & Waters have since become familiar and welcome articles
of food in every household in Chicago. Having bought a lot on
Green Street, near Lake, they fitted up an old building which stood
on it, and proceeded to business. Their factory was a frame build-
ing, 20 x 36 feet, one and a half stories in height, with one Vale
rotary-oven. They kept two wagons running, and sold about one
thousand pies daily, giving employment to ten hands. In the
spring of 1874, they put up a new structure on the spot occupied
by the old one. This was 35 x 126 feet, three stories in height, and
was built solidly of brick and stone. This only answered the wants
of their increasing business until the fall of 1880, when they erected
another building on the corner' of Lake Street, 50 x 95 feet, two
stories in height, and with a good basement. To this new building
the manufacturing was all transferred, and the other was devoted to
offices, wagon-house and stable. The firm now h^e three of Vale's
twelve-foot rotary-ovens, with a joint capacity of one thousand pies
an hour. They employ on an average fifty hands, keep eighteen
two-horse wagons ruining, and dispose of about seven thousand
pies daily. The largest number they ever turned out in one day
was fourteen thousand in eleven hours. Their establishment is one
of the most complete, conveniently arranged, and best appointed
in the world, and their long and unabated success is a sufficient in-
dorsement of the quality of their pies. Every business has its
drawbacks, however, and it is sad to note the fact that they lose
about $4,000 to $5,000 annually through the non-return of their tin
pie-plates by the pie-eaters of Chicago.
Alexander Moody, of the firm of Moody & Waters, pie manu-
facturers, corner of Lake and Green streets, was born in Belfast,
Ireland, on February 10, 1839. He comes of a Scotch family from
Greenock, twenty-two miles from Glasgow. Mr. Moody was born
while his parents were stopping temporarily at Belfast. When he
was ten years old, his parents came to America, and, after stopping
a short time in Milwaukee, settled in Chicago, where Alexander
attended school until sixteen years of age. In the fall of 1859, he
found employment as salesman in the old Mechanical Bakery, where
he remained until the closing up of its business in 1865. He then
went to the City Bakery, remaining there until May, 1872. In the
following September, he entered into partnership w'-ith Mr Waters,
with whom he has been associated in the pie business ever since.
Mr. Moody was married on April 8, 1860, to Miss Ellen Harkins.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
They have seven children, — Willhm J. Moody, now in business at
No. -'!-• -south Morgan Street: Alexander J., John K.. Charles II.,
Mary K., Frank I', anil Lilly A. .
'Charks EJu'ard ll',i.',-i . was born at Utica, N. Y., on Febru-
ary 10, 1842. Ilecame West, with his parents, iniS56,and, after
ir spent in Iowa, settled in Chicago. In tlie fall of 1858, when
alxmt sixteen years of aye, < 'harles went into the pie department of
the Mechanical liakery, to learn the business, and only left it to en-
list in the army at the opening of the War of the Rebellion, in
April, iS6i. lie was one of the first to answer the call for three
months' men, and then re-enlisted for three years, or during the
War. He was enrolled in Co " A," 4th Illinois Cavalry, and was
one of ticneral Cram's escort, or body-guard, during his term of
scrviie. lust before the siege of Vicksburg, Mr. Waters received
his disch.i: 'int of permanent disability arising from sick-
ness, and returned home. He went back to his place in the Me-
chanical liakery as soon as he had sufficiently recovered, and re-
mained with the linn until the closing up of the establishment. He
then found employment m the ( itv liakery until the firm of Moody
\ Waters was formed, in September. 1872. Mr. Waters was mar-
ried, on liecein ;. to Miss F.verekla Mat tin, of Scotch
descent, and the daughter of Angus Martin. They have had five
children, — I lertrude, Charles William, Jessie Martin, L'verelda, and
Hiram.
JOSI MI SWAKIY. No. 392 Ogden Avenue, is engaged in the
manufacture of a |x.-culiar variety of hard cracker, known as Lititz
els. They are so called from the town of Lititz, in Lancaster
County, 1'enn., where they were lirst made in this country. The
dough is simply of water and Hour, very stiff. It is then cut into
wads, about an inch square, by machinery, and rolled by hand into
little rolls about a foot long, and curiously curled into uniform but
•artistic sha]>cs by the dextrous lingers of boys and girls. The pecu-
liar little curls are then put upon boards to dry, or season, for a
time, when they are immersed in a kettle of boiling lye to give them
. sprinkled with coarse salt, and immediately put into the
oven. They emerge a crisp, brown, toothsome article that finds
ready sale wherever introduced. Mr. Swart/ runs two ovens, em-
ploys fifteen or twenty hands, and keeps two wagons running. He
is a native of I.ehigh County, Penn., and was born on December
6, 1835. His father, Peter Swartz, who was a farmer, died when
Jcoub was sc\enteen years old. He then served an apprenticeship
of two years at the blacksmith's trade, which, being too severe how-
ever for his strength, he had to abandon it for lighter employment.
He started a restaurant at Allentown after a time, and followed the
business for twenty-two years. In 1878, he came to Chicago, and,
in company with a Mr. Becker, engaged in the manufacture of
pretzels at the place he now occupies. Mr. Becker only remained
with him about a year and a half, since which time he has main-
tained the business alone. Mr. Swartz was married, in 1864, to
Miss Kliza Frederici; they have three children,— Ambrose, Thomas
and Charles.
A i i:\A\HKRj. FISH, manufacturer of bakers' and confectioners'
machinery and tools, also of Vale's rotary, reel, portable and fur-
nace ovens, at No. 57 Lake Street, was born at Brooklyn, N. Y.,on
February 3, 1843. When but one year old he came to Illinois with
his parents, who settled on a farm in lioone County, about fifteen
miles north of Belvidere. When sixteen years old he was appren-
ticed to learn the mason's trade. He remained in that trade for
three years, and worked for the last two years for seventy-five
cents a day, and%t the end of that time his employer offered him
|5 a day to remain with him, but he refused. He first went to
Waterloo, Wis., and took contract work for two years, and after
that he spent a year or two with his relatives in Illinois and Mich-
igan. In 1867, he returned to Chicago and followed contract
building until 1874. In 1875, he began to put up Vale's rotary-
ovens, and finding this business remunerative, finally gave up
contract work and has since devoted himself to the development of
his present line of business, in which he has been very successful
The Vale rotary-oven is a specialty of his, and he claims that it
possesses many advantages over any other in the market. During
the War, Mr. Fish twice stood the draft and paid for his substitute
to represent him in the field.
C. I'RK-E, the well-known manufacturer of Dr. Price's
baking pi, ilavoring extracts, was born at Troy N Y
00 December II, 1832. He received his preliminary education in
public schools of that city, and graduated at a leading Eastern
on after, he commenced his medical studies
mind inclined him to this science, and the chemical laboratory of his
Alma Mater was the one place of all others where he delighted to
be. While a student, he made many tests to discover a chemical
combination for a baking powder that should be at once healthful
and adapted to universal use. He was fortunate enough to discover
the ingredients which met these requirements. In 1865. he formed
a partnership for the manufacture of this article. The firm estab-
lished their office and laboratory on West Lake Street, where they
remained for two years ; then removing to East Lake Street, near
Market, where they were burned out. They resumed their business
at Nos. 47-49 West Lake Street, where they remained for three
years, when they moved to the corner of Fifth Avenue and South
\\ .ikr Street, occupying those premises until May I, 1876, when
they established themselves in their present quarters. They now
occupy six floors, comprising an area of forty thousand square feet,
supplemented by four floors on another street, with an area of ten
thousand square feet. At the commencement of their business, they
sold, as it were, by ounces, tons being now the unit of measurement
of their daily manufacture, which embraces, also, flavoring extracts.
Of the volume of their trade, it is not too much to say that they
stand in the front rank of (if they do not lead) the manufacturers of
the world. They at first employed half a do/en persons, but now
they have two hundred in their service, the production being
increased by the use of the best machinery. Dr. Price purchased
the interests of his partner in February, 1884, when a company
was incorporated under the name of the Dr. Price Baking Powder
Company, Dr. Price being chosen as president and treasurer and
K. C. Price as secretary. This company has a branch house in
St. Louis, and a depository of their goods in San Francisco, Cal.,
and Portland, Ore. Dr. Price was married, in March, 1855, to
Miss Harriet White, daughterof Dr. K. J. White, of Buffalo, N.Y.
They have five children, — three sons and two daughters. R. C.
Price, the eldest, was born on January 13, 1856, receiving his
literary education at Beloit College and his medical training at
Harvard University. Shortly after finishing his studies, he became
associated with his father in business, and now has charge of the
chemical department. Gurdon Price (the second son), born on
January 13, 1864, was educated at Racine College, and is now
assisting his father in conducting the business. Dr. Price's third
son is V. L., who was born in 1872, and who is now attenuing the
High School at Waukegan. His two daughters, Ida and Emma,
have both graduated from school; the former from Kemper Hall,
and the latter from the Buffalo (\. V.) Female Seminary. Mrs!
Price, since her husband's arrival in the West, has resided at
Waukegan, 111.
GRAIN WAREHOUSING.
The phenomenal growth of the grain trade in Chi-
cago up to 1870 rendered it necessary for the State
to assume control of the grading and warehousing of
grain. The Xlllth clause of the Constitution, adopted
in that year, gave the General Assembly power to enact
a warehouse law, which came into effect on July i,
1871. It aimed at securing uniformity of inspection and
the registration and cancellation of warehouse receipts
for grain. A chief inspector for grain and a warehouse
registrar were the chief executive officers under the
Board of Railway and Warehouse Commissioners. The
proprietors of elevators were required to procure licen-
ses from the Circuit Court of the county in which they
were situated, and to file a bond of $10,000 for the
faithful discharge of their duty as public warehousemen;
to conform to the rate of warehouse charges for storage
fixed by law ; to furnish such information to the ware-
house registrar as would enable him "to keep a correct
account of the grain received and delivered "; and "to
keep a full and correct record of all receipts issued and
cancelled."
Great difficulty was experienced for a number of
years in enforcing these provisions, although some of
them were conformed to by proprietors who denied the
constitutionality of the law, but found it convenient to
avail themselves of certain of its provisions. Ware-
housemen claimed that it was an unnecessary and un-
warrantable interference with their private business.
Meanwhile, on August 20, 1872, at a meeting of ware-
housemen and bankers, a system of cancellation of
eceipts was adopted, and thenceforward reports were
made promptly and satisfactorily. A clause of the
agreement provided that "the cancelled receipts are
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
33 *
shown to the registrar and by him cancelled off with
their statements. Those in turn are checked with the
reports of shipments by the local inspectors at the. ele-
vators, and thus it will be impossible for a shipment of
grain to be made without the cancellation of a corre-
sponding amount of receipts or an exposure of the
fraud." This measure was resorted to in consequence
of frauds discovered at the time of the Iowa elevator
disaster; the outstanding receipts covered a much larger
quantity of grain than was in store.
Meanwhile suits were immediately instituted in the
courts, to determine the validity of the warehouse law.
In the case of Munn & Scott vs. The People of the State
of Illinois, its constitutionality was affirmed in all the
State courts, and, on appeal to the Supreme Court of
the United States, that body, in 1877, sustained the
judgment of the lower court, Justice Field and Justice
Strong dissenting. There was now no course open to
the warehousemen but to take out their licenses and
conform to the legal rates for storage, which they all did.
The Board of Trade inspection fees were adopted
by the Commissioners, but, were from time to time, re-
duced to meet the requirements of the law that the
department should be only self-sustaining and not pro-
ductive of revenue. The cost of inspection has never
exceeded about one-fifth of a mill per bushel, a sum so
insignificant as not to be mentioned in comparison with
the advantages that have resulted from the inspection.
The principle of grading and inspecting established
by the Board of Trade, was continued by the Commis-
sioners, with such alterations in detail as the varying
conditions of trade required.
In November, 1876, grades i and 2 spring wheat
were required to weigh not less than 53 pounds to the
measured bushel. In 1878, the rule in case of mixture
of spring and winter wheat was changed, by designating
it as mixed wheat. Many changes of an important char-
acter were made in subsequent years, designed to raise
the standard of inspection. The policy of the Commis-
sioners, however, has been to maintain an uniform stand-
ard of grading, and as few modifications have been
made as possible, having regard to the increasing vol-
ume and varying quality of grain receipts from year to
year. Notwithstanding the persistent opposition that
the system of State grain inspection encountered in its
incipiency, it was not long in establishing a character at
the leading export grain points in the States and Can-
ada. Many States established a department for the pur-
pose, fashioned after the Illinois plan, and New York,
Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Montreal and other
parts accepted Chicago inspection as almost infallible.
In 1876, Northwestern spring wheat was first sold in
eastern ports, for export, subject to Chicago inspection.
There were in all thirty-eight grades of grain re-
ceived here in 1880, distributed as follows: Ten winter
and seven spring wheat, nine corn, four oats, three rye,
and five barley. In 1884, there were twenty-four grades
of wheat, ten of corn, six of oats, three of rye and eight
of barley. New rules governing the inspection were
adopted by the Commissioners on September i, 1883,
wherein many radical changes were effected.
The year following the adoption of these rules, the
" rejected " grade was abolished, upon the suggestion
of the Receivers' Association of the Board of Trade,
and No. 3 or No. 4, as the case might be, substituted
instead. Three grades of Colorado wheat were estab-
lished. An important change was made also in the
grading of corn, " higher mixed " being designated
"yellow." These changes were made upon the well
ascertained views of receivers and shippers, and conse-
quently met with their approbation.
During the past five years the inspection department
has reached a high degree of efficiency, as may be
gathered from the fact that during the seasons of 1883
and 1884, when huge quantities of corn were in store in
Chicago, not one bushel of inspected No. 2 corn (the
contract grade) got out of condition, while nearly every
corn market in the country had hot and damaged corn
of the same grade — a result that was never before ex-
perienced in the history of the corn trade in Chicago.
A Committee of Appeals was established by way of
amendment to the warehouse law which was adopted in
April, 1873. This committee was empowered to take
into consideration all appeals from the grading of the
inspection department and all disputes in connection
with that department which might be referred to it, and
its decisions were decreed to be final. On July i, fol-
lowing, the Board of Commissioners appointed H. C.
Ranney, J. R. Bensley and John P. Reynolds, members
of the Committee. In September, Mr. Ranney having
resigned, T. T. Gurney was appointed in his stead.
During the first year the grading of seventy-eight cars
was appealed from and the inspection department was
sustained in forty-three. When it is considered that
90,000 cars of grain were marketed that year, errors in
the inspection of forty-three will appear insignificant,
and an indirect, though none the less emphatic, proof
of the efficiency of the department. The number of
appeals increased with the growth of the trade, but the
proportion of palpable errors has not increased, so far as
the reports of the Commissioners show. In 1876, the
committee was composed of P. W. Dater, S. D. Foss
and D. W. Irwin. Up to July i, 1879, the committee
divided the fees received on appeals equally among its
members. That date the Commissioners fixed the sal-
ary of each member of the committee at $1,000 per an-
num, and directed the large sum annually received for
fees into the treasury of the Board. Shortly afterward,
S. D. Foss resigned and was replaced by George Field;
in October, T. H. Seymour and C. A. Phelps resigned,
and were replaced by John Walker and P. W. Dater.
Year.
Inspector-in-Chief.
Warehouse Registrar,
1871
1872
1873
William H. Harper,
Stephen Clary.
1874 .
William H. Harper,
1875
1876
General J. C. Smith,
Triolus H Tvndale
1877
Genera! J. C. Smith,
Triolus H Tyndale
1878
1870 ..
John P. Reynolds,
1880
John P. Reynolds,
1881
I' llird Price
1882
P. Bird Price,
William C Mitchell
1881
Frank Drake,
William C Mitchell
1884
Frank Drake,
William C Mitchell
1885
P Bird Price
William C Mitchell
The offices first occupied by the registrar and in-
spector, were destroyed in the fire but, through the
vigilance of Stephen Clary and Charles W. Deane, all
the valuable papers and documents were saved. New
officers were improvised at Nos. 34-36 Canal Street.
Subsequently the offices were removed to the corner of
Canal and Washington streets.
After the fire in 1871, the want of adequate storage
compelled several railways to decline grain freights.
Added to the inadequacy of the storage capacity of the
33*
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
city, a few speculators succeeded in cornering all the
grain in the market for about three months. No ship-
ments out were made, and the consequence was that the
elevators were practically locked up. Aside from this,
the season of 1872-73 marked a most decided advance
in the grain trade of Chicago. The confidence of the
public in the inspection department was steadily grow-
ing. Warehouse receipts, which heretofore were re-
garded with suspicion, came to be currently accepted
by banks and capitalists and to be considered by them
sinong the very best securities. The system of
oration was so perfected as to render the placing
a fraudulent receipt upon the market, without immedi-
'ctivtion. wholly impossible. The bad crops of the
four years following, necessarily reduced the receipts of
grain. The crop of 1875 was the worst for a dozen of
years previous, and the minimum of receipts and ship-
ments was reached in that year. The years 1876 and
1877 were also low, but a decided advance was made,
and in i,S;8 the receipts had doubled those of 1875.
One of the distinguishing features of the movement of
grain in Chicago that year, was the unusually large
amount transferred on track, mostly in the winter and
spring months, to cars, for eastern shipment, without
- into store. There was a double incentive to
tiiis, — the avoidance of the terminal charges oT the rail-
way companies for switches and for trimming when in
the process of loading, and the warehouse charges for
transferring. This mode of transferring, although at a
less cost, did not result to the satisfaction, pecuniarily,
of the owners of the grain, owing to the frequently con-
siderable discrepancies in weight. The railways subse-
quently abolished the terminal charges, so that one
incentive to a continuance of this innovation was re-
moved. In the years prior to 1878, Chicago had lost her
prestige as a market for winter wheat, but the receipts in
that year, of about 4,800,000 bushels of that cereal, in a
measure re-established it. In 1879, the excess of grain
inspected over any previous year was 8,316,718 bushels.
The inadequacy of the storage capacity of the ware-
houses was again sensibly felt. Vessels were utilized
in many cases for the purpose. Large quantities of
grain were shipped past Chicago, to other markets, on
this account alone.
Chicago continued to grow in importance as a win-
ter wheat market. A new variety of wheat, known as
Turkish winter wheat, was received in large quantities
for the first time in 1882. It was a long red-berried
variety, but was quite unlike the red-berried wheat the
market was before acquainted with, and a difficulty was
presented in inspection, which the new rules obviated.
It was very hard, with good milling qualities, and in
great demand among the millers of Wisconsin. Cleaned
or " scalped " wheat began to be a feature of the
market in 1882, and it was inspected at the "hospital,"
where cleaned, until 1884, when it was inspected in the
regular way on tracks. There was a decrease in the
number of bushels inspected in 1882, for the first time
in seven years, accounted for by the low prices which
ruled, owing to the abundant yield in European coun-
tries which compete with America in supplying the
great markets of the world, and also to the prosperity
of western farmers, which enabled them to hold their
grain for better prices. The short crop of 1883 reduced
the receipts of 1884 by about 25,000,000 bushels.
During the corn "corner" of 1884, cars were re-
inspected from points East and South, where they had
previously been sent from Chicago.
The subjoined tabulated statements succinctly ex-
hibit the growth of Chicago as a grain market from
1872 to 1884, inclusive:
ON ARRIVAL.
Year.
Cars.
Boats.
Wheat.
Bushels.
Corn.
Bushels.
Oats.
Bushels.
Rye.
Bushels.
Bailey,
Bushels.
Total,
liushels.
1872...
160,348
159-541
158,162
152,576
141,052
158,099
222,940
236,163
270,524
227,119
I/I,2l8
235,213
210,822
1,375
1.279
1,141
609
1,274
921
1,154
i,ir8
1,022
950
607
477
351
10,908,850
19,076,686
23,674,304
19,380,421
15,969,983
12,560,900
23,547,320
34,841,695
23,200,468
20,080,498
20,665,539
19,963,186
23,945,897
45,845,645
36,930,908
33.183,862
25,387,747
33,389,242
42,632,000
59,367,876
59,365,236
91,185,379
76,017,132
45,775,863
72,258,580
54,600,598
9,005,531
8,732,821
7,280,320
7,O22,55O
7,947,900
9,853,930
16,066,300
14,616,187
18,873,400
22.612,368
25,060,350
33,392,184
39.593,860
696,232
1,025,900
545,665
593,675
1,200,510
2,Ol8,07O
2,184,869
2,601,399
',645,545
1,221,843
1,688,397
4,980,600
3,752,i8o
3437,590
3,428.392
2,127,682
1,784,065
3,338,3"
4,I70/'74
5,996,350
4,285,540
3,991,576
4,177,762
5.?93,8o4
6,824,316
6,755,827
69,893,848
69.185,707
66,811,833
54,168,458
61,845,946
71.241,5/4
107,162,715
115,710,057
138,896,368
124,109,603
99,083,953
137,418,846
128,648,362
I.-ij-,
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
l88l
1882...
1883
1884
INSPECTION FROM STORK.
Yr.ir.
Wl,,-at.
Bushels
Corn.
Bushels.
< i;its.
Bushels.
Rye.
Bushels.
Barley.
Bushels.
Total.
Bushels.
1872..
1873
44,173,169
10,107,487
711,414
3,5",433
69,732,069
1874
34,285,417
8,483,801
1,082,957
3,410,999
66,543,799
1875
34,105,960
6,549,235
547,260
2,103,075
66,087,439
I876.._
I9.I56,4y6
24,717,926
5,567,535
393,205
1,250,739
51,085,901
1877
13,705,627
31.723,565
5,354,338
1,656,323
1,712,042
53,551,895
1878
13,748,352
39.909,127
5,664,657
1,945,541
3,249,758
64,507,438
1879 --
48,659,140
6,855,099
1,923,054
2,581,441
77,979,830
1880
43,809,075
3,488,043
1,717,286
2,207,917
77,749,176
1881
2I> 775i458
75,6O2,OII
3.562,034
939,740
1,275.223
103,154,466
1882
15,395,661
60,285,4111
9,421,724
705,241
776,858
86,584,894
1883
38,157,008
5,626,482
1,091,137
1,236,391
62,975,366
1884
52,391,148
6,415,597
3,190,923
744,086
73,797,578
30,667,783
6,621,698
2,837,698
1,266,691
58,830,778
THE BOARD OF TRADE. 333
AMOUNT OK GRAIN ANNUALLY RECEIVED INTO STORE; ALSO, NUMBER OF CARS ANNUALLY INSPECTED ON TRACK.
Year.
Number of
bushels.
Number of
cars.
Number
of
canal-boats.
Number
of
vessels.
Year.
Inspected on
track.
Received in
store.
Inspected,
but
not stored.
1872
I 036
1872
160 348
6 063
l87T
68 085 785
ice 116
I O=,1
1873 . _ .
I S- i
65 251 188
I 080
IO
1874
187*
51 813 619
124 527
60 1
1 1
1875
1^2 c,76
1876
I 240
II
1876
18 138
1877
60 576 607
134 103
QIC
13
1877
I =,8 ooo
1878
Si 588 130
172 667
I O^c,
6
1878
1870
8O 654 178
168 211
I»I5°
16
1870...
236 163
168 211
1880
107,349,715
217,028
998
24
isso
270,525
217 028
1881
88 396,625
16=, T7O
952
28
1881 '
227 I IO
61 789
1882
=17 687 008
tot; J.J.O
580
18
1882..
171 218
fie 778
1883
78 724,751
143 946
464
IO
1883
2TC, 211
14-7 od 6
1884
C7 c=o Q7I
IO"? 2^T
•5C7
i
1884
2IO 822
ELEVATOR CAPACITY.*
Name of Elevator.
Proprietors.
Received from
Capacity,
llushel*.
I,OOO,OOO
1,500,000
1,250,000
850,000
I,75O,OOO
3,OOO,OOO
SOO.OOO
I.OOO.OOO
6OO,OOO
4OO,OOO
700,000
75O,OOO
,5OO,000
,OOO,OOO
,750,000
,5OO,OOO
,5OO,OOO
,250,000
I,OOO,OOO
I,OOO,OOO
2OO,OOO
600,000
45O,OOO
I,OOO,OOO
I,OOO,OOO
gOO.OOO
250,000
3OO,OOO
Central " 11 "
C., B. & Q. "A"
Armour, Dole & Co.
C., B. & Q Railroad
C., B. & 0. " B" . '
Armour, Dole & Co. _
Armour, Dole & Co
C., B. & Q. Railroad
C., B. & Q Railroad
C., B. & 0. "C"
C., B. & Q. " U " and annex ._
C B & Q Railroad
Union
City
Munger, Wheeler £ Co .. .
C. & N. W. Railway and Canal
Northwestern
C. & N. W. Railway and Canal
Fulton
Air Line... ._ ___,_._„.
C & N W Railway and Canal
Galena
C. & N. W. Railway and Canal
C & N W Railway
Iowa .. „ _ .
St. Paul
C M & St P Railway
Wabash
George L. Dunlap & Co.. ..
W. St Louis & P Railway
Indiana .. ...._
Kock Island "A"
Flint, Odell & Co. ..
C. R. I & P Railroad
Rock Island "B"
Flint, Odell & Co
C., R. I. & P. Railroad
National
Vincent, Nelson & Co. _.
Chicago & St. Louis , ._
Illinois River
William Dickinson & Co.
Neely & Hambleton . . .. .,.
Chicago & Danville ._
P. D. Armour .._.._
Railroad
Pacific "A"
Chicago & Pacific Elevator Company
Chicago & Pacific Elevator Company
George A. Seaverns
C M & St P Railway
Pacific "B"
C., M. & St. P Railway
fGeorge A. Seaverns's __
C & A Railroad
fK. Hess's
{George A. Wciss's ,
E. Hess & Co
C., M. & St. P. Railroad
George A. Weiss & Co.
C & N W Railway
Total _
28,800,000
* The above table shows an increase since the fire — including those destroyed — of eleven elevators in number, and 17,425,000 bushels in capacity,
t Made available in times of emergency, by order of the directors.
PETER HASKII.L WILLARD, retired merchant, son of William
and Lucy Haskill Willard, was born at Lancaster, Mass., on Octo-
ber 7, 1805. Until he was fifteen years of age he assisted his father
in farming, during which time he obtained several years' instruction
in the district schools of the vicinity. He began commercial life in
the country store of Calvin Haskill, of Harvard, Mass., with whom
he remained nearly five years. He then went to Littleton, Mass.,
and was engaged in mercantile pursuits four years; then removed to
Lowell and went into the wholesale and retail grocery business.
Four years later he succumbed to the Western fever, and, disposing
of his business, went to St. Louis in 1836, which then was a city of
not more than fifteen thousand inhabitants. He established him-
self in the wholesale grocery trade on Front Street, which then
faced the levee and is now called Water Street. The destructive
policy of President Jackson's administration brought about the panic
of 1837, during the following year, and Mr. Willard was among the
sufferers, but shortly afterward he resumed business. In 1845, in
connection with Ira Y. Munn, he extended his business to various
points in the West and established branch stores in Peoria, Spring
Bay, Matamoras, etc. During 1856, the firm closed out, and Mr.
Willard came to this city. He purchased a lot near the junction of
Lake Street and the river on the west side, and erected the second
elevator built in Chicago, and continued in the elevator business dur-
ing that year, and returned to St. Louis in 1857. Forming a partner-
ship with James G. Goodrich, he engaged in the wholesale grocery
trade until business was interupted by the excitement of the times
in 1861, when he purchased the stock of the firm and removed to
this city. Under the firm name of Willard & Childs he continued
business until 1867, when he retired from the firm, which then be-
came Childs & Briggs. Two years later that firm became involved,
and, in order to protect his interests, held by them, he assumed its
management, and through his efforts the firm was placed upon a
sound financial basis. He continued as manager of the firm until
the fire of 1871. In that conflagration he lost $25,000 in currency
and unregistered bonds, but was soon enabled to re-establish him-
self in trade, which he continued until 1879, since which time he
has not taken an active part in business. Mr. Willard was married
on April 4, 1840, to Miss Elizabeth Osgood Goodrich, of Vermont,
a lady of culture and marked literary talent, well-known as the
author of " Sixology," who died in 1872, leaving him five children,
— Gardner G., William H., Charles G., Monroe I,., all of whom are
prominent business men, and Clara G., now deceased. In 1874. he
was married to Mrs. Mary E. Daniels, of Chicago, who has one
daughter by her first marriage.
334
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
THE UNION STOCK- YARDS.
The old " Bull's Head " stock-yards, situated at the
corner of Madison Street and Ogden Avenue, were open-
ed in iS4S and gayc to Chicago its first regular cattle
market In 1854, the Michigan Southern Railway
opened stock-yards upon the Ulrich property, at the cor-
ner of State and Twenty-second streets, which were
placed umlerthe management of Thomas Nicholes. Mr.
Niclioles was superseded in 1862 by Ira Smith \- Co.,
who continued in the management until the close of the
yards in tl.e spring of 1866. John B. Sherman made
what was up to 1856, the boldest venture in this direc-
tion in opening the Myrick yards on Cottage Grove
\vcnue with a capacity for live thousand cattle and
thirty thousand hogs. The Michigan Central and Illi-
nois Central railways had switches running into these
yard-. I he K<>rt \\ayne yards, at the corner of Stewart
Avenue and Mitchell Street, and the Cottage Grove
yards of C. !•'. I.oomis >\ Co., were small and inade-
quate, and never came into much prominence, although
the latter was the principal yard here during the War.
After the failure of the Chicago, Burlington cv
Quincy Railroad stock-yards which had been estab-
lished a mile and a half west of the city by that com-
pany, |. II. Dole and other capitalists) to attract busi-
ness to any extent, it became manifest that the stock
interests of Chicago should be concentrated in some
sure quarter, to facilitate and lessen the expense of
transfers of cattle and hogs. The delays occasioned
by the location of the yards at long distances from one
another suggested the' enterprise of the Union Stock-
Yards and 'Transit Company. A prospectus was issued
in the autumn of 1864, which resulted in the subscrip-
tion of stock to the extent of $1,000,000, the major
portion of which $925,000), was taken by the nine rail-
ways chiefly interested in the stock trade, viz. Illinois
Central, Michigan Central, Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy, Michigan Southern, Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne
& Chicago, Chicago & Alton, Rock Island, Chicago &
Danville and Chicago & North-Western. A special
charter was granted by the State Legislature, which was
approved on February 13, 1865. John L. Hancock,
Virginius A. Turpin, Rosell M. Hough, Sidney A. Kent,
Charles M. Culbertson, Lyman Blair, M. L. Sykes, Jr.,
George W. Cass, James F. Joy, John F. Tracy, Timothy
B. Blackstone, Joseph H. Moore, John S. Barry, Homer
E. Sargent, Burton C. Cook, John B. Drake, William
D. Judson, David Kreigh and John B. Sherman were
the incorporators. Upon the organization of the com-
pany, Timothy B. Blackstone was chosen president, F.
H. Winston as secretary, and Robert Nolton as assistant
secretary.
The site chosen for the location of the Yards was at
Halsted Street, in the Town of Lake, and three hun-
dred and twenty acres, being the north half of Section
5, Township 38 N., Range 14 E., were purchased from
Hon. John Wentworth, the price being $100,000. This
land was considered an almost valueless marsh, impossi-
ble to be drained. Work was commenced on June i, 1865,
and by Christmas of that year the yards were thrown
open for business. The yards were laid out as a rectan-
gular figure, with streets and alleys crossing one another
at right angles. About one hundred and twenty acres
were covered with pens when the yards were opened,
and the growth of the enterprise since has necessitated
• litions from time to time, making the present acreage
of the pens two hundred and eighty. They are of var-
ious sixes, some being of the capacity of one car-load
and others of the capacity of ten car-loads. In the
early history of the yards, one thousand two hundred
cattle-pens and one thousand hog and sheep-pens were
sufficient for the accommodation of stock, while to-day
two thousand six hundred of the former and one thou-
sand six hundred of the latter barely satisfy the demands
made upon their capacity. The pens were all originally
planked, and only a few have since been'paved with stone.
About thirty miles of alleys and streets, some macadam-
ised and others laid with gravel and cinders, connect
these pens with the loading and unloading chutes of the
railroads. Thirty-five thousand cattle, two hundred
thousand hogs, ten thousand sheep and fifteen hundred
horses may !ind quarters at the yards.
The company has spared no effort and no expense in
repairs, and in augmenting the facilities for the hand-
ling of stock, as may be gathered from the fact that the
repair and construction accounts range from $100,000
to $300,000 a year. In 1879, an elevated roadway was
constructed over the yards, for the purpose of more
easily effecting the transfer of stock to the slaughtering-
houses. From time to time feeders have been built to
this main viaduct, as they were required. The system
of drainage has been brought to a high state of perfec-
tion, and the sanitary condition of the yards insures the
health of stock. Fifty miles of sewers have been laid,
which carry all surplus water out into the Chicago
River and thence into the lake.
The water for the stock is obtained from six artesian
wells, sunk at various times as an increased supply was
required. This was one of the chief difficulties the
management had to meet when the yards were opened.
The first well was sunk between May 14 and October 30,
1866, when water was found at a depth of one thousand
and thirty-two feet. The average depth of the wells is
one thousand three hundred feet. The water, on ac-
count of its mineral properties, can be used only for
watering stock, and is not available for mechanical pur-
poses. In the first well sunk, the water was found to
be impregnated with sulphur. Another well, only fifty-
nine feet away, was charged with an oxide of iron. The
average capacity of the wells is six hundred thousand
gallons a day. The supply-pipes are constructed of
wrought iron, coated on the inside with bitumen to
prevent corrosion.
Every railroad entering Chicago is connected di-
rectly with the Stock-Yards. All the tracks are owned
and were laid by the company, and the total length of
track, which is being increased constantly, is now about
one hundred miles. Iron rails were used at first,
but steel was substituted subsequently.
One thousand feet of platform are assigned to each
railway, equipped with loading and unloading chutes,
so arranged that an entire train may be unloaded at
once as easily as a single car.
A passenger station, with water-tanks, turn-tables,
coal bins, and all the appointments of a first-class
railway station, is a feature of the Yards.
The unnecessary loss in time and money sustained
in the transfer of through freights between Eastern and
Western railroads created a problem which was solved
by the completion of the Freight Transfer and Stock-
Yards canal, in 1872.
The erection of a huge warehouse, in 1874, furnished
an accessible center for the storage and trans-shipment
of freights. The route of the canal, which was built in
furtherance of this plan, is from the South Branch of
the Chicago River to Halsted Street, in a direct line
with Egan Avenue, the western end of which was
closed as a street for the purposes of the canal. The
width of the channel is one hundred and twenty feet,
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
335
and its depth sixteen feet, thus being navigable by the
largest lake vessels. The canal is being extended year
by year, so as to afford increased water frontage, and it
is now about a mile and a half west of the Yards. It is
lined with docks, coal-yards, etc., and although the
original plan has not been carried out in its entirety,
the several railroads having built transfers of their own
subsequently, yet the trade which is carried on by
means of this waterway is enormous.
The Exchange liuilding is situated nearly in the
center of the Yards, and is of plain construction. Three
wings have since been added to the original building.
The offices of the company, together with the offices of
some eighty commission firms, are located in these
buildings. There are also telegraph offices and a
restaurant.
The Union Stock- Yards National Bank was opened
for business in June, 1869, and it is practically a clear-
ing-house. Its capital is $200,000, with an additional
$100,000 at rest. Nearly all the drovers and commis-
sion men who have business at the Yards have an
account at the Bank. The successive presidents have
been William F. Tucker, M. Talcott, Edward S. Stick-
ney and Elmer Washburne. Edward S. Stickney was
the first cashier, and on his accession to the presidency
he was succeeded by G. E. Conrad. The present board
of directors consists of Samuel N. Nickerson, Lyman J.
Gage, Stephen B. Booth, John W. Kelley, George T.
Williams, and Elmer Washburne.
A post-office building and a printing-house (which is
occupied by the Daily Drover's Journal, issued by H.
L. Goodall & Co.) were built in 1875. These buildings
are situated just outside the main entrance to the yards.
The Transit House, formerly known as the Hough
House, is owned by the company, and was opened by
them for the accommodation of those interested in the
stock trade. It is situated on Halsted Street, near the
entrance to the Yards.
The vigilance of the company prevented the great
fire from making headway on their property. The
Morris slaughter-house, situated just southwest of the
Yards, was discovered to be in flames some days after
October 8. The wind was then blowing from the south-
west, but the progress of the flames was arrested before
much damage was done. Patrols were on watch, day
and night, and several prairie-fires in the vicinity of the
yards were extinguished. The fire, however, did not
detrimentally affect the live-stock trade.
The company employs constantly over one thousand
men, a number larger than the total population of the
village of Lake when the yards were opened.
The slaughtering and packing-houses, which are
all situated in the vicinity of the Yards, have no connec-
tion with the former, except that their supplies of stock
are received through the Yards. There are twenty-nine
large packing-houses, besides several smaller establish-
ments. These furnish almost constant employment to
between twenty-five and thirty thousand men and boys.
The presidents of the Union Stock-Yards and Tran-
sit Company have been T. B. Blackstone, up to 1866 ;
J. M. Douglas (resigned 1866); B. B. Chandler, up to
l873 ; James M. Walker, up to 1881 ; and Nathaniel
Thayer, Jr., who is now president. F. H. Winston, the
first secretary, was succeeded, in 1874, by George T.
Williams, the present secretary. T. E. Bryant, the first
superintendent, was succeeded, at his death, in 1867, by
J. B. Sherman, who, in turn, having been elected vice-
president and general manager, was succeeded, in 1882,
by G. Titus Williams. The board of directors is com-
posed of John Newell, Marvin Hughitt, D. J. Potter,
N. Thayer, John B. Sherman, J. R. Cable, E. T. Jef-
frey, J. N. McCullough, and J. C. McMullen.
The receipts of live stock for twenty years have
been as follows :
Year.
Cattle.
Calves.
Hogs.
Sheep.
Horses.
1865 (5 days)
613
17,764
I J.H
1 866
•an-i OO7
1867
329 188
I 696 738
1 80 888
8J7
1808
T2J. S2J.
1869
403, I O2
I 661 869
1870 ..
532 964
1871
C 1-3 Q^O
2 380 083
1872
684 075
1873
76l 428
1874
1875 ...
843,966
Q2O 8.11
4,758,379
333,^55
418 948
17,588
1876
8 icn
1877 .. ..
033 151
7 87J.
1878
083 068
1879
,215,732
6 d.j.8 I'U)
1880
^82 J77
1881
,498 550
48 Q48
6 J.74. 8d.J.
1882
c82 cC\O
628 887
T-I SeA
1883
,878 944
•JO 221
5 640 625
74.Q Q17
1884 _
1885
,817,697
52,353
5.351,9^7
801,630
18,602
The shipments for twenty years have been —
Year.
Cattle.
Calves
Hogs.
Sheep.
Horses.
1866
263,693
482 87*;
1867
203,580
758,789
CQ 27C.
187
1868
215,987
I O2O 329
8 1 634
2 185
1869
294,717
1,086,305
1 08 690
i t;i8
1870
390, 709
Q24. J.^
116 711
•a 488
1871
1872
401,927
510 025
1,162,286
135,084
5,482
1873
574,181
o jQ7 G.C.7
1874
622,929
2 330,361
i So zzt.
1 6 608
1875
1876....
797,724
1, 131,635
10^ 02^
6 810
1877
1878
1879
703,402
699,188
726,903
951,221
1,266,906
I 692,361
"5,354
156,727
159 266
6,598
8,176
1880
i88r...
886,614
938,712
•3T d6H
1,394,990
I 289 679
156,510
2K-J Q-lS
8,713
1882
1883
1884
1885
921,009
966,758
*79i,884
*747,g83
IO,229
12,671
31,089
33,610
1,747,722
1,319,392
I,392,6l5
I,795,I60
314,200
374,463
290,352
26O,O9O
12,788
14,698
18,247
18,582
* The diminution in the number of cattle shipped is due to the large ship-
ments of dressed beef. The amount thus slaughtered was as follows:
Armour & Co. —
Cattle 325,131
Sheep 50,105
Swift & Co.—
Cattle 429,483
Sheep 271,481
.229,419
Morris & Fairbank —
Cattle
Hammond & Co. —
Cattle 160,960
Libby, McNeil & Libby—
Cattle 115,032
NUMBER OF CATTLE PACKED, AND PRICES.
Year.
Range of prices
per 100 pounds.
Number packed
for the season.
1872 .
$3 75 to $6 25
2 50 to 7 oo
i 50 to 7 75
3 25 to 5 25
2 75 to 4 50
3 70 to 6 70
2 60 to 5 37
2 50 to 5 75
3 15 to 5 So
3 75 to 6 30
4 75 to 8 50
4 60 to 6 75
4 70 to 7 25
3 65 to 4 75
15,755
21,712
41,192
63,783
324.898
310,456
391,500
486,537
5",7U
575,924
697.033
1,028,654
1,188,154
1,157.582
1873
3874
1875*
1876
1877
1878
I87O
1880.
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
* City consumption is included in number packed subsequent to 1875.
336
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
THE TOTAL VALUATION OF STOCK VAKDEU, uy YEARS.
1866 $42,765,328
1867 42,375,241
1868 52,51
1869 60,171,217
1870 62,090,631
1871 . 60,331,082
1872 87,500,000
1873 $91,321,162
1874 115,049,140
1875 117,533,942
1876 111,185,650
1877 99,024,100
106,101,879
1879 "4.795,834
1880 -.$143,057,626
1881 183,007,710
1882 196,670,221
1883. 201,252,772
1884 187,387,680
1885 - 176,528,000
Total $2,250,655,503
RECEIPTS, SHII'ME.NTS AND LOCAL INCREASE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEADING MEAT PRODI' i .
Year.
PORK, BARRELS.
PROVISIONS AND CUT MEATS, POUNDS.
LARD, POUNDS.
Receipts.
Shipn
Receipt*.
Shipments.
Receipts.
Shipments.
Receipts.
Shipments.
1872
14,512
7,153
36.670
26,949
37,aoa
9,359
2,506
4.367
(.,-•-2
2,093
1.710
[,796
2,2')4
318
39.<>' i
33,9
72,562
6o,454
73,575
82,050
'•7.557
110,431
117,203
113,493
138,719
111,57°
100,950
116,583
121,023
43,758
39,<<95
49.205
45,704
35,249
33,073
64,389
39.091
52,289
78,895
53,636
56,247
34.958
208,664
I9I.I44
231,350
313,713
319,344
296,457
346,366
354,255
367,324
319,999
435.625
340,307
290,512
393,213
48,256,615
58,782,954
50,629,509
54,445,783
63,368,011
62,031,670
103,130,326
151,131,767
164,437,225
138,787,745
106,165,038
139,971,942
127,006,458
162,018,000
245,288,404
343,986,021
262,931,462
362,141,943
467,289,109
479,926,231
747,269,774
835,629,540
958,036,113
782,993,729
615,822,951
643,994,263
549,674,034
705,356,000
'9.9«.797
26,571,425
24,145,225
21,982,423
33,620,928
27,236,359
37,748,958
75,754,"7
68,387,204
61,403,671
40,696,384
72,010,072
63,146,334
60,840,000
86,040,785
89,847,680
82,209,887
115,616,093
138,216,376
I47,OOO,6l6
244,323,933
251,020,295
333,539,138
278,531,733
235,473,520
255,226,039
219,617,436
255,376,000
.
l ^"^
'877
1878
.
1882
1883 -.
PRICES AND MOVEMENT OF PORK.
Year.
RANGE OF PRICES.
DRESSED.
RANGE OF PRICES OF MESS PORK,
I'KK r.AKKI.I..
Live.
Dressed.
Received.
Shipped.
Lowest.
Highest.
Average.
1-72
235,905
233,156
213,038
173,012
148,622
If>4,339
102,512
91,044
89,102
52,835
36,778
56,538
24,598
32,700
145,701
290,906
197,747
153,523
79,654
94,648
26,039
40,024
33,194
46,849
40,196
44,367
24,447
56,305
1873
$3 75 to $6 50
4 75 to 7 75
6 25 to 9 25
5 50 to 10 oo
4 oo to 7 25
2 40 to 4 75
2 50 to 5 05
4 oo to 5 30
4 75 to 7 40
6 15 to 9 60
4 35 to 8 15
4 10 to 7 75
3 oo to 5 35
$4 20 to $7 50
4 80 to 8 50
6 75 to 9 75
6 25 to 10 oo
4 20 to 7 80
2 60 to 4 85
3 oo to 5 40
4 75 to 5 60
5 20 to 7 20
6 70 to 7 35
6 80 to 8 30
4 50 to 8 oo
3 30 to 6 oo
$11 00
13 S5
17 70
15 I2>£
10 20
6 02%
7 27^
9 25
15 22!^
15 25
10 I2J£
10 45
7 95
$18 oo
24 5"
23 50
22 T2</2
18 10
" 35
13 75
19 oo
20 oo
24 75
20 20
27 50
13 35
815 25
18 25
20 2O
18 72^
13 85
8 83
9 75
13 25
16 48
!9 WYz
15 15
17 42%
10 47^
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879.
1880
188:
1882
1883
1884
1885. ..
PORK PACKING.
Year ending
NUMBER OF HOGS PACKED.
NET WEIGHT.
YIELD OF LAKD.
Packed
March i to
November i.
Packed
November i to
March i.
Grand total
for the year.
Average
net weight,
summer packing.
Average
net weight,
winter packing.
Average
pounds per hog,
summer packing.
Average
pounds per hog,
winter packing.
Total tierces
made,
winter packing.
March , 1885
M.xrch , 1884
March , 1663
March , 1602
March , 1681
March , 1880
March . 1^7.,
March , i.-7-
March , 1-77
March , 1876
1874-7;
1,859,988
1,900,408
1,664,967
2,732,384
2,9/1,127
2,155.418
2,017,841
1.508,026
1.315,402
,781
446,368
3"6, 536
31.571
10,350
2.368,217
2,011,384
2,557,823
2,368,100
2,781,064
2,525,219
2,943,115
2,501,285
,618,084
.592,065
.690,348
,520/124
•425.079
,21 1
4,228,205
3,9",792
4,222,780
5,100,484
5,752,191
4,680,637
4,960,956
4,009,311
2,933,486
2,320,846
2,136,716
1,826,560
1,456,650
1,225,236
191.62
200.75
182.06
188.74
189.54
190.77
194.26
196.09
189.79
176.19
223.51
202.37
217.49
216.98
212.55
222.77
225.15
228.37
215.97
217.55
212.42
216.47
236.25
232.54
3i 94
36.94
29.58
32.40
30.83
33-48
36.72
32.50
29.10
26.77
38.44
34-53
36.71
39-75
37-94
40.59
44-44
39.60
35-10
36.32
37-30
3744
44. "2
43-07
196,756
209,894
281,379
271,851
316,884
304,079
395,659
295,260
172,869
174,572
197,038
177,877
196,054
167,592
1*73-74
1872-73
i-«T_72
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
337
ICE. — One of the most important articles in use in
tHe packing business is ice, and following are presented
sketches of some of the leading dealers in that com-
modity:
JAMES P. SMITH & Co. — This company dates its formation
back to 1847, the present proprietors being the real successors of
the original owners. In that year, Augustus Frisbie and Mr. liur-
rows commenced the ice business in Chicago, obtaining their sup-
ply from the North Branch of the Chicago River, and having an ice-
ho'use which had a capacity of about two thousand tons. In 1848,
Hiram Joy became associated with A. Frisbie, the firm being Joy
& Frisbie. One wagon was employed to supply the entire city, then
containing, in all its divisions, only about twenty-eight thousand in-
habitants. At that time they made little effort at wholesale trade,
depending almost entirely on retail business. This firm was merged
into what was known as the Chicago Ice Company, in 1860, J.
I'arker Smith constituting the company, and at the dissolution of
the lirm in 1866, it became a stock company, with J. Parker Smith
as president and manager. Beginning, as they did, in a small way
in 1847, the business of the present firm has assumed proportions
that place it among the valuable industries of the city. Their stor-
age consists of twelve large houses at Fond du Lac, Wis. ; three at
Batavia, 111.; one at Anna; six at Chicago; five on the Calumet
River, and sixteen at Calumet Lake, and they constantly have build-
ings in process of erection to provide for their increasing trade.
They supply many packers at the Stock-Yards, having commenced
this trade as early as 1857, and also do a large business supplying
refrigerator cars. They furnished the first car that was loaded with
dressed beef for Providence, R. I., as an experiment, in 1869. They
ship large consignments of ice South, it being preferable to the man-
ufactured ice made in the Southern States, and they are supplied with
all kinds of tools and conveniences for rapidly loading cars. In the
city they do an extensive retail business, and give employment to a
large number of men, maintaining an outfit of teams and fine
wagons that were entirely unknown in the early days of the indus-
try. Their office at present is located in a fine brick building, No.
145 Monroe Street, the property of J. Parker Smith.
A. S. PIPER & Co. — -This firm was first organized in 1863, to
carry on the ice business, and was composed of three brothers, An-
son, Thomas and Seth, sons of Sylvester and Sarah Piper. Their
father is still living at the age of seventy-eight years. They had
foresight enough to grasp the importance of this branch of trade,
that other business men overlooked, and in a small way they com-
menced to build what has now become a large and profitable busi-
ness, having at the present time nearly fifty teams engaged in
delivering ice during the summer. Their supply is obtained from
Willow Springs and Vorkville, 111., Little Sturgeon Bay and Green
Bay, Wis., and the main office is at No. 83 West Twelfth Street.
While operating the ice business, they discovered a demand for
special tools for that industry, for marking out the blocks, cutting
and handling them, and for wagons adapted to carrying them, and,
in 1874, they erected a large building on the corner of Ogden
Avenue and Leavitt Street, where they commenced the manufacture
of everything pertaining to carrying on the ice business. They
make a specialty of a machine patented by one of the firm, Thomas
Piper, for cutting grass and water plants under the water, for keep-
ing impurities out of the ice, and for freeing ornamental lakes and
bodies of water in parks from unsightly weeds, and also manufac-
ture an ice wagon having the Nelson patent fifth-wheel. In this
line of business they were the second firm to commence the manu-
facture in Chicago, and it is fast becoming an extensive enterprise.
Anson S. Piper was born in New York State in 1828, and at
an early age went to Canada with his parents, who made their home
at Prescott, remaining with them until of age. He received a com-
mon school education, and after leaving school entered into mer-
chandising in a country store. He came to Chicago in 1853, and
was occupied for some time in a grocery store, finally concluding
to go into the ice business. He operated this industry alone for
some time, and finally associated his two brothers, Thomas and Seth,
with him, and by perseverance and close attention to business has
seen his efforts crowned with success. Mr. Piper was married at
Dickinson Landing, Canada, to Miss Julia Pratt, and has six chil-
dren living : George, Ida, Sherman, Sarah, Dilley and William.
Thomas Piper was born in New York State in 1836, and went
with the family to Canada when a child, living at Prescott, where
he obtained a common school education. He left Canada and
came to Chicago in 1853, and has since been a resident of this
city. When he arrived here, he was employed as an engineer on
a steamboat, continuing in that capacity until he became associated
with his brother in the ice business, to which he now devotes his
entire time. Mr. Piper was married in Chicago, in 1865, to Miss
Alice McGrory, formerly of Prescott, Canada, and has six children
living: Charles, Kdward, Seth S., Thomas, Maggie and Kllsworth.
Seth N. Piper was born in New York Stale in 1838, and went
to Prescott, Canada, with his parents, receiving his education there.
He came from Prescott to Chicago in 1853, and at once engaged in
steamboating, which business he constantly followed up to the time
he became interested with his brothers in the ice business, in which
he has continued up to the present time. He and his brother
Thomas were at one time interested in several canal-boats that ran
between Chicago and St. Louis, but they some time since disposed
of them. Mr. Piper was married in Chicago, in 1877, to Miss
Charlotte Fitzsimmons.
AKTKSIAN WELL ICE COMPANY. — In 1863, the boring for the
great artesian well situated in the western part of the city, near
Western Avenue, was commenced, and in January the well was Lost
at a depth of sixty-five feet, the tools getting fast at the bottom. In
February, 1864, another well was commenced and was finished
in November, when the water began to flow from a depth of seven
hundred and eleven feet. In May following, the boring of a sec-
ond well was begun, and the water flowed from it from the depth
of seven hundred and nine feet, the work being completed in No-
vember of that year. Both wells continue to flow, and a lake of
pure water covers about twenty-five acres of ground.
When the work was first commenced it was for the purpose of
finding oil, it being about the time of the great oil excitement in
Pennsylvania, but the only result obtained in this line is thus told
in a pamphlet issued by the company: " During the past winter we
have bored a well only forty-five feet in depth, in order to test the
surface rock for oil; out of this has been pumped about one hun-
dred gallons of petroleum."
It was desirable to make the best use of the water obtained,
which by careful analysis was found to be of a superior quality, and
it was decided to at once prepare for putting up ice, which they con-
cluded, from its purity and also its close proximity to the city,
would be a profitable investment. The houses forstorage, having a
capacity for holding nearly fifty thousand tons, are built near the
lake, and are easily filled.
In March, 1867, a charter was granted by the State of Illinois
for a company to operate these wells. The capital stock of the
corporation was $1,000,000, divided into shares of $100,000 each.
The persons named in the charter were Abraham S. Croskey,
George A. Shufeldt, Jr., Henry H. Brown, P. W. Gates, Henry
Greenebaum, Daniel W. Page, Carlile Mason, Amasa F. Dwight,
William Phillips and John C. W. Bailey, and the following officers
were elected: Henry H. Brown, president; George S. Carmichael,
secretary; A. F. Croskey, treasurer; W. T. B. Read, superintend-
ent. The superintendent was living at Alton, 111., at the time the
well was first projected, and was sought after on account of his su-
perior mechanical knowledge and his ability as a business and
financial manager. He carried the project through very succesful-
ly, and had it not been for the speculative disposition of many of
the controlling parties in the company, it would undoubtedly have
remained the property of the original investors, but they were con-
tinually speculating in cotton, wool, etc., and finally became in-
volved, and the real-estate, fixtures, etc., in 1872, became the prop-
erty, by virtue of sale, of George S. Carmichael, the investment for
the forty acres costing him in the aggregate $120,000. Soon after
that Mr. Read, the superintendent, purchased a half interest and
commenced to operate the ice business, and at the time of Mr.
Carmichael's death, in October, 1879, na<^ nearly completed paying
for his portion. The property has since been divided, Mr. Read
having twenty-five acres and the widow of Mr. Carmichael fifteen
acres. The ice business at the present time is operated by W. T.
B. Read's Sons, the father retaining a supervisory interest.
William T. B. Read was born at Providence, R. I., and re-
ceived his education in the schools of the early day of that country.
He is the son of Jonathan and Nancy (Bicknell) Read, with whom
he remained until after leaving school, when he was regularly ap-
prenticed to the jewelry trade. After leaving his trade, he went to
New York City, where he purchased a stock of dry goods, and then
opened a store a store at Newburg, N. Y., where he remained for
about two years. Disposing of his store, he took up his residence
in Mobile, Ala., where he again entered the same business. He
remained South for about twelve years, and came to Illinois in 1842,
settling at Alton, where he engaged in the foundry and machine-
shop business. In 1865, he came to Chicago, and became inter-
ested in the boring of the artesian wells intended at that time to
supply oil. He visited, in the interests of the company, the oil
fields of Pennsylvania, fully informing himself of all the points re-
quired for a successful completeness of the Chicago wells, and be-
came the head of the enterprise, which he has never abandoned up
to the present time. He was married in Middletown, Orange Co.,
N. Y., to Miss Adelaide Carmichael, in 1848, and has five children,
— William T. B., Jr.; Georgie, now Mrs. Samuel Baker, of Chi-
cago; Allie N., Harry J. and Benjamin F.
U'illiam 'J'. K. Read, Jr., the eldest son of W. T. B. and
Adelaide (Carmichael) Read, was born at Alton, 111. He received
his preliminary education in the public schools of Chicago, subse-
quently attending the Illinois State University, at Champaign, for
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
several years. He then returned to Chicago, and remained at home
for sometime, when he commenced the study of lithography in the
establishment of the Sherwood* in the city, where he i- -till em-
ployed, lie was married in Chicago, in 1883, to Miss Lizzie
uhood, daughter of J. C. C.reenhood, the well-known safe
dealer in this city, and has" one daughter, Adelaide.
llarrv I. Kfn.l, the second son of William T. P.. Read, and an
active member of the Artesian Well Ice Company, was also horn at
Alton, 111., and came to Chicago when quite young, lie partially
received his education in the public schools of this city, and after-
ward attended for four years the Mate Cniversity, at Champaign,
111. lie returned to Chicago and began assisting his father in the
management of the ice business, taking from him much of the re-
sponsibilities which he had I, .1 years borne. He is at the present
time the leading spirit in the IHIM:
•win /•'. A',;i,f, the junior member of the Artesian Well
Ice Company, is a native of Illinois, and was born at Alton. He
came to this city when quite young, and attended a private semi-
nary known as the German-American School. While receiving his
education he was an assistant on his father's business, and thus be-
came qualified for the position he at present occupies.
1 . \. Sm.ni> ,V CO. commenced the ice business in 1874, be-
ginning in a small way; running the first season only two wagons,
but gradually enlarging and purchasing the business of several of
the smaller companies and linally absorbing one of the oldest and
largest companies in the city. In January, 1885, they formed a
stock company called the Knickerbocker Ice Company, with
•..HX) capital, chartered under the laws of Illinois. They ope-
>:>out fifty teams in Chicago, and employ about two hundred
men in the summer, and a much larger force in the winter in pre-
paring for the trade the warm weather brings them. In St. Louis,
they operate as the CreveCieur Lake Ice Company, and have a large
business there also. The officers of the Knickerbocker Company
are K. A. Shedd, president; J. S. Field, vice-president. C. B. Shedd,
secretary and treasurer. They own the large ice houses at Wolf
Lake, Indiana, said to be the largest in the world, and also have
large houses on the Calumet River and at Calumet Lake, besides
others of less note, and are one of the largest companies doing busi-
ii the city of Chicago. They occupy commodious quarters at
\o. \= Washington Street, where they have been located fora num-
ber of years.
Ji'/iit S. Ficlil, was born at Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1847, and
wa^ partially educated at Beloit, and at the age of thirteen he went
to Madison in the same State, where he attended school until he
was sixteen, and then went West, looking after the interests of his
father, where he remained until he was nineteen years old. In
1867, he came to Chicago and engaged in the ice business, and has
remained in it up to the present time, being elected, in January,
1885, vice-president of the Knickerbocker Ice Company.
WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE. — In addition to the
vast business transacted through the elevators of this
city, the private warehouse and storage-room is a valu-
able accessory to commerce, as means of preserving
perishable articles not handled by the elevator compa-
nies. Descriptions of some of these are subjoined.
Si TR(;IS, MCALLISTER & Co. established a warehouse at Nos.
1-6 Rush Street, at the southwest corner of Kinzie Street, some time
in the " sixties," for the storage of wool, and in 1867, they were
• (led by Taylor, Dickinson & Smith, the members of the firm
being Z. B. Taylor, William P. Dickinson and Alfred Smith. This
company managed the business for two years, the building then be-
ing known as the Empire Warehouse. At the expiration of this
time the firm became Dickinson & Taylor, Mr. Smith having with-
drawn. The firm was subsequently changed to Dickinson & Son,
Mr. Dickinson associating his son William with him, and by them
the business was continued until the fire of 1871 destroyed the build-
ing. It was re-built by Messrs. Brown and (Avery) Moore; and after-
ward sold to H. N. Rust, in 1873, who, in 1879, took his son,
I- rank N., into partnership under the firm name of Rust &Co., and
so continued until March i, i8Si. Then William R. Manierre, a
son of Judge Manierre, deceased, acquired the property, and con-
tinued the business for a short time, when he organized, under the
general law, the Central Warehouse Company, of which he was the
president. This company continued in existence until January I,
1882, when Mr. Manierre wound up its affairs and conducted' the
business himself.
WIIMAM Rr.iD MANIERRE, the second son of Judge George
and Ann H. (Reid) Manierre, was born at Chicago on April 25,
1847, at the old homestead, corner of Jackson Street and Michigan
Avenue, which the family occupied up to the fire of 1871, when
the land w * the Gardner House, now the Leland'llotel.
After receiving a partial education at the University of Chicago, he
enlisted on May lo, 1864, under the last call of President Lincoln,
as a private in Co. " D," I34th Illinois Volunteers, and was mus
tared out on October 25 of the same year. Mr. Manierre com-
pleted his education at the Union College of Law, from which he
graduated in 1878. He soon afterward associated himself with Rich
ard J. 1'rendergast, now county judge, under the firm name of Man
ierre & Prendergast. In the spring of iSSi, he retired from the
practice of law, and became the proprietor of the Central Ware-
house, near Rush street bridge. He was elected, in the spring of
1883, as alderman of the t8th Ward, for a term of two years. Mr.
Manierre was married on April 2O, 1875, in New York City, t<.
Julia (.). Kdson. They have three children, — George, Marguerite
and Julia Edson.
THE GARDEN CITY WAREHOUSES were established by Dike
Bros. & Minkler, which firm was changed to Dike Bros. & Baker.
Warehouse "B" is located at Nos. 239 to 243 Jackson Street,
Warehouse "A" at Nos. 180 to 184 Quincy Street. Determining
to incorporate, a charter was secured by Dike Bros. & Minkler in
1883, and a company was formed with the following officers : X.
II. Jones, president; H. L. Ware, vice-president and secretary;
and H. J. Dike, treasurer. In a short time the affairs of the incor-
poration became involved, and the property was placed in the hands
of a receiver, A. H. Hurley, from whom Messrs. Hamilton and
Gedde purchased the buildings. Mr. Hamilton retired from the
firm in April, 1885, Mr. Gedde retaining sole control. The ware-
houses are used for storing general merchandise, and have a capac-
ity of forty thousand square feet.
OVE GEDDE was born in Frederickshald, Norway, on May 10,
1862; his parents, Chr. Gedde and Catharina Emilie (Wiel) Gedde.
were natives of that country; Chr. Gedde was president of the Hank
of Norway and president of the " Dalslands Railroad." Mr. Gedde
received a portion of his education at his birthplace, and completed
it in England and Germany. In 1882, he came to Chicago from
England, and engaged in his present business.
M. J. LELAND is the manager of the Garden City warehouses,
a position which he has filled since the opening of the buildings in
1882. Mr. Leland was born at Holliston, Middlesex Co., Mass.,
on May 12, 1849. His parents, Benjamin M. and Hannah J. (Le-
land) Leland, were natives of that town. Benjamin was a manu-
facturer of boots and shoes, and after educating his son at the
Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn, N. V., he took him into his office,
and gave him a thorough training preparatory for the battle of life.
At the age of twenty-two, young Leland left home and entered a
stockbroker's office in New York City. Leaving there, he visited
several portions of the United States, with a view to permanent
settlement, but at length returned home to New Jersey, whither
his father had removed. Mr. Leland followed the dairy business
for five years, and then came to Chicago. In 1870, he married
Agnes E. Thomas; they have three children.
THE GLOBE WAREHOUSE is situated on the North Pier, east
of the Illinois Central Railroad viaduct, and was erected in 1880,
by David Wylie, and is still owned by him. It has a capacity for
storing eight hundred car-loads of grain, seeds or general merchan-
dise, and is connected with both railroad and lake transportation.
This house receives and forwards large amounts of freight from and to
Buffalo, Ogdensburgand Montreal during the season of navigation,
is convenient and well adapted for warehousing purposes, and is
admirably located for the traffic intended. David Wylie is also pro-
prietor of Wylie's bonded and general warehouse, at the corner of
Harrison Street and Pacific Avenue. This building was erected by
the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad Company for the
purpose of taking advantage of an Act of Congress permitting im-
ported goods to come West without appraisement in New York or
other ports — bonded goods coming through, the duties on which were
to be paid here, with an idea of encouraging our merchants in more
direct importation. Mr. Wylie leased the building from the rail-
road company when completed, and has conducted it since for the
above purpose. The building is constructed in accordance with the
directions from the customs department of the United States. It is
as near fire-proof as is possible to make it, and has a capacity for
receiving five hundred car-loads. The tracks of the Michigan
Southern road run into the building and connect with all roads run-
ning out of the city.
DAVID WYLIE was born in Campbelltown, Scotland, on April
8, 1841; and is a son of Alexander and Agnes (Colville) Wylie, na-
tives of the above place. Alexander wasa distiller and malster most
of his life; he died in Scotland in 1866. Agnes came to Chicago,
and died here on December 23, 1883, aged eighty-two years. Mr.
\\ > -he was educated in the common schools of Scotland. 'He came to
America in 1857, and located at Toledo, O., taking a position with
the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, where he remained
two years. In 1859, he came to Chicago and became an employe
with A. E. Goodrich, of the Goodrich Transportation Company, as
confidential clerk, which situation he resigned in 1868 to accept that
of inspector of mineral oils, having received the appointment from
Hon. John B. Rice, mayor of the city; he held the office during
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
Mr. Rice's administration and that of Hon. R. B. Mason. After
this he engaged in the warehouse business, which he still continues.
In 1867, he married Miss Naomi, daughter of Thomas Dougall, of
this city. By this marriage there are three children, — -Alexander,
F.lizabeth and Naomi. Mr. Wylie and wife are members of the
Fcmrih I'resbyterian Church. Mr. Wylie is a member of Blaney
Lodge, No. 271, A.F. & A.M.; of Lafayette Chapter, No. 2, R.A.
M.; and <>( Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T. He is also a prom-
inent and influential member of the Illinois St. Andrew's Society.
CHICAGO COOLING ROOMS. — Chicago is a city where enterprise
always keeps pace with the public demand, and to meet the urgent
needs of merchants who have perishable stock they require stored, the
( hir.Hgo Cooling Rooms were established. These were instituted in
1876,, at No. 131 South Water Street, by J. W. Kepler, with a capacity
which was about one-eighth now demanded by his customers, and
which necessity required the augmentation of the capacity of his
warehouses, so that now (1885) his rooms are occupying Nos. 131-33
South Water Street and Nos. 225-29 North Franklin Street. Mr.
Kepler has experimented with all the processes for the purpose of
preserving butter, cheese, eggs, foreign and domestic fruits, etc.,
and, from the experience then acquired, has invented and patented
a process which is practically perfect and is authentically designated
as one of the most desirable and economical refrigerators known.
J. W. KEI-LEK was born at Milton, Northumberland Co.,
Penn., on June 18, 1842, where he was educated and began busi-
ness as a salesman in Lewisburg, Penn., where he remained until
the outbreak of the War. Me then enlisted as a private in Co.
" A," 13151 Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. After the battle of
Antietam, he was promoted to second lieutenant, and first lieu-
tenant after the battle of Fredericksburg. This regiment was
raised for the nine months' service, but remained for ten months, go-
ing through the battles of second Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg
and Chancellorsville. After he was mustered out, the State made a
call for three months' men, and Mr. Kepler enlisted in the 26th
Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was in the battle near Gettysburg,
fighting Ewing's Mounted Infantry, several thousand strong, with
this regiment alone; and repulsed Ewing's men twice, and then re-
treated in good order with the loss of but a few men. This was
two days before the main battle of Gettysburg. After the expira-
tion of this term of service, he accepted an appointment in the
post-office at Cincinnati, and remained there six months. He then
re-entered the service and took several hundred men into the Han-
cock Veteran Corps, and was made captain of Co. " A," ig2d Ohio
Volunteer Infantry, and went into the Grant campaign around Rich-
mond. He was mustered out three months after the close of the
War, and then became a travelling salesman from Cincinnati and re-
mained as such until 1870. From that year until 1876 he was en-
gaged in the wholesale grocery trade at Chicago. Mr. Kepler is a
member of Covenant Lodge, No. 526, A.F. & A.M., and is also a
member of Fort Dearborn Lodge of the Royal Arcanum.
COGNATE INDUSTRIES
HIDES AND LEATHER. — This important branch of
commercial interest suffered but little in the fire of 1871,
most of the tanneries being located in portions of the
city unvisited by the conflagration. Since that time
there has been a remarkable progress in the industry,
the production having been trebled in a few years,
although the tendency has been to centralize and
enlarge individual enterprises. In both receipts and
shipments, a steady increase has been maintained for the
past fourteen years, while every branch of the interest
in manufacturing lines has progressed phenomenally.
In 1870, there were in Chicago fifteen establish-
ments engaged in the manufacture of tanned leather,
employing three hundred and fourteen workmen, who
received $162,565 wages for the year. The amount of
capital represented was $705,000; the materials con-
sumed were valued at $1,194,310, and the products
$1,618,501.
In curried leather manufacture, there were twelve
establishments, employing two hundred and fifty-nine
workmen, and paying$i38,255 wages, were in operation,
the capital involved aggregating $286,400, the materials
consumed $1,402,785, and the products $1,714,620.
By 1880, the number of establishments had not materi-
ally increased, although the number of employes and
the capital invested had more than doubled. The es-
tablishments doing a business in curried leather were
nine, capital invested $481,002, two hundred and twen-
ty-five workmen employed, $129,169 wages paid,
$1,762,756 expended in material, and $2,146,500 given
as the value of products.
In tanned leather, nineteen establishments were in
operation, one thousand one hundred and nine work-
men employed, $1,932,998 capital invested, $541,184
wages paid, $3,790,522 value of materials used, and
$4,914,550 the value of products. During the year, the
receipts of hides were larger than ever before, the city
tanneries consuming 400,000 hides and 1,400,000 sheep
and calf skins, much less than the city slaughtering.
The year gave a great impetus to the industry, espe-
cially in the departments which consumed the manufac-
tured material, such as harness, trunks and belting es-
tablishments, eighty-two of which did a business of
$746,247, being excelled in manufacture by nearly half a
million dollars by five representative manufacturers two
years later. The product of whips alone increased in
value, in the period stated, from $11,36910 $50,000.
The trade in pelts, deer skins and buffalo hides in-
creased in proportion, and in 1882, the following table
shows the remarkable development of the business:
Business.
3 |
Capital
o
H
£
Tanners and curriers
26
$3,IOO,OOO
1,700
$7,OOO,OOO
Boots, shoes and slippers_
5°
3,500,000
3,800
7,800,000
Saddlery and harness
5
45O,OOO
550
1,000,000
Trunk manufacturers
7
180,000
2IO
525,000
2
Whips
c
1 6 ooo
•3ff
* The aggregate wages paid to the 6,340 employe's of these combined
industries amounted to $3, 897, 700.
The receipts and shipments of hides, for a period
of years antedating 1886, were as follows:
Year.
Receipts
(pounds).
Shipments
(pounds) .
Estimated value of
wool and hides
handled at Chicago
I8S3 --
1,274,311
2,957 2OO
i8=;4
I 4^O ^26
2 158 3OO
1855
1,557 436
3,255,750
1856
•7 C27 QQ2
18*7
c 4.-3Q 284
1858
1 1, 606 997
8 693,862
iS^O .
12 685 446
16 413 320
1860
1861
Q 062 72^
12 277 518
1862
12 74.7 12^
I e ire acn
1863
17 557,728
2^ 781,070
1864
2O,O52,235
27,656,926
1865
19,285, 178
20,379 955
1866
20 12=; ^41
21 2S4 7QI
1867
23 522 066
27,739,099
1868
25 132 260
29 310,038
1860
27 515.368
25,600,808
1870
28 =;IQ 668
27,245,846
1871
22 462 864
1872
32 387 995
28,959,292
187^
36 885 241
30 725 408
$I5,OOO,OOO
187.1
j.8 780 QTI
1875
52 ^57 244.
55,867,904
25,OOO,OOO
1876
55,484,514
59,IO2,O27
25,700,000
1877
52,549 095
56,622,694
25,250,000
1878
44 029 421
51 875 447
17,250,000
1870
61 381 778
23 600 ooo
1880
76 2OQ 285
29 700 ooo
1881
77 803 155
86 503 547
28,500,000
1882
24 788,000
1883
71 006 097
98,531 099
23,654,000
1884
7O 44 Z 77Q
1 08 159 696
24,090,000
188=;
25 000,000
34°
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
The receipts and shipments of hides by lake are
given in the subjoined table :
Year.
.-, (poooda).
Shipments (pounds).
1871 _
203,680
1,783,240
1872
(14,395
!,776,067
lR-71
41(1 SoO
1 -<~ 1
534,240
4,746,000
t«7c
308,900
2,313,420
1876
349,876
959,040
IS?? ---
501,500
I,4l6,l6o
1878
71,160
1,333.900
1870
873,060
725,760
1880
1,507.74°
5,237,320
1881
(3,650
3,997,000
j882
245,800
795,450
1883
699,120
76l,6lO
1,271,550
I,635,O2O
The movements of imports and exports in hides and
leather since 1871, are given only in an itemized form by
years,as no comprehensive tabulated report is published:
In 1872, the imports included calf-skins bearing a duty of
$2,435.25; 641 bales of pelts were received, and 1,255 bales shipped
by kike. " In 1*73, calf-skins valued at $9,49" a»l1 <lm.v imposed at
J.JO were imported, and 4,266 bales of pelts shipped by lake.
In 1874. the exports to Canada were 2,522 bales of hides, value
815,100, and 3,018 bales of pells shipped by lake. In 1875, im-
l.i included 768 bundles of green hides, 4,356 bales
of pells received by lake, and 2,725,164 pounds of hides, and
•44 pounds of lealher exporled direct to Europe. In 1876, 83
bundles of green hides were imported, and 193 bales of pelts re-
!, and 4,275 bales shipped by lake. In 1877, 121 bundles of
green hides were imported, 455 bales of pelts received, and 8,120
hairs shipped by lake, ihe direcl exports from Europe being
2.221,641 pounds of hides, value $78,582. In 1878, the direct ex-
ports to Europe were 826,162 pounds of hides and 232,539 pounds
of leather. In 1879, 41 bundles of hides were imported, and the
direct exports to Europe were 244,022 pounds of hides and 125,685
pounds of leather. In 1880, Ihe imports of leather were 8,873
pounds, valued at $5,203.15, and the direcl exports to Europe were
149,210 hides and 21,220 pounds of leather. In 1881, the imports
were 12,388 pounds of manufaclured lealher, valued at $3,691.20,
and 392 bundles of hides, and the direct exports to Europe were
222,850 pounds of hiaes. In 1882, the imports of manufactured
leather were 209.287 pounds, valued at $99,040.15, and 762 hides,
while the exports direct to Europe were 220,525 pounds of hides
and 20, 5 70 pounds of leather. In 1883, imports of manufactured
leather were 150,242 pounds, valued at $70,743.35, 1,390 packages
of hides, and 14 cases of leather goods and saddlery. In 1884, the
imports of manufactured leather were 112,035 pounds, valued at
$52,167.21, and 51 cases of leather goods and saddlery, and the
exports direct to Europe were 2,539,200 pounds of hides and 520
pounds of lealher.
WILLIAM II. GREINER. — The leather tannery belonging to
this gentleman is situated at 'the corner of Webster Avenue and
Dominick Slreel, is doing an exlensive business, and ranks among
the leading houses of ils line in Chicago, Ihe present capacity of
the tannery being six hundred sides per week. Mr. Greiner first
started a tannery in Chicago in 1857, on Bremer Streel ; from Ihere
he moved to the North-avenue bridge, on the North Branch of the
river, in connection with II. Ilach, they having formed a copart-
nership, under the firm name of Hach & Greiner, with a sales-
room at No. 52 South Franklin Street. There he remained up to
1871, when the firm was dissolved ; he then started on his own ac-
count at his present location. William H. Greiner was born in
1825, on the Rhine, in Germany ; he received his education abroad,
commencing his business career by learning the trade of tanning.
( )wing to some political trouble in his country, he came to America
in 1849, and started at his trade in the employ of T. P. Howell &
Co., at Newark, N. J.; from there he went to Sullivan County, N.
Y., where he ran a tannery until 1856, when he came to Chicago.
Mr. Greiner was married, in 1855, to Miss Mary Schmidt, of Sulli-
van County, N. N'. They have four children, — William H.,
Amelia, Julia and Mary.
\\ U.KER, OAKLEY & Co. are dealers in leather and hides,
and ihe house was established in 1867, by J. H. Walker and J. W.
> i.ikley, then doing business at 46 Franklin Street. They remained
at that location until 1871, when they removed to No. 177 Lake
Stn-el, where a little later they were burned out in the great lire,
sustaining losses aggregating between $50,000 and $100,000. They
then took temporary quarter-, at No. 37 South Canal Street, and
shortlv afterward removed lo Nos. 239-41 Lake Street, where they
remained five years, and, in 1878, removed to Nos. 179-81 Lake
Slreel In 1879, Thomas C. Hammond became a partner in the
iirm although he had an interest in the house from 1872, the style
of whirl, remained as before, \\.dker, Oakley & Co. This house,
ranking among the largest of its kind in ihe country, has also a
branch establishment in Boston, besides owning and operating two
extensive tanneries in this city, in which about three hundred and
fiftv men are employed. An idea of the growth of the business
ma'v be gleaned from the statement thai, in 1867, ihe total amount
done did not exceed $350,000, while it now reaches $1,500,000 pet-
annum. J. H. Walker is the non-resident member of the firm, and
resides al Worcesler, Mass. , where he looks after the Eastern
interests of the house.
THOMAS C. HAMMOND, of Ihe firm of Walker, Oakley & Co.,
and prominently identified with the leather trade in Chicago and
Boston, is a native of Ontario, Canada, born at Brampton, County
of Peel, on October 10, 1839. He grew up and atlended school al
his nalive place and afterward entered his father's tannery. In
1863, he went to Dubuque and remained a short time. lie then
went' to Detroit. In January of the following year, he came to
Chicago and entered the employ of Ihe Chicago Hide & Leather
Company, remaining with this company over one year, al Ihe end
of which lime he and his brolher David engaged in Ihe leather-
tinishing business. In January, 1872, he became connected with
Ihe firm of Walker & Oakley, and since Ihen, for ihe past twelve
years, has been interested in' this well-known house. The firm of
Walker, Oakley & Co., is one of the largest manufaclurers of
lealher in ihis counlry, and Ihe producl of their extensive tanneries
bears a high standard in the leather market and among the boot
and shoe factories of the East and West. Mr. Hammond has a
practical experience of over a quarter of a century, and is thoroughly
familiar with all the details of manufacturing all kinds of upper
leather of the highest standard. In 1860, Mr. Hammond was mar-
ried to Miss Lizzie Bell, a native of Brampton, Onlario, Canada.
They have four children,— George B., Jennie R., Fred E. and
Thomas T.
FKANKI.IN SAWYER, of the firm of Franklin Sawyer & Co.,
dealers in hides at Xos. 203-7 Kinzie Street, began business in
1861, and is the oldest house continuously engaged in this line of
trade in the city. He has withstood all commercial fluctuations
and reverses, including a loss of one hundred thousand dollars by
ihe fire of 1871. Very soon afler the fire, he began business again,
and may be now said to be one of the largesl (if nol the largest)
dealers on the street, his sales amounting to aboul one-half a million
dollars annually. Mr. Sawyer was born al New Salem, Mass., on
May 22, 1833, and is a son of Aaron and Laura (Thayer) Sawyer,
both natives of Massachusetts. The family came to Chicago in
July, 1861, and the following August his father died from ihe effecls
of a sun-slroke, in his fifty-seventy year. Franklin was educated in
Hinsdale, Mass. In 1850, his family moved to Ellenburg, Clinton
Co., N. V., where his falher built a large tannery and Franklin re-
mained at home until 1861, when he accompanied his father to Chi-
cago, seeking a market for their lealher in ihe West, instead of
sending it East. They opened a store for this purpose at No. 235
Lake Slreet, under the firm name of Sawyer Bros., the firm being
composed of Franklin, W. H. and Edwin. In 1866, Franklin sold
oul lo his brolhers, and they soon moved to Boston, and in a few
years went out of business. Franklin, however, continued in busi-
ness here alone, until 1871. After the fire he took A. S. Follans-
bee into partnership, which association continued until 1882,
when he bought Mr. Follansbee out and has since been alone. On
July 2, 1857, he married Miss Ellen M., daughter of James and
Augusla Miller, nalives of Chester, Mass. They have three chil-
dren,—Mary Eliza, wife of J. P. Lydiard, of this cily ; Frederick
Arthur and Robert Franklin. Mrs. Sawyer is a member of ihe
Eighlh I'resbylerian Church. Mr. Sawyer is a member of Coven-
ant Lodge, No. 526, A.F. & A.M., and of Corinthian Chapler, No.
69, R.A.M.
TURNER & R'AY. — This well-known house was founded in 1859.
In that year William H. Turner* and Leveretl B. Sidway com-
menced a wholesale leather and saddlery business at No. 208
Randolph Street. In 1864, they sold their saddlery departmenl lo
A. Ortmayer & Co., of which firm Mr. Turner and William V. Kay
were members. In 1865, Turner & Sidway sold the leather busi-
ness to Turner, Bristol & Co., the partners 'in the latter firm being
William H. Turner, Charles Bristol and William V. Kay. Then
Messrs. Turner & Sidway formed a stock company known as the
Turner & Sidway Lealher Company, Mr. Sidway being president
and Mr. Turner secretary of the corporation. They operated a
large tannery on Ihe west side of the Elston Road, south of Division
Streel, for a number of years, and finally disposed of iheir interesls
in that line to the Union Hide and Leather Company, which is yet
•For a personal sketch of Mr. Turner, see Masonic History.
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
34i
in operation. In 1867, Fred A. Ray bought out the interests of Mr.
Kay in the firm of Turner, Bristol i Co., and the name was changed
to Turner, Bristol £ Ray. It so continued until 1872, when Mr.
Bristol died, and the name was changed to Turner it Ray, so
remaining to the present time. Thus it is that this firm has been
closely allied to the history of Chicago for the past twenty-five
years, and during that time no house has maintained a better repu-
tation than that of Turner it Ray. When Turner & Sidway sold to
Turner, Bristol & Co. , the business was transferred to No. 49 Lake
Street, where it remained until the great fire of 1871. Turner it
Ray now occupy two floors, at No. 236 Randolph Street, thirty by
one hundred and seventy-five feet in size. They carry a heavy
stock of leather and shoe findings, and aim to have everything
necessary to supply a shoe dealer or manufacturer. So absolutely
important is it for dealers to keep fully abreast of the ever-changing
modes and styles, that it tries the ability of the most experienced
buyers to supply their needs. But Messrs. Turner & Ray are gentle-
men of lengthy experience, practical in every detail of their business,
and fully alive to the demands of their trade, which now aggre-
gates $200,000 annually.
WILLIAM GARDNER was born in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scot-
land, on May 24, 1846, and is a son of James and Janet (Govan)
Gardner, natives of the above-named place. James followed mining
through life, and himself and his wife died in their native town.
William was educated in Scotland, and commenced the battle of
life at the early age of nine years in the coal mines, following this
business until he was nineteen years of age, at which time he went
to Glasgow and commenced work in a starch factory, where he
continued for six years. In 1871, he came to America and remained
nearly twelve years in New York City, eleven years of which time
he was with the firm of Keck & Mosser, dealers in hides and
leather. He then came to Chicago and opened an office in com-
pany with Titus E. Geehr, as a hide-broker. Mr. Geehr was with
him in the store in New York and came here with him. On June
it). 1873. Mr. Gardner married Miss Marcella, daughter of James
and Eliza Foster, natives of Ireland ; they came to America some
years ago and located in Jersey City, where James died. By the
above marriage there were five children, of whom William is the
only one now living. Mr. Gardner is a member of the First Scotch
Presbyterian Church, also of the Knights of Honor and the Cal-
edonian Society, of which latter he is chief.
GREY, CLARK & ENCI.E. — In 1848, this business was started
as the firm of C. F. Grey it Co., at No. 181 Lake Street. Soon
afterward they established a tannery on the North Side, at what is
now the State-street Bridge. They then built their present tannery
corner of Halsted Street on the North Branch. In 1856, C. F.
Grey retiring, the firm became Grey, Marshall & Co. , composed of
William L. Grey, James I). Marshall and Bruce Clark. In 1862,
Mr. Marshall retired; it then became Grey, Clark & Co. Five years
later Bruce Clark died, and was succeeded in the firm by John M.
Clark, his brother, who is still a member. In 1880, the firm of Ed-
ward Engle & Bro., which had been in the leather trade here since
1862, dissolved and Edward Engle then became connected with the
present house of Grey, Clark & Engle, which organized as a stock
company under the incorporation laws of Illinois; William L. Grey,
president; Edward Engle, vice-president, and John M. Clark, sec-
eretary and treasurer. They now operate two large tanneries in
this city, the annual output of which amounts to over $1,500,000
per annum. They also employ from three hundred to three hun-
dred and fifty men.
U'i/liani L. Grey was born at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1833. In
1850, he came to Chicago and engaged in the leather business. He
married Sarah 1). Dellenbaugh, daughter of Samuel Dellenbaugh,
M D., of Buffalo, N. Y.; they have three children,— Jesse Florence
and Walter C.
K,hi>,n-J Kn^Ie was born in Alsace, France, in 1836. In 1854,
he came to America and settled in Berks County, Penn., where he
remained for two years, and then went to Boston, Mass., and en-
gaged in the leather business with William Quirin, as a member of
the firm of William Quirin it Co. In 1860, they closed out their
interests and went to Ottawa, 111., engaging in the same business
until 1862, when the firm dissolved. Mr. Engle then came to Chi-
cago, and, with N. B. Bristol, formed the firm of Bristol & Engle.
In 1868, this firm dissolved, and Mr. Engle, in company with his
brother Augustus Engle, continued the leather business as the firm
of Edward Engle & Bro. In 1880, Augustus Engle retired from
the firm and the business was consolidated, by Edward Engle, with
the firm of Grey & Clark, forming the present house of Grey, Clark
& Engle. In 1871, Mr. Engle married Miss Julia H. Vette, of
Ottawa, III. They have two children, — Cora A. and Edward V.
Arr.rsTt's ENGLE was born in the province of Alsace, France,
on August I, 1841. He was brought up in one of the manufacturing
towns of that populous region, and, like most of the boys of that
time, served his apprenticeship at one of the factories. He learned
the leather business, and when eighteen years old decided to come
to America. He landed in Boston in 1859, and after spending
some time in learning the American methods of the business, came
west to Ottawa, 111., in 1860, and was employed as superintendent
for his brother, Edward Engle, and William Quirin, who were en-
gaged in the leather business as the firm of William Quirin & Co.
In 1862, upon the dissolution of the firm, Mr. Engle accompanied
Mr. Quirin to Boston, and remained with him as superintendent
until 1866, when Mr. Engle came to Chicago and became superin-
tendent for his brother, Edward Engle, who had, in 1862, come to
Chicago and formed a co-partnership with N. B. Bristol, in the
leather business, as the firm of Bristol & Engle. In 1868, this firm
dissolved, when Mr. Engle formed a co-partnership with his brother
Edward, under the firm name of E. Engle & Brother, and carried
on the business of manufacturing leather. They dissolved partner-
ship in iSSo, and Augustus Engle withdrew from active business
life, having amassed a comfortable fortune, a portion of which he
has devoted to the erection of a large and beautiful residence on State
Street, near Lincoln Park. Mr. Engle was married on December
18, 1869, to Miss Charlotte Vette, daughter of John D. Vette, one
of the early settlers of Ottawa. They have one son Walter.
NAHUM GI'RLEY was born in Oswego County, N. Y., on
August 5, 1840, and is a son of Daniel and Lydia (Rich) Gurley.
Daniel is a native of Rutland, Vt., and Lydia was born at Otsego,
New York, where she died in 1856. Daniel married again and
moved to Danville, 111., where he still resides; he has been in the
lumber trade the greater part of his life. Nahum was educated at
the Academy in Mexico, N. Y. He came to Toledo, Ohio, and
took a situation as a clerk in a hide and leather store, where he re-
mained for one year, and then moved to Jacksonville, 111., and
bought out a brother, who was engaged in the same occupation,
which he continued ten years. He then went to St. Louis, Mo.,
and carried on the business eight years. In September, 1880, he
came to Chicago, having formed a partnership with Henry Sayers
of St. Louis, which continued four years, when Mr. Guriey pur-
chased Mr. Saver's interest, and has since continued the business
alone at No. 65 Dearborn Avenue. In 1868, he married Miss Hester,
daughter of Dr. W. D. R. and Maria (Cartwright) Trotter; Maria
was a daughter of Rev. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist re-
vivalist. Mr. Gurley is a member of the Masonic fraternity, being
a Knight Templar, having joined the order at Jacksonville.
JOHN MILLER, of the firm of Miller & Klein, was born on
January 30, 1845, at Eppsheim, Alsace, France; he is the son of
George and Mary (Reitzenthaler) Miller. In 1846, the family came
to the United States and located at Northfield, Cook Co., 111., on a
farm. John was educated in Northfield until he was nineteen years
of age, when he obtained money and went to Plainfield, DuPage
Co., 111., and attended the Northwestern College one year. At
twenty years of age, he came to Chicago, and in 1864, began work
for Grey, Marshall & Co., tanners, where he remained until 1871.
After the fire, he engaged in the hide business, and, in 1873,
formed a partnership with Martin C. Klein, in the hide brokerage
business. In 1876, their company changed to a regular commission
handling of hides, pelts and furs. This is one of the heaviest hide
commission houses in the Northwest, averaging about one million
five hundred thousand dollars annually. In 1869, Mr. Miller mar-
ried Miss Eliza, daughter of William and Abbie A. (Miller) Straus-
berger ; they have three children, — Estella, Ada and Maurice.
Mr, and Mrs. Miller belong to Professor Swing's Church.
MARTIN C. KLEIN, of the firm of Miller & Klein, was born in
Prussia, on the River Rhine, on April 16, 1828. He is the son of
Martin and Katharina (Burns) Klein. He was educated in the
schools of his native country and after his school days, engaged in
a hardware store, where he remained for three years. He then went
into a hotel and remained three years. In 1854, he came to
America, locating in Chicago, and worked for Grey, Marshall &
Co., tanners, where he remained for about eighteen and a half
years, under various changes of proprietors. In 1873, Mr. Klein
engaged in the hide commission business in company with John
Miller, in which they have since continued. In 1854, Mr. Klein
married Miss Angelina Barben, w-ho was also a native of Prussia,
their wedding tour being a trip to this country. There were six
children by this marriage, two of whom are now living, — Fred B.
and Christina. Mrs. Klein died in 1863, and, in 1864, Mr. Klein
married Caroline, daughter of Nicholas and Katherina Niederkorn.
There are four children by this marriage, — John P., Nicholas C.,
Mathias Joseph and Rosa Mary. The family are members of the
Catholic Church.
FURS. — The great fire of 1871 swept away nearly
every fur-dealing and fur-manufacturing establishment
in Chicago, but a revival and progress in the trade be-
came manifest as soon as the city was re-built, until, in
1880, there were ten establishments engaged in the busi-
ness of dressed furs. The census report of that year
gives the capital invested by the proprietors of these
places as amounting to $160,500, the number of em-
ORY OF CHIC
- ^—
-
^~
• -T> « - f -
i - '.'-. '-.
-- :-:
-
-
.
-
-
:
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
343
This circumstance exerted a beneficial influence upon
prices, which were well maintained : and, in consequence,
the receipts of the following year were 1,369,039 pounds,
an increase of 617,201 pounds over the preceding year.
The shipments for 1855 exceeded the entire receipts
of the years 1854 an. -\~ing. no doubt, to the
large retention of stocks in second hands, as already
noticed. The variation in prices for the years 1852 to
1855 were as follows: i>;.\ 18 to 37 : 1853, 38 to 45 ;
1854, 20 to 31 : 1855. _-j u
From 1855 to 1859, the trade in wool gradually de-
creased. Not that wool-growing in the Northwest had
diminished, but that Eastern manufacturers (by whom
most of the clip was purchased"! employed agents in the
country to purchase directly from growers, who either
sent to the nearest lake port for shipment, or forwarded
by railroads not touching at Chicago. As is shown in
the accompanying table, the receipts and shipments of
wool had fallen to 918.319 and 934.595 pounds, re-
spectively, and the following year witnessed a still farther
falling off. The tables present in succinct form a state-
ment of the fluctuations in the trade, as regards receipts,
shipments and prices. The reader will not fail to notice
the extraordinary, and somewhat abrupt, increase in re-
ceiptsand shipments in 1871 as compared with 1870. Two
facts may be mentioned in explanation. In the first place
it must be borne in mind that, while the figures there
; are taken from statements contained in the re-
ports of the Board of Trade, no daily reports of current
business are made to that body or its officers, and, in
the absence of specific data, resort must be had to ap-
proximation and estimates. In the second place, the
opening of many new •• ranches " in the far \Vest caused
an increase in shipments from the Pacific Slope.
The next noticeable comparative annual advance
occurred in 1874, and is to be accounted for by the fol-
lowing circumstances: Old stocks had been nearly
exhausted before the new clip began to move. Woolen
- were depressed, and it was believed that the
prices of new wool would be generally low. A high tariff
and high prices abroad, however, diverted foreign-grown
from this country. Hence, manufacturers had to
depend chiefly on the domestic clip, and the West was
invaded by Eastern buyers. The receipts at. and ship-
ments from, Chicago, although largely in excess of
those of the previous year, would i-.ave been still
or. had not many of these buyers purchased di-
rectly from growers, thus diverting the wool of the
Northwest from its natural centre. The crop of the
year, however, was smaller than that of 1873. and Chi-
merchaiv.- i a fair proportion of the entire
volume of business. The following brief table presents
a comparative view of the production in eight Western
s Illinois. Indiana. Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota. Mis-
souri, Ohio. Wisconsin for 1873-74. together with im-
port.ition> .it New York and Boston during the first
three-quarters of the yi •.ciiiMve :
rroductin i>7.; - • pound*.
Product in 1874 35. 727. $41 yv»-.-
Importations in 1*72 $1.540.550 poi:v
Importations in 1$;.? 45,105,332 poun -
Importations ir. i $74
Another remarkable increase in the amount of the an-
nual business done appears to have occurred in
which year presented some :iy features in the
trade's history. The season was a surprise. At the
opening of the year, the outlook w.is not encouraging.
Woolen goods w< i ow and manufacturers w,
'leavy stocks. The latter. . found relief
trom the results of over-production by immense auc-
tion sales early in the spring, and commenced at once
buying the new clip, though at somewhat lower prices
than had prevailed during 1869. Some of the leading
Eastern factories secured a stock of raw material suf-
ficient for two years. This movement • on the part of
manufacturers was so sudden, that the speculative ele-
ment cut a smaller figure than usual until toward the
middle of the season, and fanners, as a rule, sold too
early in the year to reap the full advantages of the situ-
ation. The season closed with the West nearly cleared
of wool, the sales having embraced about 50,000 pounds
of old wool carried into the new year. A special feature
in the year's business was the increase in the receipts
of wool from Colorado, which was annually improving
in quality, with a corresponding appreciation in pr:
From 1876 until the close of 1885. the trade in wool
has presented no features of special interest. The vol-
ume of trade during the latter year was slightly in ex-
<if that of the former, and the scope of territory
tributary to the Chicago market was considerably en-
larged, there having been noteworthy additions to the
receipts from Montana. Texas and Utah. Three new
houses were opened in the city during the year and all
did an increased business, old stocks being well cleared
up before the new clip began to arrive. The specula-
tive demand was considerable; large lines of wool were
handled by operators of this class: and at the close of
the year large quantities were so held.
Year
R; 01 : '•> : "• Ux - •
nil.
Shipments.
Range of prices.
Pounds.
r ..-.:-
Q la,
'-.626
-.674
30
-.319
934,595
40 <* 42
it
859,248
839.269
43 @ 47
a
l.i?4.2oS
1,360,617
;; —
1,5*3
2.101.514
1863 ..
.194
?• 455.967
55 @ 63
1864 ..
-.379
64 <*I05
7.639.749
9,923,069
66
1866 ..
12,200,640
'-,933
35 <• :
ise? ..
IT. 218,999
11-93.717
47 <* 50
•. - -
12.956,415
13.101,162
40 <* 51
1869 ..
n
1870 .
14.751,089
40
87,026,621
•.^4
45 <* 63
So
20 <» 65
45,0: •
25
49.476,091
55
183
57<>
61.145.966
-
: —
44
i---
4?.4-
44
^.549
47.513.638
16
rSip .
40,195,696
38,537.102
ao <* 6a
--
22 <» 50
!$>-' .
36,690,900
;.I04
44-?
40
42,000,301
-1.026
16 (
I88j ..
48,169.795
40.4.-
II
I. SHERMAN H \u was bom in Litchneld County, Conn., on
Marc .md is a son of George E. and Julia A. (Sherman)
Hall. His father moved 10 Wisconsin in iSjl, whence, in 1850,
the family came to Illinois, and located on a farm in Jefferson.
Alter living there for rive years they removed to Chicago. J. Sher-
man Hall was educated in the common schools of Connecticut.
After leaving school, at sixteen years of age, be obtained a situa-
tion in the wholesale store - -., of New York
•A here he remained for two years. He then went, with his
furev nsin and was on a farm with his father for one
year, after which he again entered mercantile business, this time at
.•id Citv. \Vis.. as salesman. He remained a clerk but a few
months, when he bought out the concern, and continued it two
In M.iv. i<f{\ he disposed of it and came to Chicago and
-on- business in company with Man-
Sherman, of Woodbury, Conn., under toe Arm name of Sherman &
Hall. Mr. Sherman died in iSoj. [a 1863 Vs :!liam J. Pope be-
3-44
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
came :i partner ami the linn name was changed in .shrrnian. Hall
\ I 'ope, anil so continued until 1866, when |. \V. l.ybrand, of
Richland Center, Wis., came into tin- linn, ami the name was
to Sherman, ll.dl,\ I.yl>raiul. In 18711, Mr. Hall
bought out his partners anil earrieil on the business one \c.ir alone,
under the name of Sherman, Hall \ Co. lie then associated Na-
than l:. Cook, ol Red I'.ank, N. I., with him and the lirm then be-
came Sherman. Hall ,\ ( ook, whieh rontinued until 1875, when
Mr. Cook sold his interest to Mr. Hall, who has since conducted the
business under the name of Sherman. HalUVCo. Mr. Hall was
one of the early members of the Hoard of Trade. His business
has been large since he lirst began — averaging from three to ti\e
mil! .mnually, the lirst ten years. The tire of 1871 de-
'. of his property and he also suffered severely by the panic
of is;-,; but, being determined to pay all debts and press energet-
ically forward, he has kept in business where less resolute men
would have failed, and now has an excellent trade. He has been
largely identitied with the domestic dried fruit trade, and for fifteen
years was the leader in the Northwest in this branch of business.
He retired from this trade in 1884, and removed from the corner
of Michigan Avenue and South Water Street, where he had been
; he corner of Dearborn Avenue and Michigan
Street, the center of the wool trade. He is now doing a wool com-
mission business exclusively. The handling of wool always formed
•portion of his business, he having handled as much, per-
haps, as any house in that trade. In 1851), he married Miss l-'ran-
E. Whitloik. ol ( They have had eight children, of
whom there are six living: Eugene S., Grace W., Harriet L.,
Frank W.. Sada J. and Louis |. Mr. and Mrs. Hall are members
of the Union I'.uk i 'ongrcgational Church.
A. M. l.i-.wis, senior member of the firm of Lewis & Howard,
wool merchants, was born on February 28, 1828, at Madison, Madi-
I, Y., and is the son of Charles and Sarah (Morton) Lewis.
He was educated in the common schools and Academy of his native
town. He remained at home, working on the farm, until he was
nineteen, when he learned the Daguerrean business, which he fol-
He then engaged as clerk with the
firm of Lucas & C,,e, who kept a general store and managed the
post-office in Madison, N". Y., remaining with them six years. In
the spring of i8;(>. he came West, and, after spending- several
months in travelling over the Western country, he accepted the posi.
tion of bookkeeper for Lull A: Lewis, lumber dealers in this city,
commencing with them on March I, 1857. The hard times, in the
summer and fall of 1857, necessitated a dissolution of the lirm dur.
ing the first year of his employment, in consequence of which his
position as bookkeeper was necessarily vacated. Shortly after this
he formed a partnership with II. B. Lewis and B. II. Newell, and,
in March, 1858, this firm commenced business as dealers in hides,
pelts and wool under the firm name of Lewis, Newell & Co. This
continued some two years, when Mr. Newell withdrew, and the busi-
ness was continued by H. B. & A. M. Lewis until 1863, when Wil-
liam II. Brooks, Jr., was admitted into the firm, the name of which
was changed to Lewises & Brooks, and under this name transacted
a wool business almost exclusively until the spring of 1871, when
the lirm dissolved. At that time, H. B. Lewis and Mr. Brooks re-
tired from the business, and A. M. Lewis continued it alone until
after the fire of October, 1871, when A. B. Tuttle, of Utica, N
V, became his partner, under the firm name of Lewis & Tuttle.
In 1876, J. H. Howard was admitted as a silent partner, and so re-
mained until the spring of 1880, when Mr. Lewis and Mr. Howard
bought out Mr. Tuttle's interest, and, under the firm name of Lewis A:
Howard, they have continued the woo! trade, in which they are still
885) engaged, at Nos. 184-86 Washington Street. As showing the
rapid growth and present magnitude of this branch of Chicago's trade-
Mr. Lewis said: " When I began the wool trade in Chicago in
>5», the annual receipts in this market were less than 100 ooo
pounds, while, in 1884 they were over 40,000,000, and during this
period, m consequence of War, panics and the fire of 1871 I have
seen the prices vary from 25c. to $1.10 a pound." In September
ttS, Mr. Lewis married Harriet F. Tolles. of Boston, Mass
daughter of Lhsha and Harriet ( Frisbie) Tolles, natives of Connecti-
cut. They have two daughters,— Marian M. and Bertha T
JOHN HKXRV HOWARD is a member of the firm of Lewis &
''.'"Y'. ' v and commission merchants, Nos. 184-86
>n Street. He was bom at Lawrence, Mass on June 17
« of John B. and Kli/a R. (Hay ward) Howard!
Howard comes from a family noted for longevity his grand-
•ther on the paternal side is now living (1885) at the age of one
undred and two years; she is a direct descendant of General Put-
une. The family are among the oldest set-
1 Massachusetts, as the following inscription on a tablet in the
family burial lot at North Reading will show : " lube/ Havward
who died JulyS, 1797, aged eighty-four years."' One branch of
his descendants still writes the name in the'old style, " Ilavward "
1. was educated in the High School at Lawrence, Mass and
ilhps Academy, Andovcr, Mass. ; afterward taking a course in
the business college at I'otlghkccpsic, N". Y. II is lirst work was in
the Mcihiien Woolen Mills. Mass., where he remained for three
\c,ns and acquired an extensive knowledge of the wool business.
On December 31, 1869, he arrived at Detroit, Mich., and worked
eight months for Holmes, Butler & Co., wool dealers. In Septem-
ber, 1870, he came to Chicago, and soon engaged in the wool trade.
In 1871, he formed a partnership with James -Walton, in the same
business, at No. 118 South Water Street; the fire in October dur-
ing that year dissolved the firm. In three days after the fire,
Mr. Howard again started in this business on West Lake Street;
he removed in a short time to a larger store on West Washington
Street, remaining there for one year. He then came to the corner
of Michigan Avenue and South Water Street, where he continued
until 1874, at which time he gave up business for himself and took
charge of the wool interests of F.nos Brown & Co. (Bowen Brothers),
where he remained until February, 1876, at which date he became
a partner in the firm of Lewis \ Tuttle, the style of the firm re-
maining Lewis i: Tuttle until March 26, iSSo, when Mr. Lewis and
himself purchased Mr. Tuttle's interest, and the firm name was
changed to Lewis & Howard. Edward B. Howard, the only brother
of John II. Howard, is also in the wool business with this firm. On
December 28, 1869, J. H. Howard married Lucinda A., daughter
of Ruel and Mehitabel (Kinder) Pray; they have four children, —
Hattie E., Mildred R., Henry B. and Edward C. Mr. Howard is a
member of Ashlar Lodge, No. 308, A.F. & A.M.
THOMAS W. HALL, of the firm of T. W. Hall & Co., dealers
in wool, Nos. 176-80 Michigan Street, was born in Jefferson County,
Ohio, on July 12, 1818; he is a son of Joseph and Dilla (Moore)
Hall, who came to Ohio from Virginia in 1801, when Ohio was the
F'ar West. His father was a Methodist Episcopal clergymen for
sixty-one years, and was known as a man of great piety and /eal in
the cause of Christ. He died in Monroe, Wis., in 1860, his wife
having died in Medina County, Ohio, in 1847. Thomas W. at-
tended such schools as were known at that early day in Ohio. After
his school days he began selling goods and buying wool in Savan-
nah, Ashland Co. O.. where he remained seven years. In 1847, he
moved to Madison, Wis., and continued the sale of groceries for two
years. In 1849. he went to California on foot with an ox-team, and
remained until 1854, selling goodsand making considerable money.
In 1854, he returned to Greene County, Wis., and purchased two
fine farms, living on one of them six years, after which he came to
by mutual consent. Soon after this, Mr. Hall went into partner-
ship with B. F. Pixley and John Kinsey, the firm name being
Pixley, Hall & Kinsey until 1868, when two of Mr. Hall's sons
bought out Messrs. Pixley and Kinsey, and the firm became T. W.
Hall & Co. which was burned out by the fire of 1871, they losing
fifty-two thousand dollars. T. W. Hall soon resumed business,
the older son going out of the company, and a younger brother,
Charles, coming into partnership with his father, still remains with
him. This is the third oldest wool house in the city, and is prob-
ably the second largest house in the trade. They have handled about
one million five hundred thousand pounds of wool in the year 1884.
On April 16, 1839, Mr. Hall married Miss Catherine, daughter of
Adam and Eli/abeth (Castle) Smith, who came to Ohio from Pennsyl-
vania at an early day. Mr. and Mrs. Hall have had nine children,
seven of whom are yet living, — Eli/abeth, wife of Major F. Q. Ball,
Chicago; Joseph G. (formerly a partner of his father), married and
in business for himself in this city; Hiram R. (also formerly a
partner of his father), married and living at Burlington, Wis.; Kate
Ilattie, Charles and William. Mr. and Mrs. Hall are members of
the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. Hall is a regular attendant
of the People's (Dr. Thomas's) Church.
JAMES RIEI.LY, JR., was born in Dublin, Ireland, on Decem-
ber 24, 1837, and is a son of James and Margaret (Coyle) Rielly
James was educated in Dublin, and worked at the trade of wool-
pulling three years, when he went into a dyeing establishment and
worked for six years. On September 2, 1854, he enlisted in the
itish army and remained in service ten and a half years. He
went to Calcutta, and from there marched eighteen hundred miles
to I'ashwaur, where- the army commenced fighting the East India-
men. He was in several severe battles, at the siege of Delhi
Attec and Kibar Pass. He marched back to Calcutta, and there
took vessel for Hong Kong, visited Canton and Pekin, thence back
to lortsmouth, England, then to Dublin, and then again to Eng-
He was discharged on January 2, 1865. In the same year
be came to New York, where he landed the day President Lincoln
was assassinated. He remained in New York two years, and then
•ned to Dublin, and after one year came back to America,
ting in Brooklyn, where he remained until 1876 in the wool-
pulling business. In that year, he came to Chicago and continued
w-ork at his trade. In 1882, he commenced a co-operative partner-
hip with John H. Murphy and others in the wool-pulling business,
and they are doing a large amount of work. The firm dissolved
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
345
in 1885, since which time Mr. Rielly has been in the wool-pulling
business for himself, at the corner of Noble and Division streets.
On July 23, 1863, he married Miss Ellen Dempsey, a native of
Ireland. There have been eight children by this marriage, seven
living, — James, Lizzie, Frances, Annie, John, Margaret and Agnes.
Mrs. Rielly died in Chicago, in 1878. The family are members of
the Catholic Church.
RICHARD STREET was born on September 5, 1825, in Ban-
nockbtirn, Scotland : he is a son of William and Lucy (Anderson)
Street, who were natives of Yorkshire, England. Richard was
educated in Scotland. Soon after completing his schooling, he
engaged in the manufacture of woolens, in and near his native
place, which he continued until 1855, when he came to the United
Status. He passed through Chicago, en route for Grant County,
\Vls., where he engaged in farming, and continued that business
for four years. He then engaged in the manufacture of woolens,
which he maintained until 1881, when he retired from that industry
and came to Chicago. After his arrival here, he went into partner-
ship with his son, Robert R., in cotton and woolen mill supplies,
dyes and chemicals, and cotton and woolen yarns. They are doing
a heavy and extensive trade, reaching west to California and Ore-
gon, and east to Pennsylvania, averaging about 8400,000 annually.
In 1847, he married Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Robert and Helen
(Dougal) Robertson, natives of Scotland, where Helen died.
Robert came to America, and died in Grant County, Wis. , at the
advanced age of ninety years. There were ten children by the
above marriage, nine living; — William, married and living in Janes-
ville, Wis.; Robert R., married, and living in Chicago; Helen D.;
John A., married and living at Lancaster, Wis.; Lucy A., wife of
W. G. Kendrick, of Waukesha, Wis.; Isabella J., wife of A. E.
McCortney, of Stillwater, Minn.; Richard W., married, and living in
Chicago; George W. is in the United States Navy, on board the flag-
ship " Lancaster," of the European squadron: and Charles A. Mr.
Street and wife are members of the Centennial Baptist Church.
Mr. Street is a Knight Templar, and member of Utica Command-
ery, No 3, and is also a member of the Royal Arcanum.
BROOM CORN. — The broom corn interest, considered
as a separate branch of commercial enterprise, had no
history in Chicago previous to the fire of 1871. It
attained some importance as early as 1865, when the
veterans in that line, Judge Samuel Boyles and T. F.
Dunton, opened a market for its sale in this city. It was
not until after the fire, however, that the handling of
the commodity was made a specialty, and this business
has grown in magnitude and importance, until there are
now ten large dealers engaged in the trade in this city,
namely, Samuel Boyles, T. F. Dunton, John Fishleigh,
John M. Hubbard, \V. S. Hancock, J. I,. Stranahan, A.
D. Ferry & Co., J. P. Gross & Co., W. L. Roseboom, and
H. F. Vehmeyer. In 1871, broom corn was worth $110
a ton, and there were 6,500 tons sold in Chicago. In
1885, the price was $80 and the sales 12,200 tons.
The principal sources of supply for this market are
Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, and Illinois. The bulk of
the article shipped here is sent to Indiana, Ohio, the
Eastern and Middle States and Canada. Not over 1,200
tons are worked up in Chicago. The reports of the
shipments of broom corn and the receipts of the same
are very meagre, but a few items of interest have been
collated from such sources as are available and reliable.
In 1871, the shipments amounted to 963,850 pounds. In 1872,
the market was depressed, an overstocked supply and unrenumera-
tive prices being the rule, the shipments being 3,807 bales, and the
exports by lake to Canada 777 bales, valued at $6,723. In 1873,
the estimated value of seeds and broom corn shipped from Chicago
was $2,000,000, the shipments by lake 3,211 bales, and the exports
to Canada 1,720 bales, valued at $15,503. In 1874, the shipments
by lake were 488,640 pounds, the exports to Canada 228,065 pounds,
valued at $10,257. In 1875, the estimated value of shipments of
seeds and broom corn was $3,200,000, the exports to Canada
41,730 pounds, valued at $3,341. In 1876, the estimated ship-
ments of broom corn and seeds were $3,750,000, the exports to
Canada 2,206 pounds, with a light crop of the commodity in the
Western States. In 1877, the exports to Canada were 1,500
pounds, and the shipments by lake 4,128 bales ; in 1878, the ship-
ments by lake, 710,800 pounds ; in 1879, 5,385 bales; and in iSSo,
8,090 bales with 576 bales exported to Canada, valued at $9,268.
In 1881, the product was inferior on account of drouth, 10,406
tons being received, and the exports to Canada were 643 bales,
valued at $13,377, tne shipments by lake being 3,883 bales. In
1882, the exports to Canada were 222,392 pounds, value $15,770,
and the shipments by lake 5,867 bales, the total receipts of the year
being 9,384 tons, shipments 9,489 tons, and in tons shipped to
Canada, the choice corn coming from Missouri with a large crop.
In 1883, the receipts were 15,038 tons, the shipments were 3,504
bales, and, in 1884, the receipts by lake 2,586 bales. The receipts
for 1884 aggregated 11,423 tons, and, in 1885, 11,668 tons, the
shipments for 1884 being 6,416 tons, and for 1885 they were 8,869
tons.
The interest is bulked, as to location, mainly in the
North Division of the city, and is becoming an important
element in the world of commerce. The estimated
value of seeds and broom corn passing through Chicago
for nine years is as follows :
l875. $3,200,000 ; 1876, $3,750,000 , 1877,14,250,000; 1878.
$3,800,000 ; 1879, $5,400,000 ; 1880, $6,200,000 ; 1881, $8,250,000;
1882, $9,358,000; and, in 1883, $9,260,000.
THOMAS F. DUNTON was born at Marlborough, Mass., on
October I, 1828, and is a son of Thomas and Catharine (Gates)
Dunton. His father died at eighty-five and his mother at eighty
years of age, within ten days of each other. Their married life
affords an item of unusual interest in the fact that during sixty
years they were only once separated for twenty-four hours. Thomas
F. 1 Hmton was educated at ( lutes Academy, at Marlborough, an
institution founded and endowed by his maternal grandfather. At
fourteen years of age, he bought his time from his father for $500, and
secured a situation in a boot and shoe manufactory, learning the trade
and receiving good wages. At twenty years of age he had paid his
father, to whom he bade good-bye and started for the West. Reach-
ing Marietta, Ohio, he commenced the manufacture of boots and
shoes, and remained there about one year, when he moved the
factory to Chillicothe, and formed a partnership with Samuel Hoi-
yoke, which continued three years. They employed some fifty men
and did a large business. Mr. Holyoke sold out and William Mc-
Dougall succeeded him as partner and remained in the firm for five
years, until the time of his death. Daniel Dustman then became,
and for three years continued, a partner. In 1860, Mr. Dunton
sold out, came to Chicago, and opened a boot and shoe store, which
he conducted for five years, and then disposed of it. In 1866, he be-
gan furnishing broom makers with supplies, a business which his
ability and energy have built up until his annual sales now aggre-
gate about one hundred thousand dollars. In his long business life
he has always met every financial obligation at its maturity, pay-
ing dollar for dollar. In December, 1853, he married Miss Marie
Crosby, of Columbus, Ohio. They have had three children, —
Anna, wife of Bradford W. Ripley, a lumber merchant of this city;
Nellie and May.
WILLIAM L. ROSEBOOM, principal of the firm of W. L. Rose-
boom & Co., was born at Amsterdam, N. Y., on July 12, 1842, and
is a son of Garrett and Catharine (Hutton) Roseboom. He was
educated in the common schools of his State, and reared on the
farm; after leaving which he took a situation in a broom factory,
where he remained five years. Soon afterward he came to Gales-
burg, 111., as manufacturer's agent for the purchase of broom corn,
where he remained five years more. In the spring of 1876, he
came to Chicago and commenced the business he is now engaged
in, forming a partnership with Olof Hawkinson, of Galesburg, and
Wesley Birch of this city, formerly of Amsterdam, N. Y. , which
lasted two years, when Mr. Roseboom purchased the interest of
Mr. Birch. In September, 1883, he bought out the interest of Mr.
Hawkinson in the business, and has since continued it. In 1871,
he married Miss Susan, daughter of Alfred and Margaret (Peters)
Birch, natives of Amsterdam, New York, where Alfred died in De-
cember, 1874; Margaret still lives there. Alfred was a manufac-
turer, and a leading church member in the Methodist Church. By
the above marriage there are three children, — Eva, John and Alfred.
CHARLES J. STRATTON, of the firm of W. L. Roseboom & Co.,
was born in Chenango County, N. Y., on February 12, 1844, and
is the son of A. G. and Caroline (Wilcox) Stratton. He was edu-
cated in the common schools of New York, and reared on a farm.
In 1869, he began the manufacture of brooms in Amsterdam,
Montgomery Co., N. Y., and remained at this business until 1881,
when he came to Chicago and engaged as a working partner with
the above house. They have a handle factory at Alba, Mich.,
which turns oat about three car-loads of broom handles weekly.
In 1865, he married Miss Mary, daughter of Charles and Julia
(Simons) Kinney, natives of Chenango County, N. Y. They have
two children, — IX A. and Adelaide B.
FRANK RICH was born at St. Charles, Canada East, on May
31, 1837, and is a son of Oliver and Ida Rich, who were also na-
tives of Canada. He remained on a farm until he was twelve years
of age, when he and an oluer brother came to .Massachusetts, and
346
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Frank went on a farm and worked for one year, ami then learned
the trade of a liroom maker. He came lo Chicago in 1^54, and
ater went to St. Charles. Kane Co., 111., and engaged in the
\ of E. 1). Kerry. He afterward worked for E. \V. \\arner,
of ChVai;o. and again returned and worked for Mr. I'erry. He
then we.it to \Yilliamsville, N. Y.. and worked at his trade until
when he enlisted in the 271)1 New York P>utter>. and served
until the close of the War, when lie was honorary discharged, on
|um. .. Buffalo. lie was in iiKUiy severe battles, includ-
ing those at Spottsylvania, tile Wilderness. Cold Harbor and many
other engagements. Alter his discharge he went to work at his
trade, and remained one year in Buffalo. In 1867, he came to Chi-
al iiis trade, and also worked a number
Of yean in Indiana. In is;;, he bewail the manufacture of brooms
in Chicago, and has continued that business, with the addition, in
1884, "1 dealing in broom corn. In iS(,?, he married Miss Ma-
tilda, daughter of Nelson Pauquette, a native of Canada. They
have two children,— Frank and i.eorge. In 1866, Mrs. Rich died,
and in tSyo, Mr. Rich married Miss F.li/abeth, daughter of Patrick
and 1 Murphy. By the latter marriage there have been
nine children, seven 'now living,— Ida, William, Harry, Clara,
Nellie. ! C.ertrude.
I'.rrir.K AM> CHEESE. — Few persons realize how
large is the commerce of Chicago in dairy products.
The receipts and shipments at this market have steadily
increased for a long series of years, and both butter and
cheese are exported from this city to Europe, directly,
in very considerable quantities. In 1872, the butter
trade liad assumed such proportions that monthly statis-
tics of receipts and shipments were prepared under the
direction of the Board of Trade, in like manner as
other leading article of commerce. And, in 1873, the
secretary of that body, in his general review of the
year's business, deemed the subject of such importance
as to deserve the following comment:
"In the products of the dairy a very marked improvement has
been discernible, both in the volume of the business and in the
character of the goods sent to market. Increased and more careful
:ion to the manufacture of butter and cheese, in this and the
adjoining States, seems to be receiving its just recognition and re-
ward. It is hoped and believed, that in a few years the Northwest
will become as noted for tine qualities of dairy products, as it has
been, in the not distant past, for its large production of the lowest
grades worthy the name of butter and cheese."
The organization, in 1872, of the Produce Exchange,
its membership being composed largely of dealers in the
minor agricultural products, proved a success and exert-
ed a beneficial influence on the trade in dairy products.
The maufacture of butter and cheese in Illinois in-
creased rapidly from 1873, and soon assumed large pro-
portions, while, with the increase in production, came also
a vast improvement in the quality of these articles. Large
quantities of Illinois dairy products began to be exported
to Europe, and rapidly established a reputation abroad
which promised a liberal increase in that branch of agri-
cultural industry.
The history of the trade from that date furnishes no
items of extraordinary interest. It presents a story of
constant and remarkable growth until 1885, which is
shown by the following tables. The reason for this dim-
inution in the export trade is found in the successful
Canadian competition and in increased production in
Europe.
AMI Sini'MiA i s (.1 HOTTER AT CHICAGO, FROM 1872
TO 1885, INCLUSIVE.
ki, in is AMI SHIPMENTS OF CHEESE AT CHICAGO, FROM 1879
K> I.ss;, INCl.fSIYK.
Year.
pis.
,,!s.
Shipments.
Pounds.
Year.
Receipts.
Pounds.
Shipments.
Pounds.
1872 ..
M.574.777
n.497,537
1879
54,623,223
51,262,151
1873 --
22,283,765
i .303
1880..
67,337,044
59,970,601
1874 ..
28,743,606
16,020,190
1881..
66,270,785
56,109,762
1875 ..
21,808,99!
19,249.081
1882..
66,954,015
59.927,879
1876 ..
33.941,573
34,140,609
1883.
75.333,082
76,554,902
1877 --
41,989,905
37,010,993
1884..
83,410,144
90,600,379
1878 -.
48,379,282
44,507,599
1885.
92,275,988
96,816,686
Year
Receipts.
Pounds.
Shipments.
Pounds.
lH7n
32,50.0, 5 rg
28,016,178
1880 .
43,664,790
35.389,130
1881
46,033,000
35,551,000
1882
45,151,000
30,274,000
!8S3 •-
47,596,000
36,644,000
j884
39,477,000
36,621,000
1885
41,443,755
30,208,738
DIRECT EXPORTATION OF BUTTER AND CHEESE FROM CHICAGO
TO ElIROl'K, FROM 1873 TO 1885.
Year.
Butter, pounds.
Cheese, pounds.
Butter
and
cheese,
packages.
tRT*
12,249
1 8 7.1
7,533
TS7G
55,425
1876
66,910
l8"77
87,574
1878
227,286
1870
192,656
1880
347,468
!8Sl
2,774,027
14,195,737
1882
648 238
9,825,533
1883
2,214,366
11,095,564
1884
3 226 977
8,209,987
1885
1,749,255
4,736,697
140,000
P. MORAN & Co. are dealers in butter and cheese, the house
having been organized in 1857, and composed, at that time, of
Patrick Moran and Insley C. Uow, one of the well known manu-
facturers of dairy products in the Western Reserve, Ohio. The
partnership remained in existence for some time, when Mr. Insley
withdrew and two of his sons took his interest, continuing the busi-
ness until 1877, when their share was purchased by Mr. Moran. In
1877, A. E. Woodhull also became a partner, being succeeded, in
1878, by the sons of Mr. Moran, Edward P., \Villiam J., and
Robert II., forming the present firm, under the old firm name of P.
Moran & Co. Patrick Moran, the senior member of the firm, came
West in 1856 in the interest of Mr. Dow, of Ohio, and passing
through Chicago became satisfied of its future greatness. Return-
ing to Ohio, he told this to his friends, and they persuaded him to
establish a business in Chicago, in order to sell their products on
commission. Then commenced the development of the dairy in-
terest of the West. In 1858, Mr. Moran, M. A. Devine and Isaac
Wanzer built factory "A" at Elgin, 111., and commenced the manu-
facture of cheese and butter, but, on account of their being western
products, it seemed impossible to sell these articles, and finally they
placed the goods upon the market on their merits and did not brand
them, when they found a ready sale, being taken in preference to
Western Reserve cheese or Orange County butter. They after-
ward built factories "A" and "B," and then other factories sprung
up like mushrooms. Then followed in their lead Wisconsin, which
proved to be just the climate for curing cheese, and through the in-
fluence of the Chicago parties, Sheboygan and vicinity became the
center of cheese-making. Iowa followed in the wake, but, on ac-
count of the climate being unsuited to the curing of cheese, dairy-
men of that State confined their labors to producing butter. Then
Minnesota also commenced the dairy interest, and latterly Ne-
braska. The firm' of P. Moran & Co. found that it was necessary
to increase the demand for these products, for they were receiving
about fifteen hundred cheese and five hundred tubs of butter daily,
so they opened a branch at New York City, and finally at Liverpool,
and commenced the export business. In this way they provided for
the surplus, and were the means of attracting buyers from London
and other cities, and at the present time there are eight buyers from
London and Scotland in Chicago, making it unnecessary for the
London branch to be maintained.
Putrid; Monin was born in the west of Ireland in 1833, and is
the son of Patrick and Bridget (Ouinn) Moran. He received a com-
mon school education in his native land, and at the age of eighteen
left Ireland. His father wasa farmer, and, in the year of the famine
in Ireland, seemed by intuition to foresee the blight of the potato
in that country, and at once set about the erection of a grist mill,
and did much to supply the wants of the poor suffering people, by
grinding the grists of grain that were dealt out to them, being sent
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
347
from the United States. Patrick was the only son in a large family,
having eight living sisters. lie came to Ne\v York City in 1851,
and remained only a short time, when he went to Ohio, locating on
the Western Reserve, and commenced work for Mr. Dow (who was
afterward his partner in Chicago) for eight dollars a month. He
commenced business on a very small scale in Chicago, but, by strict
attention to its interests and great energy, he has succeeded in
building up a fine business. He was an early member of the Board
of Trade in Chicago, when the membership cost only $5, and has
been a continual trader on 'change since. When the fire of 1871
swept off the business of South Water Street, it left him a ruined
man financially, being heavily in debt, but, to his credit it is said,
he paid every dollar of his indebtedness with interest until paid.
Mr. Moran was married in Pittsburgh, Perm., in 1855, to Miss Bar-
bara McGuire; they have four sons, Edward P. .William J. and Robert
(active partners in the firm of P. Moran & Co.), and George 1 >.
ARTIFICIAL BUTTER. — The manufacture of artifi-
cial butter has, for several years, exerted a disturbing
influence upon the butter market of Chicago, as upon
that of other cities. Two varieties of the product are
made here, butterine and oleomargarine. Probably few
consumers recognize the difference — which is marked —
the two being confounded in the popular nomenclature.
Butterine is simply a compound of refined and neu-
tralized lard, mixed with butter in certain proportions.
Oleomargarine is more or less a modification of a
process devised by an eminent French chemist, whose
method of procedure may be briefly described as fol-
lows: Finely minced beef suet was mixed with carbon-
ate of potash and fresh sheeps' stomachs, cut into small
fragments. Under the influence of heat, the pepsin in
the sheeps' stomachs separated the fat from the cellular
tissue; when cool, the fatty matter was removed, and
subjected to powerful hydraulic pressure, separating it
into stearine and oleomargarine. About ten pounds of
the latter product were mixed with four pints of milk
and three pints of water, and the whole churned to-
gether. The resulting compound, when well washed,
resembled in appearance, taste and consistency, ordinary
butter. The product was approved, on dietetic grounds,
by French officials, who imposed upon its manufacture
and sale taxes identical with those levied upon natural
butter.
Strenuous efforts have been made, from time to
time, by dairymen and others, to secure legislation in
Illinois prohibiting both the manufacture and sale of
artificial butter, but they have not hitherto been crowned
with success. There can be little doubt that the pro-
duct, in some form, has a place upon the tables of many
Chicago families who would promptly exclude it from
the household dietary list, were they aware of its pres-
ence. Its sale as natural butter, however, is to be attri-
buted rather to retailers than manufacturers, who, as a
rule, sell their goods without pretence. It is impossible
to state, with absolute accuracy, either the number of
artificial butter manufacturers in the city, or the volume
of business. It may be said, however, that there are at
least ten establishments who are regarded as "leading,"
and that the trade is annually growing. From a care-
ful comparison of obtainable data, it may be said that
the actual capital invested in the industry is between
$5,000,000 and $6,000,000, and that the sales, during
1885, did not fall far below $24,000,000.
G. W. CLARK & Co. — This firm commenced the manufacture
of butterine in October, 1878, the company consisting of G. W.
Clark and John J. Murray. This was the first establishment of
the kind in the city, and the factory was located at that time at No.
226 State Street. It was with great difficulty that the firm could
introduce butterine, and the sales were small and confined to a few
grocers and to some of the restaurants. At the end of the first
year this partnership ended, and C. Y. Robison was taken into the
firm, Mr. Murray withdrawing, and the factory was moved to No.
177 Jackson Street, where the business was continued through the
season. In the spring of 1879, it was changed to No. 69 Market
Street, and there were made from three to five hundred pounds a
day. It was discovered at this time that the prejudices against the
butterine were giving way, and sales began to increase. The pres-
ent firm of G. W. Clark & Co. then retired for the summer, and,
in October, 1879, Mr. Holmes was admitted into partnership.
They opened at No. 227 Fifth Avenue, where they had a capacity
of eighteen hundred pounds each day, and could sell every pound
they could make. They continued in that location until the spring
of 1880, and then moved to the basement of Squire's packinghouse,
where a leakage of ice-water, from above, not only drove them out
but damaged their works to a large amount. They took up their
quarters then at the corner of Jackson and Market streets, and
made there from two to four thousand pounds a day, remaining
until the spring of 1881, when they removed to No. 61 Market
Street, where they continued two years, up to the fall of 1883, when
Mr. Clark took into the firmj. H. Meister & Co., and moved to
Nos. 231-33 Michigan Street, where they occupy the six-story and
basement brick, having twenty-five thousand square feet of surface
and being able to turn out twenty thousand pounds of butterine
daily. They formed a new partnership at that time, under the style
of G. W. Clark & Co., composed of Mr. Clark, J. S. Meister,
and K. Hexter, which still continues.
George IV. Clark was born at Meadville, Erie Co., Penn., on
April 21, 1845, and is a son of Joel and I.ucinda (Bliss) Clark,
lie was educated at the public schools of Erie, and after completing
his studies was variously engaged as a clerk and a salesman,
remaining in Erie until 1864, when he enlisted in the Navy at
that point. He served on a steamer called " Silver Lake, No. 23,"
of the Mississippi Squadron, being appointed to a position as
purser's steward. When the War terminated, he was discharged
from service, being at that time on the steamer " Michigan." Re-
turning to Erie, he remained in that city until 1878, when he came
to Chicago with the intention of engaging in the butterine business,
and concluded it would be a good point to commence the manufac-
ture of a uniform article that would be a healthful substitute, buying
the first pound of lard for that purpose in October, 1878. Having
associated himself, previously, with Mr. Murray, who understood
the manufacture of butterine, they at once commenced, and have
continued in, the business up to the present time, having had the
satisfaction of accomplishing the success of an enterprise that less
resolute men would have years before relinquished as hopeless.
Mr. Clark was married in Philadelphia, Penn., in 1875, to Miss
Rebecca Stinson, and has four children: David A., George W.,
Edgar S. and Lillie.
GROCERS, ETC. — The condition of the grocery trade,
at the opening of 1871, may be described as fairly flour-
ishing, as is shown by the following statement, which
approximates very closely to absolute accuracy :
No. of wholesale dealers 48
Retail dealers (about) 500
Capital invested $10,500,000
Total sales for 1870 (about) 53,000,000
Employes of wholesale grocers 500
Employes of retail grocers 1,300
A falling off of about fifteen per cent, in prices from
1869 (mainly caused by the decline in the gold premiumj,
naturally tended to reduce profits. On the other hand,
the increased consumption, resulting from the augment-
ation of population and lowering of prices on foreign
goods, increased the volume of the retail grocery busi-
ness nearly, or quite, fifty per cent., which, of course,
acted directly upon wholesale dealers. A noticeable
feature of the trade at this time, was the constant in-
crease in direct importations of teas and coffees by Chi-
cago merchants. Coffees were then selling at the same
prices as obtained in New York, Baltimore and New
Orleans, while teas from Japan were selling in this city
at prices from two to three cents a pound lower than
were paid for the 'same qualities in New York.
It is interesting to note the growth of the trade
within the five years following. In drawing a compar-
ison, however, between the statement for 1871 and that
regarding 1875, it must be remembered that the former
figures relate to the entire volume of business, both
wholesale and retail, while the latter have reference only
to wholesale trade. In that, the capital invested at the
close of 1875, was $8,000,000 ; the sales for the year
aggregated $75,000,000, as against $70,000,000 in 1874,
348
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
and $60.000,000 in 1873. Direct importations by Chi-
> merchants hail continued to increase, the percentage
of increase in tea alone, within five years, reaching nearly
thirty per cent. The jobbing sales of this commodity,
during the year, reached 110,000 packages, as against
100,000 in 1X74, of which from 25,000 to 30,000 were
imported by dealers in this city. It is also worthy of
remark, that the sales of Japan teas in Chicago slightly
exceeded those of any Eastern port of entry. Perhaps
one explanation of this circumstance is to be found in
the shortening of the distance in time between Yoko-
hama and Chicago by the Pacific Railroad system.
The increase of fifteen to twenty per cent., above
mentioned, relates to the quantity of goods handled ;
the augmentation in their value was only between seven
and ten per cent., the disproportion being the result of
a reduction in prices. The number of jobbers was not
increased, but neither were there any failures in the
wholesale trade.
!•(•«• fluctuations in prices occurred in 1876, and the
year was one of average prosperity. From seven to ten
per cent, increase occurred in the quantity of goods
sold, but no similar percentage of gain was noticeable
in the cash receipts for sales, which did not greatly ex-
ceed $73, 000,000. The capital invested remained about
the same ($8,000,000), the number of jobbers was not
increased, and but only two important failures occurred
during the year, both of which were attributable rather
to outside speculation than to depression in trade.
No fresh capital — or, rather, no additional capital — em-
barked in the business during 1877, and the aggregate
sales were about the same as in 1876. Prices continued
to fall, and certain lines of staple goods sold lower than
at any time since 1860. A prolonged labor strike, be-
ginning in July, seriously affected retailers and corre-
spondingly influenced the wholesale trade. While no
especial change characterized the business of 1878, either
in sales or capital, the year was noteworthy for the adop-
tion of a more conservative policy on the part of deal-
ers, in consequence of which, despite a falling market,
the business of the year was fairly profitable.
To trace the history of the grocery trade in Chicago,
year by year, would be merely to weary the reader by
repetition. It would be a bare recital of the multiplica-
tion of small retail establishments, a growth accompa-
nied by numerous failures, an account of uniform
shrinkage of values, and a story of comparative stagna-
tion. The condition of the trade at the close of 1885,
may be briefly outlined as follows :
The year was, without doubt, the most disastrous in
in the history of the trade up to that time. It had been
generally supposed, at the opening of the year, that
prices could not fall lower, yet the decline in a majority
of goods during the twelve months following averaged
a little over nine per cent. For the first half of the
year, country buyers were very timorous and a partial
paralysis of business ensued, but the sales of the last
six months swelled the total volume of the year's busi-
ness to about ninety-five per cent, of that of 1884, the
total tonnage being somewhat in excess of that of the
previous year. Sales by wholesale houses aggregated
about §33,000,000. These figures, however, include
sales made by Chicago dealers to parties at other points
without breaking bulk. The capital invested in the
wholesale and jobbing trade was about $6,000,000. An
exception to the general prostration should be noted in
the case of the tea trade. Tea merchants were, on the
whole, satisfied with the year's business, the demands
having been active and prices (especially of lower
grades) having generally tended upward. The annual
consumption of tea in the United States is about
100,000,000 pounds, fully half of which is sold by
Chicago dealers.
Among the most prominent of the large grocers of
this city may be cited : Franklin MacVeagh & Co. ;
Reid, Murdoch & Fischer; H. C. Durand & Co.; Cor-
bin, May & Co. ; Sprague, Warner & Co. ; McNeil &
Higgins , McKindley, Gilchrist & Co.; Merriam, Col-
lins & Co. ; John A. Tolman & Co. ; W. M. Hoyt
Co.; Henry Horner &: Co.; Deane Bros. & Lincoln;
Gray, Burt & Kingman.
SAMCEL A. TOI.MAN was born at Camden, Me., on February
5, 1835, and is the son of Daniel and Mary A. (Achorn) Tolman,
who were also natives of Maine. He was educated in the common
schools of Maine, and remained on a farm until he was eighteen
years of age, when he took the position of a civil engineer, for
which he had fitted himself. He continued his work for a time, and
then engaged in mercantile business, in Boston. He came to Chi-
cago in 1857, and engaged in the real-estate business, which he
continued until 1860, when he entered into the fancy grocery and
tea trade with H. B. I'inkham, which business lasted about five
years, when they changed into the wholesale drug business, and
continued one year. He then bought out Mr. I'inkham, and took
in Frank Crosby and John A. King, continuing one year under the
firm name of Tolman, Crosby & Co. He then bought out Mr.
Crosby, and the firm name became Tolman & King, who were
burned out, at No. 35 South \Vater Street, in the fire of 1871, but
resumed again immediately, the first to resume business, in their
line, among the fire sufferers, starting a store on West Lake Street,
three hours after their establishment, at No. 35 South Water Street,
was burned. Among the first stores built in the burned district
was N'o. 51 Lake Street, where they moved before the building was
fairly completed. This business was carried on very successfully un-
til 1882, when Mr. Tolman, being in poor health, sold his interest
in the firm and has since remained in retirement. In 1860, Mr.
Tolman married Bessie, daughter of William H and Clarissa
'(Hall) Roberts, natives of Rollinsford, N. H. By this marriage
there is one child living, — Gracie A. Mr. Tolman, and his wife
and daughter are members of Immanuel Baptist Church.
Mr.kKiAM, COM. INS fc Co.— The house of which this is the
successor was founded in 1865, by Whitaker, Harmon & Co., and
was composed of James A. Whitaker, Isaac N. Harmon, John
Messer and Franklin MacYeagh. The first place of business was
at No. 52 River Street, where but one store-room was occupied;
and the firm and its successors have remained in that vicinity to the
present time. The business was originally carried on in a much
smaller way than at present, and the changes in the personnel of
the firm have contributed to a continuous development of the trade
until it now has very large proportions. In 1870, the co-partner-
ship of Whitaker, Harmon & Co. expired by limitation; immediately
a new firm was organized under the name of Harmon, Messer &
Co. The individual members were Isaac N. Harmon, John Mes-
ser, L. L. Scotland Isaac S. Collins. They continued business re-
lations as a firm until the death of Colonel Messer, onjanuary6, 1874.
The firm was then changed to Harmon, Merriam & Co., with Isaac
N. Harmon, Charles W. Merriam, Isaac S. Collins and G. W.
Dexter as partners. On January I, 1885, Mr. Harmon withdrew,
and the remaining members continued the business under the name
and style of Merriam, Collins & Co., the title of the concern at the
present time. The business of the house is that of wholesale
dealers in groceries, flour and fish, and the premises occupied by
them are partly located on the original site of Whitaker. Harmon &
Co. The wholesale grocery occupies a building at Nos. 50-52
River Street, with a frontage of sixty-six feet and extending one
hundred and fifty feet to the river embankment. This is four stories
and basement in height, and is used exclusively for the grocery de-
partment of the business. Adjoining this structure on the west is
a building sixty by one hundred feet, three stories in height, front-
ing on River Street, which is devoted to the wholesale flour and
fish-packing departments.
TUK I'ORTKR I'.ROTIIKRS COMPANY was established in 1869,
under the firm name of Porter Brothers, and continued under that
name until January I, 1885, when it was made a joint-stock com-
pany, under the laws of Illinois, with the following officers: W.
Porter, president; Nate R. Salsbury, vice-president; and James S.
\Vatson, secretary and treasurer. The capital stock was $250,000.
The business is wholesale dealing in fancy, foreign and California
fruits, and this firm shipped the first car-load of fruit from Cali-
fornia ever brought to this city. Last year the firm packed, and
shipped from California for eastern markets, three hundred car-loads
of pears, prunes, plums, nectarines, apricots, quinces and grapes
and is at present doing a business of about one million dollars
annually. F. C. Porter was connected with the firm until January
THE BOARD OF TKADK.
349
I, i»85, when he retired from active participation on account of
poor health, but still remains a director of the company. He was
born on February 13, 1847, in Boone County, 111., and married
Miss Kate Kvans, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
ll'io/iiiiiftun J'mier, president of the Porter Brothers Com-
pany, was born in Boone County, 111., on October 26, 1844, and is
a son of Thomas \V. and Charlotte (Lane) Porter, natives of Eng-
land, who came to America about 1830, and located in New York,
engaging in mercantile pursuits. In 1838, Thomas W. came to
Illinois, and bought a farm in Boone County, where he lived until
his death, which occurred when he was seventy-nine years of age.
His wife died at the age of seventy-three. Washington was edu-
cated in Boone County, and remained on the farm until he was
eighteen years of age, when he enlisted in Co. " B," gsth Illinois
Volunteer Infantry, and served as a private with General Grant in
the West. He was in many severe battles, such as Champion
Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, and was all through the Red River
expedition. He was wounded at the battle of Guntown, by a minie
ball through the shoulder, and went to a hospital for one month.
He was then furloughed for sixty days, and after returning to
the field was placed on detached service at Memphis, where he
remained until his time expired. He was mustered out in May,
1865. Returning to Illinois he managed the home farm for three
years. The following winter he attended school at Belvidere, and
then bought a livery stable, running it for one year, and selling it
at a handsome profit. He then went West looking over the coun-
try; returned and endeavored to start a colony to locate in Kansas.
The scheme failing, he became a conductor on a Pullman dining-
car for one year. During this time, in 1869, himself and brother,
F. C. Porter, started a California fruit trade. Commencing with a
capital of only one hundred dollars, when he came out of the Army
in 1865. they have continued the business and are now wealthy.
In the fall of 1867-68, the brothers built a cheese factory at Garden
Prairie, lioone County, which is still running. Washington Porter
has made heavy investments in real-estate, and now owns many of
the choicest and most desirable stores in the city. He is a member
of Masonic Lodge, No. 60, and Chapter, No. go, of Belvidere.
.\'(tti' A'. Salsbury, vice-president of the Porter Brothers Com-
pany, was born at Freeport, III., on April 6, 1855, and is a son of
Elias and Celestine (Rawson) Salsbury. His father was an attor-
ney, and one of the pioneers of the State of Iowa, dying in Webster
City, in 1864. Nate R. received his education in the common
schools of Iowa, and obtained his first business experience in the
mercantile line, after which he became a travelling man. In 1874,
he came to Chicago and travelled for the fancy grocery house of C.
K. Webber & Co. for seven years, when he became a partner in the
house and so continued until January I, 1885, when he formed his
present commercial connection. On July 14, iSSi, he married
Miss Fannie, daughter of Lucius and Mary (Beers) Gibbs.
F. LI si i A A. KoiiiNsos, JR., is a wholesale grocer at Nos. 235-39
South Water Street. This house was established in 1876, by Mr. Rob-
inson, with H. C., John M. and Calvin Durand as partners. They
continued associated until 1881, when a dissolution took place and
Mr. Robinson has since been alone in business. His sales average
about one million dollars annually. He keeps no travelling men,
and deals in general staple and fancy groceries, flour being a large
item in his trade, last year's sales being between thirty-rive and
forty thousand barrels. Mr. Robinson was born at Narragansett,
R. I., on March II, 1845, a son of Elisha R. and Mary (Hull)
Robinson, natives of Rhode Island. Mr. Robinson was a farmer,
and lived on a farm which the Robinsons came into possession of
in 1600, several generations having lived and died here. The land
had never been sold or deeded until a recent date, when Elisha A.
gave the first deed since the land was obtained from the Narragan-
sett Indians. Mr. Robinson was educated in the public schools
and a seminary in his native State. He remained on the home-
stead until 1865, when he came to Chicago, and engaged with the
Durands, where he remained for several years, and then went into
partnership with the firm. In 1873, he married Miss Abbie, daugh-
ter of John R. and Martha (Lewis) Proud, of Rhode Island. They
have two children, — Annie P. and Mattie A. He is a member of
Oriental Lodge, No. 33, A.F. &A.M.
ALHKRT A. CHILD was born at Pittsfield, Vt., on May 27,
1832, and is the son of Horace S. and Mary P. (Rice) Child. He
attended the schools of his native place, and subsequently entered
Castleton (Vt.) Seminary, where he acquired a good academical
education. On the completion of his studies he spent six months
in New York City, and then went to St. Louis, Mo., where he
engaged in the wholesale grocery business, as clerk, with Leach &
Goodrich, for eight years. At the expiration of that time Mr. Child
embarked in business for himself, as a member of the firm of Good-
rich, Willard & Co., for two years, and in September, 1861, came
to Chicago, and formed a new partnership, the firm being known as
Willard >V Child, at No. 135 South Water Street, where a large
business was carried on for over five years. The linn next changed
to Child & Briggs, and was located at the corner of South Water
and Wabash Avenue, where it remained three years. In 1867,
partnership was dissolved and Mr. Child embarked in the brokerage
business until 1878, when he went to Colorado, and engaged in the
mining and saw-mill business six years. He then returned to Chi-
cago and entered the flour trade, in which he is engaged at the pres-
ent time, with Henry W. Niedert's Sons, wholesale flour merchants.
Mr. Child was married at Nashua, N. H., to Miss Lucy F. Paige, on
September 6, 1859, and has three children, two sons and one daugh-
ter. The eldest son, George Albert, is out West, engaged in mining
and in stock raising. Paige Leslie, the second son, is a clerk with
Phelps, Dodge & Palmer. Jessie M., the only daughter, is the wife
of John H. Bartlett, a mining engineer at Leadville, Colo.
CHRISTIAN JKVXE is an importer, wholesale and retail dealer
in groceries, teas, coffees, wines and fruits. This business he es-
tablished in 1865, and during its successful continuance he has be-
come one of the best known grocers in this city. He first located
at No. 41 East Kinzie Street, where he continued until 1869, and
then removed to Nos. 1-3 North Clark Street, where he remained
until the fire of 1871 destroyed his store and stock and swept away
almost all of his personal possessions. With the irrepressible spirit
of a Chicago business man, however, he resumed business on Hal-
sted Street, between Randolph and Washington streets, where he
leased a lot and erected thereon a one-story building. He remained
there until the year 1874, when he removed to his old location
at Nos. 1-3 North Clark Street. In 1878, he removed to Nos.
110-12 Madison Street, at that time having two stores, one at the
corner of Market and Randolph streets, the stock from which
store he likewise moved to the store on Madison Street. In 1884,
Mr. Jevne had a second unpleasant experience with a conflagration
which destroyed the store fixtures and almost ruined the stock; dur-
ing the re-building of the store, and immediately after the fire, he
occupied a store at Nos. 11-17 Madison Street. Promptly upon
the completion of the burned out building he re-occupied it, and now
has one of the largest and handsomest grocery houses in the city,
where he transacts one of the finest and most profitable businesses in
the West. Mr. Jevne was born in Norway, on September 13, 1839,
and is a son of Hans and Martha (Rommen) Jevne, who were also
natives of the land of Fiords. He attended both public and private
.schools in his native country and there received a liberal education.
His entry into commercial life was at the early age of thirteen, in
Norway, as a clerk for his uncle, also taking a partial scholastic
course at the same time. He remained in that position eleven and
one-half years, becoming successively bookkeeper and then busi-
ness manager for the house. In 1864, he came to the United States,
arriving at Detroit in the morning of the 4th of July and at Chicago
on the evening of the same day. His entry into business in this city
was as a clerk for the firm of Knowles Brothers, commencing July
14, although his uncle, Otto Jevne, the well known fresco-painter,
was very desirous that he should go to work for him, instead of
which, however, Mr. Jevne worked for the firm, as above stated, in
order that he might have an opportunity of participating in active
business life and thereby secure an introduction to the achievement
of his ambition, which was that he might become a successful mer-
chant. How well he has achieved his desire, his personal history
and the standing he occupies in the commercial community suffi-
ciently testify. He remained with Knowles Brothers until May I,
1865, when he formed a partnership with Henry Parker and estab-
lished himself in the grocery business. lie continued with Mr. Parker
for about a year and a half, after which he purchased his partner's
interest, and has since maintained that business alone, under the
name of C. Jevne. In 1870, he married Clara, daughter of An-
dreas and Nina Maria (Jevne) Kluge; they have three children, —
Henry Marquis, Alma Martha and Clara Caspara.
GRANVILLE S.INGRAHAM, for many years prominently identified
with the mercantile interests of Chicago, but now retired from active
business life, was born at Maj'field, Fulton Co., N. Y., on May 17,
1824, the son of Joshua and Philanda (Taylor) Ingraham. His
father was a tanner and currier and a farmer. He came from Eng-
land and first settled in Rhode Island. In the history of Free-
masonry in New York, the senior Ingraham became quite promi-
nent, he having attained a very high position in the Order, and
being always heartily interested in the work. The Ingraham family
are heirs to the celebrated Leeds estate of England, and Mr. Ingra-
ham was one of the claimants thereto. Mr. Ingraham's early edu-
cation was received at Union Mills Academy, N. Y., and after
completing his studies there he engaged in the mercantile business
with his brother, but remained with him only a short time. At the
age of sixteen he went to Galloway, Saratoga Co., and took a posi-
tion as clerk in a store, holding the same for four years. He then
went to New York City, where he took a similar situation in a large
establishment, and there continued until July, 1847. Having de-
cided to engage in business on his own account, he went back to
Galloway where he opened a store. On July 14, 1847, shortly after
his return there, he was married to Miss Frances S. Foster, of
Galloway. Three years later, Mr. Ingraham sold out and located at
lirockett's Ridge, Fulton Co., and became a paper manufacturer.
35°
HISTOKY <>F CHICAGO.
Two years later, the factory was destroyed, and the loss severely
crippled him financially. In 1856, Mr. Ingraham concluded to try
and regain his wealth in the West, and came to Chicago. He ac-
cepted a position as travelling Dalesman for the wholesale grocery
house of Flanders, McKindley >V Co , and at the end of two years,
when Mr. Flanders withdrew from the lirm, Mr. Ingraham pur-
chased an interest and became the company of McKindley A Co.
1 he name of the firm so remained for one year, when it was changed
to McKindley, Ingraham A: Co. Between in<)t>-6S, the business of
the lirm grew to gigantic proportions and their trade throughout the
Northwest was immense; but Mr. Ingraham, owing to his constant
hard work, had seriously impaired his health, and investing a large
share of 'his wealth in real-estate, he withdrew from active business
and retired for rest and recuperation. When the firm of Corbin, M ay
A. Jones was organized, Mr. [ngraham became a special partner, fur-
nishing a capital of $40.000. Not long after the lirm commenced
business the junior partner, Jones, was found to be a defaulter, and
Mr. Ingraham at once set about reorganizing the lirm and its busi-
ness. The title was changed to Ingraham, Corbin A: May, and Mr.
Ingraham became once more actively engaged in business, which
continued successfully up to the time of the great fire of 1871. That
crisis called forth all the energies of Mr. Ingraham and his partners,
and he commenced at once to re-build their destroyed property and
re-establish their grocery house. lie opened temporary quarters in
his barn, near Elizabeth Street, until he completed the erection of a
uoo.len building. Immediately after the tire a new warehouse was
erected on Michigan Avenue and Lake Street, and there Mr. Ingra-
ham remained actively identified with the wholesale grocery trade
until 1878, when he withdrew from active participation in the busi-
ness of the house, although still retaining his financial interest.
The Commercial Hotel property came into his hands about that
time, owing to an unpaid indebtedness, and to it he directed his at-
tention. The hotel was badly run down, but he, with the assistance
of competent managers, made a paying in vestment, as well as a popu-
lar hotel. After spending four years of his life as a hotel man, Mr.
Ingraham relinquished the business, and, in April, 1884, disposed
i>l his large interest in the firm of Ingraham, Corbin A; May, thus
withdrawing from all business connections. During his residence
in Chicago he has accumulated a large amount of real-estate, and to.
this interest he devotes his attention. He is also a large stockholder
in the Elgin National Hank, and is heavily interested in gold and
silver mining property in Old Mexico and Colorado. He was one
of the tirst subscribers to, and is at present a stockholder of, the
Washington 1'ark Driving Club. In politics he is an advocate of
democracy, but is not in any sense a politician. In the campaign
of 1884 he was an ardent supporter of the democratic candidates,
and presented one hundred marching suits to the Cleveland and I len-
dricks clubs of Hyde Park, of which organization he was president.
In 1874, his only son, Hiram Foster Ingraham, died. In him all
the loving affection and cherished hopes of his parents were cen-
tered, and he had reached that age where the mantle of the father
was ready for the shoulders of the son. Bright, ambitious and
proud of the opportunities before him, he gave great promise, but
death came to him, and with it such sorrow as the loving mother
never rallied from, and which left a bereaved husband and father,
on January i, 1878. The following four years of his life Mr. In-
graham passed in poor health. On December 12, 1882, he married
Miss Harriet A. F'oster.
JOHN MURRAY WRIGHT, tea expert and manager of the tea
department of McNeil & Higgins, is a son of Winslow and Mary
L. Wright, and was born at Boston, Mass., on August 18, 1826.
He received a liberal education, and at the age of nineteen began
business life in the wholesale grocery trade with the firm of Wins-
low, Wright & Co., at Boston, of which firm he afterward became a
member, the style of the firm being changed to Winslow, Wright,
Co. & Son. In 1863, he came to Chicago and purchased the whole-
sale grocery business of C. G. Wicker & Co., corner of Dearborn
and South Water streets, and formed a partnership with F. Taylor
the firm being known as Taylor & Wright, which continued until
1872, when Mr. Taylor retired and Mr. Wright formed a new firm
under the style of John M. Wright & Co., tea importers. This
firm continued until 1877, when Mr. Wright retired for several
years subsequently being engaged by McNeil & Higgins to super-
1 their tea department, which position he now occupies Mr
Wright comes from an old whig line of ancestry, and took an active
part in promoting the interests of the whig central committee,
g served for four years as an alderman of Boston, and was for
our years a director of public institutions of that city ; but joined
the democratic party upon the anathematizing of Daniel Webster by
his party. He was married in Boston, in 1848, to Miss Georgian!
Stearns, daughter of the late George Stearns. They have three
children,— Mary I,., Winslow and Carrie M. lie is a member of
the Masonic fraternity and honored by all who have known him
during his useful and busy life.
\V. MACFARLANK, proprietor of the Chicago Tea Com-
pain and the Formosa Tea Importing Company, has been identi-
fied with the business all his life, as was his father before him. He
was boni at I 'Huff, Scotland, on May 14, 1849, and was educated at
Glasgow. On graduating from school he entered his father's tea-
house, where he gained his preliminary experience. He came to
America in 1870, and immediately located in Chicago. The great
fire of the following year created a field for the tea business, in
which he could start for himself with a comparatively small capital.
Heopened a store on the West Side, under the name of the Chicago
Tea Company, and introduced the " tea check " system of giving
a present with each pound of the article, which has since been quite
popular. He made a success, and opened three additional stores in
the city, making four in all, three of which are known as the The
Chicago Tea Company, and all of which are doing a large busi-
ness. Mr. Macfarlane was married here in December, 1874, to
Clara, daughter of Henry M. Godwin, one of Chicago's oldest res-
idents. They have three children, — Henry J., Charlotte G., and
Ralph Frederick. He is a member of the Douglas Club, a member
of All Souls' Unitarian Church, and a resident of Hyde I'ark.
W. II. ScniMi'i-T.KM AN, of the firm of Schimpferman & Son,
was born in Brunswick, Germany, in January, 1822, and is a son of
I'aul Frederick and Elizabeth Schimpferman, natives of Germany.
I Ie \vas educated in Germany, and after leaving school engaged in
the grocery commission business, which he followed until the spring
of 1842, when he came to the United States, locating at St. Louis,
where he remained two years, engaged in the fancy dry-goods busi-
ness. From St. I.ouishe went to Peoria, 111., where he established
a fancy dry-goods house, flouring mill and distillery, which he carried
on about twenty years, and, having amassed a considerable fortune,
sold out his business and went to New York City, where he lived for
four years. A desire for speculation came upon him, however, and
he invested in a railroad enterprise, which soon stripped him of his
wealth. He then came to Chicago and opened a wholesale fancy
grocery, wine, liquor and cigar house, located on Lake Street,
where he remained until the fire of 1871, in which he lost $60,000.
Immediately after the fire, he opened on West Madison Street, and, in
1873, he re-crossed the river and re-established himself on the South
Side. In 1853, he was married in Peoria, to Miss Elizabeth Brewer,
daughter of Sylvanus and Margaret (Baird) Thompson, natives of
New Hampshire. They came to Pennsylvania, where they lived
for a short time, and then moved to Peoria, where they died. Mr. •
Schimpferman has had two sons and one daughter, — Herman (died
in 1880), Paul and Hattie.
LACHLAN MACLACHLAN is proprietor of the grocery store and
market at Nos. 104-6 Twenty-second Street, which was established,
in 1870, at Nos. 108-10 on the same street, under the firm name of
MacLachlan, Campbell & Co., continuing in business until 1878,
when J, K. Johnson succeeded them. Eor about three years, Mr.
MacLachlan was with the house of Johnson & Heywood, and, in
iSSl he purchased the so-called palace market of J. D. L. Harvey,
at his present number, continuing the business in its old form and
adding a choice stock of imported and domestic groceries. He
was born in Sterling County, Scotland, on May 18, 1843, and is a
son of Lachlan and Jane (Miller) MacLachlan, natives of the same
place, who came to Chicago in 1867. Lachlan, Jr., was educated
in Scotland. He first became a hardware salesman for four years;
then, going to the north of Scotland, he continued his business for
two years; afterward going to Glasgow and learning the carpenter
and builder's trade, remaining there for four years. In 1865, he
came to Chicago, and was a contracting carpenter for ten years, the
firm being known as MacLachlan Brothers, and doing a very heavy
business. Lachlan then engaged in the grocery trade. 11 is
brothers David and William are with him in the business. In
February, 1874, he married Fredrika Cheilus, a native of Germany.
They have one child, — Frederick.
HAMLET C. RIDCWAY ;s a grocer at No. 404 State Street, and
established his business in 1877, locating at the corner of Fourth
Avenue and Harrison Street, where he remained two years and
then moved to his present location. He was born in London,
England, on April 29, 1856, and is a son of Henry M. and Eliza-
beth (Mclntosh) Ridgway, natives of England. ' Mrs. Kidgway
was of Scottish descent. His father is a lithographer of prominence,
and lives in London. Flamlet C. was educated in Memphis, Tenn.,
and in Chicago; he also attended Mt. Vernon and Morgan Park
military academies for one year each, earning the money to pay his
way by peddling papers. After his mother's death, he was sent to
a relative in this city, who placed him in the Christian Brothers'
School, where he remained about two years. He was with Rand &
McNally, as errand boy, for a time, and after this peddled papers
about four years. Having saved over three thousand dollars, he
concluded to visit England. After remaining one month in Eng-
land, he came back to Chicago, and engaged in the grocery busi-
ness with about two hundred dollars capital. lie deposited the
balance of his monev with the State-street Savings' Bank, and lost
every dollar of it. He then established his present commercial en-
THE BOARD OF TRADE.
35*
terprise, in which he has been very successful. In 1878, he married
May, daughter of Henry and Margaret (Ettling) Meinhard. They
have one child, — Hamlet C., Jr.
SAMUEL PIESEK is a grocer at No. 189 Twenty-second Street,
where he established his business in 1884. He was born in Chi-
cago, on January 6, 1861, and is a son of Jacob and Rose (Sarmer)
Pieser, natives of Germany. His father was a wholesale flour
dealer for about twenty-five years in this city. Samuel was edu-
cated in the public schools and at Bryant & Stratton's Commercial
College. He engaged in the wholesale flour trade for one year
with his father, when the latter died, and the firm became J.
Pieser's Sons for a short time, and then M. Pieser & Co., of which
firm he was for two years the manager. He was then with I.
Pieser >.V Co. one and a half years, at the end of which time he en-
gaged in the flour business for himself, opening an office in the
Metropolitan Block. He continued in the flour business until 1884,
and then established his present enterprise. On October 25, 1882,
he married Matilda, daughter of Max and Hannah (Jones) Powell,
natives of Germany. By this marriage there is one child, — Gracie
Augusta.
DANIEL MORRISON is a member of the firm of I). &. A. M.
Morrison, who conduct a grocery business at No. 3547 Wentworth
Avenue. This business was originally established in 1870, by
John Thien, on the opposite side of the avenue. He there con-
ducted it for two years, and, in the fall of 1872, its present pro-
prietors purchased the good-will and stock in trade and continued
the business for three years, removing it, in 1876, to its present
location. Daniel was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on January 25,
1841, and is a son of Murdock and Elizabeth (Murry) Morrison.
They came to the United States in 1841, and located near Dundee,
in Kane County, where they purchased a farm and resided for
some years ; afterward moving to Dundee, and from thence to
Elgin, and subsequently to this city, where they died. Daniel
received his education in Elgin and Chicago, and commenced in
business as a painter, which he followed for three years, and then
clerked in different stores for five years; after which he became an
engineer on a railroad for eight years, and subsequently engaged
in his present business. In 1880, he married Caroline Deircks.
AI.EXANDKK M. MOKRISOX was born at Dundee, Kane Co.,
111., on October 6, 1844. He was educated in Chicago and com-
menced his commercial career as clerk in a dry-goods store, where
he remained for three years. He then became a railroad employe,
and followed that business for seven years, running a train as con-
ductor much of the time. He afterward entered into partnership with
his brother Daniel, as has been stated. In September, 1880, he
married Alma Sidney, a native of Kankakee, 111.; they have two
children, Claude Alexander and Jennie E. Mr. Morrison belongs
to the Masonic fraternity, being a member of Dearborn Lodge, No.
310, A.F. & A.M.
PHILIP MAKER is a grocer at the corner of Indiana Avenue
and Thirty-fifth Street. He established his business in 1874, and
does an excellent trade. He was born in County Tipperary, Ire-
land, on April g, 1845, and is the son of Stephen and Margaret
(Stapleton) Maher, natives of the same county, who came to the
United Mates in 1848. Mr. Maher was educated in Albany, N.Y.,
and commenced work as a clerk in a grocery, where he remained
six years, and then came to Chicago, and was with Stanton & Co.,
for ten years, in the fancy grocery trade. In 1874, he began
business for himself, which he has since continued. In 1872, he
married Isabelle Conley, a native of Mt. Morris, N. Y. There are
eight children by this marriage : Stephen A., Isabella, Ellen, Allen
Philip, Edith May, Eddie, Philip and May. The family are mem-
bers of the Roman Catholic Church.
SMI rii & MALAM, wholesale and retail grocers at Nos. 250-52
Milwaukee Avenue, began business in 1863, at No. 542 Halsted
Street. The firm did business under the style of Smith & Brother,
and was composed of S. M. Smith and Thomas M. Smith; they
continued associated together until 1872. In 1866, they moved to
Milwaukee Avenue, where the business has since been continued.
In 1872, S. M. Smith went out of the firm, Edward Malam buying
his interest, and becoming an active partner ; and the firm has
since continued as Smith & Malam. They do a general grocery
business, which averages about $250,000 annually.
'I'lwnias M. Smith was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, Eng-
land, on September 29, 1834; he is a son of Samuel and Ann (Ma-
lam) Smith, natives of Cheshire, England. His father was a farmer,
and died at the age of thirty-eight years, in Cheshire. His mother
died at fifty-two years of age. Thomas M. was educated at the
English National schools, after leaving which he learned the gro-
cery trade in Liverpool, and engaged in business for himself in
Newcastle, Staffordshire, among the potteries, and was financially
successful. In 1860, he sold out his interest, and came to the
United States. He travelled for about three years, and then located
in Chicago. In 1865, he married Miss Sarah, a daughter of Thomas
and Jane (Medcalf) Kitchen, natives of Lancaster, England. Mrs.
Smith is a member of the Congregational Church. Mr. Smith is a
member of Ilesperia Lodge, No. 411, A.K. cVA.M.
Kii'Minl Malam, of the firm of Smith & Malam, was born in
Cheshire, England, on July 8, 1849; he is a son of John and Eliza-
beth (Corns) Malam, natives of the above place. His father was a
farmer; he died in 1855. His mother still lives at Cheshire, having
married James Bosley, who is steward for Lord Crewe, of Crewe
Hall, Cheshire, England. Edward was educated in his native
place, after which he followed farming until 1872, when he came
to Chicago, and formed his present co-partnership. In 1870, he
married Miss Margaret Bosley, native of Madely, Staffordshire,
England. By the above marriage there are four children, — Edna,
William, Edward and James. Mr. Malam is a member of llcs-
peria Lodge, No. 411, A.K. & A.M.
JOSIAH BAKNAKD was born at Wilmington, Windham Co., Vt.,
on July 4, 1817, and is the son of Jonathan and Lucy (Miller) Bar-
nard. His father was a farmer, and one of the first settlers of that
place. His paternal grandfather belonged to General Washington's
bodyguard throughout the Revolutionary War. Mr. Barnard was
educated at the schools of his native place, and at the age of twenty
went to Brattleboro' and engaged with J.D. Bradley (son of Ex-Gov-
ernor Bradley) to study the legal profession. There he remained for
six years, and in the meantime taught school in the winter season,
for the purpose of acquiring means to prosecute the legal profession
to a successful issue. In 1843, Mr. Barnard abandoned the idea
of becoming a lawyer, and came West as a school teacher, with his
father, and slept on the back part of the barracks at old Fort Dear-
born for four days. He subsequently went to Burlington, Iowa, and
embarked in the real-estate business, which he continued for a con-
siderable time. Mr. Barnard next went to Henderson County, 111.,
and taught school for six years. In 1857, he commenced the gen-
eral merchandising business at Warren, 111., in which he continued
for seven years. In 1864, he married, at that place, Miss Johanna
S. Carter, of Mount Vernon, Ohio, and has a family of six children,
• — Aramentha, Emeline, Edwin C., Erank E., Estellaand Lizzie May.
After his marriage, Mr. Barnard moved from Henderson County,
111., to Bureau County, 111., and resumed the general merchandising
business. There he resided until 1872, when he came to Chicago,
and commenced the grocery business at No. 943 West Madison
Street and continued it for nine years; he then sold out his stock
and trade and retired from active life. He remembers the time
when the part of the country where he resided had no such conven-
ience as a mill to grind corn, and the people were obliged to steep
it over night in water and next day to rub the softened parts on a
rough surface to pulverize them. Since then he has seen the won-
derful machinery and extraordinary developments of every possible
description come into existence in this Great Republic. Mr. Barnard
is now the owner of a comfortable home, and has property worth
about $20,000. He has had many arduous trials to contend with,
but by honesty and perseverance has surmounted all difficulties.
M. IS. ARNOLD inaugurated the business out of which the Mon-
arch Pickle Company has grown, at No. 21 Market Street, in 1877;
but his quarters proving too limited he removed, in 1881, to his
present location, at No. 65 Market Street. The present company
was incorporated as a joint-stock company in 1884, with a paid-up
capital of ten thousand dollars. Mr. Arnold had been a silent
partner in the enterprise for four years prior to its incorporation.
The officers of the company are— M. B. Arnold, president and
treasurer, and Charles R. Lusby, secretary. The manufactures of
the company comprise, mainly, pickles, sauces and ketchups,
wherein they have a trade of about $100,000 per annum. Mr. Ar-
nold was born in New York City, on September 14, 1842, and is a
son of Montgomery and Eliza (DuParcq) Arnold, natives of Scot-
land and Krance respectively. Montgomery was a grain merchant,
who came to America in 1842, and located in New York City, where
he remained five years, and then moved to Cincinnati, where he
died. M. B. was educated in the schools of Cincinnati and at
Miami University. He followed the grain business several years,
coming to this city in 1864, after which he operated on the Board
of Trade for a number of years. He retired from the Board in
1877, and established his present business. In 1863, he married
Miss Irene Wurmsur, a native of Hamilton, Ohio; they have two
children, — Edith M. and Leigh B. Mrs. Arnold died in April, 1875,
in this city.
THOMAS DOUGAL was born on June 7, 1811, at West Calder,
some sixteen miles west of Edinburgh, Scotland. Krom boyhood
he has always been engaged in the manufacture of soap. When he
was twenty-one years of age he came to Montreal, Canada, and
landed at that place in 1832, when the cholera was making sad
havoc with the inhabitants. He soon after went to New York City
and worked as a journeyman for the firm of Colgate & Co. and for
other large firms there and in Albany. In 1837, he went to Mont-
real again, and engaged in partnership with a friend, but sold out in
a short time. In 1848, he came to Chicago, and has occupied his
present place of business since 1853. He first located on "the
352
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Sands," at the foot of Illinois Street, where he remained for five
years. He then bought the ground on which his soap manufactory
berat present being eight,
citv at this time, to four
\ v~.ll •>. i »v. 1 1 iv, 11 i-«v.v*^..v »..„£,. -- r ct ' V^IL^ j "•' j . -
is now located, Nos. 39 to 45 u-dar street. Before the hre of 1871 Qne of these <jeais \n general merchandise, two in tur-
his building was a tliree-story frame building, and after the conrl n;ture| an(j one in boots and shoes. One of these houses
gmtion he erected a frame structure <>(, x 75 feet m size * "?*1 carries a stock of $250,000, and its sales run up to nearly
,„..;< nmnimts tn about 32=;. ouo annually. Mr. D a .year The sales
ness amounts to a
ADAMS EXPRESS AND COMMERCIAL NATIONAL BANK BUILDINGS,
DEARBORN STREET.
in October, 1837, to Miss Elizabeth Cameron, near Salem, N. Y.
Mrs. Dougal died in this city on January 21, 1878, leaving eleven
children: Naomi, the wife of David Wyiie, of Chicago; Mallion,
Jane, Elizabeth, Margaret, Ellen, John, William, James, Robert and
Mabel. A son named David died in this city on June 30, 1884.
Mr. Dougal is a member of the St. Andrew's and Caledonian socie-
ties. He has had his business destroyed by fire three different times
and his losses have been very heavy, but he has always been able to
pay every dollar of his indebtedness.
AUCTIONEERS. — The names of six persons or firms
appear in the oldest directory of Chicago, printed in
1839, as auctioneers. This number increased to four-
teen in 1855, to sixteen in 1860, and to nineteen in 1870,
the greatest number appearing in any city directory.
'
^2,000,000
of two others amount to from
$400,000 to $500,000 per an-
num each, the others to about
$200,000. Thus, while the
number of firms is less than for-
merly, the amount of business
transacted is much larger. Offi-
cial or court sales, foreclosures,
etc., are made by officers, for
which no auctioneer's license
is required.
COLONEL JOHN A. ELISON, one
of Chicago's oldest, best known and
most popular auctioneers, was born at
Philadelphia, on December I, 1827,
and is the son of William and Maria
(Adams) Elison. William Elison was
for many years a manufacturer and
wholesale dealer in boots and shoes,
and was one of the leading merchants
of Philadelphia. After amassing a
competency he retired from business
a number of years before his death, —
which occurred in February, 1865, —
being succeeded in business by his
son John A., who continued it until
the commencement of the W:ar of the
Rebellion. In the fall of 1861, he
went into the service as regimental
quartermaster, with the rank of first
lieutenant. After being in the field
one year, and at the battle of Cedar
Mountain, he was detailed as an aide
to the general commanding, and was
appointed captain and assistant quar-
termaster. He was ordered by the
Secretary of War to build a convales-
cent camp, near Washington, where
he expended millions of dollars for
the Government in the erection of this
hospital, with a capacity for twenty
thousand persons. He was employed
about eighteen months in erecting
and managing this hospital, and was
then promoted to the rank of colonel
and chief quartermaster of the De-
partment of Washington. He served
there until ordered to Chicago as chief
quartermaster of the Northwest, with
headquarters at Chicago. He was
mustered out in December, 1865, the
Secretary of War refusing to accept
his resignation until the camps in the
Northwest were all closed and their
equipage, such as horses, mules,
wagons, harness, clothing, tents,
cooking utensils, and everything per-
taining to Army life, were sold.
Colonel Elison disposed of millions of dollars worth of Government
property, selling at Camp Douglas, Chicago; at Camp Butler, Spring-
field, 111.; at Madison and Indianapolis, Ind.;and at Milwaukee,
Madison and Prairie du Chien, Wis. Twenty thousand mules and
horses were sold at the corral, corner Twenty-second and State
streets, in this city. Colonel Elison having lived in our city so
long as a soldier, concluded to settle here as a civilian. He accord-
ingly, having had so much experience as an auctioneer, engaged in
that business on May I, 1866, and has continued in it for nineteen
years with marked success, winning many friends by his urbanity
and strict integrity. On June 16, 1860, he was married to Sarah
Black, daughter of John and Annie (Dallas) Black, natives of Phil-
adelphia. Mrs. Black was a sister of George M. Dallas, vice-pres-
ident of the United States under President Polk. Mr. and Mrs.
Elison have had seven children, six daughters and one son ; one
daughter only is now living. Colonel Elison is a member of the
Now, there are not as many auctioneers' places of busi-
Masonic fratermtv, belonging to a lodge, chapter and commandery
ness in Chicago as there were thirty years ago — the num- at Philadelphia Penn
HOTEL HISTORY.
353
\li ];> \M 11,1, AI:KMIES. — For the protection of commerce,
mercantile agencies were established in America early in the present
century, and among those which have stood in the front rank for
nearly half a century is that of Tappan, .McKillop i Co. That linn
opened an office in Chicago awav back in the " fifties. " and it has
served its purpose faithfully to the great trade of this commercial cen-
ter through all these years. In 1862, William Haker purchased the
entire business, and has since been at the head of the enterprise,
personally supervising the management of the same. The two
departments — reporting and collecting — are under the direct super-"
intendencyof two competent gentlemen, anil through this long-
established institution come-, a large share of the trade reports
furnished to the business houses of Chicago. With its branch oltices
located in the principal cities of America and Kuropc, the Tappan
iV McKillop Company has exceptionally line facilities for securing
commercial reports accurately and promptly.
TIIK fOURNAL OF COMMERCE, now in its forty-sixth volume,
was established by William liaker in 1862. The business of the
cily at that time was not sufficient to demand a trade journal of any
great size, but from its advent into the commercial world the Jour-
nal of Commerce has steadily progressed, until it now ranks with
the best trade papers of America. ( Iriginally a large, unwieldy
" blanket sheet," the modern changes have wrought it into a hand-
some, compact, splendidly printed and well edited sheet. It has
been published regularly every week since its foundation and finds
subscribers to the number of from ten to fifteen thousand in all
parts of America and Europe. The Journal is essentially a com-
plete trade exponent, devoting an earnest interest to the progress of
every industry and the development of every resource of our country.
ll'i//iniii ftntvi; publisher of the Journal of Commerce and pro-
prietor of the mercantile agency of the Tappan Ov McKillop Compa-
ny, of this city, is an Knglishman by birth, but thoroughly American
ideas of progress and enterprise. Mr. llaker was born on a farm,
near the little village of Chippenham, England,- on February 12,
1825. When eleven years of age he came to America, his family first
locating in Oswego County, N. V. They resided therefor a feu
years and then removed to Canada, where the son was educated in
a private school. At the age of eighteen, young Haker boldly en-
tered into business on his own account, and from the first his various
ventures were eminently successful. He engaged in grain and pro-
duce, and made his entire shipments to the European market. As
the business, which was first started in Sterling, Canada, developed
itself, it became apparent to Mr. Haker that a larger city, having
greater transportation facilities, would prove more beneficial to his
interests and accordingly he went to Cincinnati, where he remained
until 1861, when he cr.me to Chicago. Since that year, Mr. Haker
has been continuously a resident and business man of Chicago.
Mr. Haker was first married on February 12, 1850, to Miss Eliza-
beth Could, at Kingston, Canada. They had four children, all of
whom are now living: Fannic S. (now Mrs. James S. I'eironnel, of
\Vheaton, 111. ), William II, ( ieorge H. (lawyer), and Emma Maria
(now Mrs. Edward Milliard, of Chicago). Mrs. Elizabeth Haker
died at Sterling, Canada, in July, tSdo. Mr. Haker was again mar-
ried in July, 1862, to Miss Mary Swynbnrne I. yon, of Sterling,
Canada. Their children are Linda M., Edward I. yon, Frank Nel-
son and Mary Herenice liaker. Mr. Haker has been a member of
the Masonic order since he became of age and has taken every de-
gree, receiving the last degree at Belleville, Canada.
HOTEL HISTORY.
The fire of 1871, although subjecting; hotel proprie-
tors to .great immediate loss, really advanced the hotel
interest several years and caused the speedy execution
of already formed projects which, otherwise, would
have developed slowly. The era of progressive hotel-
keeping had already dawned, and the year 1871 had
witnessed the adoption of many improvements in the
interior economy of the hotels, as well as the construc-
tion of two new houses of note. The Grand Pacific and
Potter Palmer's hotels were destroyed, almost on the
eve of opening, and, added to the list of burned struct-
ures .embracing the Tremont, Sherman, Clifton and
others, some of which were never re-built), left the city
with only one real hotel building, the Gault House, in
the West Division. The Sherman House had not ceased
burning ere its proprietors were seeking new quarters ;
and by the second night after the conflagration they had
leased the Gault House, which was re-named the Sher-
man House. Such of the destroyed hotels as could, se-
cured temporary quarters in various portions of the city.
The Tremont found refuge in a row of residences,
hastily connected and re-arranged, on Michigan Avenue;
the Clifton leased a brick building on \Vest Washington
Street ; the Briggs was re-opened on West Madison
Street ; and minor hotels were scattered over the South
and West divisions in such structures as could be trans-
formed to accommodate them. Meantime, there was
no delay in re-building, although the work seemed slow
on account of the substantial and extensive character of
the new edifices. The Grand Pacific on the original
site and the Palmer in a new location (the latter on a scale
of magnificence and completeness unparalleled in West-
ern hotel history) were long in course of construction,
23
On October i, 1872, the Gardner House, on Michigan
Avenue, was finished, and was the first American hotel
opened in the burned district. Two months previously,
Ktihns's European Hotel vnow Windsor), on Dearborn
Street, had been opened, being the first hotel opera-
ted in the center of the city after the fire. The Grand
Central, on Market Street, and the Commercial, on Lake
Street, soon followed ; and, during 1873, the Clifton,
Tremont, Sherman, Pacific and Hriggs were re-opened
at their old locations.
From the year last named, up to 1885, the activity
of the hotel interest in Chicago has been remarkable.
New enterprises have been planned and executed on a
scale hitherto undreamed of ; and although the aggre-
gate capacity has been so greatly augmented, the hotels
of the city are still scarcely adequate to accommodate
the immense tide of travel which daily ebbs and flows
through Chicago. Probably no other city in the coun-
try has, proportioned to its size, nearly the capacity for
entertaining transient guests, yet, on the occasion of any
special gathering every house is filled to overflowing.
At the time of the fire there were less than a dozen
standard hotels, their value not exceeding $3,000,000.
At the end of 1885, there were listed in this class over
twenty hotels, besides more than one hundred of minor
importance.
During the fourteen years since the great fire, the
record of accidents and fires in hotels has been a brief
one. The conflagration of 1871, by giving a lesson in
carefulness, led to the construction of many fire-proof
hotels and the adoption of improved safeguards against
fire. In the time stated, only three hotels have been
destroyed, these being the Langham (formerly Burdick)
House, on Wabash Avenue, in 1885, and the St. James
and the Wabash, in the fire of July 14, 1874.
SHERMAN HOUSE. — This hotel was re-built on the original
site, being opened May I, 1873, when the temporary Sherman
House, in the West Division, was abandoned. The new structure
was much more extensive and elegant than the one destroyed by
the fire, and the heirs of the Sherman estate spared no expense in
354
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
any (It-tail of solidity .-mil convenience. It has stone Ironls mi Ran-
dolph and Clark streets, and is seven stories in height ; has three
hundred rooms; ami can accommodate live hundred guests. The
first lessee of til;' -iplclion was Cliarlrs Mllll-
icraicd the Imtel from May i, 1^73, until the fall "I '.lie
same yt.ir, when the r heirs of the estate took ch II
it temporarily. In i>74. lli-s< lUv Hulbert secured control. Since
the death of Mr. bisscll, in July, inS-.', Mr. Hulbert has been sole
largest in Chicago. r mer, the founder of the house, be-
gan iv-building shortly alter the lire, but, on areoiiul ol tiie exten-
sive character of the structure designed, it \\-asslo\\-of completion,
anil was not opened to the public until late in till- fall of 1*73. The
building has three frontages, on Stale Street, .Monroe Street and
\Yabash Avenue respectively, covering in all 76. 550 square feel of
ground, li is six slorics in height, and, wirh additions made re-
cently, has eight hundred and lifly rooms, and can accommodate
SHERMAN HOUSE.
proprietor. The property is now owned by J. Irving Pearce, who
purchased it, after many years of involved litigation, in July, 1882.
GRAND PACIFIC, fhe Grand Pacific Hotel was' just com-
pleted on th, 'site of tlu- present stnicture-(the block bounded by
Jackson. Ouincy, l.aSalle and Clark streets), when the fire of i>7"r
entirely d. - At that time it was regarded, in dimensions
and tlie proposed -rope of its operations, as something mammoth,
and many believed the time had not arrived for a hotel of its mag-
nitude, especially in its location. Undeterred by lire losses and
adverse opinions, however, the Pacific Hotel Company, indorsed
Wrongly by the Michigan Southern and Chicago, Rock Island Cv.
oad companies, began re-building immediately after the
lire, and the present structure was completed and opened as a hotel
in June, !s73i ,u ;l ,.,,st ,,f ,„,,, .n|1| ., |u|f n,i]|j,)|ls ()f ti,, liars. The
Bros. \- Rice, wln> operated it until the fall
I. when John I!. Drake, its present proprietor, purchased
- lease ami furniture, taking formal possession on January I,
-di ami profitable class of patron-
niost eminent men of the age, and at
various times being the headquarters of leading political and com-
'•"li/atious. | he i, land Pacific is the second largest
hotel in Chicago. It consists of six stories and basement
leasehold is valued at |6oO,OOO, and the cost of the furniture was
I'.u. \II-R Hoi si:. — The I'aimer House was known anterior to
tlle '"' ' establishment, although it was a comparatively
small building, viewed by the present splendid hotel, which is tin-
one thousand guests. Mr. Palmer has operated the hotel since its
establishment. The cost of the property was over three and one-
half millions of dollars, which comprises one million as the value
of the ground, two millions as the cost of building, and half a
million for the furniture.
WILLIAM \V. Tim PS, financial manager of the Palmer House,
has been more or less identified in business with Potter Palmer for
the past thirty years. He is a native of Schoharie County X Y
where he was born on June 17, 1825. His father, George \V.
Phelps, was one of the best known residents of the county. -Mr.
Phelps was educated in the county in which he was born, and com-
menced his business career as clerk in a country store, which po-
sition he held for ten years. He came West and located in Chicago
in 1852, and, from that time to the winter of 1865 was employed
by, and interested with, Potter Palmer in the dry goods business.
In 1865, he bought the interest of the junior partner of Ilollister
& \\iggms, carpet merchants, which then became known as Hollis-
ter & Phelps. On the death of his wife in 1871, he retired iron,
smess and went to Kurope. Kight years later he assumed the
position ol financial manager of the Palmer House, which he suc-
ccsslully fills at the present time. He was married in Albany
I ountv, N. Y., in the fall of iS6f,. to Miss I.ydia Palmer, sister of
aimer. She died at her home in the fall of 1871. In the
fallol [873, he was married in Walworth County, \Vis to Miss
Cornelia A., daughter of Alfred Hubberd, an old" resident of that
county. Mr. Phelps is a director of the Millers' National Insur-
ance Comparv, ol Chicago.
HOTEL HISTORY.
355
TKEMONT HOUSE. — The present building, and the fourth
structure of that name, was completed two years alter the tire, mil
opened in 1873. The new hotel covers nearly 50,000 square feel
of ground, with a frontage of over live hundred feet, and is six
stories in height, with Amherst sandstone front, ornamented in the
French Renaissance style of architecture. The architect was J. M.
Van Osdel. The property belongs to the Couch estate, and was
leased by the heirs to Jewell Wilcox, who operated it for six years,
making way for its present proprietor, John A. Rice, who assumed
management in January, 1879.
IOIIN A. Rii'K is the third son of Ansou and Lucy (Sherman)
Rice, and was born on F'cbrnary 22, 1829, at Northboro", M is .
Mr. Rice's father was a country trader, and the son's earliest years,
after a moderate- education in the village school, were passed in the
country store, in the training and exercise that have given so many
'i.isiness lives. Mr. Rice's first experience in the hotel
business was at the Clinton House, in Ithaca, N. V., which he en-
tered in 1*50. \Yhen twenty-two years of age, he was called to the
Weddcll I louse, of Cleveland. After remaining in that city for a
few years, he went for one season to the Ml. Vernon Hotel, the
largest at that time in the world, at Cape May, and then was with
General James L. -Mitchell at the famous Congress llall at Albany.
When the new Sherman House of this city opened in 1861. Mr.
Rice ami Samuel Hawk, late of the Windsor, New York, were as-
sociated, and they organized the handsome structure, throughout,
into a house which for ten years stood in the very foremost rank of
American hotels. His associates in the Sherman, after the with-
drawal of Mr. llawk, were Cage Brothers, and later on Charles C.
White came into the partnership. Ten years after the opening of
ihe Sherman House, the Crand Pacific 1 lotel was projected, and
the Sherman House patrons were drawn to it. Mr. Rice took hold
of the enterprise early, and the crowning perfections secured to the
Pacific were mainly due to his skill and knowledge ol his calling.
Then came the lire, and swept away both the Pacilic and Sherman.
There-construction of the Grand Pacific made it handsomer and
costlier than before, and was built under Mr. Rice's guidance. The
opening of that famous house was among the foremost events of
the great re-building of Chicago, but it passed into other hands.
At about this time, the Centennial was in preparation at Philadel-
phia, and among the features was the immense Globe Hotel of one
thousand rooms, designed to illustrate the immensity of the American
hotel system. Its projectors called on Mr. Rice as the best demon-
strator of the art of keeping an hotel, and he forthwith took the
management. Among the visitors to the Globe in that year was
!•'.. ]. Baldwin, of San Francisco, who urged Mr. Rice to visit Ins
:id organize and open his hotel, the Baldwin. After two
years in the management of that hotel, Mr Rice returned East, and,
when the Tremont was about to change hands, in 1871). he bought
out the entire interest. In the season of 1881, he took charge of
the great Rockaway lleach Hotel, which was the largest and most
notable hotel undertaking of the time. At the close of the season,
Mr. Kice returned to the Tremont, since which time he has re-
mained therein. Mr. Rice for many years has had a mild penchant
for pet hobbies that were his relief and recreation, and when he
parted with his library, for nearly $50,000, it was proof that his pur-
suit was judiciously followed. He had offered the collection to the
Chicago Historical Society at what it had cost him, about $30,000,
but the Society was unable to accept his generous offer. He now
devotes his attention to pictures, and has already forlned quite
a gallery, which may in time become as noted as his library. Mr.
Rice was married at Aurora, Caynga Co., X. V., on November I,
1855, to Miss M irgaret Van Slycke Culver; they have three chil-
dren, -Wallace de Groot, Margaret Sherman and Lewis Anson.
Mr. Rice is a member of the Chicago and Washington Park clubs,
and is always interested in such affairs as are material to the wel-
fare of the city.
HoTKi. KiriiKi.n-.r. — When unlimited wealth, original ideas
and genuine artistic taste are combined upon one object, the result
is almost certain to reach, if it does not exceed, one's highest anti-
cipations. It is such a combination that has produced for Chicago
the most extravagantly sumptuous hotel of its size in the world. H.
V. Bemis, whose name has become a synonym of enterprise and
progress to all Chicagoans, opened, in 1885, the Hotel Richelieu,
which, in its elegance and magnificence beggars description. The
hotel occupies Xos. 187-88 Michigan Boulevard, has a frontage of
sixty feet and extends back one hundred and eighty-live feet. The
building is in reality two distinct buildings, one front and one rear,
separated by a court fifty-four feet, by thirteen feet, and bridged
by arched iron passage-ways connecting the hallways of each floor.
The object of this arrangement is to lessen the danger in case of
fire, guests being able to escape from one building to the other,
with ease and safety. The front is built of handsome pressed
brick, and over the entrance is a statue of the famous Armand Jean
<lu Plessis, Cardinal dc Richelieu. Tin- statue is of while marble,
six feet and six inches high, from the chisel of Le June, the French
sculptor, and is an exceptionally line piece of work.
The interior of this hotel is a revelation ol the extent to which
decorative art can be carried. The entrance leads to a veritable-
palace. The hallway has a marble wainscoting five feet high, in-
casing large center pieces of onyx ; the walls are of I.incrusta-Wal-
lon and the ceiling of papier-mache. At the' right is the grand
.'Hire; to the left, the elegant cafe. The former is lloored with
colored tiles and furnished with mahogany furniture upholstered in
leather. The cafe will seat two hundred people. The room is lined
with mirrors seven feel high, and the ornamental work is papier-
mache, with designs in bold relief. In a conspicuous corner in this
room is a magnificent marble group. "Columbus before Isabella,"
by l.arkin ' i. Mead, costing more then Sj.oou. The balance of the
first lloor of the hotel is devoted to parlors, private dining rooms,
and club rooms, all niagniticent in furnishings ami decorations.
The sideboard in the club room is decorated with thousands of dol-
lars' worth of glass and china, collected by Mr. Bcinis in his for-
eign travels, and holds such relics a/, plates that the Fivnch Xapo-
Iccnis have eaten from, inlaid sets brought Irom China a century
ago, and glasses that have done service on many an historic
sion. The main table, seated for twenty-five, has upon it a dinner
set valued at $2, 500, and there arc- plates that cost $3? each. In
another room an eight-seat table holds a dinner service valued $i ,500.
In the ladies' ordinary, the same extravagance holds sway. In the
front parlor is a $1,500 piano, paintings worth many thousands of
dollars each, tables of glass, mantels of tiles, mammoth vases,
settees upholstered with the costliest of fabrics, and other appoint-
ments equally rich and unique in quality and design. The bed-
rooms, of which there are one hundred, are mostly in suites, and
are each decorated and furnished like a parlor.
'fhe hallways throughout the building arc beautifully decorated
in l.iiKTiista -Walton and papier-mache. A large section of each
hall is tloored with glass, which admits light to all floors from
skylights in the roof. The court between the buildings is spanned
by a skylight, and the floor of the court has been made into a con-
servatory and aviary, with tropical trees, flowers and birds. The
glass in the windows and doors is of odd fashion, with monogram
" II. V. I!." and illustrating pictorial designs. The above is a
very brief description of this palatial hotel and cafe.
The Richelieu Art Gallery is maintained in connection with this
magnificent caravansary, and is an unusual feature of a hotel.
During his extended travels in Kuropc, Mr. Bcmis collected many
works of art, which aggregate an expenditure far in excess of a
hundred thousand dollars, and when constructing the Hotel Riche-
lieu, he set aside an apartment, fifty In • si.xtv feet, on the sixth floor,
to be used for the display of his collection. This room has the nee-
skylights, is decorated with eight mirrors, each twelve feet
high by seven feet wide, and the walls are of Liucrusta - Walton,
draped with maroon cloth. The paintings exhibited in this gallery
are mentioned in the chapter on Art.
II. V. Iteiiiis has been conspicuous in a number of enter-
prises, but no project has he undertaken which has so shown
his great energy and ability as the construction and operat;on
of this palace hotel. Five hundred thousand dollars have been
expended in the Richelieu, outside of the cost of grounds and build-
ings. In all its appointments as an European hotel, it surpasses
anything in this country ; as a cafe, the Richelieu stands on a par
with the famous I Iclmonico as to its cuisine, and outstrips that
establishment in the elaborate decoralions and furnishings. Mr.
lie-mis has spent a fortune in this venture, but has associated his
name with the most magnificent enterprise of modern times.
The hotel was formally opened by Mr. Bemis in the summer of
1885, and he conducted it until the following December, when it
was leased to Messrs. Clair & Harte, of whom personal mention is
made below.
II. V. BKMIS was born at Center Almond, Aliegany Co., N.
Y., on October II, 1832. He is the son of a Baptist minister, and,
after the death of his father came West, when about eighteen years
old. After a few years in the commission business at Cleveland.
( >hio, he came to Chicago in 1859, and started in the brewing
business with C. !•'.. Downer. They were very prosperous, and, in
I So;, incorporated their business under the laws of Illinois, and
were known for many years as the Downer & Bemis Brewing Com-
pany. Mr. Bemis continued the largest owner in the great establish-
ment on Park Avenue until April 14, 1884, when he sold out his entire
interest to John 1 1 . McAvoy and others, and severed his connection
with the brewing business. In 1881, he bought an interest in the
concern run by John Carclen & Son, and became the president of the
Bemis & Garden Malting Company. Later, he bought the entire
?lant, after selling a portion to his brother, D. L, Bemis and Charles
I. Curtis, and formed the present Bemis & Curtis Malting
Company, incorporated under the laws of Illinois. Of this latter
company he is president and treasurer; he is also special partner
in the grain commission house of A very, Ilillabrant & Company.
Me- became a member of the Hoard of Trade on May IO, 1859, and
still holds his original ticket (for which he paid 815), signed by J.
S. Ramsey, president, and Sc-tli c.itiin, secretary. Then- are few
356
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
older members than Mr. Bemis. and certainly few who have had
legitimate dealings, lie is a prominent turfman ami lias
: manv valuable horses. His interest in turf mat1
him to loan money largely to the Chicago I 'living Park Association,
ami, when it became involved, he bought out all other interests ami
me sole owner of the property. In iSSs, however, he sold it,
ami relieved himself of its management. In iSS.}, lie bought the
igo 1 1' ii -einan, organized the Chicago Horseman newspaper
nected with the famous Stewart dry goods establishment and was one
of the most trusted employes of the proprietor. Mr. Stewart's con-
fidence in Mr. ('lair's executive ability was such that, in 1575, he
turned over to him, under a lease, the management of the entire
chain of hotels, which included the Grand 1'nion and Windsor
hotels at Saratoga Springs and the Metropolitan and Park Avenue
hotels of New York City. To enter upon the management of such
mammoth enterprises required a person possessing every charac-
BipW K**-3" -•*- 1 _^^^^-_
TRKMONT HOUSF.
company with a paid-up capital of $50,000, and is now editor-in-chief
• as well as president and treasurer of the company. On
>er 27, 1869, Mr. Bemis was married to Miss K. A. Arm-
strong, of Lynchburg, Ya. lie is a member of the Iroquois Club.
HI.NKY CLAIR is manager of the Richelieu Hotel, and, as a.
partner of Gregory P. Harte, a lessee of the same. Mr. Clair was a
protegd ol Alexander T. Stewart, the deceased millionaire. ,,| New
York. During thegreater part of his early life, Mr. Cluir was con.
tenstic of energy and determination. Mr. Clair continued in the
control of the hotels for over nine years, and only retired at the end
of that time to become connected with the Richelieu of this city.
GREGORY P. HARTK, junior member of the firm of Clair &
Harte, lessees of the Richelieu Hotel, is a. new resident of Chicago
though not wholly unknown to the business men and capitalists
here. Prior to becoming identified with the Xiclielieu, Mr. Harte
resided on the Pacific coast. For the greater part of his life he has
HOTEL HISTORY.
357
been associated with large capitalists, and for the past ten years
lias been identified with the heavy interests of William T. Coleman,
one of California's wealthiest men. lie served that gentleman in
confidential relations during that time, building the San Rafael
water works and superintending the gr .;;cr part of the improve-
ments in the beautiful town of San Rafael, California, a place
where Mr. Coleman spent a large amount of money. The abilities
of Mr. Ilarte, as a financial manager, weie long ago recognized by
eastern capitalists, and at one time he was importuned to locate in
this vicinity and handle the large and valuable business of one of
the wealthiest corporations of Chicago. He declined, but, in the fall
of 1885, he received a lease of the already famous Richelieu lintel,
and came here to make his home and become identified with Chi-
cago and its interests. His long experience in handling invest-
ments and properties gives him a thorough knowledge of whatever
venture he may undertake, and having associated with himself one
of the famous hotel men of America, the outcome of his enterprise
will be most successful.
THE CLIFTON HOUSE. — Prior to the great fire, \V. A. Jenkins
and Albert A. Holmes were proprietors of the Clifton House, and
when this hostelry went down, Mr. fenkins secured the building
at the northwest corner of Washington and Ilalsted streets, and
opened it as a hotel, which he called The Clifton. He continued
in its management until the early part of 1873, when M. E Vin-
cent became proprietor, and so continued until the opening of the
new Clifton House. The latter was erected by W. A. Jenkins and
Ira Holmes, and completed in the latter part of 1873. It stands at
the northwest corner of Wabash Avenue and Monroe Street, and has
a frontage on the former thoroughfare of eighty feet and cMcnds
back about one hundred and eighty feet. It is six stories in height
above the basement, built of the finest brick, and cost $237, 400.
The furniture cost $105,000. It has a total of two hundred and
twenty-five rooms, of which one hundred and seventy-live are de-
voted to sleeping-rooms. It has an average capacity for five hundred
guests, but during a run has accommodated six hundred and twenty
people. Colonel Jenkins opened the hotel in 1873, and continued
as manager until 1878, when he withdrew and Munger Bros, became
the lessees and managers. They remained in the house until 1882,
when the property was purchased by Messrs. Woodcock & Loring,
and they assumed the management, the Munger Bros, moving to
the Matteson House, which Woodcock .X: Loring hail just vacated.
When the latter parties took the Clifton House, they gave it a thor-
ough renovation and spent over $60,000 in re-arranging ami furn-
ishing the interior. The Clifton has always been among the most
popular houses in the city, and under its present management is a
prosperous and well-paying property.
M.M.KK A. I. IIRINC was born at Princeton, Mass., on October
8, 1842, and was brought up and attended school in his native town.
When he was twenty years old he went into the United States Navy
as sutler, and was in the service, on board the man-of-war " Cir.
cassian," of the West Gulf Squadron, for two years. In 1865,
upon returning to civil life, he went into the American House, at
Boston, taking a posit ion as night clerk. Mr. Loring evinced decided
ability, and within three months he was made day clerk ; a short
time later he was promoted to second clerk, and within a year be-
came chief clerk of that well known hotel. On January 2, 1868,
he arrived in Chicago and took the position of day clerk in the old
Matleson 1 louse, then owned by Robert Hill and managed by John
I.. Woodcock. At the time of the great fire, Mr. Loring was chief
clerk, and when the Matteson was swept out of existence he took
the chief clerkship of the ( Iraml Central Hotel, on Michigan
Avenue, which had been improvised as a hotel out of four or five
residences. He remained there until the new Matteson House was
completed by Mr. Hill, and then returned to his old position on the
day of the opening, February 3, 1873. On May i, 1875, in accord-
ance with the promises made by Mr. Hill previous to the fire,
Messrs. Woodcock & Loring were made partners in the business,
and the style of the firm became Robert Hill ,\; Co. In 1876. owing
to Mr. Hill s failing health, he withdrew from active participation
in the management, and, in 1877, when the death of that gentle-
man occurred, the firm name was changed to Woodcock & Loring.
Mr, Loring was married on September II, iHSj, to Mrs. Matlie
Balch, of New York. They have one daughter, Mildred. Mr.
Loring belongs to the Masonic order and is a member of the
\\~ashingion I'atk ( 'lub.
MAITESON HOUSE. — This hotel is one of the few in the city
that was not re-built on the original site. It was among the first
completed after the fire, being linished late in 1872, and opened,
under the same old name, on February 3, 1873. The owner was
Robert Hill, who operated it for one year, when he took in as
partners John L. Woodcock and Malek Loring, the hotel man-
agement being known as Robert Hill & Co. On March 4, 1878,
upon the death of -Mr. Hill, the surviving partners secured control,
and remained in charge until January I, 1882, when the hotel was
closed for repairs during seven months. It was then re-opened by
Munger Brothers, its present proprietors. The hotel is six stories in
height, containing one hundred and seventy-five rooms. Recently
tlie property has been sold to Carrie L. Munn, of this city.
THE BRIGGS HOUSE. — When the great fire destroyed this
hotel, its proprietors, Wentworth & Woolworth, opened the WV-i
Side Briggs House. Immediately after the great conflagration,
Mr. Moss commenced the erection of the present Briggs House,
which stands on the old site, at the corner of Randolph Street and
Filth Avenue. The building has a frontage on the former through-
fare of 80 feet and extends back on Fifth Avenue, 14.4 feet. It is
six stories in height, built of handsome red brick with stone facings.
The rotunda, office, reading-room, billiard and bar rooms and bar-
ber-shop arc situated on the main Moor. The dining-room, 40x75
in size, and the parlors and reception-rooms, are located on the
second floor. The other upper stories are devoted to guests'
rooms, of which the Briggs has about one hundred and sixty-five.
There are accommodations for nearly three hundred guests, 'flu-
building cost about $190,000 and the furniture $75,000. It was
opened in 1873, by Rickords & Iluntoon, who managed it for
about a year and a half, when they failed. For the following six
months, the Briggs was closed, and then re-opened by John II.
Cummings, who managed it till the spring of 1881, when he sold
out to the present proprietor. Frank Upman.
FRANK UT.MAN was horn at Milwaukee, Wis., on January 20,
1852. His parents went to Minnesota two years later, where they
remained till iS(>2, thence coming to this city. Shortly after (he-
arrival heie, I'' rank went to work as a bell-boy in the old Tremont
House, staying there two years. In 1864, his father, I). Upman,
opened a small hotel, called the Central House, at Nos. 180-82
k.mdolph Street, and Frank went with his father, remaining there
for four years, at the end of which time his father removed to
Chattanooga, Tenn., and opened the Burns House, and for the
following six years Frank Upman was the chief clerk. In 1874,
the senior Upman sold out his interests in the Sotilh, went to
St. Paul, and bought out the Gruber House. There, the son was
installed as manager and chief clerk, and so remained until 1879,
when his father retired from business. lie then opened Upman's
Hotel on Third Street, in St. Paul, and continued in that quite
successfully for the following two years. In the spring of 1881,
he came to Chicago, after disposing of his interests in St. Paul, and
bought the Briggs House. Mr. Upman's long experience has well
fitted him for the duties of hotel-keeper, and since his opening in
Chicago has built up a splendid reputation for his house and
consequently a large business. In the spring of 1885, he spent
$25,000 in altering and improving the hotel. Mr. Upman was
married on February 10, 1879, at St. Paul, to Miss Kate Campbell,
of Ottumwa, Iowa.
COMMERCIAL HOTEL.— The Commercial Hotel was established
in 1872, in a part of the structure that now bears that name. In
that year the Couch estate. William H. Ward, trustee, erected a
live-story and basement stone-front building at the northwest cor-
ner of Dearborn and Lake streets, for the American Express
Company. This corporation refused to take the building after
completion, and Messrs. High & Magie, owning the west adjoining
sixty feet, uniting with the Couch estate added the r four-story
buildings to the corner structure. Howell Pulling and Hiram F.
Ingraham leased it as a hotel, opening the structure in 1872. Mr.
Ingraham died in 1874, and his father, Granville S. Ingraham, as-
sumed his interest, in 1876, securing entire control of the house.
In November, 1880, C. W. Dabb, formerly of the Palmer House,
became a partner in the enterprise, and, in 1884, organized the firm
of C. W. Dabb & Co., as proprietors, he acting as manager. The
hotel can accommodate five hundred guests, and has had as many as
seven hundred and three in one day. It contains two hundred and
seventy rooms.
THE I. ELAND HOTEL was formerly known as the Gardner
House. The building was erected shortly after the fire of 1871, by
Horatio H. Gardner, now treasurer of the Gardner & Spry Lumber
Company, and cost, including the ground, about $600,000. It was
opened in October, 1872, by Mr. Gardner and Frederick Gould.
They continued in the management until about 1875, when Captain
Albert E. Goodrich became proprietor. Then followed! changes,
occurring annually, as follows: In 1876-77, Charles H. Gaubert
was proprietor; 1877-78. Luther 1!. Brady; 1878-79, J. I). Harlon;
in the latter part of 1879, Jewett Wilcox became manager ; and, in
1880, George B. Horton was superintendent. At this time the
property had run down, and as a hotel it was not first-class. In
the early part of 1881, Warren F. Leland, late of the Delavan
House, Albany, N. Y., came to Chicago, and purchased the Gard-
ner House for $220,000. He has spent an additional $130,000 in
re-arranging and perfecting the hotel, and has made it one of the
most handsome buildings in Chicago. It is an imposing brick
structure, six stories high above the basement, and is massive and
solid in appearance. It is essentially tire-proof, and the main
fronts are provided with iron balconies and fire-escapes, accessible
from hallways, which afford easy mediums of escape incase of fire.
The building contains two hundred and sixteen rooms, and under
358
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
its new manager lias become one thr mo-it popular hotels in the
Western roiintry.
WAN i; i \ 1 . I MI \M> ; V"t., on June
I, IS4,. lie j-i a descendant from the family that
tiotel-keepei
irom \'ermont, and Warren's grandfather. Aaron
I.eland, K He was the tirst ;
through lim- of • Mountains, ami, .il i. .in [8lO,
n Vfounta mi Lcland had six
in, |r. . Sinu , William. Warren and Charles.
'sslul hotel-keep-
' ron l.elainl. Jr., was the fat her oi Warren I-'., and he ulli-
mately loeated n 0 i in stock-raising.
wert — lohn. who died at an early
• 'I the Stur-
tcvant and tin- I, eland at Springfield, III.; (leorgc, formerly of the
Stm1. . - ;; Jerome, formerly of the Ocean Hotel
Iranch ami , • \\ ho died iii April.
' I louse and the Clarendon.
The four uncles of Warren F. I. eland are now proprietors of the
Long I'.r.inch. the Grand I'nion at Saratoga, and
the I In iss-', these four nneles were propri-
itaii Hotel at New Vork, and Warren, then
[fS old, went thither and d to learn the hns:
lie wi re-roorr. first, and was gradually promo-
teil tinti! tS(j(>. when he held tin- ]>ositiono! room-clerk. In that
year, he and his lirother Horace went to Springfield, III., and
' Ilr remained there til! .May, 1867,
when hen It, and toot chiel office man
with his brothers Charles [•'.. and Lewis, who then managed the
In i-7_>, he was admitted to tlie firm
rtner, and remained there until tSSo. when lie sold out to his
brother Charles, n;s brother Lewis having previously withdrawn.
In iSSi, Warren came to Chicago, and purchased the Gardner
Ho, . re-constructed the interior of the hotel, handsomely
re-fu same, and opened it as a first-class hole!. He has
ii- business here, and
tlie i o double its value, he having
L>een : illars for the property for which he only
paid s>:>2u.oo<>. Mr. I.eland was married on 1 ieeember 16, lS6$,
to Miss Isabella C. Cobb, o) Cleveland, Ohio. They have four
children, — Charles Warren, Fannic A., Ralph C.. and Helen. Mr.
I.eland is a member of the Calumet, Washington 1'ark and Kcn-
clnbs, and of the Masonic order, being a Knight Templar.
li.M'i r llni'sK. — This hotel had just been completed by I'. W.
I ; ItCS when the great lire broke out. and, for two years after that
' llros. ,V Rice for the Sherman House.
Thes. iivil a vear later, and the house was operated by
J tenants with nnprolitable results. In i.syj, Mr. Gates
assumed the management, and was succeeded by II. W. Hoyt,
who, eighteen m er, retired. The two 'then formed a
partnership, but, in iss-j. sold out in Dennis Rvan, of the Hotel
Ryan, St. Paul, Minn., and Matthew Cnllen, the present proprie-
The building is live stories in height, its original cost being
$100,000. It has one hundred and sixty-six rooms, and can ac-
commodate two hundred quests.
Ki lixs's Hi KOPBAN HniKi..— The building occupied by this
hotel was erected, in \*-->. by C. II. Thompson, and is owned by
his estate at the present time. It was tirst opened as a hotel by
James Anderson, in 1880, and for two years was known as Ander-
European Hold. In April, 1882, its present proprietor,
William J. Kuhns, secured control of the establishment, and
Changed its name, in 1883, taking in his son, Frank C. Kuhn
a partner. The south building adjoining was added to the hotel,
it being a four-story structure, built, in 1872, by A. Crocker. The
main building is live stories in height. The hotel has one hundred
and twelve looms, and can accommodate two hundred guests.
\YiM>snu Hoi -MI..— The Windsor Hotel was the first Euro-
pean hotel erected in the burned district after the lire of i
Within a few days of that occurrence, Thomas Mackin and Samuel
ten, owners of the lease of the land, which is located in the
school section and rented on a ninety-nine years' basis, formed
plans for the erection of a hotel, and the north part of the pi ,
structure, seventy feet front, was built. The house was lirst
i. 1872, by William J. Kuhns, and was knov.
Kuhns's European Hotel. Later, "Mr. Kuhns took in J. II.
Thorpe as a partner, and the hotel was operated until 1878, "under
the firm name ol Kuhns & Thorpe, In the ., med, Mr.
Knhns withdrew from the establishment, and lames W. Bye be-
a part owner in llie enterprise, retiring "in is;,). Samuel
iimcd his interest, and a year later secured entire
ice, and has carried on the hotel since that time.
Windsor is very well known throughout the West. The
a four-story brick structure, to which has
tone-front building, which was erected
and is owned bv Mr. Peabody, of the linn of Gallup & Peabody.
It was built in [873, to the hotel two years later. The
Windsor has one hundred and forty-two rooms for guests. The
hotel was given it- present name in 1878.
Hi KM 's Li fcOPEAN HOTEL. — Tliis hotel was built the Near
alter the lire, by its present owner, M. Hurke, who hail been en-
gaged in the -ame business previous to 1871. • For seven years,
Mi. i i.Ucd the house, which gained a wide reputation
among travelling men, and won a fortune for its founder. In 1879,
William McCoy tool; charge ot the establishment, and the same
success attended his labors, live ycai s' business enabling him to
retire with sullicient means to build a hole! of his own. In No-
vember. i>->4, the present proprietors, William M. Dent \- Co. ,
came into possession, with Charles II. Wilson as manager, the linn
comprising William M. llent and ( lemens Brinkmann. The
building is four and live stories in height, iias sixty-one rooms, and
•aurant attached which accommodates three thousand people
daily. From 1871) until 1884, the hotel was known as M<1
European Hotel, but in the latter year was given its original name.
MCCOY'S LI'KIIITAX HOIKI.. — William McCoy, proprietor of
McCoCs European Hotel, is a native of Ireland, and was born on
September 24, 1846. His parents resided there until the year 1851,
and then emigrated to America, locating in the city of Rochester,
N. V. There, William was brought up and given a common
ition, and when he was seventeen years old he enlisted
in Co, "G." of the 141)1 New York Volunteers, and wentin to active
service. lie was thus engaged for three years, participating in the
battles in which the Army of the I'olomac was employed, and pass-
ing through ami serving a lengthy term in Libby prison. After-
ward he received an honorable discharge from the Armv, and came
West and located in Toledo. Ohio. There he obtained employ-
ment with the Wabash ..V Western Railroad, as a carpenter, and
remained with them for two years. ]n 1867, he determined to
to Chicago and make it ids permanent home. For the first
live years, he followed his trade asa carpenter, and, in March, 1872,
raged in the bakery business. He was located at No.
379 \\est Harrison Street, and as the venture was commenced the
spring after the great lire, he had a splendid business from tlie very
start, and in a brief time McCoy's Bakery and its products "became
popularly known to Chicago people, lie continued the manufac-
ture of bread supplies until 1879, when he leased liurkc's European
Hotel, at Nos. 140-42 Madison Street, and went into the active
management of the business. He was equally, if not more, suc-
cessful in this departure than the bakery, and rapidly accumulated
wealth. In 1882, he changed the name to McCoy's European
Hotel. He continued that hold until October, 1884.' In January
of that year, however, he commenced the erection of the present
pretentious structure which now bears the name of McCoy's New
European Hotel. This is unquestionably the best-appointed and
most elegant hotel west of New York City, conducted exclusively
on the European plan. Its location, at the corner of Clark anil
"\ an liuren streets, is such as makes il most convenient to the
public, being in close proximity to the I'.oard of Trade, post-nlliee,
and Rock Island and Lake Shore depot, and quite near to the
wholesale district and to places of amusement. The locality in
v.-hich it is situated has wonderfully improved of late years, and it
stands surrounded by structures cqnaily handsome and massive
with itself. The building has a frontage of ninety-live and a half
feet on Clark Street and one hundred and ten on' Van liuren. It
is seven stories high above tile basement, and is crowned with three
handsome towers. The outside walls are of red pressed brick, and
the columns, girders, Mansard, gables and stairways are made
entirely of iron. On each front of the building is a 'large double
lire-escape. In the court in the lear is a complete iron stairway
extending from the top of the building to the ground below, and
this forms another mode of escape in case of lire. The court also
separates the building from all others, and the proprietor has paid
special attention to the arrangement of fire protection. The
system of alarm, by which every guest may be immediately
awakened, is used solely by Mr. McCoy, the're being no other
hotel in the world using the same device. ' The rotunda and office
led on the second floor, and are reached by wide entrances
Irom both streets and a hydraulic elevator at the Van lluren Street
entrance. The parlors, reception and club rooms are also situated
on this tloor. and are so arranged that all can be thrown into one
grand salon, at pleasure. The restaurant is located on the lirst
tloor, on Clark Street, and has a seating capacity of about two
hundred persons. The live upper slories of the buildin- are
devoted to guests' rooms, and each are furnished and lilted with
all modern conveniences. The cost of the hotel was $sOO o<x> and
with the value of the ground added thereto, Mr. McCoy's property
represents a cost of about three quarters of a million" of dollars.
Mr. M,t oV was married on .March 4, 1873, to Miss Setnatta
Sweenie, daughter of John Sweenie, a Chicago pioneer. They
have four children,— Clara, Ella, Frank and William. Mr. McCoy
HOTEL HISTORY.
359
is a member of the Ulysses S. Grant Post, No. 28, G. A. R., the
Iroquois Club, Young Men's Social Club and Irish-American
Society.
BKKVOORT HOUSE. — This hotel was built by a prominent Chi-
cago banker, and was originally known as Anderson's European
Hotel. It was opened as such by Anderson Brothers in 1873, who
operated it a short time, when it passed into the hands of William
Thompson, who gave it its present name. On January I, 1882, the
present proprietors, S. S. Benjamin and Frank \V. Wentworth se-
cured the lease from George W. Forfarson, and have controlled its
until its destruction in the fire of 1871. The new building was
erected, in 1871-72, by Thomas Mackin. The old Revere House,
before the lire, occupied the present site of the McCormick Block,
at the corner of Kinzie and Clark streets. After the fire, the Mc-
Cormick estate purchased this ground and erected on it the McCor-
mick Block, and the present Revere House was then built on the
adjoining premises, on the opposite side of the alley, and one-half
block further north. It was completed and opened in 1873, by E.
S. 1'inney, who remained its proprietor until March, 1884, when he
was succeeded by J. IX Fanning. Under Mr. Fanning's manage-
PALMEK HOUSE.
operations up to the present time. The hotel has a large and ex-
clusive line of patronage, is live stories in height, has one hundred
and thirty-one rooms, and can accommodate four hundred and fifty
guests.
DKMIXC; EIKOPLAN H..IT.I.. — This hotel was opened Decem-
ber 25, 1885, and occupies the same building in which Brown's
Hotel was started Irn years prior to that date. The present hotel
is owned by J. M. Hazlclt \- Co., with R. Iteming as manager. It
is four stories in height, with a frontage on both Madison and Clark
streets, has one hundred and titty rooms, and can •accommodate two
hundred and fifty guests.
. \II.\MK iloiii,. — This hotel was built in 1873 by John
Keller, and was opened as a hotel on October 1 of ihe same year,
by William I.. Newman. The latter operated the house for seven
years, being succeeded, on February i, iSSo, by W. 1'. F. Meserve.
In May, 1885, the present proprietor, John Gill, assumed the man-
agement. The hotel is five stories in height, stone front, and has
one hundred and twelve rooms.
KKVKRK IIorsK. — In the second volume of this work is a full
history of the Revere House, from the date of its establishment
ment, the Revere House has grown to be the largest, finest and
best-equipped hotel in the North Division. Immediately on his
assuming control, the entire building was re-modeled, re-fitted and
re-furnished, two additional stories being added to its height, the
office being removed from the second to the ground floor, the im-
provements thus made costing over $90,000. Of its proprietor, it
is but justice to say that much credit is due him for the success he
has achieved in thus bringing this house to its present position
among the hotels of this city.
J. D. FANMM; is a native of the State of New York, born in
Jefferson County, in 1847. In 1855, his father, John Fanning,
removed with his family to the West, locating in Michigan, where
he lived until his death, which occurred in 1867. In 1865, J. D.
came to Chicago in search of employment. He applied for, and
obtained, a very humble position in the Tremont House, which was
then conducted by Messrs. Gage iV Drake. He continued there for
three years, when he entered the service of Robert Hill, of the
old Matteson House. He remained with him some time, then
went to the Briggs House as clerk for Benjamin F. Skinner, from
there to the St. James, conducted by Meserve & Libby, and was
360
HISTORY OF CHIC \r,o.
at this house at the time of the great fire. . \firr that event, he
ill in business mi his own account in a large restaurant on
Halstcd Street, nt-ar : Music, h
on.- i if llir proprietors of the liriggs House, which he
until iSSj. The foli lu- purchased from Mr. I'inuey
bis proprietary interest in i II. m-,. ML Fanning is in
ever] the word a self-made man. Twenty years ago he
laiuleil in i -i i. in without means or Iriends, ami began
ill lli- v bottom of the laililer. lie has
inaili- his way to liis pr.-sciit position liy Ins honesty, industi v ami
unfailing perseverance. lie is Denial, court' '-'ging. ami
his popularity is admitted by all who have the pleasure of his
acqi, Mr. Fanning was married, in iSSo. to Miss Mary
••e. daughter of Robert Moore, of ihis city. They have i wo
children.
CITY MOTFI..— After the lire had swept away the old City
Ilotel, which stood at the corner of l.akrand State streets, the
establishment of a new hotel became at once necessary, and the
propiietor, I. \V. Towne, bought the lease of the building on the
corm mi! Sixteenth streets, and converted the structure
into a hotel. Ihis was called the ( 'ity 1 lotel, and, in 1874. the
r, Jacob Ha da large addition. The dimensions
of the present building are forty-live feet fronting on State Street,
and one hundred and forty-eight feet on Sixteenth. It is four
s high above the basement, and contains one hundred single
and double sleeping-rooms. It has a capacity of two hundred
guests, and has become of late years the headquarters for stock-
men and shippers. About is--,, Silas Pillion became the pro-
prietor. In |SS-,, \\illi.ini !•'. Orctilt. an old hotel man and at one
time proprietor of the old City Hotel, obtained a lease of the bnild-
.mil he has conducted this house upto the present time.
\Vn.i IAM 1-'. ORI i l I was born at Rutland, Yt., but when a
efl his native Slate and came West, locating in Chicago in
iv); I pon coming to this city, he went to work as olliee boy in
Brown & Tattle's American Temperance House, which stood' on
the corner of Lake Street and Wabash Avenue, lie only stayed
there two moni . and then went with them to the City
Hotel, on the corner of Lake and State streets, which was then
of the most popular hotels in town, lie clerked in that house
-une time, and then, when Messrs. I'.rown iV Tuttle took a
lease of the Sherman House, he served them for about two \
as chief clerk. Mr. Orcutt then took a lease of the Rock-Island
House, which was situated near the depot of the Chicago. Rock
Island \- 1'acitic Railroad, at the corner of Clark ami' Twelfth
streets. He kept that for one year, and then took a lease of the
City Hotel, and remained there from 185210 1854. After that, he
went out of the hotel business, and engaged in the coal trade,
which he followed for twenty years, being located all the time in
Chicago. In 1SS2, he decided to resume his old calling, and, at
the urgent request of the owners of the City Hotel, he assumed
inagenieiit of the house. Two years subsequently he took a
lease of the hotel, and has held the same up to the present time. Mr.
Orcutt is titled by nature and training for hotel life, being enilo
with the gifts of geniality and courtesy, and since resuming his old
business has won back scores of old friends and patrons of twenty
years ago. lie was married on April 5, 1864, to Miss Anna
Faulkner Ellis, of Chicago. For many years he has been a mem-
ber of the Masonic order, having been an early initiate in Oriental
, No. 33.
V.NNA llnrsi--., a well-known hotel at No. 102 North
Clark Street, was opened to the public, in 1876, as the New Dela-
ran House. The name so continued until the letirement of its
proprietress, Mrs. Uphain, in May, iSSo. At that time the hotel
P
passed into the hands of Mrs. Fl'len Phdbrick and her son. C. C.
Philbrick, who continued the management until iSS6, under the
hrm name of E. Philbrick & Son. For several years prior to the
: July, IV4, Mrs. Philbrick was proprietress of the Wabash
House, at the corner of Wabash Avenue and Congress Streel
Brunswick now stands The Anna House is five
s in height, the four upper floors being used for the hotel It
has a frontage of one hundred feel on ("'lark Street and is one
hundred and liliy feet in depth. The hotel has liftv lar<'e li"ht
and well-ventilated rooms for guests' use, and has accommodations
lor about one hundred persons. The office, parlors and dining-
ituated on the second floor of the building and the hotel
inducted on the American plan.
Pini.iiKlcK was born at liaverhill, Essex Co. Mass on
> 23. ''";- His parents lived at Manchester till he was six
in January, |s;o. ||,. attended
•ninion schools at Chicago during his youth, and when he was
ven years old became the office manager of the Anna I'
and a partner in the ownership with his mother. Mrs. L. I'hilbrick
--, been connected with the Anna House since iSSo and has
<toue much toward making it a popular hotel for the North Side.
Mr. I'hilbrick is, and hi nee the organization in
retary of the I.eC.rand Skating Rink Company.
Till-: CON riNK\ I \i. lion-'.!., on the southeast corner of Wabash
Avenue and Madison Streel, occupies the site of the Clifton House
e the lire of 1*71. Messrs. Jenkins tV Holmes had the lease
of lhat prope>-| y at the time of the tire, and when thcv were burned
out they re-built their hotel where ihe present Clifton House stands.
The building that was erected on the site of the old Clifton was
intended lor the Use ol stores and olhces, but. u'pon its eolliplel ion,
the Chicago Public Library was located on the upper floors and the
ma u floor was occupied principally by the linn of Field. Benedict
\ Co, wholesale clothiers. In 1876, the Public Library wa
moved and tile three upper stories were then converted into a hotel.
( Ibadiah Sands opened the Sands I louse in that building during
the above year, and ran it until iSSo, when Henry Berg \ Son
leased the premises for the same purpose, and changed the name to
the Hotel Frankfort. They continued until October l, 1882. Then
Mrs. Flixabeth llenuessy took the hotel, renovated and refurnished
it throughout, and changed the name to the Continental Hotel.
The building has a frontage on Wabash Avenue of one hundicd
feel and one hundred and thirty-two feet on Madison Street. The
main entrance to the hotel is located on the former thoroughfare,
and leads to the large office on the second floor, on which are also
located the reading, billiard and dining-room. The house has one
hundred and twenty guests' rooms and can accommodate three
hundred people. It is run on the American plan, and is a popular
stopping place for the theatrical profession. 1!. D. Spencer is lessee
and proprietor.
I:KKNAUII DAKI. SPKNVKK is a son of I ). A. and Belle Spen-
cer, and was. born at Oakdale, Monroe Co.. Wis., on March 19,
While yet an infant, his parents went to Rutland, Yl., where
they remained three years, and then removed to Washington. 1). C.
There, young Bernard attended the public schools umil thirteen
years of age, and then began to make his own way in the world by
securing the position as bell-boy in the well known Riggs House.
His activity and good bearing were soon recogni/ed. and in a short
time he was given the care of the ladies' entrance, and then was
made elevator boy. He had continued in the employ of the Riggs
House two years when he attracted the attention of Vice-President
\\illiam A. Wheeler, who took him over to the White House one
afternoon, and introduced his protege to Secretary of the ,\a\v
Thompson, whom he requested to procure a position " for this
boy." In pursuance to the Vice-president's wish, young Spencer
received an appointment to Annapolis. As he was lint liiteen
of age, he was obliged to wait a year before he could be admitted
as a cadet, which time he applied himself industriously to his si ,
At the time appointed for his examination he succcssfullv passed,
but was obliged to withdraw on account of his eyesight being im-
paired by arduous study. He returned to Ihe Riggs House, sub-
sequently engaged in the manufacturing-jewelry business and was
connected with the Critic, in a journalistic way. for some time. In
June, 1880, he came to this city and entered the employ ol ( iood-
rich O. Dow, druggist, at the corner of Cottage drove Avenue and
( (akwood Boulevard, and afterward was employed at the Southern
Hotel, Wabash Avenue and Twenty-second Street. During the fall
of that year he was with the Merchants' Hotel management, and in
October, 1882, became manager of the Continental llolel, subse-
quently leasing that property, lie is a member of Oriental Lodge,
No. 33, A.I-'. X A.M., of the intermediate bodies and of Oriental
Consistory, S.P.R.S., 32°.
Till-; C.I.OHK Kruoi'KAN HUTI--.I, is one of the latest acquisitions
to the numerous hotels in this city, having been opened on May I,
1884, by S. A. Ray and ]!. I-'. Owen. This hotel is located at Nos.
355-57 State Street, having a frontage on thai thoroughfare of sixty
feet, and extending back about one hundred and seventy-live feet'.
The hotel proper occupies the three upper floors, and the office and
restaurant are located on the first floor, the entrance to these rooms
and ihe hotel being direct from the street. The parlors, reception-
rooms and double apartments are located on the second floor, and
in all there are sixty-five guests' rooms. The accommodation's are
for about one hundred and seventy-live people. The firm of Owen
.V Ray dissolved partnership in the spring of 1885, Mr. Owen re-
tiring and Frank I). Kay becoming the manager.
Till-: Cl.AKK.NDox HonsK.— Before ihe great lire of 1871. \os.
150-52 North Clark Streel were occupied by a buildhv known as
larendon Hotel, of which II. M. Slilk-r was 'agent and
manager. This hotel was re-opened in a handsome new' buddin<>-
on the same sile in 1873. U has a frontage on Clark Streel of one
hundred feel, and faces Ontario Streel on ihe south, extendiiv. bach
one hundred feet. The building is four slories and a basement in
height, and the three upper floor are used for a hotel. This house
accommodates eighty to one hundred guests, is run on the American
plan, and is the permanent home of a number of families Uter
the lire, the hotel was opened by I.yman A. White, who ran it till
1879 when Harvey M. Thompson took it for one year. In [880
W. K. Steele became the proprietor, and on May'i, 1882 Frank
Ray took charge, and he has continued the management up to
the present time. The hotel was renovated and re-furnished
HOTEL HISTORY.
361
throughout upon Mr. Ray's advent as landlord, and it has been
kept on a high standard of excellence since that time.
!•'. 1>. RAY, manager of the Clarendon and Globe European
hotels, was born in Caltaraugus County, N. V., on April 4, 1850.
His family resided there until he was ten years of age and then,
coming West, located at De Kail), 111. He resided there until 1864,
and then came to Chicago to make his home. Mr Ray received a
grammar school education, and on coming to this city went into the
employ of Hunt. Harbour \ Hale, wholesale dry goods merchants,
at Nos. 3-7 Lake Street. lie remained with them until 1867, and
then went to New York to take a position as general manager, tor
V A- York State, for the Howe Sewing Machine Company. He
w.is thus occupied until 1872, when he went to California and be-
came travelling agent for the Howe Company for the Pacific coast.
He remained ill their employ until 1876, and then returned to
Chicago, and took a lease of the liurdick House, on \Vabash
six stories high above basement, with two strong towers extending
above the body of the structure. It is built of brick, with a
handsome stone front, and was constructed for the purpose for
which it is used. The hotel has a frontage of fifty feet and ex-
tends back one hundred feet, and contains one hundred and twenty-
live guests' rooms. Its location is such as at once makes it popular
with the public, and being conducted upon the American and
European plans gives to the transient guests an option as to their
accommodation. The hotel is provided with a new passenger
elevator, and is fully equipped with the latest and most modern
improvements.
KACCIO r.uoTHKRS. — This firm consists of Charles A. and
(ohn Ci. Kaggio, both natives of the city of Genoa, Italy, who,
with their parents, located :n this city in the fall of 1855. Charles
A. Raggio was born on January 17, 1847, and John A. on De-
cember 20, 1849, and both were, therefore, but young lads when
GRAND PACIFIC.
Avenue, afterward known as the Crawford House and Langham
Hotel. Mr. Kay conducted that hotel until 1880, and in the
summer of that year sold out and went to Colorado. lie became
proprietor of the Grand Central Hotel, at Denver, but remained
there less than a year, returning in the fall of 1881. The Clarendon
changed hands in the spring, and was opened on Mav I, 1882, Mr.
Kay then becoming its manager. ( )n Slay I, 1884, S. A. Ray and
11. F. Owen leased the Globe European Hotel, and in the spring
nl 1^85, Mr. Owen retired anil Mr. Kay became manager of this
hotel in conjunction with the Clarendon. lie was married on
December 13, 1876, to Miss Sarah 1'ettie, of Syracuse, N. Y. They
have two sons, — Horton and Fred.
Tin: ST.CIIAKI.KS | [OTKI., which is located at Nos. !5-i7C'lark
Street, is among the oldest houses in the city, having been in ex-
istence many years before the fire. At the time of the great con-
flagration, Messrs. Kaggio Brothers were proprietors of the St.
Charles, but when it was re-built, in 1872, the hotel was opened
by I'hil. Conley, who conducted it until 1878, when Messrs. Raggio
again took possession, since which time they have made it a pop-
ular hotel, which has proved profitable to them. The building is
they came to Chicago, where they have since resided. In 1868,
they opened a large restaurant on the southeast corner of Ran-
dolph Street and Fifth Avenue. In the following year they also
bought the St. Charles Hotel, which with the restaurant, they con-
ducted very successfully until the great fire, when both of their
establishments were destroyed. Within ten days after the confla-
gration they re-opened their restaurant on Canal Street, near Ran-
dolph, where they remained till 1873, when they removed to a new
building on West Madison Street, near Curtis Street, and opened
up as tine a restaurant as there was on the West Side. In 1878,
the Kaggio Brothers disposed of that business and re-purchased
the St. Charles Hotel. They gave it a thorough overhauling, ren-
ovating it from top to bottom, after which they re-furnished it and
opened a first-class hotel. The senior of the firm, Charles A.
Ka;;gio, was married on July 25, 1877, to Miss Mary Arado, of
Chicago. They have one son, Charles A., Jr.
MASSASOIT HOUSK. — The former hotel of this name, de-
scribed in the second volume of this work, was one of Chicago's
well-known hotels, and in view of that fact, the present house of
that name, built, in 1872, by Albert l.ongley, possesses some his-
362
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
toric interest. Il was completed rind opened to the public in tin-
fall of 1.171'. with Mr. i its proprietor, which be retained
until 1878. Then. C, S. Mun'si>n took charge until is>2. when he
' Mr. I'irrung, who has since lieen its propi ieii ir.
C.CSKAH PlKKCNi; is a nali\cof Germany, born on July S5i
[830, in the Prussian ! the Rhine. In 1854, he 1
to America, and in the same year to ill is citt. which has since hern
his home. For a number of \cars he followed teaming, until
March, 1*71 , when in- became i he proprietor of the Central LUP
Hotel, at [ -:tii \Vater Street, anil lucting this
when it w ed in the tin- of 1871. Immediately
thereafter, he erected a frame shanty on the same site, and
year ed that with the present brick structure. In l SS2.
he became proprietor of t In- Ma-sa-nil House, and now conduct s
both that and the Central Fnropcau Hotel. Mr. I'irrung is a Denial
iilleman, and as a landlord is justly popular with
tile travelling public. He married, on October So, i.^o. Miss
.-cr: they have two sons, — Jacob and Conrad, both
of whom are with their father in the hotel business.
RESTAURANTS.
This business is one of enormous magnitude in this
. and one wherein a large amount of money is
invested. Sketches of some of the prominent gentlemen
•ged therein are herewith presented.
II. H. Rom. SAM became established in business in Chicago
is a junior partner in the firm of Biake, Shaw^v Co.,
<vilh the Dake P>akerv. .it Nos. 11)6-98 C.laik
'. In April, 1880, the firm established a small business lunch-
• ction with the bakery, and, on July ], 188-,. Mr.
Kohl- • Ir interest by purchase, and since that
time has continued the business alone. He has built up an exceed-
ing); prosperous trade, and, during the year 1884, served cighl
. ed and twenty live, thousand nine hundred and eleven meals,
makii' of two thousand eight hundred. On March
I?, 1885, he opened two branch houses, one at No. 204 Clark
', and the other at No. 83 Lake Street. In the bakery,
twenty-six men are cm id it, undoubtedly, is the largest
hake;-. lastry in the United Stall's. Mr. Kohlsaat was
born in 1 uity, III., on March 22, 1853, the son of
Keim It, who settled iu thai county about 1825. His
mothi :. an Kuglish lady who came with her father
t" Illinois as eat yaa [820. Mr. Kohlsaat reciived his early edu-
i.'ation ill Galena, III., where his father had moved in 1854, and at
twelve years ol age came to ( 'hicago with his parents. I le attended
the Scammon and the Skinner schools, and, in 1868, became a
-boy forCarson. I'irie & Co., then was cashier for the same
firm i trd connecting himself with Richards,
Crumbaugh ..V Shaw, until 1871. Lor one year succeeding, he
-afes for S. H. Harris upon the road, and for live years was
a tra\ -man for lilake, Shaw iV Co. In 1880, he married
Miss Mabel ]•'.. Blake, daughter of K. Nelson lilake. They have
ill, Pauline.
IOMN S. \\'ii.s-,\ began business in Chicago in 1873,
at the corner of Clark and Madison Streets, establishing Wilson's
Oyster House, now known as the lioslon Oyster House. He
:ied there three years, and at the end of that time leased the
Tivoli Gardens, comprising the entire space now occupied by Ihe
Chicago Opera House-. After three years he moved to No. 146
, enlarging his appointments, in 1880, to comprise
the adjoining number. In February, 1885, he established a head-
quarters for his immense catering business at No. 2Q \Vashiuglon
Streel. Though not the oldest caterer in the city, he has turned
his attention for a number <-f years to the profession, and has made
it his special!) being the handling of shell lish. lie is
hrst and only caterer in Chicago to bring live lobsters
to this market lobe served, lie has facilities for carrying on his
busiu. he has perfected by careful study, and' his call' is
one of the i.iblcin the city. Two reasons are assignable
for this fact, — the perfection of his cuisine and the Colonel's great
ipuiarily.
• : i s E. Kin UK first became connected with the restaurant
linsiness in : ,)„. I)(,.,i|j, „, ,,f cashier for
J- M- llilj. onOystei Mouse, in 1873, when that popular
to the public. lie afterward look the man-
nent of the house, working in that capacitv for about two years.
He then I : ,| by Pullman's I'alac. I ,ii I "ompan\
•'tor, remaining in !!:•. ,'piny for ne.nlv
nd of that time, he accepted a more hi,
ion with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, as assistant
ntendent of the Dining Car Department, maintaining that
Mi- then opened his oyster I;
'lark and Monroe streets, and enjoyed an instantaneous
sin cess, his present patronage being among the first in the city.
(In lime I, [885, he opened a branch house in the Kxchange Build-
ing, wiih a bilhanl parlor in connection, and his hnn-,es are among
the most popular in the city. Mr. Reclor was born at Lewiston,
V Y., "U May 2b, l 844. the sou of ( .eiirge \V. and Anna ( I lewson)
His 'father was for many years the proprietor of the l-'ron-
[ouse, at I.ewiston. N. V. -Mr. Rector received his education
in l.ockport, N. Y., attending the academy, from which he gradu-
ated in 1862. Soon alter leaving school, he enlisted in the I2o,th
New York Infantiy Volunteers as a drummer boy, under Colonel
Porter. On August 22, 1862, he went to Ballimore, win,
. of the Potomac, In ing in the Second Brigade of
tin -Second Division and Second Corps, under General YVintield
.•scolt Hancock's command, lie was mustered out at Washington
in lime, 1865, and was then immediately employed as a clerk in the
War Department, remaining there three years. At the end of that
time he. went home, and was with his father, at I.ewiston, N. Y,,
until he came to Chicago in 1872. Mr. Rector was married in iS(»),
to Miss Louisa Peterson, of Washington. They have two children,
— Francis and ( ieorge W.
HI.NKV Ilr.NKICi came to Chicago in December, 1865. He
obtained employment as a teacher in a private F.nglish school at the
corner of Twenty-third Street and Cottage Grove Avenue, and,
later, in the German-American School at the corner of Chicago and
LaSalle avenues, where he taught Latin, French, mathematics and
German literature up lo 1868. At that time he went to Burlington,
Iowa, and for three years was principal of the German school in
thai city. He then purchased The ( ierman Advert iser, a weekly
newspaper published at Burlington, which he conducted until ]>7.i.
Desiring a larger field for newspaper work, he bought the Daily
and Weekly Tribune, of Ouincy, 111., one of the oldest German
newspapers in the West; selling it out two years later, to purchase
the Indiana German Newspaper, a daily and weekly published
at Indianapolis. That venture did not prove as successful as he
had anticipated, and, after two years as editor and proprietor, he
sold the paper and came lo Chicago. On his return lo this city he
opened a restaurant, cafe and hotel, known as Ilenrici's Hotel, at
Nos. 70-72 Randolph Street, continuing it until the present time.
Mr. Hjnrici is a native of Germany, and was born on August 24,
1840. When live years of age, he entered the elementary school
of Carden, a suburb of Coblenz, and later on became a pupil at the
Gymnasium at Coblcnx. When he had finished his preparatory
courses, he entered tin- I nivei'sity at Bonn on Ihe Rhine, gradual ing
four years later in the classical and scientific courses, with a
special course in the languages and mathematics. The following
year, in 1864, he became a teacher in Coblcnx, and came to Chi-
cago in the fall of 1865. Mr. Ilenrici was married in 1875, to
lohanna Ritller, of Quincy, III., a daughter of John W. Kit-
tier, a physician of thirty years' residence in Ouincy. They have
three children, — Edith, Klsa and Ralph.
Piin.ir lli.NRici comes from a family who for generations
have followed the profession of restaurateurs, caterers and bakers.
lie Is one of three brothers now engaged in the business in this
cit \ , and came to Chicago in 1864. He lirsl enlercd the Briggs
House as pastry cook, and afterward was in the Revere House in
the same capacitv. lie established, in 1869. at No. 71 State Street,
the first coffee house ill Chicago, as they now exist. lie had in
connection therewith a fancy bakery, cominning until the great
fire. After the lire, he commenced business again at No. 216 West
Madison Street, selling out in the following year. Subsequently, he
located at No. 184 Madison Street, and later at No. 174, removing
to his present location, at No. 175 Madison Street, in 1873. Ik-
has at present, in connection with his elegant cafe, a fancy bakery,
from which he supplies a number of restaurants throughout the city.
Mr. Ilenrici was born in the Rhine province, Germany, on July 13,
1846, the son of Daniel and Theresa (Blacser) Ilenrici. Until he
arrived at the age of thirteen he was a pupil at the common schools,
afterward learning the trade of a miller and a baker with his
father. After four years' apprenticeship, he left his home and
moved lo New Yofk, worked in a fancy bakery in that city for one
year, at tin- end of which time he came to Chicago. He was mar-
ried in 1873, to Miss Anna Muhlke, a daughter of John H. Muhlke,
our of Ihe first dry goods merchants in Chicago. " They have lour
children, — Philip I)., Louisa, Anna and Charles.
\\ 'ii. in I.M HI.NKH i came to Chicago in 1864, and for a short
time was employed in the mill of Mehring * Pundt. He next
obtained employment with Mr. [acobs as a grocery clerk, which
business he followed one year, afterward becoming connected with
the commission house of Philip lienz. During i^<>8, he travelled
through the South and West, returning to Chicago shortly after the
fire. \t thai lime, his sisler, who afterward became the
Vile ol C, L. Sehaefer, was engaged in keeping a restaurant and
cafe al No. 216 West Madison Street, having bought her brothel-
Philip's interest a short time previously; and there, as an employe,
Mr. Ilenrici hrst engaged in the business which he has since fol-
lowed so successfully. Upon his sisier's marriage, he purchased her
HOTEL HISTORY.
363
interest ai No. 2id West Madison Street, and one year later moved
In 204 State Street, where he remained two years. After several
temporary removals, he took charge of Schaefer's Restaurant, im
Randolph Street, it having been bought by his brother 1'hilip in 1882.
He remained there two \ears, when he removed to his present loca-
tion, on the corner of State anil Van liuren streets. Mr. Henrioi
was born in the Rhine provinee, Germany, on May 12, 1848, the son
of I laniel and Theresa (Blaeser) Henrici. lie attended the common
schools of his native country, and at the age of fifteen left
school, and for two years worked with his father, learning the
trade of a miller. At the end of that time he came to America,
arriving in Chicago in the fall of 1864. lie was married in iSSl,
to Miss I.ila Bolinger, of Massitlon, Ohio. They have three
children, — I )aniel, \\ilhelm and Theresa. lie is a member of
Progress Lodge, No. 728, K. of II. and of the Royal Arcanum.
AM>KK\V ('I M\IIM;S succeeded to the business established by
S. II. Thomson in 1856. lie purchased Mr. Thomson's interest
on May 2, 1881, and immediately thereafter enlarged the business
until, at the present time, it is the largest restaurant in Chicago,
comprising Nos. 147-53 Dearborn Street, with a seating capacity of
four hundred and forty people, serving over three thousand meals
daily. His restaurant is undoubtedly one of the largest and best-
managed houses in America. Mr. Cummings was born at Port
Henry, Ksse\ Co., X. V., on May S, 1845, and is the son of
Michael and Susan C. (Lathrop) Cummings. At the age of four
years he came West with his family, settling at Watertown, Wis.
There he attended thecommon schools, and at the age of seventeen
years came to Chicago and was employed as a bell-boy in the City
Hotel. After six months' service in that capacity, he was promoted
to the more trustworthy position of salesman behind the cigar
counter. In 1865, the house changed hands, anti he accepted a
position as assistant cashier with S. II. Thomson, and was afterward
made general manager of Mr. Thomson's immense business. He
remained with Mr. Thomson until May 2, iSSl, when he becami
his successor by purchase. Mr. Cummings was married, in 1866,
to Miss Sarah Shiler, of Chicago. They have four children, — Wil-
liam A., Frank, Henry T., and Kdmund C. Mr. Cummings de-
serves tlie success he has attained, and is among the most prosper-
ous young business men in the city.
FIH.VR |[. JOHNSON, proprietor of Johnson's Nome Bakery,
established his present business on May 29, iSSo, at \o 969 West
Madison Stre t, there being in partnership with him his father, K.
S. Johnson, and his brother, W. K. Johnson. This was !!?•• <irst
bakery in Chicago to put upon the market articles which were made
after domestic recipes, and its success was instantaneous, so much
so that since their establishment scores of other alleged home
bakeries have sprung up, but only as imitators. In 1883, a lunch
room was founded at Xo. 157 Fifth Avenue, with a capacity ol
serving one thousand people a day, and averaging seven hundred
meals daily. Mr. Johnson was born in Bureau County, HI., on
April ii, 1851, and is the son of Edward S. and Almira |.
(Robertson) Johnson, During his boyhood he attended the com-
mon schools, devoting a part of his time to working on his father's
farm and also in his father's mill. At the age of twenty years, he
ne a school teacher, following that vocation for nearly eight
years. He subsequently became connected with his father and
brother in a bakery, which they had established at Hilda, in Bureau
County, and the following year came to Chicago to establish his
present business. He was married, in 1873, to Miss Anna Rowc,
of Tiskilwa, III. They have two children, Myra and Winnie. Ik-
is a member of Garfield Lodge, No. 686, A.F. & A.M.
THE LIVERY BUSINESS.
ANDREW J. WRIGHT is the oldest liveryman in Chicago, hav-
ing been in active business for thirty years. In the latter part of
1854, he formed an equal partnership with L. W. Currier, their barn
being located on Michigan Street, opposite what was then the
North Market, the present site of the Criminal Court building.
The name of the firm was Wright \ Currier. In 1865, Mr. Cur-
rier's interest was purchased by S. F. Wright, and the firm became
Wright Brothers. In January, iS66. they moved to the premises
No. 250 Kinxie Street, a. building possessing an historic interest
from having been among the lirst burned in the great lire on the
Norlh Side (see History of the Fire, Vol. II.), after the flames had
crossed the river. After the lire, the Wright Brothers moved to
the West Side and built new stables, which they occupied until 1873,
when the partnership was dissolved, and A. J. Wright, the senior
partner, located at his present place of business, Nos. 1^-17 Quincy
Street. In June of the same year, the Grand Pacific Hotel was
d to the public, and Mr. Wright was given the exclusive con-
trol of the livery business in connection therewith. Mr. Wright
was born in Dunstable, Mass., on August 6, 1817, and is the son
of George and Fli/abeth (Taylor) Wright. He obtained his early
education at Dunstable and Tyngsboro', and between the ages of
twenty and twenty-two was a clerk in a general store. At the end
of his clerkship, having previously learned the trade of a black-
smith with his father, he established a shop of his own, and for
eight years worked at his trade. In 1847, he accepted a position
with the Northern New Hampshire Railway, and, for seven years
following, was a passenger conductor on that line. In 1854, he
came to Chicago, expecting to obtain employment with the Chicago
& Milwaukee (now the North Western) Railway, but finding that
that road was not to be opened until the next year, he sought
other employment. lie found that an acquaintance, L. W. Cur-
rier, formerly an eastern railway employe, had preceded him in his
journey westward and was then working in the service of the Gal-
ena Railway. He sought out Mr. Currier, and suggested the per-
chase of a liverv stable on the North Side, owned by Andrew Nelson.
Mr. Currier consented to become an equal partner, and together
they purchased the stable on Michigan Street, directly opposite
the Criminal Court building. Mr. Wright was married in July,
1842, to Miss Almira Wright, of Westford, Mass. They have three
children, — Charles A., George C. (who are now with their father),
and Harriet A. Mr. Wright lost heavily in the great fire, and the
calamity coming upon him late in life, nearly unmanned him, but
by redoubled efforts he has been enabled to retrieve at least a por-
tion of his losses, and has acquired a moderate competency. He
treasures a deeil of his father's homestead which was given in 1753.
OSCAR FIELD. — The negotiations entered into between this
gentleman and Fd. Price, in 1860, resulted in the purchase, by Mr.
Field, of the livery stable in the rear of the Briggs House, two years
later. From that time until 1871, his business met no reverses, but
in the great (ire he suffered the loss of his entire property. Im-
pelled by the spirit of enterprise, which has always characterized
Chicago business men, and during that calamity was especially
noticeable, he opened another stable in April, 1872, on Congress
Street. This he successfully carried on until 1874, when the lire
of that year again destroyed his accumulations and once more com-
pelled him to begin anew. He resumed business at Nos. 165-66
Michigan Avenue, and has been able, not only to pay all previous
indebtedness in full, but also to accumulate for himself a handsome
competency. Mr. Field was born at Seneca, Mich., on September
'7, !835, and is the son of Reuben G. and Abagail (Strong)
Field, his ancestors on both sides for five generations being residents
of Brattleborough, Yt., and vicinity. While an infant, his parents
moved to Troy, New York ; when he was scarcely a year old, his
mother died. He was then sent to Saratoga Springs and placed in
the care of a relative, and attended the public schools there. On
the death of his father, which occurred when he was twelve years
of age, he left New York, and, having a fondness for travel and
being placed under no restrictions, he journeyed westward. Ills
wanderings were perhaps guided only by boyish caprice, but when,
in the winter of 1847, he found himself sitting in a country tavern
a few miles west of Milwaukee, with but a three-cent piece in his
pocket, he realized that the great world was before him, and that
iiis own exertions must win him a place in it. Fortune favored
him, however, and making the acquaintance of a farmer who was a
guest at the same tavern, he found in him an old friend of his
father. The gentleman invited him to go to his farm, a distance of
thirty miles west of Milwaukee, and the offer was gladly accepted.
There he became a farm hand under the tuition of his father's
friend. He faithfully discharged the duties assigned him, rapidly
winning the confidence of his employer, and it was with mutual
regret that, in the fall of the following year, his relations with his
benefactor and his excellent wife were severed. A desire for travel
and adventure, however, had once more possessed him, and he
started for St. Louis. On reaching that city, he formed the
acquaintance of L. P. Sanger, General Singleton, and ex-Governor
Jones of Tennessee, who at that time had the contract for furnishing
horses and mules to the Government for the war with the Mormons,
and entered their employ. After the contract was filled, a portion
of the stock remained to be disposed of, and Mr. Field was sent bv
the contractors to Springfield, III., where there was a prospect for its
sale. Soon after accomplishing this journey, Mr. Field met John
Butterlield, who had taken the contract for carrying the I'nited
States mails, by the southern route, overland to the Pacific coast,
from Tipton, Mo., to San Francisco, Cal. The proposed route to
California lay through an unknown region, and as an employe of
Mr. Butterfield, Mr. Field was sent on the frontier to .establish the
relief -posts and station the required number of horses. This he
successfully accomplished, ami carried the first mail ever brought
through from the western coast over the southern route, ilis
service having been found of rare value, he was assigned to the
management of a division, whose terminal points were at Fl Paso
and Fort Chadbnrn. At the breaking out of the war, he was
transferred to one of the northern divisions, and given charge, as
line agent, of the route between Atchison, Kans., and Central City,
Colo., carrying the first mail into Walla Walla, Washington Ter-
ritory. In 1862, he located at Chicago permanently, since which
364
HISTORY* OF CHICAGO.
time has been a prominent resident of this city. Mr. Field was
married in 1865, to Mrs. Stokes, ,,f Chicago, tin- widow of Charles
Stokes. I le is a member of Ulair Lodge, No. 393, \.F. \ \.M.,
and Washington Chapter, No. ;-, k.A.M. Mr. Fii id owns a stock
farm of four hundred and .it I'lissman, Iml., on which
he keeps a large number of valuable horses.
F!;\M .\MiiMii:, a popular West Side liveryman, liec.nne a
partner with Mr. llolfinan in 1-7.', the linn name being Hoffman \
Amberg. This partnership existed until 1*71), when Hoffman
retired, luvinjj liren elected Sheriff of Cook Comity. Mr. Amber;.;
h.is couitnih ii tlu iinsinrss nutii the present lime, 1 le was born in
H.ivaria, Germany, on September I, lS;,S, ilie son of John and
Margaret (Deschl Ambcrg. During his boyhood lie attended the
common schools ot ( '.crmany, and, working with his father. m,»
the trade of a wagonmaker. In the latter part of 1857, he em-
barked for \mciica, arriving in Chicago in October of thai year.
He hrst obtained employment at his trade with Frank Unsh. who
owned a -hop at the corner of Washington and Franklin streeis.
In the following year, hcwasemp ,• Gates I'.ms., on Canal
Street, \\howere engaged in building Ircudit-cars for the (ialena
Railway. In isin, he enlisted in the 1st Illinois Cavalry, with an
independent company Called the I loffinan I Iragootis, under Captain
:mbeck, and went with the regiment lo liellaire. Ohio, thence
to Virginia, and subsei|tienlly parlicipated in the celebrated Salem
raid under (Jen. Averill, called in history the "fourteen days' raid."
Returning through Marvland, lie was engaged in the battles of
1 Mountain and Autietam. and. going back again through the
>lienaiidoah Yalici , fought under General Sigel and his successor in
aiand. lie was mustered out in Chicago, in March, 18(15, anil
tfter established a flour and feed store, the linn name being
lleiet'urtli \ \mberg. In iS6S, the partnership was dissolved, and
Mr. Amberg began a similar business on his own aecount at No.
•\4 \\est k.mdolph Street. He continued that business until enter-
ing into a paitnership with Mr. Hoffman, in 1872. He was mar-
ried in i,V>7, to Miss Anna Gerhardy, of Chicago; they have two
children, Annie and John. Mr. Amberg is prominent in Masonic
circles, being a member of l.essiug Lodge, No. 557, A.I''. iV A.M.;
Washington Chapter, No 4-,, k.A.M.; Chicago ( 'ommandcry No.
19, K.T. and Oriental Consistory, S I'.R.S., 32-'.
F.IIUIN D. MORSE became established in business, by buying
the interest of the Hcndrickson Ill-others in tlie livery stable at Nov.
West Madison Street, on May I, 1877. He is the youngest
and among the most successful liverymen in Chicago. Laboring
under the worst discouragements, he purchased a business which
commanded no good-will, owing to previous mismanagement, and
though scarcely eighteen years of age, he boldly made a commercial
venture, which lias brought him handsome returns for his labor.
Hv close attention to his interests, he has built tip a large patronage,
and, in 1884, he opened a branch stable at No. 609 \Vest Madison
Street io accommodate his increasing trade. At the beginning, he
owned but one horse, and now his stables contain nearly forty of
the finest livery horses on the West Side. He was the first livery-
man in Chicago to dress his drivers in uniform, and was the first
to introduce the glass-quartered coaches which have become so
popular. On a visit to Kurope in 1883, he saw, used in London
the Hansom cab, and become so impressed with its utility, that he
ordered a number shipped to him here. On his return, lie learned
that the cab was to be introduced by Mr. Pullman, and fearing too
a competition, he countermanded his order with the English
manufacturers. Later on, he ordered built by Hincks & Johnson, at
port. Conn., a number of coupe*- Hansoms, which were an
improvement on the cab, and when his designs reached the manu-
facturers they obtained a patent on the vehicle, for which they have
since been offered $6o.ooo. Mr. Morse was born at \Vaterloo, Seneca
Co., N. Y., on March 21, 1860, and is the son of Marcellus A. and
Jennie (Latimer) Morse. His father is now the president of the
Municipal ( las-Light Company of this city, and has been a resident
• lor some years, coming here for the purpose of drilling
artesian wells, and it was under his direction that ncarlv all the
artesian wells in this vicinity were constructed. Mr Morse re-
ceived his education at Waverly, N. Y., where his family had
removed soon after his birth. When thirteen years of age he left his
native State, and came lo Chicago, attending the Hayes School for
nearly four years. At the end of that time, he began the present
business which has proved so prosperous an enterprise. He has
shown remarkable tact in his business relations, and may be said
io be one of the most phenomenally successful liverymen in'Chicago.
THOMAS O'llkii \ is the manager of the livery and boarding
stable of Herbert M. Kinsley. He was born at Syracuse, N. Y.,
on January 3, 1849, and is the son of Bartholomew and Ann
(Dwyer) O'llrien. At the age of seven years, he removed with his
family to Dixon, III., and there become a pupil in the common
schools. When about fourteen years old. he was engaged in driving
a team in Dixon, and two years later went to Aurora, where for
four years he was employed in the same capacity by Jenks & Van
In 1870, he came to Chicago, and was with Oeorge Bar-
nett, caring for trotting horses. The following year, he went to
Minneapolis, Minn., anil for -one year worke.l in a livery stable in
that city. Returning to Chicago, he was in the employ of Frank
1'armelee four years, and for two years sncceding, was travelling in
the West. On his return to Chicago, he became the manager of
Mr. Kinsley's stables, which position he has held until the present
time. lie was married, in 1883, to Miss Klla Hogan, of Chicago.
1'i.sKi'M SAWYER became a partner with Louis Ihitton in the
livery business in 1865, the firm name being Dutton iY Sawyer.
They remained two \earsat Couch Place, occupying the stables
fitted up by the Dntton lirothers in 1858. In 1867, the partner-
ship of Dutton cV Sawyer was dissolved, the senior partner selling
his interest to M. M. llrown. The style of the firm then became
Sawyer .X: llrown, and the business was successfully continued
until ihe great lire terminated the copartnership. In January,
1872, Mr. Sawyer built the stables he still occupies at Nos. 9-11
Third Avenue. During the two years following, Mr. Trudell was
his partner, the firm being Sawyer tV Trndell. Since Mr. Trudell's
retirement, in 1874, Mr. Sawyer has continued the business alone.
He was born at Bradford, Orange Co., Vt., on April 24, 1829, and
is the son of John and Lydia (Dyke) Sawyer. He early became
a pupil at the common schools, and afterward attended the acad-
eme at his native place. At the age of nineteen, he left school
and began his career, but not, however, before he had been taught,
upon his father's farm, those habits of industry and frugality which
are indispensable lo success. lie first obtained employment with
the White Mountain Railway, then in course of construction.
During his two years' service with the company, he contracted a
severe illness, from which he did not recover until nearly two years
after. I'pon regaining his health, he was employed in a hotel, and
four years later came West, for one year travelling as advertising
agent for the New York Central & Hudson River Railway. In
iSd2, he went to Calesbnrg, 111., and for nearly four years was
proprietor of the Galesburg House. L'arly in the year 1865, he
came to Chicago, and soon became one of the firm of Dutton &
Sawyer. Mr. Sawyer was married, in 1865, to Miss Susan Sawyer,
ol Wells River, Yt. They have one son, — Frank K. Mr. Saw\ir
is a member of Galesburg Lodge, A.F. & A.M., and was also a
member of the Commandery of Knights Templar in that city.
ALEXANDER B. VAN! IKKVOOKI- became the manager of the
li\ery stables of William J. McGarigle, when thev were opened on
December 23,' 1883. His associations with the business, however,
date to some months previously, when he assisted a friend on the
West Side who was unable, on account of a serious accident, to
attend to his duties. Mr. YanDervoort was born in Somerset
County, N. J., where his father was a farmer. He attended the
common schools, afterward becoming a pupil at Mulder's Grammar
School, subsequently attending Rutger's College, from v hich insti-
tution he graduated in the class of 1874, receiving the title of I',. A.,
ami in due course the title of M.A. After leaving college, he be-
gan the study of law in the office of the eminent criminal lawyer,
Abraham Y. Schenck, at New Brunswick, N. ]. Three and one
half years later, lie was admitted to the New Jersey Stale liar and
was made master and examiner in chancery. lie immediately
entered upon the practice of the law at Jersey City, on December I,
1877, and, in February of the following year was appointed assist-
ant prosecuting attorney of Hudson County, which comprises Jer-
sey City and its environs. He held that position for nearly four
years, ably conducting many important criminal cases in the courts
of that county. At the end of that time, through failing health,
brought on by overwork he was obliged to resign his official posi-
tion and seek new strength by a change of scene and a relaxation
from the arduous toil attendant upon the duties of his office. Ac-
cordingly, he paid a visit to Chicago, in 1881, and, having a natural
love for riding and driving, has become sufficiently identified wilh
Chicago horsemen as to deserve mention in these pages. He holds
a responsible position at the present time, and enjoys the confidence
of his employer.
THE LUMBER TRADE.
Few interests in Chicago are of more vital import-
ance to the city's prosperity than the lumber trade.
From an insignificant beginning, in 1847,1116 trade has
attained almost phenomenal proportions. In 1856, the
receipts of lumber had reached 456,673,169 feet, which
were increased the following year to 459,639,198 feet.
It is only natural that lumbermen should recog-
nize an urgent necessity for some trade organization
which, operating under the authority of State law,
might be able to impose such regulations and re-
strictions upon the trade as were deemed necessary for
its successful prosecution. They first looked to the
Hoard of Trade, which, by its charter, was authorized
to regulate the inspection of lumber and other matters
pertaining to the general trade in forest products.
Many linns had representatives in the Board, among
them being Bates & Co.; Milliard, Howard iS; .Morton;
T. M. A very; Read A. Williams & Co.; Hannah, Lay
\- Co.; Fraser \- Gillette; Ferry & Sons; John M. Wil-
liams; Chapin, Marsh & Foss; Holbrooks, Elkins& Co.;
Jacob Beidler; 1'ierson \- Messer; R. K. Bickford; Ar-
temas Carter; Holt >V Mason; Throop, Larned & Co.;
Frost & Bradley, and George E. Scott (of the firm of
S. N. U'ilcox \- Co. . The Hoard of Trade intrusted
to such of its members as were lumbermen all matters
pertaining to the lumber business, and these gentlemen
held daily meetings in the afternoons, after the regular
business of the Hoard had been transacted. The in-
spection of lumber was the tnosc important matter that
came before them, and an inspection committee was
appointed, consisting of Kli Bates, George C. Morton,
T. M. Avery, Artemas Carter, R. H. Foss, R. K. Bick-
ford and Mr. Dickey (who represented the firm of
Ferry & Sons;. A sub-committee of this committee,
consisting of Artemas Carter and R. K. Bickford, was
appointed to draft rules for lumber inspection, which,
with modifications in minor points, are still in force.
The representative connection of Chicago lumber-
men with the Hoard of Trade continued about two
years. The trade had become so vast, that a separate
organization was demanded, and effected under a special
act of incorporation, its title being The Lumbermen's
Board of Trade of Chicago. The incorporators were
Robert H. Foss. Kli Bates, T. M. Avery, George C.
Morton and Read A. Williams. Robert H. Foss was
the first president, and Nathaniel A. Haven the first sec-
retary. The first exchange room was opened in the Lind
Block, at the corner of Market and Lake streets. There
daily meetings were held, business hours being from 10
a.m. to 2 p.m. The financial distress resulting from
the panic of 1857 caused a diminution of interest in
the organization, and it practically passed out of exist-
ence. It would, undoubtedly, have died from inanition,
had it not been for the commission men, who held an-
nual meetings, elected officers, and discussed the ad-
vantages of membership in the association. The yard
masters attended the meetings in full force, and, under
the leadership of Thaddeus Dean, secured control of the
organization and filled the offices with their own mem-
bers. The commission men were thus deprived of the
control of an organization which they had for eight
years kept alive. The triumph of the yard-owners,
however, ultimately proved a benefit to both classes of
dealers.
During the winter of 1868-69, the Legislature, on
application, passed articles of incorporation for the
Lumbermen's Exchange of Chicago. The outgrowth
of this organization was the harmonizing of all differ-
ences between the two classes of dealers. The Lum-
bermen's Exchange still exists, and exercises a widely
felt influence upon the vast trade and commerce of the
nation. The date of the passage of the act of incorpo-
ration was on March 31, 1869. The first step toward
organization under its provisions was taken on April
15, 1869, when a large meeting of lumber dealers was
held at No. 240 South Water Street. Artemas Carter
was made chairman, and W. L. Southworth secretary.
The first board of directors was composed of T.
M. Avery, George B. Roberts, William Blanchard, A.
C. Calkins. \V. D. Houghteling, R. K. Bickford, A. F.
Dwight, Win Dexter, R. E. Queal, H. H. Porter, John
Garrick and H. T. Porter. Rules for the government
of the Exchange were drafted by the directors, and sub-
mitted for approval to a meeting held on Wednesday,
April 21. The first officers of the board were: Presi-
dent,'!'. M. Avery; Vice-President, W. U. Houghteling;
Secretary, W. L. Southworth; Treasurer, A. G. Van
Schaick. Upon election, Mr. Avery said there was no
reason why the largest lumber trade in the world should
not be conducted in the same way as other large trade
interests were, and it would be his aim to have this
brought about. W. L. Southworth, the secretary, then
read the following rules and by-laws, which were sub-
mitted for the action of the members:
I'n-iimblc. — Having a desire to advance the commercial char-
acter and promote the general lumber interests of Chicago and the
Northwest; and wishing to inculcate just and equitable principles in
trade; establish and maintain uniformity in tJie comme rcialusages
in the city; acquire, preserve and disseminate valuable business
information; and with a view to avoid, as far as practicable, the
controversies and misunderstandings which are apt to arise between
individuals engaged in trade, when they have no acknowledged rules
to guide them, — we, the members of the Lumbermen's Exchange
of Chicago, by virtue of the power vested in us by the preceding
charter, do hereby agree to be governed by the following rules and
by-laws :
Rule i . — The name of this Association shall be the Lumber-
men's Exchange of Chicago.
Rule 2. — The affairs of the corporation shall be managed by a
board of thirteen directors, to be elected annually. The officers
shall consist of a president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer.
The president and vice-president shall be elected annually by, and
selected from, said board of directors, and the said board of di-
ivcturs ~\\;\\\ appoint the secretary and treasurer, and require of
each proper bonds and securities for the faithful performance of
their duties. There shall be chosen, each year, five members of the
association, who shall hold their offices for one year, and shall
constitute the committee of arbitration. And also five other mem-
bers of the association, who shall constitute the committee of
appeals. Elections shall be by ballot, and shall be held on the first
Monday in March of each year.
Kn I, -s ,' ,iii,l .f prescribed the duties of the president and vice-
president.
/vWi'j. — -The directors shall appoint a secretary, treasurer,
and such inspectors, measurers, and other officers as are thought
proper, and shall establish rules, fix fees, compensation, etc. They
shall hold a meeting once in each month. They shall cause
to be provided suitable Exchange rooms, for meetings of mem-
bers, which shall be kept open during the usual business hours,
and may provide dockage where cargoes may be exposed for sale,
366
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
and shall make .1 s|>ccial assessment <m all such cargoes thai m.u be
.in I 111' market, fur tlu- purpose ,il dclraving sllrll
expi • ,aminc inln charges i it
misconduct In business matters on the par) nf members, and may
suspend such members. If the party < -harmed shall be found guilty
of willfully neglecting to comply \\ilh the terms ol .my contract,
either written or verbal ; of making laNe or hctilious reports ol
sales or pun-liases ; of a violation of any of the rules of the associ-
ation, or any other art contrary to the spirit which should govern
all commercial transactions, —they shall report the same to the as-
ition either at the regular annual n al a meeting called
lor that purpose-, and the member shall lie expelled if so determined
majority of the members present. No member, howc\ci,
shall be suspended or expelled without having an opportunity of
being heard in his o\vn defense; and any member having been
expelled shall be ineligible to membership until the association see
pioper to remove his disability. All \otes on expulsion of mem-
shall be by ballot. It shall be the duty of the board of cli-
rectois to cause proper notice to be given to any member of his
suspension, expulsion or restoration under this rule, and to cause
the same to be publicly announced on 'change. It shall lie in the
power of the board of directors, from time to time, to establish a
standard of gi.ules lor lumber, lath, shingles, timber, posts, or an)
other article of traffic commonly dealt in by the members of this
association ; and the certificate of any inspector or measurer,
inled by said board of directors, as to the quality ant! quantity
Of the game, and shall be bind ing upon the members of this association,
or others interested, who shall obtain, require or assent to the
emploMiicnl ol such inspectors Of measurers; nothing herein con-
tained, however, shall compel the employment by any one of any
such appointee. 'The board may appoint special committees and
representative delegates, and may provide legal aid.
/\ii!i-< h >ru// -j prescribed the duties of the secretary and
treasurer.
Kali- S. — It shall be the duty of the committee of arbitration
to investigate and decide all disputes which shall come before it.
Its decisions may be appealed from, and carried to the committee
of appeals, whose decision shall be final. Three members of either
committee shall form a quorum, and, in case of absence, vacancies
may be Idled by the choice of contending parties. Members failing
to attend, unless for satisfactory reasons, shall be lined three dollars.
The fees for arbitration and appeals shall be as follows: For each
aw-ard under SI.IHKI, sin; for each award from Sjt ,o<>o upward, s_-o.
The secretary shall receive three dollars fee lor each case. The
annual assessment is considered due when made, and any p.
failing to pay such assessment within ten days thereafter shall for-
feit his membership. Kach hrm or business house, all the resident
members of which are members of the Lumbermen's Kxchange,
shall be entitled to one clerk's ticket of admission to the Kxchange
Room, such clerk to be an employe of the firm applving for the
ticket, and to be approved bv the board of directors, but no clerk
shall be entitled to transact any business on the floor of the IC.xchaligc
a, for himself, or for any other person than the employer to
whom the ticket is issued.
After the adoption of these rules, forty lumber deal-
ers became members of the Exchange.
At a meeting held on April 29, 1869, the directors
recommended the appointment of Russell K. Hiekford,
(ieorge K. Roberts, \Villiam Blanchard, A. F. Dwight,
and A. C. Calkins as an inspection committee, with
authority to appoint inspectors to be licensed by the
Lumbermen's Kxchange, and the entire matter of the
inspection ol lumber, including rules and rates, was
referred to this committee. The following committees
were then appointed:
.lr/'ilr,>li,m. — Addison Uallard, J. ( '. Maxwell, A. A. I'.igelow,
<i. <;. \Volcottand Malcolm McDonald.
. //i/d/A'. — Jacob lie-idler, Jesse Spalding, S. II. McCrea, |. C.
Brooks and T. M. A very.
During the first year of its existence, the Exchange
exerted comparatively little influence upon the trade.
\ change of officers ornirred in 187;;; \V. W. Calkins
being elected president and George E. Stockbridge sec-
retary. It is due to the first secretary, W. I,. South-
worth, to say that he gave five years of service without
any remuneration other than a small percentage on the
amount collected for dock rents.
Since 1X76. the Exchange has directed its efforts
mainly to the collection of statistics regarding the re-
- and shipments of lumber, as well as of the ruling
market rates and the licensing of lumber inspectors,
who are guided by rules formulated by the directory.
The publication of monthly statistical statements was
commenced by ( ieorge K. Stockbridge during his term of
office ai- secretary, and has since in en continued. On
Mr. Stockbridgc's resignation, in March. 1X79, A. H.
Hitchcock was elected his successor, and the latter was
succeeded by (ieorge \V Ilolchkiss, in 1881.
The following is a complete list of the officers of the
Lumbermen's Exchange, from its organization to the
present time:
/'inii/oi/s. — 'I'. M. A very, 1809; \V. 1 1. I loughteling, 1870-71;
A. C,. Van Schaick, 1872; William HIanchard, [873; A. C. Calk-
ins, 1874-75; Thaddeus Dean, 1^7(1; Malcolm McDonald, 1877;
Thaddclis Dean, 1878 79; A. A. Iligelow, 1880; A. <;. Van
Schaick, isSi ; A. A. Carpenter, iSS-j; J. 1'. Ketcham, 1883-84;
T. II. Swan, i -
ri<t'-l'ivsi(/,->its. — \V. I). Iloujjhteling, 1869 71; William
lilanchard, 1872; W. I>. Phillips, 1873-74; S. A. Irish, 1*7;; A.
A. Carpenter, 1*70; S. A. Irish, 1877; John McLaren, 187- -(>:
C. C. Thompson, iSSo; S. K. Martin, iSSi; \\ . 1C. Kelley, 1882-84;
I'erlcv Lowe, 1885.
Secretaries. — \V. L. Southworth, 1869-75; (ieorge 1C. Mock-
bridge, 1875-79; A. II. Hitchcock, 1879-80; C. W. Ilotchkiss,
1881-85.
treasurers. — A.(i. Van Schaick, 1869-74; J. J. llorland, 1874,
A. G. Van Schaick, 1874-81; |ohn McLaren, 1881-82; A. <i Van
Schaick, 1882-85.
In 1859, the Lumber Manufacturers' Association
was formed. For a time it exerted a peculiar influence
on the market. An tinder estimate of the prospective
receipts of 1859, issued by the Association, resulted in a
temporarily firmer market. In April, prices advanced
$r a thousand, sales being made at from $7 to ,$9. This
advance stimulated manufacture for this market, and,
from all points along the western shore of Lake Michi-
gan, nearly everything in the shape of a log was shipped
to Chicago; the receipts of the year exceeded the
Association's estimate by more than one hundred mill-
ion feet and a fluctuation of prices was the result. An
exception may be noted as regards first, second and
third clears, which sold at considerably higher prices,
the quotations in March of that year (immediately after
the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal) being
Si |, Sic,, and §24 respectively, and, in June following,
several lots were sold to St. Louis customers at ,Xio.
$23 and §28. Hut, later in the season, prices ruled
materially lower. Over-production was in part respons-
ible for this, though other causes were also at work,
among them the indebtedness of the farmers, which was
unusually heavy.
One of the remarkable features of the lumber trade
in 1860, was the shipment of clear lumber from Chicago
to Albany, N. V., and to several points in New Eng-
land, and the establishment of a substantial trade with
< 'mcinnati, Indianapolis and other points in Indiana and
Ohio. In 1864, the receipts of lumber from Western
Canada were unusually large, owing to the high prices
ruling in the Chicago market, notwithstanding the high
rates of exchange. The high prices of that season may
be attributed directly to a scarcity of lumber, caused by
low water in the Mississippi and its tributaries, pre-
venting the cutting of lumber on the upper streams.
The season being a prosperous one for agriculturists
led to the erection of larger and better farm buildings
throughout the country— and especially the Northwest—
thus stimulating the demand for forest products The
low water, however, also prevailed in the Illinois River,
throwing transportation upon the railroads, whose facili-
ties were already taxed to the utmost by the forwardino-
oi troops and supplies. With high water in 1864 the
receipts of lumber in this market increased ninetv
THE LUMBER TRADE.
367
8
c
H
K
HISTORY OF CHICAC.O.
million feet; whilr the increase for 1865, over th
•I. amounted to more than OIK- hundred and forty-
live million feet. The notieeal)le feature "I" the trade
of 1X70, was the shipment of lumber from this market
to the interior of Wisconsin, and ils sale there at lower
prices than those at which it could be procured from
the forests of the State. The average price of first
clears during that year was $,55 a thousand.
Careful estimates, made by competent authorities, li\
the total consumption of lumber throughout the I'liited
6S at ten billion feet, one-tenth of which was re-
ceived and handled in the Chicago market.
In iS6S, a movement was started to transfer the
lumber business to what has since been known as the
New Lumber District. A series of canals was excavated
by the South Branch Dock Company, extending from
the river to Twenty-second Street, affording a dock
front of twelve thousand live hundred feet, which, to-
gether with the river front adjoining, makes a total dock
front of nearly three miles. These canals are one hun-
dred feet wide, and were, at first, eleven or tweKe feel
deep ; since then, they have in-cn dredged to the depth
of from twelve to fourteen feet. The lots owned by
the South Branch Dock Company were one hundred by
two hundred and forty-four feet in si/.e, each having a
dock and street front, and being furnished with a switch
track connecting with the Chieago, Burlington &Quincy
Railroad, thus placing them in direct communication
with the entire railway system of the Northwest. These
lots were rented to lumber dealers at ten dollars a foot
per annum. In 1868, the lumber trade of Chicago
lied the enormous proportion of nine hundred and
ninety -four million feet, and this immense trade moved
southward to the new district as rapidly as it could find
accommodations. In the spring of 1869, about forty
lumber firms were doing business there, besides eight
first-class planing mills. Colonel R. \'>. Mason was
then president 1. 1' the South Branch Dock Company, and
under his direction the company completed a new canal
in the spring of 1X69, the demand for dock-room keep-
ing pace with the company's ability to furnish it.
Among the first lumber firms to move to the new
district were l.tidington. Wells & Van Schaick. who
located on the west side of Joy's canal; T. W. Harvey,
who located on the east side of Mason's canal; the
Menomiuee River Lumber Company, also on the east
side of Mason's canal; the H. Witbeck Lumber Company
and the South Branch Lumber Company, on the west
side of Mason's canal. Others moved to this location,
until soon a considerable portion of the lumber trade-
was transferred thereto.
The increase in the amount of lumber handled in
the Chicago yards became so great that a still further
extension of facilities was imperative, and, in i.S8i,
another district was added upon the South Branch of
the river, extending from Thirty-fifth Street to the city
limits at the Stock-Yards. To this territory, during
1881 Sj, were removed the yards of the I!. )",. Ander-
son Company. Bigvlow Bros., the Chicago Lumber
Company, Flmn \- 1'hrich, Adams, Lord iV Co., S. R.
Howell & Co., and Cranclall, Schult/, \- Co. Here, in
1884, occurred the first extensive conflagration origin-
ating in a Chicago lumber yard. This lire commenced
in the yard of the Chicago Lumber Company, being
ignited by a spark from a passing locomotive. It was
not checked until twenty million feet of lumber and one
hundred million shingles, aggregating in value about
§400,000, had been consumed.
The extent of the trade demanding still greater
facilities, in 1884, the firms of Thaddcns Dean \V Co.,
lames Charnley Lumber Company, and I ). !•'. Cross iv
Co., removed from the Twenty-second Street district to
South Chicago, where several linns had already pre-
ceded them, and whither they were followed, in 1884-85,
by the Commercial Mill iv Lumber Company, L. Sands
&: Co., Thomas Stimson and Josiah S. Leonard. With
the growth of the city toward the north, various yards
were soon established on the North Branch in various
localities, their business being at first largely confined
to the supply of a retail demand from this section of
the city.
The use of hardwood lumber gradually increased
with the establishment of manufacturing interests, par-
ticularly that of furniture, and in 1885, the number of
yards of this character increased to thirty, handling an
average of about three hundred million feet of hard-
wood lumber annually, and carrying stocks averaging
about forty- live million feet, embracing all varieties of
native timber with a liberal supply of foreign woods.
The volume of trade in this department comprises, at
the present time 1886 .about one sixth of the sum total
of the lumber trade of the city, its supplies being drawn
from nearly everyone of the Western, Northwestern and
Southern States.
Reference has been made above to the Lumber
Manufacturers' Association. That organization had
but an ephemeral existence. When its ability to m-
tluence market rates had ceased, it died. In 188,;, was
formed the organization known as the Lumber Manu-
facturers' Association of the Northwest, embracing in
its membership representatives from the leading manu-
facturing interests of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne-
sota, with headquarters at Chicago. The association
holds semi-annual meetings and collects and publishes a
large amount of statistical information.
The lumber yards of Chicago, in 1885, if consol-
dated in one, and the lumber piled in a solid body,
twenty feet in height, would probably occupy a space
fully one mile square; but spread as the business is,
through various sections of the city, it occupies a dock
and stock frontage of probably twenty miles. In the
transportation by lake, not far from five hundred steam-
ers and sailing craft are employed, landing eight thou-
sand cargoes a year. In addition, not less than thirty
thousand railroad cars, averaging ten thousand feet a
car, are employed in supplying the yards.
In the sale and shipment of lumber ;the majority of
which is shipped to the West and South , about two liun-
dred thousand cars are yearly demanded. The number
of dealers in pine lumber in' the city, in 1885. was one
hundred and 'twenty: of dealers in hardwood, fifty
while the number of commission men was one hundred
and live. The aggregate capital invested in the busi-
ness Was about $18,000,000, and the total value of the
forest products received was about $50,000,000.
The following tables give a concise resume of the
business transacted;
THE LUMBER TRADE.
369
SHIPMENTS AND RECEIPTS OF LUMBER AND SHINGLES, FROM
1872 TO 1885, INCLUSIVE.
RECKli'TS.
SHU'MENTS.
Year.
Lumber.
Shingles.
Lumber.
Shingles.
1872 ..
,183,659,280
610,824,420
417,827,375
436,827,000
1873 --
,123,368,671
5I7,923,°00
561,544,379
407,505,000
1874 ._
.060.688,700
619,278,630
580,673,674
370,196,000
1875 ..
,157,194,432
635,708,000
628,485,014
299,426,000
1876 ..
.039.755,265
566,978,000
566,124.287
214,389,750
1877 ..
,965,405,362
546,442,000
586,780,825
170,214,500
1878 ..
,179,984,710
692,544,750
626,^80,899
123,233,807
1879 ..
,467,720,091
670,956,000
745,381,837
146,919,750
iSSo ..
,564.538,118
650,922,500
1,517,979,504*
652,259,500*
1881 ..
,906,639,000
866,075,000
1,844,062,831
793,890,506
1882 ..
2,116,341,000
954,549,000
1,974,543,655
909,758,144
1883 ..
1,897,815,000
1,185,108,000
1,906,592,356
1,028,974,854
1884 ..
1,821,317,000
919,706,000
940,147,000
1,007,458,385
1885 ..
I.731, 676,000
1,296,591,000
806,492,000
660,000,000
*This remarkable increase is due to the fact that, previous to 1880, the
figures only exhibit shipments by rail, while after that date they represent the
entire distribution and include the city trade.
It is interesting, in this connection, to trace the con-
dition of the cargo market at three several periods of
the season, and compare prices with those prevailing at
the same date for the year preceding. With this end in
view, data have been selected and presented at about the
opening, the middle and the close of the season, with
the following result :
Year.
Month.
Joist and
scantling.
Common board
and strips.
Shingles.
Laths.
1874..
May
$ 9 25
$10 50
$2 87
$2 12
Aug.
8 25
10 50
2 80
I 75
Dec.
9 oo
10 OO
2 60
75
I875--
May
8 50
9 75
2 50
50
__
Aug.
8 25
9 50
2 40
5°
Dec.
8 50
II OO
2 5O
60
l876_.
May
8 oo
II OO
2 25
25
Aug.
7 5°
IO OO
2 OO
15
Dec.
7 oo
9 oo
2 12
15
I877--
May
7 oo
9 oo
2 10
25
Aug.
7 25
9 oo
2 IO
25
_
Dec.
7 37'A
9 50
2 35
75
1878 ..
May
8 37^
10 \zyz
2 75
37'A
Aug.
7 75
9 25
i 95
25
Dec.
7 oo
9 oo
2 OO
35
IS79--
May
6 75
8 50
I 55
20
Aug.
6 37'A
8 oo
I 55
12
_
Dec.
9 oo
II OO
2 35
75
1880 -.
May
8 50
II OO
2 12^
87^
_
Aug.
9 oo
12 OO
2 05
75
._
Dec.
8 62
II 50
2 3°
75
I88i._
May
II 50
12 25
2 55
75
Aug.
12 50
12 75
2 75
80
Dec.
14 75
14 75
2 90
9°
1882..
May
ii 25
15 te'/z
2 85
2 40
Aug.
II 3TA
17 50
2 90
2 25
. _
Dec.
II I2>4
16 sr/2
2 82
2 25
i883 ..
May
9 %1'A
12 OO
2 62>^
2 15
Aug.
9 25
ii 25
2 57
60
Dec.
9 75
ii 50
2 40
70
1884..
May
9 iiy2
14 50
2 25
65
Aug.
8 3TA
13 50
I 83
32
__
Dec.
8 50
13 50
2 32
50
1885..
May
8 25
ii 50
2 20
50
Aug.
8 75
ii 75
2 30
50
--
Dec.
9 50
14 50
2 25
40
GEORGE R. ROBERTS was one of the early lumber dealers in
Chicago, having come here from Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1846.
He established a lumber yard, in 1847, on the river, between Madi-
son and Randolph streets, continuing at that point until burned out
by the incendiary fires of that year. In 1847, he sold out to Devillo
R. Holt. He then sold lumber manufactured by his father and
brother, at Grand Rapids, Mich. Then he and T. S. Parker formed
a co-partnership, which was terminated in 1862. Mr. Roberts buy-
ing the interest of Mr. Parker, In 1863, Mr, Roberts formed a
24
co-partnership with William H. Waite, who was at the time secre-
tary of the Western Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which was
then doing a banking business. This co-partnership ceased in
March, 1866, J. W. Calkins and M. B. Hull buying out Mr. Waite.
The firm name was then Roberts, Calkins & Hull, until the fall of
1868, when Mr. Calkins retired and Roberts & Hull continued the
business until the death of Mr. Roberts in June, 1875. Mr. Hull then,
for three years, by direction of Mr. Roberts's will, continued the
business and closed up the estate. The lumber of this firm was
manufactured at Muskegon, Mich., and their yard, in 1861, was at
the corner of Wells and Harrison streets. From 1861 to 1868, it
was on Clark Street, near the crossing of the Chicago, Burlington &
Quincy Railroad. In the latter year the yard business was sold out,
and the firm confined themselves strictly to the manufacture of
lumber, selling only by the cargo, after that time, until 1878, when
Mr. Roberts's interest in the business was sold to A. Ii. Watson, of
Grand Rapids, who thus became a partner of Mr. Hull, the firm
becoming then M. 15. Hull & Co., under which name they contin-
ued until January, 1880, when they sold their entire interests in
Michigan to Blodgett & Byrne.
M. 15. HULL was born in Berlin, Rensselaer Co., N. V., in
1832, the son of Benjamin I., and Maria (Jones) Hull. He spent
his early life, up to the age of seventeen, on a farm, and then taught
school. In 1853, he commenced his business life as bookkeeper
for James H. Jones, lumber dealer in Allegany County, N. V.,
continuing in that position three years. He then went to Dubuque,
Iowa, and, from 1856 to 1859, clerked in a wholesale dry goods
house. In September, 1859, he came to Chicago, and travelled
through the Northwest, collecting doubtful claims for Eastern
wholesale houses. In 1861, he accepted a clerkship in the firm of
George R. Roberts & Co., lumber dealers, and, in 1866, became a
member of the firm. Mr. Hull married Eudora E. Denison,
daughter of Jonathan Denison, of Rensselaer County, N. Y. They
have two children, — Morton D. and Maude E. (twins).
J. BEIDLKR & BRO. LUMBER' COMPANY. — Jacob Beidler, the
originator of this firm, commenced dealing in lumber in 1847. His
yard was then located on West Water Street, between Lake and
Randolph streets. In 1853, it was moved to the corner of Canal
and Madison streets, where it remained until 1855. In 1854, A. F.
Hathaway was admitted to partnership, and the name of the firm be-
came the J. Beidler & Bro. Lumber Co. Subsequently, Aaron and
Henry Beidler were admitted to the firm. In January, 1856, Aaron
Beidler and A. ¥. Hathaway retired, and their places were taken by
M. J. Brown and Robert P. Easton. In 1860, by the retirement of
these two, the firm became J. Beidler & Bro., so remaining until
1 8.7 1, when it became an incorporated company with Jacob Beidler,
president; A. F. Beidler, secretary; and M. F. Rittenhouse, treas-
urer. In 1882, Henry Beidler retired from the firm, and, in 1883,
Mr. Rittenhouse also retired; then W. H. Beidler became treasurer
in place of Mr. Rittenhouse, the president and secretary remaining
the same. After having located successively at Canal and Jackson
streets and Beach and Taylor, they moved, in 1863, to Loomis and
Twenty-second streets. In 1883, the original yard was moved to
their present location. In 1869, a new yard was opened at Throop
and Twenty-second streets. The mills of this company are located
at Muskegon, Mich., where they employ upward of one hundred
men. They commenced the manufacture of lumber in 1854. In 1870,
they made about 18,000,000 feet of lumber, and in 1881 sold about
30,000,000 feet of lumber, 15,000,000 shingles and 10,000,000 lath.
SOUTH BRANCH LUMBER COMPANY. — This company was in-
corporated in 1873, under the laws of Illinois. The officers at first
chosen have retained their positions ever since, and are Jacob Beid-
ler, president; B. F. Furguson, treasurer; and Francis Beidler, sec-
retary. For two years after the incorporation, they were at Loomis
and Twenty-second streets. They handle about fifty million feet
of lumber and twenty-five million shingles each year.
Jacob Beidler was born in Bucks County, Penn. , in 1815. His
parents were Jacob and Susan (Krout) Beidler. Jacob spent his
early life upon a farm. He then learned cabinet-making, at which
he worked until he was twenty-one years of age, after which he
worked at carpentering. In the spring of 1842, he moved to Spring-
field, 111., and worked the first year at the carpenter trade. He
then established himself in the grocery business with Daniel Barnes,
under the firm name of Beidler & Barnes, and remained therein one
year. Mr. Beidler, in the spring of 1844, sold his interest to his
brother, Henry Beidler, and returned to Bucks County, Penn.
There he married Mary Ann Funk, and returned to Springfield in
May, 1844; in August, coming to Chicago. Here he worked at the
carpenter trade for Van Osdel Bros. & Thorp until the fall of 1845,
when he started a shop with James McGee, as the firm of Beidler
& McGee. In the winter of 1846, Mr. Beidler purchased the in-
terest of Mr. McGee. In 1847, he started a lumber yard, between
Randolph and Lake streets, at the same time continuing his car-
penter shop up to 1850, when he sold out to James Lyon. In 1854,
he closed out his lumber yard and founded the J. Beidler & Bro.
Lumber Company. Mr. Beidler has six children living, — Augustus
37°
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
F., William II., Francis, Kmma, David, and George, and one de-
ceased, John, who was drowned in Lake Michigan.
McMi i I.I.N ,v Oi TII Kk.— This linn was instituted in 1849, by
Alexander Officer.
Alc\aiidcr Officer was born in New Cumberland, I'enn., in
1817, the sun of Alexander and Sarah (Shock) Olticer. He learned
the tanner's trade from his father, and continued in his employ until
the spring of 1*45, when he came West. I le then located at .Mount
Carroll. Carroll Co., 111., where he remained until the spring of 1848.
In that year he came to Chicago, and became bookkeeper for Syl-
vc-ter I.ind, remaining with him until 1849, when he established
himself in the lumber business, on Market Street, between Randolph
and Washington streets. In t^4<), lames McMullcn, Jr., entered
his employment as clerk, and thus commenced the business relation
which resulted in the formation of the firm. In 1861, Mr. Officer
retired from the lumber business, and a new lirm was organized,
under the style of McMullcn, Funk iV Co., the members being
James Mi-Mullen, Jr., John F. Funk and Jacob Beidler; this lirm
operated one yard at No. K> North (.'anal Street and another at the
corner of Lake and Jefferson streets. In 1866, Mr. Officer pur-
chased the interests of Mr. Funk and Mr. lieidler, and the firm
name became Mc.Mullen & Officer. The firm occupied the two
yards until iS(«), when they removed to the southwest corner of
Throop and Lumber streets', and in 1876 removed to the corner of
Main and ( 'ologne streets. Mr. < Jtiiccr was married to the adopted
daughter of Dr. Dickinson, of 1'eoria, 111., in 1850. Hiswifedied
in iSfjo, leaving two children, — Walter and Kate. Kate is now the
wife of R. A. Kcycs, of the firm of Franklin MacVeagh & Co. In
1863, Mr. Otticer was married, in Philadelphia, to his present wife,
the daughter of Samuel Ilempel of that city.
James McMullcn was born in Ireland. When he was five
years old, his father emigrated from that country to St. Lawrence
County, X. V., where James remained until 1843. He then came
to this city and found employment with John Kinxie, and afterward
with Granger \ Van Osdel, who had a foundry on North Water
Stii-et. between Wells and LaSalle streets. In 1846, he went to
work for H. W. Thomas, a lumber dealer, and in 1849 entered the
employment of Alexander Officer. Since April 15, 1846, Mr.
Me Mullen has been engaged in the lumber trade, and is therefore
probably the oldest continuous lumber dealer in the city. He mar-
ried Margaret Curran, daughter of Philip Curran, of Ireland.
She died in 1855, leaving one child, Elizabeth, now wife of Eugene
Keogh, of Chicago. He was married a second time to Mary A.
Young, of Canada; they have six children living, — John H., Walter
J., William T., Agnes E., Alice M., and Mary A.
GF.ORUK C. MORTON, one of the old lumbermen of this city,
was born on October 25, 1819, in Genesee County, N. Y., the son
of Eleazer and Joanna (Cotton) Morton. He received his early edu-
cation at his native place, and there did some boy's work upon his
in 1864. In 1847, Mr. Morton commenced his business life at Mil-
waukee, Wis., going into the lumber trade, and there remained two
years, when he came to this city. Here, he became a member of the
firm of Morton, Gilbert & Co., the partners being Thomas I), and
F. H. Gilbert, of Grand Haven, Mich., and the lumber yard being
situated on the West Side, between Monroe and Adams streets.
He there remained in same business association until 1855, when he
formed a partnership with Laurin P. Hilliard, under the firm name
of Hilliard & Morton, their yard being on the corner of Market
and Adams streets, where the Farwell Block now stands. In 1861,
on account of ill-health, Mr. Morton sold out his lumber interest,
but remained more or less connected therewith, until 1866, when he
again resumed active operations, and continued them until 1869,
when he permanently retired from the lumber trade. Since that
time Mr. Morton has been engaged in real-estate interests and in
the settlement of various estates, at the present time being interested
in the real-estate business, principally in the matters pertaining to
the management of his own property. During all these years the
name of George C. Morton has been a synonym for business integ-
rity and personal rectitude, and he has been deservedly honored by
his associates and friends therefor. He was president of the Lum-
bermen's Association about 1866, and vice-president of the Board of
Trade in 1856. He was married on September 9, 1851 to Miss
Charity J. Rathbun, of Grand Rapids, Mich. They have four
children,— Anna, Cornelia, Albert H. and Eugene C. Mr Morton
and family are members of St. Paul's Universalist Church, of which
congregation he has been an officer for about five years and a con-
stant attendant for thirty years.
. _ ( -'*-"««* in. T IK, i , j»i **;>:>. y \.ni
Augusl 17. 1813, the son of James and Sarah Carter. His educa-
tion was obtained at the district school contiguous to his native
place. At the age of fourteen he went to work in a store at Leo-
minster, remaining one year, and was then employed three years in a
dry goods store at Salem, Mass. He then moved to Boston and
entered a dry goods store, and after some time began business for
himself, as the head of the firm of Carter Ov Nye, the lirm afterward
becoming Carter tV Stanlield. In 1848, he left Boston and went to
Saugatuck, Mich., at the mouth of the Kalama7.oo River, where he
erected a saw-mill and was engaged as a manufacturer of lumber
two years. I le then came to Chicago and opened a lumber yard
on Peyton Street, near Kinzie, which he operated until 1860, when
he became a commission dealer, and continued thus during the re-
mainder of his business career. While in the lumber trade his sales
were very large, amounting some years to 25,000,000 feet of lum-
ber and 200,000 shingles. Mr. Carter died on May 10, 1877, of
apoplexy, at Winnetka, 111. He was a man highly honored by all
his acquaintances. In 1857, he was elected alderman for the Fifth
Ward, and, in 1871, he was chosen State senator on the " fire-proof
ticket," at the same time that Joseph Medill was elected mayor of
Chicago. Mr. Carter was a member of Unity Church, at which his"
funeral services occurred on Monday, May 15, 1877.
HANNAH, LAV & Co. — This company was started in 1850 by
Perry Hannah, Albert Tracy Lay, and James Morgan, their lum-
ber yard being originally located at the corner of Canal and Jack-
son streets. Mr. Hannah had been previously employed for three
years as a clerk by Jacob Beidler & Co., and Mr. Lay had but re-
cently come to Chicago. In 1852, William Morgan was admit-
ted to partnership, but the firm name remained the same. Hannah,
Lay \ Co. advertised themselves as wholesale and retail dealers in
lumber, lath, shingles, timber and cedar posts. In 1860, their
lumber yard was transferred to its present location, and the com-
pany is still composed of the four gentlemen last named above.
Their mills are located at Traverse City and Long Lake, Mich.,
having an aggregate capacity of twenty-five million feet per an-
num. They also have a planing-mill at Traverse City, capable of
dressing fifteen million feet a year. They own a large number of
acres of choice pine and hardwood timber land, and their yard has
a frontage of 1,000 feet. They employ nearly five hundred men,
and own the steamers " City of Traverse," " T. S. Faxton," and
" City of Grand Rapids, "styled The Chicago, Grand Traverse &
Mackinaw Line. Perry Hannah is a resident of Michigan.
J. K. RrssKLI. & Co. — The business of this firm dates back to
1850, the members then being Reuben Cleveland and J. K. Russell,
when it was located at the southwest corner of Fulton and Jeffer-
son streets, where the firm employed about seventy-five hands.
Their mill was burned in April, 1852, then re-built on the north side
of Fulton Street. It wasagain destroyed by fire in November, 1856,
but was immediately re-built, and was burned again on June 6, 1860,
and re-built the same summer. It was destroyed by fire in Decem-
ber, 1868, by which misfortune the loss was about $45,000, but
was re-built and considerably enlarged. After being in running
order, it did for some time the largest business of any mill in the
city, with one exception. In November, 1869, this building was
totally destroyed by fire, the loss being $125,000, with no insurance,
either at this time or the time preceding. The business was then
transferred to thewarehouse, which was used for factory purposes until
the building now used was completed, early in 1877. It is occupied
by five different firms, one of them being J. K. Russell & Co., who
are engaged in the planing-mill business and in the manufacture of
sash, doors and blinds. In the factory about seventy-five hands are
employed, and in the planing-mill about twenty, while in the en-
tire building, which contains, besides the planing-mill and factory,
several furniture manufacturing firms. About three hundred men
are employed.
/. K. Russell-was born in 1825, in Upper Bay Quinte, Canada,
the son of Timothy David and Eliza (Tate) Russell. His father
moved to Sycamore, 111., in 1853, and died there in 1883; his
mother is still living at Sycamore. Mr. Russell was brought up on
a farm. In 1849, ne came to Chicago, and at once engaged in
building docks and warehouses with Reuben Cleveland, the firm
being Cleveland & Russell. In 1857, he commenced the work of
contracting and building the freight station and grain house at the
terminus of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, and
along the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad, up to its completion to
Rock Island. In 1856, he became a member of the County Board,
serving one year. He has been a member of the Masonic Order
since 1854, and was one of the charter members of Cleveland
Lodge, No. 211, A.F. & A.M., and is also a member of the Royal
Arch Masons and of the Royal and Select Masters. Mr. Russell
was married, in 1856, to Miss Mary J. Randall, of Waukesha, Wis.
She is a daughter of lion. Phineas Randall, and sister of Alexander
\\ . Randall, postmaster-general under President Johnson. Mr. and
Mrs. Russell have three children,— Edwin T., Mary Gertrude and
John K.
A',-II/VII Cleveland, the former partner of Mr. Rnsscll, was born
in Montreal, Canada, in 1814. He was of English ancestry, and
THE LUMBER TRADE.
37i
a relative of Grover Cleveland, president of the United States.
His father was a ship-builder, and he, at an early age, became a
contractor and builder. At the age of eighteen he was married to
Miss Julia Slosson, in Clinton County, N. Y. After his marriage,
he returned to Montreal, remaining there for a number of years en-
gaged as a contractor and builder. In 1848, he came to Chicago,
where he followed his trade, and also became associated with J. K.
Russell in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds, continuing
in this business until 1859. About this time he was appointed, by
Mayor John C. Haines as commissioner of public works. At the
breaking out of the Rebellion, he became captain of Co. " F," 8th
Illinois Cavalry, a company which had been organized by Governor
Beveridge. After serving about eighteen months, he was obliged to
resign his commission on account of ill-health. At the close of the
War, he was appointed tobacco inspector in the Internal Revenue
Department. At the end of one year, he was appointed, by Mayor
Medill, as police commissioner, and after four years' service in that
capacity, he was again appointed tobacco inspector. His wife died
in 1874, and he afterward married Mrs. E. B. McClintock, who
survives him. Mis children living are Mrs. Amelia Waterman,
Mrs. Esther Buckley, S. E. Cleveland and T. D. Cleveland. Mr.
Cleveland became a member of the Masonic order in 1854, and at a
later date he founded Cleveland Lodge, No. 211. He was also a
member of Washington Chapter, No. 43, R.A.M.: Apollo Com-
mandery, No. I, K.T.; Oriental Consistory, S.P.R.S., 32° ; and
also a Knight of the Red Cross of Rome and Constantine. He
was a member of Post No. 28, G.A.R., and of the Veteran Union
League Club. His death occurred on July 9, 1884.
THE S. N. WILCOX LUMHER COMPANY was organized and
incorporated in 1873, at White Cloud, Mich., under the laws of
that State, with $100,000 capital. The officers at the time of incor-
poration were S. N. Wilcox, president ; George G. Wilcox, vice-
president ; F. S. Newell, secretary; and Frederick K. Ramsey,
treasurer. The objects of the organization were to manufacture
lumber, to hold pine lands, and to deal in general merchandise. In
Michigan they own a saw-mill, planing-mill, lumber yards, a store,
offices, etc. The mill was moved, in January, 1881, to Whitehall,
near the mouth of the White River, in order to afford the advan-
tages of shipment by water as well as by rail. At this time George
G. Wilcox was elected general manager of the company. Upon
the death of S. N. Wilcox, George W. Smith was elected president.
The business of this company has been very prosperous, as is shown
by the existence of a surplus of $250,000. It consists in the man-
ufacture and the handling of pine lumber and shingles by whole-
sale; and the company, although it has cleared many thousand
acres of pine timber, yet has sufficient to last for a number of
years to come.
Sextus Newell Wilcox was born on February n, 1826, at En-
field, N.Y., the son of Erastus Wilcox, who settled in Chicago in 1839.
He became a farmer's boy for about a year, but not finding farm
life congenial to his tastes he returned to Chicago, and learned the
tinner's trade, commencing with Botsford & Beers, and afterward
was in the employ of William Blair, becoming a journeyman tin-
ner while in his employ. He followed this trade about eight years,
and then embarked in the shingle business on his own account,
then into the lumber business. From about 1850 till 1854, he was
one of the firm of T. Newell & Co., lumber dealers, Chicago In
the spring of 1854, he organized the firm of Wilcox & Lyon, and
soon after Wilcox, Lyon & Co. The panic of 1857 proving disas-
trous, Wilcox, Lyon & Co. were compelled to make an assignment,
and a dissolution of the firm followed. Soon afterward, S. N.
Wilcox took up the assignment and continued the lumber business
alone. In 1864, he built one of the largest steam saw-mills on Mus-
kegon Lake, which he owned until 1867. In 1873, he became the
founder of White Cloud, a village of Newaygo County, Mich.,
where he built a large steam saw-mill and water planing-mill.
About this time he incorporated the S. N. Wilcox Lumber Com-
pany. From the first, he felt the greatest faith in the future of
pine timber lands, and located such land as rapidly as his means
would permit, and so laid the foundation for an estate worth
nearly a million dollars at the time of his death. He was married
in September, 1855, t° Miss Arabella G. Ewer, of Kenosha, Wis.,
by whom he had three children, one only of whom is living, Charles
S. Wilcox. He was married the second time to Miss Sarah Ann
Adams, daughter of Rev. Mr. Adams. They had five children,
two of whom are living, — Walter D. and Anna Adelaide. He was
a member of Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church and the Illinois
Club. He was for some time a commissioner and president of the
West Chicago Park Board. In 1881, in company with several others,
he visited the north shore of Lake Superior, on an excursion for
business and pleasure, and was accidentally drowned at the mouth
of the Manitou River, on June 17, 1881.
George G. IVilcox, vice-president and manager of the S. N.
Wilcox Lumber Company, was born in April, 1848, in Chicago.
His education was received at the city public schools. At the age
of thirteen he entered the large dry goods house of J. D. Shay &
Co., at a salary of $2 a week. Subsequently he spent three years
in the East, in connection with the Atlantic & Great Western Rail-
way, and, in 1873, entered the employ of S. N. Wilcox. Remain-
ing thus engaged until the death of his brother, in June, 1881, he
then devoted his time more particularly to the interests of the S. N.
Wilcox Lumber Company, and soon assumed its general manage-
ment. This position he still retains, and is also administrator and
trustee of his brother's estate. He is likewise largely interested in pine
lands, both in Michigan and Wisconsin. He is a member of Evans
Lodge, No. 524, A.F. &A.M., at Evanston, and of St. Mark's
Episcopal Church. He was married in December, 1870, to Miss
Mary Church, daughter of Hon. Gaylord Church, of Meadville, Pa.,
who was on the Supreme Bench of that State fora term of years, and
was for ten years presiding judge of Crawford County. Mr. Wilcox
has two children, — Anna Jane and Gaylord S.
T. M. AVERY & SON. — T. M. Avery came to Chicago in 1851,
and, forming a partnership with Read A. Williams, bought out the
lumber business of Leonard & Williams, taking the firm name of
Williams & Avery. They located their yard at the corner of Canal
and Fulton streets, where they remained until 1877, moving in that
year to the corner of Twenty-second and Laflin streets. In 1875,
Charles O. Avery was admitted to the partnership, and the firm
name became T. M. Avery & Son, remaining thus until they sold
out their interest to Bryant, Marsh & Wood, on February I, 1881.
The latter firm still conduct the business. T. M. Avery was the
first dealer in Chicago to exclusively handle Saginaw lumber. He
started with about $12,000. The first year he sold nearly 3,000,000
feet of lumber, increasing his business very rapidly from that time.
Thomas Morris Avery-, one of the oldest and best known citi-
zens of Chicago, was born at Perryville, Madison Co., N. Y., on
October 12, 1822, and is the son of Oren and Abigail (Morris)
Avery. His school days were spent in his native town until he
arrived at the age of fifteen, when he began commercial life in the
general store of Harvey Morris, of Woodstock, N. Y. , and contin-
ued with him until 1840, when Mr. Morris died. At the age of
twenty, he assumed charge of the establishment, and shortly after-
ward purchased the business, and carried it on successfully until
1851. Coming to this city, after disposing of his business at Wood-
stock, he formed a partnership with Read A. Williams, and engaged
in the lumber business on Canal Street, between Fulton and Kinzie.
In 1856, the partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Avery continued
the business in his own name until 1876, when his son, Charles O.,
was admitted into partnership. In addition to this business he was
elected president of the Elgin Watch Company, which position he
still fills. The company was organized in 1864, when was laid the
foundation of the vast establishment which has become one of the
greatest industries of the West. Its rapid growth and steadily in-
creasing volume of business compelled Mr. Avery, during 1880, to
abandon the lumber business and devote his entire attention to the
interests of the Watch Company. The first office was in the old
Ogden building, at the corner of Lake and Clark streets, and after
the conflagration of 1871, the First Congregational Chureh served
as temporary quarters until suitable offices were found at the corner
of State and Monroe streets. After a year's stay in the latter place,
they removed to their present location. Aside from his connection
with the Elgin Watch Company, Mr. Avery is best known as a
lumberman. His long career in that line of business, beginning
when Chicago had but twenty-five thousand inhabitants and con-
tinuing through the varied phases which have marked its history,
has made his name a familiar one. Genial, kind-hearted, and of
unblemished character, he is held in high esteem by society and the
business world. He married Miss Margaret E. Morris, of Wood-
stock, N. Y., in 1845. She died in 1872, leaving two sons, —
Charles O. and Frank M. The latter is still living.
MARTIN RYERSON & Co. — The origin of this firm was the
partnership established in 1851 between John M. Williams, Martin
Ryerson and R. Wr. Morris, under the firm name of Williams. Ry-
erson & Co. Their lumber yard was located at the corner of Canal
and Fulton streets. In 1854, Watts T. Miller became associated
with Messrs. Ryerson and Morris, Mr. Williams retiring, and the
firm became Ryerson, Miller & Co. Mr. Williams entered the firm
of L. S. Ellsworth & Co. In 1859, Mr. Miller retired from the
firm, which then became Ryerson & Morris. About this time the
company opened a second lumber yard on Beach Street, at foot of
DeKoven and Bunker streets. In 1865, Mr. Morris retired, leav-
ing Mr. Ryerson alone, in Chicago, until 1867. In 1865, Henry
H. Getty, Ezra Stevens and Charles T. Hills were admitted to
partnership in the Michigan business, the name there becoming
Ryerson, Hills & Co. In 1867, the firm in Chicago became Mar-
tin Ryerson & Co. Ezra Stevens retired in 1868, and the firm
continued with three members until 1880, when Martin A. Ryerson
was admitted to partnership. The mills of this company are located
at Muskegon and Laketon, Mich., and their specialty is pine.
Each of these mills has a capacity of 100,000 feet in ten hours,
while the one mill with which Mr. Ryerson commenced the manu-
facture of lumber, in 1841, was capable of sawing but 7,000 feet in
372
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
twenty-four hours. The company have now no umber yard in
Chicago, selling most of their lumber at the mills. They manufac-
ture during the the season, which consists of about seven months,
from thirty-five to forty million feet of lumber.
Martin Kycrson was born in Bergen County, N. J., in 1818.
At the age of sixteen, he left home and went to Michigan, and
entered the employ of an Indian trader, Richard Godfrey, of Grand
Kapids, remaining with him one year. In 1835, he was with Louis
Campau for one year, then with Joseph Trouttier for three years at
Muskegon. In 1839, he engaged with T. Newell at Muskegon,
who owned a saw-mill and general store, with whom he remained
two years. 1 le then purchased the interest of Mr. Newell in his
general store, and contracted with him to run the saw-mill. In
1845, he purchased the saw-mill, which was carried on by Green A:
Ryerson, and afterward by Kyerson & Knickerbocker. In 1845,
Mr. Knickerbocker sold his interest to Robert \V. Morris, when
the firm was changed to Ryerson \ Morris, at Muskegon. In
1851, he established the firm of Williams, Ryerson A: Co. , in Chi-
cago. Mr. Ryerson married Louisa M. I tuvernay, daughter of
Pierre ('. Duvernay, of Lower Canada. She died in 1855. He
married again Mary A. Campau, daughter of Antoine Campau, of
St. (lair County, Mich. They have one son, Martin A., in busi-
ness with his father.
AIIAMS, II \sriNCs A: Co. — This firm has succeeded to that
of A. T. King \ liro., which was established in 1852, by Andrew
T. and Fred W. King. In 1*71, I''. \V. King died, and Abbott L.
Adams and Kd^ar A. Lord were admitted into the partnership, the
of business being No. 368 Lumber Street, and the style of the
firm being A. T. King A: Co. In 1874. A. T. King died, and the
lirm name became Adams A: Lord, and the location of the yards
was changed to No. 400 Lumber Street. In iSSo, George W.
I tastings was admitted to the firm, the name being Adams, Hast-
ings & Co., and yards were established on the South Pier. In 1882,
Mr. Lord retired and R. B. Currier, of Springfield, Mass., became
a special partner for one year, and the yard of the firm was changed
to the Stock-Yards district. In 1883, Mr. Currier retired. The
amount of lumber handled by the lirm has increased from 6,000,000
feet in 1871 to 25, 000,000 feet in 1884, of lumber, lath and shingles.
Al>l'i>tt /,. Adams was born at Keene, N. H., in 1842. His
parents were Benjamin F. and Louisa R (Redington) Adams, who
moved to Chicago in 1853. Mr. Adams attended school until 1861,
when, on April 19, he enlisted as a private in Battery " A," 1st Illi-
nois Artillery, for three months. At the expiration of his term of
service, he returned to Chicago, and in July, 1862, enlisted as a pri-
vate in the Chicago Board-of-Trade B'attery for three years, and
was mustered out of the service at Chicago on July 3, 1865. He
took a position in the United States Depositary, in this city, under
Luther Havens, in July, 1865, where he remained three years. He
then went to Portage Lake, Mich., in charge of the lumber mills of
Porter & Co., of Chicago, and remained at that location until the
formation of the firm of Adams & Hastings, in 1871.
George W. Hastings was born in Winchendon, Mass., in
1856, and is the son of Jarius and Abby D. (Coburn) Hastings.
At the age of sixteen, he commenced his business life in the employ
of E. Murdock & Co., manufacturers of wooden ware at Winchen-
don, with whom he remained four years. In 1876, he came to
Chicago, and was engaged for two years as bookkeeper for [. II.
Skeele & Co., lumber dealers, and afterward for one year as travel-
ling salesman. In the spring of 1879, he entered the employ of
Soper, Pond & Co., lumber dealers, as their city buyer and ship-
ping-clerk. In the spring of 1880, he became connected with the
firm of Adams & Lord, having a working interest in that house.
In the spring of 1881, he was given an interest in the firm, and the
name was changed to Adams. Lord & Co. In the spring of 1882,
Mr. Lord retired, and the present firm of Adams, Hastings & Co.
originated, as above stated. Mr. Hastings married Miss Anna B.
Bruner, daughter of John Bruner, formerly of Alton, 111. They
have one child, — Bessie B.
Tin. GAKDM.K & SPRY COMPANY originated in 1852, with
Freeland B. Gardner, who established his business on West Water
Street, between Washington and Randolph streets. In 1853, he
moved his lumber yard to Wells Street, between Harrison and Polk,
and received into partnership Henry B. Hinsdale. About this
time, another yard was opened by the firm, at the corner of Old
and Lumber streets. In 1859, one of their yards was transferred
to the corner of Beach and Taylor streets, the other being discon-
tinued. In 1863, Mr. Hinsdale retired, and, in 1868, H. H. Gard-
ner and John Spry became associated as partners. In 1867, they
removed to property bought by Mr. Gardner on the Empire Slip.
In 1872, John Spry retired. In 1873, the business of the company
in Wisconsin and Chicago was combined, and incorporated, under
the laws of Wisconsin, as the F. B. Gardner Company, with F. B.
Gardner as president, John Spry as secretary and H. H. Gardner
as treasurer. By reason of unfortunate investments made directly
after the fire of 1,^71, !•'. 11. Gardner became financially involved,
and, in realizing upon his interest in the company, the assets were
sold out in 1876. II. II. Gardner and John Spry bought the stock
in the yards of the company at Chicago, and continued under the
firm name of Gardner A: Spry until 1882, when John C. Spry was
admitted, and the company incorporated, under the laws of Illinois,
as the Gardner A. Spry Company. At the present time, John Sprv
is president, II. II. Gardner is vice-president and treasurer, and
John C. Spry is secretary. The mills of this company are at Neebish
Island, Mich., and their productive capacity 'is about 2o,o<x),c»>()
feet of lumber and about 10,000,000 shingles, this being only
about one-third of the quantity handled and sold yearly.
l''nv!anJ H. Hantiifr (deceased) was born in Elbridge, Onon-
daga Co., N. Y., on July 30, 1817. When only nine years of age
he went to live with his brother-in-law, Colonel John Ilillibut, at
Fort Ann, Washington Co., N. Y., and remained with him as clerk
in his store until he had reached his majority. He then commenced
selling goods on his own account at Patten's Mills, N. Y., and, in
1839, came to Chicago. Having received a proposition from Ebe-
nezer Houghton, a merchant of Fort Ann, to return there, he did
so, and formed a partnership with him. In 1844, Mr. Gardner
again returned to Chicago, and shortly afterward went to Kenosha
(then Southport), Wis. , and engaged in mercantile business. Hav-
ing, however, selected the lumber business as his future field of
operations, on November 9, 1849, Mr. Gardner set out for the Pen-
saukee River, Wis., on the western shore of Green Bay, at that time
a wilderness. There he commenced building a saw-mill, which was
completed on May 9, 1850. It was the second steam saw-mill upon
the shores of Green Bay. For a time he had a lumber yard in Ke-
nosha, but in the spring of 1852 he removed to Chicago, and opened
a large lumber yard, as above stated. His business rapidly increased
up to 1857, when he became somewhat embarrassed, like many others,
in the great financial panic of that year. He, however, met every
dollar of his obligations and maintained fully his reputation for in-
tegrity. He employed at that time some one hundred and fifty
men, and owned, on the Pensaukee River, thirty thousand acres of
timber land. Besides the three vessels which he built for his own
use, he was largely instrumental in furnishing steam communication
with the shores of Green Bay. Mr. Gardner died in December,
1883. He was married, in 1841, to Miss Fanny Copeland, of New
York. They had three children, — -H. H. (a son) and two daughters.
JOSEPH I'K.AI OCK, one of the oldest living settlers of Chicago,
was born in Cambridgeshire, England, on August 21, 1813, the son
of William and Susannah (Caklecott) Peacock. For several years
during his early childhood he lived with his parents at his native
town, and then went to Huntingdon, the birth-place of Oliver Crom-
well, to live with his grandfather Caldecott, a jeweler. A clock of
his grandfather Caldecott's manufacture, which is over one hundred
years old, Mr. Peacock still has in his possession. After residing
for some years in Huntingdon and obtaining his education at the
common schools, he learned the trade of a gunsmith at his native
village, working at it in different places in England until 1834,
when he came to America. He at first located in Cleveland, Ohio,
where he worked seven months for a gunsmith named E. P. An-
drews. He then started a small gunsmith shop of his own, which
he ran about a year, when he sold it and removed to Albion, N. Y.,
where he worked one winter, and, in the spring of 1836, came to
Chicago. In the succeeding fall, he opened a gunsmith shop at the
northwest corner of Clark and Lake streets, which he ran about
three years, and continued in this business, in various locations on
Lake Street, until 1850, when he retired from it. In 1842 or 1843,
he erected a two-story brick building at No. 224 Lake Street, one
of the first erected on that street, and occupied it with his shop for
some years. After selling his gunsmith business in 1850, he was
unoccupied for some years, and then, in 1853, purchased the pine
timber lands and saw-mill owned by Silas Billings, near the mouth
of Ford River, in Delta County, Mich. After selling lumber by the
cargo for about a year, he opened a yard near the east end of
Twelfth-street bridge, for storing the "lumber for which a ready
market was not found. He continued to manufacture lumber on
Ford River, and manage this Chicago yard and deal generally in
lumber, until 1864, when he sold both lands and mill to John S. Mc-
Donald, John Lynch and Mr. Simple. After making this sale, he
continued his lumber business in Chicago, having an office at vari-
ous places until 1882, when he, for the most part, went out of busi-
ness. Mr. Peacock was married, in 1842, to Miss Margaret Sobraro.
They have had nine children, six of whom are living, as follows :
Maggie, now wife of S. Q. Perry, formerly president of the Perry-
Pearson Company ; Alfred L., Russell D., George C., Alice M. and
Florence. Mr. Peacock is highly respected for his sterling honesty
and strength of character.
ADDISON BAI.I.AKD, one of the early and prominent lumber
men of Chicago, was born in Warren County, Ohio, on November
30. 1823. On August 21, 1841, he went to LaPorte, Ind., and
there learned the carpenter's trade. He afterward became a con-
tractor and builder, and in that capacity erected the present Court
House at LaPorte, in 1848. The lumber for this building he
purchased of Hugh Dunlop, whose lumber yard was then on '.Mar-
THE LUMBER TRADE.
373
ket Street, Chicago. Mr. Ballard also erected many of the promi-
nent business buildings in LaPorte. In 1849, he went to Califor-
nia, and, in 1851, returned to I.al'orte, and erected the present
Teegarden House at that place. 1'revious to this, however, he had
made business trips to Chicago, with the view of possibly locating
here. His first visit was in the spring of 1843, when he came by
way of St. Louis and the Illinois River to LaSalle, from which
place he walked to Chicago. Then the whole face of the country
was under water, and it was only with difficulty that the boundary
line between the prairies and Lake Michigan could be distinguished.
He came to Chicago again in 1847, to attend the River and Harbor
Convention, and was, from that time until 1853, back and forth be-
tween the two places a number of times. In the latter year he
established himself in the lumber business in this city, and engaged
in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds. He also had a
planing-mill on Franklin Street, south of Van Buren. In 1860, he
sold his sash, door and blind business, and bought out Richard Ma-
son's lumber yard on Monroe and Market streets, continuing the
business there until 1871, when he was burned out by the great
fire, and all his lumber was destroyed, as well as the buildings
he owned in the burned district. His lumber yard, up to the time
of the fire, was located where J. V. Farwell & Co.'s wholesale store
now stands. In 1875, he re-established his lumber business at its
present location. He then erected the iron building at the south-
west corner of Monroe Street and Wabash Avenue, and the block
Nos. 227-29 Wabash Avenue. He also superintended, during
portions of two seasons, the construction of the Palmer House.
Mr. liallard has been three times elected an alderman, always filling
the position to the satisfaction of his constituents.
J. II. PEARSON & Co. — This firm is composed of James Henry
Pearson, William J. Neebes and Granger Farwell. Mr. Pearson
came to Chicago in July, 1851, and in September following went to
Henry, Marshall Co., 111., where he started a lumber yard, pur-
chasing some lumber, on credit, of Chapin & Butts, afirm then in
business in Chicago. In the following winter he bought corn for
John P. Chapin, cribbing it until spring, then selling it and load-
ing it on canal-boats for the Chicago market. In the spring of
1853, having disposed of his business in Henry, he came to Chi-
cago and entered into partnership with Colonel Josiah L. James,
formerly of James & Hammond, under the firm name of James &
Pearson. They started a new lumber yard on Clark Street, near
Flint & Wheeler's elevator, and took a long lease of property in that
locality. In 1854, Mr. Maher purchased the interest of Colonel
James, and the firm became Maher & Pearson. Business in this
locality began to improve very rapidly, and the lease of the firm
correspondingly increased in value. Mr. Pearson disposed of his
interest in the lease and in the business, and, in 1855, leased the
ground ami dock at the corner of Market and Madison streets, and
formed the firm of J. II. Pearson & Co., William T. Powers, of
Grand Rapids, Mich., being the silent partner. In 1857, this firm
was dissolved, and that of Pearson & Messer formed, which was lo-
cated on the west side of the river. Soon afterward they moved
back to Market Street. la December, 1857, Mr. Messer died,
and in January, 1858, Webster Batcheller purchased the interest
owned by Mr. Messer before his death. In the spring of 1862,
Mr. liatcheller sold his interest to Avery, Murphy & Co. The firm
then became Pearson, Avery & Co., and its business was trans-
ferred to Stowell slip on Clark Street. In 1865, Mr. Pearson pur-
chased a half-interest in a saw-mill at Saginaw City, Mich., enter-
ing into a co-partnership with A. W. Wright, the firm being A. W.
Wright & Co. at Saginaw and J. II. Pearson & Co. at Chicago.
Pearson & Wright were in business together until 1876. In the
spring of 1871, the yard in Chicago was sold to E. Eldred & Co.
From this time to 1880, Mr. Pearson devoted his attention to his
lumber interests in Michigan. On May I, of that year, he estab-
lished a new lumber firm, locating its yard and office at the corner
of Canal and Lumber streets, which property he has owned for a
number of years. In October, the firm of J. H. Pearson & Co. was
established. Their planing-mili was purchased in February, 1883.
Through it passes about half the lumber sold by the firm, and their
annual sales amount to thirty million feet. Mr. Pearson is the
head of the firm of J. H. Pearson & Son at Saginaw, Mich., a
company owning a large mill at that place and large quantities of
pine lands in the vicinity.
THE PERRY-PEARSON COMPANY was incorporated on De-
cember 12, 1882, with a capital of $650,000, and composed of S.
Q. Perry,). H. Pearson, and his son, E. H. Pearson. S. Q. Per-
ry was president of the company, J. H. Pearson was vice-president,
and E. H. Pearson secretary. On November 24, 1884, J. H. Pear-
son purchased S. O. Perry's interest in this company, and at the
same time Granger Farwell became a member, when J. H. Pear-
son became president, and Granger Farwell vice-president, E. H.
Pearson remaining secretary. In January, 1885, the name was
changed to the Advance Lumber Company.
James Henry Pearson was born on December IO, 1820, at
Haverhill, N. H. His father, Isaac Pearson, better known as
Major Pearson, was engaged in the lumber business, owning a saw-
mill anil grist-mill, a woolen factory and a farm. He was twice mar-
ried; first to Miss Charlotte Merrill, by whom he had two children,
one of whom, Merrill Pearson, is still living at Bloomington, 111.,
at the age of seventy-eight. His second wife was. Miss Charlotte
Atherton, to whom he was married on May 28, 1818. By her, he
had nine children, the subject of this sketch being one of the nine.
Major Pearson died on February 13, 1854, and his widow died on
February 19, 1868, at the age of seventy-five. James Henry Pear-
son received a fair common school education, and was a student
at the academy of his native town. At the age of fifteen he went
to Boston, and there entered a dry goods store as clerk, remaining
two years. He then returned to Haverhill, and spent two more
terms at the academy; this finished his education. As he was pos-
sessed Of more than usual business capacity, at the age of twenty-
one he took charge of his father's affairs. Renting the farm and
saw-mill, he took a contract for getting out railroad ties, timber
and wood, he and his brothers keeping the family together until
1849, when he made a settlement with his father, mother and broth-
ers, and removed to South Hadley Falls, Mass. Business there
not being satisfactory, he came to Chicago in 1851, as narrated
above. Mr. Pearson is a prominent member of the First Congrega-
tional Church, having become a member on July 4, 1858. He was
married, on April 10, 1850, to Miss Sarah Elizabeth Witherell,
daughter of George Witherell, of Haverhill, N. H. They have
four children, — Arthur L., born at Henry, Marshall, Co., 111.; Eu-
gene Henry, born in Chicago; Helen Grace and Robert Nelson.
The eldest son has developed a conspicuous talent for art, having
spent seven years in Paris, with the view of becoming an artist.
Some of his landscape paintings have been on exhibition here, and
are said by good judges of such work to be as fine as any in the
city. Eugene Henry is in the lumber and salt business with his
father, at Saginaw, Mich., under the firm name of J. H. Pearson &
Son. The daughter, Helen Grace, was married to Charles P. Glad-
win, of Philadelphia, on June, 26, 1877. Her husband died on De-
cember 26, 1877, and Mrs. Gladwin, after residing with her daugh-
ter, at her father's house, until May 2, 1883, was married to Pro-
fessor Hugh McDonald Scott, of the Chicago Theological Seminary.
Robert Nelson Pearson is engaged in the lumber business in Kansas.
THE T. W. HARVEY LUMBER COMPANY. — Mr. Harvey came
to Chicago in 1854, and went to work for Abbott & Kingman, then
the largest manufacturers of sash, doors, blinds, etc., in Chicago.
Their establishment was on Clark Street near Twelfth. In Octo-
ber, 1854, he became foreman, and retained the position until 1859,
when he formed a partnership with P. B. Lamb, under the firm
name of Lamb & Harvey, and embarked in the planing-mill busi-
ness. Their mill was at No. 329 South Canal Street. In 1861,
they built a mill at the corner of Polk and Beach streets. In 1865,
Mr. Harvey bought the interest of Mr. Lamb, and conducted the
enterprise alone until January 1 , 1883, when the present company was
incorporated. The business at first was small, but its volume has
steadily increased, until now there are few if any more extensive
lumber dealers in the world. In 1869, Mr. Harvey built a planing-
mill at the corner of Morgan and Twenty-second streets. The en-
tire dock front of this company is 2,400 feet, upon which ten cargoes
of lumber can be unloaded at once, and the two yards have a capa-
city of storing, at one time, thirty-five million feet of lumber, and of
handling over one hundred million feet yearly. The company owns
forty thousand acres of pine lands in Michigan and Wisconsin", upon
which are employed large numbers of men in cutting logs and prepar-
ing them for the rafts. The mills, which are located at Marinette,
Wis., have a capacity of twenty-five million feet a season, which is
about one-fourth of the average amount now handled annually by
the T. W. Harvey Company. The balance of the amount is pur-
chased in all the Lake markets, and shipped to Chicago in the ves- .
sels owned by the company — one propeller and three schooners —
having an aggregate carrying capacity of twelve hundred thousand
feet. The planing-mill contains ten planers, which are run by a
250-horse power engine. For drying the lumber there are ten kilns,
each with a capacity of ten cars, each car carrying five thousand feet
of lumber. The kilns are calculated to dry from fifty to sevejity-five
thousand feet of lumber a day, and the planing-machines are capa-
ble of dressing from two hundred and fifty to three hundred thou-
sand feet a day. There are employed at the planing-mill and in
the yards about five hundred men during the summer and two hun-
dred through the winter. The total amount of lumber handled by
this company, during the last three years, has averaged over one
hundred million feet, and the largest amount handled in any one
year from their Chicago yards was one hundred and twenty-two
million feet, in 1882. The capital stock of the company is $1,000,000.
The officers are — T. W. Harvey, president; A. C. Badger, vice-
president; C. L. Cross, secretary; and H. H. Badger, treasurer.
THE NATIONAL LUMBER COMPANY. — This company com-
menced business in Chicago on January I, 1882, at No. 290 West
Twenty-second Street. It was incorporated under the laws of Illi-
nois, with a paid-up capital of $200,000. This company conducts
374
HISTORY OF CHICAC.O.
neral business in building matt-rial, including all kinds of lum-
ber, lath, shingles, HUH-, hair, cement, plaster nf paris and stucco.
It .1, ..i-ueral country-yard lumber business, having \ards
in Missouri, Nebraska and Iowa. The "Ulcers of the company are
ilows; Sir Edward SynM Hutchinson, Bart., president; 'I'. \Y.
Harvey, vice-president; A. S. Badger, secretary ami treasurer; and
A, I'. * r.ipsiT, superintendent.
/'. //'. //./•'. ',r was born at Siloam, Mailison Co., N. Y.,
on March lie son of Johnson and Paulina (Walker) Har-
His father was a native o| New \'ork State, and his mother
of Massachusetts. In iS(><>. liis parents moved to Sandwich. 111.,
where his father died in i.s.so; his mother is still living. Young
Harvey, from the ages of eleven until fourteen, was employed during
the summer months as a clerk in the grocer}' store oi Nelson ( ireen,
at Durhamville, N. Y., also attending school in the winter months.
He then worked in a carpenter shop of his father at Durhamville,
until iie was sixteen years of age, when, his father having built a
OOF, and blind manufactory, he worked at that
business until 1853. In that year the mill was destroyed by fire,
and his father and he built a planing-mill, at ( )neida, X. Y., which
they carried on for one year under the firm name of J. Harvey i_V
Sun. In i.s?4, T. \V. Harvey came to Chicago and entered the
employment of James McFall, a manufacturer of sash, doors and
blinds, at i he corner of Franklin and Tyler streets, with whom he
remained but two weeks, when he was made foreman of the factory
oi '.lay, Morrison \ Co., at the corner of Sixteenth and Clark
•-, this linn also being engaged in the manufacture of sash,
doors and blinds. The senior member of the firm dying of cholera,
-;.), the firm was dissolved, and Mr. Harvey became an employe
of Abb. .it Oc Kingman, as specified in the foregoing sketch of the
firm; which sketch also gives Mr. Harvey 's subsequent business
.. he wa- married to Miss Maria L. Ifardman,
daughter of Jacob \V. Ilardman, of Louisville, Ivy. She died in
leaving live children, — Charles A., John K., George L., Rob-
ert II., and Thomas K. (deceased). In 1873, he was married to
Miss lielle S. liadger, daughter of A. C. Badger, of Louisville, Ky.;
they have live children, — lielle H., Turlington W., fr., Elbert A.,
Paul S. and Klvira. Mr. Harvey has been prominently and influ-
entially identified with many commercial, charitable and theological
interests. He had charge of the Shelter Committee of the Relief
and Aid Society at the time of the fire; he has been president of
the Young Men's Christian Association for six terms ; he was pres-
ident of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, for the years 1884-85,
of which institution he has also been director since 1866 ; he has
been superintendent of the Sunday School of the Missions of
the Wabash-Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church since 1862.
and i* president of the Board of Trustees of that Church; he is
president of the Chicago Bible Society, of the Chicago Evangelistic
nittee, and of the Chicago Prayer Alliance and Bible Reading
ty. He is a director of the Metropolitan National Bank, of
the Inter-State Industrial Exposition, and of the White Pine Lumber
Company ; is also president of the Harvey Lumber Company, and
vice-president of the National Lumber Company. He has taken
great interest in improving the strain of cattle in this country, hav-
ing been an extensive importer of fine cattle from England and
Scotland ; his herds of Short-horns and of Polled Angus, having been
prize-winners at every fair where they have been exhibited. In
connection with the stock interests, he is treasurer of the Short-
Horn Breeders' Association, and is also proprietor of the celebrated
Turlington Stock-farm, at Turlington, Neb.
A. C. J-!,iJj.-r was born at Dover, N. H., in 1828. In 1844,
he went to Louisville, Ky., and was employed as clerk in a bank.
In 1850, he became a partner in the banking house of A. D. Hunt
& Co., with whom he remained until 1861. In that year, the firm
dissolved, and Mr. liadger came to Chicago and engaged in the
banking business, as the firm of A. C. Badger & Co. Upon the
organization of the T. W. Harvey Lumber Company, Mr. Badger
was made its vice-president, which" position he now holds. He was
married, in 1850, to Elvira C. Sherridan, daughter of John J. Sher-
ridan, of Louisville, Ky. They have five children,— Belle, now wife
of 1 . W. Harvey, of Chicago; Ada, now wife of R. L. Henry, of
Chicago; Sherriden S., Alpheus S., and A brain II.
//. //. /W-',r was born at Louisville, Ky., in 1851, the son
of Leomdas V. and Mary M. (Stanwood) Badger, who came to this
cify in i-(>i. At the age of fifteen, he entered a bank, in which he
Icship until 1873, when he entered the employment of T.
VV . Harvey, with whom he remained until the incorporation of the
i . \\ Harvey Lumber Company, when he was made its treasurer
Mr. Badger married Sophie S. I lutchinson. daughter of John
Hutchmson, of Syracuse, X. Y., who settled in Chicago in 1862.
Mr. and Mrs. liadger have three children, — Carlton S Alice H
and l-'ranklin H.
C. I.. Onui was born in Binghamton, N. Y., in 1854. His
parents, Alfred J. and rrancelia (Harvey) Cross, settled in Chicago
m 1857. At the age of eighteen, Mr. Cross commenced his busi-
ness life as a clerk for T. W. Harvey, and continued in that posi-
tion up to 1882, when he became a member of the linn, and was
made secretary upon the incorporation of the present company.
Mr. Cross married Grace Sherman, daughter of Ezra L. Sherman,
of Chicago. They have three children, — Bessie. Alfred and Mary.
TIIK MALCOLM Mi -DONALD I.IMI:] k COMPANY was incorpor-
ated on April 14, 1883. The incorporators ot the company were
M.ileolm McDonald, Kliza A. McDonald, George II. Richey,
Michael Miniter and G. M. Gunderson. The first, and present,
officers of the company are — George II. Richey, president; Michael
Miniter, treasurer; and G. M. Gunderson, secretary. The original
capital was $25.000, which was afterward increased to §50,000.
This company established themselves on the premises formerly
occupied by C. Mears iV Co. Their yard has a dock front of 240
feet and a depth of 480 feet. Sixty men are employed and about
24, 000,000 feet of lumber sold annually, including lath and shingles.
It is almost exclusively white pine, though a small quantity of
Southern pine is handled.
Mitlcolm McDonald was born on September 22, 1830, in New
York, the son of Angus and Margaret McDonald, both from Scot-
land. His mother died of cholera during the first visitation of that
epidemic to the United States, and his father some few years later,
leaving young Malcolm an orphan when of very tender years. I le was
then taken into the home of James Frazer, a wealthy lumber manu-
facturer and dealer of Saginaw, Mich. When he attained his ma-
jority, he went to the Lake Superior copper mines, remaining one
year. He came to Chicago in 1851, and found employment almost
immediately with Mears, Bates & Co., with whom he remained until
1857, when he entered the employ of Eldred & Balcom. He re-
mained with them until 1860, and then entered into partnership with
Addison liallard, under the name of A. Ballard & Co. He con-
tinued a partner of Mr. Ballard until 1867, when he became con-
nected with James C. Murphy. His association with Mr. Murphy
terminated in 1869, and from that time to May I, 1871, he was
alone in business. He then formed a partnership with John Roe,
under the firm name of McDonald & Roe, and their lumber yard
was at the corner of Taylor and Sherman streets until 1879, when
it was removed to the west end of Harrison-street bridge, where it
remained until 1882, when the firm went out of business. After a
lapse of about a year, the present company was incorporated. Mr.
McDonald is a member of Cleveland Lodge, No. 211, A.E.& A.M.;
also of Washington Chapter, No. 43, R.A.M.; of Chicago Com-
mandery, No. 19, K.T., and of Oriental Consistory, S.P.R.S. 32°.
He was married on September 2, 1856, at Saginaw City. Mich., to
Miss Eliza A. Spar, of that place. They have had three children,
one of whom only is living, — Malcolm McDonald, Jr., born on Sep-
tember 19, 1864, and now salesman for the Malcolm McDonald
Lumber Company. Mr. McDonald has served for two terms as
alderman of the ward in which he resides.
G. H. Richey was born at Toronto, Canada, in 1848. His
parents, John H. and Martha (Bell) Richey, originally came from
Cincinnati; they died while he was young, and he was raised by his
uncle, C. Y. Bell, at Spring Lake, Mich. He worked in his uncle's
saw-mill until 1871, when he came to Chicago, where he has since
resided. Soon after arriving in Chicago, he entered the employ of
Mendsen & Winter, lumber dealers, with whom he remained until
the incorporation of the Malcolm McDonald Lumber Company, of
which he was one of the incorporators and the first president, a
position which he still retains. Mr. Richey is a member of Cleve-
land Lodge, No. 211, A.K.&A.M.; of Washington Chapter, No.
43, R.A.M.; and of Chicago Commandery, No. 19, K.T. He is
also a member of the Illinois Club, Iroquois Club, and Cook
County Democratic Club, and a stockholder in the Chicago Curling
Club. He was married, in 1875, to Miss Fannie F'ennimore,
daughter of Richard Fennimore, who settled in Chicago in 1836.
G. M. Gundcrson was born in Chicago on October 5, 1855.
His father, Gabriel Gunderson, was a lake captain for about thirty-
years. His mother's maiden name was Maria Ann Johnson. Both
are still living. Mr. Gunderson was educated in part at the public
schools of Chicago, and, in 1871, went to Decorah College, Iowa,
where he remained two years. He then went to Europe, spending
there the summer of 1873. Returning to Chicago, he entered the
employ of McDonald & Roe, on April 15, 1874, and continued with
them until 1883, when the partnership was dissolved. After this
dissolution he was out of business about a year, and, upon the incor-
poration of the McDonald Lumber Company, he became its secre-
tary, a position he still retains. Mr. Gunderson was a member of
the First Regiment, Illinois National Guard, from 1874 to 1882.
lie is a member of the Illinois Club, also of Covenant Lodge, No.
526, A.K.& A.M.; of Washington Chapter, No. 43, R.A.M.; of
Chicago Commandery, No. 19, K.T., and of the Norwegian Evan-
gelical Lutheran Church. Mr. Gunderson was married, on February
4, to Miss Mamie Hayes.
BARTON & JOXKS.— This firm is composed of Charles R. Bar-
ton and S. M. Jones, and was instituted in 1853, by Mr. Barton
THE LUMBER TRADE.
375
and James H. Ferry, whose father was the capitalist of the Ferry
family, both partners having come to Chicago in that year The
lumber yard of this firm was located at the corner of Market and
Washington streets. In 1856, Mr. Ferry retired from the firm and
Mr. Howard took his place, the style of the firm being changed to
Howard & Barton, and were located at the corner of Twelfth and
Lumber streets. This firm continued three years, after which, Mr.
Barton conducted the business alone until 1864 at the same location.
He then formed the present firm. The yard business was followed
until 1880, when it was closed out, and the firm have since confined
their attention to the wholesaling of lumber from their own excel-
lent pine lands at Manistee and Menominee, Mich. During 1853,
the firm of Ferry & Barton employed from six to eight men, and sold
two million feet of lumber; during the last year Barton & Jones car-
ried on the yard business they employed from forty to fifty men, and
sold 12,000,000 feet of lumber. During 1884, their sales amounted
to 18,000,000 feet, 40,000,000 shingles, and 6,000,000 lath, and the
various contractors, cutting logs and lumber for them, employed
from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and fifty men.
PARSONS i\: FOSTER. — This firm is composed of William Par-
sons and Thomas Foster, and was established in 1876. The lum-
ber yard of the firm was, at first, at No. 426 Lumber Street, where
it remained until 1880, when it was removed to its present location.
Since 1876, the volume of business transacted by this firm has
increased about fourfold.
Thomas Foster was born on December 31, 1831, in Putnam
County, N. Y. His father was named Thomas. His grand-
father came from England, and landed at Cape Cod, Mass., when
he was ten years old, dying at the age of eighty-three; his father
died at the age of seventy-seven, in 1869. His mother, Mrs. Rhoda
(Crosby) Foster, was also of English descent, and died in 1840.
He remained at home until eighteen years old, attending school
and working on the farm. In 1849, he went to New York City
and engaged in the lumber business, remaining there six years. In
October, 1855, he came to Chicago, and entered the employ of a
lumber firm named Foster & Brundige, composed of his brother
Ambrose Foster and Mr. Brundige, and having their yard at the
corner of Clark and Liberty (now Fourteenth) streets. Upon the
death of Mr. Brundige, about six months afterward, Thomas F'oster
took his place in the firm, the name of which was changed to A.
Foster & Co. This firm continued until 1866, when Thomas
Foster purchased his brother's interest and continued the business
alone until 1873, after which he was out of the trade until 1876,
when he formed the present partnership with Mr. Parsons. Mr.
Foster was married, on October 6, 1863, to Miss Hannah Maria
Turner, daughter of Captain John M. Turner, who came to Chicago
in 1835, and who had, for about sixteen years, followed the sea as
captain of one of his father's vessels, his father being a large ship-
owner of Philadelphia. Mr. and Mrs. Foster have five children, —
Marienne, Maria Belle, Cornelia F., Laurine, and Ida Belle. Mr.
and Mrs. Foster, as well as two of their daughters, are members of
Immanuel Baptist Church.
THE CHARLES RIETZ BROTHERS LUMBER COMPANY is com-
posed of four brothers, Charles, August, Frederick and Edward G.
\V. Kietz. The four entered the employment of Loomis & Lud-
ington, in 1852, remaining six years. In 1858, they established
themselves in business at No. 27 North Canal Street, under the
firm name of Charles Rietz & Bros. In 1862, they opened a second
yard on Twelfth Street, near Beach, continuing it until 1870, when
they moved it to the corner of Beach and DeKoven streets, where
it remained until 1879, when they removed it to the present loca-
tion. Here it is really in three parts, the first having a dock front
of 443 feet, and a depth of 240 feet; the second part, which is oppo-
site the first, is 150 feet square, and the third is 200x100 feet.
Their original yard, which has been used ever since 1858, is 400
feet deep and has a dock front of 234 feet. In 1876, the Charles
Rietz Brothers Lumber Company was incorporated, with a capital,
in Illinois, of $200,000, and, in Michigan, of a like amount. The
officers of the company are the same as when first incorporated:
Charles Rietz, president; Frederick Rietz, vice-president; August
Rietz, secretary; and Edward G. W. Rietz, treasurer. They own
19,000 acres of pine land at Manistee, Mich., and their mills have a
capacity of 25,000,000 feet of lumber a season. Their sales aver-
age annually about 20,000,000 feet. At Chicago they employ about
eighty men, and in Michigan about three hundred men. They own
four barges, which carry the lumber from the mills to Chicago,
Kankakee and Champaign, in each of which latter places they have
one yard, thus saving a great deal of time and expense in handling.
August Rietz, the second brother, was born in Saxony, Ger-
many, in 1829. He married Augusta Brant, daughter of August
Brant, of Saxony. They have seven children, — Emma, wife of Louis
Matthei, of Chicago; Elizabeth, wife of Frederick Rahmanop, of
Chicago; Henry employed in the above firm; Ida, Alexander, Au-
gust and Marry.
Frederick Rietz, the third brother, was also born in Saxony
in 1835. He married, in 1856, Johnetta Gross, of Milwaukee, Wis.
They have three children, — Julia, wife of Harry Brandt, of Chicago;
Charles F., now engaged in above firm; and Nettie H.
Edward G. IV. Rietz, the youngest brother, is also a native of
Saxony, Germany, born in 1837. He married Elizabeth Rah-
manop, daughter of Frederick Rahmanop, of Saxony. They have
seven children, — Edward F., engaged in business with the firm;
Minnie, George, Frederick, Elizabeth, Hannah and Victor.
WAI.WORTH & REED. — This firm comprises N. H. Walworth
and E. H. Reed, and is the result of the consolidation of two sep-
arate firms, one of which was the firm of Reed (Horatio) & Bush-
nell (Winslow), succeeding Captain Howland, and established in
1859. Their yard was at the corner of Clark and Sixteenth streets.
The other firm was Conger (C. H.), Walworth (N. H.) & Co., the
original company being Roberts, Calkins & Hull, composed of
George R. Roberts, J. W. Calkins and M. B. Hull, who, in 1868,
sold out to Conger, Walworth & Co. The yards of these two com-
panies adjoined each other. The firm of Reed & Bushnell, which
in the meantime had changed to Bushnell & Reed, by the substitu-
tion in the firm of E. H. Reed for his father, Horatio Reed,
moved to the corner of Twenty-second and Laflin streets. In 1870,
Conger & Walworth bought out the interests of Roberts, Calkins &
Hull, and, in 1871, Mr. Walworth bought the interest of Mr.
Conger, and a new firm, Bushnell, Walworth & Reed, composed of
Winslow Bushnell, N. H. Walworth and E. H. Reed, was then
formed. In 1874, Mr. Bushnell purchased a large tract of pine
land at Cedar Springs, Mich., and built a saw-mill, and, in 1875,
he transferred the same to the firm of Bushnell, Walworth & Reed,
who, in that year, built a planing-mill, dry-kilns, etc., and estab-
lished a lumber yard at that point, which was continued until 1880.
The Chicago yard was sold to J. II. Skeele & Co., in 1876, and
Mr. Bushnell retired from the firm, leaving it composed, as at pres-
ent, of N. H. Walworth and E. H. Reed. In 1871, the firm of
Bushnell, Walworth & Reed bought a saw-mill at Muskegon,
Mich., of William Glue & Co. Mr. Bushnell sold his interest in
the firm in 1876, when it became Walworth & Reed. They con-
tinued to run the mill at that place, which had a capacity of
35,000,000 feet a season, until 1885, when they moved it to Minne-
apolis, Minn., and at the same time operating the business at
Cedar Springs until 1880, when they sold a half interest in it to
Smith & Field, and removed it to Montague, Mich.
The Wahvorth &^ A'tvrf Ltimber Company was incorporated,
with a capital stock of $55,000, under the laws of Illinois, in June,
1884. This company does a retail lumber business at Albion and
other points in Nebraska. The president is N. H. Walworth ;
W. I. Reed, vice-president ; E. H. Reed, secretary and treasurer.
The Holdrege Live Stock Company was incorporated under the
laws of Illinois, with a capital stock of $50,000, for the purpose of
dealing in live-stock and grain. The stockholders of the company
are N. H. Walworth, E. H. Reed, J. N. Conger, W. H. Jones,
and E. L. Parsons.
HENRY N. HOLDF.N, hardwood-lumber dealer, was born at
Providence, R. L, in 1835. He was educated at the common
schools of his native city, and afterward at the High School. His
father, Isaac H. Holden, was a manufacturer of stoves and machin-
ery for twenty-five years before coming to Chicago. During the
first fifteen years of this time he was the principal stockholder in
the High-street Furnace Company, of Providence, R.I., and during
the last ten years he was the sole proprietor of that business. At
the age of seventeen, Henry N. Holden apprenticed himself to a
jeweler, and continued in this capacity for eighteen months. After
this time he studied bookkeeping a few months, and then entered
the employ of Baker, Smith & Co., coal dealers, of Providence, R.
I., where he remained until 1856, when he came to Chicago, and
became bookkeeper for Holden, Bishop & Co., a lumber firm com-
posed of his father, Isaac H. Holden, and James E. Bbhop, and
having their office and yard at the northeast corner of Market and
Jackson streets. The firm of Holden, Bishop & Co., went out of
business in September, 1858, and, in 1859, Henry N. Holden suc-
ceeded to the interests from which they retired, transferred it to the
southeast corner of Market and Jackson streets, where he continued
the business alone up to 1862, when he took into partnership Isaac
H. Holden, Jr., the firm being H. N. Holden & Bro. This con-
tinued until the spring of 1867, when Isaac H. Holden withdrew,
and Henry N. Holden continued it alone until the spring of 1885,
when he closed out his stock of lumber and retired. The business
consisted of handling the various kinds of natural hardwood lumber
and mahogany, rosewood and Florida cedar. Mr. Holden has always
conducted his business according to legitimate principles, and, having
met with no serious reverses, has been more than ordinarily success-
ful. He is the oldest hardwood dealer in Chicago. He and Mrs.
Holden have been members of the First Congregational Church
since 1876, and Mr. Holden has been chairman of the Board of
Trustees of the society about the same length of time. He is also
a director of the Chicago Theological Seminary, elected in 1883,
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
for five years. He was married at Providence in September, 1858,
t» Miss Jane Perkins, of that city. They have had live children,
two df whom are living, — Henry 1'. and Marion.
THE I..<iRi> ..Y lit siiNT.i.i. COMPANY is composed of E. A. Lord
and \Yinslo\v Bushnell, and was incorporated in May, 1882. Prior
to that time -Mr. Lord had been a member of Adams & Lord, from
is;i to iSSo, and then for two years of the firm of Adams, Lord
ii Co. .Mr. Bushnull commenced the lumber business in 1859, as
a member of the firm of Keeil \ Bushnell. In 1869, this firm was
changed to Bushnell, Walworth & Reed. In 1874, Mr. Bushnell
retired from this firm, and during most of the time until 1882 was
out of business. The Lord & Bushnell Company was incorporated
with a capital stock of 850,000. E. A. Lord was made president
of the company, and Winslow Bushnell secretary and treasurer.
The specialty of this company consists in handling railroad lumber
and timber, and the sales amount to from twelve to fifteen million
feet a year.
I-'.. .1. l.onl was born at St. Joseph, Mich., in 1842. From the
•f twenty-one he engaged in the lumber business with his
father, James V. Lord, remaining with him until the latter sold out
his business to Babcock & Bros. He then engaged in the lumber
business with A. T. Ring, as the firm of A. T. King & Co. In
1870, upon the death of F. \V. King, a member of the firm, E. A.
Lord, in connection with Abbot L. Adams, purchased his interest,
and, in 1872, upon the death of A. T. King, the firm became
Adams & Lord, and in May, 1882, E. A. Lord and Winslow Bushnell
incorporated the Lord \ Bushnell Company. Mr. Lord married
.Miss Mary B. Hoyt, daughter of B. C. Hoyt, of St. Joseph, Mich.
They have three children, — James F., Helen P. and Mary B.
Winslow Bwkntll was born in Greene County, N. Y., in 1830.
His parents were Alanson and Betsey (Dewey) Bushnell, his father
being a native of Connecticut, his mother of Columbia County, N. Y.
1 lis father dying when he was six years of age, his mother took her
son, Winslow, to live with her father. From the age of sixteen to
twenty-three, he took charge of his grandfather's farm. In 1855,
he went to Rondout, N. Y., and for one year clerked in a grocery
store. In 1856, he was employed as a clerk on a steamboat plying
upon the Hudson River, and in November, 1856, came to Chicago,
and for two years was bookkeeper for Henry Howland & Co., lum-
ber dealers. In 1859, ne entered into partnership with Horatio
Reed in the lumber business, as the firm of Reed & Bushnell, as
stated above. Mr. Bushnell was married in 1864, to Miss Kate
Van Winkle, daughter of Daniel Van Winkle, who came from New
Jersey to Illinois in 1841, and to Chicago in 1849. They have three
children, — Edward A., engaged in business with his father; James F.
and Augustus T.
WILLIAM C. OTT, lumber dealer and inspector, was born in
Maryland, on November I, 1835. He lived in his native State
until coming to Chicago, in 1857. His father was William Ott, a
large slave-owner and tanner of Frederick, Md., who freed all his
slaves, sixty-seven in number, in 1857. William C. Ott was edu-
cated at Frederick College, graduating from that institution in 1854.
He then attended the Gettysburg Theological Seminary, a Luth-
eran institution, organized in 1826, with the view of becoming a
Lutheran minister, but being of a joval disposition, and as ministers
at that day were expected to be exceedingly sedate and dignified,
he concluded that his calling was in some other line, and left the
Seminary two months before the expiration of the three years' course.
This was in 1857, and in the same year he came to Chicago. In
1860, he was appointed lumber inspector, and still continues to
perform the duties pertaining to that office. In 1878, he established
himself in the commission lumber business, dealing in the long-leaf,
or yellow, pine. The Georgia Lumber and Turpentine Company
was incorporated under the laws of Georgia in 1880, with a capital
of $100,000. Of this company, W. B. Lowe, of Atlanta, Ga., is
president; R. F. Woodward, of Nashville, Tenn., general manager;
and William C. Ott, secretary ana treasurer. The company owns
two saw-mills, one located at Eastman, Dodge Co., ,Ga., and the
other at Dubois, in the same county. It also owns a turpentine
orchard in which they have about four hundred thousand boxes.
During the year ending October I, 1884, they made one million
barrels of rosin. Mr. Ott is also a stockholder in the Western
Xashville Planing-Mill and Lumber Company, and is its agent in
Chicago. This company was incorporated in 1875, and has a capi-
tal of $200,000. Hon. Isaac Lytton, of Nashville, is president,
and T. O. Treanor, of Nashville, secretary and treasurer. He is
also a member of the firm of J. T. Anderson & Co., which, in July,
1883, started a saw-mill at Jemison, Ala. This mill has a capacity
of 40,000 feet a day. In connection with Captain fohn A. Reid, Mr.
Ott is largely interested in getting out logs for a saw-mill at Frankfort,
Mich. He also deals largely in all kinds of hardwood lumber.
The extent of his sales amounts annually to about 4,000,000 feet of
hardwood, 6,000,000 of Southern pine in Chicago and the Western
States, and 10,000,000 feet of Tennessee poplar. He deals also
somewhat extensively in European countries, in heavy pine and
black walnut. Mr. Ott was married, on October 15, 1861, to Miss
the president, came to Chicago in 1857, and. from that time to
1861, was foreman in the planing-mill of Simeon Mayo, which was
located at the corner of Twelfth and Lumber streets. In the latter
year, W. E. Hall and W. E. Frost formed a co-partnership under
the firm name of Hall & Frost, and erected a planing-mill and
sash, door and blind factory, at the corner of Clark and Sixteenth
streets. In 1866, they moved their buildings to the corner of Six-
teenth and Dearborn streets, and erected others to meet the
demands of their increasing business. In 1874, Mr. Hall sold his
half of the business to A. H. Larned, A. M. Schilling, H. H.
I >rew and Daniel Keller, and the firm name became W. E. Frost
& Co. In 1878, Mr. Keller sold his interest to W. E. Frost & Co.
During this year the firm suffered a loss of their property by fire,
and moved to a leased place on Lumber Street, near Twelfth,
where they remained twenty-one months, when they were again
burned out, and in -May, 1881, they purchased and moved to their
present location. The company conducts a sash, door and blind
factory and planing-mill, builds stairs and manufactures mouldings,
bank counters, book-cases and furniture. They make a specialty
of hardwood flooring, of which they manufactured and sold, in
1883, about one million five hundred thousand feet, using, in this
department of their business, maple, oak, ash, walnut, cherry and
Southern pine. Among their contracts may be mentioned the
interior finishing of the new Board of Trade building. Besides
their planing-mill, they have dry-kilns with a capacity of one hun-
dred and fifty thousand feet of lumber, where they kiln-dry all the
lumber used in their factory. At first the firm commenced with
from forty to fifty men, and they now employ from two hundred
and fifty to three hundred, and in 1883, the amount of business
done was $256,000. The company was incorporated in March,
1879, with an authorized capital of $28,000. In 1882, the capital
was increased to $100,000. The first and present officers of the
company were and are, W. E. Frost, president ; C. H. Converse,
secretary; and A. H. Larned, treasurer. All of the stockholders
are working members of the company, which may be one reason for
its continued prosperity. Mr. Schilling entered the employ of
Hall & Frost in 1865, and remained with the company until 1885.
W. E. Frost was born at Lewiston, Maine, in 1831, the son of
George D. and Deborah (Davis) Frost, both natives of Maine.
Until he was twenty years of age he lived upon a farm. He then
went to Massachusetts and worked in a furniture manufactory in
Manchester, for two years and afterward in the planing-mill of
Simeon Mayo, in Worcester, Mass. In 1854, he moved to Boston
and became connected with the repair shops of the Boston & Wor-
cester Railroad. In 1855, he went to California, where he remained
eighteen months, spending a part of the time in mining and a part
working in a saw-mill. In the spring of 1857 he returned to Maine,
and in the fall of the same year came to Chicago. Mr. Frost is a
member of the Union League Club and of the Citizens' Association
of Chicago, also of Thomas J. Turner Lodge, No. 409, A.F.& A.
M. He married Miss Emma L. Wright, daughter of J. C. Wright,
•of Massachusets. They have three children, — Maud L., Mabel G.,
and Lena M.
BIGELOW BROS. — This firm was established in September,
1862, by Anson A. and Charles H. Bigelow, who conducted the
business until 1864, when, on account of the illness of Charles H.
Bigelow, another brother, William H. Bigelow, of Sioux City,
Iowa, came to Chicago to take a place in the firm. Their lumber
yard was at first at the corner of Eighteenth and Lumber streets.
On May I, 1867, they changed their location to Twenty-second and
Fisk streets, in the then new lumber district, wrhere they had opened
a lumber yard and built an office in August, 1866, running two
yards during the eight months from August to May. Bigelow
Bros, were among the first to go to this section of the city, there
being in that locality, when they moved, but very few firms, among
them the N. Ludington Company, and possibly the Menominee
River Lumber Company. Bigelow Bros, remained at this location
until the spring of 1882, when they took possession of their present
quarters. William H. Bigelow died in August, 1882, leaving
Anson A. and Charles H. only in the firm. The latter resides
at St. Paul, Minn. In 1865, this company bought saw-mill prop-
erty at Muskegon. Mich., the capacity of the mill being about one
hundred thousand feet a day. This mill they still own. From the
time of its purchase until 1882, it was run under the firm name of
William H. Bigelow, and since that time under the name of A. A.
Bigelow & Co. The company also own two sailing vessels, having
an aggregate carrying capacity of 475,000 feet. They deal exclu-
sively in pine lumber. During the first year of their business,
which closed in September, 1863, they sold in the aggregate
5,400,000 feet of lumber, lath and shingles, being estimated in lumber
THE LUMBER TRADE.
377
neasure. Twenty years afterward, in 1883, they sold on the same
lasis 38,500,000 feet. In 1882, C. \V. Hinckley & Co. built a
ilaning-mill on Ullman Street, directly opposite the yard-gate of
measure,
bas
planing-:....
Bigelow Bros., for the purpose of planing lumber sold by the latter
linn. Taking all things into account, the conveniences for conduct-
ing business enjoyed by this company are most excellent.
A. .1. Bigt'low was born in Washington County, N. Y., on
November 7, 1833. His parents were Anson and Eliza (Moores)
Bigelow, his father a native of Washington County, N. V., and his
mother of the village of Hudson, in the same State. Mr. Bigelow
spent his early life upon a farm, receiving his education at Cam-
bridge Academy, in Washington County. At the age of nineteen,
he went to Troy, N. Y., and obtained employment as a clerk with
II. H. Dyke, collar and shirt manufacturer, with whom he remained
one year, and, in the spring of 1854, engaged as a clerk in the
commission and forwarding house of Griffen & Buel, in Albany,
X. Y. In March, 1855, having been taken sick, he moved West
to recruit his health, and settled in Racine, Wis., and became a
clerk for Nelson Pendleton, lumber manufacturer, who was operat-
ing mills at Two Rivers, Wis. In 1858, he took an interest in
the business, the firm becoming Pendleton & Bigelow, which
was dissolved on January I, 1863, Mr. Bigelow having previously,
in September, 1862, come to Chicago and established the firm
of Bigelow Bros. Mr. Higelow has been a member of Grace
Episcopal Church of Chicago since 1862, and, during many years,
a vestryman, and for three or four years a warden. He is also a
member of the Calumet Club, the Citizens' Association, and the
Washington Club. He was married, on December 13, 1859, to
Miss Emma Ullmann, daughter of Major Isaac J. Ullmann, of
Racine, Wis. His family consists of a son,— Nelson P., connected
with his father in business, and a daughter, Emelie S.
il'illitiiii II. ni^clo',i.\ deceased, the eldest of the Bigelow
brothers, was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1828. He
attended Williams College, graduating from that institution in 1851.
He then took up the study of medicine, but on account of ill-health
was compelled to give up his studies, and, in 1853, he moved to
Anamosa, Iowa, where he engaged in civil engineering, and assisted
in building the railroad running from Sabula, on the Mississippi
River, to Maquoketa, Iowa, having been employed upon that work for
about two years. In 1855, he removed to Sioux City, Iowa, being
one of the early settlers of that place, and building the first land
office there. In 1857, he was appointed, by President Buchanan,
United States Land Receiver, holding the office until 1861. He
then engaged in the real-estate business until 1864, when he came
to Chicago and entered the firm of Bigelow Bros. Mr. Bigelow
died in August, 1882, from heart disease, from which he had
suffered many years. Mr. Bigelow married Miss Mary A. Hayes,
daughter of Dr. Hayes, of Brattleboro', Vt. , and an own cousin of
ex-President R. B. Hayes. He had three children, — Russell A., a
practising attorney in New York City ; William II., now owner of
a tobacco plantation in North Carolina ; and Hayes.
DANIEL W. HOLMES was born at Lowell, Mass., in January,
1837, and is the son of Daniel G. and Huldah B. (Currier) Holmes.
Mr. Holmes attended the public schools, and, in 1857, graduated
from Union College, Schenectady, N. Y. He then taught a clas-
sical school in Buffalo, N. Y., for five years. In 1862, he came to
Chicago and engaged in the grain and commission business on State
Street, near the corner of Randolph Street, as a member of the firm
of Garland & Holmes, both partners being members of the Board
of Trade. This partnership continued until 1864. He then em-
barked in the wholesale metal trade, as a partner in the firm of
Downs, Garland & Holmes, afterward interested in the wholesale
carriage business, under the same name, up to 1873. On January
I, 1876, he formed a co-partnership with P. G. Dodge, under the
firm name of P. G. Dodge & Co. In January, 1883, W. S. Smith
was admitted a member of the firm. P. G. Dodge & Co. deal in
all varieties of hardwood, as well as turned balusters, table legs, new-
el-posts, etc., in the rough. In 1883, their sales of Southern pine,
alone, amounted to one million feet; their entire sales aggregating,
during thatjear, seven million feet. They have recently increased
their capacity for handling lumber by adding a branch yard. Near
this yard they operate a dry-kiln which has a capacity of one hun-
dred and fifty thousand feet a month. Mr. Holmes married Mrs.
Lydia A. Wentworth, formerly Miss Lydia A. Moody.
THE KIRBY CARPENTER COMPANY. — The business of this
company was established in Milwaukee, Wis., in 1852, by Abner
Kirby. It was continued there by him until 1861, when S. M.
Stephenson became associated with Mr. Kirby. In 1862, A. A.
Carpenter and W. O. Carpenter joined the company, and, in 1863,
the firm transferred its business to Chicago. Their first location was
on the corner of Kinzie and North Market streets, where the business
was conducted until 1868, when a removal was made to Loomis
and Twenty-second streets. In 1872, the company was incorpor-
ated with a capital stock of $500,000. The first (and present) officers
are A. A. Carpenter, president; S. M. Stephenson, vice-president
and secretary; and S. P. Gibbs, treasurer. The three mills of this
company are at the mouth of the Menominee River, Mich., and have
an annual capacity of 80,000,000 feet, including lath, pickets and
shingles. At that point they own 132,000 acres of choice pine tim-
ber land and employ an average of six hundred men, and in the
Chicago yard three hundred. In transporting their lumber to
Chicago, they use six barges and one sailing vessel, owned by
themselves. Their lumber goes as far east as Boston and as far
west as Salt Lake City. The average cut of their mills is about
400,000 feet of lumber, about 300,000 shingles, and 80,000 lath a
day, and their aggregate annual sales amount to $1,500,000. S. M.
Stephenson is a resident of Menominee, Mich., where he superin-
tends the large interests of the firm.
A. A. Carpenter was born in Eranklin County, N. Y., in 1825,
the son of Alanson and Gulia Elma (Nichols) Carpenter, his father
being a native of Vermont and his mother of Franklin County, N.
Y. The family moved to Western New York when their son was
six years of age. At the age of seventeen he engaged in farming
and stock-raising in Wyoming County, N. Y. In 1852, he went
to California, where he engaged in mining and merchandising for
three years. Returning to Western New York, he remained there
two years, and in 1857, moved to Monroe, Wis. There he carried
on the retail dry goods and lumber business until 1862, when he
changed his residence to Milwaukee, Wis., and became connected
with the above firm. Mr. Carpenter married Prudence E. Hub-
bard, daughter of Moses Hubbard, of Western New York. She
died in 1863. He then married Elizabeth K. Kempton, of New
Bedford, Mass. They have two children, — Annie S. and Albert
A., Jr.
COOK & RATHBORNK. — Among the representative lumber
companies of Chicago, few have better facilities for handling an
immense trade than have Cook & Rathborne. They occupy an
area eight hundred feet wide, located on Illinois Central Pier No. I,
between two large and convenient slips running in from the lake.
In this area are located the yards, planing-mill and box-factory, all
owned and operated by this firm. Cook & Rathborne are the succes-
sors to the old and well-known firm of Pitt & Cook, who first estab-
lished their business in the above location in 1880, having been, prior
to that time, at the corner of Lumber and Twenty-second streets.
The firm has" a dock frontage of over sixteen hundred feet, enabling
a fleet of vessels to discharge their cargoes at the same time. The
track of the Illinois Central Railroad extends through their immense
yards, and thus accommodation is afforded the firm in transporta-
tion by rail. The yards always contain millions of feet of the
choicest lumber, which is constantly being shipped to all parts of the
country. The company draw their immense supply from the
choicest pine land districts of Michigan and Wisconsin. In the
center of their yards is a large planing-mill, in which they do a
heavy business for four other extensive lumber concerns located in
their district. The firm also operates a large box-factory, adjoin-
ing the planing-mill, from which they turn out annually thousands
of pine and hardwood boxes. In their yards they employ about
twenty-five men, in the planing-mill the same number, and in the
box-factory a force of sixty operators. The business of the firm
amounts to about three-quarters of a million dollars annually, and
is constantly increasing. The firm is composed of George T. Cook
and William W. Rathborne.
C. J. L. MEYER commenced business in Chicago in 1865, in a
very moderate way, establishing a depot for the sale of his goods,
which were then manufactured at Fond du Lac, Wis. The venture
proved eminently successful. In addition to the above mentioned
mills he owns others at Harmansville, Mich., the aggregate capa-
city of the mills at both places being 150,000 doors, 200,000 sash
and 60,000 blinds a year. In 1874, he erected a factory in Chi-
cago, which, since 1877, has been under the management of his
eldest son, Julius P. Meyer. In connection with this factory, Mr.
Meyer conducts one of the largest lumber yards in the city,
on the North Pier. A large proportion of work turned out at
the Chicago factory is upon stairs, stair-railing, balusters, special
sizes of sash and doors, window-frames, etc., the regular-sized be-
ing made at Fond du Lac, Wis., where Mr. Meyer, Sr., has his
home. His business is very extensive, he having sold, in recent
years, an average of about twenty million feet annually.
Louis HuTT came to Chicago from Malchin, Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, in 1850. He first worked for P. W. Gates two years,
then went to Michigan and engaged in the manufacture of lumber
for an old firm named Canfield on the Manistee River, remaining
there until 1857, when he returned to Chicago, and found employ-
ment as teamster with the lumber firm of Sheppard, Sheriffs & Smith.
After working for them about five years, he bought a team and be-
gan business on his own account. In 1866, he started a planing-
mill on the corner of Blackwell and Nineteenth streets, which he
conducted five years, and then formed a partnership with James L.
Johnson, who had been his bookkeeper for five years, under the
firm name of Hutt <i Johnson. They commenced business at the
378
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
corner of Seventeenth and Grove streets, and continued seven years,
at the end of which time Mr. Johnson died, and Mr. llutt pur-
chased of Mrs. FobnSOD her deceased husbands illlcrest, which,
from an original investment of jSi.inxi, had become, in the seven
-i 1,000. Since that time Mr. llutt has been sole pro-
prietor. In IS73, Mr. llutt purchased a tract of land at the corner
ol Nineteenth and (irove streets I'or $40,000, and erected thereon
his present planing-mill, box, sash, door and blind factory. In
1-7-, he bought the ground upon which now stands the Indiana
- |6,OOO, and sold it, upon condemnation, lor S:; 3,000.
He also bought of K. P. DerricksOn, u und for a lumber
yard on Twenty-second Street, for si,,, ,,«»>, which land is now occu-
pied by the Soper Lumber Company. In iSSo, he bought his pres-
ent lumber yard for ^Sj.ooo. In his mill, factory and lumber yard,
and on his vessel, he employs one hundred and thirty-five men.
The sailing vessel is worth about gio.ixx), and is named " llattie
Hult." It is capable of carrying about 275,000 feet of lumber.
Mr. Hull handles annually upwards of 13,000,000 feet of lumber,
3.ixxi,ix«) shingles and 2,cxio,cx«i huh, and does an annual busiiuss
of about $300,000. Mr. llutt was a private in Co. " K," 32d
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1882, he was commissioned aide-
nipon the stall of ( iovernor Hamilton, with the rank of colonel.
In 1679, he was elected one of the Commissioners of Cook County
by the republican party, to which party he has always belonged.
In I "2, lie was the republican candidate for county treasurer, but
H.IS defeated by his democratic opponent, William C. Seipp.
HAIR <V KIIH.WAY.— The business of the linn of Hair &
Kidgway was established in [Slid, when Samuel Hair started a
planing-mill on Wells Street near Polk. Here he remained alone
two years, when he took in as partner [. C. Mateer. After one
Mr. Mateer sold his interests to William II. ( kliorne. In 1869,
the firm became Hair \ Odiornc, the members of it being Samuel
G. and James A. Hair and William 11. Odiornc. In 1876, the
business was removed to Paulina Street, and the planing-mill was
sold to Hair iV Klphicke, the individual members of this firm being
J. S. and li. M. Hair, and C. W. Klphicke. The firm of Hair &
i Miorne went out of business in 1882. In 1878, B. M. Hair bought
the interest of J. S. Hair, and, early in 1879, purchased that of Mr.
LIphicke. In the latter year, Mr. 1 lair sold a one-third interest to
William Kidgway, and the firm of Hair eV Kidgway was formed.
They manufacture boxes in connection with their other interests.
A. M. Hair was born at Covington, Ky.,in 1848. II is parents
a, 1 .',.,- /*;iK,.-« \ 1 1 T l\f /.' ... *1 ,11 • • - -
years. He then attended school at Elders Ridge Academy, Penn.,
and finished his education at the Centreville Collegiate Institute,
Centreville, Ind. In 1867, he went to Baltimore, and after clerk-
ing in a grocery store for a short time, in connection with Joseph
Ashbury, started a grocery store as the firm of Ashbury & Hair.
He then sold out his interest to Mr. Ashbury, and moved to Mc-
K ei 'sport , I'enn. , where he took charge of a hardware store two years.
In 1870, he came to Chicago, and for one year was clerk in the real-
t of J. Andrews. In 1871, he returned to Pittsburgh, to
accept a position in the office of his brother-in-law, II. I). 'Gamble,
clerk of the United States Court, which he held up to 1875, when
he moved to Springfield, 111., and became assistant State Treasurer
under Hon. Thomas S. Kidgway, then treasurer of Illinois. In
i -77, he came to Chicago and established the firm of Hair & Kl-
phicke. Mr. Hair was married, in 1873, to Hattie Ridgway, daugh-
ter of Hon. Thomas S. Kidgway, of Shawneetown, 111. They have
four children,— Mabel, Genevieve, Ida and Thomas G.
ll'illitim A'i,/-7,',:y was born at Shawneetown, 111., in 1858, and
M of He HI. Thomas S. Kidgway. In 1878, he came to
Chicago, and was bookkeeper for Hair & Klphicke, until 1879,
when he purchased a one-third interest in the business of ]!. M.
Hair. In March, 1884, he purchased an additional interest, making
him an equal partner. .Mr. Kidgway was married in December,
1883, to Miss Minnie Carroll, daughter of Charles Carroll, of Shaw-
neetown. 111.
I'AI.MKK, Ki i.i r.k ,V CM.— This firm is composed of William
uller, George B. Marsh and Vine A. Watkins. Azariah K.
er, one of the original members of this firm, commenced busi-
ta a manufacturer of sasli, doors and blinds in 1850, at Aurora,
III., near which place his father had settled many year's before. I le
mied in this branch of manufacture there until 1866, when he
to Chicago. On January i, of that year, he formed a part-
:p with William A. Fuller, and purchased the property and
business of the GOSS ,v Phillips Manufacturing Company. In '1-1.7,
. e ]',. Marsh became a member of the linn, the name of which
became I'almi-r. Fuller ,V Co. In [868, this firm purchased six
of land at the corner of West Twenty-second and Union streets,
and in 1870, erected their present extensive buildings. In January!
1^71, they occupied their new quarters, and in 1872, Vine A. Wat-
kins became a partner. In May, 1874, Mr. Palmer died, from a
disease contracted from exposure in overseeing the work of erect-
ing the new buildings in 1870. These structures, which are three
stories high, comprise machinery and finishing buildings, warehouse,
window-glass and gla/ing house, moulding and shaving building,
and office. The machinery, which is propelled by a 900 horse-
power Corliss engine, turns out an array of designs which it would
be impracticable to describe, but which consist of sash, doors, blinds
and all kinds of hard and soft wood articles which are used in the
interior and outside decoration of buildings. They employ in their
factory and on their dock (which contains nine acres of ground with
ample railroad connections) about five hundred men. Their busi-
ness extends ali over the United States, to Mexico, Canada and to
some portions of England and Australia, and amounts annually to
from one million to one and a half million of dollars.
A:ariali K. l\ilni,-r, deceased, was born in 1829. At the age
of sixteen he commenced his business life as an employe of King
Bros., manufacturers of sash, doors and blinds, at Aurora, 111.,
continuing with them for three years. Upon the removal of that
firm, in 1848, to Ottawa. 111., he went also, and remained three
years. In 1851, he moved to Montgomery, Kane Co., 111., and in
connection with his brother, O. T. Palmer, engaged in the manu-
facture of sash, doors, etc., as the firm of A. R. & O. T. Palmer,
continuing that business uninterruptedly until 1866, with the excep-
tion of two years, during which A. R. Palmer was engaged in the
marble business at Kockford, 111. In 1866, Mr. Palmer came to
Chicago, and established the house of Palmer, Fuller & Co. He
married Anna M. Watkins, daughter of Miner Watkins, of Con-
necticut. They have one son, F'rank T. W.
U'illiam .-I. Fuller was born at Lancaster, Worcester Co.,
Mass., in 1830, and is the son of F'phraim and Judith (doss) Ful-
ler. His early life was spent upon a farm, but at the age of seven-
teen he was appointed agent of the Worcester & Nashua Railroad,
at South Lancaster, Mass., holding that position one year. In the
fall of 1854, he came to Chicago, and was employed as bookkeeper
for (loss & Phillips, until January I, 1866, when, in connection with
A. R. Palmer, he purchased the entire business and good-will of
GOSS& Phillips. Mr. Fuller married, in 1860, Ginevra, daughter
of Lauriston Walker, of Oswego, 111. They have two children, —
Leroy W., now of the firm of R. W. English & Co., lumber dealers,
and Ginevra.
BABCOCK & PARK. — This firm is composed of W. S. Babcock
and George H. Park. It was formed in 1880, previous to which time
both members of it had had considerable experience in the lumber
business. The firm of Babcock, Martin & Co., of which this firm is
the successor, was formed in 1866, and was composed of W. S. Bab-
cock, S. K. Martin and S. V. Babcock. As such, it existed until
1870, when S. K. Martin withdrew from the partnership, and the two
brothers continued business under the style of Babcock Bros., near
the old location on Lumber and Twenty-second streets. In 1880,
the firm of Babcock & Park was formed. Mr. Park commenced
business in 1860, at the corner of State and Seventeenth streets, as
a member of the firm of Fenner, Park & Co., this firm having a
planing-mill, and sash, door and blind factory. The partnership
was dissolved in 1864, and Mr. Park became a member of the firm of
Edwards, Park & Co., doing a planing-mill and lumber business at
No. 775 South Canal street. This firm was dissolved in 1866, and
W. J. Edward ; commenced the manufacture of road-graders at Hal-
sted and Sixteenth streets, where he is still engaged in the same en-
terprise. Mr. Park formed a partnership with Albert Soper, in 1866,
under the firm name of Park & Soper, which lasted until 1880, when
he joined Mr. liabcock in business. The firm of Babcock & Park
employ thirty-five men, and sell about 12,000,000 feet of lumber,
3,000,000 shingles and 1,000,000 lath each year.
George If. Park was born at Millbury, Mass., in 1833, and is
the son of John W. and Betsey (Harbach) Park. He began his
business career in 1853 as an employe in the sash, door and blind
factory of Armsby, Morse & Co., in Millbury, remaining with them
five years. In 1858, he came to Chicago, and was at first foreman
of the sash, door and blind factory of Combs, Merry & Co., corner
State and Seventeenth streets, and, in 1860, became a member of the
firm of Fenner, Park & Co. In 1860, Mr. Park married Elvira J.
Wilhard, daughter of Josiah B. and Mary B. Williard, formerly of
Htchburg, Mass. They settled in Chicago in 1858, and, in 1864,
moved to Mattoon, 111., where Mr. Williard died in 1877. Mrs
\\ ilhard is now living in Milwaukee.
CIIAKU;S W. DAVIS.— I,, 1866, Mr. Davis entered the employ
Kichard Mason, one of the pioneer lumbermen of Chicago, and
remained in that capacity ten years. During that time, he became
familiar with the lumber trade in all its details, and, in 1876, estab-
IShed a lumber yard of his own, on the south side of the river at
is present location. He has a dock front of 800 feet, and his yard
is 400 feet in depth, and it is admirably arranged for convenience in
handling large quantities of lumber, ten million feet may be piled
on Ins yard at one time. Mr. I >avis both stores lumber and sells it
THE LUMBER TRADK.
379
on commission. His receipts annually average about 30,000,000
feet, and his business requires the constant employment of about
one hundred and twenty-live men.
THE CHICAGO LUMBER COMPANY was established in 1866, and
is the largest lumber company in the United States. The business
was conducted in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa and Missouri, for some
years before the opening of their present large yard in Chicago.
The average amount carried is 35,ooo,ooo,feet; and from this, as a
point of supply, their one hundred and two other yards, located in
the principal cities and towns of the States just named, but prin-
cipally in Kansas and Nebraska, are mainly supplied. In i88r,
their sales aggregated 149,000,000 feet of lumber, while in 1884,
they reached the enormous amount of 370,000,000, valued at
$8,000,000. On May 8, 1885, one of the largest fires that ever
occurred in a lumberyard destroyed for them, in Chicago, 15,000,000
of lumber, the aggregate loss amounting to $328,000. The insurance
realized on this loss was $302,500, and 10,000,000 feet of lumber
were saved from the flames. This company commenced handling
Southern pine on a large scale in 1882, and, in 1884, their sales of
this species of lumber reached 20,000,000 feet. The cash capital
of the company in 1884, was over $3,000,000. In 1882, they
erected a planing-mill and sash and door factory, both of which are
thoroughly fitted up with improved machinery.
M. T. GRKENK, manager of the Chicago Lumber Company,
was born in Western New York in 1846, the son of Ferguson and
Mary S. (Torrey) Greene. He spent his early boyhood and ac-
quired his early education in Western New York. At the age of
sixteen he entered the 26th New York Battery, and remained con-
nected with it until mustered out of service in July, 1865. He then
returned to his home, and in a short time went West, to seek his
fortune. His first venture was in Harrisonville, Cass Co., Mo.,
thirty-eight miles southeast of Kansas City. This was early in
1 866. In the latter part of 1868, he started a lumber yard at
LaCygne, Kans. , before the Kansas City, Fort Scott & Gulf Kail-
way reached that town. He also established numerous other
lumber yards in these two States, as well as in Nebraska and Iowa.
In 1872, he came to Chicago where he has since resided as the gen-
eral manager of the immense interests of the Chicago Lumber
Company. Mr. Greene takes unusual interest in the history of
Southeastern Kansas, aside from the fact of having numerous
lumber yards in that section of the country, inasmuch as one of the
partners in the Chicago Lumber Company (Frank Colpetzer) is a
son of William Colpetzer, who was one of the five fatally shot by
James A. Hamilton's men, at the inhuman massacre of the Marais
des Cygnes.
FITZ SIMONS & CONNEI.I.. — This firm is composed of Charles
Fitz Simons and Charles J. Connell. It was established in 1867,
in which year they erected a mill on Magazine Slip, for sawing
heavy timber. Many of the contracts taken by this company have
been very large, one of the most extensive in the way of bridge-
building being that under which they constructed all the wooden
bridges on the Union Pacific Railway between the North Platte
River and Salt Lake City. During the prevalence of high prices
for freighting lumber to Chicago, the firm conceived the idea of
rafting their timber in the log across Lake Michigan, and made the
experiment, sometimes bringing as much as one million feet of tim-
ber in one raft. It was landed at the North Pier, and there sawed
into such timber as their trade demanded. After the panic of 1873,
timber freights were so far reduced that there was no profit in tow-
ing rafts and the practice was abandoned. Since then they have
continued the manufacture of heavy timber and the building of
bridges, the Howe-truss bridge being one of the kinds made. Dur-
ing the year they handle about six million feet of timber, selling to
the trade, to railway companies and to bridge-builders. They are
also engaged in dredging and dock-building. Upon the dissolution
of the firm of Fox & Howard — the oldest firm of dock-builders in
the city — Fitz Simons & Connell formed a partnership with Harry
Fox, and upon his death assumed entire control of the business,
which they still conduct. As illustrations of the character of the
work done by this firm maybe mentioned the Fullerton-avenue con-
duit, four thousand feet of the Lincoln Park breakwater, two thou-
sand feet of the United States breakwater, the substructure of the
Rush-street bridge (built in 1884), and five thousand feet of the lake
shore protection at South Park. The latter is a novel and remark-
able piece of work, conceived by I. Frank Foster, the engineer. It
consists primarily of sloping pavement, commencing in piles driven
in the lake, the upper ends of which are about six inches below the
low-water line, and extending back upon the shore to a distance of
about thirty feet above this line, rising gently in a curvilinear in-
cline, thus permitting the force of the waves gradually to expend
itself. The pavement is constructed of Lemont stone, and cost
about $100,000. It is confidently believed that, although this kind
of shore protection has as yet received but little attention, it is des-
tined to become widely approved and in great demand.
Brigadier-General Charlts Fitt Simons is a native of New York
State, and of Irish parentage. He entered the Union army on luly
17, 1861, from Rochester, N. Y., as captain of the 3d New York
Cavalry. On May 15, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of major
of the same regiment, and was made lieutenant-colonel of the 2ist
New York Cavalry, in October, 1863. He was commissioned col-
onel of this regiment, and brevetted brigadier-general, in February,
1865. After serving one year on the frontier, he was mustered out
of the service on June 26, 1866. He then came to Chicago, and
has ever since been actively connected with the business of his firm.
Since 1881, he has had command of the First Brigade of the Illinois
National Guard. He was a candidate for Congress in the Third Illi-
nois District in the fall of 1884, but, owing to a dual republican
candidacy, James II. Ward, democrat, was elected. General Fitz
Simons married Augusta M. Riley, daughter of the late Justin
Riley, of Brighton, N. Y.
WILLIAM E. STROM; was born at Granville, Washington Co.,
N. Y., on August 10, 1840. In 1849, he was taken by his parents to
Western New York, and, in 1853, removed to Jefferson Prairie, Rock
Co., Wis., where his father had purchased a farm. He worked on
this farm until he was about seventeen years of age, and in Novem-
ber, 1857, removed to Racine, Wis., and studied law with Strong &
Fuller until his admission to the Bar on April 15, 1861. Mr. Strong
immediately thereafter raised a company of volunteers, of which he
was elected captain, his commission bearing date April 24, 1861.
He served in the Army five years, four months and seven days, and
was honorably discharged from the service on September I, 1866.
On January I, 1867, Mr. Strong formed a business connection with
The Pcshtigo Company, and removed to this city. On April 25,
1867, he was married to Miss Mary Bostwick Ogden, a daughter of
Mahlon D. Ogden, and a niece of Chicago's first mayor, William B.
Ogden. On July 12, 1867, he was elected secretary and treasurer
of The Peshtigo Company, retaining that office until October 25,
1873, when he was elected president and has retained that position
since. On May 7, 1872, he was elected treasurer and assistant sec-
retary of the Sturgeon Bay and Lake Michigan Ship Canal and
Harbor Company, this Company having organized on that date for
active operations. On November 13, 1874, Mr. Strong was chosen
a director, which office he at present fills. He took an active part
in the construction of the Sturgeon Bay Canal, which was completed
and accepted by the State of Wisconsin in December, 1881. On
August 3, 1877, Hon. William B. Ogden died, and designated Mr.
Strong as one of his executors and trustees ; he qualified as such in
New York City, on September 13, 1877, and immediately entered
upon the discharge of the duties of his office, and has continued to
act as such executor and trustee since that time.
KELLEY. RATHBONE & Co. — This firm is composed of Asa P.
Kelley, Joseph Rathbone and William E. Kelley. Their business
was established in 1867. They have mills at Muskegon aTid Spring
Lake, Mich., and three yards in Chicago, — one on the Illinois Cen-
tral pier, with 1300 feet of dockage, another on Center Avenue with
1 200 feet of dockage, and the third at the corner of Lock and Cologne
streets, with a dock front of 400 feet. Their sales amount to about
70,000,000 feet a year.
Asa /'. AV//.T was born at Conway, N. H., in 1822. His
parents were David and Annie (Sterling) Kelley. His early life was
spent upon a farm, receiving his education at the Fryeburg Acade-
my, Fryeburg, Maine. In 1845, he commenced his business life as a
civil engineer, but after three years' practice of his profession,
engaged in the lumber trade on his own account at Passadumkeag,
Maine, until 1855, when he went to Davenport, Iowa, and dealt in
li\v stock for seven years. In 1862, became to Chicago and engaged
in the grain and commission business as a member of the firm of
Higgins, Kelley & Co., of which he continued a member until 1867,
when he established the lumber firm of Kelley, Wood & Co. This
partnership was dissolved in 1876, and the firm of Kelley, Rathbone
\ ('<>. established. Mr. Kelley married Mary A. Morrill, of Maine.
They have three children: William E.; Annie E., now wife of
William W. Ireland, of Rochester, Minn.; and Mary H.
U'illiam ]•'.. AV//,T, eldest son of Asa P. Kelley, was born in
Passadumkeag, Maine, in 1850. He received his education in a pre-
3 So
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
paratnry school in Massachusetts and at Vale College. In 1871,
he entered the employ of Kelley, Wood \ Co. as a clerk, continu-
ing with them up to 1876, when he became a member of the above
firm. He has been vice-president of the Lumbermen's Exchange
for two terms, from 1882 to 1884. Mr. Kelley married Miss
Margaret A. Vail, daughter of Asa Vail, of Chicago. They have
three children, — William R., Eleanor V. and Asa R.
T. II. SIIKITAKII \ Co. — T. II. Sheppard is at present the
only member of this firm. In 1867, the lumber firm of Bradley,
Sheppard >Y Smith was established, of which Mr. Sheppard was a
memU-r for live years. In 1876, he entered the linn of A. R. dray
\- Co., remaining seven years. In i>\',. he established himself in
business at the foot of Paulina Street, under the present firm name.
In iS>3, he handled twenty-three million feet of lumber. Mr.
Sheppard deals in pine lumber, his specialty being thick uppers and
ts, principally from the Lake Superior region.
/'. //. Slupfant was born in Cumberland County, N. J., in
1844, the son of Thomas and Mary (Porter) Sheppard. At the age
of nineteen, he came to Chicago, and became connected with the
United States Railroad Postal Service under deorge B. Armstrong,
superintendent, and was one of the first to take a car out of Chicago
on the old Chicago ,Y Galena Railroad, which position he held two
years. In iSfij, he became an employe of Fuller iY Fuller, whole-
sale druggists, and later entered the lumber business. He was a
stockholder, and served as secretary and treasurer, of the Ontonagon
Lumber Compan Jo to 1882. Mr. Sheppard married M.
Louisa Clarke, daughter of S. d. Clarke, an early settler of Chi-
who was the first managing agent of the' Western Union
..raph Company here." They have one child, a daughter, —
Birdie Louise.
GEOKGK E. WOOD commenced the lumber business at Daven-
port, Iowa, in iSdi, and remained there until 1869, when he came
to Chicago, and became a member of the firm of Kelley, Wood &
Co. This firm started a lumber yard at the corner of Twenty-
second Street and Centre Avenue, where Kelley, Lowe & Co. still
carry on the business. Mr. Wood remained a member of this firm
until 1877, when he retired, taking, for his share of the concern,
the Michigan interests of the firm, consisting of a saw-mill and
pine lands at Muskegon, and on the Muskegon River. Since 1877,
he has carried on the business alone. His mill at Muskegon is a
circular and gangsaw mill, and has a capacity for cutting, during
the season, about twenty million feet of lumber. This lumber is
handled by Mr. Wood, and is sold by him to yard dealers. Mr.
Wood was born at East Douglas, M'ass., in 1837. His parents
were William V. and Emily (Curtis) Wood, who settled in Moline,
III., in 1855, where his father died in 1856, his mother residing in
Chicago up to the time of her death in 1883. Mr. Wood spent his
early life in Worcester, Mass. In 1855, he went into the employ
of Burnell, Gillet & Co., manufacturers of lumber at Davenport,
Iowa, remaining with them until 1861, when he engaged in the
lumber business in that city on his own account. Mr. Wood mar-
ried Miss Harriet L. Lovejoy, daughter of Lund Lovejoy, formerly
of Lowell, Mass. They have two children, — William F., engaged
in business with his father, and Annie L.
THE LoniNGTi >N, WELI.S & VAN SCHAICK COMPANY succeeded
a firm of the same name, which was composed of Harrison Lud-
ington, Daniel Wells, Jr., Anthony G. Van Schaick and Robert
Stephenson. They commenced business in May, 1867, with saw-
mills at Menominee, Mich., and lumber docks and yards at Chi-
cago. The company occupies a prominent place among local firms
and manufacturers, and disposes of an average of fifty millions of
pine lumber annually. The officers are Harrison Ludington,
president; A. d. Van Schaick, vice-president; C. S. Burdsal, Jr.
secretary; and Daniel Wells, Jr., treasurer.
AMHMNV G. VAN SCHAICK was born at Albany, N. Y. in
1829. His father, Gerard Van Schaick, was a retired merchant of
that city, and his mother's maiden name was Araminta Platt. The
son received a liberal education. Upon completing his studies, in
[849, he removed to Milwaukee, Wis., where he became a clerk for
Ludington cY Co., lumber merchants. In 1855, he was admitted to
the firm, and four years later came to Chicago, continuing in the
lumber business. In 1869, he became manager of the Ludington
\\ ells ,v Van Schaick Lumber Company. During Mr. Van Schaick's
president of the Lumber Manufacturers' Association of the North-
west, including Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Illi-
nois. He is vice-president of the Ludington, Wells & Van
Schaick Company, the Joliet Mound Company, and the Marinette
Barge Line Company. For the past fourteen years he has been
treasurer of the Vessel-Owners' Towing Company and the Lumber
.nge. He is a stockholder in, and a director of, the Conti-
nental National Hank of Chicago, and is also a director of the
Lumbermen's Iron Mining Company and the Menominee Manu-
facturing Company, all being active and successful corporations.
Mr. Van Schaick has been twice married, his present wife, Ellen
Ludington, being a daughter of Ex-dovernor Harrison Ludington,
of Wisconsin.
SAXvvi.K-dooi'MAN COMPANY. — This firm was organized in
Chicago, in the spring of 1878, as a private corporation. The in-
dividual members of the firm were Philetus Sawyer and his son Ed-
gar P., of Oshkosh, Wis., and James B. Goodman and William O.
Goodman, of Chicago, all of whom had been engaged for years in
the manufacture and handling of lumber. Philetus Sawyer was
born in Rutland County. Vt., in 1816, and moved to Wisconsin in
1847, and, in 1849, moved from his farm at Rosendale, Fond du
Lac Co.. to Oshkosh. There he contracted to run a mill by the
thousand, but soon branched out on his own account, dealing heavily
in logs, contracting with other mills and, in 1855, built a mill for
himself. He also made large purchases of pine lands built other
saw-mills and established lumber yards, and in this way acquired a
fortune. He was also largely instrumental in improving the Wolf
River, by a series of booms along flat places and dams at rapids,
until it became one of the best driving-streams in the Northwest.
Mr. Sawyer was one of the tirst directors of the Wolf River Boom
Company, which was incorporated in 1857. He was elected to
Congress in 1864, and served five consecutive terms in the House.
In 1880, he was elected United States Senator from Wisconsin.
The Messrs. Goodman became identified with the lumber business
in Chicago in 1867, and are members of a family engaged in the
lumber business in Pennsylvania. Their business in Chicago was
conducted as a private corporation until the spring of 1880 when
the company was incorporated with Philetus Sawyer, United States
Senator from Wisconsin, president ; Edgar P. Sawyer, vice-presi-
dent ; James B. Goodman, secretary; and William O. Goodman,
treasurer. The mills of this company are situated on the Menom-
inee River, and contain all modern improvements. Owning large
tracts of pine timber, this company is enabled to produce the stock
necessary for their trade. Their yards in Chicago have a capacity
of about fifty million feet per annum. Its specialty is pine, whole-
sale and retail.
ll'illitim Owen Goodman was born at Wellsborough, Tioga
Co., Penn., in 1818, the son of Owen and Susan (Barber) doodman.
His parents dying when their son was quite young, he was taken
to Columbia, Penn., where his early life was passed in his grand-
mother's family; there he resided until he was sixteen years of age,
when he attended school at Athens, Penn. In 1866, he commenced
his business life in the employ of his uncle, deneral Williston, lum-
ber dealer, at Athens, Penn., with whom he remained two years. In
1868, he came to Chicago and was employed by the Menom-
inee River Lumber Company as bookkeeper, which position he
held up to 1869, when he became salesman for the firm, and after-
ward represented the interest of Hon. Philetus Sawyer, in the same
company. In 1878, Mr. Goodman, in connection* with Hon. P.
Sawyer, Edgar P. Sawyer, his son, and his brother, James B.
Goodman, organized the firm of Sawyer, Goodman & Co., which
GRUSENDORF, OTT & Co. — This firm is the successor of that
of Henry Grusendorf & Co., established in 1867. In iSdg, eight
individuals united and incorporated the Union Lumber Company.
In 1872, the name was changed to Grusendorf & Miller. In 1875,
Mr. Miller sold his interests to John Ott and Fred. Fischer, since
which time the firm has been Grusendorf, Ott & Co. They have a
dock frontage of one hundred and fifty feet, the depth of the yard
being three hundred feet. Two vessels can unload their cargoes sim-
ultaneously. Their trade is mainly with city dealers, and reaches
annually about eight million feet of lumber, three million shingles
and five million lath. Mr. Fischer, of this firm, resides in Elm-
hurst, DuPage Co., 111.
Iltmy Grusendorf was born in Hanover, Germany, on Septem-
ber 15. 1829, the son of Hans H. and Catharine (Wolters) Grusen-
dorf. His mother died in Germany in 1843. His father, who had
again married, came to America with his family in 1854, his sons
Henry and Frederick, having preceded him in 1850. Mr. Grusen-
orf, Sr.. settled within sixteen miles of Chicago. In 1855 he re-
moved to Clinton County, Iowa, where his sons Henry and Fred-
erick purchased for him a homestead. At this place he lost his
second wife, and then immediately moved to Lyons in the same
county to reside with his son Henry, who cared for him until 1862
when he went to visit his other son, Frederick, with whom he re-
sided until his death in 1867. Henry Grusendorf came to America
in 1850, and settled in Elmhurst, DuPage Co., 111., where he was
employed upon farms and attended the country evening schools.
At the age of twenty-three he entered a store at Elmhurst as a clerk
remaining two years. In 1856, he moved to Lyons, Iowa and
opened a hotel, which he conducted until 1857, when he returned to
mhurst and purchased a country store of D. Mong, which he
managed unt.l 1860, at the same time being postmaster of the vil-
lage, lie then went back to Lyons, Iowa, and for a short time
THE LUMBER TRADE.
38'
carried on a country store. In 1862, he came to Chicago and en-
gaged in the commission business on West Randolph Street. In
1863, he formed a partnership with Henry Batterman in the whole-
sale and retail grocery trade, as the firm of Batterman & Co. In
the spring of 1865, he left the grocery business and became a mem-
ber of the Board of Trade, doing a commission business until June,
1867, and in July of the same year founded the firm of Henry Gru-
sendorf & Co., lumber dealers. Through the various changes since
the formation of the original firm, Mr. Grusendorf has exercised a
personal superintendence of the business, having charge of the
finances and general office work. In 1855, he married Miss Dora
Neddermeyer, of Hanover, Germany, at Elmhurst, 111. She died
on January 15, 1883, leaving three children, — Caroline, wife of Fritz
Muller, of Chicago; Mathilde, wife of George Schroeder, of Chica-
go; and Edward O.
THE HAMILTON & MKRKYMAN COMPANY. — This company
was established in 1855 at Fond du Lac, Wis., by I. K. and \V. ( .
Hamilton. In 1861, Merryman & Hunter bought the mill known
as the Hawkins' Mill, and operated it from that time until 1867,
when the Messrs. Hamilton and A. C. Merryman formed a part-
nership, and purchased large tracts of pine timbered land on the
Menominee River. In 1868, the business of Hamilton, Merryman &
Co. was commenced at Marinette, Wis. , where they erected a large
and mode! mill, and also secured at Chicago dock and yard facili-
ties. Their pine forests, which lie tributary to the mill, aggregate
about 70,000 acres. The mill was enlarged in the winter of
1883-84, and the aggregate cut of their mills is now about 27,000,000
feet of lumber and 10,000,000 shingles annually, besides a large
quantity of lath. The product of their mills is brought to market
by their own vessels, of which they have four. The company was
incorporated in 1873, with I. K. Hamilton, president; W. C. Ham-
ilton, vice-president; and A. C. Merryman, secretary. The presi-
dent of the company resides at Chicago, the vice-president being a
resident of Fond du Lac, Wis., while Mr. Merryman manages the
business at Marinette, Wis. In addition to their lumber business,
this company owns a valuable iron mine, located in the Menominee
range. This mine, now known as the-Perkins mine, was opened in
the winter of 1878-79, and has yielded since then, annually, about
50,000 tons of good Bessemer ore. The mine was leased and
worked on royalty by the Saginaw Mining Company for the Cleve-
land Rolling Mill Company. It was named in honor of Captain
John Perkins, the superintendent.
/. A". Hamilton was born at Lyme, Grafton Co., N. H., in
1830. His parents were Irenus and Mary E. (Kittredge) Hamil-
ton. Mr. Hamilton at the age of nineteen commenced business
life as a clerk in a general store in St. Johnsbury, Vt. , which em-
ployment continued one year. In 1850, he went to New York City
and was in the employ of E. & T. Fairbanks & Co. as a clerk four
years, after which he was with Latham & Co., car and locomotive
builders at White River Junction, Vt., for one year In 1855, he
moved to Fond du Lac, Wis., and carried on the lumber business
with his brother W. C. Hamilton, as the firm of I. K. & W. C.
Hamilton. Mr. Hamilton married Mary L. Waterbury, daughter
of Harry Waterbury, of Connecticut. They have four children, —
Amy, now wife of R. J. O. Hunter, of Chicago; Louise, now wife
of William Waller, of Chicago; Nathaniel W. and Irenus K., Jr.
MKNDSKN & WINTER. — This firm is composed of J. F. Mend-
sen and T. Winter. Mr. Mendsen commenced the lumber business
at the corner of Throop and Twenty-second streets in 1868, and
continued it alone until 1872. Mr. Winter was in the business
several years at Waukegan, and, in 1870, came to Chicago and en-
tered into partnership with O. II. Queal, remaining with him until
1872, when the firm was dissolved and the existing partnership
formed. In 1875, the business was moved to the corner of Laflin
and Twenty-second streets, and, in 1881, to its present location. In
1882, they sold about 20,000,000 feet of lumber.
THE C. C. THOMPSON & WAI.KUP Co. — Corwin C. Thomp-
son, a member of the firm of Thompson Bros. & Co., of St. Louis,
came to Chicago, in the spring of 1871, to establish a lumber yard
as a branch of their St. Louis house. The members of the firm were
C. C. Thompson, R. L. Henry and J. B. Thompson. The busi-
ness at Chicago was conducted under the same firm name, the yard
being opened on Quarry Street, between Archer Avenue and the
river. In 1872, J. B. Thompson withdrew from the firm. In 1874,
C. C. Thompson bought out the interest of Mr. Henry, and the
firm then became C. C. Thompson & Co. In 1874, Charles A.
Paltzer was admitted to partnership, remaining a member until
1884. In 1880, W. A. Thompson became a member of the firm,
and retains his interest. The business was conducted on Quarry
Street until 1884, when it was transferred to its present location.
In the spring of this year the firm became an incorporated company
under the name of the C. C. Thompson & Walkup Company, with
a capital stock of $280,000. C. C. Thompson was chosen president,
Thomas Walkup, secretary, and W. A. Thompson, treasurer. The
business <>f this company for the last few years has amounted to
about lifty million feet of lumber per annum. The mills in Macki-
naw County, Mich., and the large tract of valuable pine lands in
the Lake Superior country, formerly owned by C. C. Thompson it
Co., they sold in the fall of 1882.
Convin C. Thompson was born near Rochester, N. Y., in
1826. His parents were Lott and Abigail (Gillette) Thompson,
both natives of Connecticut, who had settled in New York State in
1824. In 1837, they removed to the Western Reserve, near Cleve-
land, Ohio. His father being a manufacturer of carriages, C. C.
Thompson learned the trade and conducted the business of his
father there until he was twenty-one years of age. In 1859, Mr.
Thompson came to Chicago, and carried on the produce and com-
mission business on South Water Street as the firm of C. C. Thomp-
son & Co., continuing business here up to 1861. In 1862, he re-
moved to St. Louis, and engaged in the produce and commission
business there, furnishing also supplies to the United States Army
during the Civil War, up to its close. In 1865, he established a lum-
ber business in St. Louis, as the firm of Thompson Bros. & Co., in
1871, opening a yard in Chicago. In 1873, he closed out his busi-
ness in St. Louis and came to reside in Chicago, where he has since
carried on the lumber business as C. C. Thompson & Co. Mr.
Thompson was elected vice-president of the Lumbermen's Exchange
in iSSo, and was acting president during most of that year. On
his retirement, in his address delivered on March 12, 1881, before
the Lumbermen's F.xchange, he made the following prediction,
which it is well to preserve as a matter of history:
" It has been estimated that the increased demand in the pro-
duction of lumber since 1860 has been at the rate of not less than
lift) per cent for every five years. Should this increase continue,
I calculate that our forests must suffer annihilation within the next
twenty years. Year by year, as our country becomes populated,
greater distances are covered by long stretches of railroads, not only
away from, but toward and into, our pine forests, as if for no other
purpose than their destruction. A demand has but recently sprung
up for our choice pine in foreign lands, so that the product mainly
confined to two States is a staple of the world, while the boundaries
of our home shipments are the Atlantic coast on the east, the Paci-
fic on the west and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. The natural
increase of our population fully justifies the prediction that the year
1900 will find our vast forests of soft pine exhausted, unless other
woods are introduced for their protection." Mr. Thompson has
shown marked ability and judgment in every emergency of life.
He is a man of strong impulses, ready in argument and a pleasant
speaker, whom his friends love, if his enemies do not. As a
religionist he is void of all superstition, and thinks for himself,
lit- was early in life a whig, and among the first to embrace the
cause of the abolition of American slavery and the protection of
home industry. He is thoroughly a man of the age.
W. A. Thompson, eldest son of C. C. Thompson, was born at
St. Louis in 1854, and there received his education. His first busi-
ness engagement was at that city in his father's employment, as
clerk with Thompson Bros. & Co., with whom he remained several
years. He then went to the pineries of Wisconsin on his own ac-
count and engaged in the lumbering business, in which he remained
until 1872, when he came to this city and entered the firm of C. C.
Thompson & Co., with whom he stayed until the incorporation of
the new company, when he was made its treasurer.
SAMUEL II. DEMPSEY, junior member of the firm of Winter-
meyer & Dempsey, was born in Ireland in 1844. At the age of
fourteen he emigrated to America, locating in Cincinnati, Ohio,
where he apprenticed himself to the carpenter's trade. After
serving his time, he continued at his trade in Cincinnati until
shortly after the War. He then removed to Kentucky, continuing
at his trade of carpenter and builder, until the great fire occurred
in Chicago in 1871. When the re-building of the city commenced,
he came here to make his permanent residence. Being a first-class
workman, he rapidly advanced his interests, and, in 1878, he was
enabled to commence operations on a much larger scale than he had
previously been permitted to do. He formed a co-partnership with
Julius C. Wintermeyer, under the firm name of Wintermeyer &
Uempsey. They commenced general contracting work and con-
structed a large planing-mill, which they still operate. Mr. Demp-
sey has taken and completed contracts for the lumber finishing of
many prominent buildings in Chicago, and his venture has proved
highly successful. He was married at Winchester, Ky. , in 1870,
to Miss Fannie Nicholas, a descendant of one of the oldest families
of that State. They have five children: Annie, Jennie, Fannie,
Pattie and Nellie. Mr. Dempsey is a Royal Arch Mason, though
non-affiliating with Chicago bodies. He is also a member of
Wendell Phillips Lodge, No. 252, A.O.U.W.; is treasurer of
the Wendell Phillips Building Association; and belongs to the
Order of Foresters.
S. A. BROWN & Co. — This company is one of the largest
lumber firms in Chicago. S. A. Brown started in the lumber busi-
ness in 1870, having a lumber yard in Kankakee, 111. On March,
I, 1871, he started a lumber yard in Burlington, Kas., at the same
time opening an office in Chicago at the corner of Twenty-second
38*
IIJSTOKY OF CHICAGO.
Street and ' • after In- established lumber yards
at llumhcildt. Independence, Ottawa, Lawrence, Kmporia, I 'arsons
ami Kurt >cott. Kas.,and subsequently at numerous other |>
ID tin 1 sixty in the State. In Missouri the
linn have liftecn lumberyards, the principal ones being at Carthage,
Spiingticld, North Springfield, Pierce City. Lebanon, Webb City,
•. ic and l.amar. They have live lumberyards in Nebraska,
the principal Ones being at Lincoln and llickman. IniSyS, they
built a planing-mill and sash, door, blind ami moulding factory on
Canal Mteet. south of Eighteenth Street. The capacity of the mill
and of the factory have been increased since they were built, and
horse-power engine has been supplanted by one of 350 hoi -c-
power. The building is of brick, and is two stories high. One
hundred men are employed in both mill anil factory, and they have
a capacity for turning out about $500,000 worth of work a year.
being on his farm. S. A. Brown remained at home until he was
twenty-one years of age, when he went to Michigan to manage a
farm owned by his father. In 1860, he came to Chicago, and from
that time to 1*70, moved about from place to place, being a portion
of the time in Chicago, a portion on the farm in Ontario County,
and elsewhere. In 1870, he started a lumberyard in Kankakee, III.
T. \\ 11.1:1: \ Co. — The planing-mill of this firm was estab-
lished by Thomas \Vilce in 1872, and the lumber yard in 1877. The
amount of lumber worked up annually is upwards of 30, 000,000 feet,
and about seventy-five men are employed in the mill. In the yard,
the firm employs an average of fifty men. They handle 16,000,000
feet of lumber per annum, and 5,500,000 shingles and 1,000,000
lath. The aggregate amount of sales is $300,000 annually.
Tlttniw* I I'l/tY was born at Cornwall, England, in 1819, and is
the son of Thomas and Mary (Venning) Wilce. He spent his early
life upon a farm, and at the age of nine-
teen became employed as a builder in his
native town. In 1842, he emigrated to
Montreal, Canada, and was engaged in
building until 1848, when he came to
Chicago and continued in the same trade
up to 1867. He then retired from active
business until 1872, when he started a
planing-mill, and in 1877, connected with
the mill his present lumber yard. Mr.
Wilce was alderman of the old Tenth
Ward of Chicago from 1869 to 1871,
during which time he was a member of
the finance committee, and chairman of
it in 1870-71. He was a member of the
Board of Education from 1871 to 1875.
also treasurer of the Washingtonian
Home from 1878 to 1883, and director
of the same for seven years. Mr. Wilce
was married in Montreal, in 1846, to
Jane Carlisle, daughter of William and
Jane Carlisle, of Lincolnshire, England.
They have had eleven children, — Mary
J., now wife of H. H. Chandler, of
Chicago; William H., deceased; Eme-
lineW., deceased; Thomas V., deceased;
Edwin P., Jennie L., Edmund H.,
George C. and Daniel V. (twins); Thom-
as E. and Jessie, deceased.
E. P. WlLCE & Co.— The business
of this firm was established in 1863, by
William Stevens, at the corner of Erank-
lin and Van Buren streets, remaining
there until 1873, when it was moved to
its present location. Here Mr. Stevens
continued the business alone up to iSSi,
when E. P. Wilce became a partner and
PRAIRIE AVENUE, NORTH FROM TWENTIETH STREET.
The company is now composed of S. A. Brown and E E Parish
the latter having united in business with Mr. Brown in 1877 \n
incident connected with their lumber business in Kansas is of in
terest in this connection. In 1883, the merchants of Humboldt
that State, organized a stock lumber company for the purpose of
n ting trade to that city. In order to protect their lumber in-
terests, not only in Humboldt, but in other cities and towns in the
\. Brown built a large one-story store in Humboldt The
name under which this business is conducted is the S \ Brown
pany, the store is called the " Revolution '" and is
managed as a Granger store. Customers come to it from distances
as great as one hundred and fifty miles. Since its establishment
the prosperity of the city of Humboldt has been very largelv en'
hanced, real-estate having increased in value, and many 'sales
having been made during the year 1884, while previous to'that
year the city seemed to have ceased to grow.
.V. ./. Brown was born in Ontario County, N. Y in 1817 the
von of Allen and Uwfaa (Gooding) Urown. ' His father lived at
South BrirtcJ Ontario County, where he had a large farm ami also
kept a store, blacksmith shop, shoe manufactory, saw mill etc all
partn
the firm name was changed to Stevens,
Wilce & Co. In 1883, Mr. Wilce bought
the interest of Mr. Stevens, and the firm
has since been E. P. Wilce & Co. They
employ one hundred and sixty men,
using, annually, about 12,000,000 feet of
lumber, and their business amounts to
from $325,000 to $350,000 a year.
£• P- Wilce is the eldest son of
Thomas Wilce, and was born at Chicago
in 1857. From 1872 to 1879, he was
engaged with his father in the lumber
business. He then went to Winona,
Minn., and manufactured sash doors
etc., until iSSi, when he returned to Chicago. Mr. Wilce married
Miss Eva Bodley, of Newton, Iowa, and has one child, Edwina M.
KOBERT LARKIXS commenced the lumber business in 1863
Tuttle, af Niles, Mich. He continued with Mr. Turtle
five years, when he became manager for Oglesvee & Manningly
Here he remained also five years, and, in 1872, came to Chicago
and established himself in the lumber business at the corner of
twenty-second and Union streets. His specialty is hardwood
lumber, oak, ash, cherry, walnut, etc., of which he sells, annually
about 3,500,000 feet. Mr. Larkins was born at Geneva, Saratoga
.' ,im 3&' Hls Parents. Henry and Eliza Larkins were
atives of England and settled in Geneva, in 1836. In 1848 they
removed to Monroeville, Ohio. Robert Larkins, at the age of sev-
titeen, learned the trade of a machinist in the shops of the Cleve-
land i: I oledo Railroad (now the Lake Shore Railroad) at Nor-
Hk, Ohio, and was connecteil with that road four years In
ijjS. he went to Valparaiso, Iml., and engaged in cutting logs
I then in buying lumber in Marshall County, Ind.. on his own
account, selling ,t and delivering it himself. In 1867, he removed
les, Mich., and commenced the lumber business with J S
THE LUMBER TRADE.
383
Tuttle, as stated above. Mr. Larkins married Miss Helen Judd,
of Flint, Mich. They have two children living, — Augusta, now
wife of William Daubenspeck, of Chicago, with the Goss & Phil-
lips Manufacturing Company; and Robert, Jr. Nellie and Gracie
are dead.
Ri IIDOCK, NUTTALL & Co. — The predecessors of this firm
were Ruddock & I'almeter, organized at Berlin, \Vis., in 1861, by
Thomas S. Ruddock and James H. Palmeter. The latter gentle-
man, originally from New York State, was one of the pioneers of
Wisconsin. Both he and Mr. Ruddock had been in the lumber
business in Wisconsin some ten or twelve years before entering into
partnership with each other. When the partnership was formed in
1861, they began business as lumber manufacturers, running at
that time two mills, each with a capacity of 5,000,000 a year.
Closing out their business at Berlin, in 1867, they established them-
selves, about the same time, at Manistce, Mich., taking into the
firm L. W. Nuttall, of the latter place, the firm name becoming
Ruddock, Palmeter & Co. In 1872, they opened a lumber yard on
Laflin Street, Chicago, just south of Twenty-second Street. In 1867,
William II. Gifford, of Hudson, N. Y., became a member of the
firm, remaining connected therewith until 1876, when he retired,
and Charles H. Ruddock was admitted into partnership. In 1881,
Mr. Palmeter retired, and the name of the firm became Ruddock,
Nuttall & Co. The mills of this company are still located at Man-
istee, Mich., where they own about twenty thousand acres of land.
Most of their lumber is shipped to Chicago from these mills in the
two barges owned by them. Mr. Nuttall residSs at Manistee, Mich.
Thi'mas .V. KudJock was born at Conway, Mass., in 1818.
His parents were Justice and Rhoda Ruddock, who settled in Ke-
nosha, Wis. Thomas S. Ruddock first engaged in farming and in
the stock business near Kenosha, Wis., continuing up to 1849,
when he went to California and engaged in mining and prospect-
ing. In 1851, he returned to Kenosha, and engaged in the mer-
cantile business. In 1854, he commenced the lumber business in
Berlin, Wis., owning and running several saw-mills and a stave-
mill. He also owned a steamboat which plied on the Fox and
Wolf rivers between Portage and Oshkosh. He was also president
of the First National Bank of Berlin. In 1861, he established the
firm of Ruddock & Palmeter, predecessors of the present firm.
Mr. Ruddock married Miss Maria N. Newell, daughter of Asa
Newell, of Cabbotsville, Mass. They have four children, — Charles
II., Fred S., May and Nellie.
Charles //. KuMock, eldest son of Thomas S. Ruddock, was
born at Racine, Wis., in 1848. At the age of eighteen he com-
menced his business career as an employe with the firm of Ruddock
& Palmeter, in Berlin, Wis., remaining with them three years. In
iSOg, he came to Chicago, and after a residence of six months,
returned to Berlin to take a position in the First National Bank.
In 1871, he removed to Milwaukee, Wis., and engaged in the lum-
ber commission business with E. B. Simpson, as the firm of E. B.
Simpson & Co. In 1873, he came to Chicago in charge of the
house of Simpson, Ruddock & Co. In 1876, the firm of E. B.
Simpson & Co. having been discontinued, Mr. Ruddock remained
in Chicago with the firm of Ruddock, Palmeter & Co., and, in
1881, was admitted as a member of the firm of Ruddock, Nuttall &
Co., as above stated. Mr. Ruddock married Miss Sarah A. Bill-
ings, daughter of A. M. Billings, of Chicago.
WALTER SHOEMAKER & Co.— This firm is composed of Walter
Shoemaker and Charles D. Bull. The business was started in
Aurora, 111., in 1865, by Mr. Shoemaker and Mr. Howell, father of
•i. R. Howell. It was continued in Aurora until 1873, when Mr.
Shoemaker and S. R. Howell formed a partnership and established
themselves in Chicago, locating their lumber yard and office on the
corner of Throop and Twenty-second streets. This firm continued
until 1878, when it was dissolved. Mr. Shoemaker then located a
yard and office on Ashland Avenue, south of Twenty-second
Street, and in May, 1881, he admitted to partnership Charles D.
Bull and J. P. Higgins, the style of the firm becoming Walter
Shoemaker & Co., as it still remains. In the fall of 1881, J. P.
Higgins died, since which time the two other members have consti-
tuted the firm. Their yard has a front of 900 feet, a depth of 250
feet, and a dock-front of 875 feet. This firm confine themselves
exclusively to Northern pine, of which they handle about twenty
million feet annually.
IValtcr Shoemaker was born in Montgomery County, N. Y.,
in 1839. His parents, Jacob A. and Catharine (Wohlgemuth)
Shoemaker, both natives of Montgomery County, settled in Aurora,
111., in 1858, where his father died and his mother is still living.
At the age of eighteen, Walter Shoemaker engaged as an employe in
the dry goods house of Miller & Pease, in Aurora, remaining with
them four years, and afterward for one year with Hackney \ Gard-
ner, lumber dealers. In 1864, the firm of Hackney & ( lardner hav-
ing dissolved, Mr. Shoemaker engaged in the lumber business with
Mr. Hackney as the firm of Hackney & Shoemaker. One year af-
terward, I. M. llowcll purchased the interest of Mr. Hackney and
the firm was changed to Howell & Shoemaker, as stated above.
Mr. Shoemaker is a member of the Illinois Club and of the Cente-
nary Methodist Episcopal Church. He married Miss Kate Shull,
daughter of Daniel L. Shull, of Montgomery Co.,N. Y. They
have one child, — Charles W.
S. R. HOWELL & Co.— The firm of Shoemaker cV Howell was
established on May i, 1873, and was composed of Walter Shoe-
maker and S. R. Howell. It was located at Twenty-second and
Throop streets, and remained there until 1878, when Mr. Howell
bought the interest of Mr. Shoemaker, and has since conducted the
lumber business alone under the firm name of S. R. Howell & Co.
< in May i, 1883, he moved to his present location. His yard has
a dock-front of 1,700 feet and a depth of 325 feet. During 1883,
he sold about 40,000,000 feet and in 1884, 50, 000,000 in the aggre-
gate, lath and shingles being reduced to lumber measure, lie has
also a lumber yard at Atchison, Kas. , doing the largest business and
being the only exclusively wholesale yard west of Chicago, the
sales aggregating, in 1884, 60,000,000 feet of lumber. He also has
yards at different points in Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska.
S. Jf. Howell was born in Aurora, 111., in 1849, the son of
Isaac M. and Cornelia (Ruggles) Howell, his father being a native
of New York State and his mother of Ohio. They settled in Au-
rora, 111., in 1841, where his father engaged in farming until 1860,
when he commenced the lumber business with C. S. Roe as the firm of
Roe & Howell. This firm continued until 1865, when Isaac M.
Howell sold out his interest, and purchased the interest of Mr. Hack-
ney in the firm of Hackney & Shoemaker, Aurora, 111., and the firm
became Howell & Shoemaker. In 1873, Mr. Howell, Sr., bought the
interest of Mr. Shoemaker, and" continued business alone up to the
day of his death, which occurred on November 7, 1881. S. R.
Howell left school at the age of eighteen and entered the employ
of Howell & Shoemaker, at Aurora, 111., as a clerk, continuing in
that position two years. He then went to Washington Territory,
purchasing lands. Returning the same year to Geneva, 111., he
served as deputy county treasurer and clerk of Kane County, hold-
ing that position until May I, 1873, when he came to Chicago and
entered into partnership with Mr. Shoemaker. Mr. Howell is a
member of the Citizens' Association and Indiana Club of Chicago.
He is also a stockholder in the Purington-Kimball Brick Com-
pany, and was one of the directors of same in 1883. Mr. Howell
married Miss Henrietta Calhoun, daughter of John Calhoun, for-
merly of Pittsburgh, Penn., and now a resident of Chicago.
BASSE & Co. — The business of this company was established,
in 1873, by Ferdinand L. F. Basse at the northeast corner of Divis-
ion Street and Elston Avenue. After conducting it alone one year,
he admitted to partnership August Meyer, since which time the firm
has been Basse & Co. In 1882, the yard and office were removed
to their present location. The dock front is 550 feet, and the depth
of the yard 190 feet. During the first year, Mr. Basse sold about
2,000,000 feet of lumber, and, during 1883, about 6,000,000 feet.
It is confidently expected that in 1884 the sales will reach 8,000,000
feet of lumber, 1,500,000 shingles, 2,000,000 lath and 6,000 cedar
posts. Mr. Basse was with Mears, Bates & Co. from 1854 to 1861,
and from 1863 to 1871. He then located a yard on the North Pier
for C. J. L. Meyer, remaining there from January i, 1872, to Jan-
uary i, 1873, and established his own business on May I, 1873.
Ferd. L. F. Basse was born in Prussia, Germany, in 1836. His
parents, Henry and Louisa (Tourmer) Basse, both natives of Ger-
many, came to America in 1854, and settled in Chicago, his father
dying the same year; his mother is still living. F. L. F. Basse came
to Chicago with his parents in 1854, and he at once went into
the employ of Mears, Bates & Co., lumber dealers. Mr. Basse was
married on July 16, 1863, to Caroline Meiners, of Germany. They
have three children, — Clara, Annie and Richard. Mrs. Basse's
father died in Germany, and her mother came to Chicago in 1854,
and died that year.
August Meyer was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1831, and
is the son of Daniel F. and Wilhelmine (Kruge) Meyer, who came
to the United States in 1854, and settled on a farm in DuPage
County, 111. Mr. Meyer preceded his parents in leaving his native
country, having come to America in 1850. He engaged in farming
interests in DuPage County, acting as superintendent and book-
keeper, then becoming owner of a farm, until 1871, when he sold
out his interests and moved to Chicago, taking a position of travel-
ling agent for N. S. Bouton & Co., dealers in agricultural supplies.
In 1873, he became a partner with Mr. Basse in his present busi-
ness. Mr. Meyer served as town clerk of Addison, DuPage Co.,
111., for six years, in 1858, and from 1864 to 1871; also as supervisor
of the same town. He was a commissioner of Cook County from
1877 to 1880. He married, on June 9, 1864, Miss Maria Dora Piper,
daughter of Christopher Piper. They have had one child, William,
who died in 1878.
JOHN B. DANIELS was born at Providence, R. I., in 1831, the
son of Dexter and Margaret I!. (Hates) I laniels. I Ie was educated
at the public schools of his birthplace, graduating from the high
school. Upon leaving school, he entered the wholesale boot and
shoe business in Providence, where he remained fifteen years. In
3«4
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
lS6S, he came to Chicago, and commenced the publishing business,
and became connected, in 1875, with the Northwestern Lumberman,
in the advertising department, and has been with that journal since
that time. Mr. I lanids was chosen President of the National Build-
ing Company at the tirst election held by the corporation. lie is a
man of energy, coupled with the caution so proverbially attached lo
citi/ens of Kastern birth. He was married at Warren, K. I., in
January, 1863, to Miss Mary K. Moore, and has live children, —
Nellie, l-'rank !>., Alexander M., Constance and Walter.
Ai ..i STI s I •'. K|s]ii R, lumber merchant, was born at I'riebrow,
near Berlin, Prussia, on October 4. 1838. He came to the United
States in June, 1855, joining his older brother Henry, who was en-
gaged in business in Chicago. Here he learned the trade of car-
riage and wagon-maker. In the fall of 1857, he commenced his
career as a lumberman in llie employ of his brother, who was ron-
ducting a retail yard on West Randolph Street. In April, 1858, he
went to I'ontiac, 111., taking charge of and conducting the lumber
business of William Ellis, a resident of Chicago, for four years. In
August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. "G," I2oth Illinois Volunteers,
serving until the close of the War, being mustered out of service on
June S, iSd;. in camp near Washington, I ). ('., having taken part
in (iuneral Kosecrans's campaign, in 1862-63, through Kentucky
and 1 ennessee, ami General Sherman's campaigns, in 1864—65,
through Georgia and the Carolinas. lie then returned to Pontiac,
111., and in November, 1865, engaged in the lumber business, as
the tirm of Kisher \- Turner, which lirm he succeeded in March,
1866, continuing and establishing by his unaided efforts the largest
lumber business in the State outsfde of Chicago. In November,
1878, he removed to Chicago, after travelling with his wife six
months in Europe. While a resident of Pontiac, Mr. Kisher was
one of its most influential and enterprising citizens. He was alder-
man three terms, from 1872 to 1877, and mayor one term. On
May I, iSSo, he formed a co-partnership with Thomas Walkup,
under the style and firm name of Walkup, Kisher & Co., and com-
menced business in (/hicago. The firm continued until July I, 1883,
when Mr. Kisher purchased the interest of his partner in the Chi-
cago business, and sold his interest in the manufacture of lumber at
\\est Troy, N'ewaygo C(i. , Mich., to M r. Walkup, since which time
Mr. Kisher has continued in the business in this city alone. He is
located on Kobey Street, south of Blue Island Avenue, where the
dock has a water front of 1300 feet, the depth of yard is 245 feet,
and track-room for forty cars. In 1884, he handled 22,000,000 feet
of lumber, 35,000,000 shingles, and 6,000,000 lath. Mr. Kisher
was married in April, 1878, to Josephine F. Schneider, daughter of
John Schneider, of Pontiac, 111. She was born in Ohio, her parents
having settled there in 1853. Mr. and Mrs. Kisher have had three
children, — Frederick A., Harold A. and Horace E. (deceased).
CCTI.KR, WHITE & HOICK. — The business of this firm was
started by William M. Kerry, who established himself in the lumber
trade in Chicago, in 1849, on Market Street, between Washington
and Madison streets. N. H. Kerry was at this time his clerk. In
1852, the firm became Kerry &Sons, by the admission into partner-
ship of N. H.and Thomas W. Kerry. Ill 1857, their office was
removed to No. 236 Adams Street, arid their yard to the corner of
Lumber and Old streets. About this time, N. II. Kerry retired, and
the firm name became Kerry & Son, remaining thus until 1868, when
William M. Ferry retired, and Edward P. Ferry became the partner
of his brother, Thomas W., the firm name being changed to Ferry
.V Bro., and remaining thus until 1882. This firm was one of the
oldest in the city, and it was also one of the wealthiest and larg-
It had, in Michigan, three first-class steam mills, two for
lumber, with a capacity of eighty thousand feet a day, and one
for shingles. Its lumber was transported from the mills in Michi-
gan to the yard in Chicago by three large barges. Besides owning
these three vessels, Ferry & Brother were interested in the Michi-
gan Barge Line, which sailed fourteen vessels, and they were also
largely interested in the Grand Haven Steamboat Line. Thomas
\\ . Kerry, the senior member of the firm, became acting vice-presi-
dent of the United States upon the death of Vice-President Wilson,
from December 20, 1875, to March 4, 1877. He began his politi-
cal career in 1850, as representative in the Michigan Legislature,
and was a member of the United States House of Representatives
during the sessions of the Xl.th, XI. 1st, and XLIId Congresses,
after which he was elected United States senator, to succeed Jacob
M. Howard. The firm of Ferry & Brother sold their business and
property in Chicago in 1882, to Cutler & White (D. Cutler, of
Grand Haven, Mich., and T. S. White, of Grand Rapids). In
May, 1883, II. M. Boice, who had been agent for Ferry & Bro.
since 1873, and was then agent for Cutler & White, entered the
tirm. ( 'utler, White \ Boice retain all the old employes of Ferry iV
Brother and have nearly all their trade. Their yard, which lies
along the South Branch, north of Eighteenth Street, has a river
front of seven hundred feet. Mr. Cutler is also a member of the
Cutler cv. Savage Lumber Company, at Spring Lake. Mich., and
Mr. White is a member of the tirm of White, F riant ^ Co., of Grand
Haven, Mich., two companies which together manufacture over
100,000,000 feet of lumber a year. White, Friant & Co. run the
boom on Grand River, Mich. The average annual sales of Cutler,
White & Boice, in Chicago, amount to about 25,000,000 feet.
//. .17. /fujft- was born at I'tica, N. Y., in 1845. His parents
were Philip H. and Isabella (Mitchell) Boice. At the age of thir-
teen he commenced his business life as a clerk in a dry goods house
at I'tica, and afterward in the shoe-store of Sylvester Barringer, of
the same city. In 1860, having learned the art of telegraphing, he-
engaged as an operator at Hamilton, Madison County, and also at
Port Byron, N". V. He then became assistant in the office of the
superintendent of the New Vork Central Railroad, at Utica, and
afterward ticket agent of the same road at Fort Plain, N. Y. In
1870, he removed to Negaunee, Lake Superior, and for a short time
was clerk in a hardware store, and subsequently cashier of Hay-
den's Negaunee Bank. In 1874, he came to Chicago, and went into
the employ of Ferry & Bro., lumber dealers, as their bookkeeper,
and continued with that house until he became a member of the
tirm of Cutler, White & Boice. Mr. Boice married Martha Ken-
dall, daughter of Orin Kendall, of Chicago. They have one child —
Hugh K.
MAXWEI.I. BROS.— The planing-mill and box-making business
conducted by this tirm was started on January I, 1880, by James
and Henry B. Maxwell. They erected a two-story brick building,
seventy-five feet square, and employed about twenty-five men. In
[882, business had so increased that it became necessary to add a
second building, also two stories high and 75 by 100 feet. Upon its
completion, their force was increased about one hundred per cent.
Since then, another building, 125 by 100 feet, has been erected, and
upon its completion their force was increased about in the same
proportion as their capacity in buildings. They employ nearly one
hundred and fifty men, while the annual product of th'eir mill and
factory amounts to upwards of §200,000. The planing-mill con-
tains twelve planing-machines, three large re-sawing machines, and
has a capacity of 300,000 feet a day, and the box factory a capacity
of about 5,000 medium-sized boxes a day. The engine employed
in propelling the machinery is a double one, of 360 horse-power.
The firm owns one hundred and forty horses and wagons, and their
business is done almost entirely upon a cash basis, strictly so with
regard to asking credit. In August, 1884, in addition to their
planing-mill and box-factory, they leased the dock lately occupied
by D. T. Groves £ Co., and have established a lumber yard.
James Maxwell was born in Scotland in 1847. and is the son of
William and Jean (Kenloch) Maxwell, who came to America during
1849, and settled in Chicago, where his father died in 1862; his
mother is still living. At the age of fourteen, James Maxwell became
employed in the box-factory of Gage & Soper, with whom he
remained four years ; then worked for Vogler & Co., trunk manu-
facturers, three years, and afterward for David Goodwillie, box
manufacturer, for four years. In 1874, he went into the employ of
Pond & Soper, afterward known as Soper Lumber Company, up to
the establishment of the firm of Maxwell Bros. He married Emily
B. Mullin, daughter of O. B. Mullin, of Chicago. They have one
child,— Jennie B.
1/,'iiry B. Maxwell was born in Scotland in 1849, and came
also with his parents to Chicago in 1854. At the age of sixteen he
entered the office of Robert Harris, then general superintendent of
the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, after remaining
there two years, was appointed stationer of the road, and held that
position up to the time he became a member of the firm of Maxwell
Bros. He married Miss Sadie H. West, daughter of the late Judge
Augustus L. West, of New Bedford, Mass., at Clinton, Conn., on
June 16, 1879. They have two children,— Henry W. and Augus-
tus K.
THE HINTZE & BAKER COMPANY.— On January I, 1880, Rob-
ert A. Hintze and W. B. Baker started in the manufacture of sash,
doors and blinds in Chicago as the firm of Hintze & Baker, and, on
January i, 1882, organized the above stock company. The officers
of the company are W. B. Baker, president; R. A. Hintze, treasurer
and R. B. Karson, secretary. Their large warehouse is a three-story
building, 144 x 225 feet in size. Their factories are located at Two
Rivers, Wis., and also in Chicago. The products of these factories
consist of sash, doors, blinds, mouldings, etc. The success which
this company has met with is highly gratifying to themselves.
: • Ji\-A' Jli'"~'' wus born ir> 1'russia in '1849. His parents, God-
tried \\ . and Krednka Hintze, came to America in 1852, and settled
in Chicago. His father engaged in the cabinet-making business
here until the year 1874, when he removed to Elgin, 111., where he
now resides. His mother died in 1874 R. A. Hintze. at the age of
seventeen, went into the employ of Charles J. L. Mever as book-
keeper, and during the last five years of his stay w'ith him had
entire charge of the business. In 1880, he formed a partnership
Baker. Mr. Hintze married Miss Jennie K. Gillett,
daughter of Willmm B. Gillett, of Kond du Lac.' Wis. They have
three children : Irene F., Arthur W. and Ada ( I.
. IS. Baker was born in Windham County, Conn., on April
3, 1843, the son of George V. and Georgiana (Olds) Baker, both ol
THE LUMBER TRADE.
385
New York State. When he was three years of age, his parents
moved to Natick, R. I. In 1852, the family moved to Springfield,
111., where \V. B. Baker, at the age of thirteen, began to serve his
time at the trade of machinist, and worked until 1861, in which year
he entered Co. "I," yth Illinois Infantry, and served until 1864, when
lie was mustered out. He then went to Springfield and worked one
year in the \Vabash shops. In 1865, with J. H. Schuck, he formed
the firm of Schuck & Baker. In 1879, he bought out Mr. Schuck,
and continued business alone until iSSi, then came to Chicago and
formed a partnership with K. A. Hintze. He married Miss Adelia
M. Mill, daughter of James 1,. Hill, of Springfield, 111. They have
one son, Ralph N.
J\. H. I'arson was born at Lowell, Mass., in 1852. His parents
were James and Louise (Doe) Farson, his father a native of New
Hampshire and his mother of Maine. They came to Chicago in
1866, where they still reside. At the age of nineteen,
Mr. Farson engaged with his father in the manufacture
of sash, doors and blinds, and continued with him until
1873, when he went into the employ of Henry Barker iS.
Co. In 1880, he engaged with Hintze & Baker, and, on
January I, 1882, upon the organization of the above com-
pany, was made secretary. He married Miss C'lara M.
Jones, daughter of S. S. Jones, of Chicago. They have
one child, Robert B., Jr.
SKVMOUK & SARGENT. — This firm is composed of H.
K. Seymour and John Sargent. Mr. Seymour commenced
the lumber commission business in 1881, at No. 242 South
Water Street, and the next year moved to No. 252 South
Water Street. In 1883, Mr. Sargent, who had for four
years previously been salesman for the J. Beidler S: Bro.
Lumber Company, became a member of this firm, and,
in 1884, they moved to their present location. Previous
to the formation of the firm Mr. Seymour was engaged
in the general commission business, but since then the
firm has confined its attention to the long-leaf yellow
pine and mahogany. The pine is obtained mainly from
Mississippi and the mahogany from New Orleans. The
sales of the latter amount to from twenty-rive to thirty
car-loads a year.
//. F. Seymour was born at Boston, Mass., in 1845.
In 1864, he enlisted in Co. " H," 5th Massachusetts Vol-
unteer Infantry; was detailed in the Quartermaster's De-
partment at Fort Mcllenry; and was mustered out with
his regiment in November, 1864. He then returned to
Boston, and went into the employ of his father, Friend
Seymour, who was a contractor and builder. In the
spring of 1869, he came to Chicago, returning again to
Boston in the fall of that year, where he again engaged
in business with his father. In March, 1872, he returned
to Chicago and entered the employ of the Goss & Phillips
Manufacturing Company, in their lumber yard. He went
to Manistee, Mich., in the interest of this firm, inspecting
lumber. In the following year he became salesman for
GifTord, Ruddock & Co., afterward Ruddock, Palmeter
& Co., lumber manufacturers and dealers, continuing with
them up to 1881, when he commenced the lumber com-
mission business, as above stated. Mr. Seymour married
Miss Addie Gill, daughter of Charles Gill, of Aurora, 111.
THE AVER LUMBER COMPANY was incorporated in
1882, with a capital stock of $250,000, and with the fol-
lowing officers : Edward E. Aver, president, and Lot P.
Smith, secretary and treasurer, at Chicago; D. M. Kior-
dan, superintendent, and H. C. Ayer, superintendent and
treasurer, at Flagstaff, Arizona.
I-'.J-^'unl !•'.. Ayer, the president of the company, was born at
Kenosha, Wis., on November 16, 1841. His father, Elbridge G.
Ayer, was one of the earliest settlers in that town, and was one of
the trustees of the village in 1847. His sister, Mary Ayer, was the
first child born in the then new settlement of Kenosha, in 1835.
Elbridge G. Ayer lived in Kenosha, \Vis., until 1846, when he
moved to Big Foot Prairie, \Valworth Co., Wis., and in 1856 to
Harvard, McIlenryCo., 111. Ed. E. Ayer went West to the plains
in 1860, and, in 1861, went to California, where he enlisted that
year in the First California Cavalry. He was promoted to second
lieutenant of Co. " I," ist New Mexico Infantry, and resigned in
1864, after which he came home to Harvard. In 1865, he com-
menced business as a railroad contractor, which industry he con-
tinued and was very successful in until i88i,when he built the saw-
mill now owned by tin- Ayer 1 .umber Company, at Flagstaff, Ari-
zona. In the vicinity of this mill there is an immense quantity of
white pine timber, four hundred million feet of it accessible to the
mill. The lumber manufactured there finds a market in all the sur-
rounding territories, Lower California and Mexico. The mill was
started in connection with the building of the Atlantic & Pacific
Railway and the Mexican Central Railway. It furnished the ties,
timber and lumber for five hundred miles of the latter road. The
25
business done by Mr. Ayer is very large, aggregating from $500,000
to $1,000,000 a year, depending in part on the extent to which new
railroads are being constructed. Ed. E. Ayer has a yard for the
storing of telegraph poles, etc., in Chicago; and "the business here
consists in handling ties, telegraph poles, and railroad material in
general. Mr. Ayer was married, in 1865, to Miss Emma Burbank.
CHARLES B. CROMHIK was born at Fulton, Oswego Co., N. Y.
Early in life he removed to Brooklyn, where he was for some time
connected with a retail pine and hardwood lumber yard, and had
extensive dealings with the Government, filling large contracts for
hemlock and spruce. In 1868, he accepted a position as corre-
spondent in the Fourth National Bank of New York City, and after
one year's service he was promoted to the position of assistant note-
teller, which he held until 1872. On account of ill health, he re-
signed, and went to Canada as cashier and assistant manager of the
Hunterstown Lumber Company, located at Riviere du Loup. In
1876, he returned to Brooklyn, N. Y., and after remaining there
about eighteen months, spent six months in European travel. In
1879, he came to Chicago, and was employed by Kellogg, (ohnson
& Bliss, as cashier and bookkeeper, for two years. His health fail-
ing, he resigned, and accepted a position as assistant manager, sales-
man and buyer for Marsh Bros. & Ranson (now Marsh & Bingham
Company), travelling for three years in this capacity throughout the
States, from the Lakes to the Gulf and between the Missouri River
and New York. In the fall of 1883, he established his present
business, which consists in handling redwood lumber, Spanish, Ten-
nessee and Pacific cedar. Southern cypress, long-leaf yellow pine,
hard and soft pine, and various kinds of hardwoods. Mr. C'rombie
has been instrumental in introducing California redwood into Chi-
cago and the Middle States. In order to do this, he has spent con-
siderable time and money in advertising and other expenses; but
now that the people are acquainted with the wood, which sells on
its merits.it has become very popular. He handles an immense
quantity of railroad material, such as car-sills, bridge and track oak,
railroad ties, and fence posts. Formerly, his office was at No. 254
South Water Street, in the Lumbermen's I^xchange, but since De-
cember I, 1885, his office has been in the Adams Express Building,
No. 185 Dearborn Street. This is found much more convenient
386
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
for him, anil, liesides, it is only a question of time when he, as well
as the rest of the lumbermen on South Water Street, will be forced
from that territory, and give way to produce i-ommission men. His
camfpondence extends to Dublin, Liverpool, London anil Hamburg.
The bu-incss, through Mr. Crombie's persistent and eareful energy,
ha- grown to very large proportions, amounting annually to 500,000
feet of redwood, 5,000.1x10 shingles, 2,oxx>,ooo feet of pine, 4,ixx),ooo
feet of hardwo.*!, 2,ooo,ooo feet of railroad material, 400,000 ties,
and 200, (XX) post-. The spaciou- yard for the redwcxxl business is
located on the North I'ier.
I'm: A. I!. DICK COMPANY was incorporated on May I, 1884.
Previously to this time the same company was known as A. I!. Dick
\ Co. This linn was coni|x>sed of A. 11. Dick, T. \V. Dunn, II.
/. Lewis and K. R. Harrington and was established in December,
1883. The A. H. Dick Company was incorporated with §25,000
capital. The members ami officers at the time of incorporation
were A. I!. I lick, president; T. \V. Dunn, vice-prjsident; and K,
K. Harrington, -ecretary. Their lumber, which i . principally hard-
wood, comes mainly from the Southern States. During the tir-t year
of their existence a- a company, they sold about six million feet.
Mr. Lewis's interest was purchased by A. K. Dick on October I, I -- |.
./. H. lliik, president of the above company, was born in 1856,
in Bureau County, 111., the son of Adam and Kebekah (Wible) Dick.
In iSdj, Mr. Dick moved with his family to C.alesburg, III. At
this place A. 1!. Dick .vccived his education, attending the common
schools, and afterward Knox Academy, leaving the latter institution
in 1-72. From this time to f~-~(), he was engaged with C.corgc \V.
Brown \ Co.. agricultural implement manufacturers at (laleslmrg,
and from that time, until 1583, was connected with Deere it Man-
sur Co., Moline. 111. During this time he established, in connection
with Charles II. 1 >eere, the Moline Lumber Company, at Moline, 111.,
and is still connected with that company. Mr. Dick was married
on January 25, ]Ssi, to Miss Alice S. Mathews. of Galesbnrg, 111.
They have one child, Mabel K. Mr. Dick, for a man so young, has
c-tablishetl himself in a profitable business, and is, as it were, but
just commencing a career which promises to be a gratifying success.
TllK Coi i MAN Lr.wHKK COMPANY is composed of the follow-
ing members: Seymour Coleman, Vine A. Watkins and William A.
Fuller. It was incorporated on July 27, 1883, with a capital of
$300.000. Vine A. Watkins was elected president of the company,
William A. Fuller,* vice-president, and Seymour Coleman, secre-
tary and treasurer. Mr. Coleman came from Saginaw, Mich., to
Chicago in 1873. He had for a number of years, in company with
others, owned a considerable quantity of exceptionally fine pine
timber land in the vicinity of Menominee, Mich., and in Northeast-
ern Wisconsin. At length he purchased the interests of his old
partners, and formed the present Coleman Lumber Company, for
the purpose of manufacturing this timber into lumber and selling
* See Palmer, Fuller & Co.
it to wholesale lumber dealers. The office of the company was
opened in the American Fxpress Building, where it still remains.
Owing to the dullness in the lumber trade that has prevailed since
tin organization of the company, but little has as yet been done
in the way of cutting this timber.
TllK Noli I HU i.si I.K\ |.i -\inr.RM \N was first started in Grand
Rapids, Mich., by Judson \ Wait, who published two numbers
under the title of the Michigan Lumberman, when they moved to
Muskegon, and published the remaining numbers of the first
volume. The importance of Chicago being considered, the second
volume was commenced in this city, the name being changed to the
Northwestern Lumberman. In 1877, it was regularly incorporated
and worked under a charter until 1885, when the charter was relin-
quished and the business was continued as a private corporation.
The journal is entirely devoted to the interests of lumbermen. It
is considered good authority on anything connected with the lum-
ber interests, and has a large circulation among lumber dealers.
In connection with the journal, the company publishes several
works, among which are the Lumberman's Hand Book, the Pocket
Reference Hook, and the Lumberman's Telegraphic Code. The
average issue of the paper is about thirty thousand, with a subscrip-
tion list of about twenty-live thousand.
H'i//iiti>i />'. Jin/sun, son of John S. and Maria (liosworth)
ludson, was born at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1848, his mother dying
while he was an infant. His father was a farmer, and the lad
obtained a partial education, at a small country school-house, in
Chenango County. He remained on the farm until he was sixteen
years of age, when he left home, and entered the employ of a drug-
gist at Canastota, where he remained for about one year. From
there he went to 1'iqua, Ohio, where he divided his time as a drug
clerk and local editor on the Miami Valley News, and was there
a year, when he moved to Hay City, Mich., where his father for-
merly resided, and there opened an insurance agency. The fire 'of
1871, in Chicago, wrecked his companies, and he gave up the busi-
ness, but later began in life insurance, which he continued until
1872, when he moved to Grai,d Rapids. Tho'ugh an entire
stranger, and without means, he commenced building the founda-
tion for a lumberman's paper. He became acquainted with Ben-
jamin Wait, who was formerly associated with William Lyon Mc-
Kenzie, in the Canadian Rebellion, from which he narrowly escaped
death. They commenced the issue of the Michigan Lumberman,
continuing it at Vuskegon, Mich. In January, 1874, Mr. Judson
purchased his partner's interest in the business, removed to Chicago
in February following, and began the publication of the North-
western Lumberman. Although a man young in years, he is old
in experience, and is issuing one of the best trade journals pub-
lished in the United States. Mr. Judson was married at Rochester,
N. Y., in 1872, to Miss Grace King, and has one son, — William
Bruce.
THE COAL TRADE.
The history of the coal trade in Chicago, since
1871, while it affords no instance of abrupt increase in
either receipts or shipments, presents a statement of
natural and healthful growth. A tabulated statement
is appended, which is the best synopsis of the progress
made. A brief reference to a few of the more salient
points in the history of what has grown to be one of
the city's leading commercial industries, is, however, of
interest.
An examination of the table will show a decided
decrease in the volume of business for 1874. The cause
is to be found mainly in the depressed condition of the
manufacturing interests, resulting from the panic of
1873, although the unusual mildness of the winter was
not without its influence. The price of anthracite coal
touched a lower point than during ten years preced-
ing; and an increase in activity, during the latter portion
of the year, did not compensate dealers for the losses
sustained between January i and the opening of navi-
gation. The opening of new mines resulted in what
may be not inaptly termed a plethora of bituminous
coal, all of which sought a market here, to the great
derangement of the market and the lowering of prices.
The total value of coal received in this market during
1874, has been estimated, by competent judges, at
$9.393. °°°- The year 1876, as also appears from the
table, was not a prosperous one for Chicago coal deal-
ers. A combination of Eastern anthracite mine owners
and operators had resulted in so far advancing prices
that the demand on the part of consumers materially
fell off. In August of that year, the monopoly was
broken, the demand increased and prices somewhat ad-
vanced. The receipts of bituminous coal, during 1876,
were the largest known in the history of the trade up
to that time. The very excess of shipments to this city,
however, resulted in a glutted market and profits were
proportionately reduced. From this time forward, the
volume of business increased, year by year. No special
feature marked the history of the trade. An examina-
tion of the appended table shows a rather remarkable
increase in the ratio of shipments to receipts, — a fact
which is interesting, as tending to show that Chicago is
becoming a depot for distribution of coal as of every
other variety of supplies.
THE COAL TRADE.
387
RECEIPTS AND SHIPMENTS (IN TONS) OF COAI, AT CHICAGO, FROM 1871 TO 1885, INCLUSIVE.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1878.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Kecf-ipts.
shipm'ts.
1,081,472
96.833
1.398.024
177.687
1,668,267
243.637
1.359.496
252.872
1.641,488
365.811
1.619.033
849.868
1.749.091
271,176
1.832,033
305,694
2.384.974
527,844
2.706.088
621,996
3,399.437
843,342
3.689.7B8
727,477
3,789.108
1.040.096
8.848,796
963.177
5.965.600
987,916
Ci. \KEMT. II. DYER, of the lirm of Dyer & Clark, has been in
[lie coal business in this city for thirty years ; first under the name
of Dyer & Co., which continued four years ; then as Dyer & Payne,
continuing five years ; then as Dyer tv Co., again, lie was then
associated with his present partner, Stewart Clark, which partner-
ship has continued since 1879. Their yearly trade amounts to
about seventy-live thousand tons, and they are agents for Sufferin
llros., of Coal Creek, dealers and miners in Wilmington coal.
Major Dyer is a native of Litchtield County, Conn., where he was
born on July 21, 1832; and is a son of Hon. Thomas Dyer, who was
mayor of Chicago in 1857, and afterward a member of the Illinois
Legislature. His mother's maiden name was Adeline Hopkins.
Mis paternal grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary War.
In 1*44, Major Dyer's parents removed to Chicago, but he after-
ward returned to his native State, and attended the academy at
Farming-ton, and Mount 1'lensant Academy, at Amherst, Conn.,
obtaining a good, thorough, practical education. He served five
years in the Union Army as assistant adjutant-general, with the
rank of major, in the Armies of the Potomac and of the Tennessee.
I Ie was an efficient and patriotic officer, alert in the performance of
every duty, lie took part in the battles of Antietam and Vicks-
burg, and also was in numerous other minor engagements ; and
was mustered out of service, in 1865, after the termination of the
War. In i86g, Major Dyer was married to Esther E. Rutter, an
estimable and accomplished lady, the daughter of a well-known
physician formerly practicing in Chicago. They have two boys, —
George T. and Thomas.
THE CHICAGO AND MINONK COAL AND COKE COMPANY has
been doing business in Chicago since 1871. It started as the Chi-
cago and Minonk Coal Company, and its business now amounts to
about live hundred tons daily. The mines of this company at Mi-
nonk, 111., are very extensive and the product is excellent. The
secretary of this company is Mr. Mize.
'/'/ii'inii'iv S. .)//•;<• is a thorough business man of fine accom-
plishments, lie was born at Akron, Ohio, in 1854, and is the son
of Edward Mize, a prominent railroad man of Ohio, whose useful-
ness and true manhood is universally praised in Northern Ohio,
lie lias been intimately connected with a part of the Pennsylvania
Central chain in Ohio over twenty-five years, and is now modestly
wearing the laurels he has won and spending a large share of his
time with his son in Chicago. Theodore was educated in the public
schools and at the Western Reserve College. Soon after leaving
college, in 1872, he came to Chicago and entered into business with
Miner T. Ames in the coal trade, where he has grown up with the
extensive business of the Chicago and Minonk Coal and Coke Com-
pany. He is a gentleman of fine presence, courteous and obliging.
He was married in October, 1875. In politics, Mr. Mize is an en-
thusiastic republican, having been baptized in the faith and reared
to revere the history of that party and to thoroughly practice its
principles.
ALFRED C. BRACKKUUSH and Augustus T. Thatcher compose
the firm of A. C. Brackebush & Co. This lirm has been doing
business in Chicago since 1869. At first the lirm name was Rich-
ardson & Brackebush, then Braekebush, Diekson & Co., then A. C.
Brackebush & Co. Mr. Brackebush was born on June ig, 1839, at
Canton, Ohio, the son of Dr. Charles Brackebush, a prominent physi-
cian of that place, and Mrs. Frances (Oppenheim) Brackebush,
being of German descent in both paternal and maternal lines. He
was well educated in the private and public schools. He was mar-
ried on July 20, 1868, to Miss Matilda Reisig. They have five
children, — Matilda, Kdith, Carl, I {attic and Ultima. Mr. Bracke-
bush is a gentleman of unusual intelligence and foresight in busi-
ness, his judgment is well-balanced, and he is of uniform courtesy
toward those with whom he has business relations.
AUGUSTUS T. THATCHER, the junior member of the firm of
A. C. Brackebush & Co., is a native of Illinois, and was born at
Galena, on November 22, 1854, the son of George T. and Ilarri-
ette A. (Lichtenberger) Thatcher. He was educated in the public-
schools in Chicago, and entered the coal business in the above
named firm in 1877, and the general prosperity of this firm and its
high standing indicate how well he has managed whatever has come
under his direction. The average yearly sales of this company are
two hundred thousand tons of coal, dealing in both anthracite and
bituminous coal. Mr. Thatcher is a bright, active young man and
an excellent citizen. He was married in 1880 to Miss I.uella Barnes;
they have two children, — Constance and Anthony.
WAREHAM \V. CROSHY is the agent, in Chicago, for the great
coal firm of \V. L. Scott & Co. Their principal office is in Erie,
Penn., where the head of the house resides. The firm have docks
in Buffalo and Chicago, shipping immense quantities of coal both
by lake and railroad. In this city they succeeded one of the oldest
coal firms; for it was in 1854 that William II. Dewey first estab-
lished the business. He died in 1862, and, after his death, II. (.'.
Crosby, the father of W. W., Mrs. Dewey and B. I1'. Crosby com-
posed'the firm. H. C. Crosby retired in 1870, and, in 1875, the
son, who is now the agent for Scott & Co., became a partner, hav-
ing for nine years been connected with the house. In 1878, the
business of 1 )ewey tV Co. was sold out to Scott & Co., but, by agree-
ment, its affairs were conducted until 1883 under the old name. It
was at this time (1878) that W. W. Crosby assumed charge of the
extensive business of Scott iV Co. at Chicago. As an evidence of
how their transactions have increased at this point, under his ener-
getic management, it may be stated that the sales of the lirm of
Dewey & Co., when they sold out to Scott iV Co. , amounted to
25,000 tons annually while now they equal fully 125,000 tons.
Wareham W. Crosby was born at Akron, Ohio, on April 7, 1848,
and is the son of H. C. and Mary (West) Crosby. In 1853, his
father removed to Green Bay, \Vis. . where he engaged in the lumber
business. Young Crosby attended school until he wasabout seven-
teen and, in 1866, became connected with the firm of Dewey&Co.,
of which his father had become a member. In 1875, as stated, he
became an associate, and has since been one of the leading mem-
bers of that lirm and the chief representative of their successors,
Scott & Co., at this point. In 1869, he was married to Mary L.
White. They have two children, — John B. and Alice.
THE DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL COMPANY established
an agency in Chicago in May, 1885, and has exceeded the most
sanguine expectations in the way of business; it has already put into
this city between two hundred and fifty thousand and three hun-
dred thousand tons of coal, and at its mines, situated near Scran-
ton, Penn., has mined yearly between four and five million tons of
anthracite coal, shipping immense quantities to points on the rail-
road owned by the company, in Vermont and Canada. It ships
the larger share of anthracite coal that passes over the company's
canal to New York City. With a single exception this company pro-
duces the most coal of any in the United States, and there are only
three other companies in this country that exceed it in annual sales.
It possesses advantages equal to the best for the transaction of busi-
ness. The Chicago agency is in charge of Walter S. Bogle as sales
agent. I Ie has been a resident of this city for the past twenty years,
is an active business man of great energy, and is doing his part
handsomely to make the business of this company a success.
Walter S. Bogle was born on April 3, 1852, at Dover, N. H.
He is the son of Daniel Bogle, a native of Glasgow, Scotland. His
mother, before marriage, was Miss Mary Ann Boyd, who was born
in Belfast, Ireland. Both parents are from manufacturing families.
The senior Bogle was an engraver by trade, and possessed of great
skill. After coming to this country he was employed by the Cocheco
Print Works, at Dover, N. II., and took the highest prize (a gold
medal) for the best engraving at the World's Fair in London in
1851. They came to Chicago in 1860. Young Bogle had the ben-
efit of the public schools, where he received an excellent business
education. He was with his father in the coal trade until after the
panic of 1873. The following year he went to the Black Hills,
Dakota, where he spent about three years. He then returned to
Chicago, and was associated in partnership with A. J. Trunkey and
J. W. Pardee in the coal business, under the firm name of Trunkey,
I'ardee & Bogle, which continued until the spring of 1881, when he
formed another partnership with Wendell R. King under the firm
name of King & Bogle. This firm was dissolved by the death of
Mr. King, which occurred March 31, 1884. The following May
the business of this firm was purchased by the Delaware and Hud-
son Canal Company, and Mr. Bogle was retained to take charge of
its business. Mr. Bogle was married on March 21, 1872, to Miss
Delia Stearns. They have three children, — Mary, Walter and Nellie.
MII.FORD DEWITT BUCHANAN, president of the Wilmington
Star Mining Company, of Coal City, is a son of Thomas and Mary
(Churchill) Buchanan. He was born at Newport, Herkimer Co.,
N. Y., on October 10, 1835. At the age of fourteen, after several
years at school, he began business life with the Syracuse & Utica
Railway Company, as clerk in his brother's office at Utica, who was
then the general freight-agent of the road. Two years later he
went to Rome, N. Y., and took charge of the company's ticket
office at that point; subsequently, upon the consolidation of his
company's office with that of the Watertown & Rome Railway, at
Rome, he was appointed ticket agent for both roads. In the fol-
388
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
lowing year, he continued in the same position and also acted for the
additional live roads leading from New York to Bullalo, — New \'ork
Central, etc. Upon t1 -.lion of the ( ineida Central Hank,
Rome, X. Y., he was elected teller, where he remained until 1857.
During that time and through his influence I,yman J. C.age, the
present vice-president and manager of the First National Hank of
this city, obtained a situation in the Uneida Central Bank and laid
the foundation for his future success as a hanker. I'pon leaving
Rome, Mr. Buchanan took the position as teller of the old MCI
chants' Savings 1 .oan iV Trust Company, at the corner of South
Water ami l.aSaMe streets. In 1858, he was chosen president of
the Central Hank, of 1'eoria, III., where he continued for one year
and then returned to his former position with the Merchants'
>_;s Loan ,V Trust Company of this city. lie afterward
became cashier for Chapin, Wheeler & Co., with whom he remained
until 1863, when he connected himself with the tanning trade at
Bridgeport, as a member of the firm of liuchanan, Richards ,\ Co.
'Three years later he acted as paying teller for the Merchants'
National Bank, and subsequently, with others, purchased the Com-
mercial National Bank, of which he officiated as cashier seven years.
He then organi/ed the I'rairie Loan & Trust Company, and sci ,
vice-president of that house, subsequently purchasing the Wilming-
ton Star Mining Company, with coal mines at Coal City, Grundy
Co., III., of which he is president, and his son, Gordon Buchanan,
is treasurer. Mr. Buchanan was married on October IO, 1861, to
Miss Mary S. Wheeler, of Chicago. They have four children, —
•iary ('., Marguerite and DeWitt \V. Buchanan. Mr.
Buchanan is one of the original members of the Chicago Library
Association, which was organized in 1859.
'Tin. CH icva i, WILMINGTON AM. VERMILLION COAL COMPANY
has the largest plants west of the Alleghany Mountains, having a
capacity of over si\ thousand tons per day. Its mines, situated at
Braidwcxxl, Will Co., and Streator, l.aSalleCo., 111., at the present
time are yielding four thousand tons per day.
. ihe general manger of this company, was born
a; I liamond Cirove near Jacksonville, Morgan Co., 111., on August
31, 1831, the son of Rev. Joel Sweet, a prominent Baptist preacher,
who came to Illinois from Otsego, N. Y., in 1830. His paternal
grandfather was Rev. Jonathan Sweet, who came to Illinois during
Mr. Sweet's mother, before marriage, was Miss Patience
I lodge, who came from Block Island, which lies off Newport, R.I.,
a place which has become quite famous as a fashionable pleasure
and summer resort. Mr. Sweet had the benetit of the district
schools in the different towns where his father lived and preached,
and made good use of his opportunities, having acquired a good
business education. I le first began life as a farmer at Jacksonville,
and afterward at Berwick, Warren Co., where he remained about
three years. In 1850, he went to New Brunswick, N. J., where he
had a pleasant and profitable situation as clerk in a canal office, re-
maining four years. He then held the position of teller in the Bank
of New Jersey for two years. In 1858, he went to St. Louis, Mo.,
and was employed until the breaking out of the War, in 1861, as
agent of the Alton Packet Company. He then returned to Illinois,
and was appointed agent of the Rock Island Railway Company at
LaSalle, where he remained until the close of the War. In 1865,
he came to Chicago, and acted as bookkeeper for Colonel E. D!
Taylor in the coal business, where he continued until March 17,
1868. He then took charge of the Chicago, Wilmington & Vermil-
lion Coal Company, and has continued in that position ever since.
When Mr. Sweel first took charge of this company it had a capital
of $300,000, and was producing three hundred ton's of coal perdav;
it now has a capital of $2,000,000, and is capable of producing six
thousand tons daily, which fact of itself speaks louder in his praise
than the most glittering eulogy could do. Mr. Sweet was married
on October 15. 1846, to Miss Annie E. Sanderson, an accomplished
and estimable lady of New Brunswick, N. J.
PRATT, I'AKKKK ,V C. ..— This firm is composed of Horatio
Pratt and James O. Parker, of Chicago, general partners, and I. I
AlKl-Krllt If r.f I(..(T..!~ Ttl •* J.
„ --T--I . 1 immediately
itered into contracts with Mr. Albright, under which they have the
exclusive sale of the " Reading " coal in the West and Northwest.
During 1882, the Reading completed its arrangements to reach the
\\cst by means of a connecting link between the Pennsylvania &
Reading Railroad and the New Vork Central Railroad, and an alli-
.vith the whole Vanderbilt system. 'The Philadelphia & Read-
•al and Iron Company are the largest producers of anthracite
n the country. In the year 1883, it mined 13,700,290 net tons
of coal. Its largest competitor mined 7,024,386 net tons The
exceptionally good quality of the Reading; Company's coal itsenor-
mous capacity of production, and its unequalled facilities for trans-
portation have enable Pratt, Parker & Co., within the three years of
the firm S existence, to take the leading position in the anthracite
coal trade in the West. 'They carry stocks of anthracite at all
important ports on Lakes Michigan and Superior; seven large whole-
sale yards in Chicago, besides a large number of retail yards, are
supplied with anthracite coal entirely by them. At Superior City,
at the head of Lake Superior, they have large investments in dock
property. One of the docks in which they are there interested is
larger and more complete in its machinery and appointments for
unloading and handling of coal than any other on the western lakes.
From this point they supply the trade at St. Paul, Minneapolis,
Duluth, and other points in the Northwest. The sales of Pratt.
Parker & Co., for the year 1884, have been principally in the terri-
tory lying between Green Bay and Marque-He, Mich., on the north-
east ; Cincinnati, Ohio, and Nashville, Tenn., on the southeast ; El
Paso del Norte, Old Mexico, on the southwest; and Bismarck,
Dakota, on the northwest. They have made considerable shipments
to each of the above points. They deal largely in Morris Run,
Blossburg, and also in Churchill Brier Hill coals. 'They are the
owners of the Albright-Wilmington Coal Company, whose mines
are at Braidwood, 111., and sell the product of that company.
FRANCIS S. PKAHODV is a native of Chicago, and was; born in
July, 1859, and is the son of Francis li. Peabody, a well known
real-estate dealer and financial agent of this city. Francis S.
prepared for college at Exeter, N. H. He entered Yale College,
and graduated frsm that institution in 1881. He intended to lit
himself for one of the learned professions, but having a taste for
commercial affairs, entered the coal trade in iSSi, in which he
has been very successful, his sales amounting to $10,000 per
month.
F.rcKNK F. WAGER has been in the coal business fifteen
years; first at Gardiner, 111., as manager of coal mines, where he
remained six years, and then went to Covington, Ind., as manager
for the Fountain County Coal Mining Company; and, in 1883,
went to Fairbury, Livingston Co., 111., where he had the manage-
ment of the coal mines four years; and then, in 1880, came to
Chicago where he has done an extensive business. He is now
interested in the Ware patent telephone resonator, an adjustable
mouth-piece and a valuable improvement. He was born on Feb-
ruary 15, 1848, in Delaware County, N. Y., the son of Ira and
Sarah A. (Foot) Wager. His father was a carpenter, and when
the War of the Rebellion broke out he entered the service in the
17th Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, serving nearly three years, but
was discharged for disability just before the expiration of his 'term
of service, and died in 1874. Eugene obtained a good business
education in the public schools, paying his own way by laboring
on a farm and clerking in stores; and thus is a self-made man in
every respect. He was married on May 24, 1871, to Miss Kvelvn
L. Nichols. They have one daughter,— Mabel G.
W. C. WYMAN & Co. are among the original shippers of
Hocking Valley coal (known as the Ohio Central coal), owning
their mines and railroad with termini at Toledo and on the Ohio
River. This company operates five thousand cars, selling prin-
cipally to rolling-mills and large manufactories; they sell two
hundred thousand tons annually in the Chicago limits, the amount
sold at other points in the Northwest and Canada. They have
docks at Duluth and Milwaukee, which are also distributing
points. They have had an office in Chicago for three years last
past, which is under the personal management of Walter C. Wyman.
Mr. Wyman was born at Boston, Mass., in 1850, and is the son
of Richard F. Wyman, who came to Chicago about twenty years
ago and is a well-known business man in this city. He was asso-
ciated with his son until the death of the former, which occurred
two years ago.
FRED G. HARTWEI.I., coal merchant, is a son of Abraham Y.
and Margaret Hartwell, and was born at Amsterdam, N. Y., on
August i, 1858. His parents came to this city in 1866 where
he attended the public schools until fourteen years of age. He
then left his studies and began business life in his father's coal
office, at Twelfth-street Bridge. From minor desk-duties he be-
came familiar with the details of the business, and, when com-
petent, assumed the superintendency of the establishment In 1882
he continued the business at the same stand, in connection with
James J. Kelly, under the firm name of Hartwell & Kelly. At the
end of two years thereafter, the firm dissolved partnership, and
Mr. Hartwell removed his office to more central and commodious
quarters, at No. 170 Dearborn Street, where he has continued in
the coal business under the style of F. G. Hartwell Coal Company
with yard at the old stand on Twelfth Street. Mr. Hartwell is
one of the youngest men in the trade in this city, but is thoroughly
posted in his hue of business, and is held in 'high esteem in the
social and business world.
i . . . ' , " ^»ii\,«*j; \j Liii.ii inmic. J.1C
eived his education from the Christian Brothers (St. Patrick's
School), and finished by a thorough course in Bryant & Stratton's
Business College. At thirteen years of age he entered the employ
of Edwin Walker, stone dealer. Lemont, where he remained until
THE COAL TRADE.
389
the spring of 1864, when he came to Chicago and continued in his
service two years. It was at this time that he attended Bryant &
Stratton's College. In the following spring, he engaged with Culliton
c\ Sprague, commission merchants, who were then located in the old
Chamber of Commerce Building, and remained with them until the
fall of 1868. At that time he entered the employ of Goit & Curtiss,
coal dealers, on the river at Van Buren Street, in the capacity of
salesman. In May, 1872, that firm was succeeded by O. W. Coit,
with whom he continued, and, upon the decease of Mr. Goit, the
business was conducted by his executors until May I, 1883, when
Mr. Corcoran purchased the business, and has since been actively
engaged in the coal trade. Mr. Corcoran was married on Septem-
ber 19, 1878, to Miss Maggie E. Bourke, daughter of Ulick Bourke,
well known as a leading furniture dealer of this city. They have
three children, — Edward J., William L. and Vincent A.
Ki>\\ ARD FITCH WEST, coal merchant, is a son of Samuel C.
and Harriet West, and was born at Saratoga Springs, N. Y.; on
April 22, 1840. He attended school until fourteen years of age, and
then began commercial life in the employ of Hopkins & Rae, dry
goods merchants of Syracuse, N. Y., with whom he remained three
years. He then engaged with DeForest & Sherwood, in the same
line of business, at Cleveland, Ohio, and continued in their employ
fifteen years, of which time he was manager for eight years. In
January, 1871, he came to this city and was associated with his
father and brother, Andrew F., in the coal business, under the lirm
name of \Vest & Sons, at the Erie-street bridge. Immediately after
the tire of October 9, 1871, he returned to Cleveland, and resumed
his former position with DeForest & Sherwood. In 1875, he came
back to this city and engaged in the coal trade. He formed a co-
partnership in the following spring with Daniel Mc'Gary, under the
firm name of West, McGary & Co., and established a yard and office
at Twenty-third Street and Archer Avenue, where they did business
six years; since which time he has continued in the coal trade at his
present location at the corner of Twenty-seventh and Clark streets.
He handles only the finer grades of coal and has the largest family
trade on the South Side. It is owing to his ingenuity and persever-
ance that the process of unloading coal from vessels, etc., known as
Hunt's elevated railway, became a success. Mr. West was married
on October 12, 1865, to Miss Carrie Frost, of Batavia, N. Y. They
have one daughter, — Grace.
ANDREW GUSTAVE JOHNSON, coal merchant, is a son of Eric
and Anna C. Johnson, and was born at (Erebro, Sweden, on March
26, 1849. He received his elementary education in the public
schools of his native city. At the age of eighteen he went to sea, in
the trade between Hamburg, Germany, and foreign ports, following
a sailor's life five years, during which time he visited nearly all of
the seaports known to commerce. In 1871, he came to New York,
and made a trip to I'orto Rico in the coasting trade, and in the fall
of that year came West to this city. He was engaged in the lake
marine until 1873, when he went into the grocery business, near the
corner of Townsend Street and Chicago Avenue, where he remained
one year. After disposing of this establishment, he entered the em-
ploy of the Eureka Coal Company, and continued with them four
years in charge of their dock and yard. The following year he
spent in Bryant & Stratton's Business College, from which he gradu-
ated, after taking a full course of study. He returned to the coal
business, and engaged with the Silver Creek Coal Company; then was
in the employ of J. I). Stone and Langdon, Richardson &Co., two
years. In August, 1882, he established himself in his present line
of business at \o. 95 Division Street, where he has since been lo-
cated, under the style of A. G. Johnson & Co. Mr. Johnson mar-
ried, in 1883, Miss Laura Wullweber of Chicago. They have one
daughter, — Vinetta.
JASON D. STONE was born atStreator, 111., on August 17, 1848,
the son of Jacob G. and Lydia (Eels) Stone. He received his edu-
cation in the public schools, and, in 1870, dug' coal in the mines at
Streator, laboring there about one year. He then went to St. Charles,
where he engaged in the coal trade another year, and then came to
Chicago and entered at once into the coal trade, continuing ten
years and doing an extensive business. He then sold out to the
Western Fuel & Charcoal Company, since which time he has acted
as their manager. He has also acted as agent for several mines, and
is manager of the Coal Creek Mine, in Indiana, handling 240,000
tons of coal and 250,000 bushels of charcoal yearly. He has also
the agencies of the Hecla Powder Company and the Ohio Powder
Company. Mr. Stone is an active, energetic man, and gives prompt
attention to each branch of his business. He is a member of Engle-
wood Lodge, No. 690, A.F& A.M., and of Elwood M. Jarrett Chap-
ter, No. 176, R. A.M. He was married, in 1878, to Miss Emma
Bowen, of this city. They have two children, Josephine and Charles
Edward.
H. ALEXANDER BISCHOFF, editor of The Black Diamond and
manager of the Bureau of Coal Statistics, is a son of John G. and
Louisa Bischoff, and was born in Chicago, on June 2, 1843. He began
business life at the age of fourteen with the firm of Ross & Foster, on
Lake Street, with whom he remained one year; then was employed
by J. M. Adsit, banker, for one year. With the restlessness of youth,
he traveled and worked his way to St. Louis. After sojourning in
New Orleans a short time, he returned to St. Louis and subsequently
continued his pedestrian tour toward this city. Upon reaching
Bloomington, he secured employment for the winter, and in the fol-
lowing spring came to Chicago and entered the dry goods house of
Mannheimer Bros. At the first call for troops, in 1861, he enlisted
with the company of the Turner Cadets, and went with his command
to Cairo. Two months later he was mustered out, in order to re-enlist
in the one-year service, and joined the 24th Illinois Volunteer In-
fantry. He saw active service in the Army of the Cumberland, and
upon receiving an honorable discharge in 1862, entered the service
of the United States Sanitary Commission as corresponding secre-
tary. He was connected with the western department at Louisville,
Ky. , until 1865, and after taking the department archives to New
York City, remained there in the employ of the Commission until
1866. He then returned to Louisville, and was engaged by Meyer
Bros., tobacco and cigar merchants, as traveling salesman, and, in
the following year, came back to Chicago and took a position as
bookkeeper in the furniture establishment of Charles Wippo. He
afterward was in business, in connection with Emil Biedermann, in
house furnishing, etc., at No. 137 North Clark Street, where the,
linn was burned out on October 7, 1869. They resumed business,
and added the department of plumbing, gas-fitting, etc., to their
establishment, until the fire of 1871 again destroyed their house.
They were among the first to re-open business at No. 151 North
Clark Street, with a branch store on the corner of Van Buren ano.
State streets. They were among the sufferers during the panic of
1874, and Mr. Bischoff gave up commercial life to enter the musical
profession. He traveled with Theodore Thomas during the concert
seasons of 1875, 1876 and 1877. In 1880, he taught music at Cleve-
land, Ohio, afterward returning to Chicago. He established the
bureau of coal statistics of this city, and is now engaged in that
business, and is also the editor of The Black Diamond, a publication
devoted to the coal interests. Mr. Bischoff was married on April
II, 1871, to Miss Hattie A. Mize, of Akron, O. They have two
children, — Gertrude and Bessie.
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
The exigencies of the winter succeeding the fire laid
the foundation .it transformation in the society
and social life of the city. S<> many church circles were
entirely broken up, and such multitudes of people wen-
transferred from one division of the city to another,
that new ties and associations were formed. During
this season were sown the seeds of acquaintanceship
and intimacy from which ripened many of the organiza-
tions of the social or artistic character which now exist.
Then the Apollo Club came into being. At this time,
too, was born the Athenaeum, which was an outgrowth
of the necessitv which then existed for providing for
the young men whose ordinary modes of passing their
leisure time had been destroyed. Thence, dates the
foundation of that really metropolitan society, which,
ignoring those bounds of church or faction that are so
apt to hedge about the earlier associations of a city, in-
cludes within its circle all of kindred mind. The " recep-
tion " of to-day differs no more widely from the "tea-
party" of an earlier stage of development, than does
the society of the present from that of the past. While
its strata are marked and its distinctions sharp, its ram-
ifications are more wide-spread and its bounds more
extended. The receptions accorded by society to the
celebrities who have visited Chicago.' have 'been a
marked feature of the past decade. Distinguished for-
eigners and prominent Americans statesmen and mil-
itary leaders, as well as those who have achieved
distinction in art, music or letters) have alike been re-
debating society of a primitive civilization ; the socie-
ties for the acquisition of a literary education by those
whose daily life of toil precludes much study, — are
present, side by side, with the varied forms of church
activity.
In all strata of society, little coteries and associa-
tions for pleasure or improvement are formed ; but it is
beyond the scope of this work to follow or particularize
them.
THE CHICAGO CLUB.
The club history of Chicago had its inception in
the comparative oblivion suggested to the average
Chieagoan by the year 1861. In May of that year, a
number of gentlemen put together the foundation on
which the present Chicago Club stands. This small
circle included M. ('. Stearns, W. F. Coolbaugh, C. T.
Wheeler, N. K. Fairbank, Andrew T. Dickey, John [.
Jones, William I!. Ogden, J. Mason Parker, James
Robb and T. J. S. Flint. The first organization was
known as the Dearborn Club; Hon. William 13. Ogden
was its first president James Robb vice-president, and
J. Mason Parker secretary and treasurer.
The original club rooms were in the top story of the
old Portland lilock, on the southeast corner of Dearborn
and Washington streets. The facilities for indulging in
good dinners, ever a foremost club proclivity, were
primitive. A negro steward, who on his small stove in
ceivecl with a round of entertainments, in which society aside pantry could produce an occasional rasher of
£in(i thf* ("lull's h;iVH V1H(1 to flM»nAn tll^» f*»£»linnr *-»(" f^Ki/ri K'i /-./-in '.11,1 .. ^,,1^ f^f ,* .,^,\ ^..i'C ... 1 il- _
and the clubs have vied to deepen the feeling of Chica-
go's hospitality.
This development of club life, too, which has been
another distinguishing feature of the period, is one of
more than ordinary significance. While, at all stages
of their careers, men are drawn together in social or-
ganizations for one purpose or another, in the earlier
life of a growing community the demands of business
are too exacting, and the contest for wealth too fierce,
to admit of the entire gratification of the instincts for
social communion and luxurious surroundings which are
found in club life. So the advent of this element in a
city's life marks an era in the growth of the community.
It indicates that the business ventures which have long
been so carefully watched have reached a safe haven ;
that the commercial interests are secure; and that the
men by whose unceasing vigilance the city has been
conducted to prosperity, have reaped the reward of
their labors, and possess the means and leisure where-
with to gratify their tastes for elegance and ease.
This period appears to have dawned on Chicago about
six or seven years after the lire, when the anxieties
:pon the re-establishment of business and the
recuperation from the financial depression succeeding,
had resulted in the firm grounding of her commerce
industries Then were orgaiii/ed most of the clubs
which now form so prominent a factor in the social
activities of the city.
development of these higher orders of social
lift' '•• CMS augurs the extinction of the varied
forms of an earlier period. A growing city must ever
embrace all stages of social progress. The lyceum and
390
bacon and a cup of good coffee, represented the cater-
ing department. With such limited facilities, in War
times, and with the true club spirit scarcely as yet exist-
ing in the city, the Dearborn Club struggled "along for
two years; and finally paid its debts and turned the keys
of its club-rooms over to the lessors, having disposed of
its effects and furniture. This was in the latter part of
1863. For the following five years there was no social
club of this character in Chicago.
In 1868, the spirit of the old Dearborn Club was
revived through some of its original members, re-
inforced by a number of new Chicagoans, and the
Chicago Club was organized. The meeting at which
this was effected was held at the Sherman House, in
December, about forty being present. A charter was
issued on March 25, 1869, with Philip Wadsworth,
Charles B. Farwell, Octavius Badger, Emery Wash-
burn, Jr., George. Henry Wheeler, Edmond Carrey and
William J. Barney, as incorporators. The officers of
the first year were Ezra 13. McCagg, president; Philip
Wadsworth, vice-president; John J. Jones, secretary;
Edward I. Tinkham, treasurer, the first executive-
committee was composed of Charles B. Farwell, Henry
Pierson, X. K. Fairbank, George R. Whitman,
William J. Barney, Anson Stager, Wilbur F. Storey,
Wirt Dexter and John DeKoven.
The residence of Henry Farnum, on Michigan Ave-
nue, adjacent to Adams Street, was secured as the first
club-house. This was a very spacious and elegant
building for the period, and considered a somewhat
ambitious home for a new organization in an untried
field. The event, however, justified the venture, and
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
39 '
here the Club led a tranquil existence, with occasional
additions to its membership, up to October, 1871.
In the great fire it saved nothing but a basket of
silverware and the original picture of Sheridan's Ride.
The life of the Club itself, by this time a strong and
united body, was unhurt by the disaster. It at once
The capital stock of the company was $130,000, after-
ward increased to $160,000, of which the full amount was
expended in the erection of the building. The Chicago
Club has bought of its stock to the present amount of
about $50,000, with the view of finally re-incorporating
it. To N. K. Fairbank, for ten years past its president,
CHICAGO CLUB HOUSE.
sought new quarters, and in November, following,
moved into the house of B. F. Hadduck, at No. 279 Michi-
gan Avenue, which was leased with the furniture.
During its two years' stay there, prominent additions
were made to the membership. In 1873, a removal was
made to the former residence of T. J. S. Flint, at the
corner of Wabash Avenue and Peck Court, where the
Club remained until the opening of its new club-house,
at Nos. 43-45 Monroe Street, in August, 1876.
The Chicago Club-house was built by an association
of members calling themselves the Dearborn Club, who
became duly incorporated with that special end in view.
perhaps belongs, more than to any other one man, the
credit for the prompt and successful completion of the
Club's present quarters. By eminently successful man-
agement, the building association, of which he was chief
promoter and the most liberal contributor, has paid its
stockholders a yearly dividend of six per cent, on the
investment.
The history of the Chicago Club for the past decade
is a record of which any social organization might
justly be proud. That which is representative of our
city's progress in its highest sense has found its center
here. The members are men of social and commercial
392
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
mark, the builders of the city and the upholders of its
progress. They have entertained, from year to year, at
publie receptions, and will) that hospitality for which
the Club is celebrated, the most distinguished citizens of
all nations. In i.S~<). a memorable banquet was given
to General (Irani; three presidents have, in their turn,
been entertained; and on the occasion of the visit of
Princess Louise anil Prince Leopold, in i.SSo. honors
were worthily paid to the royal guests. The club-house
has been the favorite roort of distinguished foreigners,
and its registers contain the names of nearly every
notable from foreign lands \vh,> lias visited this country
of late years. Its list of non-resident members includes
prominent men of nearly every State in the Union, and
numbers nearly one-fourth of its resident membership.
The number of resident members on April i, 1885,
was four hundred and twenty-six ; of non-resident
members, one hundred and three; and of army and
navy members, seven ; showing a total register of five
hundred and thirty-six.
Notwithstanding the somewhat exclusive policy
adopled, Ihe membership is constantly increasing. The
management of the Club has practically been in Ihe
same hands for years, the institution being conservative
in this as in other respects. Its officers from the time
of organization have been — •
1869— President, Ezra 1!. McCagj; ; Vice-President, Philip
Wadsworth ; Secretary, John J. [ones ; Treasurer, Kdward I.
Tinkham.
1 l;. McCaM ! Vice-Prcsident, Philip
WadlWOTth ; Secretary ami Treasurer, |ohn I. [ones.
1871— President,' K/ra 11. McCagg ; Vice-President, Philip
Wadswor'.h ; Secretary and Treasurer, John I. Jones.
iS?2— President, I'hilip A. Hall ; Vice-President, George F.
Ramsey; Secretary and Treasurer, John |. lones.
•aleht. Philip A. Hall; Vice-President, David A.
Gage ; Secretary ami Treasurer, John ]. [ones.
President, Philip A. 'Half; Vice-President, Franklin
HacVeagh ; N crctary and Treasurer. Francis Morgan.
'SJS — President. Nathaniel K. Fairhank ; Vice-President, An-
son Stager ; Secretary and freasurer, \V. Scott Keith.
1876— President, Nathaniel K. Fairbank ; Vice-President, An-
1'reasurer. \V. Scott Keith.
lS77~ ''resident, Nathaniel K. Fairhank ; Vice-President, Mar-
shall Field ; Secretary and Treasurer, \V. Scott Keith.
President, Nathaniel K. Fairhank; Vice-President, Mar-
shall Field ; Secretary and Treasurer. \V. Scott Keith.
'
shall Field
t Nathaniel K. Fairbank; Vice-President, Mar-
rer, \\ . Scott Keith.
iSSo— President, Nathaniel K. Fairhank- ; Vice-President, Mar-
shall Field ; Secretary and Treasurer, Preston C. Maynard.
/A?/— President, Nathaniel K. Fairbank ; Vice-President,
Stephen F. ( lale ; Secretary and Treasurer. Henry C. Bannard.
iSSa— President, Nathaniel K. Fairbank ; Vice-President \V
Scott Keith ; Secretary ami Treasurer, Henry C. Bannard
/«y?- President, Nathaniel K. Fairbank; Vice-President
Charles I). Ilamill ; Secretary and Treasurer, George W Monti
gomery.
/<?<£#— President, Nathaniel K. Fairbank ; Vice-President
Charles U. Ilamill; Secretary and Treasurer, Thomas S Kirk-
wood.
ms, and Frederic A. Keep.
CALUMET CLUB.
In Ihe early spring of 1878, a small number of young
men agitated the question of forming a social club. A
paper was circulated, and, on the evening of April 4,
1X78, a meeting was held. One hundred and twenty
persons had already signified their intention to join the
club, the large increase over the limit of fifty members
having been caused by the desire of a number of elderly
. , , . , ares
rew, Augustus N. Eddy, Edwin F. Getchcll, Samuel J.
r, Fdson Keith, Robert L. Perry, Anson Stager, and Fred-
business men, to obtain suitable quarters where they
could pass their leisure moments. At this preliminary
meeting, a name was decided upon, and, on April 13,
iS7,S, a charter was received from the Secretary of State,
authorizing the incorporation of the Calumet Club as a
private social organization. The name " Calumet,"
synonymous of good-will and kindly greeting, was an
especially appropriate title, anil the '• pipe of peace "
has since been used by the club as an emblem of such
fraternity,
The officers of the club for the first year were —
al Anson Stager, president ; Charles J. Barnes, vice-
president; Frederick B. Tuttle, secretary and treasurer. Directors,
Charles J. Barnes, William Chisholm, Joseph G. Coleman, Charles
\\". Drew,
i Hover,
erick B. Tuttle.
The large residence on the northeast corner of Mich-
igan Avenue and Eighteenth Street was secured for a
club-house, under a three years' lease, and was inform-
ally opened to the members on April 14, 1878. The
dedication of the house occurred on April 30, when a
reception was given by the president and directors.
Another reception of members and ladies occured on
June 30. In the following October, Ihe Club gave a
very successful art reception, which was quite note-
worthy for an institution not then six months old. A
month later, the State Microscopical Society was en-
tertained ; and on January 24, 1879, a reception was
tendered to Miss Minnie Hauck, the prima donna, in
recognition of the efforts made by her in previous years
on behalf of the sufferers by the great fire. On No-
vember 17, 1879., the Club entertained General and Mrs.
U. S. Grant, on their return from their tour round the
world.
Its growing popularity and increasing membership
warned the Calumet Club that before many seasons
more commodious quarters must be sought. In Sept-
ember, 1881, after due consideration, it was decided to
build. Ground was at once broken on the lot at the
corner of Michigan Avenue and Twentieth Street, which
was purchased by the organization, and a brick and
stone building was erected, of the Romanesque order
of architecture, elegant in appearance, magnificent in
proportions, and containing every attribute of wealth
and ease. This was opened on April 21, 1883, by a re-
ception.
A description of the edifice can give but a faint idea
of the handsome interior. From the imposing entrance,
on Twentieth Street, the visitor enters the main hall,
40 by 30 feet in size. To the right is the office; directly
in front, a broad stairway leads to the upper floor ; on
the left, a capacious and old-fashioned fireplace invite's by
its luxurious warmth and glow. Adjoining the main
hall, on the extreme right, is the billiard parlor, contain-
ing eight tables ; and opening from this is a well-
appointed cafe. The reading-room occupies the entire
Michigan Avenue side of the main floor, and is luxu-
riously furnished and handsomely finished in different
woods The portraits and paintings in this apartment
are notable art objects. A full-length portrait in oil
5 by 13 feet, of the late General Ulysses S. Grant, painted
by I homas Le Clear, of New York, is the latest acquisi-
tion; and a full-length oil portrait, 10 by 15 feet, of Hon.
John \\entworth, presented by him to the Club, paint-
ed by Healy, is on the same wall. Another famous
s the " Council of War," painted by G P A
Healy, and presented by the artist to Hon. E B Me-'
Cagg, the present owner, which represents President
Lincoln in consultation with Generals Grant and Sher-
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
393
man and Commodore Porter. Portraits of General An-
son Stager and Edson Keith, ex-presidents of the Club;
a half-length crayon of General P. H. Sheridan ; an oil-
portrait'of the late John McCullough, as " Virginius,"
owned by John B. Carson ; and a collection of eight
handsome paintings loaned to the Club by Albert A.
Munger, also adorn the walls of the reading-room. The
lot and building cost $200,000 and the furnishings an
additional $50,000.
The membership of the Calu-
met Club embraces a fair sprink-
ling of all vocations, while its
chief components are the busi-
nessmen of the city. There are
five hundred and eighty-one reg-
ular members, and twenty-eight
non-resident members, scattered
between Paris, France, and San
Francisco.
The annual art reception of
the Club has become an estab-
lished institution. At the exhibit
in December, 1885, ninety-six
paintings were displayed. A
movement has been made to or-
ganize an art association within
the Club, whose duty it will be
to attend to this feature. Since
opening the new house there
have been two art receptions,
two annual receptions, two old
settlers' receptions, a reception
by John Wentworth, the mem-
bers' annual banquet and ball,
and the last reception, given by
the president and directors on
January 25, 1886, — all notable
society events.
The officers and directors of
the Club, from the first organiza-
tion, have been —
/<?7<? — Anson Stager, president ;
Charles J. Barnes, vice-president; Fred-
erick B. Tuttle, secretary and treasurer;
Charles J. Barnes, William Chisholm,
Joseph G. Coleman, Charles \V. Drew,
Augustus X. Eddy, Edwin F. Getch-
ell, Samuel J. Glover, Edson Keith,
Robert L. I'erry, Anson Stager, Fred-
erick B. Tuttle, directors.
1879 — Anson Stager, president ;
Charles J. Barnes, vice-president ; Frederick B. Tuttle, secretary
and treasurer ; Charles J. Barnes, Watson F. Blair. William Chis-
holm, Charles \V. Drew, Augustus N. Eddy, lames 1>. Goodman,
Edson Keith, Robert L. Perry, Anson Stager, Frederick B. Tuttle,
A. G. Van Schaick, directors.
iSSo — Anson Stager, president ; Edson Keith, first vice-
president ; A. G. Van Schaick, second vice-president ; Frederick
B. Tuttle, secretary and treasurer ; Watson F Blair, Xavier L.
Otis, Robert L. Perry, Anson Stager, Frederick B. Tuttle A. G.
Van Schaick, directors.
iSSi — Edson Keith, president ; J. W. Doane, first vice-pres-
ident ; Frederick B. Tuttle, second vice-president ; Horace Willis-
ton, secretary and treasurer; William A. Angell. *Chauncv |.
Blair, *Altred Cowles, J. W. Doane, James B. Goodman, FMson
Keith, J. J. Knickerbocker, Xavier L. Otis, Robert L. Perry,
George M. Pullman, {William II. Sard, {Frederick B. Tuttle,
Horace Williston, directors.
1882 — Edson Keith, president ; J. W. Doane, first vice-pres-
ident ; Alfred Cowles, second vice-president ; Horace Williston,
secretary; Chauncy J. Blair, treasurer; A. A. Bigelow, E. E.
Chandler, Alfred Cowles, J. W. Doane, William A Fuller, Albert
llayden, *Edson Keith, William S. Knight, fj. J. Knickerbocker,
H. J. Macfarland, Horace Williston, John H. Wren, directors.
1883 — Edson Keith, president ; J. W. Doane, first vice-pres-
ident ; Alfred Cowles, second vice-president ; William S. Knight,
secretary; Chauncy J. Blair, treasurer; A. A. Bigelow, F. E.
Chandler, Alfred Cowles, J. \V. Doane. William A. Fuller, C. T.
Howe, Edson Keith, J. J. Knickerbocker, William S. Knight, 11.
J. Macfarland, John S. Wren, directors.
1884 — I. W. Doane, president; Alfred Cowles, first vice-
president; II. J. Macfarland, second vice-president ; T. R. Jen-
kins, secretary ; Chauncy J. Blair, treasurer ; John M. Clark,
Alfred Cowles, J. \V. Doane, John 15. Hughes, T. R. [enkins, W.
B. Keep, H. J. Macfarland, R. B. Marten. Pliny B. Smith, \\ . A.
Thompson, James Van Inwagcn, directors.
CALUMET CLUB HOUSE.
' Resigned.
t Elected to fill vacancy.
J. W. Doane, president; H. J. Macfarland, first vice-
president; John M. Clark, second vice-president ; T. R. Jenkins,
secretary; George L. Otis, treasurer; S. B. Barker, Arthur J.
Caton, John M. Clark, f. W. Doane, E. F. Henderson John B.
Hughes, T. R. Jenkins, William B. Keep, II. J. Macfarland,
F'erd. W. Peck, W. A. Thompson, directors.
THOMAS R. JENKINS, secretary of the Calumet Club and ex-
president of the Farragut Boat Club, is a member of the well-known
dry goods commission firm of Jenkins, Kreer & Co. lie was born
at Pittsburgh, Penn., in Xovember, 1848, but was reared in the
West, his family removing to Wisconsin when he was a lad. He
was educated at Oshkosh, graduating from the high school in 1866.
After finishing his studies he apprenticed himself as a druggist's
clerk, and served three years in a pharmacy at Berlin, Wisconsin.
In 1868, he came to Chicago, and entered into the employ of Field,
Leiter & Co. He was engaged as general utility man in the offices
of that house for one year, and for the following nine years was
credit man, and had general charge of the books of the retail
department of Field, I.eiter & Co. In 1879, he resigned his posi-
tion and took a trip to Europe to recruit his health. On his return,
the firm of Klapp, Jenkins & Co. was organized, and they com-
menced a foreign and domestic dry goods commission business.
which has been carried on most successfully up to the present time.
In July, 1884, Mr. Klapp retired from the firm and John J. Krerr
purchased his interest, the firm name then changing to Jenkins,
Kreer & Co. In 1874, Mr. Jenkins was importuned to join the
394
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Karrajrut lioat Club, and, with hopes of aiding liis then poor health
by tin- manual exercise of boating, he became a member <>f I he Club,
anil has sin various prominent positions!]] that or^ani/a-
tion. In April, IS;5. he was <-lrrteil vire-pnsiilent of the Club anil
in the following October was made its president, holding the office
for Ir IK- has Since served on several com-
mittees, amonj; them beinjj that of ways and means for taking
mea-ures toward the erection of the Chili's present handsome home.
Mi. Jenkins was an original member of the Calumet Club, and, in
i"-(. was elected secretary of the -a me, holding that otlice at the
present time. He i- also a member ol the Washington I'ark Club
and ot Harden City Council, No 202, of the Royal Arcanum.
THK Oi.n SKTTLKRS. — In February, 1871, some
attempt was made td organi/e an Old Settlers' Society,
but the meetings held resulted in nothing of importance,
from the first, under the direct supervision of a com-
mittee of old settlers, which is composed of all members
of the Calumet Club whose residence in Chicago ante-
dates 1840. The original committee was composed of
Silas B. Cobb, Franklin 1). Cray, Mark Kimball, James
II. Kees, Marcus C. Stearns, Frederick Ttittle. and Joel
C. Walter; and the changes in the committee since have
been through the deaths of James H. Rees and Thomas
Hoyne, and the admission to membership of John M.
Van Osdel, John Wentworth, A. C. Hurley, Horatio ('•.
Loomis and Jerome Beecher. The invitations to the
last annual banquet numbered nearly four hundred and
fifty. Each recurring occasion has served to revive
v
HON. AND MRS. CALVIN DE WOLF.
and the work of gathering historical facts of the early-
days of Chicago remained dormant, and had it not been
for the careful and energetic labor of the Calumet Club
this valuable work would have never been performed.
In May, 1X79, the Calumet Club extended an invitation
for a reception to the old settlers,— those who had come
to Chicago prior to the year 1840, and had at that time
attained their majority. These rec, ptions, since held
once each year, have been productive of much good,
and the Club has taken a special pride in conserving
and invoking history on their behalf. In the club-house
is an apartment devoted solely to the uses and memories
early Chicagoans, and called the "Old Settlers'
Room," where may be found portraits of all of the more
prominent pioneers and a number of interesting relics
Among the latter are the famous Mark Heaubien fiddle
now three-stringed and roiceless and the historical
tomahawk and peace-pipe of Captain William Wells
who was slaughtered by the Indians on August 15 1812
N ear by year, the Calumet Club adds to this collection
and its registers and records of the pioneers are grad-
ually growing more complete.
The banquet occurring in May of each year has been
many old memories and renew old acquaintanceship, as
well as awakening a new interest in, and furnishing much
valuable matter for, early history.
It is the pride of the Calumet Club to foster the
feature it has thus undertaken, in every way. From its
records is obtained the following list of settlers, of age
and resident in Chicago prior to 1840, and living at this
date (December^, 18851, with their places of residence:
Ackley Benjamin F.. No. 422 West Washington Street, Chicago.
Adams Charles. Noi walk. Conn.
Ailtm Jxmes M., No. 400 Dearborn Avenue. Chicago.
Allen Edward K., Aurora III
Ambrose Ilev. Joshua K.. Reedsburg. Sank Co.. Wis
Ament Edward G., No. 160 LaSalle Street. Chicago.
ArmatrongT. B., central Hotel, Chicago.
Atzel Tobias, Downer's Grove. III.
Bailey Amos, Pacheco, Contra Costa Co., Cal.
galer Henry. No. 355 We<t.la<'k«on street. Chicago.
Baldwin Williani Alison, No. 365H Illinois street. Chicago.
Balestler Joseph N., lirattleboro', Vt.
Bartletl Charles Herbert, Diamond Lake. Lake Co III
Ita.M-iini Rev. navel, Illnsdale III.
Bus J. W.. St. Paul. Mini
^.,. j *., in,. .) i ;,^ i i ,11 1 If j\ veil lie I : M irHiro
geeehei Jerome No. i>41 Michigan Avenue, Chicago.
gegga Rev. Stephen H.. nainm-ld, III.
Berdel Charles, N,,. am wusi Randolph Street, Chlcai
Iterg Anton, No. 3nT Fifth Avenue, Chicago.
Berg Joseph No. 75 II. more si, v,-t. Chicago.
Kerry Isaac I!.. Haw I'aw. III.
Bishop James K., No. 49 Lincoln Avenue, Denver, Colo.
go.
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
395
Black Francis. Hampton, III.
Blackmail Edwin. No. 241 Erie Street. Chicago.
lilake L. S.. Racine, Wls.
Bond William, Sotnauauk, DeKalb Co., 111.
Bosworth Increase Child, Elgin, 111.
Botsford Jabez Kent, No. 1704 Michigan Avenue. Chicago.
Boyer Valentine Aiirand, No. 490 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago.
Bracket! William W., No. 259 West Twenty-fifth Street, New York.
Bradley Asa Foster, Jefferson. Cook Co., 111.
Bradley David, No. M Nortli Desplaines Street, Chicago.
Bradley Sidney S.. Sheldon, O'Brien Co., Iowa.
Bridges Thomas B., Oak Park. III.
Brock -lulin S.. San Francisco, Cal.
Brookes Joshua, Galena, III.
lii-ooki-.s Samuel Marsden, San Francisco, Cal.
Brown Andrew .lesse, Evanston, III.
Hi-own Charles Evert*. Glencoe, Lake Co., III.
Brown Lemuel. Lemont, III.
Brnwn Nathaniel J., Lemont, III.
Brown W. II., Lake City. Cal.
Bryan Frederick Augustas, No. 1 Bryan Place. Chicago.
Buel James M., Nil. 1928 South Clark Sired. Chicago.
Buell Elijah, Lyons. Iowa.
Hurley Arthur Gilman. No. 1620 Indiana Avenue. Chicago.
Hurley Augustus Harris. No. 254 Dearborn Avenus, Chicago.
Hurley Charles. Exeter. N. H.
Burroughs Lester M., ISatavia. Kane Co., 111.
Htillcr John II., Park Hinge. 111.
Butler William H., Hobart. Iml.
Caldwell John. Bloom, Cook Co.. 111.
Cainniaek .lulin. Evanston, 111.
Campbell James. No. 2634 Calumet Avenue, Chicago.
Campbell Stephen, liarine. Wis.
Carpenter Philo, No. 436 Washington Boulevard. Chicago.
Carter Thomas Butler. No. 55 Twentieth Street, Chicago.
Caster W. II., N'iles, Mich.
raswell Sidney, No. 3738 Langley Avenue. Chicago.
Caton.lohn Dean. No. 1900 Calumet Avenue. Chicago.
Caton William P.. Joliet. 111.
Chadwick Edmunds.. Beloit, Wis.
Chamherlin Kev. Jacob Sherril, Robin's Nest, III.
Christie John, \Vheaton. III.
Churchill Jesse, Riverside III.
Clarke Abraham Fuller, Marietta, <ia.
Clarke Henry W.. No. 113 Adams Street, Chicago.
Clarke Samuel Clarke, Marietta, Ga.
Cleaver Charles, Kllis Avenue and I''oi ty-second Street, Chicago.
Clement Stephen. No. 281 Prospect Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis.
Clilf. lames, Racine. Wis.
Coiib Silas I!.. No. 3334 Michigan Avenue. Chicago.
Coldwell Archibald, lilack Creek. Ouiagainle Co. Wis.
Colvin Edwin, No. 1511 College Avenue. Racine, Wis.
Cook Isaac, si. Louis. Mo.
Conch James, Tremont House. Chicago
Crocker Hans. No. 22;i Tenth street. Milwaukee, Wis.
Crocker Josiah !>., No. 1033 Warren Avenue. Chicago.
Culver John H., Glencoe, Lake Co., III.
Gushing Nathaniel Sawyer, Lombard, III.
Day General Hannibal, .
DeiiMnore Elea/er W.. No. 3338 Indiana Avenue. Chicago.
DeWolf Calvin, No. 38011 Vincennes Avenue, Chicago.
Dexter Albert Augustus. Union Stock-Yards. Chicago.
Delanty Michael, No. 137 West Van Huren Street. Chicago.
Dickenson George L., Crockery. onawa Co.. Mieh.
Dickey Hugh Thompson, No. 473 Fiftli Avenue. New York.
Dickinson Augustus, No. (>60 Thirty-seventh Street, Chicago.
Dodge Usel S., Niles, Midi.
Dodson Christian Bowman. Geneva, III.
Donsniaii T. C., No. 71 Thirtieth Street. Chicago.
Drnmmond Thomas, Wmtiehl. Du Page Co., 111.
Drni \ Benjamin ().. Rollins. Lake Co., III.
Dnranl .I;imes T.. No. 180 Madison Street, Chicago.
Dyer George R., Baxter Springs. Kan.
Eddy Iran.. No. 666 Fulton Street, Chicago.
Edwards Francis Myers Denplalnes, III.
F.ells Thomas S.. Jacksonville, Fla.
Ellis Joel. No. 62 West Jackson street, Chicago.
Estcs Elijah Stone, Bay View. Milwaukee Co., Wls.
Fenniniore Uiehard. No. 494 West Monroe Street Chicago
Fergus Robert, No. 344 Illinois Street. Chicago
Filer Alanson. Uacine. Wis.
Fish Benjamin Franklin. Niles. Mieh.
Fisher Lucius George. Chicago.
Flood I'eler F.. No. 93 South Sangamon Street, Chicago.
Follanabee Charles, No. 3358 Wabash Avenue, Chicago.
Foote David I'., Sodavlllp, Li nn Co., Oreg.
Foster Edward. Lake View. 111.
Freeman Robert, Naperville, III.
Freer Lemuel Covell Paine, No. 347 Michigan Avenue, Chicago.
(lagi! John. Vineland, N. J.
Galnes William. Wilson Station, Ellsworth Co.. Kan.
Gale Abram, Dak I'ark. III.
Gale Slephen Fran '
Granger Elilin, Kan'rvlile. III.
Grannis Samuel W., No. 1033 West Jackson Street, Chicago.
<;ranl .lames. Davenport. Iowa.
Grant Levi, Kenoslia. Wis.
Giaves Henry, No. 88 Thirty-third Street. Chicago.
(}ray Franklin I).. No. 3807 Prairie Avenue. Chicago.
Gra.\ (i -ge M., Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago.
Gray John, .lelferson. III.
Gray Joseph Henry, Hyde Park. Hi.
Green Daniel M.. Lisle, DuPageCo., III.
Green Walter R.. Manistee, Mich.
Guild Dr. K. C.. Bartlett. Cook Co., III.
Gurnee Walter Smith, No. 7 Nassau Street, New York.
Hackett John. Beloit, Wis.
llajnes Elijah Midcllebrook, Wankegan, 111.
Haines Joliu Cliarles, Waukegan, III.
Hall Benjamin. Wheaton, 111.
Hall Joseph, Ottawa, III.
Hall Philip A . No. 4 Clark Street. Chicago.
Hallam Rev. Isaac Williams, Stonington, Conn.
Halloek Isaac P., Brayton, Andnbon Co., Iowa.
Hamilton Poleinus !>.', No. 136 Clark Street, Chicago.
Hauchett John L., No. 371 Wabash Avenue, Chicago.
Harman Daniel H., Waukegau, H).
Harman William. No. 210 South Water Street, Chicago.
Harmon Edwin K., Aurora, III.
Harmon Isaac Dewey, No. 4333 Kills Avenue, Chicago.
Hass Lewis, Chicago.
Hawley JohnS., Aurora. III.
Heald Darius, O'Fallou. St. Charles Co., Mo.
Heartt Holiert, No. 615 Lumber Street, Chicago.
Herrirk Charles. Racine, Wis.
Hihbanl W. H.. Milwaukee, Wis.
Milliard Lauriu Palmer, No. 142 Dearborn Street. Chicago.
Hineklev Samuel Taylor, Elgin, III.
HI ten Cock U<-v. Luke. No. ;i51fi Indiana Avenue, Chicago.
Hoffman Michael. No. 457 LaSalle Avenue, Chicago.
Hoiden Charles NVwton. NO. 512 West Monroe Street, Chicago.
Hollinshead William. Elkhorn. Wis.
Horton Dennison. Chicago.
Hosmer Charles Biugley. No. 79 Clark Street, Chicago.
Howard Philip, Meridian. Bosque Co., Texas.
Hubbard liunlon Salionstall. .No. 143 Locust Street. Chicago.
Hubbard Moses. Half Day. Lake Co., III.
Hubbard Thomas II... Bank of Cimuneree. New York.
Hugunln James R., No. 531 LaSalle Avenue, Chicago.
Humphrey James Oscar. \Villoughby, Ohio.
Hunt KelaT., St. Charles. III.
Hunter General David, Washington. D. C.
Hunter George W., Wilmette, III.
Hurd Dr. L.. Kewanee. III.
Hyatt Henry Enos, Mobile, Ala.
Ives A. B., Bloomingtou, 111.
Jackson John William. No. 449 West Lake Street, Chicago.
Jefferson Hiram, Desplaines, III.
Jennings John Drake, Southern Hotel, Chicago.
Johnson John B.. Leland, III.
Jones William. Waukegan. 111.
Jones Wilson, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Kehoe Michael, No. 390 West Twelfth Street, Chicago.
Kelle\ James, Winneika. III.
Kellogg Artemus B., No. 1224 West Madison Street, Chicago.
Killiek James E.. ClybOUrn-RVeiinM Bridge. Chicago.
Kimbell Martin N.. No. 187 LaSalle Street. Chicago.
King Tuthill. No. 85 Washington street. Chicago.
Kingston John Tabor Neceuah, Jnin-au Co.. Wis.
Kinney Captain Elijah, Clinton. Henry Co., Mo.
Knickerbocker H. W.. Naperville, III.
Kuhl John, No. 464 West Chicago Avenue, Chicago.
Laflln Matthew, No. 6 Park How. Chicago.
Lampman Henry S., Litrhfiehl, Ilillsdale Co., Mich.
Lane (jeorgc W., Morris, lit.
Lane James, No. 12 Lane Place. Chicago.
Lange Oscar G., No. 339 South Morgan Street, Chicago.
Lathrop Samuel. Bristol, III.
Letz Frederick, Chicago.
Liud Sylvester, Lake Forest, 111.
Looinis Elenrv. Burlington, Vi.
Looinis Horatio G., No. 125 East Fifty-seventh Street. New York
McCarthy Owen, No. 192 South Sangamon Stieet, Chicago.
McCliutock James, Govven, Du Page Co. III.
Mcdure JosiahE., No. 2120 Michigan Avenue, Chicago.
Mcliamel Alexander, Wilmette, HI.
McKI-iowny John, Bluoui, Cook Co.. III.
McKen/ie Ezra, Peru, III
McMahou Patrick, No. 3729 Forest Avenue, Chicago.
McMalley William .
Magill Julian, Paris, France.
Mauierre Edward, No. 2352 Prairie Avenue, Chicago.
Marshall James Augustus, No. 2906 Indiana Avenue, Chicago.
Mel v in John, No. 182 East Ohio Street, Chicago.
Mi-iTiell George, No. 24 Soutb Sangamon Stn-ct, Cliicago.
Miguly Hudolpli, No. 2430 Prairie Avenue. Chicago.
Millard Ira, Arlington Heights. Ill
Miller Jacob, No. 42 Clybourn Avenue, Chicago.
Mtlliken Isaac Lawrence. Moiiee, Will Co.. HI.
Mills John Rodney. Chicago.
Milne Roberts, Lockport. 111.
Mitchell Henry, Racine. Wis.
Mohr M.. Walworth. Wis.
Moloney Matthew S., Belvidere. III.
Moore Amos M., No. 12 Union Park Place, Chicago.
Morgan Patrick Richard, No. 705 Carroll Avenue. Chicago.
Morrison Ezekiel, No. 125 Clark Street, Chicago.
Murray Robert Nelson, Naperville, III.
Myrlck Willard F., No. 3967 Vernou Avenue, Chicago.
Nash Frederick A., Omaha, Net).
Neely Alexander. Lincoln, Neb.
Nelson Andrew, No. 248 Superior Street, Cliicago.
Nortliain Robert R , Aurora, 111.
Norton Nelson R., Alden, Minn.
Oliver John A., No. 867 West Lake Street, Chicago.
Osborn Andrew L., La Porfe, Ind.
Parker John, Hiusdale, III.
Parry Samuel, South Bend. Ind.
Patterson John Gibson, Half Day, Lake Co., III.
Payne William H.. Fremont Centre, III.
Peacock Klisha. No. 98 State Street. Chicago.
Peacoi'k Joseph, No. 287 Michigan Avenue. Cliicago.
Peck Charles Edwin, No 270 Huron Street. Chicago.
Pennoyer Henry, Nunica, Ottawa Co., Mich.
Pennoyer James Monroe. Norwood Park, III.
Pennoyer Stephen, Norwood Park, III.
Peters George, Newark. N. J.
Pierce Asaliel. No. 732 Bowen Avenue, Chicago.
Pierce Smith I)., Belmond. Wright (Jo., Iowa.
Plmperton Joseph, Plum River, 111.
Plum William V.. Aurora, III.
Porter Abel Duncan, LaPorte, Ind.
Porter Rev. Jeremiah, Detroit, Midi.
Post Rev. John C., Wichita, Kan.
Powers William C., No. 198 LaSalle Avenue. Chicago.
Price Cornelius, No. 1826 Indiana Avenue, Chicago.
Ragan John Grover. Waukegan. III.
Rand Socrates, No. Itil Nortli Carpenter Street, Chicago.
Reader Daniel L., Aurora, III.
Ut'M John Adams, No. 55 North Lincoln Street Chicago
Ileis Jacob Nicholas, No. 292 Fifth Avenue. Chicago.
Reynolds Silas, Sugar Grove, Kane Co., III.
Rockwell James. Batavia, III.
Rue John C., No. 131 South Jefferson Street. Chicago.
Russell Jacob, East Northfiehl, 111.
Sackett Joshua S., Garden Prairie, Boone Co., 111.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
i icier Christian. Oakland. Cal.
Salterlec Merrlt l.a\\n -IK-.-. No -.'Till Michigan Avenue, Chicago.
Sawier Nathaniel, l..il,i- F si III.
Saw\cr Dr. Sidney, N". 311! i in I am i SI reel. Chicago.
Seainmon Jonathan Young, lit de Park. III.
VX 1 1 lard. Nan, i \ ill,-. III.
Willis. No. I'l'i U csl W .Islington Street. Chicago.
i n., sieriing. 111.
Sflliirk .lain.'*. Sitillh Haven. .Mich.
.'•ill II W ., Haw ke> e Fa> BCtfl ' '".. l"V*a.
Sh.il'lcy Morgan 1,., Meridian, 'Itosnue Co., Texas.
Sherman AN. ni Sim: ii. Waukegau. III.
slid man U. s , Waukegan, III.
Sherman J. Sterling, Fast Nor'htield, III.
845 xxah.ish Avenue. Chicago.
Skinner M.u k. N.I. i:, i Lake si reel. Chicago,
x nrora, III.
S li Alilni. Lock port. III.
I'eni .iiiiui. N.I i, ; AI lee,, street. Chi-
Sinilh Dr. Uavid Sl|,-[ip:,rd, N,,. l-,>:,:, Michigan AMMIIIC. Chicago.
smith i ; ge. Reform Club, London, Hug.
Snillh tides XV.. Lero\, M.iwcl Co., .Minn.
Smiiii .ioi,n M . Dundee, III.
Joseph K.. No. S:j Warren Avenue Chicago.
Solhll John. NII. 15? >onth .letters, n, street. Chicago.
.inn S. I'.. Slailnliin. III.
Stalitiin Daniel I).. M \.stic. Ciinn.
Steams Man us Cirero. N,i. I7r, Wa'iash Avenue, Chicago.
lomas ii.. r s. N., File, pann.
stow- H.MII.V M.. Chi. -anii.
Stuart Alexander. Bingli:unton, N. V.
Slnilevanl Austin II.. N.I. 1SII Warren A venue. Chicago.
Stun. \ II.. lielavan. U is.
Silnlani Samuel .Inh'isiin. N... 17g Lake Street. Chicago.
. \ .l.'llll. I'll!
S\\eet Alans. >n. F.vauston, 111.
rd lleuton. \n. I •_':!.•) Waba-h Avenue. Chicago.
Tanner \\'i II I mi Aiu n -I us. A in »ra III
Tavh.r xngnstin I lai. No. -|!is \Vest Taylor Street, Chicago.
Taylor Kilniun.l li.ek Memlota HI.
Ta> lor Flan. 'is ll.ua. -e. Niles. Mich.
TaMoi William Maid. I'.rool, line. Mass.
Temple I'eter. ].e\ ington. Mo.
Thomas Gerhard Henri. Palatine. 111.
Towner Norman Kellogg, X'lisilanti Mich.
Trlpp in. Itobinson. No. i ins Waliash X vennc. Chicago.
Tuller lleni> I... Peru. 111.
TllHer.l. A.. Prophelsto.Mi, Whlteolde* CO., 111.
Tnllcr XV. (i.. New York.
Till ner .lolni. Kavetiswood. III.
Turner LclKhton. Fvanston. III.
Tntlle Frederick. N,,. •!(}•>•> Michigan Avenue, Chicago.
Tuttle Perry Erie, Indianapolis. 1ml.
Underwood .John Milton. Iianvers. Mass.
Vail Walter, Ncwhnrg, N. Y.
.. ook Charles Kane\. Austin, 111.
Van Nortiviek .lolin. P.atavla. 111.
Van iis.lel ,1,-sse Kediler, No. 711 XVcsr Monroe Street Chicago
i. -I J i Mills, No. II Clark Sireet. Chicago.
\ lucent Aiken. No. !m Arlesian Avenue Chicago
Voice John. No. 317 Laughlon Streel. Chicago.
Wa.lhams Carlton. South Bend, Illd.
Wa.lhams M-th. Kllnlllirst, III.
Wadsuorth Klislia sej inonr. No. 393 Dearborn Avenue. Chicago.
Wailsworth Julius. C . M. A St. r. I!. I; . Ne\v York
Wait Chailesc., Y.nkville, KaeineCo.. Wis.
Waif John. Klgin. 111.
Waiie (jcoix'e Washington. No. 13:14 Fortieth Street. Chicago
\Valk.-r llom; ton C.. l;d\ iilere. III.
Walter Joel clark. No 17:j Michigan Avenue Chicago
XVallon Nelson C.. San Kraneiseo. Cal.
XVanliieorg'- !•'.. Waterhxj. lilaeli Hawk Co Iowa
Warner Herman, No. 7/W Lake Avenue. Racine XVIs.
XVai ner Si-! I] I'oiter. Austin Cook Co III
Watkins John Joliet. III.
Wa\ man Samuel. No. 1 4-J A licnleen Street Chicago
Wavman William. No. -'SI I'lillon SI reet, Chicago
R U'ids. Iowa.
Dr. Jerome F . No. 157 south Clark street Chicago
XVentworth George. May Vic\v. Milwaukee Co Wi,
iith.lolin, Sherman House. Chicago.
ie<-loek Otis Leonard. No. :j!(71 Ellis Avenue, Chicago
,-ker Joi-1 HOMC. St. Josepi,. Mich
;. .Highland Park. III.
XV h
XVI
XV x Erast
XVildc George XV.. Itclvidciv. III.
XVIIIard AI ....
XVIIIard Alonio Jpaeph, No. 7:1 Clark Street. Chicago,
XVIII ir.l Klisha XX heeler. Newport R I
(Jen York.
Wil-i.M 1 \ a. III.
Wilson .John Lnsh, Kevere House Chicago
xvi.icott Henri Hunclngton. Asi.,rl,, \ y
xvood Aloaio Church, NH 1,11 Clinton sirei-t cir.
Jj:""!1!'!^""'1^."-1;^"-" Ash|;»»' Avenue, c
Wright Truman U., ICaein ••, Wis.
icago.
Chicago.
Yale- Horace 11.. No. 1!) Soii'h Heorla Street, Chicago.
Young Florns li., 1'etalumua. So ...... ,a c,,.. Cal.
Names of ladies invited, residents prior to 1840, in
addition to the wives of the old settler- :
Adams Mrs. Hannah, widow of Joseph s. Kvanston III
SO.MS We« Polk Street. Chicago.
xidneh Kin Amaret O., Downer's Orove III
Aldneh Mrs. .] ..... t Ko-.-rs. widow of II, .race. Downer's clnn-n I||
Atkin ihThonias(ira>. widowol Henri, 1 1 u|e 1'a'rk. III.
I', ill. ntlne Mrs. Agnes Myer. widow of David No. ill I'.ellevue I'Hee Chi,",,. ,
»»™« ; M '••""''. » WOW ,,f Hamilton. N,, i'g s,,!,!h I^K
irah. widow of John, \., 1171 West Madis,,,, street Chicago
li'':';'.'lxl"> Ml *>» of Dr. Harrison II ,Vt N !
X llieennes Avenue Clue;, go '"o.>l. .>o. .,
""'chi'.iro'" Mi""- ""' '
"'- N"' 1-:'s
widow of Nail,.-,,, Howard. Clcvclami Ohio
'' S'"""' W"'"w '"' '"'• '-"vi " H™ :10'l
venuMlChTrane"* """'' Wi<1""' "' 'Hieodoie llennclt. No.
Brewster Mrs. Cliarlotte Ithines. widow of John New l.ishou wi,
Brlnkerh.,11 .Mi . s. ptima S., widow ot Dr. Join,. New York City!
!SMI
.,s.,o
Avenue,
DeKall,
an Ave-
ertum
Brown Mrs. Sarah Dunn How e. widow of Kufns 11.. No. 45 South Ann Street,
Chicago.
Brown Mi >. Susan 1... widow of Joseph I-:.. No. .vi Aberdeen street, Chicago.
Burton Mrs. Ann XV. Germain, widow of stiles, No. 229 .Michigan Avenue.
Chicago,
Butler Mis BetMJ Si. Charles. 111.
Calhonn Mrs. PamellaC. Hathaway. widow of John, No. 78 Twelfth Street.
Chi.
Callis Mrs. Susan, Hojikinsville. Christian Co.. Ky.
Carpenter Mis. Sarah L. XVarren. widow of Abel E.. Aurora, III.
Chil.ls Mrs. Kli/a Wood h urn A iken. widow of Shnhael Davis. Kvanston. 111.
Church Mrs. Ueheeea Sherman (Pruyne), widow of Thomas, No. 331 Michi-
gan A Venn,-. Chicago.
Chin . Ii M i s. K',\anna I'i kc. willow of XX'llliaiu LiunaMl". Hyde Park, III.
Clyboiirn Mrs. Mar> Galloway, widow of Archibald, No. 153 Seminary Ave-
nue. Chicago.
Coffin Mrs. Maria Rhines. widow of Frederick. Oswego, III.
Cottin Mrs. Harriet Delia Dole ( Richards ;, widow of Joseph XVarren Chase
Crjstal Lake. III.
Connor M rs. Clarissa Grannis, widow of Francis, No. 643 West Adams SI reel.
Chicago.
Cook Mrs. Amanda S. Newton, widow of Charles W., No. 3241 Indiana Ave-
nue. Chicago.
Cook Mrs. Thomas, Western Springs, Cook Co., III.
Couch Mrs. Caroline E.. widow of Ira. No. 315B Indiana Avenue, Chicago.
Curtiss Mrs. Mary, widow of James, Champaign, III.
Davis Mrs. Fli/a. No. IS-.' West Twelfth Street. Chicago.
Davis Mrs. Emma, widow of XVilliam II.. Highland Park, III.
Davis Mrs. M.wa Delia, widow of George, No. 193 South Peorla Street,
Chicago.
Dewey Mrs. vdelineS. Lincoln, widow of Dennis S.. Monttcello, Iowa.
Diinoek Mrs. Mary Ann Stow, widow of Edward, No. 887 XVest Jackson
.Street, Chicago.
Dorwln Mrs. Arilla Ii.. Berkshire. Tioga Co., N. Y.
Duck Mrs. Charles Hill. Clifton. III.
Dnnlap Mrs. F.ineline. widow of Mathias I... Savoy. III.
Dyer Biro. Elizabeth Sebor DeKoven (Hubbard). widow of Thomas Lake
View. ill.
Eddy Mrs. Cynthia K. King, widow of Philander. Ke, N. H.
Egan .Mrs. XX'illiam I',.. No. ii-J I Dearhorn Avenue, Chicago.
EKston Mrs. Daniel, Lake View. 111.
Fay Mrs. Isabelle Kiel Kingston, widow of Harrison Kellogg Millon Uma-
tillaCo., Oregon.
Filkins Mrs. Joseph. No. 373 XX'ebster Avenue. Chicago.
Forbes Mrs. Elvira Bates, widow of Stephen X'anKensseluer, Cleveland, Ohio.
Gage Mrs. Sarah Merrill, widow of Jared, XVinnetka. III.
Hear Mrs. I.ydia A. Jackson. liowmanville, Cook Co., III.
Green Mrs. Caroline Hilliard. widow of Russall, No. 225 South Green Street
Chicago.
Hadduck Mrs. Louisa Graves, widow of Edward H. No 2H7'i Michigan *ve-
n ue, Chicago.
Haight Miss Fli/a Helen, Geneva, 111.
Handy Mrs. Laura XV. Bellows, widow of Henry S., No. 11 Page Street Chi-
cago.
Hatch Mrs. Caroline ('., widow of David, River Forest. Cook Co III
Heart! Mrs. Jane, widow of Daniel li.. No. HIS Lumber si i , ,-i Chicago
llo.-ird Mrs. Sophronia Conanl, widow of Samuel. No. 205 South Morgan
Hollister Mrs. A ngcline Peck, wife of L. M., Chicago.
Hooker Mrs. John W'.. No. 1921 Indiana Avenue. Chicago.
Howe Mrs. Hose Victor Bailey, widow of Francis. Porter Station Ind
Hoyne Mrs. Leonora M. Temple, widow of Thomas, No. 3117 Michigan Ave-
nne. Chicago.
Hnhhard Mrs. Julia Elvira Smith, widow of Henry George Hotel Bristol
Chicago.
Hubhard Mrs Anna Ballon, widow of Theodore, No. 46 College Place, Chl-
Jones Mrs. Frances .Maria Vortham. widow of Nathaniel A., No. 1921 Indiana
Avenue. Chicago.
Jones Mrs. Frances Maria VanZandt, widow of Daniel Alldrus, No. 110 West
Washington Street. Chicago.
Kennlcoti M is. Caroline Chapman, widow of William Henry, No 90 Thirty-
third Street, Chicago.
Kerchcval ^.M.rs. Feliclte Hotehkiss, widow of Gholson, No. 204& Clark
Klmberly Mr& Maria Theresa Ellis, widow of Dr. Edmund stonghton, Bar-
Klngsbury Mrs. Jane Creed Stebbii:s. widow of Julius J. Backus. Old Syme,
Kinzle M'rs. Robert Allen. No. 3308 Waliash Avenue, Chicago.
Larrabee Mrs. Mary Margaret Haight, widow of XVilliam M., Geneva III.
Ml'l'wank'c VvS-'.-I'IVir:i *'" willow of Jesse H-- No- 194 Farwell Avenue,
Lock Mix William, No. 1418 Michigan Avenue. Chicago.
Lovell .Mrs. Madora llngnnin. No. KIPJ XVest Harrison Street Chicago
Lyman Mrs. Sarah Alexander, widow of Daniel, Mendota, 111.
MC?on 'street™' c'V"''"tt<! M('(il;ishati. widow of Edward, No. 101 Washing-
MC(Chh'a1.',', •Mrs--'l'^leGuthri0' widow of John, No. 311 West Jackson Street.
M:"nne"chi'aKo"" ":"""to" Rel<1' wi(low of George, No. 1928 Calumet Ave-
.Mesmei Mrs Abramh-c Harmon, widow of Theodore, Baudot], Cook Co.. III.
Vliljer Mrs. Barbara (Santer) (Clans ). willow of XVilliam, Bloom. Cook Co.,
MitLakeVIiew(il1|arlOUe EIizabetl1 Yard (Talmadge), widow of John Berry.
Moon- Mrs.' Henry. Yorkvllle, Kendall Co., III.
v'anl"(?h'icaK,',"'y '''""' wiclow of <)rse'""-s' N*°- '510 Washington Boule-
M"ci'!!eag!!S 'Harrlet Austl"' widow "r JohD' No- 351 West A(lams Street.
Norton Miss Mary, No. 2023 Michigan Avenue, Chicago.
0''l""'hh"'V(M',uS,: Chic-,''.',? Mi"'l!1 Winl-""-s- wi<1(»v "f Patrick, No. 3970 Wa-
Onthet Mrs. Mai ia Slid nian, widow of John C., Park Ridge, III.
IV' 'nui'l'c'hh'agoKe"t U '""'• wlclow of Philip F. W.. No. 2254 Michigan Ave-
Perrj Mis. A bljah S.. care Charles G. Wicker, Chicago.
" :ns''re'"t'. Chicago'"'"'1 ''"'"''• "'"'""' "f '"'"J '""" WriK]lt' No- 55 Twentieth
e.s Mrs. Harriet F. widow of .lamps H.. Southern Hotel. Chicago.
oazo hll/i''"'"' l; """Kartell, widow of Peter, No. 403 State Street, Chi-
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
397
Rhincs Mrs. Minerva, widow of Henry. No. 878 West Jackson Street Chi-
cago,
Rogers Mrs. Mary B.. widow of Edward Kendall, No. 359 Ontario Street,
Chicago.
ganger Mrs. Catharine McKibben, widow of .la ..... s Y No. 3017 Indiana Ave-
nue Chicago.
Say re Mrs. Harriet Lovett, widow of William E., Mont Clare, Cook Co., 111.
Schaller Mrs. Andrew. Elgin. III.
Shaddle Mrs. Ellen Cadmus, widow of Pete!'. Evanston 111.
Bbeppard Mrs. Semantha Dickinson. No. 511) West Jackson Street, Chicago.
Simons Mrs. Laura Uronsoit Sprague, widow of Edward. Pacific. CooU Co..
Sinclair Mrs. .lane, widow of Louis George, St. Charles 111.
Sinclair Mrs. Lydia Ann Hicks, widow of James, No. :!(iii State Street, Chi-
cago.
Singer Mrs. Ann, widow of Horace M.. Lemont, III.
Snow Mrs. Elizabeth, widow of George W.. No. 321 Dearborn Avenue, Chi-
cago.
Soden Mrs. William II.. No. 86 Dearborn Avenue, Chicago.
Steel Mrs. Ashbel, Mavwood III.
Steele Mrs. Rebecca Allen, widow of Jonathan William. No. 184 Goethe
Street, Chicago.
Stein Mrs. Maria A., widow of Charles, nine Island. III.
Stow Mrs. William II.. No. 8286 Michigan Avenue. Chi. -ago.
Strausel Mrs. (Catherine Berg, widow of Martin, Elgin, 111.
Tayler Mrs. Mary Olin, widow of Reuben, No. 714 West Washington Street,
Chicago.
Taylor Mrs. Charles. No. 199 South Peoria Street, Chicago.
Thatcher Mrs. Susanna, widow of David. River Forest. 111.
Trainman Mrs. Catherine Walter Vogt, No. 515 North Clark Street, Chicago.
Tupper Mrs. Chester. Keno, Washoe Co., Nev.
Tyler Mrs. Sarah M. Stoughton, widow of Elmer, No. 1 Woodlawn Park
Chicago.
Updike Mrs. Mary Trowbridge. widow of Peter Lewis, No. 3819 Michigan
Avenue, Chicago.
Walker Mrs. Abigail F . widow of Deliver Elgin III.
Walter Mrs. Eli/a Collins, widow of Ethan. West Xortliflehl. III.
Waymau Mrs. Mary Wayrnan Hoult, widow of James It., No. 734 Carroll
Avenue, Chicago.
Weir Mrs. Mary Catherine Ferine, widow of John H., No. 2810 Michigan Ave-
nue, Chicago.
Wells Mrs. Henry G.. No. 3208 Prailie Avenue. Chicago.
Wesenciafl Mrs. William. Riverside, III.
Whltebead Mrs. Henry. No. 28119 Indiana Avenue, Chicago.
Williams Mrs. Eli li . Palmer House. Chicago.
Wils.m Mrs. Agnes Spence, widow of James I).. St. Paul, Minn.
Woodbiiry Mrs. Sarah Emelii:e Clarke, widow of Judsnn. St. Clair. Mich.
« ....... n't Mrs. Delia Gurley. widow of Ralph. No. 190I> Prairie Avenue. Chi-
cago.
Woodworth Mrs. Mary J. Hongbton, widow of Hiram P.. Evanston III
wynkoop Mis. Hannah T. Lowe, widow of H. A., No. 129 Winchester Ave-
nue, Chicago.
Yoe Mrs. Catherine A. Gurnee, wife of Peter Lynch. No. 47f> Dearborn Ave-
nue, Chicago.
From the Calumet Club record
lowing names of pioneers, decease,!
NAME.
Hlbbard Porter
Ira Miliimore
Lucius G. Tilttle....
Elijah Smith
Oliver C. Crocker
William M. Larrabee
Isaac Speer
William Con igan
Buckner S. Morris
George; M. Hnntoon
Samuel II. Gilbert
Mahlon I). OiM en
• lared Gage. ..
Philander Eddy
James Hughes
William Weutworth
I Ills sell (ireen \\]
Epbraim Morrison. .
Hiram Hastings....
Peter Page
.lames H. Rei-s
Alexander N. Fullerton....
E. G. Ryan
William L. Church
llanirl Morrison
Dr. C. H. Duck..
Thomas II. Allison
Ezra L. Sherman ].
Dennis S. Dewey
Eli B. Williams
David McKeo
Mark Beaubien
.lusep'i A. Barnes '.'
Luther Nichols
John P. Reis. Jr
Robert M. Miller
James Kirk Paul
Thomas Q. Gage ".".'.'....".'.'."
Benjamin Waters
Edwanl II. lladduek.
(ieorge F. Riimsey
Sextus N. Wlfcox
is obtained the fol-
since May, 1879 :
DATE op DECEASE.
..... May 30, 1879.
....... IniieS, 1879.
..... Inly 5. 1879.
...... Inly 15, 1879.
....... Inly 31. 1879.
...... September 28, 1879.
...... September 28. 1879.
...... - .1879.
...... December 16, 1879.
..... December IB. 1879.
... . December 29, 1879.
... .February 14. 1880.
...... March 31, 1880.
.
Lalbrop Johnson.
cob Hewitt Merrill ............... '.'..'..
Jaco
............... .....
Benjamin Jones ____
William Hall ......
William H. Stow .........
James Fish, .......
Barlow Klmball...
William Hiekling ....... ..."...
Siinnn Doyle ................
Orrln C. Moody ......................... ....
('I em ens Stokse ...................
Bennett Bailey ...................
James W. Steele ................. .....
Lev! M. Osterhaudt ................. ....
Alonzo Ililntington ...........
Samuel Hoard .................
John Oasey .................. .......
Spencer Warner ____
SethT. Otis ...........
Lev! D. Boone ................
AdamSchock .......
May 15, 1880.
May 15. 1880.
lune 15, 1880.
Inly 15. 1880.
August 1. 1880.
September 23. 1880.
September 29. 1880.
Oeto ber 80. 1880.
October 23. 1880.
November 9. 1880.
November 12. 1880.
November 28. 1880.
February 14, 1881.
March 13, 1881.
March 24, 1881.
April 9. 1881.
April 11. 1881.
March 19. 1881.
May 2. 1881.
January 3. 1881.
March 13. 1881.
. 1881.
May 18. 1881.
May 25. 1881.
May 27. 1881.
May 30. 1881.
... .June 17. 1881.
lunc 15. 1881.
Inly 2. 1881.
Inly 24, 1881.
August 11. 1881.
August-. 1881.
August 18. 1881.
August 18. 1881.
Augustas. 1881.
August 25. 1881.
September—, 1881.
• ... nctober 15. 1881.
... .October 18, 1881.
November 11, 1881.
November 13, 1881.
November 15, 1881.
November 17. 1881.
November 25. 1881.
Decembers. 1881.
lanuary 1. 1882.
... .January 25. 1882.
January 24. 1882.
February 23. 1882.
NAME. DATE OF DECEASE.
James Wellington Norris March 3, 1882.
Henry Brookes March 3. 1882.
S. A. Suits
Peter Button ........iHarCh 28. 1882.
Homer M. Wilmarth March 29, 1882.
Daniel Lvman
William n. SnowhooK .'..May 3 1882.
John Baumgarten
Waldo Wall Smith May 28 1882
William II. Adams June H, 1882.
John II. McFarran June 8. 1882.
Ebene/er Higglns June2B. 1882.
Walter Klmball: August IT. 1«82.
Alfred Guthrie August 17, 1882.
Charles Baumgarten October IB. 1882.
Franklin Baker October 24. 18K2.
Darius Knights (Iclober22. 1882.
Leonard C. Hugunln .November B, 1882.
Samuel Smailes November 19. 1882.
George II. Germain December B 1882
Abel E. Carpenter Decembers, 1882.
Captain II. Douglas December— 1882.
Henry Welch December 26, 1882.
Mat bias Mason December 20. 1882.
John Day II n January Iti, 1883.
Captain Jasper W. Pool January 24, 1883.
Peter Shaddle February 1, 1883.
Lemuel Barber February 4, 1883.
Ebenezer J. Chapin February 5, 1883.
Rev. Jonathan G. Porter February— 1883
Rev. John Mary Ireneus St. Cyr February 21 1883
Cyrus Shover February 21. 1883.
Nicholas Berdell February 22 1883.
Nathaniel A. Jones March 29. 1883.
Benjamin Wright Raymond April 5, 1883.
Elias 1). Watson
Edward Kendall Rogers May 2. 1883.
Barnhard Biasey May 16, 1883.
General Hart L. Stewart May 23. 1883.
Hon. Zeblna Eastman June 14, 1883.
Captain Charles Harding July 15. 1883.
Hon. Thomas Hoyne Inly 27 1883
Thomas Melyln July 31,' 18S3.
William Lock August 10, 1883.
Richard Kellogg Swift Sejncm 28. 1883.
Hon. Stephen M. Eilgell .. October 8, 1883
Joseph Kettlestrlngs October 17, 1883.
Horatio N. lleald November 23, 1883.
« i II lain G. Hubbard December 18 1883
Thomas McCabe December 23, 1883.
Meclore lien him In Beanbien December 26, 1883.
General Andrew A. Humphreys December 27. 1883
Lemuel Brown December 30, 1883
Dr. John Woodworth Eldredge January 1. 1884.
William Osborn lanuary 2. 1884.
Joseph h. Kennlcott January 14, 1884.
Hugh Maher lanuarv 22. 1884.
Frederick Coffin lanuary 24, 1884.
Joseph Dinet February 2, 1884.
Khsha B. Lane February 6. 1884.
Henry Ostrum March 3. 1884.
PeterGroff March 5 1884
Peter Dominique Melville .March 8.' 1884.'
Hon. Isaac N. Arnold April 24, 1884.
Michael H alley April 2B 1884.
Joseph Sackett Root April 28. 1884.
Reuben Tayler May 7. 1884.
Andrew Ferguson May 14, 1884.
General James Watson Webb June 7 1884
Charles Fenno Hoffman ... June 7 1884
General Ward B. Burnett June 24. 1884.
George M. Hnntoon Augusts. 1884.
Alexander Wolcott August 11. 1884.
';>";" K Colby August 24. 1884.
Kichard I.appln October 30, 1884.
James Clement Brown October 30, 1884.
Henry G. R. Dearborn .'/.'
John M. Turner
Henry Fake
H. A. Wheeler
Sylvester Marsh
William Price
John Noble ,"
Louis Ellsworth
Thomas Cook
Joseph Willmln
M. A. Powell
Norman Clark
J. W. G lall...
.November 2. 1884.
.November 27, 1884.
December 1. 1884.
December 22, 1884.
December 30. 1 884.
December 31. 1884.
January 13. 1885.
January 15, 1885.
February 1, 1885.
..February 8. 1885.
February 20, 1 885.
February 88, 1885.
February 23, 1885.
».c.,c. ,3. ivcAiviu .. March Bl 1885.
Jesse H. Left Ten worth March 12, 1885.
Rev. Ilenrv Whilehead April 10, 1885.
Charles McDonnell, ..April 1«, 1885.
Ch ........
raplaiu Henry Stark ........... I.......:..:.:.
William Rooitey ........
KiitffiM' Sullivan .................................. .
Henry Dodaon. .......
Dr. James sterling Beach ................ ." .«
Hartnmn Markoe....
Rnfus Sonles. ..
David Andrews...
Joseph Adams ...... ::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Theodoras Doty
Charles Walsh
Abner B. Scranton .........
John Forsythe ................ :...".....
,
Anril Ifi
.... l^rll gU
Muy 5 1885
....'May li). 1385.
Mav 1*1 iss^
"iSB? I« i^
Mav — 1885
Mav — ISfrt
Mav '
....June 11. 1885.
....July 12, 1885.
— August 4, 1885.
....September 22. 1885.
Charles M. Gray
Colonel Ezra Taylor
George W. Noble
October 18, 1885.
October 24, 1885.
November 1, 1885.
Following are given some sketches of old residents
of this city :
SAMUEL WILLIS GRANNIS, a native of Marcelltis, N. Y., ami
the son of Samuel J. and Clarissa (Ford) Grannis, was born on
July II, 1812. His father was born in Connecticut, and was a
soldier of the War of 1812 — in fact, was home upon a furlough,
when young Grannis was ushered into the world. Mr. Grannis was
a shoemaker by trade, and when his son was about three years old,
removed to Hatavia, Genesee County, N. Y. It happened that Mor-
gan, who claimed to have exposed the secrets of Freemasonry, had
his publishing office over Mr. Grannis's shoe-shop, and was well
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
known by him. After his (Morgan's) disappearance, il was believed
by many that lie had been foully dealt with by rtvkless ami irrespon-
sible members of :he Fraternity, bn! Mr. ( Irannis himself often told
the story to his sun, that the publisher hail been transferred to
Vancouver's Island, where he died a natural death. The Grannis
family moved from I'.atavia to Alexandria, and thence to Attica and
WestiicM, V V. There S. W. Crannis learned his trade as a
hatter, and. in 1835. married Miss I Irrissa 1C. (ioodwin, the daughter
of a physician and Methodist minister. In the fall of 1836, he
d with his young wife for the West, arriving at Chicago on
September 25. At thai time the poor-house, a little, one and a
half story wooden building, uas situated on the southwest corner of
the court-house square. There happened to be no paupers " upon
the town," and as the matron of the institution was Mrs. ICedc-, of
whom a Mrs. Connor rented part of the house, and who was a sister
. ( iraiinis, the young couple took advantage of a kind invita-
tion to put up at the poor-house on the eve of their first arrival in
I 'hicago. This was their introduction to their future home, and the
first anil the last time that they were inmates of the poor-house.
Mr. (Iraiinis found employment the next day with James A.
Smith, the hatter, then located on Dearborn Street, later at No. no
l.ak< il remained with him eighteen years, being sub-
-cqtienlly foreman of his manufactory, which included a large
business in the fur trade. Mr. Grannis's father had a shoe store for
many years in Jerry Trice's building on Lake Street, between Clark
and Wells. The hrst house; built by Mr. (irannis was south of
Van Burcn, on State, lie afterward bought a lot of Tuthill King,
which is now a portion of the site of the Michigan Southern and
Rock Island railway depot. He also purchased property on Ran-
dolph Street, near Dearborn, and on Third Avenue. In 1855, he
traded the latter piece to A. Uigelow for a grocery store, on the
sontheas! comer ol Madison and Clark streets, which he ran only
about six months, when he received of William !•'. DeWoif, in
exchange for it, fifty-eight and a half acres which now includes the
main portion of South Park. Mr. (irannis subsequently purchased
ten acn s of timber land, and, within a few years, sold the whole tract
to Dr. William li. Kgan for $100 an acre. His main real-estate
transactions for the past thirty years are loo numerous to mention.
His purchase of the large tract on Fourteenth Street, between
Third and Fourth avenues, which he traded for a farm in N'orth-
tield, and upon which he resided for about eight years, was most
ate. While a resident of Northlicld he held several local
S of trust. After selling this farm, he went to Fvanston to
reside, where he lived for ten years. A few years ago he returned
to Chicago, and now occupies a comfortable residence on West
Jackson Street. Mr. (irannis originally joined Union Lodge, No.
9, I.O.O.F.,the first lodge established in Chicago, and afterward
Excelsior. No. 22, and is the only charter member now living of
that lodge. In religious convicti'on, Mr. Crannis is a Methodist,
being a member of the Western Avenue Church, and one of the
organizers of the State-street Methodist Church, which was after-
ward known as the Wabash-avenue Church. He saw the old Clark-
street church building, in early times, moved across the river on a
scow, and placed upon the present site of the Methodist Episcopal
Church Block. Mr. Grannis's mother, Clarissa C. Ford, a native
of Connecticut, was born on March 2, 1790, and died on June 17,
1830. His father, Samuel Johnson Grannis, was born at New
Decem-
anuarv
Haven, Conn., on March 3, 1785, and died in Chicago on K
ber 14, iSf>4. Mr. C.rannis's first wife died at 1'ark Ridge, on [a
8, 1879, and he married his present one, Mrs. Maria T. Boynton"
in November, 1882. Two children are living : Rollin \\ .', born
at Westfield, on May 23, 1836, and now a resident of Oakland
Cal., and Mary 1C. Sweet, of Alden, Minn., born on {tine 15, 1841.
is son is an architect and builder, and has but recently returned
from Honolulu, where he constructed the mansion of King Kalakna
and established a large business in his profession.
JAHI ! I. AM;, one of the oiliest and most respectable citizens
of Chicago, and who has lived in this city for more than fifty years
arleville. County Cork, Ireland, on February 15,
iso-,. His parents were Timothy and Elizabeth (Casey) Lane,
Ins father being a merchant and dyer of woolen goods' There
listrid schools in the neighborhood, and lames attended
-•educational institutions until he was about nineteen vears
W- WBl ' into business with his father. In the spring
ie started for America, arriving at Quebec on April 23 of
'llat I ' -ing lo Chicago on May 30, 1835, he at once en-
thc land office of Montgomery \ Patterson, as a clerk, lie
lere one year, when he established a meat market, the
hrM one in Chicago, and situated at theold Dearborn-street bridge,
irding to Mr. Lane's memory, which is remarkable his ifrst
imer was Capt. |. 1!. F. Russell, commander at Fort Dear-
"rn- Uhr" ' • city, in 1837, it was necessary t<>
••perly distributed among its citizens; accord-
ingly, Mr Lan.- was selected as the man to do the work. \s Chicago
did not then cover a great area, the job was only of about one hour's
duration. Mr. Lane continued in the meat business for two years.
( >n September 2 [ , 1038, he was married to Marv Iliggins, who,
at the time, was Ebenezer I'eck's housekeeper. Ilis marriage oc-
curred at St. Mary's Catholic Church, southwest corner of Lake
and State streets, the ceremony being performed by Father
O'Mcara. Mr. Lane next went into the grocery business, and
afterward became proprietor of a boarding house, on the corner of
Dearborn and Illinois streets, which he managed until 1868. In
1847, he had been elected alderman of (he Sixth \\ard, continuing
thus to serve until March, 1849. In 1866, he had purchased prop-
erty on the North Side, and when the land was laid out, a motion
was made in the City Council that it should be called "Lane
Place," ill honor of one of the oldest aldermen then living in Chi-
cago. The suggestion took at once, and the Council unanimously
carried the measure. Retiring from active business in 1868, Mr.
Lane has since lived quietly in his comfortable home, enjoying the
reputation for honesty which half a century has not been able to
mar. In the early days Mr. Lane was a member of the Hibernian
Benevolent Society and of the famous Montgomery Guards. He
was, in fact, one of the city's active men, and now, at over four-
score years of age is as bright as most men of middle age. His
wife, who had shared his fortune, good and bad, for so many
years, died on March 31, 1877, at their home on Lane Place. Mr.
Lane's oldest daughter, Catharine, is now the wife of Patrick Cur-
tin, foreman of Elevators "A" and " B," of the Illinois Central
Railroad; Ellen is the wife of John J. Healy, clerk of the Appel-
late Court; Anna, another daughter, is the widow of Colonel
Ezra Taylor; Mary is the wife of Lewis Ilass; \Villiam\V. Lane,
a son, is a railroad man; and Frank 1! Lane is chief clerk of the
Probate Court, under Thomas \V. Sennott.
WILI.AKD FKANKI.I.N MvRiCK, one of the oldest of the
earlier settlers of Chicago, was born at Addison, Addison Co., Vt.,
on July II, 1809, and is one of the eleven children of Zenas and
Eunice Myrick. His father came from England, with a brother,
in early times, and settled in Connecticut, afterward moving to
Vermont, and finally located at Bridford, where he engaged in
farming until his death, and was one of the most substantial and
highly respected citizens of his county. When a boy, Willard
attended the district schools of the neighborhood during the winter
months, and in summer assisted his father in his work, until he
reached his majority. In 1830, he left home for London, Canada,
where he began mercantile life, by establishing a grocery and gen-
eral store, which he conducted five years. At the expiration of
that time he sold out, and in the fall of 1836 came, overland, to
Chicago, travelling on horseback by the way of Detroit. After
looking over the prospect here, he concluded to go farther, and
went down on the Illinois Kiver, not far from Joliet, where he
spent the winter. In the spring of 1837 he returned to Chicago,
and purchased a Government claim, comprising seventy-live acres,
on the lake shore south of the city, and bounded by Twenty-sixth
Street on the north, by Park Avenue on the west, and by Thirty-
lust Street on the south, for $500. At that time the nearest neigh-
bor north of them was Henry I). Clark, who lived in a small frame
house on the site now occupied by St. Paul's Church, and the n ar-
est on the south was Joel Ellis, who lived at the foot of Douglas
Place. Mr. Myrick improved and extended the dimensions of his
dwelling so as to be suitable for keeping hotel in a small way, and
during the following eighteen years made the Empire I louse a
most popular hostelry. By the accession of material washed up
by the Lake, his real estate was increased to the extent of fifteen
acres, which has since proved to be valuable property. In 1854,
he erected his present dwelling, at the corner of Vernon Avenue
and Thirty-first Street. Ill health has prevented Mr. Myrick from
taking an active part in business life outside of attending to his
property interests, yet he has always been a man of public spirit
and has exerted his influence and been liberal with his means in
promoting the best welfare of his community. Mr. Myrick was
married to Miss Jane A. Hill, daughter of David and Betsy
Browndl Hill, of Colchester, Vt.. on July 10, 1839. Their
daughter, Mary E., is the wife of I). W. Jackson, an attorney of
this city.
EDWARD C. MURPHY, one of Chicago's early settlers, has
been a resident of the city for forty years, and of the'United States
since 1837. He was born on August 12, 1815, at Leinster, County
of Carlow, Ireland, and when seventeen years of age was the first
of his family to sail for America, settling first in Erie County.
Penn., where for six years he was engaged on public works. lie
then went to Canada, and after a two years' sojourn, came to Ka-
cine, Wis., to purchase a farm, but on a visit to Chicago, in April,
1845, decided to locale lure permanently. His first residence was
historic, being located near old Fort Dearborn. Here he remained
about two years, and theold tloat bridges and wooden water pipes
are still fresh memories of his pioneer experience. In 1847, Mr.
Murphy removed to the barren prairie, near the corner of Blue
Island Avenue and Halsted Street, the house he built soon after
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
399
being his present residence. During these years he was variously
employed in farming- at Brighton, in the teaming and also the
packing-house business, he having started the first establishment
of the latter class on Blue Island Avenue. After twenty years he
retired from business, a wealthy man. Mr. Murphy was married
in Pennsylvania, in 1841, to Miss Sarah A. Dempsey. He has
four children, — John Joseph, James, William and Frank. His
daughter, Mary Ann, lately deceased, was married twice, her first
husband being ]ohn J. Ryan, her second, Louis Stuart. Mr.
Murphy bears his years well, and, as an old resident and successful
business man, is highly esteemed and well known in the
community.
ANDREW NELSON was born in Norway, on February 24,
1818, and came to Chicago on July 25, 1839. Before leaving his
native land he was married to Miss Inger Nelson; they had three
children, who, with their mother have deceased. When Mr. Nel-
son first arrived in this city his occupation was that of a day
laborer. In the spring of 1840, he went to work for John
Wright, and remained with him until the following spring
when he worked for Matthew Laflin, continuing with the lat-
ter gentleman for about six years. Mr. Nelson states that he
is under many obligations to John Wright, Matthew Laflin
and Solomon A. Smith for the interest they always mani-
fested in his welfare and the tangible methods they used to
express that interest. In 1848, Mr. Nelson was elected street
commissioner for the North Side, in the City of Chicago,
which office he held lor two years. The same year he was
elected a trustee of the first Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran
Church in Chicago, and later he was elected treasurer of the
same church, which office he held until 1869. In 1866, he
was elected city assessor of the North Side, which office he
retained for four years. In 1869, he was appointed one of the
first Lincoln Park Commissioners, remaining as such until
after the great fire of 1871. In 1845, he purchased the
property o.i Superior Street, between Clark Street and Dear-
born Avenue, where he has since continuously resided. In
1 •"'-)-, he and Iver Lawson bought twenty acres in Section 7
Township 39. Range 37 East. In the meantime he gradually
increased his real-estate business and building operations up
to the time of the great fire, by which his losses, in com-
parison with his means, were very heavy. Since the fire he
has been engaged ill re-building and managing what property
he had left. Being one of the oldest Norwegian settlers in
Chicago, it is but natural that Mr. Nelson should occupy the
prominent position he does among his countrymen and all hi*
fellow-citizens. In 1849, he was married the second time, to
Miss Julia K. Williams; they have had seven children, three
of whom are still living.
DEVOTION C. EDDY was born in Rensselaer County,
N. Y., on December 23, 1812. He is a son of Tisdale and
Elizabeth (Button) Eddy, and was reared on the parents'
farm until he attained a sufficient age to enter Kinderhook
Academy, where he prepared to enter an advanced class in
Union College, and there he took the full literary course,
and graduated in the class of 1834. He then commenced the
study of law in the office of Marcus T. Reynolds, a promi-
nent lawyer of Albany, and, in 1837, Mr. Eddy was admitted
to the New York Bar. He at once commenced the practice
of his profession in the City of Troy, and continued there
with splendid success until 1841, when he decided there were
much greater opportunities for enriching his possessions in
the Far West. He closed up his affairs in Troy, and came to
Chicago in the fall of 1841, and from that time to the present
he has resided in this city and watched the development of '
the marvelous metropolis. Mr. Kddy is one of the oldest settlers
of Chicago, having about completed his forty-fifth year of residence
here. Upon his arrival in Chicago he commenced the practice of
law, and later on engaged in the banking and brokerage business,
which proved quite successful. Mr. Eddy has been but little
identified with the civil or criminal practice of law in Chicago,
having devoted himself mainly to commercial law and handling of
collections for Eastern houses. A few years ago he withdrew from
active business life, and is now living a retired life. In politics Mr.
Eddy has not been eager for distinction, but, in 1870, he was
placed as a candidate on the democratic ticket for representation
from the 95th district. The outcome of the election proved him
popular with his party, but as it was a republican stronghold he
hardly hoped for success. In 1872, he was democratic candidate
for senator from the Fifth Senatorial District, but again, owing to
the above mentioned fact, the party suffered a defeat. Mr. Eddy
was married on July 27, 1843, at Schenectady, N. Y., to Miss Isa-
bella Campbell, of that place. They are the parents of four daugh-
ters : Mary, now the wife of Dr. II. R. Stout, of Jacksonville, Fla.;
Isabella, now Mrs. Frank C. Bishop, of Chicago; and the two other
daughters are Clementine and Marie Antoinette. During his long
residence in Chicago Mr. Eddy has lived quietly and unostenta-
tiously, and has ever held the respect of his friends and the esteem
of members of the Bench and Bar.
SANK KI, BKKRS, one of the earlier residents of Chicago, son of
Simon M. and Ann E. Beers, was born at Newton, Conn., on June
'3, l833- I" lS47. '"s parents came West and located on the prai-
rie south of the then small town of Chicago, in the vicinity of
Thirty-ninth Street, taking up four hundred and forty acres of land.
He assisted his father in farming and in the cattle business, mean-
while proving himself a diligent and intelligent pupil in the public
schools, until he reached his eighteenth year. At that time his
father's death threw upon him the responsibility of caring for the
family, and he gave up his books for an active business life. He
continued the farming of a portion of the property and conducted
a profitable business in raising and feeding stock until 1862, when
the property was divided among the heirs, I'hcebe II., George T.,
William, Cyrenius, and Simeon E. Mr. Beers disposed of a portion
of his tract and sub-divided another for city lots, from which opera-
tions he was profitably remunerated. The greater portion, however,
he retained, with the opinion that the future of Chicago would bring
it within the range of city lots, and late years has fully verified the
soundness of his judgment. The packing-house district lies in a
portion of the old homestead, and presents quite a different aspect
from that when he first beheld! it. Mr. Beers took an active part in
the public affairs of the city in the " fifties," and was elected com-
missioner of highways in 1857, to which position he was several
times re-elected. In 1860, he was elected school director, the
duties of which office he had the honor to fulfill satisfactorily fifteen
successive years, a sufficient comment upon his citizenship and the
esteem entertained for him by his friends. Mr. Beers was married
on March 9, 1857, to Miss Emily Gray, daughter of Elisha Gray,
of Monroe, Conn. They have five children, — Jennie, May, Emily
E., Lila E., and Rissa G.
HON. WILLIAM A. HERTINO is the son of John and Agnes
(Schmitt) Herting, and was born in Bavaria, Germany, on April 17,
1846. His parents removed from there and settled in Chicago two
years later. During his boyhood Mr. Herting attended a parish
school, and, later, entered the University of St. Mary's of the Lake.
He studied there until the abandonment of the school by its original
founders, about 1862, and then went to Dyhrenfurth's Business
400
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
College for a short time, studying bookkeeping. He afterward be-
came employed by I. li. Shay's Parcel Delivery Company, carrying
bundles abniit ilie city. Alter hcing so occupied for some time lie
went back to tlie college and studied languages. After completing
this ( ^isted ill his father's grain and feed storr, ami so
continued until lie became twenty years of age at which linn the
;ave the business to his four sons, William A. being
the \oungrst. He continued in the business till the tire of 1871,
in which he lost twenty thousand and his (at her a quarter of a million
ITS. After the lire he took a posit ion in I lenry Green baum's bank,
.shier of the Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance Company. He
in that capacity for one year, and was then transferred to the
Germans It, where he was employed as bookkeeper. He
remained there until a short time prior to the failure of the concern
in 1877, and then accepted a position as summons clerk in the
office of Sheriff Charles Kern. He did not remain there long,
however, until he was requested by the receiver of the defunct bank
to return and assist in winding up its affairs. In company with
James T. lloync, Mr. Herting conducted that work until the last
•nent was made and the receiver had finished his accounting, in
ix-i. Since that time Mr. Ilerting has withdrawn from active
business life and attends to his private property, among which is
the Ilerting Block, at the corner of Clark and Division streets. In
the fall of 1872, Mr. Ilerting was elected by the republicans from
the 5th Assembly District to the XXVII Ith General Assembly, and
was one of the youngest member of that body, being at the time
only twenty-six years of age. lie served on the committees on
finance, banks and banking, education and enrolled and engrossed
bills. The work of revising the laws of Illinois under the new
•itution devolved upon the XXVI I Ith Assembly, and Mr. Iler-
ting passed two busy winters at Springfield during the preparation
of the same. In i!>73, when the famous Ilesing movement began,
•Mr. Heriing joined hands with the democratic party, and has
since. His father, John Herting, whose death
occurred in iSSi, was prominent in business and political circles,
having served as alderman several years, also as county commis-
sioner, lie was of the well known distilling firm of Lynch cX;
Ilerting, and at his death left quite an estate to his family. Wil-
liam A. Ilerting was married, on August 23, 1870, to [ulia II.,
daughter of Hon. Jacob Minges, an old resident and prominent
gentleman of Rochester, N. Y. Mr. and Mrs. Ilerting's only
child. iicd at the age of two and one half years. Mr.
Herting is a member of the Bavarian Verein, asocial and bene-
v org.mi/ation.
> i II. YATKS may well be classed among the earliest
settlers of Chicago, the date of his residence in this city extending
back to [838. \lr. Yates was born on the west bank of Geneva
Lake, in the town of Hurton, \. Y., on February 25, 1815, and is
the son of Thomas and Olive (Rawson) Yates. His boyhood days
-pent upon his father's farm and at the district schools, until
he arrived at the age of seven years, when, by the death of his
mother, the family was broken up, and he was sent to live with an
uncle at Walworth, New York. When he reached the age of ten
years he made a contract with his uncle to remain with him and
work upon the farm until he should arrive at his majority, for
which service he was to receive $150, his board and clothes, and
was to have the privilege of attending the common school during
the winter. This he did, and at the age of twenty-one received the
sum of money which he hail so laboriously earned. Leaving Wal-
worth, he journeyed westward to Buffalo, 'where he purchased two
tin hand-trunks, and filling them with a peddler's wares, began a
journey on foot to Niles, Mich., selling the contents of his trunks
to the farmers on the way. No event marked his journey until
ie arrived at a |x>int near his destination, when he met an old ped-
dler and disposed of his entire stock, being nearly six dollars richer
than when he left Buffalo and having completed the entire journey
t. Arriving in Niles, Mich., he obtained employment with
a house-builder for a short time, and soon after went to St Joseph
Michigan, where he bought eighty acres of land, and, as the season
of harvest was approaching, readily obtained work among the farm-
Remaining through the harvest, he was taken sick which
utated his return to his former home in Ne.v York. The fol-
lowing spring he came to Chicago, arriving in this city early in
He obtained employment with Thomas Church, a half-
ier, who, at that time, owned a grocery store at Nos. 11-13
Lake Street. After a year's service in the employ of his brotiier
he opened a store on his own account on Clark Street, between
iu<! Randolph, where he remained six years, selling the first
- of any description ever disposed of south of Lake Street
from a permanenl'y located store. In 1855, he moved to No. 133
Lake Street, enlarging his business so as to comprise crockery ware
and nails m addition to a full line of groceries, also dealing heavily
in salt. Three years later, he built a four-story brick store on the
rof Canal and Randolph streets, which was the second brick
structure west of the river, and the first to be used for business
purposes. In 1850, he removed his stock to his new store, and
after continuing his business for two years at that place, his health
failed, and he was obliged to abandon active business entirely, im-
partially regained his health by hunting and fishing, which are his
favorite pursuits, and, in 1853, was appointed assignee of Krimble
& Fuller, who failed during the year. For the next two years, Mr.
Yates was busy settling up the affairs of the firm, which he did in
an eminently satisfactory manner. Later on, he was given charge
of the winding up of the affairs of two business firms that had
been closed out by R. K. Swift, a banker, who held mortgages
against them. Hardly was that business finished, when he accept-
ed a similar charge, and with the closing of that responsibility ended
the commercial business associations of Mr. Yates. He has since
that time been a prominent owner of fast horses, among them being
the famous trotting mare "Kate Hazard." During the last twenty
years he has dealt in real -estate to some extent, and owns landed
interests within the city limits. He was married on June 6, 1839,
to Miss Sabrina Robinson, of Waltsburg, Erie Co., Penn., who
died on March 3r, 1852, leaving one daughter, now Mrs. S. Chat-
erdon, of Chicago. Mr. Yates was married the second time on
May 10, 1853, to Miss Eliza J. Selkregg, of Erie Co., Penn. They
have two children, Edward P. and Mrs. Linnie F. Higgins. of
Chicago. Mr. Yates has always attended the Old Settlers' meet-
ings, having never missed one since their institution.
MARK li. CLANCY, so well known in Chicago as a large prop-
erty owner, as an old citizen, and for his long connection with the
Methodist Episcopal Church, was born at Mitchellstown, County
Cork, Ireland, in 1822. When about eleven years of age he im-
migrated to Buffalo, N. Y., to join two older brothers who had
preceded him a short time before. He at once set about to earn
his living, having only obtained a smattering of education in his
native country. He lived in Buffalo four years, and during that
period learned the printer's and painter's trades, besides attending
night school. Coming to Chicago in November, 1840, he first
found employment on the Gem of the Prairie. He also assisted
in the work of setting up Norris's City Directory for 1845-46.
His brush was busy, too, and he finally followed the painting
business, entirely, for a number of years. .Mr. Clancy com-
menced to deal in real-estate in 1845, when he took up a canal pre-
emption claim on Michigan Avenue, near Jackson Street, building
a house upon it and living there. A few years thereafter he
bought a tract on the corner of Van Buren and Clark Greets for
81,225, his purchase including a house and barn. This is the
same property which he sold to the Brooks' estate, a short time ago,
for $225,000. Mr. Clancy has also, during his residence in Chi-
cago, purchased real-estate at corner of Adams and State streets
(one-half of block); corner of Twenty-third Street and Calumet
Avenue; corner of Eighteenth and Old streets (being the 200 feet
upon which Mr. Pullman's house is located); southwest corner of
South Division, many of which he has disposed of to good
advantage, and some of which he still retains. Mr. Clancy, although
well along in years, is energetically engaged in caring for his large
property and in guarding the interests of the First Methodist
Episcopal Church, of which, for over forty-three years, he has
been a member. He has nearly always been connected with it in
some official capacity, being at present the treasurer of its board
of trustees. In this capacity he has entire charge of its property,
which includes the valuable block on the southwest corner of
Clark and Washington streets. Mr. Clancy was married, in 1844
to Mary L. Coburn, a native of New York State. They have five
children living,— William M., Merrill C., Frank B., Sarah (Mrs
George W. Shaw), and Lulu A. (Mrs. J. L. Chance).
EDWARD SIMONS (deceased) was bo'rn at Lebanon, Grafton Co.
N. M., on January 30, i8n. His father's name was Cady Simons
who was a native of Enfield, Conn., whence he removed to New
Hampshire about 1775. In 1818, he moved with his family into
Ashtabula County, Ohio, where Edward was educated after he was
seven years old. When sixteen, he entered a general store at Conne-
aut as a clerk, and there he remained for seven years, or until he came
to Chicago, where he arrived on April 15, 1834. His first business
engagement here was in a meat market, in company with Sylvester
Marsh. It was known as the Boston Market, and besides sellinr
meat to the people of the town they furnished that staple to the
garrison and also to the Indians. His relations with Mr. Marsh
J not continue long, however, ami upon their dissolution he
formed a co-partnership with Archibald Clybourn in the same busi-
ness, which lasted until the spring of 1838. The business depres-
sion of 1837 to 1840, reached Chicago, and Mr. Simons concluded
SOCIAL rROC.RKSS.
401
both himself anil his heirs — it made them all rich. The next nine
years of his life was spent in quiet development of his farm property,
but at the end of that period the city began to look up so brilliantly
that he rented his farm and went into business again, lie opened
with a general stock of goods at No. 40 West Randolph Street, and
moved into the city. For the next four years he prospered
financially, but the city was too much for the health of his family,
;md hr li M i wo of his children. After a couple of years he moved his
family back to his farm, and tried lo run il with hired help; this
however not working well he finally sold out his store altogether,
and returned to the farm life himself, realising Men Franklin's
proverb thai
" He th;il by thr pit m- would thrive
Himself must either hold or drive."
From this time onward to the close of his life, on August 30, 1876,
he lived quietly and unostentatiously on his farm. His hospitality
was celebrated, and his farmhouse was always open to friend or
stranger. It was situated just far enough for a pleasant drive from
the lily, and his tables and his barns were always full of his friends
anil their horses. In later years, especially when old memories
were becoming more and more endeared to him, his home was the
happy and constant resort of the old settlers of Chicago, anil the
memory of the good times they used to have at his hospitable board
will linger long with the survivors. Me became acquainted with
Miss I, aura ]!. Sprague, who was teaching school, the first one
started in the then little hamlet of Joliet; she was the daughter of
llosea Sjirague of Erie County, N. Y., who came West in the
spring of 1835, settling first in DuPage County, but afterward
removing lo Vernon in Lake County. On December 17, 1837,
they were married, and from the union there sprang seven children.
Of these, four are still living: Junius Simons, a practicing lawyer
of Washington, 1). C.; Almira, the wife of F'rederick A. Winkel-
man; Kdward, residing on that part of the old estate owned by him;
ami Charlie B. Simons, in partnership with his brother-in-law, Mr.
Winkelman. The widow, Mrs. Simons, still resides at the old
homestead with abundant means at her command, the center of the
affections of her family and esteemed by a large circle of warm
friends. As an instance of the progress in real values in the
vicinity of Chicago, it may be mentioned that the farm land, which in
1838, cost Mr. Simons the entrance fees at the Government land-
office, was worth at his death not less than §2,000 an acre. The
whole is now platted, and while it lies bordered by the city corpora-
tion on three sides it saves a deal of trouble in taxation by remain-
ing outside. The village station of Almira, on the branch of
Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, is built on it, and a flourishing
•community is springing up all over it, Mr. Simons at the time of
his death was a member of the Second Universalist Church of this
city, and was an excellent, honest and a charitable man. Though
too far advanced in life to take active part in the War of the Rebel-
lion, Mr. Simons contributed liberally of his means to further the
good cause and sent two of his sons to the front. Junius, whose
health prevented his entering the ranks, became a hospital nurse,
but Edward, who was of a more robust constitution, enlisted in the
Chicago Mercantile Battery early in 1862, and served with credit
during the War.
CHARLIE B. SIMONS was born at Jefferson on March 7, 1854,
and received his education at the Jefferson schools, in Jefferson town-
ship, where his father resided. He began his business career in
1875, when he entered the ranks of the followers of the " Art Pre-
servative" and adhered steadfastly to his case for eight years. He
then left the printing business and entered the real-estate business.
JAI:OH GROSS is one of the oldest settlers of Chicago, his
residence in this city dating back to 1837. He was born, on the
Rhine, Germany, on July II, 1809, and is the son of Jacob and
Catherine (Schlaver) Gross. According to the customs of his
naiive country, he was placed in the public schools at the age of
si\ years, and was a constant attendant until he arrived at the age
of thirteen. After leaving school, he worked with his father, who
was a farmer, for two years, when he apprenticed himself to learn
the weaver's trade, finishing his apprenticeship on the attainment
of his majority. At the age of twenty-one, he entered the Ger-
man army, and for three years served as a private in the militia.
Obtaining a furlough of three years, he secured employment dur-
ing that time as a coachman to a German nobleman. At the end
of that time he received an honorable discharge from the army,
ami soon after came to America, arriving in New York City, in
1835. For two years he was employed in New York ami its
suburban lowus, an.!, in 1837, journeyed westward, reaching Chi-
cago on July 3, of that year. After a diligent search in quest of
employment, he obtained work on the canal, then in course of con-
struction, his pay being, as he himself expressed it. " $12 a month
and seven ' chickens' a day. ' Greenwood & Strale were the con-
tractors; and after three years in their employ, he had saved enough
money to buy the team he had been driving', for $300, lacking $50
of the purchase price, for which he gave his note as security.
26
Among his acquaintances was Thomas Cook, the veteran drayman
of Chicago, who had been engaged in teaming from this city lo
Galena and Peru. Mr. Cook invited Mr. Gross to join him in
carrying freight overland, to which suggestion. Mr. Gross readily
assented, and for fifteen years thereafter was engaged in overland
freighting between Chicago and Galena. Meanwhile, in company
with his brother, he had bought eighty feet of ground on Madison
Street, near Canal, paying for the same $1,200, and, leasing sixty
feet of school property adjoining it. built thereon a livery stable,
which afterward was purchased by Haas \ Powell. Subsequently
he erected, maintained and sold several other livery stables, retir-
ing from active business in 1882. Mr. Gross was marriec!, in
1841, to Miss Elizabeth Kiefer, of Chicago. They have five chi'-
dren, — Michael, Katie, Elizabeth, Jacob and Matilda. He is a
member of Lessing Lodge, No. 557. A.F. & A.M., and has always
endeavored to live as instructed by the tenets of the Order. Dur-
ing his declining years, his mind is replete with pleasing memories
of his early struggles upon the vast prairie, which is now the
great West Division of the City of Chicago, and when that local-
ity had not a habitation upon it.
NATHAN S. PK.CK was born in Onondaga County, N. Y.. on
December 3, 1828. He came with his parents to Chicago in 1836,
and during the same year his father, Joseph \V. Peck, bought a
farm near Lockport, 111. He remained upon his father's farm
three years, and then moved with him to Riverside, 111., and en-
gaged with Solomon and A. B. Kellogg in the hotel business, and
there attended the common school. Two years later his father
came to Chicago permanently, and Nathan became a pupil at the
Scammon School, afterward attending Knox College at Galesburg.
Returning to Chicago at the end of the collegiate year, he entered
the employ of his father, who was then proprietor of the Pavilion
Hotel, at No. 528 Lake Street, at which farmers were accustomed to
receive accommodations. lie remained with his father until his
death, in 1863, when he went to Naperville. On his return to Chi-
cago, about one year later, he opened a bakery on North Clark
Street, and later moved to llalsted Street. One year afterward he
built three ovens at Nos. 275, 275 }4 and 277 Randolph Street, the
firm being Peck & Co., a branch being established at the corner of
Madison and Morgan streets. He continued business successfully
until 1871, when he sold out, and retired. He was married, on
April 6, 1853, to Miss Aurelia A. Forbes, a daughter of Stephen
V. Forbes, the first sheriff of Cook County. They have six child-
dren: Nina E., wife of A. B. Wait; Arthur S., Joseph W., Emma
F"., Harry V.. and Nathan S., Jr. Mr. Peck is a member of Euclid
Lodge, No. 65, A.F. & A.M., of Naperville.
IROQUOIS CLUB.
A desire to form a substantial society in the form of
a social club that should be representative of progressive
democratic principles, induced a number of leading
democrats, nearly all of whom were prosperous business
men, and including a large proportion of young men, to
form what is now widely known as the Iroquois Club of
Chicago. The first step toward a definite organization
was taken at a meeting held in the Palmer House read-
ing-room. Those present on this occasion were James
P. Grund, Robert H Patton, Thomas M. Hoyne, Dr.
L. C. Waters, Edward O. Brown, James T. Hoyne,
Edward Forman, Clinton C. Snowden, Walter Mattocks,
J. H. S. Quick, Frank G. Hoyne, Alexander Coignard,
S. S. Gregory and Emmett C. Fisher. These gentle-
men, with others who speedily joined them, at once
formed an association under the title of the Chicago
Democratic Club. At the meeting above mentioned
Thomas M. Hoyne presided, and Robert H. Patton was
secretary. A committee of five was appointed to pre-
pare a constitution and by-laws, consisting of John H.
S. Quick, James P. Grund, Dr. L. C. Waters, Robert H.
Patton and Edward O. Brown ; and a committee of
three was named on permanent organization, — C. C.
Snowden, James P. Grund and Edward O. Brown.
Those present signed the roll as members, and adjourned
to July 27, 1880. On that date the committees pre-
viously appointed reported, and the following were de-
clared the officers for the first year :
President — Perry H. Smith, Jr.
Vice-Presidents — First Congressional District, Thomas M,
402
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Hoyne, Fdward O. Brown, J. H. S. Quick : Second Congressional
District, George M. Rogers, S. 1'. McConnell, S. G. Swisher ;
Third Congressional I>istrict, Cyrus II. McCormick, John V. Le-
Moym. >. S (in-gory.
Recording Secretary — Robert H. 1'atton.
Correspondinji Secretary — Dr. L. C. Waters.
Treasurer — Frank (i. Hoyne.
At the third meeting, held on August 3 following, a
committee to actively direct the work of the club in the
coming presidential campaign was named, consisting of
Henry M. Shepard, chairman, Emmett C. Fisher, George
Mills Rogers and Louis I'almer.
One of the immediate objects of formation having
been for service during the Hancock campaign, the
club took an active and untiring part all through the
contest, both individually and by its concerted action.
Two mass-meetings were held under its auspices, of
which it defrayed all expenses. As a culmination of its
demonstrations, a grand parade took place on the night
preceding the election, in which the club occupied the
f honor as a mounted body.
On December 14, 1880, further steps were taken
towards solidifying tlie organization. At this meeting
the following preamble and principles were adopted :
" The undersigned, believing that it is the duty of every good
citizen to take not only a deep interest, but also an active part, in
the political affairs of the country; and believing, further, that the
welfare of the country and the continual prosperity of its institu-
tions require for their preservation that the policy and character of
the Government shall be determined and guided by the principles
of the Democratic party; and in order to add to the organized
strength of the Democratic party in Chicago, have formed ourselves
into a club known as the Chicago Democratic Club.
" PRINCIIM.KS.
" First. The largest liberty of the individual consistent with
public order.
" Second. Local self-government.
" Third Opposition to centralization.
Fourth The separate independence of the legislative, ex-
ecutive and judicial departments.
" Fifth. Recognition of the Supreme Court of the United
Slates as the proper tribunal for the final decision of all constitu-
tional questions.
' Sixth. An indivisible union of indestructible States.
" Seventh. Strict maintenance of the public faith.
" Eighth. Public office a public trust, admission to which
should depend on proved fitness.
" Ninth. Tariff for revenue only at the earliest practicable
period consistent with a due regard for existing interests and the
financial needs of the Government; and, immediately, such a re-
vision of the present system as shall fairly and equally distribute
its burdens."
One or two meetings for further discussion of an
enlargement of the club's social functions were held,
till, on July 15, 1881, a committee of four, consisting of
K ('.. Hoyne, H. W. Goodman, S. G. Swisher and Law-
rence M. Ennis, was appointed to look up permanent
quarters. All business meetings had up to this time
been held in the reading-room of the Palmer House.
At an ensuing meeting, on September 6, fifty-seven
new members were reported, and the committee ap-
pointed in July recommended the third floor of Hav-
erly's Theater, on Monroe Street, for the club-rooms.
The association, at its next meeting, on October 4,
after a lively discussion changed the name to the
Iroquois Club. Officers were then elected as follows :
formal possession of its first club rooms, the third floor
over the present Columbia Theatre, which was divided
into an office, reception, reading and dining rooms.
Speeches wei-t made by Hon. S. Corning Judd, E. M.
Phelps, Hon. Thomas Hoyne and others.
On March 15, 1882, after a very successful winter
as an organised social and political club, a banquet was
given in honor of the birthday of Andrew Jackson, at
the Palmer House. Covers were laid for about four hun-
dred on this occasion, and toasts were responded to in
person by Thomas A. Hendricks, William F. Vilas, L. Q.
C. I.amar, W. C. P. Hreckenridge, Lyman Trtimbull,
Frank H. Hurd, James R. Doolittle, Henry Watterson,
William J. Allen, Richard T. Merrick, John C. Black and
Carter H. Harrison, nearly all statesmen of national repu-
tation. The second and third annual banquets of the
club, of April 13, 1883, and April 15, 1884, — the formei
commemorative of Thomas Jefferson, the founder of
Democracy, — brought altogether a like distinguished
assemblage, making it the just boast of the Iroquois
Club that the first men of the land have partaken of
its hospitalities.
With the growth of the club and the gradual gain to
its ranks of the best representative element of the party
in Chicago, came an added desire for activity, albeit on
somewhat more conservative lines. Early in 1883, a
resolution was passed restricting the action of the club as
an organization in local politics. At a regular meeting on
December 5. preceding, a committee was appointed to
prepare a memorial to Congress on behalf of the club,
on the subject of the acceptance the Illinois and Michi-
gan Canal, and the completion of the Hennepin Canal
by the General Government. The committee, consist-
ing of Lyman Trumbull, Carter H. Harrison, M. W.
Fuller, S. Corning Judd, W. C. Goudy and Henry
Waller, Jr., duly prepared a memorial, a copy of which
was sent to every delegate to Congress.
The labors of the club in the last presidential
campaign began early in 1883. At a meeting held on
April 3, a committee was appointed to take measures to
secure the meeting of the National Democratic Conven-
tion in Chicago. This committee, composed of Erskine
President — Erskine M. Phelps.
Vice-Presidents — First Conj<rcssi<
M. Phelps, S. Corning Judd, Frank G. Hoyne, M. W.
Fuller and Hon. Thomas Hoyne, visited the East early
in the summer, and consulted with leading members o'f
the party and the National Committee. As a result of
their labors, Chicago was promised second choice by
Eastern Democrats as the place of meeting, in case of
first choice failing at Saratoga. The committee then
addressed itself to Western and Southern members of
the party, and as the result of its untiring efforts,
f~*U. If _ /• i i t
>ce-IYesidents-First Congressional District, J H S Quick Chi<fg° was finally selected.
Hoyne, Dr. Robert Hunter; Second Congressional District' At E regular meeting held Oil March 4, 1884, the
',',!:. !:':!rr^""' *•. ','• s",''-shcr ..(. '- ""nney; Third Congres- club emphasized its views on the tariff question by the
passage of the following unanimous resolution :
T. M
Carter ... ...ui.son, o. i,. >wisner. C. 1,. lionnev; Third Coneres
sional District, K. [. Stokes. V. C. Turner. Malcolm Caruthers
Tding Secretary— E. C. Fisher.
Corresponding Secretary — F. C. Hoyne.
Treasurer— J. II. McAvoy.
On the following eighth of December, the club took
"Resolved, That the members of the Iroquois Club desire to
record their high appreciation of the courageous, patriotic, and
intelligent services to the cause of revenue reform, rendered at the
present session of Congress by the Hon. William R. Morrison of
SOCIAL PROGKF.SS.
403
Illinois; and they wish further to express their conviction that the
measures proposed by him for the relief of a people oppressed by
the burden of a partial and unjust scheme of taxation are well cal-
culated towards that end, and that the interests of all classes de-
mand their speedy adoption by both Houses of Congress."
On September 9, 1884, a committee of ten was
appointed to arrange for all meetings and work during
the campaign. This committee consisted of E. M.
I'helps, F. G. Hoyne, R.
J. Smith, John H. Pren-
tice, James T. Hoyne,
Thomas E. Courtney,
Charles Kern, J. K. Cal-
lahan, Asa Dow and S. S.
Gregory, and continued
in session till after the
November election. An
advisory committee, to
act with the chairman of
the State Central Com-
mittee, was also appoint-
ed, consisting of Julius
S. Grinnell, Martin J.
Russell, C. P. Kimball
and Henry Waller, Jr.
A fund, amounting to
$10,000, was collected
and disbursed by the
club during the campaign.
Lexington and DeKalb,
Illinois, were visited in a
body, the members of the
Iroquois forming an im-
portant force in large
demonstrations at both
places. Two general mass-
meetings were held in
Chicago during the cam-
paign, and a Bayard and
a Watterson meeting, on
the occasion of the visits
of those distinguished
standard - bearers of the
party, all under the man-
agement of the executive
committee of the Iro-
quois Club. On the night
of November 8, following
the election, the club ap-
propriately celebrated the
victory, in which it had
borne its full part, and,
on March 4, participated
in the inauguration cere-
monies at Washington.
Among minor items, the
club defrayed the full ex-
penses of the chairman and secretary of the State Cen-
tral Committee in Chicago during this campaign.
After the discovery of frauds on the ballot during
the election, the club took characteristic action by the
appointment, on December 2, 1884, of a committee to
investigate and to aid in the prosecution, consisting of
Kdmund Jussen, chairman, I. N. Stiles, F. H. Winston,
J. K. Boyesen, T. M. Hoyne, R. J. Smith and Malcolm
Caruthers. It also passed unanimously the following
resolution :
"Resolved, That the members of this club demand that the
local prosecuting officers, both State and Federal, share in the
effort to ascertain the truth as to the dishonest an. I fraudulent con-
duct charged against the officers of the late election in the second
precinct of the Kighleenth Ward in this city, and others im-
plicated therein, and also exert every legitimate means to bring
those who are guilty to justice, irrespective of their party affilia-
tions and of all political considerations whatever ; and that this
organization pledges its cordial and hearty support to these officers
in all their efforts in that direction."
The club at present numbers an active membership
of three hundred and seventy-live representative Chica-
vu:\\ OK iRoquois CLUB HOUSE.
goans. Its growing membership is but sparsely accom-
modated in the Columbia Theatre building, of which it
occupies the entire structure above the ground floor.
In the meeting-room stands the desk over which the
nominations for President and Vice- President of the
United States were made at the last National Democratic
Convention. The reading-room contains an early por-
trait of General Andrew Jackson, purchased by the
club from his nephew, George M. Jackson, of Tuscum-
bia, Ala. There is also a fine two-third length portrait
in oil of E. M. Phelps, the president of the club, by
Phillips of Chicago ; also a portrait in oil of Hon.
Thomas Hoyne, one of the original and early advocates
of the club. An early portrait of Ik-Witt Clinton is
404
HISTORY OF CHICAOO.
also among the club's possessions, anil chief .IIIIOIIL; its
treasured relics i- r.iph letter of Thonuis J.
to Kdniuiiil 1'cndlcton of Virginia, dateel at Phila-
delphia, .March 24. 17*,}. announcing the receipt on that
day (if the first settlement of the peace preliminaries at
Versailles, which resulted in the formal declaration of
the 1'nited St. lies, is a free nation. This valuable auto-
ivas presented by William II. Ilurlbut, of
New York City.
The of the Iroquois Club, omitting those
already given, have been —
rident, Thomaa M. Hoync; Yicc-Prcsidcnts Firsl
:. I. II. S. Ouick, Robert II. I'atton, II. \V.
J District, George M. Rogers,
i. Swisher, Henry Waller, Jr.; Third Congressional I >is-
Irict. S. 5. •-.'. M. I i Vloyni . I'dw.ud 1. Stokes; Kccord-
. .try, iCminctt ( '.. Fisher; Treasurer, Frank G. Hoyne ;
' •• . I .. i '. \\
rident, 1C. \l. Piicius; Yiee-Presidcnts — South Di-
vision, |. II. S. (Juick, 'I'. M. lloyne, Edward Formal! ; West
II. Harrison, S. I,. Swisher. George M. Risers ;
: ng Judd. Malcolm Carttthcrs:
, 1>. I-'., P>rcnincr ; Corresponding Secretary,
Krai: r, John I I. Mc.\\oy.
-President, 1C. M. Phelps; Vice-Prcsidcnts — South I >i-
'.iii, John H. Knight, T. M. Iloytie ; North
Illdd, S. S. II!I;.MI]V, ( '. S. Warren ; \\est
II. Harrison, I!. 1C. Bremncr, James S. White ;
Recording Walter Mattocks ; Corresponding Secretary,
Kranki,. Home; Treasurer, J, II. Me. \\-oy.
-President, ICrskineM. Phelps ; vice-Presidents — South
George liohncr, C'narlcs Kern ; West
.on, Carter H. Harrison, R. J. Smith; Charles 1C. Rollins ;
a Division, S. Corning Judd. I!. M. Saimdcrs. M. M. lloddie ;
tary, lienjamin 1C. ISremner ; Corresponding Sec-
retary, Krank G. Hoyne; I'reasiirer, Edward Forman.
fSS6 — President, Stephen S. Gregory; Vice-Presidents — South
Division, I;. Lowenthal, I 'aid Morton, Samuel I). F'arling ; West
Division, R. J. smith, George I'. Holmes, Thomas 1C. Courtney;
; Division, Potter Palmer. W. G. .\lcCormick, A. P. Gilmore;
ary, A. T. ICwing ; Corresponding Secretary,
Edward Forman ; Treasurer, I). 'T. S. Hoyne.
KKSKINK M. PHKI.I'S, ex-president of the Iroquois Club, was
born at Stonington. < 'onn., on March 31, 1839. 'lis father, Charles
11. Piieips. was a member of the largest dry-goods firm in the city
of New ( irle.ms from 1815 to 1835, the firm being Phelps & liab-
cock. lie was making a trip on the steamer " Lexington,' on
Nl.uid Sound in the latter part of 1839, and the ship went
down, Mr. Phelps being among those that were lost. The maiden
name of the mother of Erskine M. Phelps was Ann R. Hammond,
father was one of the oldest and best known merchants of
lOrt, R. I., having carried on business there for over sixty-five
The son, Erskine, was educated at Williston Seminary,
Hampton, Mass. After completing his studies he went into
the banking house of Allen, Copp & Nesdith of St. Louis. He
remai ome ti-iie, but on account of failing health returned
i in Boston, where he cotinued two years. In
he came to Chicago, and with G. 1C. P. Dodge established
the now well-known house of Phelps, Dodge & Palmer. Mr.
Phelps was married in 1865, to Miss A. E. Wilder, of Lancaster,
aing his twenty-two years' residence in Chicago Mr.
I'help a conspicuous figure in the mercantile history of
the city, and has ever shown a. hearty interest in all matters per-
taining to the development and growth of western trade. In social
ma"' en prominently identified, having for a long
time been a member of the Calumet and Chicago Clubs, of the
: Park Clul) since its organisation, and of the Manliat-
Inb of New York. For many years he lias been a trustee of
Hahnemann Hospital, and a large contributor to the support of
When the Iroquois Club was organi/.ed, Mr.
honored by an election to the presidency of that organ-
fhly esteem y the club members that he
ice until 1886, and upon his retirement was
resolutions, by the club, expressive of
their regret at the loss of his valuable president.
•'iiXKK, senior of the firm of George llohner & Co.,
w:'s ' iffato, V V., on November 20, 1845. He was
brought up there, and received n first-' mical education.
At the age of seventeen he entered the wholesale glassware and
I W. H. Clenny ,v Co., of llmialo, but only
remained with tir i , coming to ( 'hicago at the end of that
time, in 1863. ( In arriving in this city he took a position with \.
K. Merrill, wholesale dealer in lamps and glassware. That line of
trade was thru iii ils infancy as compared with its proportions
to-day, and the house of N. K. Merrill the pioneer of the West. The
demands of the times required improvements in lamp-ware, and,
during his leisure hours. Mr. llohner' exerted nimself toward the
perfection of something new and novel in that line. In iS/i. he
perfected iiis invention and placed upon sale liohner's Patent Li-
I Lamp, the lirst of the kind ever offered, and from which
originated the great variety of library lamps now so largely in use.
He afterward invented the double extension library lamp, the
patent revolving reflector bracket and extension polished brass
chandeliers. In all, Mr. llohncr has taken out eighteen or twenty
patents for various devices in lamp-ware originated by him. From
an employe in the pioneer lamp house of Chicago he has risen to
a proprietorship of the same, and the success which lias followed
his efforts has been well earned Mr. Bohner is a widower, having
one son. George Hunt llohncr. Since the organization of the
Iroqnois Club he has been a member thereof, and is now one of
the vice-presidents representing the South Division of the city, and
is also chairman of the house committee. lie has not been active
in political matters, but takes a hearty interest in democratic insti-
tutions. He is also a member of the Douglas and Washington
Park clubs.
Hi \I\MI\ 1C. BKKMNKK. ex-recording secretary of the Iroquois
Club, has been one of the most enthusiastic members of that
organisation and, up to a recent date, has been closely identified with
the wo;k;ngs of the club. He was born in Bergen County, N. J.,
on August 18, 1854, and was reared to manhood in his native
State, lie was educated at private schools, and also took a two
years' course of study in the New York University. lie then re-
moved to Chicago, in 1878, since which time he has been almost
wholly identified with the house of Rathbone, Sard & Co. Since
May t, iS7<>. he lias been cashier of the firm, and his reputation for
integrity and general worth has been with his employers on a par with
the popularity he has ever held among the members of the Iroquois
Club. In the organization of the latter institution he took an
active part, and, in 1882, he was elected to the office of recording
secretary ; in 1883, was made vice-president, representing the West
Division, and, in 1884, he was tendered and again occupied the
position of recording secretary, the duties of which he performed
to the highest satisfaction of both officers and members. At the
election of January, iSS6, he was tendered and urged to retain his
othcial position, but was obliged to decline owing to the work in-
cumbent upon him in his commercial life.
EDWARD FOKMAN, corresponding secretary of the Iroquois
Club, was born in Tioga County, New York, on February IO, 1840.
lie was there reared and educated, attaining his elementary studies
at the common schools and afterward preparing for entrance into a
collegiate institution. His health failed him and he was obliged to
forego the completion of his higher education, and instead decided
to come West. He located in Chicago in 1863, and took a position
in the house of N. Matson & Co., the well-known wholesale jewelry
firm. lie is now entering upon his twenty-third year of service in
that house, and since the incorporation of the firm has been one of
its stockholders. When the Iroquois Club was being formed, Mr.
Forman took great interest in the matter, and was actively identi-
fied with the organization of the club. He was elected one of the
first vice-presidents, representing the South Division of the city, and
was twice re-elected to the position, serving in all three years. In
January, 1884, he was made treasurer, and a year later was nomi-
nated to the office of corresponding secretary, to which he was
elected by a large majority. Always a staunch democrat, he has
taken great interest in National politics and has been an earnest
worker in the ranks of the party, although never an aspirant to
official honors in the Government service. Mr. Forman was mar-
ried on June 15, 1871, to Miss Carrie Clarke, daughter of Henry
B. Clarke, one of the early settlers of Chicago.
COMMERCIAL CLUB.
The first meeting for the organization of the Com-
mercial Club was held at the Chicago Club-house,
on the evening of December 27, 1877. At this meet-
ing there were present J. W. Doane, L. Z. Leiter, J.
H. Walker, A. A. Sprague, H. J. Macfarland, William
T. Baker, Anson Stager, N. K. Fairbank, W7. A. Ful-
ler, George C. Clarke, Edson Keith, Murry Nelson
and John J. Jones. These were enrolled as members
of a club to be called the Commercial Club of Chi-
cago, and in addition Marshall Field, C. M. Hender-
son, C. I-. Kellogg, John Crerar, John M. Clarke,
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
405
John B. Drake, and George M. Pullman were elected
members. A second meeting was held on January 19,
following, at which these officers were chosen : Presi-
dent, L. Z. Leiter ; Vice-President, J. W. Doane ; Treas-
urer, Murry Nelson ; Secretary, George C. Clarke. Ap-
plication was made to the Secretary of State for a
charter, the objects of the incorporation being the dis-
cussion, at stated meetings, of questions of local polity
and economy from a strictly non-partisan point of view.
The last Saturday of each month from October to June
was chosen as the time of meeting. On these occa-
sions, after partaking of dinner, the members proceed
to the open discussion of the topic chosen for the even-
ing, due notice of which has been previously sent to
each member by the secretary.
The membership at the beginning was selected from
among the leading business men of Chicago. The club
has followed in its constitution and aims the plan of the
Commercial Club of lioston, of which it is in some meas-
ure the offspring. Two years after its organization it
gave a dinner to General Grant, as retiring president,
on which occasion two hundred and twenty-eight dis-
tinguished guests from Boston, New York, Philadel-
phia and St. Louis enjoyed its hospitalities. In like
manner. President Garfield and Lieutenant-General
Sheridan have been received by the club. It has been
the custom of the club, since its organization, to invite
any distinguished person present in the city at the time
of its monthly dinner, to a seat at its board Among
other practical benefits which have followed its discus-
sions, may be mentioned the establishment of the Man-
ual 'Training School for mechanics and artisans, on
Michigan Boulevard, which was built and equipped en-
tirely from the subscription of $100,000 contributed by
the members of the Commercial Club, and has since
been governed by an executive committee selected from
its roll.
The club, as a body, has made four notable trips
since its organization. The first of these occurred in
June, 1878, when on invitation of the distinguished club
of Boston bearing the same name, and the father of all
like organizations in the country, they became its guests
for four days. The visit was repeated in June of the
present year, the sister clubs of St. Louis and Cincin-
nati joining in the excursion. The Chicago club was
distinguished through an address by its able president,
Franklin MacVeagh, on the higher aims of mercantilism,
which has since been widely copied, and become in some
sort the accepted exposition of the doctrines of the lead-
ers of trade throughout the country. The club has also
been entertained at St. Louis and Cincinnati by the
Commercial Clubs of those cities, whom it has in turn
received here.
The monthly meetings have been held from the
first at one of the four leading hotels, in alternation.
The membership of the club numbers sixty, and is
fixed at that limit. No active part is taken in any
public movement, the policy of the club being of an
eminently conservative stamp, and its aim to be a benefi-
cial factor through indirect but not less potent influences.
The officers of the club, in addition to those already
given, have been —
/c?79 — President, J..\V. Doane ; Vice-President, A nson Stager;
Secretary, George C. Clarke ; Treasurer, Murry Nelson.
1880 — President, J. \V. Doane ; Vice-President, N. K. Fair-
bank ; Secretary, George C. Clarke ; Treasurer, Murry Nelson.
iSSr — President, O. \V. Putter ; Yice-President, A. A. Sprague;
Secretary, George C. Clarke ; Treasurer, Murry Nelson.
1882 — President, A. A. Sprague ; Vice-President, Murry Nel-
son ; Secretary, George C. Clarke ; Treasurer, Murry Nelson.
iSSj — President, A. A. Carpenter ; Vice-president, Marvin
Hughitt ; Secretary, George C. Clarke: Treasurer, \V. T. Baker.
1884 — President, John M. Clarke ; Vice-President, George M.
Pullman ; Secretary, George C. Clarke ; Treasurer, A. F. See-
berger.
1885 — President, Franklin MacVeagh ; Vice-President, George
M. Pullman ; Secretary, George C. Clarke ; Treasurer, John H.
Drake ; Executive Committee, John DeKoven, Lyman J. Gage,
Thomas Murdoch.
ILLINOIS CLUB.
The Illinois Club was chartered April 26, 1878.
The charter membership numbered about fifty promi-
nent residents of the West Side, nearly all of whom
were business men. The first officers of the club were
— President, John G. Rogers ; Vice-President, S. H.
McCrea; Secretary, O. P. Dickinson; Treasurer, S. W.
Rawson. The first board of trustees consisted of A.
Courtney Campbell, H. /. Culver, O. P. Dickinson,
Wiley M. Egan, George Gardner, Frederick S. lames,
S. I'.'McConnell, S. H. McCrea, S. W. Rawson, John
G. Rogers, A. A. Sprague, R. L. Tatham and P. B.
Weare. The objects of the club were stated in its
charter to be " the cultivation and promotion of litera-
ture and the fine arts, and of social intercourse." In
connection with the second feature, the Illinois Art
Association was formed a few years later from the
members of the Illinois Club, and there is now in the
gallery of the club-house a collection of notable paint-
ings, the results of its labors.
The first home of the club was the residence on
Washington Street, near the corner of Elizabeth Street,
where they remained two years. Thence a removal was
made to the building on the southwest corner of Ash-
land Avenue and Madison Street. In the spring of
1881, the club purchased of J. Russell Jones the fine
residence on Ashland Avenue, between Adams and
Monroe streets. The building is a handsome structure
of brick, with stone front, three stories in height and
was greatly enlarged two years since by the addition of
a wing containing the present art-hall, library, assem-
bly-room, billiard-room, bowling-alley, etc.
The present membership is about three hundred and
fifty. Many clergymen are among the honorary mem-
bers of this club, and the list includes Bishop Samuel
Fallows, Rev. A. K. Parker, Rev. James Blake and Rev.
Luther Pardee.
The officers of the club have been:
1879 — President, John G. Rogers; Vice-President, S. 11.
McCrea; Treasurer, S. \V. Rawson; Secretary, O. P. Dickinson.
iSSo — President, S. H. McCrea; Vice-President, A. A. Sprague;
Treasurer, J. F. Lawrence; Secretary, O. P. Dickinson.
1881 — President, Richard T. Crane; Vice-President, S. N.
Wilcox; Treasurer, S. W. Rawson; Secretary, ( ). P. Dickinson.
1882 — President, John G. Rogers; Vice-President, R. J. Smith;
Treasurer, \V. A. Hammond; Secretary, Marvin A. Farr.
i88j — President, ]. Harley Bradley; Vice-President, Simeon
H. Crane; Treasurer, \V. A. Hammond; Secretary, Fred R.
Morrill.
1884 — -President, |. Harley Bradley; Vice-President, Simeon
H. Crane; Treasurer, William A. Hammond; Secretary, Fred K.
Morrill.
iSSj — President, Simeon H. Crane; Vice-President, Alson E.
Clark; Treasurer, William A. Hammond; Secretary, \V. E.
McQuistcm.
IEKKKRSON I,. FTI.TON, of the well-known firm of J. L. Fulton
& Co., was born at Zanesville, Ohio, on \pril i, 1840. At the age
of twelve he'removed to Cincinnati, and there finished his educa-
tion in the common schools. Ilis first venture in business life was
at an early day, when he engaged in the hat ami cap trade at Cov-
ington, Kv. He was so identified for some time, and when his
attention was drawn to a new system of street-paving, he sold out
and, in 1865, engaged in that vocation, with which he has since
been identified. He opened business in Cincinnati and continued
successfully up to 1869, when he decided to go to Europe and inves-
tigate the system of asphalt paving. He remained at Paris about
406
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
one year making observations of the matter, ami while then- :
volume in reference t<> the niannf.ict lire of asphalt translated from
the l-'reiK-h inlo the Kngli-.li language. On his return to AM
he renioveil his husin and, in the spring ol 1^70,
laid the tirst asphalt pavement e\er put down in Chicago, at the
intersection of Monroe anil Clark streets. II proved a Success, and
the bilstnes tl) increased Lirgclv from year lit year.
The linn of which he i- a member i- engaged in the manufacture
ol .i-plult and I'ortlan 'aung, and has it- headquarters at
No I ^treet. I lie business was originally established
THE UNION LEAGUE CLUB.
T':r Union League Club of Chicago was organized
luti- in the fall of 1879. The first call for a meeting,
in October, 1879, bears the signatures of Lewis L.
Cobtirn, Luther Laflin Mills, William Aldrich, William
I Vim Nixon. S. }. Hanna, Samuel ). Medill, Hiram
Barker, Jr., Philip A. Hoyne, Consider H. Willett, C. S.
Permission of Inland ArciiiK-i t ami lluilder.
UNION LEAGUE CLUB HOUSE.
in 1865, in Cincinnati, < Ihio, anil, in iS7o, was removed to this city,
and since coming here the management has won a high reputation
for the excellence of all work performed by them. They make a
specialty of asphalt paving and also largely handle Portland cement
in connection therewith. The lirst work performed by the linn in
i- ai the intersection of Clark ami Monroe streets, in
1870; and since they have laid pavement all over Chicago, as well
as surrounding cities in this and other State-.. Among the finest
of their work is the asphalt roadway and Portland cement
sidewalk- at Rosalie Villa, and their work on the Farwell buildings,
Marshall Field's buildings, Sibley's warehouses, C. 11. McCormick's
nis \ YVcstlakc's new buildings, and many others attest
the superiority of their work. The lirm i- among the' largest in the
West, and they have, during the past sixteen years in which they
have operated in this city. laid many miles of roadway and pavement'.
Mr. Fulton is a member ol the lUiilders' and Trailers' Kxcli.
of the Union League and Illinois clubs. lie beiame a mem-
ber of the Masonic fraternity at Covington. Ky.. in i s(>4, and is
now a member , \(1 n| |^ |- j[e was
married on M.u ;. 1870 to Miss Kugenie Foulds, of Cincinnati',
["hey have two children, — Lester and Ccrtrudc. Mr. l-'ul-
a genial, courteous gentleman, and is highly esteemed in
•ercial circles for his honorable business methods and strict
integrity.
Squiers, C. H. Salisbury, E. R. Bliss, E. G. Keith, and
Ira U. liucll. On December 5, following, these gentle-
men met in the club-room of the Sherman House, and
drew up a petition for a charter, which, with a copy
of the proposed by-laws, was forwarded to the Secre-
tary of State at Springfield.
On January 20, 1880, a meeting was again held at
the Sherman House, to take permanent action under
the charter, which had been received, dated December
HA 1879. This document authorized the incorporation
of the Chicago Club of the Union League of America,
which was the name first adopted.
The articles of association stated the objects of the
organization to be the following:
" The condition of membership shall be absolute and unquali-
fied loyalty to the Government of the United States.
The primary objects of this association shall be :
" ist. To encourage and promote, by moral, social and
nllnence, unconditioned loyalty to the Federal C.overn-
) defend and protect the integrity and perpetuity of this
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
407
"2d. To inculcate a higher appreciation of the value and
sacred obligations of American citizenship; to maintain the civil
and political equality of all citizens in every section of our common
country; and to aid in the enforcement of all laws enacted to pre-
serve the purity of the.- ballot-box.
"3d. To resist and expose corruption ami promote economy
in office, and to secure honesty and efficiency in the administration
of National, State and Municipal affairs."
The officers and board of directors for the first
year, appointed by the Secretary of State, were as fol-
lows :
Lewis L. Coburn, president ; Wiliam H. Bradley, first vice-
secretary ; • >. II. Salisbury, assistant secretary. Directors — James
B. Bradwell, Philip A. lloyne, Elbridge G. Keith, John \Vent-
worth, William Penn Nixon, John II. Kedzie, and Ira \V. Buell.
In May, 1880, the club removed to quarters on the
main floor of the Honore Building ; and in March,
1881, by an appropriate banquet, celebrated the inau-
guration of that new feature. The table of the club has
since become celebrated through the important occa-
sions on which it has dispensed its hospitality, and its
receptions have been notable for their elegance.
On'January 10, 1882, it was resolved to change the
corporate name to the Union League Club of Chicago,
the new title being approved by the Secretary of State
on January 17, 1882.
On October 20, 1884, the question having been agi-
tated at various meetings during the year, it was resolved
to secure a lease of the ground at the corner of Jackson
Street and Third Avenue for ninety-nine years, and
proceed with the erection of a club-house. A building
association had been organized, with a capital stock of
$50,000, and power to issue bonds to the extent of
$75,000 ; and at this meeting a resolution was adopted,
authorizing the club to purchase, at its option, after ten
years had elapsed, the bonds issued as an aid to con-
struction, at their face value, and instituting a reserve
fund for that purpose. A third resolution, recommend-
ing the purchase of the stock at par, wherever obtain-
able from outside parties, was adopted. The building,
which it is expected will be occupied by May i, 1886, is
of red brick, six stories high, and of the Romanesque
order of architecture. It will cost, complete, $190,000.
At the annual meeting; for the installation of officers
for the ensuing year, held on February 24, 1885, the
following resolution was adopted unanimously:
" Kt'st'hvi/, That it is the opinion of the members of the club
present on this occasion, that at each quarterly meeting, as pro-
vided by the by-laws, except that occurring in the month of July,
topics of public interest, to be suggested by the Committee on Polit-
ical Action, and approved by the Board of Directors, should be dis-
cussed; and that, as a means for developing interest in such mat-
ters, anil making an effective and united body, we recommend to
the Board of Directors that this practice be hereafter adopted."
On the death of General Grant, a special meeting of
the active members was held, on July 24, 1885, when
the committee on resolutions, consisting of William Penn
Nixon, James B. Smith, Eugene Gary, James Kevins
Hyde, and Judge Thomas Dent, reported an eloquent
memorial, a copy of which, elegantly engrossed and
framed, now occupies a position in the parlors of the
club. Speeches were made by John Young Scammon,
J. B. Smith, Judge Thomas Dent, General Schofield
and Major W. L. B. Jenney, and a committee of five
was appointed to arrange for a public memorial meeting
on the day of the funeral. On the evening of the 8th
of August a mass meeting was held at the Armory Hall
of Battery " D," at which nearly five thousand people
were assembled.
Aside from its social features, the Union League
has always been foremost in carrying out the primary
objects of its incorporation. Loyalty to the Union has
been its watchword, and the guarding of- the purity of
the ballot one of its first missions. With this end in
view, the League was active in unearthing fraudulent
voting in the election of the fall of 1884, and bringing
to justice all concerned in it The present election law
owes its existence to the labors then undertaken by the
club, and continued unremittingly until its adoption
was secured. In the Federal elections, the club has
co-operated with its officers, offering rewards for the de-
tection of illegal voting.
The club has now a membership of seven hundred,
including an honorary roll which contains the names of
four ex-Presidents (two deceased), three of the most
distinguished living American Generals, an Associate
justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and
several jurists and statesmen of national fame.
The officers of the club from its organization have
been as follows:
iSSi-Ss — President, JohnC. Coonley; vice-presidents, Charles
E. Culver, Silas M. Moore; treasurer, William Penn Nixon; secre-
tary, Robert S. Critchell.
iSSj — President, Klbridge G. Keith; vice-presidents, Charles
M. Henderson, J. McGregor Adams; treasurer, George M. Bogue;
secretary, Rollin A. Keyes.
iSSj — President, J. McGregor Adams; vice-presidents, John
L. Thompson, Byron P. Moulton; treasurer, William V. Jacobs;
secretary, Sidney C. Eastman.
fSSj — President, J. McGregor Adams; vice-presidents, John
L. Thompson, Eugene Gary; treasurer, Walter B. Mitchell; secre-
tary, Rollin A. Keyes.
In addition to the officers, three standing committees
and a board of seven directors constitute the executive
staff.
• UNION CLUB
On January 17, 1878, twenty-five young men, repre-
senting the best element of the social and business life
of the North Division, met at No. 308 Chicago Avenue,
to discuss the formation of a social club in that part of
the city. A committee was appointed, consisting of
H. W. Raymond, A. W. Cobb, Arthur Ryerson, A.
Davidson, J. L. Houghteling, C. N. Fessenden, O. F.
Aldis, W. P. Conger and F. S. Wheeler, to report at an
adjourned meeting, on January 26. This committee
soon learned that the same question had been considered
by a number of older men resident on the North Side,
and their cooperation was invited. As a result, about
sixty gentlemen met in the parlors of the Clarendon
Hotel, on the evening of January 26, when a constitu-
tion was drafted, and the following officers, of an organ-
ization to be called the Union Club of Chicago, elected
for one year-
President, Henry W. Bishop; Vice-President, Henry W. Ray-
mond; Treasurer, Albert W. Cobb; Secretary, William P. Conger.
Directors — George L. Dunlap, Alfred B. Mason, John T. Noyes,
Thomas C. Edwards, Frank S. Wheeler.
On February i, the committee on membership re-
ported one hundred names enrolled. The constitution
was formally adopted, and a committee appointed to
take the necessary steps for incorporation. On Febru-
ary 7, the club received its charter. The residence on the
corner of Chicago Avenue and State Street was first
rented, whence the club removed, March 10, 1879, to tne
Ogden mansion, on LaFayette Place. Here it began a
new era of life as a social organization. A leading feature
of this period was a series of open-air concerts given
during the summers of 1879-80-81, in the fine grounds
of the club-house
At the business meeting of March i, 1879, the board
408
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
of directors was increased, by the addition to those
already named, of John DeKoven R. Hall McCorinick,
\'. ('. Turner and lames |. lloyt. On April S, follow-
ing, the limit of membership was raised, on account of
the increasing growth of the club, from two hundred to
three hundred ; in February. 1880, the limit was
increased to four hundred. Negotiations in the summer
of iSSo, to buy the Ogden property, then occupied as a
club-house, did not reach a consummation, and the
club at once set about providing for itself a permanent
home, which resulted in its removal, in December, 1883,
to the club-house at present occupied. This is a stone
1879 — President, Henry \V. Bishop; Vice-President, HenryW.
Raymond; Secretary, William P. Conger; Treasurer, Albert \V.
Cobb.
/Xs'.i — President, Henry \V. P.ishop; Vice- President, John I)e-
Koven; Secretary, William P. Conger; Tivasnrer, Albert W. Cobb,
/.V,V/ — President, Henry W. llishop; \ 'ice-President, John N.
Icwrti; Secretary, William P. Conger; Treasurer, Albert \V. Cobb.
President, Henry W. liishop; Vice-President, John N.
lewett; Secretary, William P. Conger; Treasurer, Albert W. Cobb.
iSSj — President, Henry W. liishop; Vice-President, A. A.
Carpenter; Son-tun', William ('•. -McMillan; Treasurer, Albert W.
Cobb.
-President, August A. Carpenter; Vice-President, 1. \uuin
J. Cage; Secretary, Henry A. Keith; Treasurer, Albert W. Cobb.
UNION CLUB HOUSE.
building, in the Tudor style, finished with an air of
solidity and comfort that have been the envy of many
metropolitan visitors. In the matters of taste, comfort
and convenience, the house leaves little to be desired.
The building is of Long Meadow Mass., brown stone.
It was begun in the spring of 1882, under contract for
completion by May, 1883. In April, 1883, it was
dot roved by fire, the loss being entirely covered by in
surance. It was re-built without delay, and the club
established therein the following December. The
interior follows the style etnph.isi/ed in the exterior, the
design being to reproduce, as nearly as possible, an old
Knglish manor-house. The cost was about §100,000.
The present membership of the club is four hundred
and seventy-two.
The following is a complete register of its officers
since 1878 :
STANDARD CLUB.
The Standard is a social club composed chiefly of
Jewish citizens, and numbers among its members many
of our leading business men. It occupies the building
erected for its accommodation in 1870, on the corner of
Michigan Avenue and Thirteenth Street. The club
was organized early in 1869, and on April 5 received
its certificate of incorporation. The officers for the
first year were— President, E. Frankenthal; Vice- Presi-
dent, L. Wampold; Treasurer. D. Stettauer; Recording
Secretary, Philip Stein; Financial Secretary, H. Good-
man. The first board of directors was composed of
Gerhard Foreman, Joseph Austrian, H. L. Frank, I. B.
Schlossman. The objects of the club are stated iii the
articles of incorporation to be "the mutual improve-
ment of members, to be effected by social gatherings,
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
409
dramatic entertainments, the establishment of a library,
and the pursuit of such other purposes as are generally
considered to be within the scope and object of a club."
On the New-Year day of 1870, the organization cele-
brated its removal to its present quarters by a ball. In
October, 1871, the organization gave up the club-house
to the relief work of the city. The building continued
to be, for about a year, the headquarters of the Central
Relief Committee, during which period the club sus-
pended its activity.
In the fall of 1872 the club re-occupied its quarters,
and a considerable sum was spent in repairing and re-
furnishing the club-house.
The club has taken steps looking to the erection of
a new club-house, the present quarters being inadequate
to properly accommodate the growing membership. The
current membership is about two hundred. The club
STANDARD CLUB HOUSE.
holds its business meetings quarterly and the election of
officers and directors takes place yearly. It gives fre-
quent receptions, an annual ball and numerous dramatic
entertainments.
The present officers are —
President, Jacob Newman; Vice- President, Louis B Kuppen.
heimer. Recording Secretary, A. M. Snydacker; Treasurer, A. (',.
P.erker. The board of directors is composed of B. Mergenthcim,
S. Adlinger, I). Wallach, Solomon Sulzbacher, Joseph Shaffner',
Charles M. Leopold.
SONS OF VERMONT.
In response to a call for a meeting of native Ver
monters, a number of gentlemen assembled in the club-
room of the Sherman House on the evening of January
10, 1877. The meeting was called to order by Lewis
Meacham ; Gurdon S. Hubbard was chosen president,
and Frank B. Williams, secretary The purposes for
which an organization was to be formed were set forth,
in an open letter from Hon. D. K. Pearsons, read at this
meeting, to be the perpetuation of the love and respect
borne to a natal State, and to revive old memories among
the sons of the Green Mountain State.
The following 171!: day of January being the one hun-
dredth anniversary of the declaration of independence
by the State of Vermont, was the occasion of a large
and interesting reunion, which included many residents
of the city distinguished in State and local councils. A
permanent organization, under the title of the Sons of
Vermont, was consummated at a third meeting, held
February 22, in the parlors of the Tremont House.
Quite a large membership was enrolled at this meet-
ing, and the following officers were elected . President,
1). R. Pearsons; Vice-Presidents, Charles B. Lawrence,
Norman Williams, S. W. Burnham ; Treasurer, Henry
H. Nash , Secretary and Librarian, A. D. Hager.
An annual banquet is given on January 17, and
other pleasant re-unions are held. Business meetings
take place when necessary, at the call of the secretary,
being usually held in the club-room of the Palmer
House.
The present membership is two hundred and nine-
teen, of which one hundred and seventy-seven are
resident in Chicago, twenty nine in the State outside of
the city, and eleven in other States.
The officers of the association have been as follows:
iSjq — President, Charles B. Lawrence ; Vice-Presidents, !•'..
G. Keith, Ezra J. Warner, E. A. Kilbourne ; Secretary and Libra-
rian, Frank B. Williams; Treasurer, Henry 1 1. Nash.
iSSo — President, George N. Boardman ; Vice-Presidents, E.
G. Keith, (). G. \. Sprajjue, Eugene Canfield ; Secretary and Li-
brarian, Frank 1>. Williams; Treasurer, Henry H. Nash.
iSSi — President, Norman Williams ; Vice-1'residents, O. G.
A. Sprague, L. L. Coburn, Eugene Canfield ; Secretary and Libra-
rian, E. B. Sherman; Treasurer, II. H. Nash.
iSSj — President, L. L. Coburn ; Vice-Presidents, O. G. A.
Sprague, E. N. Waterman, Sanford B. Perry; Secretary and Li-
brarian, K. 1!. Sherman; Treasurer, Henry H. Nash.
rSSj— President, E. G. Keith ; Vice-Presidents, Silas B. Cobb,
II. E. Sawyrr, I'.. A. Kilbourne; Secretary and Librarian, E. B.
Sherman; Treasurer, Henry H. Nash.
rSSj — President, John H. Hills; Vice-Presidents, Norman
Bridge, E. li. Sherman. A. D. Hager ; Secretary and Librarian,
Franklin I lenison ; Treasurer, Henry H. Nash.
iSSj — President, Arba N. Waterman ; Vice-Presidents, E. B.
Sherman, John M. Thacher, J. W. Butler ; Secretary and Librarian,
Franklin Denison; Treasurer, H. H. Nash.
SONS OF MAINE.
On March 12, 1880, a meeting was held in the club-
room of the Gardner (now Leland) House, which was
called to order by Leonard Swett, J. S. Brewer acting
as secretary. Among those present at this meeting,
were Abner Taylor, C. P. Kimball, J. L. Hathaway,
A. A. Libby, J. J. P. Odell, and C. P." Libby A com-
mittee, consisting of Messrs. Kimball, Odell and Taylor,
was appointed to prepare a constitution and by-laws for
an organization to be known as the Sons of Maine. At
an adjourned meeting on March 19, the constitution
was read and adopted, and permanent officers were
elected for the first year, as follows :
President, Hon. Thomas Drummond ; First Vice-President,
Hon. Leonard Swett ; Second Vice-President, John Voung Scam-
mon ; Secretary, J. S. Brewer ; Treasurer, J. J. P. Odell.
In the winter of 1 880-81, it was determined by the
society to give its first banquet, and committees were
appointed to carry out its plans. The banquet was
arranged to take place at the Palmer House on June
16, 1881. Invitations were sent to the Governor and
all ex-Governors of Maine, to the two United States
Senators, and to many distinguished natives of the State,
who were met m Boston by a member of the executive
committee, Henry A. Hersey, and accompanied to
4io
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Chicago in a special car as the guests of the association.
n g those present on this occasion were Hon.
Hannibal Hamlin, Hon. Klih'.i I!. \Vashburne, of Chi-
. Ex-Governor Garcelon, of Maine, Hon. Henry
W. 1'. line, of lioslon, Hon. liiou liradbnry, of Maine,
and Hon. C. A. I'.outelle. of Maine. The feature thus
successfully inaugurated has since been continued by
the Sons ,if Maine yearly, with but one omission.
I in club, which is composed of natives of the State
of Maine, includes gi
of our leading citizens.
It is now engaged in the
formation of a library.
The present officers
of the association are —
vnt, John N. Jew-
ell; Vice-Presidents, Melville
W. Fuller, Leonard Swell,
Abner Taylor ; Secretary. C.
1 1. I Inward; Treasurer, Wil-
liam Spra^nc ; Ihreclnr*..
Charles I',. Kimball. lames
P. Smith. |r., I. 11. Hobbs,
C9 M. Morse. I. V.
Scammon. Dcniamin Y
and C. II. Mulliken.
IRISH- AMERICAN
CLUB.
The Irish-American
Club is composed of
men of all creeds and
parties, the only princi-
ple insisted on as a re-
quisite to membership,
being an acknowledg-
ment of Ireland's right
to be governed by and
for her own people, as an
independent nation. It
thus includes in its ranks
many Americans and one
Knglish member. The
m/at ion was ell'ecl-
ed in May, 1880, by a
number of prominent
Irish citizens interested
in the cause of their na-
tive land. Social features
were included from the
inception, the club leas-
ing a fine suite of rooms
at Nos. 88 and 90 \Vash-
.11 Street, which it
has continued to o< <n-
py. Two formal recep-
tions are given annually,
in the spring and au-
tumn, by themembi
the club to their friends,
and the association ap-
The following is a list of the officers from the first
organization:
f \,' — President, William I. Ilynes; Vice- President,
Michael Keeley; Recording Secretary, John \Irl\cough; Financial
buy, I lenry < I'Ku.irc ; Treasurer, Peter J. Ilenncssy.
• iilent, Michael Keeley ; Vice-President, P. Mcllu^h;
Uccnnliny • Secretarv, M. I. Keene ; Financial Secretary, William
Fnjrartv : Treasurer, I'atrick < '.-ivanaidi.
. I'ravis A^new; Vice-Pi rM.lcnt, Ambrose I'la-
mondon ; Recording Secretary, !•'. 1). Kinsella ; Financial Secre-
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S HUM. DING.
propnately celebrates, by a banquet and ball on St.
Patrick's day. the anniversary of the patron saint of Ire-
land. The latter entertainment usually takes place at
ading hotel. They have received and enter-
tained all distinguished irishmen who have visited this
country during the past live years, indudiiv T M
He.ily, M.I'., T. I'. O'Connor, \I.p._ K(.v ' Eugene
:iy. and other notables. The membershi;. now in-
cludes nearly every prominent Irish-American resident
•:id the club is a nourishing, energetic and
representative body.
lary, |. Ouinr. ; Treasurer, T. 1). Coleman.
Committee, Michael Keeley.
Chairman Executive
CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
After the destruction of the Society's building and
contents, in 1871, but few of its members gave special
attention to its interests. No meeting was held until
November 17, 1874, when K. H. Sheldon, who was elected
president in November, 1870, occupied the chair, and
Belden !•'. Culver was secretary. At this meeting, Mr.
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
411
Sheldon reported that the Gilpin Fund, now amounting
to over $72,000, had been secured from the estate of
the late Hon. Henry I). Gilpin, of Philadelphia. He
further stated that he and George F. Rumsey had sold
the brick, stone and iron from the ruins of the Society's
building for $2,968, and had received from Mr. Scam-
mon, on account, $3,475, which amounts had been ap-
plied to the payment of interest, incidental expenses
and also to paying $4,000 of the principal of the Socie-
ty's indebtedness, reducing the latter to $13,500.
Among the contributions for the relief of those who
had suffered by the great fire, were many boxes of books
directed to the Chicago Historical Society. In the second
great fire on July, 1874, this collection was also burned.
A catalogue of the books, and copies of the letters of
acknowledgment and a few portraits, were all that were
saved of this collection. Owing to this last calamity, and
the panic of 1873, little was done for a time, except keep-
ing alive the organization and attending to its financial
interests ; very few books were received, and these were
mostly Government documents. Mr. Sheldon took them
in charge, and kept them till May, 1877, at his office on
Clark Street.
On December 19, 1876, Hon. Isaac N. Arnold was
elected president. He continued in office till the time
of his death, April 24, 1884, since which time Hon. E. B.
Washburne has occupied the position.
At a meeting held on January 23, 1877, George F.
Rumsey, in behalf of the executive committee, solicited
funds for the erection of a building and to enable the
association to start again its active existence of useful-
ness. The following members responded to the appeal,
and subscribed as follows : E. H. Sheldon, George L.
Dunlap, Levi Z. Leiter, John Crerar, W. S. Johnson, Mark
Skinner, Samuel M. Nickerson and William 15. Ogden,
each $250. George F. Rumsey, J. S. Rumsey, J. S. Wat-
erman and E. T. Watkins, each $100. Charles B. Farwell,
$85 and two hundred chairs, and John F. Ryerson, $25.*
With this amount, and $135.25 taken from membership
dues which had been paid prior to December n. 1877,
the present building was erected and paid for.
In May, 1877, Albert 1). Hager was elected secretary
and librarian.
The nucleus of the Society's third library, consisting
of about two hundred books, were removed from Mr.
Sheldon's office to Room 44, Ashland Block, gratuitous-
ly provided for the Society's use by D. M. Mitchell, agent
for General S. B. Buckner. On October 16, 1877, the
present building was finished and the first meeting held
in it. At that date, the library contained seven hundred
and three bound volumes and eight hundred and thirty-
four pamphlets.
The Historical Society received at the death of Mrs.
Henry D. Gilpin her bequest of $6,000 ; Jonathan Burr
donated to the Society $2,000. Mrs. Elizabeth E. At-
water, a former resident of Chicago, died at Buffalo, on
April 11,1878. Her collection, which she donated to
the Society, is one of the finest in its possession. On
January 31, 1879, occurred the death of Miss Lucretia
Pond, of Petersham, Mass., a parishioner of Rev. William
Barry, through whose influence she bequeathed to the
Society eight lots on the southwest corner of Superior
and Market streets, with all her books, maps and paint-
ings. The income derived from the sale of these lots
(which brought $13,500) was to be used for the purchase
of books, maps and paintings. The conditions of the
will have been complied with, and the library is enriched
*As early as 1867, Hnn. John Wentworth contributed $500 to make himself
a life member, besides giving $300 to make himself an honorary life member at
the time the endowment fund was raised.
with one thousand four hundred and twenty-seven vol-
umes purchased with this income.
The memorial tablet, which marks the site of the old
Fort Dearborn, and placed in the building on the cor-
ner of River Street and Michigan Avenue, occupied by
the W. M. Hoyt Co., was unveiled, May 21, 1881, in the
presence of the First Illinois Regiment and a large con-
course of citizens, and ynder the auspicesof the Society.
The tablet is of marble, and upon its upper half is a
bas-relief of the old block house, while beneath is the
following inscription:
THIS IIUII.DING OCCUPIES THE SITK OK THE OLD
FORT I IKAKBOKN, WHICH EXTENDEII A I.ITTI.K ACROSS
MICHIGAN AVENUE, AMI SOMEWHAT INTO THE RIVER AS
IT NOW is. THE FORT WAS i;rn.T IN 1803 AND IN 1804,*
FORMINC (UK (UTMOST DEFENSE. I!v ORDER OK GEN-
ERAI. Itri.L, IT WAS EVACUATED AUGUST 1$, l8l2,
AKTER ITS STOKES AMI PROVISIONS IIUi P.EE.N DISTRIU-
UIED AMONG THE INDIANS. VERY SOON AKTER THE
INDIANS ATTACKED AND MASS \CRK.D AKOUT KIFTY OK
III] TRool'S AND \ NUMliEK OK CITI/.ENS, INCLUDING
WOMEN AND CHILDREN, AND THE NEXT DAY WRNT THE
FORT. IN 1816, IT WAS RK.-HUILT, DDT AKTER THE
I.I.ACK HAWK WARWENT INTO GRADUAL DISUSE, AND IN
MAN. 1*37, WAS ABANDONED BY THE ARMY. HIT WAS
OCITPIE1I I!Y VARIOUS GOVERNMENT (IKKICK.RS UNTIL
1857, WHEN IT WAS TORN DOWN, EXCEPT A SINGLE
m'll.DING, WHICH STOOD UPON THIS SITE TILL THE
GKKATKIKEOK OCTOBER 9, iSyi. AT THE SUGGESTION
OF THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, THIS TAKI.IT
WAS ERECTED HY W. M. HoYT, XoYK.MHER, l88o.
Thereat, Hon. John Wentworth made a memorable
speech to the immense concourse of spectators, which
appears in full in the account in the Fergus Historical
Series, No. 16.
In 1881, a tablet was placed in the front of a dwell-
ing, No. 137 DeKoven Street, under the auspices of the
Society, to mark the site on which the great fire of
October, 1871, originated.
The Society was burdened with a mortgage debt of
$13,500 contracted in 1858. The interest on this was a
constant drain upon the treasury of the Society, and
frequently an extra tax upon its most valued members.
In 1882, L. Z. Leiter, a member of the executive com-
mittee, suggested that the debt should be paid, and
started a subscription with $2,500. Judge Mark Skin-
ner, E. H. Sheldon and Henry J. Willing each gave the
same amount. Daniel K. Pearsons, Samuel M. Nicker-
son, Albert A. M linger and Byron Laflin Smith each
gave $1,000, and Thomas Hoyne completed the sum
needed to pay the debt by subscribing $500. The
Society now entered upon a period of prosperity.
Twenty-five new members were added within six
months. The first and second volumes of the Society's
collection were published, and one year later the third
volume. L. Z. Leiter paid for the first two volumes
and Marshall Field for the third volume, which cost
over $1,600. The library now contains over forty-eight
thousand books, bound and unbound. The collections
comprise rare and valuable works, and are especially
noted in certain departments, among them the following:
INDIAN HISTORY AND EARLY EXPLORATIONS. — This is con-
sidered by many the most valuable historical matter, when meas-
ured by its rarity and completeness, of any in the library. All of
Schoolcraft's works are here — his " Indian Antiquities," " Source
of the Mississippi," "American Lakes, I' ravels in the Missis-
sippi Valley," " Thirty years with Indian Tribes," etc. Also, Hrin-
ton's " Library of Aboriginal American Literature " and his other
writings, 8 vol. Thevenot's " Recueil de Voyages," including Mar-
quette's journal and map of 1(173. Herrerara's History of Amer-
ica, 6 vol., 1740. I'arkman's " Frontenac and New France,"
" La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West," and other of his
writings. Shea's works. Jeffrey's " History of the French Domin-
*See account of Fort Dearborn, Volume I, page 79.
HIS 1'OKY OF CHICAGO.
ions in America," 1769. Loskicl's " Missions among the Indians in
Ninth America." Clark's " ( 'ampaign in Illinois" d77> 7O).
French's " Historical ( ..lire; ions of I on i si. ma." ( luiguard's " ] >is.
C'.verics in America by I .a SalK:" ( i'aris, 1(197). "Lewis and c 'tarkc's
F.\]x-dition," -i vol., [817. Long's" I'HO Expeditions." I'.eltram's
" I >iscovci v of the Somccs ol the Mississippi Kiver " (2 vol.).
iriluition to tin- early history of the North-
west (4 vol.). " The St. ('lair I'apers," _> \ol. l.oekman's "Jesuit
Ir.i1,. ''M.-I743). /.eisbcrger's " Diary, 1797." ' Relations
of the Jesuits." Iml.n's " lopography of the West" (170-').
Shipp's " De SotO and Florida." Antonio de Solis's " Conquest <jf
Mexico," translated by Thomas Tow nsend (London, 17241. "Royal
I Peril " (very rate), I iy Inea. ( Ian illasso ,1,- ] ,,i
translated by Sir I'aul Kyeant (London, ]dss| Squier's
and D.u;-.'s " Aneii-nt MonnnieiUs of ihe Mississippi Valley" (pro-
i illustratr.il. Wonette's " I listory of the Valley of the Missis-
sippi Kiver." Ycrgennc's "Louisiana" (1*02). I Irake's "Indian
Tribes of the I'nited States" and " Life of lil.ick Hawk." Ban-
croft's "Native Races,, f the 1'acihc States." I Ictlllepin's "Voyages"
•enlam, idssi. "La Salle's Hiseoveries," by Tonti (1697).
last \ovagc" (London, 1714). 1'riest's "American
Antiquities." Welby's "Visit to the English Settlements in Illinois,"
(810, Bradbury's l'iavels 11-0.1 n), Fearon's " Sketches of Amer-
\\ (.oil's "Two Years' Residence in the Illinois
try." "Western Annals." Champigny's "Louisiana" (I'aris
1771'), and Gayarris's " History of Louisiana."
\M> GEM \i IMIICAL. — In the library can be
found biographies of those most prominent in local and State affairs.
In addition, there is a special department containing all of the Sparks'
collection (25 vol.), and the most noted tributes to the memories of
fe Washington and Abraham Lincoln, and biographies of
most of the prominent men living and dead.
Among the genealogical works of great value is the New Eng-
land Genealogical Register, most of which were presented by |ohn
\\ entworth (I847-I8S:;).
KI:I:I ! I LIN KM \. — This includes such material as the Adju-
tant-Generals' Reports of Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michi-
gan, Vermont, New York. New Hampshire, Iowa and Tennessee;
\\ar of the Rebellion. 20 vols. ; Rebellion Records, 181)0-65 (12
vols.); Anny Register from 1779 to 1880; Official Records of the
1'nion and Confederate armies (14 vols.): a complete series of the
" Roll of Honor, "or names of those who died in the Rebellion;
Reunion of the Western Armies from I.S6S; Scribner's tine series of
" I 'ampaigns of the War," written by participants and military au-
thorities; Greeley's "American Conflict , Lossing's "Civil
War"; Jefferson Davis's "Rise and Kail of the Confederate Gov-
ernment,"etc.
MAI;\/.IMS AMI NEWSPAPERS. — Of great local historical value
are the Chicago Magazine, also the "Western," and later the Lake-
si, ie Monthly, running from January, 1869, to June, 1873(10 vols.).
. , nearly
complete from its founding; nearly full series of the 1 >emocratic anil
Whig Reviews. London Athena-urn from 1833-61, and the London '
News (illustrated), 1842-78. The Society hasalsoa full series of the
first magazine published in Chicago— The Western Magazine,—
established in October, 1845, and published by William Rounse-
ville. Also full series of Harper, Scribner, Century, Galaxy, The
i'ic, I'opular Science Monthly and Scientific American; The
Monthly Review, London, 174910 1809, 128 vols. Bound volumes
of the following papers, through the courtesy of H. T. Steele, are
deposited in the library for the free use of any one who may wish
to consult them, — viz. The Chicago Tribune, extending from Sep-
tember, 1856, tip to date, with the exception of the first six months of
1865, and the years 1866, 1867, 1868, and 1869; Chicago Times,
can from January, 1873; tiles of the New York Independent,'
complete from 1848 to 1880, and of the New York ( ibscrver, from
1835 to 1845. Of the city papers it may be said that full tiles of
nearly every paper, religious, political, mechanical and agricultural,
published in Chicago, since 1877, are in the library of this Society,
.11 the full tiles are bound. Among them are the Tribune,
Journal, Inter Ocean, the Daily News (53 vols.), from January
1-77. to date; also the Daily Telegraph (subsequently the Daily
Herald), 10 vols., from March, 1X7-.
portion of this department may also be mentioned, the
•mial collection of newspapers and magazines presented to the
A. V Kellogg, of the Chicago Newspaper I'nion. The
collection embra. .f each newspaper and magazine pub-
lished in the 1'nited States in 11*76, many of them containing local
and county histories, written especially for the Centennial Exhibi-
tion. About eight thousand newspaper: are included in the collection.
The successful carrying out of this grand historical enterprise was
P. Kowcll ,\ Co., of the American Advertising
Agency, New York. Six sets were collected. One set was sold to
Mr. Kellogg, which lie presented *« 'he Chicago Historical Society,
another to the representative of Tasmania, another to the Mercantile
Library of Philadelphia, and three were retained by Messrs. Rowell
,\ Co. Accompanying this most valuable collection is a printed
catalogue of the newspapers and magazines printed in the United
Si. itcs at that time. All these are bound, and make 47 volumes of
folio, 7 quarto and 28 octavo volumes.
LOCAL HISTORY. — Nowhere in the State is there so large,
varied an.! valuable a collection of historical data bearing upon the
events which go to make up Chicago and the lives of her prominent
men as at these rooms. There are Chicago school reports com-
plete, from 1854; the proceedings of the City Council and County
Board of Commissioners from 1871; complete reports of the Board
of Public Works and of the Park Commissioners; an invaluable
series of city directories, nearly complete from 1844; the Fergus His-
torical Series, containing the directory of 1839, and valuable contri-
butions to local and State history by those who have helped to make
the events of which they speak. There are a dozen local histories
and biographical dictionaries; fifteen scrap-books containing newspa-
per clippings from home prints, which make up an interesting history
of early Chicago; three large scrap books arranged by Charles Har-
pel, containing obituaries of those who have died in Chicago and also
of prominent persons in all parts of the world. These are all cata-
logued and so arranged that the date of any person's death, in either
book, can be readily found. There are also reports of her benevo-
lent and secret societies and charities; government surveys of her
of newspapers from 1856, up to date, including the most trustworthy
material extant Irom which to collate a history of the Great Fire.
THE ATWATER COLLECTION. — This is the most unique collec-
tion owned by the Society. It consists of live hundred and eighty-
six volumes and pamphlets; over one hundred medals and
metallic badges, including the political badges of 1840 and those
worn at the Chicago Sanitary and Milwaukee Home fairs; over
seven hundred coins and metallic business cards, including a com-
plete set of American and Colonial pennies, except the issues of
1793 and 1804-9; and much continental and confederate money,
It lias also autograph albums, letters, newspaper scrap books, ami
eighteen volumes of rare almanacs, from 1763101878. There are au-
tograph letters of the presidents, and hundreds of newspaper slips in
regard to the death of Abraham Lincoln, nicely bound into vol-
umes, with badges worn at his obsequies. Mrs! Atwater contrib-
uted a curious collection of patriotic envelopes, comprising three
thousand different specimens ; relics from Shiloh, Corinth, Chan-
cellorsville, Fort Sumter, of the Great Fire, the Arctic regions and
the world generally. A large folio volume of " Scenes from Rome,"
printed from copperplate in 1575. She also donated a fac simile of
the death warrant of Chariest. The numismatic collection consists.
among other coins, of Whig tokens, about 'the size of a penny,
stamped with political devices. There is a large volume containing
samples of " shinplasters "; also numerous specimens of Confederate
and ' Wildcat " money. There are also F.nglish bank tokens and
coins; Colonial coins and '' Land Money "of Pennsylvania, including
Franklin's famous pennies and paper money. There is a fine bronze
copy of the gold medal presented by forty thousand French work-
men to Mrs. Lincoln, in memory of her husband. The specimens
of copper and paper tokens issued by different business houses in
Illinois. Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, New York and Penn-
sylvania, with the collection of fractional currency, are both unique
and of historical value.
OTHER YAI.CAHI.KS. — The most imposing work of art in the
Society's rooms is the allegorical painting of the Chicago tire, the
famous Armitage painting of Britannia and Columbia ministering
•own,
eneral
. H. Rice, Thomas Hoyne, William Ilickling, William II I!r
saac N. Arnold, John \\entworth, William I!. ( Igden, Gel.,..,,
Dearborn. Mr. and Mrs. George Flower, Shab-o-nee, Christopher
Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Chevalier La Salle, and others \
cabinet of curiosities, mostly from Mexico and the oriental coun-
tries,^ is the gift of Rockwell Saver, of the firm of Clement & Sayer.
1 he collection of autograph letters and other manuscripts is
very large. It includes the letters and private papers of E K
kane Judge J. Gillespie, Colonel Gabriel [ones, Captain II. Xe-
Horatio Hill, Zebina Eastman, David Prickett A P French
and those of Ninian Edwards. The latter contain autograph let-
ters from Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and other
noted statesmen, and were presented by Xinian W. Edwards
Among the collections may be mentioned the volumes contain-
ing the badges and original documents relating to the Grant recep-
lon of November, 1879, and the National Republican Convention of
SOCIAL PROGRKSS.
1880, also the documents relating to the Republican and Demo-
cratic Conventions and campaign documents of 1884.
The religious literature of the Society comprises, among other
rare volumes, twenty-two versions of the Bible, in different lan-
guages. All of Swedenborg's works are here, and the Religious
Society of Friends (Quakers) has a very complete representation.
The " Saints' Herald " of the Latter 1 lay Saints (Mormons),
from 1878 to date ; The Nanvoo Neighbor, rt43-November, '45 ;
" Times and Seasons," 1830-45; and the " Millennial Star," and a
large and very rare collection of other Mormon literature, manu-
script and printed, are in the library. Among the latter is the
Hook of Mormon in English; and also, in a peculiar phonetic style
that requires a "key" for its translation, " Doctrines and Cove-
nants," " Life of Joseph, the Prophet," and several other very rare
books and manuscripts relating to the expulsion of the Mormons
from Illinois.
The Library contains a large number of colleges and school cat-
alogues. The American Kdncational Society has its catalogue
bound into volumes from 1832 to 1885. The American Coloniza-
tion Society reports from 1818-85, live volumes. The American
Tract Society from its organization (1825) to 1885. The Society
also possesses a unique collection of school books, in the " Pond
Library/' dating from 1756 to those of more modern days. Of
railroad reports the Society has a very large number, including nearly
or quite complete series of the annual reports of every railroad I hat
enters Chicago. It has also time tables and folded maps of the
routes of all the railroads leaving the city, all of which are bound
into an atlas.
The officers of the Historical Society, since 1X74,
have been as follows :
/'r,'sii/,-i:/s — Edwin II. Sheldon, 1874-75; Isaac N. Arnold,
1876-83; 1C. ]'.. \Yashburne, 1884-85.
riif--/'i;:<ii/i'nts — Thomas Hoyne, Ezra IS. McCagg, 1874-75 ;
George F. Rumsey, Robert T. Lincoln, 1876 ; Thomas Hoyne,
Robert T. Lincoln, 1877; Thomas Iloyne, William Ilickling,
1878-80: Thomas Hoyne, E. B. Washburne, 1881-82; }•'.. 11.
Washburne, John Wentworth, 1883 ; A. C. McClurg, George W.
Smith, 1884;" Edward G. Mason, A. C. McClurg, 1885.
Secretaries and Librarians — Belden F. Culver, 1874-76; re-
signed May 12, 1876 ; Albert D. Hager, 1877-85.
Treasurers — Solomon A. Smith, 1874-78 ; Byron L. Smith,
1879 ; Henry H. Nash, 1880-85.
ELIIIU B. WASHBCRNK was born at Livermore, Oxford Co.,
Me., on September 23, 1816, and is a lineal descendant of John
Washburne, the first secretary of the Council of Plymouth. His
father kept a general country store, where the son "made himself
generally useful and gathered much information from the political
and social sages of the neighborhood who there congregated and
discoursed. He read the newspapers, also obtained his schooling
at the country establishments, and, previous to his seventeenth year,
had exhausted the circulating library. He then went into the office
of the Christian Intelligencer, published at Gardiner, Me. The
year's experience which he obtained in the printing office was of
great value to him, bringing to his notice many men of prominence
who resided there, especially George Evans, then a member of Con-
gress. It was during this period that the republican principles,
which had been sown in his mind by his father, were strengthened so
that they ruled his political life. The paper, however, failed, and,
returning to his home, he obtained the position of teacher of a dis-
trict school, at a compensation of ten dollars a month, with board.
His three months' administration brought the rebellious school into
submission, and he entered the office of the Kennebec journal, the
leading whig organ of the State, then edited and published by
Hon. Luther Severance. He commenced his apprenticeship in
May, 1835, but on account of failing health, caused by over-work,
he abandoned the newspaper profession, never to return to it, and
determined to study law. In the spring of 1836, he left Augusta,
and commenced study at Kent's Hill Seminary. After a reasonable
course of preparation, in 1838, he entered the law office of lion.
John Otis, of Hallowell, a distinguished member of his profession,
a representative in Congress, and subsequently a member of the
Northwestern lioundary Commission. To that gentleman's credit be
it said that he afterward advanced Mr. Washburne sufficient money
to enter Cambridge Law School, which he did in March, 1839. '>e-
ing admitted to the Bar in 1840, he set out for the West, with no
definite point in view, and, after stopping a short time at Washing-
ton, he continued on his journey and arrived at Galena, 111., in the
spring of that year, finding himself right in the midst of the ex-
citing Harrison campaign. lie entered promptly into the contest,
delivering strong whig speeches and getting before the public in a
most enviable light. He soon had a good legal practice. In 1844
he was made a delegate to the Whig National Convention that nomi-
nated Henry Clay. In 1848, he was an unsuccessful candidate for
a congressional nomination, and, in 1852, was again a delegate to
the National Whig Convention, aiding in the nomination of ( icncral
Scott, opposing all pro-slavery influences, and so earning the appro-
balion ol the people of the Galena district that when it was re -ap-
portioned he was chosen its congressman, although it was supposed
to be strongly democratic. In 1854, he was re-nominated by a mass
convention of whigs, democrats and anti-Nebraska men, and re-
elected by a majority of over 5,000 votes as against 286 two years
previously. In the next Congress (1855) Mr. Washburne was hon-
ored with the chairmanship of the committee on commerce, being
one of the staunchest supporters of Nathaniel P. Banks for Speaker
of the House of Representatives, lie was re-elected for seven suc-
cessive terms, and a statement of the services which he rendered his
State and country would include a mention of all the important
national measures of that period. During the fearful War period, he
was one of President Lincoln's most trusted friends and advisers
and his most reliable lieutenant upon the Moor of the House. In
fact, when the pre.-idcnt arrived in Washington for the first time,
Mr. Washburne, in behalf of the I louse and Mr. Seward representing
the Senate, were chosen as the most appropriate persons to receive
him. As term after term he was sent by his constituents to repre-
sent them at Washington, he became known as the "father of the
House," swearing in Schuyler Colfax, as Speaker, three times, and
James G. lllaine, once, in that capacity. He was the determined
and untiring enemy of all steals, lobbies, rings and ringsters, and
became known and honored throughout the country as "the watch
dog of the treasury." I le first suggested " Colone! " Grant's name
for one of the nine brigadier-generalships to which the State of Illi-
nois was entitled, and was afterward instrumental in framing and
passing the bill which made " the silent man " general of the armies
of the United States. By 1869, Mr. Washburne had occupied the
position of chairman of the committee on commerce for ten years,
and had been chairman of the committee on appropriations during
the last Congress in which he served. He had also been a member
of the joint committee on the library, chairman of the committee on
government contracts during the War, a position of great responsi-
bility, and chairman of the special committee to examine into the
Memphis riots, in the summer of 1866. He had been a member of
the joint committee on re-construction and chairman of the committee
of the whole House in the matter of the impeachment of Andrew John-
son. Among the important bills introduced by him was that providing
for the establishment of National Cemeteries. In 1869, President
Grant appointed Mr. Washburne Secretary of State. After a short
term of service, however, upon the advice of physicians, he resigned
his office, but was appointed minister to France. The Franco-Prus-
sian war, however, made the duties of that station as arduous as those
which could attach to any public position, and so ably did he per-
form them that the American Legation was soon looked upon as the
place of refuge for the people of all nationalities. After serving his
country abroad for nearly nine years, Minister Washburne, at the
commencement of President Hayes's term, asked to be re-called.
Since that time he has lived quietly in Chicago, having withdrawn
from public life, but his name has been prominently mentioned by
the country at large at the Presidential Conventions of 1880 and 1884,
in connection with the highest office in the gift of the people. Mr.
Washburne was married, in 1845, to Adele Gratiot, of Gratiot Grove,
Wisconsin. His wife was the daughter of Colonel Henry Gratiot,
one of the most distinguished and enterprising pioneers of the ' ' lead
region." Mr. and Mrs. Washburne have six children. Their oldest son
and child, Gratiot, resides in New York City. I lempstead is the well-
known lawyer and city attorney. William Pitt Washburne resides
in Maine, being the librarian of the Washburne Memorial Library,
at Northerns, in Livermore, which is the family homestead. The
fourth son has not completed his education. Of the two daughters,
one is the wife of W. D. Bishop, Jr., of Bridgeport, Conn., and the
other is living at home.
DANIEL KIMHAI.I. PKARSONS was born at Bradford, Vt., on
April 14, 1820, the son of John and Hannah (Putnam) Pearsons.
His mother was a descendant of the Israel Putnam family. At
sixteen, Daniel commenced teaching school, and remained in that
occupation for five winters, then entering Dartmouth College,
where he continued for two years. He also pursued a course of
medical study at Woodstock, and, after graduating, removed to Chi-
copee, Mass., and engaged in medical practice. In 1857, he re-
moved to Ogle County, Illinois, and engaged in farming, but he
required a larger scope for his active mind and business ability,
and shortly afterward removed to this city, engaging in the real-
estate business. He sold lands for the Illinois Central Railroad,
Michael Sullivan, the farmer king, and others, his sales in Illinois
t'l
HISTORY ()!• CHICAGO.
k amounting to more than one million acre-. In l>oo, be began
loaning money, chiefly as agent, on farm lands. I'll!- -oo:
into an extensive business, and lor twelve years he loaned an aver-
age of $I,CKKI,O<»I annually. In 1877. Mr. Pearsons retired from
the loaning business, so lar as acting lor other capitalists was con-
cerned, hi- own affairs having assumed such extensive proportions
as to require his whole attention. He is now the owner ol large
tracts of land and timber in Michigan. Illinois and elsewln
director of the- ( 'hic.igoi 'lumber of Commerce. ( 'liicagot 'ity Rail way-
Company, the Metropolitan National Hank, and other leading institu-
tions, and a prominent stockholder in them all. He has been twice
elected alderman from the First Ward, by far the most important
|H>litical district of the city. While chairman of the finance com-
mittee, the financial condition of Chicago was deplorable, extrava-
gance had so outrun income that an indebtedness largely in excess of
the constitutional limit had been created, while the city had issued
certificate- of indebtedness, the legality of which was disputed in
the courts. Meanwhile, large numbers of these certificates had
IMJCII taken by eastern bankers and others, and the holders had
bciomc alarmed at the situation. Hard times were stalking
gloomily through the land, and capital was averse to almost everj
new proffer of investment and solicitous for its securities every-
where. Chicago was soon to need more money and had particular
necessity for the maintenance of its good financial name. At this
junc-ture there appeared, among the bankers of New York, an
iorward sort of man, just in from the \\est; he was
known, personally or by reputation, to some of them, and was not
in making himself understood by the others, lie had come
lly as a member of his city Common Council, and, privately,
• apitali-t and man of honor, like themselves, to assure them
that Chicago was going to pay its debts. He pledged his individual
word and that ol his city, that no matter who might be in power,
no matter how courts might decide, no matter how long financial de-
pression might br I over the Nation, Chic-age. Has sure to meet its
certificates of indebtedness, principal and interest, promptly on
time, dollar tor dollar. Tile eastern financiers believed the man,
and ii.e city he represented. Their fears were allayed,
and here-turned home. His word to them was so well kept, "and
his predictions so well verified, that some time later, when Chicago
needed a little ready money, the same man moved around among
social c-apitalists, and easily raised hail' a million dollars. This he
(lid. despite the fact that the courts, in the interim, had decided the
much discussed certificates to be practically waste paper, illegal
promises to pay, which the city might repudiate if it pleased, but
which the city never did. The man who made these two memor-
able journeys was Daniel Kimball Pearsons, and so pronounced
was their effect upon the financial standing of Chicago, that when
Mr. Pearsons retired from the Council, two years later, a committee
of cm/ens waited upon him, and, in a series of handsomely engrossed
resolutions, testified their appreciation and that of the city for his
tive work in this and other important matters. As the resolu-
tions said, Mr. Pearsons held his office "with the approval and
plaudits of his entire constituency, regardless of party affiliation "
At the time of his retirement from political life, he began to with-
draw from business, and invested largely in choice residence prop-
erly, chiefly in the Northern Division of the city. He erected fine
residences, and in a short time was the owner of some fifty elegant
houses and Hats, which he still retains. He has travelled extensively
having _ visited Europe twice and all the American States. His
charity is of the unostentatious order, but if his right hand does
not always know what the left is doing, it is not because the latter
is idle. Most of the charitable institutions count him among their
steady contributors, founding libraries, assisting young men and
vomen to obtain educations, and dispensing large amounts in
private. Mr. I'earsons was married many years ago to Miss
etta Chapm, of Western Massachusetts. "Mr I'earsons has
rmany years attended the First Presbyterian Church, although
.her churches are not unfamiliar with his presence and contribu-
>ns. Mr. Pearsons is unconventional in manner, his life-long
rsonal independence manifesting itself in an absence of all affec-
tation
a
more di
found
presidents, while he has also been an earnest and active member of
Chicago Historical Society, and a liberal giver to the Presby-
terian Hospital and now its acting president
»T DAM,, HAOBR, son of David and Hannah (Caryl)
was born at Chester, Vt., on November I, 1817 He
enjoyed but few educational advantage-, and at a. very early aw
learned the carpenter's trade from his father, and mastered it at the
age of seventeen.
ment of
through Ohio unu ixemucKy. uuring his travels, he became much
interested in fossils, many of which he collected and took with him
to Vermont, on his return there from Kentucky. When again at
home he resumed his trade as a carpenter, and devoted every leis-
ure moment to the study of geology. On April 29, 1839, he again
left for Kentucky, and in a deserted school-house at Minerva,
Mason Co., he ojK-ned his first school. He took his first three de-
grees in the Masonic order in 1840. In 1841, he became a member
of the Christian Church. For live years he conduoted his school,
after which he returned to Vermont and married Miss Julia A.
\\ heeler, buying a farm, which he cultivated for five years, and
then he resumed his trade. In May. 1852, he received a McCor-
inick reaper at his home in Proctorsville, Vt., and cut the first
grass with a machine in New England, at Westminster, Vt. In
1854, he entered the employment of Cyrus II. Mc-Cormick as a gen-
eral agent. In 1856, he was commissioned assistant State Natural-
ist of Vermont, and arranged the first cabinet of natural history
in the State House. Shortly afterward, the State Naturalist re-
signed in Mr. llager's favor, but the latter declined the appoint-
ment, and recommended for the position the venerable professor,
Edward Hitchcock, of Amherst, Mass. This father of American
geology accepted the position, with the condition that Mr. Ilager
should be his first assistant and do most of the field work ; under
which arrangement the geological survey of the State was com-
pieti-d in iS(>i, and, by order of the Legislature, was published by
Mr. Ilager. In February. 1857. a lire at Montpelier, Vt., de-
stroyed the State House, including the cabinets, etc., and Mr.
: was made curator of the State cabinets, and subsequently
Slate- (leologist. In 1858. Mr. Hager helped to form the Proctors-
ville Library Society, of which he was for many years president,
and to which he donated his own private library. In 1865, he
drafted and secured the passage of the existing general law of Ver-
mont, authorizing towns to raise money for founding and supporting
public libraries. In this year also he became interested in piscicul-
ture, and was appointed commissioner; under his direction 50,000
salmon egg- were incubated and 40,000 hatched out, the largest
number then produced in the United States. In 1867, the Goi
ernor of Vermont commissioned Mr. Ilager to attend the Paris
International Exposition as a representative of Vermont exhibitors.
In 1870, he received the appointment of State (leologist of Mis-
souri, anil there rendered efficient official service, but his anti-
slavery tendencies made him personally unpopular. He thereupon
resigned that position, and sought, in travel, to repair the inroads on
his health caused by his exhaustive labors. While travelling in
Wisconsin, he met Miss Rosa F. lllood, to whom, in 1872, he was
married. They both became interested in the reformation of ine-
briates, and on reaching Chicago were proffered the positions of
superintendent and matron, respectively, of the Washingtonian
Home in this city, which positions they filled for eighteen months.
In May. 1877. Mr. Ilager became secretary and librarian of the
Chicago Historical Society (and to assist the Society in its rehabili-
tation, worked gratuitously for one year), a position which he has
filled until the present time. He was also for a number of years
corresponding secretary of the Vermont Historical Society." He
has written many articles for the public press on scientific and his-
torical subjects ; and. in 1871, he read a paper before the Academy
of Science in St. I.ouis, suggesting that the origin of petroleum
was the result of coralinc life of the Devonian age ; this theory is
one that is generally accepted by scientists of the present age. In
1859, he received from Amherst College the honorary degree of
Master of Arts ; in 1862, he was elected a member of the Imperial
Geological College of Vienna, and before his departure for Europe,
in 1807, was commissioned by Lafayette Lodge, A.F. \- A.M., of
Proctorsville, Vt., its representative to the Grand and Secular lodges
in Great Britain, and on the Continent of Europe. He had also
been for many years an officer of the Grand Lodge of Vermont.
CHICAGO PUBLIC LIBRARY.
The Chicago Public Library had its origin in the
sympathy felt for Chicago by England after the great
fire of 1871. In addition to money subscribed for the
aid of fire-sufferers by the people of Great Britain,
while Chicago was still in ashes some liberal-minded
English gentlemen realized that this city had been be-
reft of what few libraries existed previous to the con-
flagration, and, with Thomas Hughes and other eminent
men of letters at their head, started a subscription to
supply this loss, which had included the largest reading
In the summer of ,836, i,e ent'e'rcd^he e^Io"^ cA°llection the" '•> the city, that of the Young Men's
i map publisher, and in the s.-de of his goods, travelled Association, embracing eighteen thousand volumes.
hio^and Kentucky. During his travels, he became much Tne founders of the movement made an appeal through-
out England for books ; and authors, societies and
c
in* >r Jr i Co
ty E [; Will, s m-. i Br WY
SOCIAL I'KOdRKSS
4'5
libraries at once contributed something like seven thou-
sand volumes. The British Museum sent a full line of
its publications. The Master of Rolls gave the Chron-
icles and Memorials of Great Britain and the Calendar
of State papers. From the University of Oxford, the
publications of the University 'Press, consisting of two
hundred and fifty elegantly-bound volumes, were re-
ceived. Queen Victoria contributed "The Early Years
of the Prince Consort," with her own autograph to the
same, and many living authors sent copies of their own
works. The inscription on the volume from the Queen
read. " Presented to the City of Chicago towards the
formation of a public library, after the fire of 1871, as
a mark of English sympathy, by Her Majesty, Queen
Victoria." When these contributions were received in
Chicago, the library was at once organized.
Application was made to the State for a public library
act, the library to be established by the city and supported
by taxation, and the measure passed the Legislature on
March 7, 1872. The books received were stored in the
iron tank around which was built the temporary City
Hall, at the corner of I.aSalle and Adams streets, and
later a librarian was appointed, who entered upon his
his duties on January i, 1874. Meantime, generous do-
nations of books had been made by citizens, by relatives
of dead authors, among them those of Lord Macaulay
and Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, and by the commissioner of
English patents.
The library was supported wholly by public taxation,
the State allowing a tax of one-fifth of a mill on the
dollar valuation, which was laid for the express purpose
of the maintenance and extension of the library. Under
the direction of the librarian, its operations became
thoroughly systematized, and proved a vast benefit to
the community. By 1885, there were 111,621 volumes
in the library, and the expenses aggregated $54,330.72,
with $121,380.24 of the fund of 1877, 1878, 1879, 1884
and 1885 to the credit of the library. With the circu-
lating department open for the delivery of books three
hundred and five days during the year, 519,691 volumes
had been taken out for home use, — a daily average circu-
lation of 1,704; §3,088 had been received for fines; and
65,271 volumes had been issued through the six branch
stations established in various portions of the city.
The table given is a summary of library statistics
from 1875 to 1885:
"875-
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Books in Library
Bft,8S«
81.053
20,122
969
S28.410 68
89
tin
1.944
20.710
399. 1 56
1.818
2.539
388
$ 2.648 72
288
80
236.021
135.35.-)
Tilill
* 1,914 94
49.024
10,251
S.OSri
8,198
S10.784 l!i
4t,:l
421
354
0,848
105.747
1.3M)
2,631
1198
$ 2,831 44
285
104
338.7H5
138.931
3lill
< 3.301) 55
5,888
18.288
* 4.35B 57
14.705 21)
51,409
8.898
2 441
MR
•< 2,504 17
1.015
286
282
6.932
398.090
1.801
2.501
732
S 2,710 64
gtt
HI
199,760
127,423
296
S 1.495 '4
8,375
15,790
* 2,993 25
11,972 47
67,984
T.878
li..-)l 1
1.332
S 9,078 Oli
1,801
IHH
419
11 831
35-1.501'
1.11)6
3.3^9
S 1,959 57
210
98
181,052
115,275
280
S 1,277 2x
1K.91K
37.498
•5 2,723 5:)
13274 9U
60,423
4.287
3.010
1.277
5 3,907 24
1,818
210
1.037
9. 1 30
368.428
1.205
2,339
662
5 1,882 7U
228
118
186.588
119,547
290
i 1.635 52
80,414
68891
S 3.9SI 02
13.571 00
67.772
8.440
7.799
H41
S 7.404 52
1.137
Hill
487
9.505
306.751
1.00*
2.176
613
S 1.775 72
221
128
189,536
124,597
297
* 1.705 54
88,105
68.115
* 2.167 111
14,559 00
77.140
11.920
9,814
2.106
S10.843 72
2.502
281
848
10.905
352.801
1.1H1
2.421
62H
$ 2,064 35
241
120
302,796
184,617
688
i 1,677 66
32.3411
97 564
$ 3.364 65
17.688 35
87,272
11,038
9.B91
1.347
$10,052 62
906
297
2,133
10,241
349.977
1,144
2,358
676
S 2,169 18
852
124
366,118
199,471
1,090
i: 1.394 34
38.484
117.074
$ 3,843 32
20,853 92
94.606
9,416
8.065
1.351
$10,814 52
2,082
383
1,442
11,174
376.475
1.259
2,6' 4
637
$ 2,220 26
265
123
543.456
264.649
1.587
$ 2,158 28
42.734
134,408
S 2.814 47
22,486 58
106.3-11
12.972
11.799
1.173
*12,995 SH
1.237
775
604
12609
429 313
1,404
3.317
694
* 2.954 32
284
1-11
603.302
285.422
1.705
* 1,797 72
59,696
175.360
s 3.335 t>:
25.159 48
111.621
6.836
5,692
1.144
$ 6.899 14
698
362
3,201
13.297
519691
1.704
3.730
1.007
9 3,088 00
328
148
623.245
282.613
1 630
$ 1.941 93
52,054
131.778
$ 3.618 02
28.620 77
Unaccounted for
Pamphlets. Accession of ...
Registration of liook J'.oitow-
ers
Circulation of Hooks
Daily Average
Largest issue, one (lav
Smallest Issue, one (lav
Received Tor Fines
Reading Room—
Periodicals on File
Visitors
Periodicals issued
Sunday Headers, average...
Cost of Se rials
Reference Department Visitors
S 1,991 8ll
15,545 Oil
Amount paid for Salaries
duties on January i, 1874, temporary reading-rooms
being occupied at the corner of Wabash Avenue and
Madison Street on March 16. On May i,the library was
opened for circulation, with a list of 17,355 volumes, of
which 13,000 were adapted for general circulation.
Thus it was over two years after the project of the
library was formed before the enterprise was fully de-
veloped.
In the inception of the movement, Joseph Medill,
then mayor of the city, and other prominent citizens,
took an active part; and the committee appointed at
the first meeting, held on January 8, 1872, reported Jan-
uary 20, and drafted a free library law. Its passage
based the operations of the institution on a tax-income,
annually, of nearly $60,000; and Thomas Hoyne, S. S.
Hayes. R. F. Queal, J. W. Sheahan, 1). I, Shorey, Her-
man Raster, Willard Woodard, Klliott Anthony and
Julius Rosenthal, were appointed a board of directors,
on April 8, with Thomas Hoyne as president. The
original reading-room at the City Hall was opened on
January i, 1873, with addresses from Mayor Medill,
President Hoyne and others, and was given in charge
of W. B. Wickersham In October of the same year,
William F. Poole, formerly librarian of the Boston
Athenamm. and then in charge of the Cincinnati Public
Library, was appointed librarian here, and entered upon
WII.UAM FRKPKKICK POOLE, LL.D., librarian of the Chicago
Public Library, is a descendant, in the eighth generation, of John
Poole, who came from Reading, England, with the first settlers of
the Massachusetts Colony, and who resided in Cambridge in 1*132,
and, in 1635, was the leading proprietor in the settlement of the
town of Reading, Mass. The parents of William Frederick were
Ward and Eliza (Wilder) Poole, and he was born in Salem, Mass.,
on December 24, 1821. He received his early education in Danvers
(now Peabody), Mass., leaving school when twelve years old. In
1834, he resided in Keene, N. H., and learned something of the
jeweler's trade. In 1835, his father's family having removed to
a farm in Worcester County, Mass., he worked on the land ; and
then, returning to Danvers, he engaged as clerk in a mercantile
house, and also learned the trade of a tanner. In 1838, he entered
Leicester Academy, where he fitted for college, teaching in a dis-
trict school one winter, and, later, was employed as an assistant
teacher in the Academy. In 1842, he entered Vale College, and at
the end of his freshman year was obliged, for financial reasons, to
give up his studies temporarily. During the three years following,
he was engaged in teaching and other employment. He then returned
to Yale College, entered the sophomore class, and graduated in
1849. During the last term of his sophomore year, he was appointed
assistant librarian of the society of Brothers in Unfty, which had a
library of ten thousand volumes. While occupying this position.
lie developed a taste for library administration, which has since
been his life-work. His first step in this direction was to prepare,
(luring his junior year, an index to the bound sets of periodicals in
the library, which proved to be of immense value to the students,
and was published by llmrge P. Putnam, in New York, in 1848,
with the tille " Index to Periodicals to which no Indexes have been
published," 154 pages, octavo. During his senior year (1848-49).
he was the librarian of the Society. The edition of the " Index"
416
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
Iwing soon exhausted, the author immediately began tin- prepara-
tion of a larger anil mmr exhaustive work mi tin- same general plan,
under the title " Imlc\ in !Vi iodical Literature, ' 521 pa^e--, IM[,I\M;
it was published at New \'ork I'itv in iS5;i.' In iSvj, a third
edition of this work \vas isMicd, in which the rcfcicnces were brought
down to January of that year. It made a royal octavo volume of
i (in) pi;ys, and is regarded liy him as the crowning work of his lit-
crarv lite. In 1^51. lu- became assistant librarian "I the lloston
. \thcn.cum, antl in the folio\\ in^ \e.n libraiian of the lloston Mer-
eantile Library. lie remained there for four years, and during
that time prepared and printed a catalogue of the Library. In May,
[856, lu- received the appointment of librarian of the lioston Atlie-
:i- I !u- Athen.enm Library was then the largest library in llos-
lon. He eontinned in this position for thirteen consecutive years.
He then engaged in the vocation of library-expert, for the organi-
/ationanil management of libraries. Din-inn Is'"). he organi/cd the
lirowii Library, at \\ atcrbury, ( onn. ; re-arranged and catalogued
the Naval Academy Lihraiy, at Annapolis, Md. ; selected and pur-
chased the bonks, and was the general adviser in the management
of the Newton and F.asthainptou (Mass.) public libraries and the
Athcnanim Library of St. fohnsbury. N't. In the autumn of the
. lie was invited, as an expert, to organize and take charge
of the Cincinnati Public Library, with which he continued for four
years. In October, 1*73, he was elected librarian of the Chicago
Public Library, and entered upon his duties ou the first day of Jan-
nary, IS7-I. Mis -.erviccs as a library -expert have been constantly
in demand in the organi/.atioii of libraries and the construction of
library buildings in all parts of the country, llesides those of
which he has been the librarian, he has organi/ed eight or ten other
libraries, selecting and buying the books, cataloguing them by the
aid of trained as-jsiants. and arranging all the details of adminis-
tration, without, in more than half the instances, ever visiting the
localities. His paper on "The Organization and Management of
Public Libraries," in the United States Hure.au of Ldncation's
"Report on Public Libraries." \A-(>, is the standard authority cm
the subject. His numerous papers on "l.ilirary Construction."
printed bv the I'.ureau of Kdncation in the Library Journal and the
American Architect, and in separate forms, are accepted as the
highest authority in the last edition of the Encyclopedia Brittanica.
The Library Journal, for September, 1885, has a paper by him on
" Small Library Huildings," in which is given a list of his earlier
papers on the subject. Dr. Poole is now the president of the
American Library Association, the membership being the principal
librarians of the country. For thirty years he has been a constant
writer, and, outside of the topics relating to his own profession, his
writings have been chiefly in the direction of American history and
historical criticism. In 1874-75, he edited, in Chicago, a literary
monthly called The Owl ; and since the starting of The Dial, in
1880, he has been a constant contributor, chiefly in historical criti-
cisms. He received the degree of I, L.I), from the Northwestern
University in 1882. He is a member of the American Antiquarian
Society, the American Historical Association, and the Essex Insti-
tute, and corresponding member of the Historical Societies of
Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Wisconsin,
and of several other States. Dr. Poole was married on November
22, 1854, to Miss Fanny M. (lleason, daughter of Dr. Kz[a \V.
i.lc.ison, of Boston, and of seven children, four are living — Alice
(wife of 7.. S. Holbrook, of Chicago), Anne (wife of C. Clarence
Poole, of Chicago), Mary, and William Frederick, Jr.
UNION CATHOLIC LIBRARY ASSOCIATION.
This society was organized in 1868, through the
efforts of a number of public-spirited Catholics of the
city. Those chiefly prominent in the work were Roger
.1. Brass, Albert H. Van Buren, William J. Onahan,
Thomas A. Moran, William A. Amberg, J. H. O'Brien,
M. I. Dunne, Thomas Brennan, William H. Naulty,
M ichael Keeley, C. J. Santer, Edward E. Ryan and lames
jin. The objects of the association were to found
'tholic public library and reading-room, to provide
lectures on subjects of general Catholic interest, and
rally tff unite representative Catholics in a central
society for the promotion of common welfare. The first
meeting was held in the Academy of the Christian
Brothers, on Van IJtiren Street. An organization was
promptly effected, a charter obtained, and the Library
Ass' pened in rooms in the Oriental Building,
LaSalle Street. Roger J. Brass was chosen president,
and William II. Naulty secretary. The first hoard of
directors embraced most of those named above. Several
successful lectures were given in the first season,
and the so< icty entered upon a career of usefulness
which iias been kept up without intermission to the
present time.
All the possessions of the library perished in the great
fire, and the work had to be commenced over again.
The association foil nil shelter in the school -room attached
to St. Patrick's Church, and the nucleus of a new collec-
tion of books was soon gathered. The presidents of the
association succeeding Mr. Brass, were Thomas A. Mo-
ran, William A. Amberg. William H. Cotiden, William |.
Onahan :two terms, Washington Ilcsing, Patrick J.
Towle, Hugh J. Maguire, John Gaynor and Thomas S.
( 'ascy. At the time of the fire the library occupied rooms
in the Kent Building, Monroe Street. The first perma-
nent quarters following the fire were in the Pike Build-
ing, corner of State and Monroe streets, and later a change
was made to the fine hall in the Ilonore Building, Dear-
born Street. The latest move, in May, i 885, was to rooms
on LaSalle Street, adjoining the old Board of Trade,
which are now occupied for the purposes of the library.
Meetings of the association are held quarterly, and
sociables and other entertainments are given from time
to time. The membership list embraces some five hun-
dred names, including most of the leading Catholics of
the city. The association has the approbation of His
Grace the Catholic Archbishop, and commands the
friendly support of the principal Catholic pastors. The
collection of books numbers nearly three thousand vol-
umes, and the leading magazines and journals of Europe
and the United States are to be found on the tables.
CHICAGO ATHEN/EUM.
The Chicago Athenaeum, one of the most practical of
the many beneficent institutions in this city, was the
direct outcome of a disaster which awakened many
noble impulses of a lasting benefit to Chicago. On Octo-
ber 17, 1871, but a few days after the great fire, a pub-
lic meeting was held of those who had become interested
in this movement, through the efforts of Rev. C. W.
Wendte, of this city, and William H. Baldwin, president
of the Young Men's Christian Union of Boston. The
meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. Robert Coll-
yer, Rev. Robert Laird Collier was made chairman, and
J. K. Gould secretary. The organization of the Young
Men's Christian Union of Chicago was effected at this
meeting, with David A. Gage as president; Charles Hall,
vice-president; Rev. C. W. Wendte, corresponding sec-
retary; John H. Roberts, recording secretary; and W.
F, Coolbaugh, treasurer. The first board of directors
consisted of George M. Pullman, Rev. L. F. Chamber-
lain, L. L. Cobtirn, Samuel Collier, George W. Mont-
gomery and William Stanton.
Having been organized in the midst of wide-spread
desolation ami' suffering, one of the main features of the
work was, for this reason, philanthropic. The report
of Rev. C. W. Wendte on May 14, 1872, showed that,
through the new society, had been distributed, from the
Christian Union of Boston, seven hundred and fifty cases
of merchandise valued at $150,000; through the Rev.
Robert Collyer, from friends in England, one hundred
cases of merchandise; and one hundred and fifty cases
of merchandise from all other sources; affording relief
to nearly ten thousand people.
On May 8, 1874, the name was changed, by a unan-
imous vote of the society, to the Chicago Athenieum.
The plan followed at first was largely modeled on the
workings of the Boston Union. At that period the
association was unable, through lack of the requisite
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
4'7
means, to extend the educational features which are now
the chief work of the institution. For the first three years
the society was maintained almost entirely by the con-
tributions of enterprising citizens, the only other source
of income being the small membership fee of one dollar.
In 1874 it inaugurated in addition to its reading-rooms
and like privileges, evening classes in German, French,
bookkeeping, vocal music, etc., for instruction in which
a moderate fee was charged. The success of this plan
was almost immediate, and to these classes others have
been added, till the school now presents a complete cur-
riculum of all the useful educational branches, in which
instruction is given at very moderate rates. The re-
port of the superintendent, Edward I. Galvin, for the
current year, states that nearly a thousand pupils have
received instruction during the year, who come not only
from this city and its suburbs, but from other parts of
the State, as well as from adjoining States.
The first rooms of the association were opened in
May, 1872, at No. 758 Michigan Avenue. It was then
removed to No. 114 Madison Street, and afterward to
more ample quarters, at Nos. 63 and 65 Washington
Street. In the spring of 1878, the Athenaeum removed
to the new building, at Nos. 48 to 54 Dearborn Street,
which had been erected for its special accommodation.
This building, ninety by eighty feet, with its neat front
of pressed brick, ornamented with brown stone facings
and trimmings, is four stories high. The second, third
and fourth stories are occupied by the Athenasum, the
second being used as the reading-room and library, in
addition to which there are on this floor eight well-
appointed rooms for separate class instruction. The
third and fourth stories are thrown into one hall and
devoted to a spacious gymnasium, twenty-six feet high,
well lighted, and ventilated. The. gymnasium has a full
equipment of apparatus and six bath-rooms. Yearly
athletic tournaments are held, and much interest is man-
ifested in this department of the Athenaeum's work.
The present corps of teachers number seventeen.
Five languages, including the classics, are taught by
special professors. Besides the common branches, there
are separate instructors in drawing, music (vocal and
instrumental), elocution, English literature, shorthand,
gymnastics and sparring.
The annual membership, entitling to privileges of
reading-room, etc., is one dollar, a contributing member-
ship, adding the use of the gymnasium, costs ten dollars,
life memberships one hundred dollars. The govern-
ment is vested in the usual officers and a board of
twelve directors elected for one, two and three years.
George M. Pullman was president from 1872 to 1874, and
George N. Carpenter, secretary; Hon. Henry Booth was president
from 187410 1881, and Ferd. \V. Peck, secretary; Byron P. Moul-
ton, now president, was elected in 1881, with John Wilkinson,
secretary and treasurer. Other officers are — Ferd. W. Peck, first
vice-president; John J. Glessner, second vice-president; Edward I.
Galvin, superintendent; Joseph Silvers, assistant superintendent;
with the following board of directors: Henry Booth, A. A. Carpen-
ter, Eugene Cary, C. L. Hutchinson, William R. Page, William
T. Baker, A. C. Bartlett, J. J. P. Odell, O. S. A. Sprague, R. T.
Crane, Louis Wampold, Byron L. Smith. Charles R. Barrett is
the principal of the Busjness and Shorthand School.
The Chicago Mechanics' Institute, organized in
1843, whose library and records were all destroyed in
the great fire, has since united its interests with those
of the Athenaeum, and a large number of pupils have
yearly received free instruction under the provisions
of its organization. A very large part of the success of
the present Athen?eum is due to the efforts of the
Superintendent, Edward I. Galvin; and it is a widely
prevailing sentiment that this Institution, which has
27
labored so faithfully for the public good during the
past fourteen years, is worthy of a permanent, spacious
and well-equipped building, that would do honor to the
enterprise and generosity of Chicago.
RKV. EDWARD I. GALVIN, superintendent of the Chicago
Athemeum, a Unitarian divine, is the son of Thomas P. and Mar-
tha A. Galvin, of Germantown, Penn., and was born in Calais,
Maine, on April 3, 1838. After receiving his elementary education
in New England, he finished his academical studies in Philadel-
phia, and spent one year in a special classical course under the
guidance of the late Dr. Leonard Tafel. Having determined upon
the ministry as his work, he entered the theological department of
Harvard College, from which he graduated and was ordained in
1863. He was called to his first charge in Brookfield, Mass., and
was afterward settled in Peabody and Brighton District, Boston.
In 1864, he entered the army and was appointed lieutenant and act-
ing chaplain of the 42d Massachusetts Infantry, and continued
with his command until mustered out at the end of that year. In
1876, he went to Portland, Oregon, as temporary supply for Rev.
T. L. Eliot, son of the well-known Rev. William G. Eliot, D.D.,
of St. Louis, and subsequently was active in missionary work in
Washington Territory. He continued in the Northwest until 1879,
when he came to Chicago, and during the succeeding two years
served as pastor of the West Side Unitarian Church, which, under
his leadership, was freed from a long standing debt. Upon being
unanimously elected to his present position as superintendent of the
Chicago Athenftum, in December, iSSi.he accepted the honor and
has since devoted his entire energy and attention to the advance-
ment of the interests of that excellent institution. His education,
and the ennobling experience of twenty years in the pulpit, eminently
fit him for the responsibility of directing the varied affairs of the
Athenaeum, which, from its organization, has ever been wholly free
from a sectarian spirit, and, through his influence and control, this
institution has made marked progress, having not only been freed
from debt, but having laid the foundation of a permanent fund,
added a thousand volumes of choice literature to its library, and
opened the way to still greater prosperity. Mr. Galvin was married
to Miss Annie M. Stambach, of Philadelphia, on June 29, 1865.
Mrs. Galvin died in South Carolina in the spring of 1872, leaving
one child, Carroll I)., a namesake of the eminent physician, the late
Dr. Dunham, of New York. His present wife was Miss Mary E.
Mack, formerly of St. Louis, to whom he was married, in Portland,
Oregon, on July 2, 1879.
YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
The Young Men's Christian Association, for the sec-
ond time, suffered the loss of its building by fire, October
9, 1871. The lecture-room of the First Baptist church,
on the corner of Wabash Avenue and Hubbard Court,
was secured for the noon-day prayer meeting, and used
until the completion of the First Methodist Episcopal
Church, on the corner of Washington and Clark streets,
where rooms were obtained for all of its meetings; a
business office, No. 97 Randolph Street, having been
previously occupied for the latter purpose.
The third building of the Association was completed
on the lot owned by it, at No. 148 Madison Street, on
November 26, 1874, and, together with Farwell Hall,
cost about $100,000. The Association had incurred a
large debt in the erection of this building, but through
the efforts of D. L. Moody, in 1877, $110,000 was raised
by subscription, and its pecuniary obligations were dis-
charged. In 1882, the building was remodeled and
improved at a cost of $20,000. It now contains a gym-
nasium, literary and class-rooms, reading-room, mem-
bers' parlor, ladies' parlor, social room, lavatory and
library, besides offices and the spacious hall.
The aim of the Association is "to keep young men
from evil, and win them to be Christian gentlemen, in-
dustrious workmen, good citizens, loyal to their homes
and church."
In addition to the religious instruction imparted,
lessons are given in German, vocal music, penmanship,
bookkeeping, phonography and mechanical drawing,
which every member is entitled to receive without any
4i8
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
other charge than the payment of the annual fee of five
dollars He is also entitled to the free use of the mem-
ber's rooms, parlor, social room, library, gymnasium and
bath-rooms.
The labors, usefulness and influence of the Associa-
tion are increasing each year. The membership, which
.lumbered twelve hundred and fifty-eight in 1880, on
January i. 1X85 including three hundred and seventy-
three in the railroad department), had grown to be three
thousand one hundred and ten. Their church prefer-
ences were as follows :
Methodist Episcopal. 445: I'resbytenan, 395; Ro-
man Catholic, 100 ; Independent, 157; Congregational,
396; Maptist, 327; Episcopal, 270; others, and no
choice, (147.
To show the extent and variety of the work of the
Young Men's Christian Association, the following table
is copied from the last report:
Number of devotional services held (including those
in the hall, at the various charitable institutions
in the citv and county, and open-air meetings).. 1,18
9
0
6
6
I
5
General work.
No.of
days.
Totals.
Aver-
age.
Attendance at reading rooms. No. I4> \I-uli-
365
310
310
3'3
313
313
365
1=51,290
67,580
36,270
3,699
15,650
626
5.IIO
98,800
626,080
412
218
"7
71
50
2
M
Kmployment for young men and boys
Young men furnished writing material
Young men referred to boarding houses —
Papers, magazines and bulletins distributed
High, secretary ; Mm V. Farwell, treasurer; N. S. Boughton, E.
(.Keith, E. S. A'lbr,,, C. L. Currier, I!. 1- . Jacobs, S. M. Moore,
Philip Myers, Orrington l.unt, 11. Z. Culver.
WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.
The Woman's Christian's Association of Chicago was
organized on December 5, 1876, and incorporated on
April 12, 1877. The object of the Association is to pro-
mote the moral, religious, intellectual and temporal wel-
fare of women, especially those who are dependent upon
their own exertions for support. Its first work was to
assume, in December, 1876, the entire control of the
employment bureau of the Woman's Aid Association.
A dispensary was established at Farwell Hall, where gos-
pel meetings were conducted. Next, a boarding-house
was opened, on May 22, 1877, at Nos. 1514-16 \\aliash
Avenue, for the accommodation of young women, where
all the comforts and privileges of a Christian home are
afforded, at a very low rate. The boarders are seam-
stresses, teachers, students, clerks and compositors. A
Sunday I'.ible service is maintained and daily family
worship. The work of the Association is principally di-
rected toward these three objects.
The following table, gathered from the annual reports,
shows the operations from the commencement of the
Association:
The work in the railroad department, which is com-
mended by the general managers of many leading
railroad companies, is growing in general favor and im-
portance. Three buildings, or stations, are maintained
for the operations of this branch of the Association, one
at Forty-seventh Street, one at Kinzie and Canal streets,
and one at Stewart Avenue. They are kept up at an
expense of about $8,000 per annum, which is contrib-
uted by the different railroads.
The current expenses of the Association for 1884-85
were $31, 156, the greater portion of which, — $24,000, —
was contributed.
The officers since 1872, have been —
Presidents — T. W. Harvey, 1872-73 ; N. S. Bouton, 1874-75 ;
T. \V. Harvey, 1876-79 ; E. G. Keith, 1879-81 ; J. L. Houghtel-
ing, 1882-83 ;' John V. Kanvell, Jr., 1884-85.
i.irifi— \V. W. Vanarsdale, 1872-78 ; A. T. Hemingway,
1878-85.
Treasurers — S. A. Kean, 1872-77 ; L. J. Gage, 1878-79 ; J.
V. Farwell, Jr., 1880-82; J. L. Whitlock, 1883-85.
The officers and managers for 1885 were—-
John V. Farwell, Jr., president; Cyrus H. McCormick, Jr.,
first vice-president; S. A. Kean, second vice-president; J. L.
\Vhitlock, treasurer; \V. H. Rice, recording secretary; A. T.
Hemingway, corresponding and general secretary; A. G. Cope-
land, assistant general secretary; G. B. Townsend, financial secre-
tary: J. M. 1 1 iti licock, superintendent of employment; C. ('.
Helmick, office secretary; Ok Miller, superintendent of gymna-
sium; Mrs. S. G. Cleveland, city missionary; E. A. McLane,
librarian.
.l/.//w.,vri — John ('. Grant, C. N. Fay, John Benham, E. T.
Blair, C. C. Koiilsaat. ( >sbnrn Sampson, j. L. 1 [oughteling, W.
L. Midler, E. It. Smith. R. \V. Hare. Charles B. Corydon, < ). \V.
Pott
,'J Truslfts — II. E. Sargent president ; George M.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880
!8Si.
1882
1883.
1884.
No. of persons fur-
nished places . . .
No. of dispensary
1,497
900
1,200
1,000
444
1,919
124
2,185
174
2,249
"4
79
600
54
40
No. of persons
250
35°
538
393
299
228
10
No. of admissions to
boarding house
No. of boarders at
end of year
72
30
120
30
135
35
150
3°
200
38
200
36
1 60
34
1 60
40
In 1879, the Association decided to exclude appli-
cations for domestic service, which accounts for the
failing off in the number of places furnished after that
year. The removal of the office of the employment
bureau and dispensary to No. 242 Wabash Avenue, in
1882, and to the boarding-house in 1883, were unfortu-
nate, as the diminished results show, a good location in
a business center being essential to success.
What the Association needs to render its work more
efficient is a home of its own, where its efforts may be
concentrated. This the managers are endeavoring to
secure. A fund has been started for this purpose, which
already amounts to over $30,000, and the hopes of the
Association are in a fair way of being realized.
The annual members number about five hundred ;
life members, one hundred and forty; honorary lile
members, forty. The annual dues amount to $764. The
expenses in 1884 were $1,867, the boarding-house being
nearly self-sustaining.
The dispensary and employment office have been
removed to No. 184 Dearborn Street, where the business
of these bureaus is increasing, and much better results
are promised.
The officers and managers have been as follows:
President— Mrs. E. G. Clark, 1877-78 ; Mrs. Thomas H. Hill,
1879 ; Mrs. Leander Stone. 1881-86. '
S(f>v/,ir!,-s— Mrs. 1'. L. Underwood, 1877; Mrs. C. D. Hamill,
1879-80 ; Mrs. T. M. Eddy, Mrs. I). F. Groves, 1881-82-83 I M»-
E. I!. Sherman, ; Mrs. C. I). Hamill, 1877-85; Mrs. W. \V.
\Vilcox, 1*85-86.
'/'n-nsiin-i-i — Mrs. Chester Warner, 1877 ; Miss Helen Kingsley,
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
419
1879-80; Mrs. J. D. Dezendorf, 1880-84; Miss S. K. Ilurlbut,
1885-86.
Superintendents of Kmplovmait Bureau — Mrs. A. A. Todd,
1877 ; Miss Belle Stobee, 1879-85.
Mi;iical SufcrintfiiJfnt of /)isf,-nsan — Dr. S. F. Baker, 1879 ;
Dr. Odelia Blinn, 1878-85.
Stifi-rin/ciii/i'iits iif lioanling-hoiisc — Mrs. P. W. Frisbie, 1877 ;
Mrs. M. II. Chisholm, 1879-83.
AitJitm—]. M. Urodie, 1878 ; Thomas Hill, 1880 ; A. L. Coe,
1881-86.
Hoant of .Vtiuaft-rs (selected from the different churches) — Mrs.
J. II. Harrows, Mrs. lames Leonard, Mrs. \V. \V. Wilcox, Mrs. C.
K. Gifford, Mrs. C. D. Hamill, Mrs. 1'. A. A very, Mrs. S. J. McPher-
son, Mrs. \Villiani lilair, Mrs. J. G.Colcman, Mrs. H. M. Ralston,
Mrs. Robert Scott, Mrs. |. P. Ketcham, Mrs. John A. Rice, Mrs. C.
II. Whiting, Mrs. J. 1. Eddy, Mrs. James Brodie, Miss S. E. Hurl-
but, Mrs. P. G. Dodge, Mrs. W»W. Fuller, Mrs. John W. Merriman,
Mrs. William Best, 'Mrs. U. Clarke. Mrs. John Duviscm, Mrs. II. P.
Stimson, Mrs. Hadley.Mrs. D. F. Groves, Mrs. George F.Cook, Mrs.
R. E. Ilaskett, Mrs.W. I). Marsh, Mrs. W. W. Vanarsdale, Mrs. L.
II. Carpenter, Mrs. Buckley, Mrs. Lucius C. Platt, Mrs. Walter Fin-
nev, Mrs. T. G. Morris, Mrs. Chester Warner, Mrs. J. R. I (ewey,
Mrs. George Herbert, Mrs. J. M. Baker, Mrs. C. J. Richardson, Mrs.
E. Xickerson, Mrs. II. M. Scudder, Mrs. Samuel Delamater, Mrs.
Henry W. Bliss, Miss Isabel F. Temple, Mrs. J. X. Adams, Mrs. D.
J. True, Mrs. Williams, Mrs. C. A. Stewart, Mrs. C. F. Pierce, Mrs.
"M. M. Scovil, Mrs. M. P. Hatlield, Mrs. Hunter, Mrs. John E. Wil-
son, Mrs. E. Crane Wilson, Mrs. J. Williamson, Mrs. James Garrett,
Mrs. G. B. Drake, Mrs. M. J. Thompson, Miss M. E'. True, Mrs. S.
P>. Vowell, Mrs. John Calkins, Mrs. E. Honsinger, Mrs. M. S. Ma-
ther, Mrs. Hunt, Mrs. Brewster, Mrs. Buck, Mrs. P. S. Ilenson, Mrs.
Leander Stone, Mrs. Francis Earned, Mrs. L. II. Smith, Mrs. C. T.
Boggs, Mrs. W.T. Burgess, Mrs. W. E. Smith, Mrs. S. M. Andrews,
Mrs. A. I . Wise, Mrs. John Spry, Mrs. J. B. Storey, Mrs. A. Vaughn,
Mrs. H. A. Parmelee, "Mrs. F. W. Parker, Mrs. s! V. Shipman, Sirs.
Moses Jones, Mrs. |. M. VanOsdel, Mrs. G. C. Lorimer, Mrs. John
Tyler, Mrs. J. G. Parker, Mrs. W. F. Orcutt, Mrs. H. A. Rust, Mrs.
I.'L. Short, Mrs. Willard Smith, Mrs. C. C. Kohlsaat, Mrs. II. II.
Rice, Mrs. A. II. Tagert, Mrs. H. E. Decatur, Mrs. W. M. Tilden,
Mrs. James Flower, Mrs. E. J. Douglass, Mrs. B. F. Fleetwood,
Mrs. G. H. Harlow, Mrs. A. M. Waierbury, Mrs. F. II. Gardner,
Mrs. S. I). Loring, Mrs. John Ela, Mrs. II. B. Ensworth, Mrs. J.
D. Dezendorf, Mrs. ]. W". Ware, Mrs. C. G. Ilayman, Mrs. E. A.
Hull, Mrs. C. R. Dennett, Mrs. N. R. Stone, Mrs. E. B. Sherman,
Mrs. H. C. Hoyt, Mrs. A. V. Hartwell, Mrs. A. Brownell, Mrs. C. E.
Butters.
ART.
With the growth of Chicago's material interests and
the accumulation of wealth by her citizens, has come
that broadening of artistic tastes which inevitably fol-
lows the possession of means for their gratification.
Her wealthy citizens, from their travels in Europe,
bring back treasures from the studios of France and
Italy; and in their homes and private galleries are now
to be found the works ot the most distinguished artists
in the world. That this is so, is attested by the long
lists of noted painters which appear in the catalogues
of the " loan exhibits " which are given from time to time.
A potent factor in the creation and dissemination of
a desire for the possession of objects of art, and the
growth of an artistic sense in a community, is ever the
Art Association. This generally finds its first expression
in the union of artists for mutual improvement and the
imparting of instruction, together with the exhibition of
their works. Of such a nature was the Academy of
Design, which had attained to a good degree of success
at the time of the fire. It was subsequently re-organ-
ized, and for several years maintained its exhibitions
and instruction with varying success. But associations
of this nature have never furnished to artists the stimu-
lus which comes from a ready market for their higher
productions. Even in the older countries of Europe the
exhibitions of the academies, successful as they were,
failed to induce that demand for the best achievements
of the painter whicli followed the establishment of the
Art Unions. So, an association of patrons of art, who,
by combination, are enabled to purchase a better class
of paintings, becomes an incentive for their production.
These societies result in the creation of schools of art,
and cultivate an artistic taste higher than "that which ex-
ists in the community for the time being. This general
diffusion of culture re-acts upon the individual, who
comes to see in beauty, as exemplified in works of art,
a commercial value of which he had scarcely dreamed,
and he pays ungrudgingly such sums for pictures as he
would earlier have thought preposterous. When this
sentiment possesses a community, the picture is no longer
regarded as a mere adornment of the walls; it becomes
the center around which the home grows, and an artis-
tic unity prevades the dwelling with a sense of luxury
and refinement.
Of such a nature is the Art Institute, which sprang
from the Academy of Design. Its founding was the
inevitable and natural result of that stage of culture
which seeks the gratification of its instincts outside the
restrictions which might be placed upon it by creative
art. As everywhere else, the Institute has here made it
possible for artists to realize better returns for their
work, and has enhanced the appreciation of their
efforts. It has given a positive and strong impetus to
all forms of artistic creation, and its exhibits have served
to reveal the wealth of art treasures owned in Chicago.
At the loan exhibit which marked its opening, the pro-
ductions of not less than one hundred of the best ar-
tists of the age were on its walls, among them being
such noted names as Trayon, Bouguereau, Maurice Le-
loir, Ed. Yon, Rosa Bonheur, Jerome, Vernier, Detaille,
Meissonier, Rico, Van Marcke, Corot, Diaz, Willet, De-
Nittis, Aubert, Outin, Ziem, Michetti, Merle, Schreyer,
Boughton, Kate Greenaway, Bridgman, Shirland, Ved-
der, Meyer von Bremen, David Neale, Witt, Quarterley,
and others equally famous. That such a showing should
be made barely a decade after the accumulated art treas-
ures of years had been swept away in a night, was matter
at once for surprise and congratulation.
Other institutions have existed in Chicago during the
period treated in this volume. In 1880, a number of
young artists organized the Chicago Art League, which
opened rooms on Van Buren Street, and projected an ex-
hibition. In the course of two or three years, the
society diminished in numbers, ceased to hold regular
meetings, and is now practically extinct. In 1881, the
Chicago Art Guild was organized, and for several years
maintained rooms on Wabash Avenue. Its membership
was not confined to artists in the strict sense, and the
organization was largely social in its nature. Other asso-
ciations have been formed from time to time, but those
of any prominence all receive due mention in the pages
following.
There are now nearly four hundred artists in Chicago
who earn a livelihood by their profession, and probably
not less than two thousand students who are earnestly
engaged in making themselves proficient in art. Al-
though there may be few institutions where instructions
are given, there is scarcely an artist who has not a num-
ber of pupils. Many of these teachers, having been
grounded in the principles of their art in Europe, are
abundantly competent to impart the necessary prepara-
tion for foreign study, which is taken advantage of
by those who wish to go abroad to obtain perfection in
their professon.
THE VINCENNF.S GALI.F.KY OF FINE ARTS is located
in one of the most delightful residence districts in Chi-
cago, on Vincennes Avenue, near Aldine Square. It
was established in 1876, by D. Knight Carter, and, in
1880, a syndicate, comprised of Henry Arthur Elkins,
420
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Frank C. Bromley and other artists, was formed for the
purpose of establishing a permanent gallery for the exhi-
bition and sale of oil paintings, and for the further pur-
pose of providing a temporary home for those artists
who happened to be in this city. In 1881, the present
buildings were finished at a cost of $30,000, and since
that time it has been a flourishing institution. The main
gallery is the finest gallery-interior west of New York,
and contains hundreds of valuable paintings, conspicu-
ous among which are Mr. Elkins's masterpiece, " Sierra
Madre," valued at $20,000. "Sunset on the Mediter-
ranean,"by Haubtman, " A Scene in the Bavarian Alps/'
by Schreyer, and scores of others equally artistic, both
foreign and American. Above the doors, at either end
of the room, are groups of imported statuary, and upon
the marble - finished wainscoting are basso-relievos in
l)n. n/.e from Furopern art centers. The walls are cov-
ered with pictures by various artists throughout the
United States, and contributions are continually re-
ceived. Twelve other rooms are devoted to oil paint-
ings, and the storeroom contains nearly five hundred
pictures, each valuable because of intrinsic merit. Mr.
Elkins, the originator of the gallery, was one of the
leading American artists. At the age of nineteen he
painted his first great picture, "Morning in the Valley."
It was exhibited at P. M. A 1 mini's art store on Clark Street,
where it was seen by Ex- Vice-President Colfax, who
purchased it for $500. No other American landscape
painter has thrown upon-canvas such majestic grandeur
of mountain scenery, atmospheric perspective, and such
bold and yet delicate handling of cloud effects. Art
lost a favorite son through the death of Mr. Elkins,
which occurred on July 25, 1884, at Georgetown, Colo.
His works are principally owned by the Vincennes
Gallery.
FRANK C. BROMI.EY, a landscape and marine artist of great
promise, was born at Eureka, near Oshkosh, Wis. , on May 30. I 859.
He received a common school education, most of his hours of recre-
ation being passed in studying nature and transferring his vivid
impressions to paper. Having determined to become an artist, he
bent his endeavors toward that end with that courage and enthusi-
asm which have always been marked traits of his character. His
means were scanty, which only spurred him on the more, and leaving
his native town he came to Chicago and became a pupil of Henry
A. Elkins, the great landscape painter. Spending much of his time
in drawing and in sketching from nature, he turned everything that
he saw into conceptions remarkably original. At length he was
enabled to gather sufficient means to obtain the advantages of Eu-
ropean study and training. Placing himself under the best of in-
structors in 1881, one of his paintings was admitted to the Paris
Salon. At this time he was a pupil of Meissonnier. Since Mr.
Bromley's return from Europe, his studio has been in the American
Express Building, where he has a large class of pupils. His special-
ties in painting are mountain landscape scenery, marine and cattle
painting — embracing both foreign and domestic examples — and his
productions manifest great facility, fancy and taste. His easy and
polished manners, coupled with his energy and ability, have made
him hosts of friends and added to his standing before the public.
Mr. Bromley is the son of Lester R. and Frances H. Bromley,
being a direct descendant of William Bromley, associate engineer
of the Royal Academy, who engraved the Elgin Marbles for the
British Museum. He was married at Washington, on October 30,
1884, to Miss Willimene W. Peckham, of that city.
FRANK RCSSKI.I. GRF.K.N, one of the youngest and most prom-
ising artists in Chicago, was born in this city, on April 16, 1856.
He is the son of Russell and Caroline Green, his father coming to
Chicago in 1^36 and engaging in the lumber business. Mr. Green
died in May, i8So, his wife still surviving him. The son's mind
early showed an artistic propensity, his pencil coming as naturally
to his hand as a top or knife to the fingers of the average boy. In
1873, he commenced to use his brush, going to the Rocky Moun-
tains, with Henry A. Elkins, during the same year. There he im-
bibed the beauties and grandeurs of the superb landscapes of that
region, and transferred his vivid impressions to canvas in several
works of merit. In iSSo, lie went abroad and, after studying in
Paris a short time, returned to Chicago, lie then spent about a
year and a half in Boston and New York City, occupying himself prin-
cipally in illustrating for Harper Brothers, John A Lowell cV Co.,
and other prominent publishing houses. In the fall of 1883, he
returned to Europe, prosecuting his artistic labors in Pans for about
returning to Chicago, he has devoted himself almost exclusively to
painting, in which specialty he takes high rank, his pictures
meeting with a ready sale in many of the art centers of the East.
Mr. Green was marr'ied on May 23, 1877, to Miss Hattie J. Collins,
of Campion, Kane Co., 111.
ACADEMY OF DESIGN. — The academicians of the Chi-
cago Academy of Design came together in 1873, and
re-organized, choosing H. C.Ford as their president.
About a dozen persons were engaged in this enter-
prise, including artists Volk, Spread, Brown, Bigelow,
Schwerdt and Root, who were materially assisted by
Belden F. Culver. J. F. Gookins was the first teacher.
They rented the upper part of Volk's building, corner
of Michigan Avenue and Van Buren Street, and the
Academy was soon in a prosperous condition. Studios
and an art-gallery were fitted up, together with a gen-
eral school-room. Drawing from the antique and
studies from life were taught at evening schools in the
gallery proper.
The Academy was successful for two years, when, in
1875, it removed to Pike's Building, corner Monroe and
State streets. The fifth floor of the building was taken
out, giving the Academy a large gallery some twenty-
five feet high; and it was also provided with a gallery
for oil colors, another for water colors, and a third for
drawing. H. F. Spread became teacher after the Acad-
emy was well under way. The patronage was encour-
aging, and for a year and a half things seemed to go
along smoothly; then dull times came, with business
depression and falling off of pupils, until the institution
was no longer able to pay its heavy rental and meet
other legitimate expenses. A plan was matured by which
a board of twenty-five managing trustees was chosen
from leading merchants. J. H. Dole was appointed
president, Murry Nelson vice-president, J. D. Gage
treasurer, and W. M. R. French secretary.
The affairs of the Academy moved along smoothly
and prosperously for the next year, when disagreements
regarding the art conduct of the school arising between
the board and the academicians, the trustees withdrew
from the Academy, and then the creditors foreclosed their
mortgage liens, entered judgment and took out execu-
tions, and the paraphernalia, accessories and material
were sold by the sheriff. Discouraged, but not entirely
disheartened, the Academy started on a smaller scale,
hiring a room on the third floor of the American Ex-
press Company's building, on Monroe Street, where their
schools were re-established and studios opened, but no
public exhibition of pictures was attempted.
J. C. Cochrane was president of the Academy in
1881-82, and Enoch Root occupied that office in
1883-84. Not making satisfactory progress, it was de-
cided to discontinue its schools. The academicians,
who are some sixty in number, keep up their organiza-
tion, and at the annual election in November, 1884,
chose the following officers for the ensuing year: Presi-
dent, D. F. Bigelow; Vice- President, Frank M. Pebbles;
Secretary, John Stauffer; Treasurer, J. J. G. Burgheffer;
Council, A. J. Pickering, J. R. Sloan, H. C. Schwerdt,
Leonard W. Voik, James F. Gookins, J. E. Verbeck.
The members propose an early re-organization and a
resumption of active operations, and feel sanguine that
the Chicago Academy of Design will, at no distant date,
attain to more than its former prestige.
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
421
C. F. SCIIWERDT, portrait painter, one of the oldest and most
prosperous artists of Chicago, was born in Ilesse-Cassel, Germany,
on October 18, 1836. His father was a physician, and young
Schwerdt received a good preliminary education in the schools of his
native place, also pursuing hisart studies there. In 1852, his father
being dead, he moved to Cleveland, Ohio, with his mother, one of
his uncles having previously located in that city. Mr. Schwerdt
continued his studies in the line of portrait-painting, receiving in-
struction, among others, at the hand of Julius (iolman. He re-
mained in Cleveland seventeen years, painting the portraits of many
leading citizens, among others those of Judge E. Hessenmueller and
family. Coming to Chicago in 1869, he opened a studio, imme-
diately connecting himself with the Chicago Academy of Design, of
which he is still a member. Afterward removing to the Cr»shy
Opera House, he was burned out in the great tire. Since that time
his career has been one of prosperity, and he has painted portraits of
Joseph Medill, Samuel S. Hayes, Judge Tuley, Charles H. Reed,
Andrew Shuman, H. A. Cohn, Hermann Raster, George Schneider,
Henry B. Bryant, Charles Kern, Conrad Seipp and John H.
Mi-.Vvoy. He has also painted a number of well known Milwaukee
citizens. Mr. Sclnverdt was also one of the originators of the Chi-
cago Art Club, of which he is still a member. He was married in
1862, at Cleveland, to Miss Sophia Gebhard. They have tw'o chil-
dren,— Jessie, who is cultivating her musical talent in New York
City; and Julius, who is attending school in Chicago.
THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO. — Upon the appli-
cation of Marshall Field, Murry Nelson. Charles I).
Hamill, Fercl. VV. Peck and George E. Adams, a certifi-
cate of incorporation was issued on May 24, 1879, by
the Secretary of State of Illinois, under which the Chi-
cago Academy of Fine Arts was established ; the name be-
ingafterward changed, on December 21, 1882, to The Art
Institute of Chicago. The objects of the incorporation
were declared to be "the founding and maintaining of
schools of art and design, the promotion and exhibition
of collections of objects of art, and the cultivation and
extension of the arts of design by any appropriate
means." The Institute succeeded to the pictures and
material of the Academy of Design, which had been
bought in at the sheriff's sale.
The trustees proposed to establish a museum and a
school of art, embracing within their scope painting,
sculpture, architectural decoration and art in its techni-
cal applications. The governing powers of the institu-
tion are vested in a board of twenty-one trustees, elected
by a body of governing members, who are chosen by
ballot and pay a fee of one hundred dollars. The trus-
tees choose an executive committee, consisting of a
president, vice-president and five other members. Hon-
orary members may be chosen from among persons
who have rendered eminent services to the institution,
or who have meritorious claim to the rank of patrons of
art. The first president of the Art Institute was George
Armour, E. W. Blatchford being vice-president. The
second president was Levi Z. Leiter, with Charles I,.
Hutchinson for vice-president. The latter was elected
the third president, in June, 1882, and is the present
executive officer.
From its incipiency the Art Institute maintained a
vigorous and healthy art school, and held occasional
receptions and exhibitions in Pike's Building, at the
southwest corner of State and Monroe streets, under
the management of the secretary, W. M. R. French.
In 1882-83, the Institute purchased the property at the
corner of Michigan Avenue and Van Tiuren Street. On
a part of the lot was soon afterward erected, at a cost of
$22,000, the building now occupied by the association,
the larger building on the front of the lot being partly
rented. The new galleries were formally opened to the
public by a popular reception given on January 13,
1884, when a fine loan collection of paintings, gathered
entirely from private galleries in Chicago, was exhibited.
In 1882, N. H. Carpenter was elected secretary, and
still holds that office. A series of exhibitions was held in
the galleries on Van Buren Street during years 1883-85.
The foundation of a permanent collection was laid by
the acquisition, through purchase or gift, of pictures
and casts of antique sculpture. At this time the school
numbered about two hundred students, and the property
of the Institute was valued at about $80,000.
During the summer of 1885, under the lead of C. L.
Hutchinson, the president, provision was made for the
purchase of additional land south of the Institute, and
also for the erection of a large museum building, front-
ing on Michigan Avenue, to cost $80,000. One-half
this sum was donated, in sums of $1,000 each, while the
remainder was raised by the issue of bonds. The build-
ing will be in the Romanesque style, and will have a
frontage of eighty-four feet, the walls being of two
colors of brown stone, four stories high. There will be
galleries for collections, class-rooms, school-rooms, and
every appointment of a first-class Art Institute. The
third and fourth stories, as soon as finished, will be
occupied by the Chicago Literary Club, the Fortnightly
Club, and the Women's Club. It is expected that the
new building will be completed in the summer of 1886.
The art school already takes rank among the best
institutions of its class in the country. It numbers
about two hundred and thirty students, has ten teachers,
and includes instruction in drawing from the antique,
drawing and painting from the human figure, still-life
painting, composition, artistic anatomy, modeling, per-
spective, and ornamental designing, with occasional
lectures upon other subjects. There are, besides, large
evening and Saturday classes, designed especially for
the accommodation of teachers and pupils of the public
schools. The following are the officers :
C. L. Hutchinson, president ; Edson Keith, vice-president ;
L. J. Gage, treasurer ; N. H. Carpenter, secretary; W. M. R.
French, director of school and galleries. Exctutivt Committee :
C. L. Hutchinson, Edson Keith, J. H. Dole, Joseph M. Rogers
C. D. Hamill, W. F. Blair, \V. T. Baker. Trustees: C. L.
Hutchinson, D. W. Irwin, E. W. Blatchford, W. F. Blair, Joseph
M. Rogers, W. T. Baker, N. K. Fairbank, O. S. A. Sprague,
George N. Culver, H. N. Hibbard, Albert Hayden, C. D. Hamill,
George K. Adams, S. M. Nickerson, L. Z. Leiter, Edson Keith|
Marshall Field, Lambert Tree, Henry Field, J. H. Dole and John
C. Black.
A. J. Rupert, a. professor of the Art Institute and instructor of
the life classes, was born at Fort Plain, N. Y., on August 19, 1854.
He came to Chicago at the age of eighteen, and commenced his
career as a fresco painter with Almini. Mr. Rupert also studied in
the Academy of Design, and in 1876 went to Munich, where for four
years he was a student of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. He
then travelled extensively throughout Europe, visiting the chief points
of interest in England, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and
Italy, and returning in 1881. Mr. Rupert has always made a spe-
cialty of figure-painting and working from life. Besides being a
leading member of the Art Institute, he is also connected with the
Western Art Association and is, all in all, considered as among the
most promising of the younger artists in Chicago.
/. H. I'anderpoel, one of the instructors in the Art Institute in
drawing from the antique, was born in Holland in 1857. At the
age of eleven years he came to Chicago with his parents, and was
educated in the public schools of this city. Mr. Vanderpoel received
his first instruction as a portrait artist from James F. Gookins and H.
F. Spread, and soon after the organization of the Chicago Art Insti-
tute, he was appointed to his present position. He is considered as
among the rising artists of the city, his special line of work being
figure-painting and portraits. During 1886 it is his intention to
take a European tour for study, remaining some time in Munich,
Paris and Holland, and then make Chicago his permanent place of
residence.
EXPOSITION ART-HALL. — In September, 1872, the
Inter-State Industrial Exposition of Chicago opened an
Art- Hall in the Exposition Building on the Lake Front,
which continued from the first week of that month un-
til the third week of the following month. In this hall,
which contains six art galleries, were exhibited a credit-
able collection of oil and water-color paintings, engrav-
422
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ings, statuary, and bronzes, under tin- management of an
art committee. This exhibit has been continued annually,
down to the present time, in connection with the State
exhibition, anil has uniformly been attended with success,
gaining in interest and importance with each succeeding
year. It is properly a loan exhibit, embracing not only
works of art executed by Chicago painters and fine
pictures borrowed from many of our citizens, but also, in
some cases, almost entire collections from galleries in
IiONtiin, New York, Philadelphia and other cities.
In 1882. the art exhibition was given under the di-
rection of the committee, James H. Dole, Laurence C.
Marie and Henry F. Spread, Miss Sarah '["'. Hollowell
being then, as well as for a number of years previously,
the secretary. The marked feature of the exhibit was a
collection of prints loaned by James L. Claghorn, of
Philadelphia, forming a sort of chronological catalogue
of works of art from the year 1420 down to contempor-
aneous times. For variety, rarity, and excellence of
impression, this lias never been equaled in this country,
the exhibit including examples of many of the best en-
gravers of the different schools. The collection em-
braced three hundred and one representations. Other
departments of the exhibit that year consisted of two
hundred and ninety-seven oil paintings, one hundred
and twenty-six water colors; and the casts of marble
and bronze statuary and architectural fragments, which
arc owned by the management, and are never removed
from the room of the art department. Thirty-nine Chi-
cago artists exhibited sixty-four pictures.
For the 1883 exhibition, commencing on September
5 and continuing to October 20, the art committee was
James H. Dole, Charles L. Hutchinson, Watson F.
Blair, Charles D. Hamill and Harry D. Spears, Miss
Hollowell continuing as secretary. The associated art-
ists of New York made a special exhibit of embroidery,
painting, and arrangement of color in art fabrics; and
there were hung in the galleries three hundred and fifty-
seven oil paintings and one hundred and forty-four
water-color pictures. The characterizing feature, how-
ever, was the exhibition of twenty-two paintings from
the Paris Salon of 1882-83, embracing works by F. A.
Bridgman, George W. Chambers, Charles N. Davis,
Sarah Paxton, Ball Dobson, Ruger Donohoe, Clifford
P. Grayson, William H. Howe, Alexander Harrison,
Charles E. Moss, Frank Moss, Henry Mosler, F C Pen-
fold, F. D. Williams and L. L. Williams.
In 1884, the art committee was James H. Dole,
Charles L. Hutchinson and Henry Field, with Miss Hol-
lowell as secretary. The exhibition opened on Septem-
ber 3 and closed October 18. Sixteen pictures from the
Paris Salon were exhibited, from the pencils of Bridg-
man, Dobson, Donohoe, Grayson, Alexander Harrison,
Penfold, Walter F. Brown, Walter Blackman, F. M.
Boggs, William M. Chase, George W. Chambers, Wal-
ter (Jay, Birge Harrison and William T. Richards. The
Society of American Artists (of which Abbott H. Thayer
was president, with eighty-two members; exhibited sev-
enty-four paintings. The total exhibit was three hun-
dred and seventy-four oil and one hundred and eight
water-color paintings, including sixty-five painted by
forty-one Chicago artists, ten from a Chicago sales-gallery
and forty-six loaned from the private galleries of the city.
The 1885 exhibition opened on September 2 and
closed on October 17. The art committee was James H.
Dole, Charles L. Hutchinson, Henry Field and Walter
C. Larned, with Miss Hollowell as secretary. The cat-
alogue embraced two hundred and thirty-five oil and
one hundred and three water-color paintings. Nine
pictures were from the Paris Salon. Thirty-six Chicago
artists placed on exhibition sixty-eight paintings. The
lioston Oil Club loaned five pictures; the Massachu-
setts Charitable Mechanic Association, seven ; the Amer-
ican Art Association of New York, three ; thirteen were
from private galleries in Chicago ; and the remainder
mostly from sales-galleries in Boston and New York.
Ninety-one local artists have had their pictures hung
in the annual exhibitions. They are :
Mrs. K. I,. S. Adams, Peter Baumgras, Mrs. P. Baumgras,
Miss Lizzie Baxter, A. D. Beecher, D. F. Bigelow, Mrs. F. N.
Bond, Miss Byrd Bryan, Frank C. Bromley, A. F. Brooks, Paul
Brown, J. J. G. Burghoffer, A. Chatairo, George E. Colby, Mrs.
E. P. Cobb, Mrs. George D. Cobb, Mrs. M. A. Davenport, Miss
V. E. Day, Miss Minnie K. Day, J. H. Drury, Miss Lucy Durban,
L. C. Earle, W. K. Eaton, Oscar Eschke, Miss Gertrude Esta-
brooks, Miss Rose Kay, Miss Emma B. Kennimore, E. L. Field,
George H. Gay, Mrs. Alice T. Gardin, Mrs. Edwin L. Gillette,
Miss Lillian L. Gardanier, D. D. Grover, Dennett Grover, Cyre-
nius Hall, E. R. Harrington, N. P. Harrison, H. W. Hayden,
Miss Mary E. Harrison, C. M. Hills, Miss Ellen A. Holmes Mrs.
H. V. Holmes, Miss Annie W. Jones, A. W. Kenney, Mrs. M. A.
Kennicott, Miss Ada Kennicott, Henry Koch, Miss Marie Koupal,
Miss E. W. Larrabee, X. Ledochowski, Mrs. Henry \V. Leman,
Miss A. IJyford Leonard, Mrs. M. Koupal-Lusk, Miss J. M. Meech,
Frida McKersch, Miss Anna R. Morey, Frank Moulton, Mrs. I. E.
S. Xoyes, Richard I'auli, H. C. Payne, Arthur J. Pickering, George
.W. Platt, Mrs. M. McD. Pullman', Mrs. R. B. Preussner, Miss C.
E. Powers, C. P. Ream, 11. M. Rosenberg, A. J. Rupert, Alexan-
der Schilling, William Schmedtgen, Miss Elizabeth L. Shackford,
Miss Annie C. Shaw, Mrs. S. Van D. Shaw, Miss Mary Shedd,
Jennie R. Sloan, (Jean Smith, Henry F. Spread, Albert E. Sterner!
Rev. Morton Stone, Lee Sturges, Miss Lizzie H. Switzer, Mrs. O.
G. Ventres, Miss Carrie D. Wade, Alexander Watts, E. E. Wil-
kinson, Mrs. Madalena Winn, Mrs. M. A. Wright and H. II.
Zearing.
M. H. HOLMES, most favorably known in art circles, was born
at Philadelphia, on December 24, 1836. He is the son of T. W.
and Martha (Hayes) Holmes, both artists of standing, his father
being the oldest teacher in drawing and painting now living in the
country. From him the son inherited many of his characteristic talents
and also received from him a most thorough training in those lines
of which he is now a master himself. In 1855, Mr. Holmes re-
moved to Minnesota, engaging in various pursuits, but devoting his
best energies to art. Upon the breaking out of the War, he joined
the service, and remained in it until 1866. During the same year
he actively resumed his profession and, removing to St. Louis, soon
became well-known as one of the most efficient instructors in the
State. He introduced drawing and painting into the Washington
University, in that city, and taught also in many of its leading institu-
tions. When he left St. Louis in iS6S, he carried with him the most
flattering indorsements from W. G. Eliot and W. Chauvenet, re-
spectively the president and chancellor of the University, as well as
from others who were intimately acquainted with him and his
methods of instruction. In 1867, Professor Holmes located at St.
Paul. During his residence there he was connected with Hamline
University and founded the Academy of Fine Arts. Professor
Holmes came to this city in 1868, and continued to labor earnestly
in his profession, being connected with the University of Chicago, in
his capacity as master of drawing, for nine years. He also tilled
a like position at the Northwestern University, Evansfon, and has
been accorded the highest testimonials from J. C. Burroughs,
chancellor of the University of Chicago, and Lemuel Moss, its
president; C. 11. Fowler, president of the Northwestern University;
P. X. Haskell, superintendent of schools, Hyde Park (Professor
Holmes having been instructor of drawing in the town schools
for five years); and S. S. Xorton, president of the Mount Vernon
Military Academy. Washington Heights, Cook County. In 1875,
Professor Holmes established the Chicago School of Art, which is
now flourishing under his direction. Professor Holmes is the
author of Ilolmes's Drawing Books, published by Harper Bros.,
and they have received the highest testimonials by the profession
and the press as being the best series ever published. He has
recently prepared a new and more advanced series, which is now
ready for publication.
CADURCJS PI.XXTACKNKT REAM was born at Lancaster, Ohio,
on May 8, 1838, at which place, until he was twenty years of age,
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
423
he attended school. At the age of ten he began to develop a taste
for drawing, taking fruit for his subjects, in which, in later years,
he has become famous as an artist painting fruit subjects in oil.
In the entire technique of representative qualities and modes of
execution, his pieces are wonderfully realistic and tantalizing to
even the most fastidious appetite of the lover of good things. The
beautiful and iridescent hues of the vases, the crystalline qualities of
the goblets, the bijouterie adornments of his tables, with the reflec-
tion in their polished surface, are fitting accessories. Mr. Ream
has travelled all over this country, has visited all the principal
galleries of Kurope, and last year was at the National Exhibition in
Berlin, < lermany. Among the wealthy lovers of art in the principal
cities of this country and of Europe, his paintings are well known
and have been sold. For two years, he occupied a studio at No. 46
East Fourteenth Street, New York City. lie came to Chicago in
1878, and opened a studio with Judge Freer on Clark Street, then
at the Equitable Building, on Dearborn and Washington streets,
whence he moved to his present location. In May, 1882, he
married Miss Marie Gatzemeyer, of Hanover, Germany; they have
one son, Cadurcis Plantagenet, Jr.
JOHN ANHKKSON, portrait and figure painter, was born at Cin-
cinnati, on March 27, 1856. The next year, his father removed to
Keokuk, Iowa, where Mr. Anderson spent his early years. He be-
gan to seriously study his profession in 1870, John Hagney, of
Newark, N. J., being his first instructor. He afterward pursued
his studies under John Mulvaney, of Iowa, and subsequently of this
city. In 1874, he took a course in Keokuk, tinder George Upp.
In 1875, he went to Cincinnati and entered the School of Design
under 1'. S. Noble. In 1877, he went to Europe, and studied a
short time under 1'rofessors Harth and Wagner, of the Royal Acad-
emy of Fine Arts at Munich. In the fall of 1879, m company with
other students of the Duvenic School, he spent a season in visiting
Florence, Rome, Venice, Naples, Genoa and other points of artis-
tic interest in Italy, his headquarters being at Florence. He after-
ward travelled through portions of Spain, France and England, and
then returned to his home in Iowa, where he opened a studio in
Keokuk, and remained two years, and in the fall of 1883 took a
position in the Washington University, St. Louis. In June, 1884,
he came to Chicago. Mr. Anderson is one of the originators of the
Western Art Association, whose first exhibition, in January, 1885,
was so commendable.
ILLINOIS ART ASSOCIATION. — The Illinois Art Asso-
ciation was organized in 1882, by members of the Illi-
nois Club, and it was duly chartered under the laws of
the State. The capital stock was originally $10,000,
but, in 1884, it was increased to $25,000. The objects
of the Association are "to accumulate a permanent col-
lection of paintings and other art objects ; to cultivate
the taste and afford pleasure to the members and their
families, and to encourage and foster local art." The
first exhibition was held in November, 1882, in the
rooms of the Illinois Club, on Ashland Avenue; and
though the Association labored under serious disadvan-
tages in not having skylight and a properly constructed
gallery, the exhibition was in every sense successful.
In 1884, the Association constructed new galleries in the
building of the Illinois Club, consisting of a main gal-
lery, devoted exclusively to oil-paintings, two rooms for
water- colors, and a library. The Art Association has
acquired, by gift or purchase, the following oil paintings:
" La Cigale," F. A. Bridgman, from the Paris Salon, 1883;
Bright Glances," Leoncini ; " Portrait" (unknown), Gilbert
Hunt," Philip Wouverman; "A Hard Fate," Bruzzi; "A Fast
Day," Torrini; "Preparing for the Hunt," Wouverman; "The
Pet Cat," J. Bellei; "A Good Housewife," Glisenti; "At the
Opera," H. F. Spread; "Betrayed," Todaro ; "Good Friends"
(water-color), M. Faustini. The walls at the present time_are hung
with thirty-two oil paintings, including, among the loaned works,
Bierstadt's " Yosemite Valley" and Charles Sprague Pearce's
" Beheading of John the Baptist."
lltxinl cf Management. — Directors: O. S. A. Sprague, John
J. Glessner, George N. Culver, W. J. Pope, Samuel P. McConnell,
Joseph M. Rogers and Chris. Holtz. Joseph M. Rogers, presi-
dent; W. J. Pope, vice-president; S. P. McConnell, secretary; and
George N. Culver, treasurer.
PRIVATE GALLERIES.— Following are given some of
the notable collections in this city.
Coi.uMiiiA THEATRE. — In August, 1884, a collection
of thirty high-class works of art, of the modern school,
was opened by the management of the Haverly Theater
(since called the Columbia), the whole costing $88,000,
and embracing the following well-known paintings:
" Romeo and Juliet " and "Francesca da Rimini," Frank Russell
Green; " Eternal Snows of Colorado, '' Frank C. Bromley; "Niagara,"
Bromley and Green; "Ruby Lake, Nevada," George E. Colby;
"Ahoy ! " Clifford P. Grayson ; " The Golden Gate," John R. Key;
" The Sultan's Favorite," Benjamin Constant; " AttheBal Masque," .
George Clairin; "Apolloand the Nine Muses," Augusto Wolf; " Per-
fuming after the Bath," Benjamin Constant; "A Sudden Storm,"
A. Schenck; " The Three Fates," Augusto Wolf ; " In the Boudoir,"
A. I'iot; "The Honeymoon," "Grandfather's Birthday," E.Toudouze;
"Star of the Ballet," and "Star of the Night," Leon Comerre ;
" Spring," Leo Ilerbo; "Dressing the Bride," Hector Leroux; "Ne-
apolitan Flower Girl," Augusto Wolf; "Engagement near St. Cloud,
1870," J. A. Walker; "A Vestal Virgin Carrying Water," "The
Sacred Fire Extinguished," Hector Leroux ; " After You, Sir," G.
Kotschenreiter; "Autumn" (figure), Charles Baugniet ; " .Moonlight
on tin.- Lake." Zuener ; " Sunset in Holland," Schelhuis ; " Roses,"
Miss Mary Osthaus ; " Hollyhocks," John R. Key. Marble Stat-
uary, " Ino and Bacchus" and " (ephtha's Daughter," C. B. Ives,
Rome ; terra-cotta bas-relief, " Sarah Bernhardt," A. J. Lejeune;
Egyptian carved ebony figures and flower stand, Japanese carvings,
art furniture, etc.
CALUMET CLUB. — This club owns several excellent
paintings, and for the past three years has given annual
art exhibitions. The exhibition of 1885 was remarkably
fine, embracing nearly one hundred oil paintings, many
of which were loaned.
Special mention should be made of the imputed Raphael's "Vir-
gin and the Book," Schreyer's " Driven from the Flames" and " To
the Rescue," Dia/.'s "Approaching Storm," Bouguereau's "Little
Knitter," Meissonier's " Vidette," Rosa Bonheur's "Scottish High-
lands with Sheep," Zimmermann's " Knitting School," Thomas Le
dear's celebrated portrait of General Grant, and other well-known
paintings by A. S. Church, De Neuville, Ream, Kowalski, Piot, Nor-
mand, Volmier, Peotowski, Meyer Von Bremen, Le Febvre, Casa-
nova, Koek-Koek, Detti, Delort Jacque, Phillips and Vely, foreign
artists ; while among the American painters represented were M. de
Haas, D. Johnson, Dolph, J. M. Hart, William Hart, Swaine, Gif-
ford, Cowell, Beckwith and James Beard.
THE BEMIS GALLERY.— On October i, 1885, H. V.
Bemis opened to the public a magnificent art collection,
embracing two hundred and forty oil and water-color
paintings, in the Hotel Richelieu, in two galleries, each
25 x 40 feet.
In the collection is the well-known "Venus and Adonis," by
Domenichino ; " Heart of the Sierras," by Thomas Hill ; "On the
Border of the Forest," by Jacque; "Venice from the Adriatic,"
Felix Ziem ; " In the Court of the Harem," G. Simoni ; " Morning
in the Arctic Ice Fields," William Bradford ; " Landscape near
Amsterdam," M. A. Koek-Koek ; " Lalla Rookh Listening to
the First Poem of Feramorz," Luigi Gregori ; "Temptation
and Reprimand," Joseph Coomans ; "A Maid of Herculan-
eum," W. S. Coleinan ; "Soldiers' Quarters at Avignon," Du-
pray ; " Dreaming of the Past," Vibert ; "Romeo and Juliet," A.
Coreli ; " Awaiting the Absent," Kaemmerer ; " The Song of Pier-
rot," Baron ; " The Good Sisters," LeBihan ; " A Bunch of Flow-
ers," F. Zuber Buhler ; "The Young Duchess," Boutibonne ;
"The Portrait," Portielje ; "Christmas Time in Holland," Mari
Ten Kate ; " The Monastery Well," Edouard Castres ; " Summer,"
424
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Leon llerbo; "The Birth of Venus," Pollett; "A I ,a/v Day on
the Rhine," Paul lean Clays; "|\Vill lie Come," i orcot ; " Early
Morning in Naples," .Lrni ; " Ayrshire Cattle," \Vinl/ ; "Giessen
Holland," Milliard ; " A Mother's Joy and Home Delights," Adolph
Jourdan ; " New England Landscape." Lewis; " Florentine I'.. .
Cloelia ; "After the Bath," lioutibonne ; "Arab Chief at Rest,"
Gabani ; "Hamlet anil Ophelia," Ferrier; and "Faust and Mar-
guerite," I'ecatti. The collection has been carefully selected, at a
cost of $125,1 ""'•
i TV OK DECORATIVE ART. — The Chicago So-
ciety of Decorative Art was organized in the spring of
1877, and is an offshoot of the New York Society of
the same name. Its special object, in its incipiency,
was to meet the distressing need of a large and increas-
ing number of gentlewomen thrown upon their own
resources for self-support, combining education in dec-
orative art with honorable employment. Mrs. J. Y.
Scammon was one of the earliest and most efficient
movers in the formation of the Chicago society, and
was its first president. She has been succeeded in turn,
in the executive chair, by Mrs. John N. Jewett, Mrs. B.
I1". Aver and Mrs. R. Hall McCormick. The Society
established itself at first in modest quarters, and, after
one or two moves, has found a permanent home in the
Art Institute Building, where, on the completion of the
new addition, it will transfer its operations to a suite of
apartments occupying the whole front of the second
floor facing on Michigan Avenue. The aims of the
Society are to raise the standard of and create a market
for woman's work. Painting, drawing and Kensington
embroidery were started, and the rooms of the Society
were soon filled with contributors' work. The success
of the movement began to be manifest in the imitation
of the Society's designs and styles by dealers in fancy
goods, while many of the leading houses sought the
skilled services of graduates of the institution. The
Society has, besides the contributors' department, an
embroidery department, where orders are taken, and
every variety of art-needlework is done. It has filled
orders for various clubs and churches, and also for many
of the handsomest private residences of Chicago, in styles
including Kensington, Moorish, Ecclesiastical and Ori-
ental work. The membership of the Society is one hun-
dred and fifty ; and the board of directors consists of
Mrs. John N. Jewett, Mrs. S. M. Nickerson, Mrs. B. F.
Ayer, Mrs. Charles Henrotin, Mrs. John A. Yale, Mrs. Potter Pal-
mer, Mrs. I . B. Blackstone, Mrs. J. C. Peasley, Mrs. O. YV
Potter, Mrs. S. C. Griggs, Mrs. Corydon Beckwith, Mrs. Henry
W. King, Mrs. A. \V. Windett, Mrs. Charles Hitchcock, Mrs.
Fred Eames, Mrs. William Walker, Mrs. Walter C. Larned, Mrs.
Cotton, Mrs. Bryan Lathrop, Mrs. Chauncy J. Blair, Mrs. D. C.
Bradley, Mrs. Carter H. Harrison, Miss Helen Snow, Miss Frances
Keep. President, Mrs. R. Hall McCormick ; Vice-Presidents,
Mrs Clinton Locke, Mrs. J. Y. Scammon, Mrs. Byron Moulton,
Mrs. J. J Glessner ; Recording Secretary, Mrs. W. G. McCormick ;
Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Frank Gilbert ; Treasurer Mrs I
M. Flener.
_ THE ATHKN.KI-M ART CLASS.— Very early in its history, the
Chicago Athemeum organized a department of free-hand, mechan-
ical and architectural drawing, under Herman Hanstein, who has
been the instructor in this institution upward of ten years. The
s are held live evenings in each week, for two hours each
evening, and also every Saturday morning from the first of Sep-
tember till the latter part of June. The pupils are largely drawn
from young men who are engaged in various mechanical pursuits,
or in lithography, engraving, architecture, carpentry or designing
Hipils take a course of instruction in algebra an !
'try in connection with drawing. About ninety-five per cent,
of the pupils in drawing (numbering three hundred to three hundred
and fifty each year) are engaged daily at some trade or in some pro-
•ssion which demands the knowledge of the art of free-hand
drawing. At the National Educational Convention, held at Mad-
ison, Wis., in the summer of 1884, the large exhibit made by Mr
Hanstein of the drawings of his pupils received high commendation
from the press, and was pronounced one of the most interesting
features of the art exhibit. At the Illinois State Fair, held in Chi-
cago, in the autumn of 1884, the exhibitions of drawing submitted
by the Atlien.eum took the first prize. At the World's Exposition
in New Orleans, in 1885, so much interest was manifested in Mr.
Hanstein's pupils' exhibit of free-hand and mechanical drawing,
that a request was made by the United States Commissioner ol
Education thai they might be donated to the Federal Government
and placed in the National collection at Washington. The
AtheiKeum art department is well supplied with models in plaster,
and the best French and German charts. Its library contains ex-
cellent books of reference on art and science, and it is also one of
the designated depositories of the United States Patent-office
reports, which are always at the service of the general public.
TIUKHKR'S ART GALLERY was opened to the public, in a
business way, in 1880. It is especially intended to amuse those
interested in art, and to encourage the young in their efforts to excel
in the production of the beautiful. Connected with this gallery is
an additional room fitted with a sky-light, calculated to render the
works of art that adorn the walls more beautiful, softening the
lines and touches of the artist. This little annex has, at various
times, contained some of the famous pictures of the age, and is
always supplied with those that will repay the visitor. The busi-
ness of art merchandize has, within a few years, developed beyond
expectations, until the artists' proofs bring exceedingly good prices
and offer encouragement to those devoting their time to the pro-
duction of works of merit.
\\~in field .V. Tlnirhsr was born at Ogdensburg, N. Y., in
1848, and was educated at the common schools, afterward com-
pleting his studies at the Seminary at Gouverneur. He was the
youngest child of a family of ten, and his parents died while he
was yet young. After school he went to Ogdensburg in the same
State, and at the age of seventeen he came to Chicago, engaged
in the grocery business as a salesman, in which he continued about
four years. He then entered the employ of a dealer in art goods
and remained about six years, getting a practical knowledge of the
business which he embarked in, opening Thurber's Art Gallery in
1880. He was married, in 1884, to Miss Martha Chord.
WILLIAM C. STKVKXS was born, in 1839, a' Eayette, Maine,
and is the son of Rev. L. C. Stevens, who was distinguished as
one of the pioneer agitators of anti-slavery in Maine fifty years ago.
William C. was educated at Hebron Academy in Maine, and at the
New London Literary and Scientific Institute, of New London, N.H.
He first engaged in literary pursuits and teaching in New 1 lamp-
shire and Massachusetts, until 1863, when he came West, and took
charge of the public schools at Geneva, Kane Co., 111., where he
remained as principal five years. Upon the organization of the
National Life Insurance Company of the U. S. A., he became its
manager for New England and the lower British provinces, and was
at that time, for several years, associated with Hon. William E.
Chandler, Secretary of the Navy. In November, 1878, he came to
Chicago, and, associated with Charles F. Haseltine, opened an art
room, but in May of the following year he took a more extensive
establishment, still associated with Mr. Haseltine, under the firm
name of Haseltine & Co. The general business of the firm met
with increasing success, and, in iSSi, Mr. Stevens purchased the
interest of Mr. Haseltine, and the firm name was changed to Wil-
liam C. Stevens & Co. Desiring to engage more extensively in the
sale of original paintings of a high class, he saw the importance of
establishing an Art Gallery for the better display of rare imported
works of art, and, in the spring of this year, he leased a piece of
ground on Adams Street for twenty years, and erected what is
known as Stevens' Art Gallery. The building was opened to the
public in April, 1882, and during the year he sold some of the most
celebrated oil paintings owned in the West, among which may be
mentioned, " The Departure," by Meissonier, for $14,000. Since
then there have been hung upon the walls of his gallery magnificent
works of art from the masters of the world. Rubens's " Agnus
Dei " is valued at $100,000, and a sum approaching those figures has
been offered for it. He also has a Murillo and a Correggio. "Dolce
far Niente," Benjamin Constant's finest production, and "Summer
on the Lower Rhine," by Clays, the greatest marine painter in Eu-
rope, bear witness to Mr. Stevens's discriminating taste and enter-
prise. Among other gems, some of which have been disposed of
and some still gracing the walls of his galleries, are the following:
".Norwegian Fiord," by Rasmussen; "Moonlight," by Donzette;
"A Hare," Heimerdinger; "Cattle on the Rhine," De Haas;
1-ree," Moreau; "A Summer Day, "Van Marcke; and " Espionage,"
ir. Among the pictures which Mr. Stevens has quite
recently added to his magnificent galleries, are " In the Meadow
lierne-Bellecour.
recently added to
Lands," by Emile Van Marcke, $1,200;
A Maid of Sorrento," L.
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
42S
M. DeNewville, $1,500; "The Zenana of the Sultan," F. Roybet,
§3,500; " Saturday Night in Amsterdam," 1*. Van Scheudel, $2.500;
"The Counsel of War," Ad. Schreyer, §5,000; ".Moonlight in
Amsterdam," P. J. Clays, $3,200; "The Halt by the Well," Ad.
Schrcyer, $3,000; " Perfuming after the Bath," Benjamin Constant,
$1,000. Mr. Stevens was first married on August 4, 1858, in Ep-
ping, N. II., to Miss Ada V. Sleeper, who died in May, 1871, leav-
ing one daughter, Ada Cora. On October 28, 1874, he married
Miss Hattie M. \Villard, instructress of Latin and Elocution at the
Morgan School, Clinton, Conn.; they have three children, — Theron
]•'., Geneva C., and William C., Jr.
ALEXANDER HESI.KK, photographer, was born at Montreal,
Canada, in 1823, and is of English parentage. His early boyhood was
passed in Burlington, Vt., where he attended school until the age of
ten years. In 1833, he came West, making the trip via the lakes, on
the steamer " Illinois," and his family located at Racine, \Vis. He
soon afterward went to work in a hardware store, where he remained
four years. In 1847, he decided to learn the art of Uaguerreotyping,
a process now almost obsolete. He went to Buffalo, X. Y., learned
the art in ten days, and then located, in the winter in 1847-48, at
Madison, Wis. , where the Legislature was in session. He was kept
busy there, doing a thriving business in Daguerreotype work. That
art was vastly improved by Mr. Hesler, and he made his profession
a thorough study. On leaving Madison he went to Galena, 111. In
1853, he came to Chicago. Upon first arriving here he had so far
advanced the art of Daguerreotying that he made an exhibit of his
work, then already famous in the West, at the Crystal Palace
World's Fair in New York, where he took the highest award. That
exhibition created a sensation, as nothing so perfect in the way of
portraits had yet been produced. In 1856, at the Massachusetts
Charitable Institute, he was awarded three medals, one for Daguer-
reotype, one for photography and one for colored photographic work.
In 1858, at the Illinois State Fair, Mr. Hesler was awarded three
silver medals — one for Daguerreotype work, another for photography
and one for microscopic photography, the latter exhibit showing the
photographic enlargement of minute insect specimens to a size six-
teen by twenty inches. In 1876, at the Centennial Exhibition, he
received the highest awards for general photographic work, especially
portraits of children and the life-like expression produced in his pic-
tures. When Mr. Hessler first located in Chicago, he occupied
rooms in the old Metropolitan Block, remaining there rive years,
removing thence to No. 113 Lake Street. In the latter place he
remained thirteen years, when he was burned out in the fire of 1871.
He then had his studio at Evanston, for five years. Returning to
Chicago, he opened at the corner of State and Washington streets,
where he continued until 1884, when he removed to his present new
and elegant quarters. He occupies a suite of ten rooms, and em-
ploys a force of six talented artists in various branches of the work.
Mr. Ileslergives personal attention to all sittings, and he has ranked
at the head of his profession for the past forty years. Recent years
have wrought wonderful changes and improvements in the depart-
ment of photography in the line of fine portraits, and Mr. Hesler
has kept in the van of the progressive march. Portrait and land-
scape photographing, enlarging and copying old pictures, oil and
crayon work are all carried on by Mr. Hesler. Recently he has
made a new improvement in his art, in the way of carbon portraits,
which are absolute perfection in accuracy of expression. Mr. Hes-
ler organized the first photographic society of the West in 1862 — the
Northwestern Photographic Society, and is also a member of the
National Photographic Society of America, of which organizations he
has been the president. He was married, in 1849, to Miss Helen,
daughter of Captain Dorchester, of Racine, Wis. Of their eight
children, four are living, — Frederick Alexander, now a surgeon in
the U. S. Navy; Arthur John, Harold Reid, and Helen Julia.
A commercial and necessary phase of art work is the
supplying of requisite material, a sketch of a prominent
house in this line is appended.
COFFIN, DEVOE & Co., manufacturers and importers of paints,
varnishes, brushes and artists' materials, are an incorporated firm
under the laws of Illinois, with F. W. Devoe, president ; Gorham
B. Coffin, vice-president, and J. S. Currey, secretary and treasurer.
The phenomenal developments of the West and Northwest during
the last five years, has created a heavy demand for the line of goods
carried by this firm, and in order to meet it they have in stock
every article their trade demands. The superior quality and excel-
lence of their goods has won for them a position as one of the lead-
ing firms in the West, and, notwithstanding the fact that they were
only established in 1882, they now rank with older concerns, with
an unexcelled reputation.
Gorham B. Coffin was born at Newburyport, Mass., on De-
cember 18, 1840. He lived with his parents and attended school
until ten years of age, when the family moved to Boston. In 1858,
his parents returned to Newburyport and he entered the Putnam
Free School, an institution which justly merited its reputation for
excellence. Upon terminating his studies he again went to Boston
and secured a position in the paint establishment of Banker & Car-
penter, and remained with them for seven years. Obeying Horace
Greeley's mandate, he departed for the West in 1869, and connected
himself with the firm of Heath & Milligan of this city, holding
his position for fourteen years. On February 8, 1875, he was mar-
ried to Miss Helen Green, of Chicago, and has four children, Percy,
Helen, Grafton and Ralph. Mr. Coffin is a member of Covenant
Lodge, No. 526, A.F. <St A.M.; of York Chapter, No. 148, R.A.M.;
and of St. Bernard Commandery, No. 35, K.T. ; and is also a mem-
ber of the Illinois Club.
/. Seymour Currey was born at Peekskill, N. Y., on October
2, 1844. Until he was fifteen years of age he remained with his
parents and attended the city schools. At that time he came West
and secured employment in a country store at Channahon, 111. He
continued there, and in the immediate vicinity, for five years, when
he came to this city and entered the employ of Bliss & Sharp,
with whom he remained seven years. Giving up this position for
a more lucrative one with Richards, Shaw & Winslow, he remained
there seven years, when he connected himself with the firm of Heath
iV Milligan of this city for six years. He was married to Miss
Mary E. Corell, of Evanston, 111., in March, 1875, and has four
children, — Marguerite, Harold, Frances and Rachel. During his
connection with the firm of Heath & Milligan, he made the ac-
quaintance of Mr. Coffin, his present associate in business, and in
1882, they, with F. W. Devoe of New York, organized the estab-
lishment bearing their names.
MOULDINGS AND PICTURE-FRAMES. — The manufac-
ture of mouldings and picture-frames is closely associa-
ted with the progress of art, in a commercial sense, the
demand for pictures necessitating a demand for the
frame-maker's productions. This, like other interests
of Chicago, has developed with wonderful rapidity, the
factories now supplying not 'only the demands of city
trade, but filling orders from all parts 01 the United
States, and even from Mexico, China and European
countries. The progress of this branch of manufacture
may be learned from the following sketches, which em-
body the history of leading firms in Chicago:
THE BRACHVOGEL & PRESS MANUFACTURING COMPANY was
organized in 1884, but the business had been carried on as Brach-
vogel, Press & Co. since the death of the founder of the enterprise,
Charles Brachvogel, in 1878. In that year the former manager of
the business, Adam J. Press, the widow of Mr. Brachvogel (Mrs.
Christiana Brachvogel), and his son, Charles H. Brachvogel, arranged
to continue the business that had existed for nearly twenty years.
The officers of the company are — Adam J. Press, president; Mrs.
Christiana Brachvogel, vice-president; and John Consoer, secretary.
Charles II. Brachvogel remained with the corporation but a short
time, when he relinquished his interest. The extent of terri-
tory over which the company sells its goods, picture-frames,
mirrors, engravings, etc. , is very wide, comprising the various sec-
tions of the Union, Mexico, China, etc.
Charles Brachvogel, founder of the business referred to above,
was born at Warsaw, Poland, in 1829, and died on October 16,
1878. He came to Chicago in 1855, a comparatively poor man.
He had learned the machinists' trade in his native country, and for
two years after his arrival in this city followed that trade, and for a
time was associated with Edward Wilkowsky, a friend of his youth,
in small mechanical enterprises. In 1857, Mr. lirachvogel began
his first venture, in an independent business way, by manufacturing
picture-frames at his home on Quincy Street, his factory' consisting
of one room, and his family assisting him in the founding of an
establishment that, later, became large and prosperous, he doing the
first wheel and lathe work in his line in the city. Soon after he
removed to Clark Street, and, in 1859, to Randolph, near P'ranklin
Street, thence to No. 48 and later to No. 52 Wells Street, then, from
1867 up to the time of the great fire, occupied No. 141 Lake Street,
when his business was destroyed and the store was re-located at
No. 154 West Randolph Street, and the factory continued at Nos.
22 and 24 South Jefferson Street. In 1872, Mr. Brachvogel built
the structure now occupied by the company. Mr. Brachvogel was
married twice; the first time in May, 1856, to Lena Schrumm, who
died in 1868; and the second time to Christiana Lippert, of this
city, who has now an interest in the enterprise he founded. By his
first wife he had seven children, — Lena, now Mrs. Adolph Claus-
senius; Charles H.; Ida C., the wife of Dr. Kerber, of this city;
William T., in the planing-mill business; Clara, Robert and Emma;
and one child by his second wife, Frank.
Adam J. Press, president of the Brachvogel & Press Manufac-
turing Company, has been connected with that enterprise since its
formation, and was previously associated for seventeen years with
426
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
the founder of the business from which the company grew. Mr.
I'ress was horn in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, in i?4<i. When he
was hut eight years old. his parents came to America and settled in
( 'hicago, w here lie received his early education, and seven years later
-•ntere.l the employ of Charles Hrachvogel, as errand boy.
Through a business connection of nearly twenty years with Mr.
I'.r.iclnogi-;, he established his ability and usefulness to such a
decree that he won a well-merited promotion, and at the time of his
patron's death, he was manager of the house. In 1884, when the
present company was formed, Mr. I'ress was made president and
general manager, and has so conducted the business that the enter-
prise ranks foremost in its line in the city. Mr. I'ress was married,
in I •>(«). to Miss l.i//ie l.ochr, of this city. They have five chil-
dren,— Herbert, Adam |., Martha, Louisa and Amelia.
J"si rii l!i vkr.MiiKK, manufacturer of picture-frames, has been
identified with that interest for the past quarter of a century. He
is a native of England, and was horn in Liverpool in 1828, and
there received his early education. He came alone to America
when but nineteen years of age. In 1847, he settled at Rochester,
N. Y., and during a residence in that city of thirteen years, he was
engaged in the nursery and picture-frame businesses alternately for
i years. In iso,,, |u. canu. to Chicago, locating, in the mould-
ings trade, at the old Calhoun Building, on Clark Street, for two
years. Then he removed to the corner of Washington and Market
streets, where lie was operating a large factory, employing sixty
workmen, when, in iMn, a lire destroyed the establishment, causing
a loss of $11, ocx). Mr. Hlakemore then went in business with the
pioneer frame manufacturer, R. P. Appleby, investing some $5,000
in the enterprise. They were located for nearly two years or
Monroe- Street. In l86g, the partnership was dissolved; and he
I icg. m business in the old Morrison Building, on Clark Street, and
the ensuing year removed to Nineteenth Street, where he manufac-
tured largely for Tafton, Schawiml iv. Co. This arrangement pre-
vailed until is.so, when Mr. Hlackmore removed to N'o. 62 South
Canal Street, and, in 1881, to his present establishment. lie em-
ploys fifteen hands now, and does work mostly for the city trade.
Mr. Hlakemore was married in Rochester, N. V., in 1852, to Miss
Sarah 1'latt, a native of England, who came to America when three
years of age. They have live children, — Frank, Carrie, Harry,
Mortimer and Mabel.
Luris HANSON, manufacturer of mouldings and picture-frames,
has been identified with that interest since 1868. The story of his
career embraces a varied and busy experience, culminating in a
great commercial success, which is known throughout the country.
Mr. Hanson is a native of Denmark, and was born in that country
in the fall of 1843. In 1865, he emigrated to America, first locat-
ing at Portland, Me., where he learned the trade of picture-frame
maker, and later removed to Boston, and there entered the employ
of Karl Swamb, in the same line. In 1868, he became a resident
ot ( 'hicago, and for nearly four years worked for the firm of Taft &
Swamb. He was then employed by Goodwillie, Lebenstah & Co.,
and when that firm dissolved, for over a year was the partner of
David Goodwillie, and later, of that gentleman's sons, in the box
and picture-frame business. In 1874, the partnership expired, and
Mr. Hanson associated with other partners, under the firm name of
Louis Hanson & Co. In 1877, the firm was dissolved, and in
June, 1880, after suffering from two conflagrations, Mr. Hanson
removed to Nos. 151 to 155 West Washington Street. In May,
1883, he built the present extensive establishment, which employs
seventy men, and sells its goods to wholesale firms throughout the
country. Mr. Hanson was married, in 1870, to Miss Lena Mor-
tensen, of this city. They have six children,— Mary, Martin,
Eliza, John, Rosa and Louis, Jr.
OLK HERO, manufacturer of picture-frames and mouldings, has
been prominently identified with his line of trade for over ten years.
He is a native of Norway, and was born at Thrauheim in 1838]
There he was educated and learned the cabinet-making trade, in
1801 coming; to America, and locating temporarily at Packenham,
near Ottawa, in Canada. In 1862, he came to Chicago, and for
wo years was employed at McCormick's reaper works, in 1864
entering the employ of the Government, as mechanic at Nashville,
lenn. In 1866, he went into the sash and door manufacturing
business, at the corner of Nineteenth and Maxwell streets the firm
Kasmiissen cV Berg. In 1865, he was employed in the Illi-
entral car works. He then became a partner in the firm of
John Moore & Co., remaining with that enterprise live years whenhe
started in business at No. 341 West Lake Street, with Aguilla Win-
termute as partner. Mr. Wintermute was succeeded by Sylvester
Artley, in 1*70., and the firm became Berg ,V Artley. In 1882,
Mr lierg purchased his partner's interest, and has since operated
the factories alone. He employs some eighty workmen, his busi-
ness increasing from year to year. He sells his goods through
travelling agents all over the country. Mr. Berg was married, in
Chicago, to Miss Bettina Johnson, of Wisconsin, in 1868. They
have six children,— John Lena, Henry, Anna, George and Sarah.
I.I-.wis Sroi-'iKi.i) was born at New- Canaan, Conn., on March
21, 1819, and is the son of Elijah and Hannah (Studwell) Scofield.
His father was a farmer and school teacher and an old settler of
Connecticut, the family being the oldest of that place for genera-
tions General Scholield, commander of the Missouri District, with
headquarters in Chicago, belongs to the same family. Mr. Scofield
was educated at the schools of his native place, and after leaving
school, went to New York and engaged in the grocery business as
clerk for his brother, with whom he remained for four years. After
that time, he returned to Connecticut and resumed the farming oc-
cupation,which he continued until 1868, when he came to Chicago.
Here he became a partner in the firm of Goodwillie & Livingston.
on Ontario Street, manufacturers of mouldings and picture-frames,
and made a specialty of turned oval frames, at that time very exten-
sively in demand. The firm was doing a flourishing business up
to the time of the fire in 1871, which burned the establishment and
stock, Mr. Scofield thereby sustaining a loss of what he had invested
in the business. After the tire, he was obliged to enter the employ
of the Lakeside Building as janitor, which position he retained for
six years. Mr. Scofield was married in New Canaan, Conn., in
1848, to Miss Eliza A. Seely, of that place. He has a family of
two daughters, Mary A. and Imogene, the latter being married to
Samuel H. Miner, who is connected with the Postal Telegraph
Department of this city. The other daughter has been teaching at
the Hayes Public School for the past fourteen years, and is con-
sidered a very talented educator. Mr. Scofield is'now retired from
active life, and enjoys the comforts of a happy home in the midst
of a social family and surrounded by numerous and cordial friends.
MAX Woi.FAKTH, manufacturer of frames and mouldings, has
been identified with that interest since 1872. His business career
has been marked by more than average ability and perseverance,
and his personal experience has been a varied and interesting one.
Mr. Wolfarth was born at Berlin, Germany, in 1838. There he
received his early education, and served a thorough apprenticeship
to the gilder's trade. In 1864, he joined the Prussian army in the
war against Denmark, and was engaged in active service from
February to October of that year, although he was with the national
forces four years. He was in three battles, and was decorated for
bravery by the government. In 1866, he came to America, and for
two years v.-as a resident of Texas and New ( Irleans, finally locat-
ing in St. Louis in the picture-frame business, where he remained
two years. In 1869, Mr. Wolfarth came to Chicago, and was em-
ployed for two years by W. T. Noble, losing his home and war
decorations in the great fire of 1871. The following year he began
business on State, near Thirteenth Street, and, in 1873, went to
Wabash Avenue, where he remained for ten years. In 1883, he
removed to his present establishment, where he how employs fifteen
workmen. Mr. Wolfarth was married, in this city, in the year 1871,
to Miss Maria Keller. They have two children, Max and i'arl. Mr!
Wolfarth is a member of the United Ancient Order of Druids and
the Sons of Hermann, and is a progressive and useful member of
the community.
JosKi-ii KI.ICKA, manufacturer of mouldings, has been en-
gaged in that branch of trade since 1877. He is a native of
Bohemia, and was born at Klattau, in 1855. In 1866, he accom-
panied his father to America, coming direct to Chicago, but re-
turning to Bohemia two years later on a visit. The ensuing year
he located permanently in this city, and after receiving a common
school education, applied himself to a mechanical trade, mastering
the details of the gilding art. In 1877, he borrowed $400 from his
father, and engaged in business on his own account, repaying the
loan three months later. At that time he was the only manu-
for three years, his partner being E. C. Eillman. In iSSo, Mr.
Klicka sold out his interest and re-established alone the business,
which, small at the start, has grown to a representative branch of
the moulding industry. The factory employs some thirty-five
workmen, and operates through agents and circulars, selling to
jobbers and retailers.
RAI-HOI.I) & LAMUIN, manufacturers of gilt, imitation and gold
mouldings, and picture-frames, organized as a. firm in 1878. Pre-
vious to that date the members, John G. Raubold and Frederick II.
J. Lambin, were expert workmen in the silver-gilding business
being employed by Richter & Husche. In March, 1878 they
branched out in business for themselves, and by enterprise and
perseverance have made a commercial success, starting on a capital
of less than $500. They were first located at No. 59 South Canal
street, whence they removed to West Washington Street, and from
1879 to iSSi, at Nos. 46-48 South Canal Street, after which they
moved to their present location. From their small beginning they
have grown loan extensive enterprise, selling goods through two
travelling agents all over the West, and doing a business of <Lo ooo
a year.
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
427
Jnhn G. Raulwld was horn in Chicago in 1854. His father
and mother were natives of Germany, and came to this city in the
early " fifties." His father died in 1800; his mother is still living.
1 1 ere the son received his education, and mastered the rudiments
of the silver-gilding trade, finding employment in the factory of
Richter & Husche. From his boyhood he was an associate of his
present partner, and together they served an apprenticeship and
graduated as skilled workmen. In 1878, they organized the firm
which has become a representative one in the picture-frame in-
dustry. Mr. Kaubold was married in 1876, to Miss Amelia Hoff-
man, of this city. They have two children-, — John and Amelia.
/•'iviii-rifk II . J. I.anihin has been a resident of Chicago since his
early childhood, and has been identified with the interest he now
represents for nearly ten years. He is the son of Peter and Anna
\I. l.ambin. His father is of French birth, and is still living ; his
mother, of German birth, is also living. Mr. Lambin was born in
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1854. In 1855, his parents removed to this
city, and here he received his early education, and at the age of fif-
teen commenced to learn his trade at the establishment of Richter
iV Husche. In 1878, with John G. Kaubold, he organized the firm
of Kaubold & Lambin. Mr. l.ambin is a practical man, and, with
the co-operation of an intelligent and enterprising partner, has seen
his business become a success. He was married, in 1877, to Miss
Christiana Xachtsheim, of Chicago. They have three children, —
Amelia, Charlotte and Leonard.
M. \rnir.\v SCHAEFER, manufacturer and dealer in picture-
frames, has been a resident of Chicago since 1870. He is a native
of Germany, and was born at Cologne in 1822. There he received
his early education, and, after serving an apprenticeship at the gild-
er's trade, entered the Prussian army, and served three years during
the ( lerman revolution. In 1855, he came to America, and located
at Milwaukee, Wis. , where he was engaged in business for six
years, and where he resided until 1870. During the Rebellion,
Mr. Schaefer served in the Union Army, in the Department of the
Mississippi, and was discharged for disability at Brownsville, Texas.
In 1879, he established his present business. He was married at
Cologne, in 1854, to Miss Cecilia Harpers, of Cologne. She died
in 1877, leaving five children, two of whom were born in Europe,
and three are natives of Milwaukee, — William J. ; Clara, now wife
'il L. A. Habcock of Ogden ; Frank; Adelia, now wife of Louis
Oldrich. of Chicago ; and Paulina.
JOHN SI.AUV, manufacturer of picture-frames, has been a resi-
dent of Chicago since 1867, and identified with the manufacturing
interests of the city for three years. He is a native of Bohemia,
and was born at Jung-Wozicz, in 1857. He accompanied his
parents to America, in 1867, and came direct to Chicago, where he
received his early education. After learning the carver's trade, he
worked at the same for some time, and finally started in business on
September 7, 1882, with limited capital and machinery, his factory
consisting then of one small room. Since then his business has
prospered, until now he employs twelve workmen. Mr. Slaby
was married, in 1880, to Miss Mary Powell, of this city. They
have two children, — Tonie and Victoria. Three of Mr. Slaby 's
brothers, Daniel, Frank and Joseph, are employed with him in
business. His father is now a resident of Minnesota, and his three
sisters are married and reside in this city.
TIIK AIII.KY MANUFACTURING COMPANY was incorporated in
1883, and is the outgrowth of the original founders of the enter-
prise, Adley, Allen & Co., a firm consisting of Henry Adley, Austin
Allen and Dennis J. Sullivan. They started at No. 229 Randolph
Street, in 1882, and after a year, when Mr. Allen retired, formed
the present company, with Henry Adley as president, Dennis J.
Sullivan treasurer, and George Corlett secretary and general busi-
ness manager. In August, 1883, they removed to Nos. 208 and
210 Lake Street, and in May, 1885, to their present location. They
employ some fifty men, and manufacture picture-frames and mould-
ings of all kinds, selling to country dealers through three travelling
agents.
Henry Adley, president of the Adley Manufacturing Company,
is the founder of that enterprise, and has been identified with the
frame and moulding interest for some, fifteen years. He is a native
of New York City, where he was born in 1831. There he received
his education, and at an early age learned the trade of painting. In
1869, he came to Chicago, and was engaged in the house-painting
line for several years, after which he served an apprenticeship in a
local picture-frame establishment. Mr. Adley was married in 1883,
and has one child.
George Cwlctl, secretary of the Adley Manufacturing Company.
has been a resident of Chicago for ten years. He was born in
England in 1853, and there received his early education. For some
years he was engaged in the provision business in his native land,
and, in 1881, came to Chicago. He. became connected with the
Adley Manufacturing Company in 1883, and now has the manage-
•' its business affairs. Mr. Corlett was married, in England, in
of
1879, to Miss Louie Thomas. They have one child, born in Eng-
land, named Marie Louise.
Dennis J. Snl/iraii, treasurer of the Adley Manufacturing
Company, and one of the original founders and Active promoters of
that enterprise, was born in London, England, in 1843. In 1852,
when nine years of age, Mr. Sullivan accompanied his parents to
America. They settled at \Vaterbury, Conn., and there he was
educated and entered business, remaining a citizen of that town for
twenty years. In 1871, he came to Chicago, and in 1882, became
one of the original partners of the firm of Adley, Allen & Co. At
that time the enterprise had but $200 capital, and employed three
workmen, but the company has now become a representative insti-
tution in its line. He was married in 1866, to Miss Mary Castello,
of Waterbury, Conn. They have three children, — Eugene, Etta
and Edward.
JAM us K. PUMPELLY, member of the firm of Parker & Co.,
dealers in pictures and artistic frames, was born at Owego, Tioga
Co., N. Y., in 1835. He received his early education at New
Haven, graduating at Yale College, and, when twenty years of age,
came West and settled in Wisconsin. From 1857, until the Rebel-
lion broke out, Mr. Pumpelly was a resident of Fond du Lac,
where he had acquired extensive land interests. On the day of his
marriage he entered the Union army, having raised a company, and
being first lieutenant, under Colonel James Howe, in the Army of
the Tennessee. I le served in the War over two years, and then
returned to Fond du Lac, where he remained until 1883, when he
came to Chicago and became a partner in the firm of Parker & Co.
Mr. Pumpelly is an artist by profession, and for two years followed
that line, as a student, in Europe. In Wisconsin he was noted
for large real-estate transactions, and gained $14,000 damages in a
suit against the Fox River Improvement Company in the matter of
Government lands, which had been in litigation for fifteen years.
He was one of the pioneers of Wisconsin, having seen Fond du
Lac grow from a village to a city. Mr. Pumpelly was married, in
1862, to Miss Eliza W. Beall, daughter of Governor Beall, the gal-
lant colonel of the i8th Wisconsin, who wa£, severely wounded at
Shiloh. His wife is a niece of James Fenimore Cooper, the noted
novelist, and great grand-daughter of John Morris, one of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence. Mr. Pumpelly is an
accomplished and finely educated gentleman.
A. F. SCHULTZ & Co., manufacturers of mouldings for wall
and ceiling decorations, and fancy colored and antique bronzes, gold
and composition gold, natural and imitations of all kinds, was organ-
ized as a firm in January, 1884. There were five partners: August
F. Schultz, Patrick Flanagan, E. Lisk, A. Wintermute and J. Pat-
gorki. In 1885, the last three partners retired, leaving Messrs.
Schultz and Flanagan sole owners of the enterprise. The business
was started on a fair basis, though limited capital, employing
twenty-five hands. They sell their goods throughout the country
and have no travelling agents, their trade being largely secured by
correspondence. The establishment now employs, in the busy sea-
son, some one hundred and fifty workmen.
August f\ Schultz, founder of the firm of A. F. Schultz & Co.,
has been a resident of Chicago for thirty years. He was born at
Iirossen, near Berlin, Germany, in 1854, and when an infant came
with his parents to this country, coming direct to Chicago. Here
he received his early education, and learned the trade of gold and
silver gilding, for ten years being the foreman of the moulding fac-
tory of John Moore. In January, 1884, he organized the firm
which bears his name, and his practical ability has conduced materi-
ally to its rapid progress. Mr. Schultz was married, in Chicago, in
1878, to Miss Catherina Canniff. They have one child, George
Harry. Mr. Schultz was at one time a prominent member of the
Turners' Society of this city.
/'in 'rick l-'lanagan, junior member of the firm of A. F. Schultz
& Co., came to Chicago in 1870, and since that time has been identi-
fied with the interest he now represents. He is a native of Canada,
and was born on Prince Edward's Island, in 1849. There he was
educated, and served an apprenticeship to the carpenter's trade.
When twenty-one years of age he came to Chicago. Here he fol-
lowed his trade for some time, and, from 1877 to 1884, was em-
ployed in the moulding factory of John Moore. Mr. Flanagan was
married in 1872, to Miss Mary Burke, of Morris, 111. They have
four children: Thomas, Nora, Prudence and George W. Mr. Flan-
agan is a prominent member of the St. Vincent de Paul Society.
GF.ORGE W. WEIIIK, manufacturer of picture-frames, has 'been
engaged in that business since April 10, 1885, having succeeded
Martin Nordgren, who was located at the same place for three
years, and who is now a resident of Minneapolis. Mr. Weihe was
born in this city in 1863. Here he was educated, and learned his
trade, that of gilding. He makes a specialty of gilding, re-gilding
and manufacturing gold and bronze frames. His business, which
is mostly retail, is confined to a regular local trade. He employs
four workmen, and he himself worked for Mr. Nordgren before he
428
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
surceeded him. lie buys mouldings and makes frames. Mr.
\Veihe was married, in 1885. at Kenosha. \Vis., to Miss Jennie
I ruin, of Chicago. His father. August \Veihe, settled here in
1855. His wife's parents settled here in 1860, and then went to
Kansas City, returning here in 1874.
SCIENCE.
It is a matter of extreme difficulty to give any com-
prehensible statement of the scientific progress made in
this city. The prime reason for this is, that the advance-
ment of science is indissolubly identified with the pro-
gressiveness of the medical profession, as with every
other whose province embraces scientific research. The
erection of the magnificent Hoard of Trade building
was no less a scientific than a mechanical triumph : the
tunnels under the lake are scientific and mechanical
solutions of vexed problems ; the telephonic, telegraphic
and railway communications are all marvellous exem-
plifications of what can be accomplished by scientific
intelligence allied to proficient craftsmanship. Hence,
in every domain of commerce, manufactures, trade, art
or professions are striking examples of scientific progress.
The historian can, therefore, merely present some spec-
imens of associated evolution in this province.
THE CHICAGO ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY. — At the
time of the great fire the Chicago Astronomical Society
was practically dead, not having had a meeting for
years. Hon. J. Y. Scammon, the president of the Soci-
ety, paid the salary of the Director of the Observatory,
Truman Henry Salford, who was ex-officio Professor of
Astronomy in the University of Chicago. Professor
Safford had previously discovered about a hundred new
nebulas by the use of the great equatorial telescope of
eighteen and a half inches aperture, but did nothing
with it after the fire except to observe the appulse of
Mars to a star in Sagittarius, in the hope of aiding to
determine the solar parallax more closely. Part of
these discoveries were published in London, England,
with Herschel's catalogue.
The original construction of the dome was so faulty
that it had become unusable, and he devoted his efforts
after the fire to work on the great star catalogue (as
described in our second volume) till the inability of Mr.
Scammon to pay his salary forced him to seek employ-
ment elsewhere in the spring of 1874, after a temporary
absence on Government surveys in the Territories.
The duties of the position were assumed by Elias Col-
bert, who had been for several years Emeritus Assistant
Director of the Observatory. He continued in charge
five years, giving to the work all the time he could
spare from his daily labor on the Tribune. During
his term of office, Professor Colbert re-organized the
Astronomical Society, by obtaining a good many life
members at one hundred dollars each, and on the re-or-
ganization, in June, 1875, was appointed secretary,
succeeding Hon. Thomas Hoyne. Professor Colbert
used the money thus obtained in re-building the dome
of the observatory, and in paying the current expenses
of the institution, which did not include a salary for
him. He also recommenced the time service, which
had been suspended by the fire. The signals were
given automatically to the Board of Trade, the City
Hall, the different lines of railroad, and the leading
jewelers of the city. In July, 1878, he went to Denver,
Colo., and observed the total eclipse of the sun, as chief
of a party which included Professor Hough, Dr. Lewis
Swift, A. C. Thomas, and a class of twenty of the citi-
zens of Denver. Each member of the class made a
sketch of the corona, and on the return to Chicago the
whole of these were combined into one sketch, which
was published by the Society, and set the example of
composite pictures which has since been successfully
applied by the photographers to represent the average
expression of the individuals of a family or profession.
It was as a member of this party that 1 )r. Swift, of
Rochester, N. Y., shared with Professor Watson the
honor of making the discovery of what was claimed to
be an intra-mercurial planet.
In July, i877> Sherburne Wesley Burnham began
the observation and discovery of double-stars with the
iS^-inch refractor. Mr. Burnham continued his obser-
vations up to October 15, 1878, when he submitted the
results of his labors to the Royal Astronomical Society
of England, which, in 1883, published Mr. Burnham's
second catalogue of double-stars, comprising one»hun-
dred and fifty-one new ones, with micrometrical measure-
ments of seven hundred and seventy double - stars
already known. The subjoined table gives all the prin-
cipal original double-star catalogues published, and the
number of pairs in each of Class I (distance from o" to
i") and Class II (distance from i* to 2"). The last
column contains the ratio of stars of these classes to
each 1,000 double-stars, catalogued by the discoverer:
|
18
Total.
Ratio.
u
O
Burnham, Catalogue of 1,000 stars ..
266
254
520
520 :
,000
O. Struve, Catalogue of 547 stars
154
63
217
400 :
,(X)O
Struve, Catalogue of 2,640 stars
qi
314
405
ISO :
,000
Herschel I, Catalogue of 812 stars..
12
24
3"
45 :
,000
Herschel II, Catalogue of 3,429 stars
2
2O
22
7 :
,000
14
I
15
All other observers
4°
75
I2()
1.344
Professor George W. Hough, formerly director of
the Dudley Observatory at Albany, N. Y., was elected
director in May, 1879.
He began to make systematic observations with the
great refractor. The planet Jupiter was made a special
study, in order to ascertain definite facts relating to the
physical constitution of its surface, and these are the
most complete of any hitherto made, and are recog-
nized by astronomers as an important contribution to
this department of Astronomy.
Two new clocks, manufactured by Messrs. Howard
& Co., of Boston, were purchased by the Astronomical
Society in 1880, in order the more efficiently to fulfill
the contract of the Society with the city for furnishing
standard time to the City Hall. The expense incurred
was about $1,000 for the clocks, and $574 the cost of
running wires and other equipments. One of the clocks
was placed in the Observatory and the other in the Fire
Alarm Office.
In May, 1885, time was furnished to the new clock in
the Board of Trade building.
The Astronomical Society became involved in litiga-
tion, extending over the years of 1881 to 1885, conse-
quent upon the mortgage foreclosure proceedings
instituted by the Union Mutual Life Insurance Com-
pany against the Chicago University, to recover the
sum of $150,000. The mortgage was executed during
the Society's occupancy of its premises, and the Com-
pany had legal notice of its rights.
A bill of interpleader was filed in the Circuit Court
of the United States for the Northern District of Illi-
nois, in the Society's behalf, together with all the neces-
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
429
sary affidavits and papers, by Messrs. Willard & Driggs
and Hon. Thomas Hoyne, under the supervision of Mr.
Scammon.
The bill was demurred to by the Company, and, at
the hearing before Judge Henry W. Blodgett, the case
was decided against the Society, mainly on the unex-
pected and extraordinary testimony of Dr. Burroughs.
Mr. Driggs, who presented the case to the Court in the
absence of Mr. Scammon, was unable to rebut the evi-
dence of Dr. Burroughs, from lack of personal know-
ledge. Mr. Scammon, who made the concluding argu-
ment, asked leave to file a bill of review, in order that
the utterly erroneous statements of Dr. Burroughs might
be met by the real facts. Judge Blodgett permitted
Mr. Scammon to make a motion for a re-hearing, which
was granted, and many affidavits by the original contri-
butors for the purchase of the instruments and building
of the Observatory, together with original and historical
documents, were filed. Judge Blodgett decided that
the Observatory was the property of the Society.
In 1880, the Astronomical Society published its first
annual report. The officers for the year were —
lion. J. V. Scammon, president; W. II. \VclIs, vice-president;
Henry C. Ranney, treasurer; and C. H. S. Mixer, secretary. The
Board of Directors consisted of the following: Life Directors, J. Y.
Scammon, T. B. Bryan, Frank Sturges, W. II. Wells, W. W.
Farnum, C. N. Holden, D. J. Ely, J. K. Pollard, G. B. McCagg,
Rev. Dr. J. C. Burroughs, C. G. Wicker, Henry Farnum, R. K.
Moss, K. Colbert, W. 8. Gurnee, H. N. Hibbard, and Thomas
Hoyne. Elected Directors, retired in May, iSSi; P. H. Willard,
Dr. H. A. Johnson, Murry Nelson.
The resignation of J. Young Scammon from the
presidency of the Society in 1882, after a tenure of office
of nineteen years, deprived the Society of his valuable
services in an official capacity. Dr. Hosmer A. John-
son was unanimously chosen his successor.
During 1881-82, the following gentlemen became
life members of the Society:
John H. Dwight, Charles A. Mair, Norman B. Ream, Peter
McGeoch, and William C. Seipp. The following is a list of Elected
Directors up to May, 1886: Retired in 1882 — John Forsythe,
Robert Warren, H. C. Ranney. Retired in 1883 — Clinton Briggs,
W. T. Baker, C. H. S. Mixer. Retired in 1884— P. H. Willard,
Dr. H. A. Johnson, Murry Nelson. Retired in 1886— Same as
1883.
Hon. W. H. Wells, vice-president of the Astronomi-
cal Society from its organization, died in January, 1885,
and, after suitable action thereon, Elias Colbert was
unanimously chosen to fill the vacancy. At the same
time C. H. S. Mixer became treasurer and Henry C.
Ranney secretary.
PROFESSOR GEORGE W. HOUGH, M.A., Director of the Dear-
born Observatory and Professor of Astronomy in the University of
Chicago, was born on October 24, 1836, in Montgomery County,
N. Y. His father was William Hough, a farmer, afterward a mer-
chant of Western New York. In 1856 he went to Rockford, 111.,
and in 1871 to Riverside, 111., where he was engaged in milling
until his death in 1884. Mrs. Magdalen (Selmser) Hough was a
daughter of Martin Selmser, a farmer of Fulton County, N. Y.
The ancestors of the subject of this sketch, on both sides, came
from Germany, at an early day, and settled in Montgomery and
Fulton counties. He was educated at Seneca Falls Academy, and
later at Union College, from which latter institution he graduated
in 1856, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1859, he received
the degree of Master of Arts. After graduating, he taught school
one year in Dubuque, Iowa, and then became assistant astronomer
of the Cincinnati Observatory under Prof. O. M. Mitchell. In 1860,
he was appointed assistant at the Dudley Observatory, and at the
death of Professor Mitchell, which occurred October 20, 1862, he
was appointed director, which position he held until 1874. While
thus engaged, he published the Annals of 1 >udley Observatory in
two volumes, and was very prolific in valuable inventions. Among
his inventions are the following : A cataloguing and charting ma-
chine, for making maps of the stars automatically ; an automatic
registering and printing barometer ; an automatic registering
and printing anemometer ; an automatic printing chronograph —
the only invention of the kind in the world ; a registering chro-
nograph ; an observing chair (which on account of its simplicity
and cheapness has been introduced into all the leading observatories
of the country); and an absolute sensitometer. While at the Dudley
Observatory he made thousands of observations, his work there be-
ing mainly meridian work. After leaving this Observatory, in 1874,
he was engaged in business until 1879, when he was elected director
of the Dearborn Observatory and Professor of Astronomy in the
University of Chicago. Here his special work has been with the
equatorial on the planet Jupiter and upon difficult double-stars, of
which he has discovered about two hundred. Professor Hough was
married on April 20, 1870, to Miss Emma C. Shear, daughter of
Jacob H. Shear, of Albany, N. Y. They have two children, —
George Jacob and William Augustus.
CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. — One of the most
valuable naturalistic collections on the continent, that
of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, was swept away
on the second day of the great fire. Out of the valu-
able collections of twelve years, all that remained were
a few unidentified potsherds. The Gould manuscripts
on the crustacea of the world, which cost the Federal
Government upwards of $100,000, were in thf Acad-
emy's building, Dr. William Stimpson, director of the
Museum, having undertaken their editing. Within a
year after this disaster, Dr. Stimpson, who had gone
South for his health, died near Baltimore.
In less than two weeks after the fire, the board of
trustees met, and took immediate steps toward a resus-
citation of the Academy. The result was the erection
of a new four-story fire-proof building on the old lot, at
the corner of Wabash Avenue and Van Buren Street.
Some money was raised to defray the cost, and sub-
scription lists were sent out, the trustees relying upon
the public spirit of Chicago for the speedy liquidation
of its debt. The public spirit, however, was taxed to
the utmost by demands of a more pressing character,
and the incumbrance of $86,000 remained upon the
building until its sale in 1883.
The first meeting of the Academy in this building
was held on October 14, 1873, the library of J. Young
Scammon having meanwhile served for this purpose.
After the sale of this building, the Academy still occu-
pied the premises, at a yearly rental of $1,200, for two
years. The Museum was removed in April, 1885, to
the Exposition Building, where quarters had been fur-
nished it free of rent.
After Dr. Stimpson-'s death, the Museum was in-
trusted to the care of Dr. Jacob W. Velie, who devoted
himself to the task of restoring the Museum to the
enviable position it occupied prior to the fire. In a few
years it was again the repository of a large collection of
birds, reptiles, mammals, fish, minerals, etc., and to-day
it ranks fifth among the museums of the world, and is
valued at about $40,000. Roughly estimated, it con-
tains the following specimens:
Birds (mounted), eggs, skins and nests 4, 300
Insects _ 6,000
Mammals, reptiles and fishes — mounted 300
Shells (2,500 species) 6,000
Minerals and fossils 6,000
Miscellaneous i!soo
24,100
The library contains one thousand bound volumes,
nine hundred unbound volumes, and about one thou-
sand fugitive papers and pamphlets, which comprise
the reports and transactions of all the principal Natu-
ral Science Societies in the world. No portion of the
library, however, is catalogued, except that which con-
tains the transactions of foreign societies.
Very few additions have been made to the Museum
since 1880, except those made by the personal efforts of
43°
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
tin- curator, Dr. Velie, but the investigation of scientific
qiii^tioiis is prosecuted with /eal and learning.
The only really valuable and rare specimen which the
museum contains' is a fossil beaver's head (CastfnriJfs
OAit>i-H.</.i . It came into the Academy's possession
from the Wood Museum, but nothing is known as to
its discovery. Its subsequent history is interesting.
Shortly before the fire, Dr Stimpson sent it to Profes-
\gassiz, at Cambridge, Mass., \vh<> desired to make
a plasu-r cast of it, he finding it impossible to procure
an original specimen. It was not returned until after
Professor Agassi/.'s death, some years after the fire.
Thus escaped the only complete specimen from the old
museum which is found in that of to-day.
Before the fire. The Transactions of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences, Vol. I., was published under the
careful editorship of Dr. Stimpson. It contained origi-
nal papers by various members, with lithographs of
Illinois fossils and colored plates of birds never before
figured, besides many new illustrations. The volume,
which was the result of the very best work of several
years' scientific investigation, attracted universal notice
among learned men in Europe an;l America. The
first article of the second volume, by Dr. Edmund An-
drews, on the Modern Geological Changes on the Shores
of Lake Michigan, with maps and engravings, was
issued immediately before the fire, in which disaster the
lithographic plates were all destroyed.
Since the fire the Academy has only published six
bulletins, consisting of carefully prepared original scien-
tific papers, which had been read at the regular monthly
meetings. Everything but the fruit of original research
has been excluded, and some of the bulletins are of
great scientific value, notably the fourth of the series,
by I!. W. Thomas and Dr. Hosmer A. Johnson, on
Microscopic Organism in the Boulder Clays of Chicago
and Vicinity. " This paper," remarks Dr. G. M. Daw-
son, of the Canadian Geological Survey, whose amplifi-
cation of it appears in the sixth issue of the series,
" refers principally to certain remarkable bodies first
found by these gentlemen in 1865-66-67, in specimens
of the clay through which the lake tunnel, which sup-
plies the City of Chicago with water from Lake Michi-
gan, was being constructed. On the completion of the
tunnel large numbers of the same bodies were observed
in the filtrate from the city water-supply, and which
were subsequently proved to be identical with organisms
described in 1871, by Sir J. W. Dawson, from the
Devonian shales of Kettle Point, Lake Huron. They
have fince been observed in the Devonian rocks of a
number of widely separated localities, and are now
believed by Sir J. W. Dawson to be macrospores of
rhizocarps. In accordance with this view, the generic
name of Protosalvinia is proposed by Dawson, instead
of Sporangites. Properly speaking, this term would
apply to the Sporangia containing these macrospores,
and which are absent in the specimens in question."
The other publications of the Academy are the fol-
lowing :
Glacial Workings of Unusual Forms in the Laurentian Hills,
by Kdmund Andrews, M.I)., 1,1,. I).; Observations on Fluviatile
-its in I'eoria Lake, Illinois, by Rev. Joseph 1). Wilson ; List
of Batrachia and Reptilia of Illinios, by X.'s. Davis, Ir. and F. L.
Rice ; The Northern I'itcher-I'lant, or the Side-Saddle Flower, Sar-
racenia purpurea, by W. K. Hegley ; and On the Microscopic
Structure of Certain Boulder Clays and the Organisms contained in
them, by Dr. (George M. ]>aws<m, F.G.S., assistant director of the
ii-al Survey of Canada.
Iii 1882, an important change took place in the
management of tile Academy. 1'nder the constitution,
the control of the finances of the Academy, and its
property, was vested in a Board of ten trustees, ap-
pointed for life, and thus amenable in no way to the
members. Vacancies occurring by death or removal
were filled only by nominees of the Board. It being
apparent that the interests of the Academy would be
advanced by more direct responsibility, no difficulty
was found in making a constitutional change which
vested controlling power in the members.
The membership of the Academy is now greater
than it has been at any other period, aggregating about
three hundred ; there are one hundred and seventy-five
life members, about seventy resident members, and
about fifty corresponding members.
The officers of the Academy since 1871 have been
as follows :
1871-72— J. W. Foster, president ; E. W. Blatchford, first
vice-president ; Dr. Hosmer A. Johnson, second vice-president ; Dr.
William Stimpson, librarian and secretary; Dr. Norman Bridge,
recorder.
1873 — J. W. Foster, president ; E. W. Blatchford, first vice-
president ; Dr. Hosmer A. Johnson, second vice-president ; Jacob
W. Velie, librarian and secretary,; Dr. Norman Bridge, recorder.
1874-75 — I'r- Hosmer A. Johnson, president; E.W. Blatchford,
first vice-president; H. H. Babcock, second vice-president ; J. W.
Velie, librarian and secretary ; Dr. Norman Bridge, recorder.
1876 — -E. W. Blatchford, president ; H. PI. Babcock, first vice-
president ; William Bross, second vice-president ; J. W. Velie,
librarian and secretary ; Dr. Norman Bridge, recorder.
1877 — E. W. Blatchford, president ; H. H. Babcock, first vice-
president ; William Bross, second vice-president ; S. H. I'eabody,
librarian and secretary ; Dr. Norman Bridge, recorder.
1878 — H. II. Babcock, president; William Bross, first vice-
president ; H. N. Hibbard, second vice-president ; S. H. Peabody,
librarian and secretary ; C. N. Holden, recorder.
/<?79 — H. H. Babcock, president; William Bross, first vice-
president ; H. N. Hibbard, second vice-president ; Rev. A. Swazey
and J. W. Velie, librarian and secretary ; Dr. Charles Adams, re-
corder.
iSSa-Si — H. H. Babcock, president ; William Bross, first
vice-president; H. N. Hibbard, second vice-president ; F. H. Da-
vis and J. \V. Velie, librarian and secretary ; Dr. Charles Adams,
recorder.
1883 — William Bross, president ; B. W. Thomas, first vice-
president ; W. H. Wells, second vice-president ; N. S. Davis, Jr.
and J. W. Velie, librarian and secretary ; C. N. Higginson, recorder.
1883-84 — Dr. Edmund Andrews, president ; B. W. Thomas,
first vice-president ; W. II. Wells, second vice-president ; N. S.
Davis, Jr. and J. \V. Velie, librarian and secretary ; C. N. Higgin-
son, recorder.
iSSj — Dr. Edmund Andrews, president ; B. W. Thomas, first
vice-president ; W. H. Wells, second vice-president ; C. S. Fellows
and J. W. Velie, librarian and secretary ; N. S. Davis, Jr., recorder.
William Bross has been president of the Board of Trustees
since J. Voung Scammon's retirement in 1883, and Jacob W. Velie
has been curator since 1878.
JACOB W. VELIE, secretary and curator of the Chicago Acad-
emy of Sciences, the son of Philip I. and Betsey (Wilbur) Velie, was
born in 1829, near Amsterdam, Montgomery Co., N. Y. His
paternal ancestors, several generations previously, came from Hol-
land and settled at Albany. Dr. Velie's paternal grandfather mar-
ried Catharine Boyd, a native of New York, of Gaelic ancestry.
The Wilburs are natives of Vermont. Dr. Velie received his early
education at Hammondsport, N. Y., where his youth was passed.
At the age of twenty-one he began the study of medicine under Dr.
C. S. Younglove, of .Hammondsport, with whom he remained three
and a half years, at the same time supplementing his medical prac-
tice with a course of lectures at the Geneva Medical College. On
the removal of Dr. Younglove to Illinois, Dr. Velie assumed the
former's practice at Hammondsport. In February, 1856, he moved
to Dixon, 111., and, after a few months went to Rock Island, and
engaged in the practice of dentistry. The manual dexterity
which made him proficient in this occupation has been greatly
utilized in his position at the Academy of Sciences. In 1864, he
spent five months in the Rocky Mountains with Dr. C. C. Parry
the eminent botanist. During this time he assisted in taking the
height of several peaks, one of which, 13,173 feet in height, by his
request, was named Mount Audubon, in memory of John James
Audubon, the naturalist. Dr. Parry named Velie's Peak, 13,457 feet
in height, in his honor. In 1867, Dr. Velie returned to Bath, Stcu-
ln-n Co., V N'.. win-re he engaged in business as a druggist. He
had married Adelia, a daughter of I.eary Noble, of that town, in
1858. Mrs. Velie died on December 14, 1883, at Hyde Park, leaving
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
43'
no children. In November, 1870, Dr. Velie removed to Chicago,
and became the assistant of Dr. Stimpson, then secretary and curator
of the Academy of Sciences, on August I, 1871. After the destruc-
tion in the fire of the Academy's collections, which included his own
private collections, extending over thirteen years, and his scientific
library, he accompanied Dr. Stimpson on a scientific expedition to
Florida, Cuba and Yucatan, bringing back what formed the nucleus
of a new collection for the Academy. Dr. Stimpson died on the
return trip, in Maryland, May 27, 1872. Dr. Velie, on his return
with his collections, was placed in charge thereof and of the new
Academy building. In July, 1871, for faithful services rendered,
he was presented with a paid-up life membership by the Academy,
lie has, slmv his first expedition with Dr. Stimpson in 1872, made
six similar ones to Florida in the interests of science and the Acad-
emy. He is an ornithologist of reputation, but of late years has
given more special attention to conchology and archaeology. He
is a careful student, and there is no department of modern practical
science which does not engage his interest. He is a corresponding
member of the Davenport (Iowa) Academy of Natural Sciences, of
the Biological Society of Washington, D. C., and of the National
Ornithological Congress of the United States. In March, 1885, he
received the honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine from the Med-
ical faculty of the Northwestern University^
STATE MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. — The State Micro-
scopical Society of Illinois had its origin as early as 1868,
and is, therefore, nearly as old an institution as the Royal
Microscopical Society of England, whose charter was
obtained in 1866. In the autumn of the year first named,
several informal conferences were held in Chicago by
those interested in the microscope, for the purpose of
forming a society to promote investigations with that
instrument. The Academy of Sciences proposed an
organization as a section of the Academy, but an inde-
pendent course was decided on, and on December 12,
1868, the Chicago Microscopical Club was formed, out
of which grew the present society. Its original found-
ers were —
Hosmer A. Johnson, lames Hanky. Edmund Andrews, Samuel
A. Briggs, Walter H. Bullock, George M. Higginson, W. W. All-
port, Joseph W. Freer, Henry F. Munroe, Louis Hoerlin, Thomas
C. Duncan, William C. Hunt, Daniel T. Nelson and Walter Hay,
with Dr. II. A. Johnson as chairman and S. A. Briggs, secretary.
By-laws and constitution were adopted on December
22, and W. W. Allport was appointed president, Henry F.
Munroe secretary, Samuel A. Briggs curator and libra-
rian, and Geo. M. Higginson, treasurer. Regular month-
ly meetings were held; a charter obtained from the State
on March 31, 1869 ; and on April 23 of the same year,
an organization was effected under the present corporate
name, by-laws being adopted and officers elected on
May 7.
The promotion of research in microscopy was aug-
mented by conversazioni, in imitation of the Royal
Microscopical Society, and experiments of a popular
character maintained. At the first of these, held May
28, 1869, fifty instruments were used and about five
hundred guests present. In March, 1870, the society
adopted a constitution, amended its by-laws, divided its
meetings into stated and scientific, relatively for busi-
ness and experiments, and a board of trustees was
appointed. At the close of the first year there was
an active membership of eighty-nine, thirty-one meet-
ings had been held, the receipts had been $1,267, and
the disbursements $1,033. Donations of books and
specimens were made and the nucleus of a library and a
cabinet had been obtained. In March, 1871, a conver-
sazione at Farwell Hall, at which some fifteen hundred
guests were present, gave the society an impetus in
popular favor. In October, the Academy of Sciences,
containing the property of the society, was destroyed,
but the records were saved. The Lens, the society
journal, was started under the editorial management of
S. A. Briggs, and in December the society was placed
upon a permanent basis of operation. In 1879, the
Royal Society made the president of the State Society
an ex-officio member of the former organization. In
1883, occurred a joint meeting of the American and
State Societies at the Calumet Club house, the session
lasting three days. This proved to be one of the largest
exhibits ever held in this country, two hundred and
fifty instruments being in position. During its exis-
tence of over seventeen years, the society has made
marked progress, and some valuable papers have ema-
nated from its members. The presidents have been W.
W. Allport, Henry W. Fuller, Hosmer A. Johnson,
S. A. Briggs, H. H. Babcock, B. W. Thomas and Lester
Curtis. The present membership-roll shows five hon-
orary members, twenty-two corresponding members,
and eighty-five active members. The officers for 1884-
85 are—
E. S. Bastin, president; E. J. Hill and W. II. Bullock, vice-
presidents ; William Hoskins, secretary ; Charles S. Fellows, cor-
responding secretary; W. II. Summers, treasurer; Charles O.
Boring, B. W. Thomas, B. F. Nourse, Hosmer A. Johnson and H.
Cradle, trustees.
THE WESTERN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS was organ-
ized on May 25, 1869, as the Civil Engineers' Club of
the Northwest, its object being to promote acquaint-
anceship among civil engineers in the West, particularly
those residing in Chicago or having business interests
centering here. The originator was Charles Paine,
then chief engineer and general superintendent of the
Michigan Southern Railroad. The fire of 1871 retarded
the progress of the club, and no special efforts were
made to enlarge its membership or extend its field of
operations. In 1880, however, steps were taken to
adopt a new constitution, and the present title was as.
stimed when the society was incorporated, on Septem-
ber i. Under the new regime regular meetings were
held, papers and discussions were included in the exer-
cises, a library of valuable engineering and scientific
literature was formed, excursions to public works were
made, and annual conventions held. The society, has
about one hundred and fifty members, nearly one half
of whom are residents of Illinois, the others being scat-
tered through twenty-eight States, territories and foreign
countries.
The presidents of the society have been as follows:
Roswell B. Mason, June I, 1869, to June 13, 1870; Charles
Paine, June 13, 1870, to June 9, 1873; Ellis S. Chesbrough, June
9, 1873, to June 9, 1877; William Sooy Smith, June 19, 1877, to
August 3, 1880; Ellis S. Chesbrough, August 3, 1880, to January
2, 1882; Willard S. I'ope, January 2, 1882, to January 8, 1883;
DeNVittC. Cregier, since January 8, 1883. S. P. Morehouse has
been secretary since the organization of the society.
BENEZETTE WILLIAMS, civil engineer, was born on November
9, 1844, in Logan County, Ohio. His father was a farmer and he
was brought up in the country. After attending the local schools,
he entered the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where he
was graduated in 1869, receiving the degrees of Civil Engineer and
of Mining Engineer. On leaving the University he came to Chi-
cago, and for a short time was employed in the private office of the
well-known engineer, E. S. Chesbrough. He shortly afterward
secured employment in the office of the city engineer of Milwaukee.
After a short stay there, he spent two years on railroad engineering
work in Wisconsin and Illinois. In July, 1872, he obtained a
position as assistant engineer in the office of the city engineer of
Chicago, being engaged in the Sewerage Department and also in
the Water Works Department. AVhile holding this office, he was in
charge of the design and construction of the Fullerton-avenue con-
duit. He afterward became Superintendent of Sewers. On the
retirement of Mr. Chesbrough, as city engineer, Mr. Williams was
appointed to that important office, holding it until September, 1879.
Since then he has engaged in private practice, having, among other
works, built the sewerage and water works at Pullman, Illinois,
which are among the most perfect in the world. He has also de-
signed systems of water-supply and drainage for the towns of La
Crosse, \Vis.; Saginaw, Mich.'; Council Bluffs, Iowa; Decatur. 111.,
and a number of places of minor importance. In 1884, Mr. Wil-
432
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
liams was associated with another civil engineer in the preparation of
plans ami estimates for the drainage of the Calumet region of Hyde
I'ark. Mr. Williams is the president of the Western Society of
Engineers. 1 !<• was married, on September 27, 1871, in Cleveland,
Ohio, to Miss l.ydia |. Terrell, of that city; they have three children,
I'arl ISene/ette, born December 23, 1873; Edith Cadwallader, born
May 20. 1*75; and Hester Gilpin, born October 20, 1883.
COLONEL |<>n\ . \H\IK McDoWKLL, civil engineer, was born
at Columbus, Ohio, on |ulv 22, 1^25. IK- entered Kenyon Col-
lege, at Gamhier, Ohio, where he was graduated in August, 1846.
lie then studied law for two years with Judge Joseph K. Swan, at
•iibus, (thin, but, in 1848, he gave up the law and began his
engineering career, being1 engaged on the Little Miami Railroad.
In iS-t<), Mr. Mel >owell went across the plains to California, where
he remained for about three years, during which time he was
admitted to the liar and practiced law ; he was also, for a time, the
mayor of Monterey. In December, 1852, he returned to Ohio,
and, until the close of 1854, was occupied in surveying and in gen-
eral engineering work in Kentucky and Ohio. In February, 1^55,
lie removed to Kenkuk, Iowa, where he built the railroad around
the rapids, and surveyed the harbor. He lived there until 1861,
during part of which time he was city engineer of Keoknk. When
the Civil War broke out, Mr. McDowell hastened to Washington
and obtained the acceptance by the Secretary of War of five inde-
pendent regiments from Iowa, which were immediately raised and
mustered into the United States service. These were the 4th Iowa
aeer Infantry, commanded by Colonel Granville Dodge; the 5th
Iowa Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Colonel William II. Worth-
ington; the 6th Iowa Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Colonel Mc-
Dowell; the 7th Iowa Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Colonel
Lauman, and the 1st Iowa Volunteer Cavalry, commanded by Ccn-
eral I-'it/c Henry Warren. On August 9, iSGl, Colonel McDowell
went to Missouri, with his regiment, reporting to Major-General
John Charles Fremont, then in St. Louis, and was by him assigned
to command Lafayette Square, in that city. In September, 1861,
he was brigaded under General Fred. Steele, and participated in the
demonstration on Springfield. Thence, he marched to Lamine
Cmssing, where he remained until March, 1862. Thence, he was
ordered up the Tennessee River and assigned to command the 1st
Hrigade of General Sherman's Fifth Division of the Army of the
Tennessee. He participated, with his command, in the battle of
Shiloh on April 6, 1862, where he was injured. He moved with the
army on Memphis, and down into Northern Mississippi, and thence
to Grand Junction, Term. Continued exposure had now so affected
his health that, in March, 1863, he resigned from the army and
returned to Keokuk, Iowa. Shortly afterward he was appointed
special agent of the United States Treasury Department, and exer-
cised the functions of that office in Vicksburg, Miss., and Helena,
Ark., until the close of the War in 1865. Colonel McDowell then
returned to Keokuk, where he again engaged in the practice of
engineering until 1868, when he was elected mayor of the city.
This office he held for two years, when he was elected clerk of the
District Court for Lee County. In 1873, he removed to Chicago,
and entered upon the practice of his profession, remaining here
until 1877, when he accepted a clerkship in the Department of Ag-
riculture in Washington, a position he held only a year, when he
was appointed to take charge of the construction of the new Custom
House building in Chicago. This occupied Colonel McDowell
until December, 1880, when he resumed the practice of engineering
in this city. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Geraldine Cowles,
of Worthington, Ohio. Mrs. McDowell died in Boston, in 1873
leaving four children,— Gerald R., Malcolm H., Selden Lord and
Lucy F.
GUSTAF HENRY CARLSON, civil engineer (a member of the
firm of Greeley, Carlson & Co., civil engineers and surveyors), was
born at the city of Malmo, Sweden, on April 16, 1848. As a child he
attended the schools of his native place, but at the early age of ten
years he was sent to a fine school in Christiansfeld, in Germany,
where, after studying the classics, and engineering, he was gradu-
ated in 1867, at the age of nineteen years. Returning home to
Sweden he was variously engaged until 1870, when he emigrated to
this country, and went into stock raising in Kansas. In 1872, how-
ever, he determined to practice his profession, so he came to Chi-
go, and entered the employment of the well-known engineer and
.urveyor , S. S. Greeley, as his assistant engineer. Two years later,
1174, he became assistant engineer of the Village of Hyde I'ark
being actively engaged in getting out the atlas of that village Iii
77. Mr. Carlson returned to.Mr.Greeley, and in 1882, was admitted
to partnership, under the firm name and style of Greeley & Company
since Greeley, Carlson \ Co. Mr. Carlson was married, in 1878
to Miss Julie Vodoz, of Hyde Park. They have one child Gustaf
Henry, Jr.
WKM.ANI, FAIRBANKS SARCKNT, civil engineer, was born at
Sedgwick, Maine, in 1853. He was educated at the Institute of
technology m Boston, Mass., where he was graduated in 1875
He was then placed in charge of certain surveys in Boston and
vicinity, in connection with the annexation to that city of the towns
of Dorchester, Newton, and other surrounding towns. This occu-
pied him until 1877, when he removed to Chicago and became
assistant engineer on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and on the
Chicago & Western Indiana railroads, on which duty he continued
until iSSo. Pullman's Palace Car Company then employed Mr.
Sargent as their civil engineer of grounds for the new town of
Pullman, 111., where he was occupied, until 1882, in laying out the
town, locating streets and buildings, and planning and constructing
the system of surface drainage. lie then went to Dakota as chief
engineer of the Grand Forks & Missouri Valley Railroad, being
engaged in making the preliminary surveys. He finished this work
in 1883, and returned to Chicago. Here, he became the superin-
tendent and constructing engineer of the National -Manufacturing
and Milling Company of Chicago, a corporation engaged in plan-
ning and constructing milling and mining machinery. Mr. Sar-
gent is a member of the Western Society of Engineers. He was
married in Chicago, in 1880, to Miss Fanny liaker, of Maine.
They have one child, Marjorie G., born on March 31, 1884.
LKONHARD HOI.MROK, mechanical engineer, was born in Nor-
way, in 1859. He was educated at the Polytechnic Institution at
Christina, in Norway, ^where he was graduated in 1879. He at
once emigrated to America, coining directly to Chicago, where he
was employed by the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company as
assistant engineer, on duty in connection with the construction of
the works for that company in South Chicago. He remained with
this company until February, 1883, when he went into the office,
in this city, of R. Forsyth, civil engineer (member of the American
Society of Civil Engineers), as assistant to him in making general
plans and estimates for the improvement of steel-works. He con-
tinued in this employment until May, 1884, when he opened an
office for himself in the city of Chicago for the practice of his pro-
fession as a mechanical engineer. Since that time he has been
engaged in the planning and construction of various sorts of
machinery and industrial appliances, giving special attention to the
preparation of patent office drawings. Mr. Holmboe was married
in Chicago, in 1882, to Miss Hannah Peterson of this city. They
have one child, a daughter named Astrid.
O. D. OKVIS. — Chicago is fortunate in possessing not a few
men who, as inventors, have achieved a. reputation little short of
world wide, and the value of whose inventions have been, and are
to-day, appreciated both at home and abroad. Orland D. Orvis,
who has been a citizen of Chicago for the past twenty years, and
whose fame as an inventor is known all over the civilized world, is
one of those who has not only done credit to the city he calls his
home, but to the whole country ; for, by the force of his genius, he
has only furnished another illustration of the truth that American
inventors lead the world in producing both methods and appliances
that have become milestones in marking the progressive civilization
of the age. Mr. Orvis is a man yet in the prime of life, and one of
the few inventors who have, in their lifetime, reaped in a measure
the benefits of their skill. He is a native of the State of Michigan,
born in Oakland County in 1844. His father, Andrew M. Orvis,
was a farmer.and removed with his family to Wisconsin about 1848,
where Orland was reared, passing his boyhood days on the farm.
On leaving the common schools he entered Fox Lake College, from
which institution he graduated in 1865, and coming to Chicago
took a thorough course in one of the commercial colleges in this
city. He then entered upon a mercantile career, founding the firm
of O. D. Orvis & Co., wholesale dealers in picture-frames, mould-
ings, etc., at Nos. 141-43 State Street. This firm, which was one
among the many others burned out in the great fire of 1871, was in
existence until 1875, when failing health compelled Mr. Orvis to
retire from business. He spent two years in comparative rest,
when his attention was turned to the problem of doing away with
the "smoke nuisance," which exists not only in Chicago but in all
large cities. He then began to study carefully the chemistry of
combustion, and, in 1879, invented an appliance embodying the air
vacuum principle, and which, when applied to steam boiler furnaces,
produced such perfect combustion that all smoke and gases arising
therefrom were wholly consumed. About the same time, too, he
invented his smokeless hydro-carbon furnace, and, in iSSi, went
abroad to introduce his invention in the larger European cities. He
was everywhere received with marked cordiality, and in London, the
smokiest city in the world, the triumph of his invention was of the
most satisfactory character. His first public test of his smoke-con-
sumer in that city was given on the Fourth of July, 1881, and two
days later the London correspondent of the Chicago Tribune wrote
his paper as follows : "At least one Yankee celebrated Independ-
ence Day here in a very characteristic manner. Mr. O. D. Orvis, of
Chicago, has completed arrangements for a trial of his smoke-burner
upon one of the largest batteries of boilers in use here, and on the
morning of the Fourth, in the presence of a numerous crowd of man-
ufacturers, engineers, and mechanics, the valves were opened, and
HANKING HISTORY.
433
the burners set in operation. In less than one minute the plume of
unconsunieil carbon that darkened the sky had disappeared from the
head of the tall chimney, and the eye-holes of the furnaces revealed
the wonderful increased intensity of combustion, while the pointer
on the steam-gauge began moving rapidly toward higher figures.
Then the operation of the burners was suspended, and in another
moment there rolled out from the top of the great stack clouds upon
clouds of black smoke that drifted lazily away in the still summer
air. And so the exhibition went on, until the most skeptical were
obliged to succumb to the force of the ocular demonstration, and it
was conceded on all sides that the Yankee had accomplished what
the mechanic and scientific man of Kurope had been working in
vain for during the last fifty years." Following up his success
in London. Mr. < Irvis went to Paris, where, after a time, his appli-
ances were placed on the boilers of ihe water works of that city,
and were commended in the highest terms by the building engineers
ami scientists. A stork company was formed in Paris for their
manufacture and sale, and is to-day doing a large and prosperous
business. In fact, to-day nearly every factory in the manufacturing
towns of England and France have adopted this furnace, and Mr.
( >rvis has received awards in the shape of medals and diplomas
from England, France, Germany, Italy, and from countries as
remote as China and Japan. The hydro-carbon furnace, also the
invention of Mr. Orvis, is intended to burn oil as fuel, is likewise
smokeless, and is so simple and yet so perfect in its construction
that it is a matter of surprise that it was not discovered sooner.
After his return from Europe, Mr. Orvis formed a joint stock com-
pany in this city for manufacturing and pushing his inventions
in this country. Accordingly, in 1884, the Orvis Hydro-Carbon
Furnace Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of
SI.M.X^OOO, and with the following gentlemen as officers: Orland
I). Orvis, president: Jonathan Clark, vice-president: T. 1). Hull,
secretary ; and G. G. Alvord, treasurer. The company's offices are
in the Lakeside Kuilding, corner of Clark and Adams streets. In
concluding this brief sketch, it is only a matter of justice to say
that < 'hicago is to be congratulated in having, as one of her citizens,
a man who has been so highly honored in foreign countries as an
inventor, and that, even by royalty itself, have the merits of his
invention been noticed and acknowledged. In Russia, for instance,
the distinction bestowed upon Mr. Orvis, gave to him a castle and
servants whenever he may choose to visit the Czar's dominions. In
Austria, he could, had he desired it, have been made a baron, but he
preferred to return to this country, as he left it, a plain, unassuming
American citizen, such as he is to-day ; but his value and worth
and what he has accomplished for the convenience of his fellow-men
all over the world, will not soon be forgotten.
BANKING HISTORY.
In the second volume of this History has been given
an account of Chicago banking, during the period when
the system of finance, commonly characterized as " Wild-
Cat," ruled supreme. As has been there said, the
secession of the Southern States, with its attendant repu-
diation of State indebtedness and derangement of secu-
rities on which was based a not inconsiderable propor-
tion of the currency, on whose fluctuating value ordinary
commercial transactions were based, resulted in the
deepening of the already wide-spread distrust in the
then existing system. With the legal establishment of
a national currency in 1862, the institutions popularly
known as State Hanks ceased to be banks of issue.
"Wild-Cat " money disappeared from circulation, and
the complications inseparable from an era of illegitimate,
and sometimes irresponsible, banking, began gradually
to adjust themselves. The year 1871 saw a uniform
and well-established circulation and a well-managed
system of finance established in Chicago, of which the
banks necessarily formed the corner-stone.
Immediately before the occurrence of the fire, there
were nineteen National and nine State (or private) banks
established and carrying on business in this city. Their
aggregate capital (not including that of the savings
banks) was $13,500,000, divided relatively as follows :
State (or private) banking institutions $6,950,000
National Banks 6,550,000
An idea of the volume of business then being trans-
acted by them may be gathered from the following
statement of clearing-house returns for the years 1870
and 1869, the ratio of increase during the first nine
months of 1871 being presumably not less than that for
the year 1870:
Clearings.
Balances.
Total for 1870
$810 676 036
Total for 1869 .
731,444,111
73,831,000
Increase for 1870
$ 79 231 925
The conflagration exerted a serious effect upon the
banks, for the time being. The estimated loss of per-
sonal property alone, including money burned up (but
28
not as a matter of course evidences of indebtedness), was
placed at $1,000,000. Of the nineteen National banks,
all were burned except one. The other banks which
stood in the track of the devouring element and suffered
were as follows : Gennania, Hibernian (savings), Ma-
rine, Real-Estate Loan & Trust Company, Union In-
surance & Trust Company, Chicago (savings), Commer-
cial Loan Company, German (savings), National Loan
cV Trust Company, Normal Company, and Illinois State
Savings Institution. Their vaults were, almost without
exception, buried in the ruins, and pending their recov-
ery great anxiety prevailed. The contents of the vaults,
however, as a rule, ultimately proved to be uninjured.
There was but one case of serious loss. A safe belong-
ing to the firm of L. Silverman & Co., containing $50,000
in gold and currency, was destroyed.
As early as Wednesday, a meeting of the principal
bankers was held, over which W. F. Coolbaugh, presi-
dent of the Union National Bank, presided ; no formal
action was taken, but the immediate resumption of busi-
ness was tacitly resolved. Before the close of the day,
at least twelve banks had secured temporary quarters,
and announced their intention to recommence opera-
tions as soon as their chosen places could be arranged.
While much uncertainty was felt as to what the banks
might be able to do, this action on their part inspired
confidence, which was still further strengthened by a
well-grounded report that the Bank of Montreal, one of
the richest on the continent, had determined to open
an agency in Chicago. • On the following day (Thurs-
day), the banks determined upon the immediate repay-
ment to depositors of fifteen per cent., and this deter-
mination was publicly announced through the press on
Friday. Of their own ability to pay more, they had no
doubt ; the arbitrary limit was fixed with a view of
avoiding a general run, which might have followed the
adoption of any other policy. At the same time, the sav-
ings banks declared their willingness to pay in full all de-
positors whose claims did not exceed twenty dollars, and
to pay twenty dollars on account to those whose legal
demands exceeded that sum. At the time of the adop-
tion of this policy, many denounced it as too close, but
time justified its wisdom. A considerable proportion
of the assets of the banks consisted of commercial paper ;
434
HISTORY OF CHICAOO.
to have pressed payment of this at such a time would
not only have been cruel, but would undoubtedly have
precipitated a panic. Moreover, the banks desired to
keep in their control funds sufficient to facilitate the
transaction of business and the movement of produce.
For the first several months after the fire, the principal
demand for accommodation came from the grain, pro-
duce and lumber interests, and the revival of these in-
the forwarding of the mercantile movement, by an
increase of credits on the Fast, on Europe, and on
China. On October 16, Comptroller llnbbard made an
official examination of the Chicago banks, and reported
their condition as satisfactory, and from the date of the
resumption forward, for a period of some months,
money was so '• flush " in this city that the banks had
more money than before the fire, notwithstanding the
FIRST NATIONAL BANK.
dustries being essential to the general revival of com-
merce, the banks did all in their power to aid merchants
and forwarders.
On the Tuesday following the fire (October 17), most
of the banks resumed payment unconditionally, and
coped with the emergencies of the situation without dif-
ficulty. The deposits exceeded the drafts, even with
the savings banks. Among the causes of this fact may
be named the circumstances that large sums of money
were forwarded here for relief and millions of dollars
paid by insurance companies in settlement of losses.
In addition, much Eastern capital was sent here for
investment in real-estate at anticipated low prices. The
operation of these causes, with the action of the banks,
prevented a panic, and the sequel showed that Chicago
had not only the sympathy, but the confidence, of capi-
talists of other cities. On November 15, an agency of
the Hank of Montreal was established here, resulting in
fact that immense sums were sent East in payment of
mercantile indebtedness. This plethora of money lasted
until the following May. Moreover, the credit of Chi-
cago and her mercantile community was such, both at
home and abroad, that loans to almost any amount were
obtainable on request. Indeed, many Eastern and Euro-
pean capitalists formed associations' for the express pur-
pose of loaning money to aid in the rehabilitation of
the city. Millions were placed here at rates of interest
which may be said to have been comparatively reason-
able and on favorable terms, and that the city 'was sub-
stantially re-built within two years may be largely at-
tributed to the immense opportunities for investment
afforded by the fire itself.
In what has been said, no mention has been made of
the action of the savings banks, other than to refer to
their partial resumption of payments at the same time
with the other banking institutions of the city. The
BANKING HISTORY.
435
announcement of this intention on their part resulted in
but little demand for money except from small depos-
itors, whose immediate needs were thus measurably
relieved. The first resumption of business by these
institutions occurred on Tuesday, October 19, the Hiber-
nian and Union Insurance and Trust Company being
the only exceptions, and the delay in these cases being
caused by the difficult)' encountered by them in remov-
ing and arranging their books and papers. On the fol-
lowing day (October 20), the policy of paying more than
twenty dollars to small depositors who were in need was
generally adopted. The demand for money from larger
depositors was never clamorous, although many, who
desired money to aid them in re-building, were liberally
treated.
In commenting on the financial situation on October
28, a leading journal said:
"The policy of tin- moneyed institutions, though somewhat
conservative, is fully as liberal as could be expected with business
in its present disturbed condition, and until trade revives in all de-
partments of the general market, and the present nervousness in
business ami monetary quarters is supplemented by a healthy feel-
ing, a cautious and close policy is likely to be adhered to. The
banks appreciate, fully, the responsibility which rests upon them
in connection with the speedy restoration of business, and as soon
as the condition of affairs will warrant they will unquestionably
treat all their patrons in a free and liberal manner."
By the beginning of May following the fire (1872),
the resumption of business had become general, and
before the close of the year the material and business
growth of the re-built city had justified (if it had not
demanded) the formation of a number of new banks.
At the end of 1872, the number of banking institutions
in the city, with their capital and surplus and deposits,
were as follows:
Capital and surplus.
Deposits.
21 National banks
$11 644 885
8 St. -ilc banks
iS Savings banks* _. .
*Some of which were connected with other institutions.
In addition to those named in the foregoing table
should be mentioned the Bank of Montreal's agency
and several private institutions.
With the panic, in the autumn of 1873, came the
discovery that values had abnormally appreciated, owing
to the speculative excitement of the period. The re-
sulting shrinkage created a demand for ready money;
and some banks found themselves unable to meet the
demands of depositors, owing to the depreciation of
real-estate securities, in which an undue proportion
of their available funds had been invested. Consequent
suspension of such institutions was inevitable. When
the news of the failure of Jay Cooke & Co. first
reached the city, however, a meeting of bankers was
called at once. There was naturally a very strong and
apparent feeling of uncertainty as to the outlook.
From every large center came hourly reports of fresh
failures. Not a few at first felt that the safest plan
would be to follow the example set by many banks and
bankers in other cities, and, for the time being, suspend
currency payments and begin the issue to their custom-
ers of clearing-house certificates.
More conservative counsels, however, prevailed; and
it was determined by the majority to continue the regu-
lar course of business, despite the threatening storm,
which almost momentarily became more imminent.
The wisdom of the resolution was justified by the re-
sult. Some banks, as has been said, at once succumbed;
among them was the Third National, the second in im-
portance in the city, which, however, resumed almost as
soon as an examination into its financial condition could
be made. Commenting on its resumption, on October
9, 1873, the Times of that date said:
" This event may be said to mark the conclusion of the panic
so far as this city is concerned, though it had virtually ended sev-
eral days since. In other cities the banks are still considering the
question of resuming payments in currency, but they find a pretence
for not doing so, in the fact that the New York banks are still
issuing loan certificates."
In concluding a review of the local effects of the
crisis on the following day, the same journal remarked:
"Chicago can say 'veni, vidi, vici.' There never was a severer
lest than that we have just undergone, and it has more than demon-
strated the substantial foundation of our business structure. Had
there been any sham about Chicago, the late panic, coming when it
did and how it did, would have ground us to powder. That it did
not; that it has passed without leaving a mark of its passage, is a
fact which we commend to our own citizens and those of other
cities who need to be reminded of it."
The attention of the reader should be directed to
the general solvency of the State banks, as evidenced
by the manner in which, as a rule, they weathered the
storm. Notable illustrations were the Merchants' Loan
and Trust Company and the Traders' Bank which have
never known one hour's financial embarrassment.
During the five years following the panic of 1873,
however, there were, in all, twenty-one failures— more or
less important — of banking institutions, most, if not all,
of which might be traced to this cause.*
The savings banks were rather benefited by the
crisis than otherwise, as owing to the depreciation in
Chicago real-estate, which began almost with the an-
nouncement of the failure of Jay Cooke & Co., they
became the depositories of a large portion of the cur-
rent fund which had up to that time sought investment.
While their condition had been fairly easy since the
fire, during which time the two leading ones, the Bee-
Hive and the State Savings Institution, had grown into
public confidence, they now indeed experienced a flush
of money in their vaults for the first time.
The failure of the two savings banks above named
attracted so much attention at the time, not only in
Chicago but throughout the State, that a brief sketch of
the origin, progress and downfall of each may be of
interest.
The first-named — the Bee-Hive, the legal name of
which was the Merchants', Farmers' and Mechanics'
Bank — was organized under the law of 1861. The
original incorporators were M. and Sidney Myers, T.
R. Johnson, Josias Grant and G. B. Chaffee. The
amount of capital stock was fixed at $50,000, with the
privilege of increase to $500,000. The bank was opened
in Galesburg, and three years later was removed to
Chicago. The only change of importance in the per-
sonnel of the stockholders occurred in 1864, when an
interest was bought by R. B. Westfall. The latter's
investment in the concern was said to have been $50,000,
which amount (as investigation subsequent to the bank's
failure in 1877 showed) he very soon drew out. He
* It is worthy of remark in this connection that no shadow of disaster lias
f;illf-n nvrr ;my of ,,nr I'f^nlar banking institutions since the failure of thr < MT-
iiiiin Savings Hank in I Icc.-iuber, 1877, so thoroughly was the system purified by
the panic and its results.
436
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
was president; Myers, cashier. During the absence of
Myers from the city, in the fall of 1873, Westfall, who
was left in absolute control, made to himself liberal ad-
vances from the bank's funds, and on the cashier's
return he found the president in debt to the bank in the
sum of §80,000. This account was ultimately closed by
the bank's accepting Westt'all's stock in settlement, and
the surrender of his obligations. The precise amount of
stock thus surrendered was never known, the official
investigation disclosing no record of any transfer of
stuck either to or from him.
As in the case of some other savings banks which
failed about the same time, the management made loans
largely on real-estate on which an over-valuation had
been placed, receiving an exorbitant rate of interest in
compensation for the risk assumed. Six per cent, was
advertised as the rate to be paid depositors, and it was
necessary to resort to " heroic measures " in order to
redeem the pledge. In June, 1877, a "run" on St.
Louis savings banks occurred, and so sensitive was the
money market, that its effect was to create alarm among
depositors in similar institutions in Chicago. The Bee-
Hive was in no condition to meet any unusual demand
for money; and Myers availed himself of the right,
legally accorded to the institution, to give twenty and
thirty-day notices to depositors. A sixty-day loan of
§40,000 gave him temporary relief, and his indomitable
self-assurance was of even still more worth to him at
this crisis. Three depositors, however, procured an in-
junction against the institution, and its doors were
closed. Even then, Myers, in an open letter to deposi-
tors, expressed his sympathy with them, assured them
that all assets were available, and announced his belief
that they would be paid in full. On September 22,
1877, S. D. Ward took possession of the bank's assets,
as receiver. The vaults contained exactly sixty-two
cents, in cash, all that remained after a fortnight's run.
Every security of value had been pledged, and the
aggregate liability was $655,000. It was at once appar-
ent that the only hope of paying depositors anything
rested in the possibility of recovering from Westfall.
An injunction was obtained by the receiver, restraining
that individual from disposing of his property, pur-
chased with funds obtained from the Bee-Hive. This
property ultimately passed into the receiver's hands,
and ultimately— three years after the bank's failure— a
dividend of ten per cent, was paid.
The State Savings Institution was organized in 1863.
The original charter was granted to the Illinois Savings
Institution in 1861, and subsequently transferred. Its
capital stock, originally, was $100,000, owned in equal
shares by J. C. Haines, Jared Gage, E. M. Haines and
. Bickford. To detail the subsequent changes in
the list of stockholders would be as tedious as unin-
teresting. The first increase in the capital stock was
made on June 22, 1869.
In 1872, D. D. Spencer became a stockholder, and
also, on January 7, i813, a director. Meanwhile, Mr.
Haines had retired from any active participation in the
bank's affairs, and Spencer (at the mention of whose
name the poorer class of savings bank depositors in
this city yet turn pale) gradually obtained absolute con-
I he finger of suspicion had already pointed to-
ward Spencer, owing to his connection with the Cook
County National Bank, an institution organized by him
which failed badly in 1873. Space forbids more than a
mere mention of the very peculiar methods of finance
employed by him in the conduct of the State Savings
Institution. Before February i, 1873, Spencer, with
1 bomas S. Dobbins (his nominal backer), had obtained
a controlling interest, owning, conjointly, eight hundred
and twenty four of the entire one thousand four hun-
dred and fifty shares of capital stock. In March fol-
lowing, the directory voted to increase the amount to
$500,000, by the issuance of three thousand nine hun-
dred and fifty additional shares, of a par value of §100
each. The actual increase of stock, however, was suffi-
cient to raise the entire amount to $650,000. In June,
1873, Spencer and Dobbins became, respectively, pres-
ident and vice-president of the bank. Two thousand
of the three thousand nine hundred and fifty shares
authorized were issued to Spencer ; Dobbins, shortly
thereafter, withdrew from the concern, and, on Febru-
ary 5, 1874, Spencer owned more than four-fifths of the
entire capital stock of the institution, and on September
9 of that year, in his capacity as board of directors, he
transferred to himself as president four hundred and
ninety additional shares ; shortly after which he ob-
tained from C. T. Bowen one hundred and twenty
more. He was then sole and undisputed dictator of
the bank's affairs, which still, however, nominally re-
mained under the control of a board of trustees. The
gentlemen who composed such board gradually (but as
rapidly as possible) withdrew from even apparent con
duct of the affairs of the concern. Enormous loans
were made to Spencer on his personal notes, the obli-
gations being discharged by the payment of bank stock,
the acceptance of which in settlement was authorized
by the directory. Of course, insolvency, with all the
attendant horrors of a failure which involves hundreds,
if not thousands, of hard-working, frugal men and
women, was inevitable.
As a commentary on the causes resulting in the sus-
pension, it is only necessary to call attention to the
following copy of a promissory note, found by the
assignee among the bank's assets :
$479,177.40. CHICACO, Dec. 31, 1875.
One year after date I promise to pay to the State Savings Insti-
tution, in the City of Chicago, four hundred and seventy-nine thou-
sand one hundred and seventy-seven dollars and forty cents, for
value received, with interest at eight per cent, per annum for money
borrowed.
Simultaneously with the closing of the bank's doors,
Spencer disappeared from Chicago; he is now said to
be living in Germany. Abner Taylor was appointed
assignee of the defunct institution, and ultimately fifty
per cent, was realized by depositors, the last dividend
having been paid in 1884.
Close upon the failure of these two institutions, fol-
lowed that of the "Fidelity." Dr. V. A. Turpin was
made receiver of the latter, and careful management
enabled him to pay some seventy per cent, of an in-
debtedness amounting to $1,500,000.
In several instances (including, notably, the concerns
mentioned above), the surplus on hand in savings banks'
vaults proved too tempting, and instigated, unknown
even to some of the directors, the acceptance of a line
of loans on suburban property which was just beginning
to be marketable, and on which a high rate of interest
could be obtained. The greed of profit at the expense
of security, combined with other reckless methods of
management, brought on what has been commonly
termed "the Savings Bank crash" in 1877. All of these
institutions were holding out to customers the induce-
BANKING HISTORY.
437
ment of a payment of six per cent, interest on deposits.
The rates, however, at which profitable and well-secured
loans could be made had been gradually decreasing since
the War, and the eagerness with which money found its
way here at the period of the fire and after,
reduced the income of the savings institu-
tions from such securities as could be con-
sidered of an undoubted character to a
figure which, frequently, barely enabled
them to exist.
It is not too much to say that public
confidence in savings banks has never fully
recovered from the rude shock which it
sustained by the exposure of mismanage-
ment in 1877. As a result, comparatively
few new institutions of this character have
been opened in Chicago since that year.
To such as passed safely through the diffi-
culties of that and other trying periods, a
steady and growing patronage has been
accorded, and it may be said with truth
that they rank with the national and State
banks in the estimation of the community.
There is one additional fact that is
necessary to be stated in this connection.
From the very nature of savings banks,
and because depositors place their money
with them as an investment, they are com-
pelled to pay reasonably high rates of in-
terest; hence to obtain good returns, they
must make permanent, or lengthy, invest-
ments of deposits. Their funds thus being
placed, renders them infinitely more sus-
ceptible than commercial banks to runs or
panics, and should they be compelled to
realize upon the securities, such securities
must inevitably undergo a shrinkage of
value, no matter how judicious or con-
servative the management. In this instance,
a thoroughly reliable bank might be forced to suspend
the payment of its depositors, just as a combination of
creditors is able to compel the retirement of almost any
commercial enterprise. It is an indisputable fact that,
in the closing-up of many savings banks, the cause was
simply a cumulative presentation of demands on the
bank, which forced the diminution of their assets so as
to fall below the sums necessary for the redemption of
such claims ; and, to the credit of Chicago's fiduciary
agents be it said, it is considered that in the majority of
cases the savings banks were forced out of existence by
such causes, and not from inefficiency or untrustworthi-
ness in the management.
With the close of 1879, appeared substantial signs of
a permanent recovery from a comparative stagnation of
business which had succeeded the panic of 1873. It
should be remarked here, however, that no bank failure
has occurred in this city since 1877. The advance and
prosperity of the city have been marked by the constant
increase of patronage of and confidence in the banks.
The growth of business is best shown by the statistics
of the banks and the clearing-house. In 1880, the bank
deposits aggregated $64,764,000 as against about
$47,000,000 in 1879. The clearing-house returns for
the years showed an increase of nearly $500,000,000
and of $525,000,000 in 1881. Chicago, in 1880, gained
second place in amount of deposits among the great
banking centers of the Union. The year 1881 closed
with a record of added prosperity. Confidence in all
quarters was by this time fully restored. From the
beginning of the year the financial institutions had expe-
rienced an increasing activity. A steady stream of
money flowed into the banks, which they handled to their
increasing gain and the best interests of all classes of
the community. Several banks found it both safe and
\
S $
expedient to augment their capital; the total increase of
capital stock, during twelve months, among the institu-
tions belonging to the clearing-house alone being
$3,800,000. There were, besides, large accumulations
in other banks, which continued to be carried as undi-
vided earnings.
The increase in clearing-house returns for 1882 was
$137,439,400. In the year following, nearly every bank
of consequence earned, and paid to depositors, divi-
dends ranging from 10 to 15 per cent., besides adding
liberal balances to their surplus or undivided profits,
and the clearing-house statistics showed an increase of
$159,086,139, — a gain of $800,938,000.
Further signs of the growth of business were seen in
the constant enlarging of commercial quarters and ad-
ditions to clerical force.
The following year saw one of the banks of Chicago
(a city of less than fifty years' growth) advanced to the
fourth place among the great financial institutions of the
country. The dividend-paying of the previous year
was duplicated, and the record of the year was that of
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
a steads' ami prosperous business as reported, even down
to the least of tlie bankers.
The clearings, for the year i.ss.}, showed a total of
$2,259,350,386, a decrease from 1883 of $266,272,562.
This fact must not, however, be accepted as indicative
of any actual diminution of the business during the
year It was largely the result of a serious shrinkage
in values. The average prices, in 1884, for both grain
and merchandise, \vere the lowest which had ruled dur-
ing a period covering fifteen years.
The aggregate of bank deposits during the year
increased ,s 119,201. The Metropolitan National was
organized during the year, and paid its first dividend in
less than nine months from the commencement of busi-
ness. The Continental National was added to a list of
dividend-paying banks, which then included nearly every
National or State chartered institution. With the begin-
ning of the year 1885, the Union National Bank in-
creased its capital from §1,000,000 to $2,000,000, and
the Commercial National from $500,000 to $1,000,000.
Nothing can better illustrate the steady and remarkable
growth of the banking business than the figures thus
presented. The causes are not difficult to discover.
Apart from the rapid growth of the city, they may be
found in part in the conservatism of policy and fidelity
to trusts which have characterized their management, as
well as in%the circumstance that the enormous grain and
produce business of Chicago is conducted, essentially,
on a cash basis, thus increasing the proportion of ready
money to the bank's capital. The large Eastern and
European capital which seeks investment in the West
also, to a large extent, passes through the hands of
Chicago's financiers.
The city's banking facilities, at the close of 1885,
included fourteen National and eight State banks, ten
savings institutions, three branch banks and some thirty-
two private banking firms and individuals. The aggre-
gate capital invested is about $17,000,000; the total
deposits are estimated at $75,000,000.
The following summary of the condition and business
of the Chicago National banks is taken from the report
of the Comptroller of the Currency, of October i, 1885:
Banks.
Loans.
Cash and
exchange.
Deposits.
Capital and
surplus.
Chicago National
Commercial Nat'l
Continental Nat'l
Drovers' National
First National ..
Hide and Leather
National
Home National .
Merchants' Nat'l
Metrop'lit'n Nat'l
National Bank of
America
$ 1,653,064
4,028,018
5,226,163
329,916
12,178,149
903,070
391,613
4,650,740
2.502,223
2,395,754
4,407,576
1,385,009
6,297,721
1,156,450
$ 1,389,402
2,852,627
3,044,580
120,560
9,776,831
1,016,241
436,231
5,407,880
1,068,465
2,401,551
2,323,846
998.150
3,518,090
927,451
$ 2,772,778
6,005,665
6,110,918
298,610
19.457,952
1,552,485
760,576
9,207,722
3,005,909
3,687,421
5,818,860
2,383,678
8,505,318
1,456,766
$ 375,ooo
1,200,000
2,126,600
160,000
3,500,000
380,000
350,000
1,500,000
550,000
1,140,000
1,300,000
250,000
1,770,000
600,000
National Bank of
Illinois
Northwest'n Nat'l
Union National .
Union Stock Yds.
National
Total
$47.505,466
41,362,277
22,183,704
$35,281,905
28,338,396
6,723,690
$71,024,738
58,024,810
23,039,932
$15,181,600
14,290,000
Total Sept. 30,
1884
Total Dec. 27,
1872
Increase in twelve
months
$ 6,143,189
25,321. ;vj
S 6,943,509
58,315
S 2.999,928
47,<|S4,So6
$ 871, 600
Since- Dec., 1872.
The Chicago Clearing-House Association, established
as a private institution in 1870, and incorporated under
the laws of the State of Illinois in 1882, now includes in
its membership twelve National banks, two State banks,
three savings and two branch banks.
The clearances made through the Association during
1884 were $2,259,350,386 as against 993,060,503.47 for
1872, showing an increase of $1,266,289,882.53. Chicago
to-day occupies the position of the clearing-house city
for the banks of the West and Northwest, and ranks
third in amount of clearings among the cities of the
United States.
\. I1. SMI-HI, manager of the Chicago Clearing-House Associ-
ation, is a son of Orson Smith, one of the early and prominent citi-
zens of Chicago. Ills mother's maiden name was Mary Ann J'aul,
who came to Chicago from Cooperstown, N. V., with her husband
in 1838. As early as 18^2, Orson Smith was elected village mar-
shal, holding that office for two years, and as such had general super-
vision of the sanitary affairs of the young town. He was also for
some time the sheriff and commissioner of the county. There are
seven children now living, — Mrs. J. M. Brown, of St. Joe, Mich.;
Mrs. Sarah Crow, of Crystal Lake, 111.; Mrs. Crosby, Of Chicago;
Mrs. Barber, of Naperville, 111.; A. 1'. Smith, manager of the Clear-
ing-House; Orson Smith, vice-president of the Merchants' Loan and
Trust Company; and Miss May Smith, the youngest member of the
family. Messrs. A. I", and Orson Smith have for many years been
connected with different banking institutions of the city, the former
being a clerk in !•'. (iranger Adams's bank as early as 1861. When
the Traders' National Bank succeeded that institution, he continued
his connection, and, from 187010 January, 1885, he acted as assistant
cashier. At that time he was appointed to his present responsible
position.
TIIK UNION N.vi m.\.\i. BANK. — When the fire of 1871 burned
the building at the corner of Lake and LaSalle streets, then occu-
pied by the Union National Bank, it was necessary for that insti-
tution to find some place in which to re-open its business. C. T.
Wheeler, then vice-president of the Union National, tendered the
use of a portion of his residence on Wabash Avenue, and for a few
months business was transacted there. In the fall of 1871, Messrs.
Coolbaugh, Towers and Wheeler erected the Central Union Block
on Madison Street, near the river, and the business was transferred
to it in December of that year. In 1873, they again removed to
their present location, handsome quarters in the Union Building, at
the southwest corner of Washington and LaSalle streets. While
doing business at Mr. Wheeler's residence, the directors and officers
were the same as before the fire, with one exception. In November,
1871, C. J. Cornell, cashier, resigned his position and was succeeded
by George A. Ives. In July, 1872, the capital stock of the bank
was increased from half a million to one million dollars. In Janu-
ary, 1874, Mr. Wheeler resigned the vice-presidency to engage
actively in other business, and that office remained vacant until Jan-
uary n, 1876, when he was re -elected and returned to the vice-pres-
ident's chair. Upon the death of William I''. Coolbaugh, which
occurred November 14, 1877, and of whom a sketch is given in the
preceding volume, Mr. \Vheeler was elected president, and held the
office until December 22, 1882, when he resigned and withdrew his
connection from the bank. In January, 1878, Charles A. Munnwas
elected vice-president, to fill the vacancy caused by Mr. Wheeler's
election to the presidency. On March 2g, 1878, the capital of the
bank was reduced to $500,000, the change being made owing to the
withdrawal of Mr. Coolbaugh's large interest by his estate. In Jan-
uary, iSSo, Mr. Munn resigned the vice-presidency, and W. C. D.
Grannis was elected thereto. At that time, also, Mr. Ives was suc-
ceeded by John J. P. Odell as cashier. At the annual meeting, in Jan-
uary, 1883, Mr. Grannis was elected president, vice Mr. Wheeler, and
Hon. Charles II. l-'arwell was made vice-president. In that month,
also, W. O. Hipwall was made assistant cashier. On December 29,
1884, the charter of the Union National Bank of Chicago expired,
and the concern went into voluntary liquidation. ( )n the same day
it was succeeded by a new charter, numbered 3278, and the business
went on uninterruptedly under the same name as before. The cap-
ital stock of the bank was then increased to $1,700,0015 cash paid in,
and was authorized to increase to $5,000,000. At the annual meet-
ing of the board of directors, in January, 1885, the following gentle-
men comprised the directory of the bank : David Dows, of New-
York ; C. B. Farwell, W. B. Howard, C. R. Cummings, David Kel-
ley, J. II. Dwight, Nathan Corwith, W. C. D. Grannis and J. T. P.
( )defl. They then elected W. C. D. Grannis, president ; John J. P.
Odell, vice-president ; W. C. Oakley, cashier ; and W. O. Hipwall,
assistant cashier. The last financial statement of the Union National
Bank shows its liabilities to be $10,324,211.84 — figures well illus-
trating its condition and growth up to the present time.
BANKING HISTORY.
439
W. C. D. GRANNIS, president of the Union National Bank, is
a native of Canada, where he was born in 1826, and is a son of William
and Malinda I Justin Grannis. lie there received his early educa-
tion. After being engaged in various commercial positions, he came
to this city in 1852. lie shortly afterward became a member of the
old wholesale grocery house of Grannis & Farwell, a partnership
which lasted for nearly twenty-live years. In 1873, he became a
director of the Union National Bank, and, in 1882, was elected its
president, which position he still holds. Mr. Grannis is a sound,
practical business man, is thoroughly earnest and active in everything
he undertakes, and, as the executive head of one of the leading finan-
cial institutions in the West, has demonstrated that he is possessed
of more than ordinary ability as a sound and able financier. I luring
his residence in this city he has always identified himself with every
movement tending to conserve its best interests and promote the
cultivation of its citizens.
JOHN J. P. ODKLL, vice-president of the Union National liank,
was born at Eastport, Maine, in 1847. He was brought up and
educated in the high school at Eastport, residing there until he at-
tained the age of eighteen. During the last two summer seasons
while there, he accompanied the expeditions of the coast survey
along the Atlantic sea-board and studied the science of surveying,
but, on leaving school in £865, he determined to leave the East and
locate in Chicago. He came here in September, 1865, and took a
position in the Northwestern National Bank. He only remained
there until July, 1866, when he became connected with the Union
National Bank, in which institution he is now serving his twentieth
year. He entered the bank as a bookkeeper, and has passed through
every grade of promotion until he now holds the office of vice-presi-
dent. From January, 1880, to January, 1884, he acted as cashier, and
for the past two years as vice-president. His record is only another of
those which illustrates the success which attends faithfulness and
devotion to duty. Mr. Odell is quiet and domestic in his habits,
thoroughly devoted to his business, and in social organizations is only
identified with the Bankers' Club. He has been twice married, the
first occurring in 1868, and the latter in 1873, when he was wedded
to Miss Emma A. Talbot, of Providence, R. I. They have three
children, — Mabel, George and Irving.
THE CONTINENTAL NATIONAL BANK was organized in March,
1883, and. although a new institution, is one of the strongest and
soundest financial concerns in the country. It has a paid-up capital
[.I S2, ooo, ooo and is probably doing as safe and, at the same time,
as profitable a business as any bank in Chicago. Its facilities for
transacting business, domestic or foreign, are simply perfect, or
as nearly so as is compatible with human infirmities. The bank
first opened for business in the old Grannis Block, which was de-
stroyed by fire on February 19, 1885. The next morning the Con-
tinental was open and ready for business in rooms at the northwest
corner of LaSalle and Madison streets. It remained there until
the completion of the new quarters in the Insurance Exchange
Building, at the southwest corner of LaSalle and Adams streets.
There are thirty-two employes in the bank. The officers of thisex-
cellent concern are Calvin T. Wheeler, president; John C. Black,
cashier; and Douglas Hoyt, assistant cashier. The board of direc-
tors embraces, besides two of the gentlemen above named, Richard
T. Crane, A. G. Van Schaick, Henry Botsford, James H. Dole, H.
C. Durand, M. C. Stearns and William G. Hibbard. These gentle-
men are among the most prominent in Chicago, and enjoy a high
reputation in business circles East and West. Mr. Wheeler, the
president of the Continental National Bank, is considered one of the
best bank officers in the West, and his admirable management of
the new concern is doubtless the cause of its pronounced success.
CALVIN T. WHEELEH, the fourteenth vice-president of the Chi-
cago Board of Trade, and president of the Continental National
Bank, has for the past thirty-five years been conspicuous in the
financial and commercial history of this city. He is a native
of the State of New York, and was there reared and educated.
In 1851, he made his first advent into this city and formed a
partnership with T. J. S. Flint, under the firm name of Flint &
Wheeler, and commenced a general commission and grain receiving
business. He then became a member of the Board of Trade and
was identified with the same for over a quarter of a century. Dur-
ing his connection with Flint & Wheeler, the firm was among the
largest receivers in the city. Their first elevator had a capacity of
160,000 bushels and, in 1856, they completed Rock Island Elevator
" A," which had a capacity of seven hundred and fifty thousand
bushels. In 1861, Mr. Wheeler withdrew from that firm, and with
others went into the private banking business. The name of the
•firm was Chapin, Wheeler & Co. They were succeeded by William
1'. Coolbaugh & Co., who, in 1865, organized the Union National
Bank of Chicago. Mr. Wheeler became vice-president and director
of the same, occupying the first mentioned official position until
1873, when he engaged in other business until 1875; then went back
into the Union National Bank as vice-president, and remained until
the death of Mr. Coolbaugh, the president, on November 14. 1877.
The board of directors of the Union National Bank then made Mr.
Wheeler president of the bank, and he occupied the chair until the
latter part of 1882, when he withdrew from the Union National
and organized the Continental National Bank. Qf this institution
he is president, director and a heavy stockholder. Mr. Wheeler,
during his connection with the Board of Trade, was one of its
most active and prominent members, occupying positions upon
various important committees, nearly all the time, during the years
1858 to 1868, inclusive. In April, 1862, he was elected to the
presidency of the Board of Trade for the term of one year and, in
1863, was on the building committee which submitted a report that
finally ended in the erection of the Chamber of Commerce built
before the great fire. During his career as a banker Mr. Wheeler
has become recognized as one of the most able and substantial
bankers in the city, and he has now surrounded himself in his pres-
ent business with men who are representatives of all that is progres-
sive and conservative. Mr. Wheeler was married to Miss Kate L.
Hoyt, of Michigan, in 1867, but her death occurred in this city on
May, 1883, leaving an only daughter, Kate. Mr. Wheeler is a
member of the Union League Club, and resides near LincolnPark.
THE MERCHANTS' LOAN AND TRUST COMPANY, from its
organization, maintained the policy of making only such changes
in the directory of its officers and trustees as became absolutely
necessary. The resignations of officers have in every instance been
unrestrained on the part of the individuals, and the vacancies in
the board of trustees have only been caused by death, removal from
the city, or voluntary withdrawal. The history of this monetary
institution is given from its organization up to 1871 in the second
volume of this work. The board of trustees, at the time of the
great fire, was comprised of the following gentlemen : Solomon A.
Smith, William E. Doggett, George Armour, E. K. Rogers, P. L.
Yoe, A. H. Burley, C. P. Kellogg,* John Tyrrell, E. Blackman,
H. H. Magie and E. T. Watkins. Of those above named, John
Tyrrell, P. L. Yoe, A. H. Burley, E. Blackman and E. T. Wat-
kins are still trustees. The following gentlemen have taken the
places of the others, all of whom have died : Marshall Field, Byron
L. Smith, John W. Doane, George M. Pullman, Cyrus H. McCor-
mick, Jr., and John DeKoven. The personnel of the present
board of trustees of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Company com-
bines to make a most intelligent and conservative body of finan-
ciers, each individual being a representative business man and
capitalist of Chicago. To them is due the honor and credit of con-
ducting the affairs of that corporation with the same careful and
wise administration that has marked its career in the past. The
following gentlemen were the officers of the bank at the time of the
great fire of 1871 : Solomon A. Smith, president; William E. Dog-
gett, vice-president; Charles Henrotin, cashier; H. E. Lowe,
assistant . cashier. Upon the death of President Smith, in 1881,
John Tyrrell was elected to the office, holding the same until 1884,
when he resigned, and John W. Doane, the present ;ncumbent,
was elected in his stead. In 1877, the death of William E. Dog-
gett, vice-president, occurred. John Tyrrell was then elected to
the vice-president's office, and upon his elevation to the presidency,
in 1881, Byron L. Smith succeeded him. The latter resigned in
1885, and P. L. Yoe was made vice-president, which office he now
holds. Charles Henrotin resigned the cashiership in 1878, and
was succeeded by H. E. Lowe. The latter retained the position
until 1884, when he resigned, and F. C. Osborn was elected thereto.
In 1884, the office of second vice-president was created, and Orson
Smith was elected to the position. The great fire of 1871 swept
away millions of money, reduced hundreds of merchants to penury,
and caused financial disaster to nearly every National and private
banking institution in Chicago; but, notwithstanding the great
depression that followed for months, the Merchants' Loan and Trust
Company stood unembarrassed, staunch and solid, and in the
month of January, following the conflagration, it declared its usual
semi-annual dividend of five per cent, and had a surplus still re-
maining. Such a record no other institution of the kind has
attained, and it is indeed enviable. When the banks and bankers
of Chicago met shortly after the fire to consult regarding the settle-
ment with creditors, it was proposed and importuned by a majority
of those present to adjust the claims of depositors in all banks for
a certain discount on the dollar. President Smith, of the Mer-
chants' Loan and Trust Company, firmly refused any such coalition,
and announced that his bank was ready to pay dollar for dollar,
and by his resolut_ and honorable decision maintained the unim-
paired credit of his bank. In the panics of the past, the Merchants'
Loan and Trust Company has always stood staunch and unwavering.
When other concerns were being drawn upon heavily, the coffers
of its vaults were continually filling with the collaterals and cur-
rency of depositors. The bank has continued to make its semi-
annual five per cent, dividends with faithful regularity until
recently, when it adopted the policy of dividing three per cent.
* Charles P. Kellogg was succeeded by his father, Palmer V. Kellogg, but
the latter also died a short time after his succession.
440
HISTORY OF CHIC.U',0.
quarterly, and during its \vh<>lr career lias never suspended its busi-
ness nor deterred a dividend. Alter the declaration i>f quarterly
dividends, its surplus has rapidly increased, until at present it
amounts to ,Sooo,<»>". ( >i this hank. John \Yentworth «as one of
its first stockholders, in IS?;, and now possesses his original certi-
ficate* for jif.ixx). At that time the capital was $51x1, ooo, and
with the augmentation of capital his interest has also been added
to until he now holds i?i.;i,<xx> in stock. It is justly due to him to
state, that it is with his advice and counsel the affairs of the bank
ha\ i . ah elv administered.
SoinMoN \ii;ii;i SMITH, deceased, was born at Southwark,
Mass.. in is|s, and after a common school education became in-
terested witli his father, who was then engaged in the manufacture
of powder, as his father had been before him. In those days the
business v. ..dl as compared with its present propor-
tions, and Mr. Smith was in the habit of making periodical trips
through the country, disposing of cans and keys of the explosive,
and makitiL - < 'oiivineed that the growing \\est offered
greater attractions to men of push and ambition than the stcady-
and towns, Mr. Smith resolved to leave his Eastern
home. In isao, he pushed his way westward, and, after a long
and tedious trip by the Kric Canal anil lake steamer, reached Chi-
Un arriving here he became connected with the linn of
Luther and Matthew- l.allin, then the largest manufacturers of pow-
der in the I 'nited States. In 1841, Mr. Smith became interested
in the business and the firm became Laflins X Smith. Eight yeais
later, Mr. Holes was admitted to the lirm. The name of Laflins &
Smitll was retained and continued for several years, when Matthew
l.allin withdrew and the lirm was reorgani/ed as the Lallin & Rand
Powder Company. In 1860, Mr. Smith, who had been one of the
Original corporators of the Merchant' Loan and Trust Company, and
with which his name is indissolubly connected, was called to the
presidency of the concern, succeeding [. II. Dunham, then largely
•.;ed in the wholesale grocery business. Mr. Smith, on taking
the presidency, infused new life and vigor into the institution. The
financial outlook was far from promising. The political complica-
tions growing out of the election of President Lincoln made capital
exceedingly timid, and the bank-notes, based on Southern stocks and
bonds, were gathered in and sent home for redemption. Hank suspen-
sions became numerous, and notes at par one day were at a discount
the next. The situation was an exceedingly trying one. Mr. Smith
went to Springlield, 111., where large blocks of the Southern stock
were on deposit with the Auditor as security for the circulation of
the banks operating under special charter. By carefully watching
the course of events, and bringing to bear the shrewd common sense
which was always his distinguishing characteristic, he so managed
the interests intrusted to his care that his bank passed through the
financial panic precipitated on the country at the breaking out of the
Rebellion. At each successive annual meeting of the bank share-
holders, he was re-elected to the presidency, and to its duties he gave
his whole time and energy. In him they had the most perfect con-
fidence, and it could not have been bestowed more worthily. 1 1 is
knowledge of men and things kept it well in hand, and not until the
fire of 1871 did anything occur to break the even tenor of his way.
On that eventful Sunday night all the books of the bank were de-
stroyed, and it was not for three or four days afterward that he
learned, to his intense joy (and this was shared alike equally by the
stockholders and depositors), that the money vaults had proved
faithful among the faithless. The greenbacks, drafts and collat-
erals were intact. There was enough and more to pay the debts in
full. The directors and Mr. Smith would have been perfectly sat-
isfied had their prospective losses swallowed up their entire surplus
and left the capital intact. Thanks to the energy of Mr. Smith,
the depositors were paid in full, and his bank at once jumped into
the highway of prosperity. Two years later the Jay Cooke failure
swept like a panic over the country. Banks tottered and fell, others
temporarily closed their doors, millionaires dropped from affluence to
poverty. But through it all came the Merchants' Loan and Trust
Company unharmed and untouched. Mr. Smith was one of those
men who believed in paying what he owed, his directors indorsed
his action, and as much to him as to anyone else was the financial
credit of the city kept unimpaired. For ten years prior to his death
Mr. Smith had not been well, though promptly and faithfully
attending to his business affairs. After a lingering illness for many
months, he died on November 25, 1879. He was conscious to the
last moment, and the evening before his death he advised his subor-
dinates on business matters, and thus virtually controlled the direc-
tion of affairs in his bank till almost up to the hour of his death.
Mr. Smith was a man of line physique and commanding appearance.
In manner he was quiet and rather reserved, but without a particle
of that hauteur which is popularly supposed to be one of the ingre-
dients of the successful bank president. I le was slow to think, and,
before making up his mind on any question, gave it a mature de-
CTtttcateudUed September 17,1857,^11) is amon« the- earliest if
not the earliest, outstanding.
liberation. Having once arrived at a conclusion, he was immovable.
Frugal and extremely plain in his habits and dress, he devoted him-
self exclusively to the duties set before him. L'xtremely methodical in
his business, his private life bore the same impress. lie made no
effort to court public attention, and took no active part in any of
the great questions of the day. With more than a father's devotion
he worked for the interest of his bank, and it was only in the circle
of his most intimate friends that he threw off, even for a brief
respite, the eares and responsibilities of his position, lie had but
a passing interest in politics, just enough to understand their rela-
tions to the financial interests of the country, and with those who
believed a " National debt to be a National blessing" he had no
aliiiliation. His demise created a void in the banking circles of the
country most difficult to fill. As a banker and financier, Mr. Smith
was rated as one of the strongest ol the strong, and to him is due
tlie greater honor of upholding the commercial credit of our city than
to almost any other one man. Mr. Smith was twice married. His first
wife was Miss Mills, a sister of Messrs. M. N. and John R. Mills,
by whom he had three children, all of whom are dead. His second
wife was Miss Marie L. Lallin, by whom he had two sons. Byron
L. Smith, is the only one now' living, the present first vice-president
of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Company.
TIM- Niikriiwi-.siTKN NATIONAL BANK, ranking among the
oldest and staunchesl of this class of Chicago's monetary institutions,
was established in August, 1864, under its present name, and was
the sixth bank in this city organized under the National Banking
Act of 1863. The first officers were Stephen B. Sturges, president,
and George Sturges, cashier ; and the capital stock was at that time
$500,000. The bank first opened its doors in a building on 1 (ear-
born street, adjoining the Tremont House, where it remained some
years, when it was removed to rooms in the old Chamber of Com-
merce Building, occupying these until it was destroyed in the great
fire of 1871. After that event, and within ten days, business was
resumed in the office of Dr. Reuben I.udlam, on \Yabash Avenue,
and at the same time a branch office was opened in the Lind Block
on Randolph Street. In the following year, and as soon as the
Chamber of Commerce was re-built, the Northwestern National
again took up quarters there, and remained about five years ; remov-
ing, in 1876, to the present location on the northeast corner of (.'lark
and Washington streets. Some time afterward S. H. Sturges retired
from the presidency, and shortly thereafter removed to New York,
where he now resides. On his resignation he was succeeded bv
Mr. Hammond, who filled the position until George Sturges, who
up to that time had been cashier, was elected president, which office
he still holds. James I). Sturges, the present well-known bank
examiner, became connected with this bank, and was its cashier
until he was made examiner, which necessitated his withdrawal ;
since which, F. W. Gookin, assistant cashier, has performed the
work of this office. In the directory of the Northwestern National
Bank are to be found the following well-known gentlemen of this
city: George Sturges, E. Buckingham, George Strain, M. M. Kirk-
man and Edward E. Ayer.
GEORGE STURGES, president of the Northwestern National
Bank, is a native of Ohio, and a son of Solomon Sturges, who came
with his family to this city in 1854, and engaged in the grain eleva-
tor business, being one of the early operators here in that line. In
1857, in company with George, he opened a private banking house
on Clark Street, near the bridge, under the firm name of Solomon
Sturges & Son. This firm continued in existence until 1864, when
its senior member died. Shortly following this, George Sturges be-
came one of the founders of the Northwestern National Bank, was
its first cashier, and later became its president, which position he
still occupies. As a banker and financier his sagacity is manifested
by the following facts : As has already been mentioned, the capi-
tal of the Northwestern National Bank, at its organization, was
$500,000, on which of course local taxes were paid. Owing to the
fact that in this city the rate of taxation had reached extortionate
figures, amounting to an almost unbearable burden, Mr. Sturges
determined to avoid their payment, in an honorable way, and yet
leave the credit of his bank wholly unimpaired. Accordingly,
through his influence, the directors of the bank voted to reduce its
capital stock from $500,000 to $200,000, and at the same time pur-
chased $1,000,000 in United States 4 per cent, bonds, which are
pledged as a security for the protection of its customers. Mr.
Sturges was also the prime mover in, or the founder of, the pres-
ent Clearing-House Association, an institution now admitted to be
indispensable in a city having as many banks as has Chicago. The
first clearing-house was in the rooms of the Northwestern National
Hank, where for thirty days an experimental trial was made as to
its workings, when it was formally organized and put into exist-
ence in practically its present form.
ROHKKT S. BfciiANAN, for the past fifteen years connected
with the Canadian Bank of Commerce, was born at Niagara Falls,
N. Y., on September 22, 1852. During his youth he enjoyed every
educational advantage, and, in 1871, came to Chicago to accept a
BANKING HISTORY.
441
clerical position in the concern with which he is now engaged as
accountant. For the past twelve years he has been closely identi-
fied with, and one of the most active members of, the F'irst Regi-
ment. In March, 1874, he joined the ranks of Co. " C " as a private.
He was one of the best drilled men in the crack company, and
successively filled the offices of corporal, sergeant, first sergeant and
finally first lieutenant of Co. "C." During the time in which he
held the latter office, he was honored with an election to the cap-
taincy of Co. " H," but did not accept, preferring to remain with
his present company. He, however, was in temporary command
of Co. " H " for a short time, after Colonel Diehl left. In Novem-
ber, 1884, he was made captain of Co. "E," and since taking
command of that body has brought it up to perfection in military
execution. Captain Buchanan is very proud of his command, for
the reason that the ranks contain none but the best young men of
the city in point of civil and military demeanor, courtesy and polite-
ness, and as to its standing in point of military drill and execution
Co. "E" is among the most proficient. Captain Buchanan has
been treasurer of the regiment for three years, and no line officer in
the organization stands higher in the estimation of his fellows than
he. He was married on September 20, 1877, to Miss Mabel R.
Buchanan, a daughter of the late John S. Buchanan, of this city.
They have one son, Bertram.
THE NATIONAL BANK <>F II.I.INOIS was organized in August,
1871, with George .Schneider as president; W. II. Bradley, vice-
president; and W. M. Scudder, cashier. Its paid-up capital was
$300,000, which inside of six months was increased to half a million
dollars. There were no changes in the officers except
that W. A. Hammond became cashier of the bank.
From the last statement of the institution, made March
10, 1885, it is learned that the paid-up capital is
$1,000,000, the surplus $300,000 and the undivided
profits $68,000.
THE ILLINOIS TRUST AND SAVINGS BANK was
organized upon the old charter of the Bank of Sterling
in June, 1873. At this time the paid-up capital was
$500,000 and the deposits $300,000. The bank passed
safely through the panic of October, 1873, and, by
1875, had increased its deposits to $1,250,000. In
1876, the savings'-bank panic struck Chicago, when its
depositors were paid up to about $240,000, and in
1878 a decrease to $100,000 capital took place. In —
January, 1882, the deposits were $1,500,000 and the
capital had been increased to $500,000, and which
$500,000 was all paid up. In 1885, the deposits
amount to $3,400,000, capital $500,000, surplus
$200, ooo. The uniform financial stability which has
marked the history of the Illinois Trust and Savings
Bank is in great part due to the fact that few changes
have taken place in its list of reliable stockholders. Of
the original stockholders the following are still with
the bank; George Straut, Lev! Z. Leiter, John B.
Drake, William 11. Mitchell, J. C. McMullen, Isaac
Waixel, William H. Smith, L. B. Sidway, George
Sturges, John Crerar, R. T. Crane, John McCaffery,
Anson Stager, James S. Gibbs and John R. Limlgren.
Its first officers were L. B. Sidway, president; II . G.
Powers, first vice-president; John B. Drake, second ^:
vice-president; James S. Gibbs, cashier. In January,
1878, Mr. Powers became president; Mr. Drake, first
vice-president; W. H. Mitchell, second vice-president;
Mr. Gibbs, cashier, and J. J. Mitchell, assistant cash-
ier. In 1880, Mr. Powers resigned and J. J. Mitchell
was elected president. There has been no other change
in the management. In conclusion, it may be stated
that the bank is the only institution of the kind in
Chicago which loans on a strictly cash security.
Among the important interests managed by the trust
department of the bank, and under the direct super-
vision of President Mitchell, are those of the Union
Warehouse Company and the Keith and Neely ele-
vators.
JOHN J. MITCHELL, president of the Illinois
Trust and Savings Bank since 1880, was at the time
of his elevation to this position the youngest incum-
bent of such an office, connected with a metropolitan institution,
in the United States. He was born at Alton, 111., on November
3, 1853, being the son of William H. Mitchell, for many years
president of the First National Bank, of that city, and a large
stockholder, from its organization, of the Illinois Trust and Savings
Bank. He, with his wife, whose maiden name was Mary A. Small,
located in Alton as early as 1839. After receiving a primary edu-
cation, young Mitchell was sent to the Waterville (Me.) Institute,
but left, in 1873, without having completed his course, to become
a messenger boy in the bank of which he is now president; the
steps of his advancement were teller, assistant-cashier, and presi-
dent. In addition to fulfilling the duties which attach to this post,
Mr. Mitchell acts as director in the Traders' Insurance Company
and Chicago Stock Exchange.
THE CORN EXCHANGE BANK is the successor of the Corn Ex-
change National Bank, which commenced operations in 1870. The
officers of the concern then were Julian S. Rumsey, president; S.
A. Kent, vice-president; and Orson Smith, cashier. After the great
fire, the bank was opened for business in the basement of the house
of B. P. Hutchinson, one of the directors. His residence was then
on \Yabash Avenue, just above Harrison Street. In the following
December the bank was removed to Room No. i, in I.ind's Block,
northwest corner of Randolph and Market streets. In October,
1872, it was located in the Chamber of Commerce building and there
remained until it went out of existence as a National Bank, in March,
iSSi. When the bank closed its officers were, S. A. Kent, presi-
dent and Mr. Smith, cashier; the capital $1,000,000 and the surplus
$500,000. Then Messrs. B. P. and C. I,. Ilutchinsnn and S. A.
Kent organized a company, and continued as the Corn Exchange
Bank. Charles C. Swinborne was made assistant-cashier and took
general charge of affairs. The capital of the bank is $1,000,000
and it has a surplus of an additional million dollars. In May, 1883,
the bank was located at No. 92 LaSalle Street and, on the com-
pletion of the Insurance Exchange Building, on LaSalle and Adams,
it was removed to large and elegant quarters on the main floor. The
operations of the ('urn Exchange Bank are largely confined to the
business of the Board of Trade, and it has unquestionably the
GEORGE SCHNEIDER.
largest clientage from that class of business men of any banking in-
stitution in Chicago.
CHARLES C. SWINKORNE was born at New York City in 1851,
but, with his parents, came West in 1859, locating at Dixon, 111.
His education was such as is afforded in the common schools of the
West. On leaving Dixon he came to Chicago in 1869. He then
took a position with the banking house of George C. Smith & Bro. ,
with whom he remained until their failure in 1874. He then became
connected with the Corn Exchange National Bank, and served as
teller in that concern until it went out of existence in 1881. The
442
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Corn 1-Achangf Hank was then organi/ed. and Mr. Swinburne was
ret. lined b\ tin- proprietors, and placed in full charge of the bank's
.. The owm-i- of the bank hail surh confidence in Mr. Swin-
bornc's ability anil integrity that they placed him at the head of their
banking department, with the title of assistant-cashier, the only
titled official of that bank. Mr. Swinborm- lias won his present
si. .MIS by the faithful performance of his duties in the past, and from
an umler-derk has rapidly made his way to a position where his
abilities are rccogni/.cd by his emplirycrs and the public. He was
married on November Hi, is;;, to Mi--- Jennie I,. Wade, of this
city. They have one son, — Charles \V. Mr. Swinborne is a mem-
ber of the 'Mouglas Club and of the Royal Arcanum, Oakwood
Council, No. 805.
FHANKI.IN I). C.KAY, president of the National Safe Deposit
( 'oinp im i-l ( 'hicago, is one of the early merchants of this city and
ha- been' identified with the wholesale grocery trade for over forty
ciitive years. Mr. (.ray was born at Sharon, I.itchtield Co.,
Conn., on May in, IMS. His father was a farmer, and the boy
worked on the' farm and attended the district school until he was
ten year-- of age. \Vilh the exception of one year spent in the high
;. tin- was the only educational opportunity he ever enjoyed.
He left his home when twelve years old, anil took a position as
clerk in a country grocery store at Goshen Centre, Conn. He con-
tinued employed there until he had attained the age of twenty-one,
and then, in company with Messrs. Norton and Walter, of Gos-
hen, he came to Chicago in 1840. The latter named gentlemen
opened a general store on South Water Street, and Mr. Gray con-
tinued to act as clerk for them until January, 1845, when he was
admitted into the house, the firm then becoming Norton, Walter &
( ii. This firm dissolved in 1849, and Mr. ( iray formed a partner-
ship with 1C. W. Densmore. In 1853, the firm became Gray, Dens-
more iV I'lu-lps. and live years later Mr. Gray bought out Mr.
Densmiirc's interest, and took in his brother, Hoses W. Gray, and
rick Caylord as partners, the new firm name becoming Gray,
Phclps \ Co. In January, 1869, Mr. Gaylord withdrew, and the
co-partnership name of Gray Hrothcrs & 1'helps was assumed,
Franklin I). Gray and George II. I'helps attending to the business
here, while the other partner resided in New York and was pur-
chaser of goods for the establishment. The firm has changed
variously since, until the present style of the concern is Gray, Burt
<V Kingman, composed of Moses W. Gray, William Hurt, Charles
11. Kingman as general partners, and Franklin I). Gray as special
partner. On January i, iSSo, Mr. Gray retired from active con-
nection with the grocery trade, to devote his personal attention to
the interests of the National Safe Deposit Company. In 1867,
when Mr. Nickerson was elected president of the First National
Bank of Chicago, Mr. Gray was elected vice-president, after having
been one of the directors for two years previously. He held that
official position till the organization of the National Safe Deposit
Company, when he resigned the vice-presidency of the bank and
accepted the office of president of the Deposit Company. Mr.
Gray has always been more or less identified with the benevolent,
charitable and general public movements and institutions of Chicago
since he came to the city. He was a volunteer fireman in an early
day, and now prizes, among his most precious relics, a certificate of
ten years' faithful service in that capacity, from Charles M. Gray,
mayor. He was a member of Engine Company No. I, acting as
secretary and treasurer thereof during the entire ten years. He
was one of the founders of the Firemen's Insurance Company. He
was vice-president of the Chicago Home for the Friendless in 1865,
president of the same institution for a number of years thereafter,
and is now vice-president. He has been a liberal and cheerful con-
tributor to many of the charitable and benevolent institutions
of the city, and it is his peculiar fate to be chosen as an officer of
almost every company or institution in which he manifests a per-
sonal interest. Mr. Gray is a prominent member of the Calumet
Club. Mr. Gray was married on July 4, 1843, at Norfolk, Litch-
field Co., Conn., to Miss Ann O. I'helps, daughter of Jeremiah
W. I'helps, of that place. They have only one child, Isabella C.
Gray. This is the brief history of one of Chicago's most success-
ful business men. His career has been marked with an energetic
administration of his business affairs, and though he is now ap-
proaching the allotted three-score-and-ten years, he is yet very active
and energetic, and personally attends to the management of the
large and important interests confided to his care.
Jui IN Cn \.\niKKi.AiN NKI.I.Y, cashier of the Merchants' National
Hank, son of Alexander and Mary Jane Neely, was born at Belvi-
dere, 111., on August 28, 1840. After finishing his studies at \Vest-
lield, Mass., and Vonkers, N. Y., he became infected with the Pike's
I'eak gold fever, anil started, in April, 1859, to seek his fortune in the
Far We-t. He spent the greater part of three years in the Rocky
Mountain region, in and about Denver, returning in January, 1862.
On February ic>. 1862, he enlisted as a private in Battery " I," 1st
Regiment Light Artillery, Illinois Volunteers, then organizing at
Camp I >i>uglas. The battery was soon ordered to St. Louis, tocotn-
plete its organization and equipment, when he received a commission
from the Governor as junior second lieutenant. About April i.the
battery was ordered to Pittsburg Landing, arriving there late Satur-
day night, and participating in the memorable battle of Shiloh the
following Sunday and Monday , soon alter which he was appointed
ordnance officer on the stall of Major General W. T. Sherman,
serving with him in the siege of Corinth, the march to Memphis, and
in the siege and battles about Yicksburg. At Memphis he organized
a general depot of ordnance supplies, constructing extensive repair
shops and warehouses for the storage of arms and munitions of war,
this being the only supply and repair depot between St. Louis and
New i Irleans. During the siege and until after the capitulation of
Vicksburg, he was in the field with < icneral Sherman, and supplied
the greater part of the ammunition used by General Grant's a
having headquarters, during the siege, on a steamboat on the Ya/.oo
River, where the ordnance supplies from the northern arsenals and
supply depots were consigned to him. After the surrenderor Vicks-
burg, broken in health, he returned to Memphis, remaining there
until the fall of 1864, when he was promoted to the captaincy of his
battery, joining it at Nashville, Tenn. During the battle of Nash-
ville, he was inspector of artillery, having under his supervision a
park of forty batteries of artillery. He again rejoined his com-
mand at Eastport, Miss., remaining there and at luka, Miss., until
July, 1865, when, the War being over, he returned with his command
to Chicago, and was honorably mustered out of service luly 26, 1865.
He engaged in banking in the First National Bank of Belvidere, 111.,
the president of the bank being General Allen C. Fuller, who, during
the War, was adjutant-general of Illinois. After a year at Belvi-
dere, he came to Chicago, and entered the service of the Commercial
National Bank as bookkeeper, and afterward was corresponding and
discount clerk. He entered the Merchants' National Bank in De-
cember, 1 870, as a bookkeeper, serving through every grade to
assistant cashier, which position he held for ten years,' succeeding
John DeKoven as cashier on January 13, 1883. Mr. Neely is an
active member of the Masonic fraternity, a member of Landmark
Lodge, Chicago Chapter, and was commander, for two terms, of
Chevalier Bayard Commandery, No. 52, Knights Templar. lie was
married on May 26, 1871, to Mary E. Crosby, and has two children,
— John Crosby and Carrie Blair.
FREDERICK E. ACKER, the assistant managing bookkeeper of
the First National Bank, was born on March 7, 1862, at Tomah,
Wis., the son of J. II. Acker, a commission dealer. He attended
the common schools until he was fifteen years of age, when he
entered the bank of Tomah as bookkeeper and teller, remaining
there for two years. At the end of thai time he went to Milwaukee,
accepting the position of chief cashier in the retail dry goods house
of Rich iV Siiber. Two years later, he became the cashier and
bookkeeper of the Anchor Line Transportation Company, at Mil-
waukee, and, at the end of the season of 1882, came to Chicago
and entered the First National Bank, taking a position in the clear-
ing-house department. He was afterwards promoted to the regis-
tering department, and now holds the responsible post of assistant
general bookkeeper. Mr. Acker, although but twenty-two years
of age, has reached- his present standing in the commercial world
entirely through his own exertions, and maintains it by honest merit
and industry.
EDWARD LESTKR BRKWSTKR, son of Frederick \V. and Jean-
nette (Downs) Brewster, was born at Brockport, Monroe Co'., N.
Y., in 1842. His grandfather was Judge Henry Brewster, of Gen-
esee County, N. Y. He attended the Brockport Collegiate Insti-
tute until he was about fifteen years of age, when he became a clerk-
in a dry goods store in that place, and remained there a little over a
year. lie then went to Buffalo, N. Y., and obtained a position as
clerk in one of the largest insurance agencies, remaining there until
November, 1860, when he came to Chicago. While in the service
of an insurance agency at Buffalo, he devoted his leisure time to
study at a commercial college, and, thus equipped, he found no
difficulty in securing employment on his arrival here. He lust
became connected with the banking house of Messrs. Edward I.
Tinkham & Co., at the corner of Lake and Clark streets, and from
that time to the present he has been either directly or indirectly
identified with the banking interests of Chicago. In January, 1868,
in connection with Samuel P. Farrington, he established the whole-
sale grocery house of Farrington \ Brewster, at the corner of Dear-
born and South Water streets. Though a heavy loser by the
great lire, he was able to pay dollar for dollar, and successfully
continued in the grocery business until July I, 1872, when he
retired from the firm to engage in a general banking and brokerage
business, associating himself with John II. Wrenn, under the linn
name of Wrenn & Brewster. Their place of business was at first
on \\abash Avenue, in the vicinity of Congress Street, but in the
spring of 1873, they moved to No. 96 Washington Street. The
firm successfully weathered the financial panic of 1873, and re-
mained in existence until January, 1876, when it was dissolved.
Mr. Brewster continued alone, in the same line of business, at No.
BANKING HISTORY.
443
lot Washington Street, but finding himself cramped for room, soon
moved to more commodious quarters, across the street, at No. 104.
In Julv, 1883, he arranged a consolidation of his house with that
of Messrs. Gwynne & Hay (successors to A. (). Slaughter), bank-
ers, No. 111-13 Dearborn Street (Grannis Block), and removed to
that place. At this time he associated with him Daniel Ullmann
and Charles C. Yoe, under the firm name of Edward L. BrewMer
\ I 'o. They remained in the Grannis Block until it was destroyed
by fire on the evening of February 19, 1885, and
then moved to their present quarters, at the corner
of Dearborn and Washington Streets. As evidence
of Mr. Brewster's business energy and quickness of
action, it may be stated that, while the fire was
driving him from his old place of business, he se-
cured the new one, and was ready to proceed with
business without embarrassment or delay. When
the new Board of Trade building was completed,
Mr. Brewster, recognizing the change in business
center, established a branch office in that building,
and connected it with his main office by private
wire, thus securing a means of instantaneous and
absolutely private communication between the two
offices. Mr. Brewster has been a member of the
Board of Trade since 1873, and of the New York
Stock Exchange since 1881. lie was married to
Mary, daughter of Hiram Niles, of Buffalo, N. Y.,
in 1866 ; and though five children have resulted
from the union, but two survive, a boy of thirteen
years and a girl of seven years.
THE AMERICAN BANKERS' ASSO-
CIATION.
The American Bankers' Association
was organized at Philadelphia, on October
4, 1876, and consists of the leading bankers
and financiers throughout the country. As
might be expected of the greatest grain,
lumber, live-stock and packing market in
the world, Chicago has been active and
prominent in the affairs of this organiza-
tion. Lyman J. Gage, of the First National
Bank, has been three times elected presi-
dent of the body, and now holds the office.
George Schneider, John J. P. Odell, and
other Chicago bankers have been active
members.
FEI.SF.NTIIAL, GROSS & MILLER. — This bank-
ing-house was established here in January, 1884,
succeeding the firm of Felsenthal & KozmTnski,
which was originally founded in 1870. The mem-
bers of the firm of Felsenthal, Gross & Miller, at
the date when it was established, were Herman
Felsenthal, Jacob Gross, Frederick Miller, and
Adam Miller. Frederick Miller, who was an old
and honored citizen of Chicago, died on January 18,
1885, his estate, however, still retaining an interest
in the business of the firm of which he in his lifetime was a member.
The location of this house is now, as it has been from the first, at
Nos. 80-82 Fifth Avenue. In addition to a general banking business,
the firm also acts as financial agents for prominent capitalists in this
and other countries, and do a general discount business, making a
specialty of real-estate loans. All the members of this firm are old
and well-known citizens of Chicago, and, as such, brief sketches of
them can not fail to be of interest.
//. 1-,-hcnthal is a native of Germany, born at Offenbach, in
the Prussian province of the Rhine, in 1834. His parents, Benja-
min and Agatha Felsenthal, immigrated in 1861, and his father
died in New York City, while en route to his children in this city ;
Mrs. Agatha Felsenthal, a most estimable lady, arrived here safely,
and resided with her children until her demise on November 29,
1882. His father, Benjamin, was a prominent teacher at Offen-
bach, and it is therefore needless to say that the son of whom we
write received a careful training in the schools of his native place.
In 1854, and when only twenty years of age, Mr. Felsenthal decided
to come to America. He spent two years in New York City,
Rochester, N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio, and then came West and
located in Chicago, which has since been his home. He first
sought, and obtained, employment as a bookkeeper with the old
firm of Greenebaum's Sons, 'with which house he remained one
year. He then embarked in the retail grocery business on Milwau-
kee Avenue. Four years later, he engaged in the produce commis-
sion business until 1865, when he was seriously injured by an
explosion, which necessitated his retirement from business for
nearly two years. In 1867, he established himself in the real-estate
and loan business at the corner of Randolph and Canal streets,
and, in April, 1870, formed a partnership with Charles Kozminski,
which continued until January, 1884, when the present firm of Fcl-
senthal, Gross £ Miller, was founded. In 1864, Mr. Felsenthal
was elected a member of the Board of Education, proving himself a
most efficient member of that body for two years. At the end of
that time, though still taking the warmest interest in educational
matters, he found it impossible, owing to the demands of his busi-
ness, to longer retain his membership, and accordingly resigned his
position, much to the regret of his many friends. For years Mr.
Felsenthal has also taken a prominent part in the social as well as
the business walks of life. He is a prominent and leading member
of the Sinai Congregation, and of the I.O.B.B. and Masonic fra-
ternities. Mr. Felsenthal married, in 1857, Miss Gertrude Hyman,
daughter of Elijah Hyman, of Germany. They have nine children,
two sons and seven daughters. F:ii B., the eldest, was reared and
educated in this city, and is now a practicing attorney and a mem-
ber of the law firm of Thompson & Felsenthal. Leah, the eldest
daughter, is now the wife of Benjamin Bissinger, a well-known
real-estate dealer in this city. Judith, the second daughter, is mar-
ried to Samuel J. Cline, also of Chicago, and who is credit-man
with the firm of Beifeld Bros. The other children are Flora, Han-
nah, Rosa, Emily M., Matilda E. and Herbert C.
Jacob Gross, State Treasurer of Illinois, and for the past twelve
years clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County, has justly earned
all his honors by a life of industry and faithful performance of
whatever trust was imposed upon him; but, whether as a brave
soldier or an able, conscientious public servant, he has ever con-
444
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ducted himself with the courtesy of a gentleman, which has so
thoroughly established him in the hearts of the people. Hi- was
born on February II. 1840, in Jacobsweiler, Rheinpfal/. Cci in.mv ,
where his father, Henry Gross, lived as a farmer in moderate cir-
cumstances. Jacob received a common school education, his father
d\ing when he was only thirteen years ol aye. 'Three of his uncles
had previously immigrated to the United States and established
themselves in business in Chicago. 'Two years after the loss of
his lather (in 1855), he came to this city and joinetl his relatives.
lor one \car alter his arrival he was a pupil in the old Brown
School, or " District No. S," after which he learned the tin-smith's
trade and clerked in a store owned by his brother-in-law, at Rich-
ton, Cook County. Upon the breaking out of the Civil War he
became anxious to serve his adopted country in the defense of its
unity, and, in August, ]8d2, joined Co. " B," S2d Illinois Regi-
ment, better known as the "Second Heckcr Regiment." As a
private, he participated in all its stirring events, being with his com-
mand at Clunccllorsvillc. Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain, kcsaca.
On May 25, 1,^14. while in the thickest of the light at the
battle of Dallas, Ga., he had his right leg shattered above the knee.
Until November he lay in the hospital at Chattanooga and Nash-
ville, and, gangrene having set in, the surgeons were obliged to make
four amputations in order to save his life. After being convales-
cent he was transported to the Marine Hospital, at Chicago, and in
rebruary 18(15, he was honorably discharged from service. Upon
his return to Chicago, he passed through a course in a commercial
college and next served as deputy clerk in the Police Court. In
18(17, he was chosen collector of 'the West 'Town of Chicago, and
was twice re-elected. Commencing his long term of service as clerk
of the Circuit Court in 1872, he continued in that responsible posi-
tion until nominated by the republicans as State 'Treasurer in 1884.
His popularity throughout the State was shown by the fact that he
polled a vote which placed him second upon the ticket. Mr. Gross
assumed the duties of his present position on the second Monday
ol January. He has also been a partner in the substantial German
banking house of Felsenthal, Gross & Miller, since December,
1883. Mr. Gross joined Lessing Lodge, No. 557, A.F. & A.M.,
in 1868, and is a member of the G.A.R. Post No. 28, of the
Veteran Post and Veteran Union League. He was married, on
October 19, 1870, to Miss Emma Schade, by whom he has three
children.
I-'redcrick Miller was born at Kaiser Lautern, Germany, on
June 28, 1826. After completing his course at the Latin and in-
dustrial schools of his native town, he attended the Polytechnic
Institute at Munich. Shortly after leaving this institution he, in
1848, became identified with the revolutionists, in whose affairs he
took so prominent a part that he was soon forced to become an
exile from his native country. Accordingly, in that year, in com-
pany with his brother Adam, he set sail for America, and, at once
coming West, arrived in Chicago in August, 1848. Their first
business venture here was in the grocery trade on West Madison
Street, between Canal and Clinton streets. A few years later they
purchased property on Clark Street, between Randolph and' Lake
streets, and established themselves there until 1855. In that year
they dissolved partnership; Adam removing with his parents to a
farm near Richland, in Cook County, and Frederick remaining in
Chicago as a member of the grocery firm of D. A. Crary & Co.
In April, 1857, he severed his connection with this house and re-
movmg to Richton, again joined his brother in the business of general
merchandising, where they continued together for over twenty-live
years; during that time they were honored with nearly every office in
the gift of the people of that community. In 1884, both brothers
became members of the present banking firm of Felsenthal, Gross
It. Miller. Mr. Miller remained a member of that firm until his
death, which occurred on January 18, 1885. He was married in
1855, to Miss Kathrina Gross, daughter of Henry Gross and by
whom he has had four children— two sons and two daughters —
( harhe Katie (now Mrs. Charles Smith), George and Henrietta
(now Mrs. Charles Marker).
Adam Miller is a native of Germany, born on January 22
He was given a liberal education in the Latin and industrial
schools until his seventeenth year, at which time he accompanied
his brother to this country, arriving in Chicago in 1848 From
that time until the date of his brother's death, which has already
been given, he was associated with him in his business career and
shared with him the labors and successes of a long and busy life
Mr. Miller married, in 1856, Miss Gertrude Gross, daughter of
Henry Gross. 1 hey have two children,— Fred and Henry
PETERSON & BAY.— Among the leading of Chicago's private
banking institutions is this well-known house, a brief history of
which, and us founders, is here given. In 1873, Andrew Peterson
and George P. Bay associated themselves, under their present firm
name of Peterson & Bay, and opened a private banking office at
No. 36 South Clark Street. They remained there live years when
they removed to No. 164 Randolph Street, and five years later to
their present location, No. 163 on the same thoroughfare. While
ranking as one (if the principal private banking-houses of Chicago,
the firm also docs a large business in real-estate, having been iden-
tified with many of the leading transactions in Chicago realty since
the great tire. In addition to conducting a bank of deposit they
do a general loan and discount business, dealing extensively in local
stocks and securities. As bankers they enjoy the confidence and
esteem of the business public, and as sound, safe and conservatuc
financiers they deservedly take a leading rank among the bankers
of the West.
./«<//-,--(• 1',-1,-rson, the senior member of the firm, was born at
the town of Kolding, Denmark. He was reared and educated in
that country, until he had reached his nineteenth year. He then
concluded to make a visit to this country, and shortly after coming-
was induced to remain and engage in business at Watertown, \\ is*
with a friend of his. He then- stayed in business as a general mer-
chant until tSdS, when, disposing of a portion of his interests, he
town of Wiborg, on July 9, 1830. His father, Soren Bay, was an offi-
cer of the town where the son of whom we write was burn, and of
which the latter's grandfather was also, in his day, a burgomaster.
George was given a liberal education, and on attaining- his majority
apprenticed himself to learn the trade of a wood turner. In 1852,
and when only twenty-two years of age, he left Denmark and came
to America, locating at once in Chicago where he has since liu-d.
Here he engaged for a time in the furniture business ; then in the
retail grocery trade from 1861 until 1873 ; at which time, in com-
pany with A. Peterson, he founded the business the history of
which has already been given. Mr. Bay married, in 1855 "Miss
Clara T. Buck, daughter of R. Buck of McIIenry County, 111.
They had eleven children, five sons and six daughters ; of these,
two, a son and daughter, are deceased. Those living are,— Clara
H., now the wife of Rudolph Miller, of Washington Territory;
Alice I?., married to Frank 1). Blish, of Englewood ; Charles P.,'
now of the firm of Bay & Buttler, wagon manufacturers ; Agnes ( ;.,
wife of William Spinks, of Eiiglewood. The younger are Hiram
H., Effie I.., Henry M., Irene Jeanette and George P., Jr.
E. S. DREYER & Co.— The greatest bankers and financial
agents that the world has known have been members of the great
German nation, and among the prominent fiduciary agents" and
repositories of public funds and trust in our own city, the large ma-
jority are Germans. In this category must be included E. S. Dreyer
& Co., which firm was established on February i, 1873, by E.'S.
Dreyer, under hisown name. In 1876, Edward Koch became a part-
ner, and the firm name was changed to E. S. Dreyer \- Co., which
name has since remained the same. On January r, 1879, Robert Berger
was also admitted into the partnership. This firm transacts a general
banking, real-estate, and mortgage business, and therein takes rank
with the first of these establishments in the city. To quote the terse
but expressive language of the head of the firm: "We pay our
debts, usually have a little over, and desire to make no special
exhibit of our business. If it was poor, it would excite the pity
of others; if it was good, it would create their envy; and we covet
neither pity nor envy. You can say our business well satisfies us."
It may well do so, being prosperous, flourishing and continually
increasing.
E. S. Dreyer was born on August 5, 1844, at Buckeburg,
Schaumburg Lippe, Germany. He received a liberal education and
spent several years at school in his native city and in the City of
Hameln, Hanover. His studies included the classical, mathematical
and scientific, as well as general literature. He lost his mother at
four years of age and his father at eleven, and, up to fifteen, lived
with different relatives, in the meantime attending school, his
schooling being defrayed by the Government, as his father, and his
ancestors, for many generations, had held the Government office of
Forester. This office was an inherited office, which he could have
had if he had so chosen, but he preferred to cast it aside and choose
an occupation for himself. At fifteen years, he left his studies and
learned carriage-trimming. In this employment he engaged until
he was nearly twenty-one years of age and was about to be drafted
into the Army. He concluded to come to America and visit his
aunt, his mother's sister, who was living in Chicago. After coming
to this city, he attended I lyhrcnfurth's business college for fourteen
months and Bryant & Stratton's for six months. He soon after was
employed by the Knauer Brothers, a real-estate firm, where he re-
mained for seven and one-half years, commencing his engagement
on June, 1864. In February, 1872, he started in the business of
real-estate and loans for himself at No. 72 Dearborn Street, and in
about three years after he removed to No. 90 Dearborn, and, after
remaining there for a few months, he came to his present quarters.
During Mr. Dreyer's residence of twenty years in Chicago he has
made many friends, and his ability was formally recognized by the
BANKING HISTORY.
445
public in December, 1884. At this time he was chosen tax collector
of North Chicago, and his popularity was strikingly shown by the
fact that out of thirty-two candidates for the position he was unani-
mously elected. The election was called to till the vacancy caused
by the death of F. J. Niebling, and the responsibility of the trust is
evident from the fact that he was obliged to give bonds in the sum
of $2,180,000. Mr. Dreyer was married on August 26, 1876, to
Augusta Hilligmann whose father, F. W. Billigmann, died on Sep-
tember 26, 1873, at the age of fifty-eight years, and whose mother,
at the age of sixty-one, is living with Mr. Dreyer. Mr. Hilligmann
was among the early settlers in this city, and died leaving a large es-
tate. Mr. Dreyer has three children, — -Charlotte S., born June 12,
1877; Edward S., born November 24, 1880; and Florence S., born
September 4, 1883.
1 1 KNRY J. CHKISTOPH. — This private banking-house was estab-
lished by Mr. Christoph in 1872, the place of business being located
on Wabash Avenue, near Twelfth Street. Shortly afterward he re-
moved to Xo. 75 Clark Street, and, in 1875, to his present location, at
the northeast corner of LaSalle and Randolph streets. Here, he
occupies the entire lower floor of the premises, and transacts a gen-
eral banking and brokerage business.
Henry Jacob Christop/i is the son of Henry and Christina (Kaege)
Christoph, and was born near Worms, Duchy of Hessen-Darmstadt,
on June 24, 1849. His father was a landed proprietor in easy circum-
stances, and the son received his education at the public schools and
Gymnasium of Worms. When about seventeen years of age, he con-
nected himself with a silk house at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, in order
to learn the business, remaining there two years, when he abandoned
the country of his birth to avoid conscription into the army, this
bring against his religion, that of a Mennonite. After travelling for
a short time upon the Continent and through England, he sailed for
America with the intention of making Chicago his future home. He
arrived here in September, 1868, and soon secured a position as clerk
in the banking-house of Messrs. Greenebaum & Co. , who then carried
on business at the corner of LaSalle and Lake streets. Here he
remained until 1871, when he revisited his early home. On his
return, six months later, he opened a loan and real-estate office at No.
511 Wabash Avenue, but soon moved to No. 71 Clark Street, and then
engaged in a general banking business. In 1875, he again changed
his place of business to the corner of LaSalle and Randolph streets,
and soon after to the Grannis Block, on Dearborn Street, but, in
1883, returned to the corner of LaSalle and Randolph streets, where
he now is. Mr. Christoph was married, in 1878, to Harriet, daughter
of Conrad Seipp, of Chicago, and has two children, a girl six and
one-half years old, and a boy fifteen months younger. He has been
a member of the Board of Trade for some three years, but is not
active on the Board.
\V ASMANSDORFF & HEINEMAN. — This firm was formed on Jan-
uary I, 1872, by Otto Wasmansdorff and William Heineman, for
the purpose of carrying on a general banking, real-estate, loan, bro-
kerage, foreign exchange and steamship-passage business, and since
their advent in financial circles have conducted a successful and
prosperous concern. Their first office was located on the second
tloor of No. 161 West Lake Street, but they only remained there a
short time. The firm was one of the very first to remove to the
re-built business district after the conflagration of October, 1871 , and
they secured the first office in the Metropolitan Block, locating in
the basement at No. 165 Randolph Street. They then carried on a
general banking business and represented the North German Lloyd
Steamship Company, the Hamburg-American Packet Company,
besides several Liverpool steamship companies. From the very
foundation of their business they have prospered, and, in February,
1882, were obliged to remove to more commodious quarters. They
now occupy the roomy basement in the Yates Building, on the south-
west corner of Randolph and LaSalle streets. In 1884, Wasmans-
dorff & Heineman were appointed general western passenger agents
of the Red Star Line (Royal Belgian Mail steamers), between Antwerp
and New York and Philadelphia. They deal in all kinds of negotiable
paper securities, negotiate real-estate mortgage loans, receive de-
posits and issue foreign and domestic exchange. Wasmansdorff &
Heineman successfully rode the financial storm of 1873, and have
exhibited themselves as careful, conservative and trustworthy busi-
ness men. They receive a large clientage from the German-speaking
population, and their annual transactions are constantly increasing.
H'il/iam //I'iiii'iiian was born on January 10, 1843, at New-
Strelitz, capital of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. His
father was a merchant of that place, Carl Friedrich Heineman, and
his mother's maiden name was Auguste Pittius. The son, William,
was educated at New-Strelitz, but, shortly after entering the high
school there, removed with his parents to \\oklegk, where he en-
tered the highest class in the splendid schools of that town, and
finished his education by taking private lessons in languages and
other branches. In July, 1861, the family emigrated to America, com-
ing directly to this city. The senior Heineman died here in 1867, and
his widow is still living in this city, William Heineman, on coming
here, possessed such an education that he was at once enabled to se-
cure a situation, and he took a position with the firm of Greenebaum
iS; Foreman, real-estate and loan brokers. He remained with them
about two years, and then took the position of bookkeeper in the
lithographing establishment of Charles Shober. In 1865, he entered
the employ of the Western Bank Note Engraving Company, which
was organi/ed in Chicago by Messrs. Charles Knickerbocker and
Clarence C. Cheney, both of Albany, New York. After two years
connection with them, he went into partnership with his former
employer, Charles Shober, but, in 1870, returned to the Western
Bank Note Company, with whom he remained until after the great
lire of October, 1871. Mr. Heineman had by that time secured
sufficient means to enable him to go into business, and, on Janu-
ary I, 1872, formed business relations with his present partner, Mr.
Wasmansdorff. Mr. Heineman is an active, energetic business
man, and his record as an upright, honorable gentleman has been
free from tarnish. The firm of which he is a member enjoys a
large patronage, and, since embarking into business on his own ac-
count, he has been very successful. He was married on November
25, iS6S, to Miss Katie M. Gross, eldest daughter of Jacob Gross,
who came to this city in 1837. At the request of Mr. Heineman's
affianced, the ceremony was performed on the site of the old family
homestead, upon which now stands a Masonic Hall. This hall is
where Lessing Lodge, No. 557, A.F. & A.M., is located, and of
which lodge Mr. Gross and Mr. Heineman are members. Special
dispensation of the Grand Master of the Order of the State of Illi-
nois, was secured, and the ceremony was performed by Rev. Joseph
Hurtman, pastor of First German Evangelical Lutheran Reformed
Church. This wedding ceremony was the first and only one ever
performed in a Masonic Lodge Hall in the State of Illinois, and
probably in the United States. Mr. and Mrs. Heineman have
been blessed with five children, — Clara Auguste Elizabeth, Willie,
Alfred, Katie May and George. Mr Heineman became a member
of Lessing Lodge in 1868, and served as Worshipful Master of the
same three years — from 1877 to 1880. He has been a member of
the board of trustees of the North Western Masonic Aid Associa-
tion of Chicago since 1875, and at present occupies the position.
H. SCHAFFNER & Co. — This private banking business was es-
tablished here, in 1878, by H. Schaffner and A. G. Becker, under
their present firm name. Their first place of business was at No.
123 LaSalle Street, where they remained until iSSi, when they re-
moved to their present quarters at No. 125 on the same thorough-
fare. This firm does a general banking and brokerage business,
including also note-brokerage and local bonds. Mr. Schaffner,
senior member of the firm, is a native of Germany, born in Hessen-
Darmstadt, in 1845. When only eighteen years of age he came to
this country and located in Chicago, which has since been his home.
Here he obtained employment with Henry Greenebaum, whose
bank was afterward merged in the German National Bank, of which
institution he became cashier at its organization, and so remained
until in 1878, when he became the founder of the business in which
he is still engaged.
A. G. Becker, of the firm of H. Schaffner & Co., bankers, was
born in Ohio, where his parents resided. They located in Chicago,
in 1862, where A. G. was reared and educated. He entered the
service of the German National Bank as bookkeeper, and remained
there in that capacity until 1878, when, in company with Mr. Schaff-
ner, he engaged in business on his own account.
REAL -ESTATE INTERESTS.
The fire of 1871 caused less of a shock to the real-
estate interests of Chicago than was at first anticipated.
After the momentary bewilderment consequent upon
so great a disaster, a renewed buoyancy was imparted
to the market, and, within a week, capitalists from New
York, Boston, Cincinnati and St. Louis had invested
over a million dollars in the burned district. Between
March and October of the succeeding year, the sales
of city real-estate amounted to over forty-five million
dollars, while suburban property valued at upward of
five million dollars changed hands. So far from being
paralyzed, the trade, during the two years immediately
succeeding the fire, was unsurpassed in the history of
Chicago. The era is still spoken of among dealers as
the " great speculation years." Aside from the large
investments of outside parties, it is notable that since
1870, the accumulations that formerly went into savings
banks have sought real-estate investments, and at the
present time hundreds of safe and profitable building
and loan associations exist, and operate upon these
savings, to the advantage of small investors.
The transactions since the fire show that the number
of sales and amounts of consideration were about equal
for the years 1871 and 1872. The losses of the fire had
not yet been repaired, when the disastrous set back
caused by the financial crash of 1873 occurred, produ-
cing, in 1874, a falling-off in sales of over $11,000,000,
and, in 1875, of $25,000,000, from those of 1873. In
comparing the total sales for fourteen years, it will be
seen that, as between 1873 and 1877, the decrease was
over $40,000,000 in the latter year. In 1876, the total
sales fell to $42,000,000, and the backward tendency
continued during 1877, when the total amount was but
$38,000,000. In 1878, there was an improvement in the
volume of business, but the signs of an expected " boom"
failed, and the recorded transfers have never since
reached the figures of 1872-73.
From 1871 to 1879, many owners of valuable real-
estate, who previously had been leaders in all improve-
ments, were hampered by the necessity of providing for
the payment of mortgages which they had negotiated
just after the fire. In most cases, it was confidence in
a future great advance in value which induced owners
to incumber their real-estate instead of selling it. Many
succeeded in paying their indebtedness, saving their
property, and reaping the benefits to which their fore-
sight and courage entitled them ; but in other cases
owners failed to meet their heavy obligations, and money-
lenders and mortgage companies secured the property.
In 1880, the spring sales were heavy, and evidences
of a continuance of the buoyant tendency of business
inducing confidence, considerable speculation set in.
For the year the total of sales showed an increase of
upward of $5,000,000 over the preceding year. During
1881, the aggregate was $11,000,000 greater, with about
the same increase in 1882, bringing the total for that
year up to $65,735,185. The fire debt by this time had
been very generally liquidated, and the values, unsettled
by the panic, restored. The year was noted for the
almost total absence of speculation. In no other year
had so large a percentage of purchase money been paid
down. Aside from the transactions in realty, extensive
building enterprises were inaugurated, which alone in-
446
volved an outlay of over $20,000,000, and included,
besides many large commercial buildings, numerous
flats and apartment-houses, which sprang into great
favor with those seeking investment for renting pur-
poses, to the exclusion of single dwellings. These
building operations continued during 1883 and iS.S.|,
many of the structures requiring over a million dollars
for their completion. In 1882, a traveller, corresponding
for a foreign journal, wrote :
" The architecture of the finer structures is imposing and
refined, with a look of permanence and elegance entirely absent
from the majority of structures erected in the early days of new
Chicago."
Reference was made, by this, to the flimsy brick-and-
plaster structures put up in haste immediately after the
fire, some of which had fallen to pieces, one, I>ake's
bakery, collapsing as late as October, 1885. In the
business district the more conspicuous of these build-
ings, the "Exchange Building" and the "Old Rookery,"
have been torn down to make room for more worthy and
enduring successors.
The causes of the steady increase in land values
are to be found in the vast and diversified commerce of
Chicago, and the phenomenal growth of its population.
The vigorous recuperative power shown after the fire,
and the stability of our business men, secured the con-
fidence of outside investors; and other influences, such
as street improvements, the parks, boulevards, and
public works of every description, while improving
property, have also promoted investments. The subject
of taxation, which is intimately related to that of the
real-estate, is discussed in the Corporate History; and
it is only necessary here to say that, despite occasional
eras of improvident government, the State laws limiting
taxation and governing assessments are of such a char-
acter as to offer ample protection to landholders, and
the rate of taxation will compare favorably with that
of any other great city in America. The stability of
Chicago land values has never been permanently dis-
turbed, and the increase is natural, as it is the manifest
destiny of the city to enlarge and grow more prosper-
ous and wealthy year by year.
The tendency of business, and its demand for build-
ing accommodations, is well marked in given directions.
In December, 1880, a few interested parties predicted
that the removal of the Board of Trade to its present
location would ruin the property adjacent to Washing-
ton and LaSalle streets. When it was proposed to
vacate the south end of La Salle Street to provide a
site for the new structure, the cry of " jobbery " was
raised, and it was charged that it was a move on the
part of a " real-estate pool" and would seriously dis-
turb values. A temporary cheapening of rents around
the old site was the only serious result; while the new
building, with its many stately companions, formed the
center of a fresh district, and induced immense in-
vestments, with a corresponding increase of values
and toning up of the real-estate market throughout the
South Division.
In 1883, there was a slight re-action from the sell-
ing and building "boom" of the previous year, the
total sales amounting to $54,000,000, a decrease of
"li 1,000,000. This condition may be well compared to
REAL -ESTATE INTERESTS.
447
the decrease of $11,000,000, in 1874, following the two
great speculation years, although in each of these years
the sales exceeded those of 1882 by nearly $16,000,000.
While the building investments in 1882 exceeded
$20,000,000, and probably reached nearer $25,000,000,
in 1883, they dropped to less than $17,000,000.
The year 1884 was an active one in the real-estate
market, but the sales at the close fell short of those of
the preceding year by nearly $13,000,000, and showed a
decrease from the total of 1882 of about $24,000,000.
Values were not disturbed in any wise by this showing,
but the market was not stimulated, and some of the
more easily agitated dealers began to predict a long
season of stagnation. Building operations were exten-
sive, however, exceeding $20,000,000, and had a direct
influence upon the real-estate market, serving to en-
courage many, and promote more or less activity. Bro-
kers endeavored, by a variety of reasons, to explain why
there had been a falling off in the volume of business
while other matters incidental to the trade were in such
a promising condition.
The records of the Department of Building are of
interest in this connection, as showing a decrease
of nearly six hundred permits for the erection of
buildings, but an increase of $3,472,083 in value.
In 1883, three thousand three hundred and ten per-
mits were issued for buildings to cost $16,634,382;
while, in 1884, two thousand two hundred and sev-
enteen permits were issued, with an estimated value
for buildings of $20,106,470. In March, 1884, per-
mits were issued for buildings representing a cost of
$4,900,570, which included several large and costly
office-buildings in the Board of Trade district, to be
completed the following spring, while the permits issued
for the corresponding month in 1885, represented a
value of but $1,141,880, — a difference in favor of the
preceding year of $,5,758.690 for this one month alone.
The value of buildings for the first nine months of
1884 was $16,887,870, and for the first nine months of
1885, $13,770,130, showing an increase of ninety three
permits issued, and a decrease of $3,117,740 in value.
Of the total amount, $762,400 was expended for cot-
tages, $2,681,600 for flats, $5,133,100 for dwellings, and
$5,193,000 for other buildings. While the building
season started in more slowly in 1885 than in 1884, the
brokers seemed to see nothing but bright prospects, —
increased inquiry for good property, plenty of money
seeking investment, and a flourishing market generally.
The following table shows the total annual amounts
of sales for fourteen years:
Year.
Amount.
1871, October 9 to December 31 $19,260,641
1872 78,183,458
1873 - 78.427,931
1874 67,871,662
1875 -- - 53,149,856
1876,- .. 42,153.596
1877 38,123.291
1878 42,126,821
1879 38,123.891
1880 43,682,922
1881 54,859,186
1882 65,735,i85
1883 54,275,989
1884 41,668,536
1885 47,688,945
Total $765,331,880
Real-estate statisticians estimated that, during the
first year after the fire, loans were made on real-estate to
the amount of $10,000,000. By October 9, 1872, the
first anniversary of the fire, $40,133,600 had been
expended in new buildings. No account was taken, in
this estimate, of the hundreds of frame and cheap brick
structures that came up like a growth of mushrooms
immediately after the great disaster.
The tenth anniversary of the fire showed that the
allied real-estate and building interests had kept march
at relative distances, as the following statement will show:
year.
No. of permits.
Feet frontage.
COM of construction.
1871
I OOO
42 300
1874
757
33,065
5,785 541
187^
875
55 479
9 778 080
1876 .
1,636
43,222
8,270 300
1877
2,6g8
35,033
9 071 850
1878
2,709
3I,Il8
7,419, (oo
1870
1,624
33,OOO
6 745 ooo
l880
3,868
35,2OO
9,071,850
iSSi
3)493
40,096
8 8^2 lot,
Totals
18,760
348,513
$88,954,825
To the above must be added the $40,133,600 ex-
pended from October 9, 1871, to October 9, 1872, and
the amounts expended to the close of 1881, on the Court
House, City Hall, and Custom House, which were as
follows :
Court House $2,295,176
City Hall 826,674
Custom House - 4,426,375
Total $7,548,225
Thus, we have the enormous total of $136,536,650
expended in the construction of new buildings within
the first ten years after the fire ; and the estimate is a
low one, for the reason that, on account of the license
fee, builders in taking out permits are apt to give an
under statement, rather than a correct estimate of the
cost.
In September and October preceding the fire, there
were many extensive real-estate schemes on foot. The
most important auction-sale of the year was advertised
to take place on Tuesday. October 10, the property to
be sold being lots owned by M. C. Stearns at the north-
east corner of Adams and Dearborn streets, "on every
side of which were being erected the finest buildings in
the city," as the bill- read. The sale did not occur, and
these fine buildings in process of construction were
heaps of smoldering ashes on the day set for the sale.
For several years after the fire, A. J. Averill had in
his office a neatly framed trophy, which told an interest-
ing story, and which he proudly exhibited to his friends.
It was a note which ran as follows :
" A. J. AVERILL :
" We will give for the Catholic Church property and the Hale
property, in all 240 feet on Wabash Avenue, $425,000.
"F.&L."
The property referred to was the St. Mary's Church
site, now occupied by the St. Mary's Block, at the south-
west corner of Madison Street and Wabash Avenue.
The note was written by Field & Leiter about two weeks
before the fire. On the Saturday preceding the fire,
Mr. Averill began the work of raising a subscription
among the property owners on Wabash Avenue, in the
vicinity of Madison Street, to make up $55,000, the sum
needed to be added to what Field & Leiter were willing
to give, in order to complete the purchase of the prop-
erty. One-third of this amount was raised by Mr.
Averill without much effort, several merchants giving
$5,000 each ; and in another week the entire amount
would have been secured, and Field & Leiter would
HISTORY ()!• CHICAGO.
have been located at the corner of Madison Street and
\\abash \venue. In I 88 1 , good judges estimated the
value of this realty at $1,500 a front foot, or $360,000
in all.
Before the fire. \Vabush Avenue wa> a fine residence
street, handsome homes extending to Washington Street,
and a tine row. tenanted by leading citi/.ens. fronting
Dearborn 1'ark on the latter thoroughfare, while the
residences on Michigan Avenue extended northward to
the same point. Subsequently to the lire, business prop-
erty on U'abash Avenue advanced from $.500 to $1,200
a front foot. The residence district was located further
south, on Michigan, Indiana, Prairie and Calumet ave-
nues. Residence property on Michigan \vcnuesteadily
appreciated, and in iSSi. when the street was turned
over to the Park Commissioners and became a boule-
vard, many sales were made at from $700 to $800 a
front foot.
The increased price of property to the south and
east created the new wholesale district on Market, Wells,
Franklin and lower LaSalle streets. The wholesale
firms found they could get deeper lots on Franklin
Street for $350 a front foot than on \Vabash Avenue
for Si.ioo and $1.500 ; and when such firms as Field ec
Leiter, J V. Farwcll & Co , and others located in the
new district, it occasioned a rush of wholesale houses
that prevented the occupation of this locality by the
cheap structures and low resorts with which it had been
infested.
The fire made other changes no less noticeable.
From forty to fifty thousand more people located on the
U \ •>( Side, and while re-building was in progress on the
South Side, \Vest Madison was the main retail street,
and the corner of Halsted and Madison streets was con-
sidered the great center. Prices of property rapidly
advanced, and many permanent improvements were un-
dertaken.
For over a year after the fire, the North Side gave
no evidences of recuperation, but the building "boom "
finally crossed the river, and business blocks took the
places of vacant lots along North Clark Street, and fine
residences began to spring up on LaSalle, Dearborn and
the cross streets. In 1881, business property was worth
from $500 to $600 a front foot. It is only necessary
to advert to the present magnificence of the select resi-
dence district east of Wells Street and north of Superior
Street.
The fire of July, 1874, which destroyed one thousand
houses and swept clear fifteen blocks, on the South Side,
below Van Huren Street, and between South Clark Street
and Wabash Avenue, did not have any immediate effect
upon the tendency of business to follow lines already
marked out, but perhaps it prepared the way for the
building operations which, in 1880. began to make the
large structures put up in this section immediately after
the fire look less isolated. This fire was a benefit, in
that it cleared out a large area of wooden shells, which
had been a constant menace to the re-built district.
They were replaced by a more durable and less inflam-
mable class of structures along South Clark and State
streets and Wabash, Third and Fourth avenues. F. A.
Stearns began, the day after the fire, on Thursday, July
16, the erection of the first building in the burned dis-
trict, a block of six three-story and basement brick
stores, at the corner of Wabash Avenue and Jackson
Street.
The following table shows the valuation of real-
estate and personal property in Chicago from 1871 to
1885, inclusive; and the ratio of increase and total
valuation may be learned by reference to tables for
previous years, on pages 183, Vol. I., and 572, Vol. II.,
of this History:
Year.
Real-iwttte.
IVrsonal property.
Total.
1871
$216,898,650
$52,847,820
$289.746,470
1872
239,154,890
45,042.440
284,197,430
1873
262,969,820
49,103,175
312,072,995
i ST.I
258 549,310
45,155,830
303, 70S, 140
1875
127,900,975
45,863,271
173,764,246
1876
131.222,460
36,815,718
168,037,178
1877
116,082,533
32,317,623
148,400,148
1878
104.420,053
27,561,375
131,981,436
1879
91,152,229
26,817,806
117,970,035
iSSo
89 031,955
28,101,688
117 133 643
1881 .. -.
90,099,045
26,240,401
119,151,951
1882
95,880,000
29,478,537
125 358,537
1883
101,596,787
31,633,717
133,230,504
1884
105 286,987
31,720,537
137 007,524
1885
110,554,911
29,403,377
139,958,288
The almost phenomenal growth in the values of
Chicago real-estate, may be judged from a few trans-
actions subjoined:
In 1864, a twenty-acre tract in Section 33, Township 39,
Range 14, brought $250 an acre, and a few months afterward sold
at the rate of $10,000 an acre. The sub-divided sixty acres,
corner of Reuben Street and Archer Avenue, which sold in 1870
for $50,000, are now selling at the rate of $250,000 for the tract.
In 1869, Asahel Pierce bought eighty acres in the neighbor-
hood of Ilumboldt Park for 820,000, and, in 1873, was offered
$160,000 for it, which he declined; and sub-dividing it, he realized
$500,000 for his investment. In 1842, Mr. Pierce secured a quar-
ter-section near the same plat for two dollars an acre, which is now
worth $300,000.
In 1869, seventy-five acres in the east one-half of the north-
west quarter of Section 2, Township 39, Range 14, was bought
for $208 an acre. In 1872, it sold in lots for $110,500, and in
1885 was worth $170,000.
The sub-division running from Loomis to Laflin streets, south
of Monroe, comprising eighty acres, was bought in 1869, for
$24,000. In 1881, building lots sold for $60 a front foot, and are
now worth $100 a foot, making an aggregate value of $2,500,000
for the tract.
Twenty acres on Central Boulevard, which sold in 1872, for
$50,000, and in 1873, for $ 58,000, in 1884, were worth $100,000.
One hundred acres; near ihe northwest corner of Ilumboldt
Park, which sold in 1873 for $35,000, are now worth $75,000.
In 1875, a sale of the " Long John'' engine-house lot on
La Salle Street, near the Chamber of Commerce, was made by
order of the City Council to D. J. Small for $52,800 and was
vetoed by the Mayor. In 1877, the lot was sold to George Watson
for $44,000 cash, — about $1,000 a front foot, — and it is now worth
more than double the amount.
The amount of real-estate transfers since 1873,
have been —
1874 - $67.871,662
1875 -- 53,149,856
1876 42,153,596
1877 38,123.291
1878 42,126,821
1879 38,123,891
1880 43.682,922
1881 54,859.186
1882 65,735185
1883 -. 54,275,989
1884 41,668,536
1885 47,688,945
REAL-ESTATE BOARD. — In 1883, Edmund A. Cum-
mings, William L. Pierce, and William A. Merigold
proposed an association of those interested in the pro-
tection or promotion of real-estate interests, and it
speedily became formulated under the foregoing title.
REAL- ESTATE INTERESTS.
449
During 1883-84, Henry C. Morey was president; in
1X85, Lyman Baird. The present (18861 officers are as
follows: Edmund A. (Jammings, president; Bryan
Lathrop, vice-president; Edgar M. Snow, secretary;
Kdwatd S. Dreyer, treasurer. Its membership already
includes most of the leading real-estate men in the city,
as will be recognized by this list:
1'leasant Amirk, Lynian Baird, W. W. Baird, M. R. Barnard,
F. A. Barnes, |. A. Bartlelt, George- I'. I!ay, George Birkholf, |r,
C,. M. Bogue, H. li. Bogue, William A. Bond, Charles L. Bn'yd,
V. A. Bra--, \V. II. Bryan, C. R. Calkins, F. R. Chandler, P. R.
Chandler, Charles C. Chase, A L. Coe, H. J. Christoph, E. A.
Cummings, B. R. De Young, 'I'. G. Dickinson, E. S. Dreyer, F.
M. Elliott, D. W. Elred, D. M. Erskine, Jr., J. W. Farnon,
James M. Gamble, N. T. Cassette, Samuel Gehr, E. F. Getchell,
V. C. Gibbs, L. R. Giddings, R. C. Givens, H. A. Goodrich, E.
Goodridge, S. E. Gross, John V. Hair, C. L. Hammond, E.
S. Harvey, II. C. Harvey, F. Hatheway, W. Hansbrough, F. A.
Henshaw, Henry L. Hill, II. W. Hoyt, A. D. Hyde, R. \V.
Hyman, Jr., L. Ingledew, W. G. Jackson, B. F. Jacobs, John
Johnston, Ir., \V. 1). Iverfoot, John I!. Knight, Bryan Lathrop, J.
"I.. Lombard, I). K. McAuley, |,,hn McConnell, J. C. Magi'll,
James M. Marshall, A. B. Mead, D. W. Mitchell, W. A. Meri-
gold, S. M. Moore, H. C. Morey, C. H. Mulliken, R. M. Outhet,
S. M. Parish, T. E. Patterson, Benjamin L. Peasi/, George 1 1.
Pease, C. W. Pierce. \V. L. Pierce, E. S. Pike, Samuel Polkey,
Sattrll Pn-ntice, Lrn st Pressing, J. R. Putnam, Henry Ricke,
Frank Riedler, Godfrey Schmidt, \V. L. Schraeder, George A.
Searl. E. II. Sheldon, C. P. Silva, E. M. Snow, \V. X. Springer,
\. 1. Stone, D. (). Strong, L. T. Swift, B. W. Thomas, N.
Th.imasson, W. I L Thompson, T H. Traver, |. H. Trumbull, H.
L. Turner, ]. II. Van Vlissengen, F. C. Vierling, E. C. Ware, G. L.
Warner, P.. F. Weber, S. Wilder, James Wilmott, J. A. Wilson,
E. W. Zander.
Its transactions, in sales alone, counting t\vo parties
to each • transfer, has reached $80,000,000 a year. An
enthusiastic member and worker anticipates the time
when real-estate exchanges, under the fostering care
and through the operations of the Board, will amount
to millions of dollars in a day. Real-estate interests,
in all their details, are taken cognizance of, such as ab-
stracts, transfers, rentals, protection of property in the
form of improvements, etc. It is endeavoring to re-
duce the cost of abstracts and to simplify transfers, and
has taken the lead in the effort for revenue reform in
Illinois. •
Shortly after its organization, the Board began to
hold annual re-unions and banquets, which were occa-
sions of great social enjoyment and of importance in a
material sense to interests of the members. The first
banquet was held in February, 1884, and each succeed-
ing one was more replete in interest to those in attend-
ance. The most notable gathering was that of Thursday
evening, February 4, 1886, at the Palmer House, at
which over two hundred gentlemen real-estate dealers
and their guests sat down to the festive spread. Nearly
all the more important real -estate men were present,
and among the number were gray-haired men who had
seen Chicago attain a magic growth out of the swamp
and prairie, until the valuation of its lands and build-
ings reached far into the hundreds of millions of dollars,
and representatives of the younger generation of
dealers who have adopted real-estate speculation as a
permanent business and hope to see the field of their
operations make as wonderful strides in the future as
in the past. The decorations were characteristic of the
city and suggestive of the occasion. There were floral
representations of the first hotel ever erected in Chi-
cagp, the old "Bull's Inn"; Fort Dearborn, and the "Va-
cant Lot," of course bearing the familiar legend " For
Sale." The menu, too, was indicative of the pursuit of
the banqueters, and the cover was artistic in design
and wonderfully well executed showing the "Beautiful
Country Residence," a house founded on submerged
29
land, swimming in a waste of waters, representing a
swamp — the beginning of Chicago — emerging from
which was a mighty bullfrog, with eyes bulging with
wonder at the strange legend: "These premises will
be occupied by a first-class thirty-six story, fire-proof,
building, for office and store purposes," and a significant
margin to the whole was a rent-roll, the .perspective of
which extended into the millions.
The invited guests present represented the capital
and invested wealth of the city. The president of the
Board and chairman of the feast, Edmund A. Cummings,
welcomed the assembly.
Appropriate toasts were fittingly responded to by
Thomas B. Bryan, Willis G. Jackson, W. W. Baird,
Ferd. VV. Peck, Mayor Carter H. Harrison, General I. N.
Stiles, Norman T. Gassette and Rev. G. C. Lorimer.
CHARLES HENRY MULLIKEN, who, since 1874, has been prom-
inently and actively identified among Chicago's leading real-estate
dealers, was born at Hallowell, Maine, on March 18, 1831. His
father, John Mulliken, was a merchant of that place, but removed
with his family to Augusta when Charles was quite young, and there
he was reared and educated until he had attained his eighteenth
year. He then went to Boston, where he secured a situation in a
merchandise broker's office, in which he spent three years. Re-
turning to Augusta, he started in business on his own account, as
a member of the firm of Davis & Mulliken, and was thus engaged
for seven years. His next venture was in the Southern commission
trade, founding the house of Means & Mulliken, with headquarters
at Boston. They established a line of packets between that city
and Indianola, Texas, having also a store at San Antonio, where a
brother of Mr. Mulliken was located in charge. The firm did a
thriving and prosperous trade until the breaking out of the late
Civil War, which brought, as a rule, speedy ruin upon all Northern
men who had business enterprises in the South. Their stock of
goods, valued at nearly $50.000, was seized by the Confederate gov-
ernment and confiscated. Mr. Means, on hearing of the calamity
which had befallen them, went South to see what could be done
toward retrieving their losses. He was at once arrested at San An-
tonio, and sent to Matamoras under a guard, where he escaped to
Mexico, and afterward got to New Orleans, whence, by the help of
Crneral Butler, he came North. Their losses amounted to about
$50,000, and as Mr. Mulliken had his all invested in the enterprise,
this misfortune of course left him a ruined and penniless man. At
the same time too his health failed him, which for some years com-
pelled him to retire from anything like an active business life. The
sudden and disastrous termination of his business affairs, also, left
hini deeply in debt, but these obligations he afterward liquidated by
paying one hundred cents on the dollar to his creditors. He then
made up his mind to come West, and, in August, 1865, came to this
city which has since been his home. Here he first entered the
employ of Page & Sprague, wholesale dealers in paints, oils and
glass, on Dearborn Street, as confidential man. He continued with
them until 1872, meantime losing all he had in the fire. He then
became cashier in a savings bank until 1874, when he entered the
real-estate business, in which he has remained until the present time.
Mr. Mulliken is an elder and active member of the Fourth Presby-
terian Church. He is particularly active in mission work, and is
assistant superintendent of the Howe-street Mission, with a Sun-
day-school numbering six hundred, and a very prospetous indus-
trial school attached. He is also a member of the Citizens' Associa-
tion, Chicago Club, Union Club, Real-Estate Board, and is on the
Executive Committee of the Presbyterian Social Union As a
real-estate dealer Mr. Mulliken has from the first taken a leading
position and, since 1874, has been connected with many of the im-
portant changes in Chicago realty. Mr. Mulliken married, on De-
cember 3, 1851, Miss Sarah E. Hallett. They have had four
children. One is now living; A. Henry Mulliken, of the firm of
Pettibone & Mulliken, dealers in railway supplies, in this city.
FRANK C. VIKRUNG has been in Chicago twenty-nine years,
fourteen of which he has been engaged in the real-estate business.
His predilection for this business may have received a bias from the
vocation he pursued while attending the High School — collecting
bills for lawyers and doctors, from the proceeds of which collec-
tions he paid his expenses while a student. Immediately after leav-
ing school, in 1870, he opened an office and furnished it by means
of the commission derived from its first sale — a two-story frame-
house on Dearborn Street, between Twentieth and Twenty-first
streets. The office was not furnished in a style of lavish expendi-
ture; an eight-dollar desk, some second-hand chairs, at seventy-five
cents apiece, and some matting that cost about seventeen dollars,
comprising the outfit. But in this office he laid the foundation for
decided prominence in his chosen profession. In 1875, the City
45°
HISTORY OF CIIICACO.
Council appointed Mr. Yierling as appraiser of the school-fund
properly at which time the valuation of the property was in.
by the 'appraisal of > .ml upon which basis rents were
promptly paid. In July, iS;;, business being dull in real-estate,
Mr. Yicrling opened" a packing-house on Twelfth Street, near
State, still retaining his rcal-c-talc business. He conducted his pack-
ing-house lor two years .mil was then bought out, in the fall of
IS;,,, by the Western Indiana Railroad, on Twelfth Street, and by
the ( irand Trunk Railroad, on State Street. In the course of their
transactions with Mr. Yicrling, the Western Indiana Railroad con
1 such a favorable impression of him thai the directors ap-
pointed him their agent, for the railroad, to buy and sell real-estate.
This position he occupied from October I, 1870., to August I,
and averaged purchases for that road of property amounting to
about one million dollars per annum. From the time Mr. Yierling
entered the business, he made a specialty of the collection of rents
and the renting of buildings, and had a large list of both classes of
•ess. In thi- branch, in iSS2, he made large transactions for
Ihe National Life of the I'uited States of America, of Washington,
I>. (.'., renting the Hale, National Life, City National Hank, and
Fidelity buildings, as well as their various large properties on Jack-
son Slice!. From this brief resume, it will be understood that Mr.
Yierling has been very successful in his business, not alone for him-
self but for those whose interests IK- has watched ami guarded.
GIM \vrs AMMCKSO.N, known as CiUst Anderson, is the only
exclusive Scandinavian real-estate dealer in the city; and not alone
pays especial attention to that class of National customers, but
•sail his commercial ability to the transaction of their real-
estate business, and thus is enabled to give more time and attention to
this matter than others who have a multitude of varied demands
upon the:r time. lie maintains a nourishing trade and does a great
deal in the sale of suburban property, especially in Evanston and
the northern suburbs; at Evanston he recently sold twelve lots in
one day. He has lived in Chicago for sixteen years, and has been
in the general teal-estate business since September I, 1883. Mr.
Anderson was born in Sweden, on November 3, 1847, and, after
receiving a good education, learned the trade of book-binder at
Stockholm. He emigrated ;o America in 1868, locating in Chicago
on the third day of May of that year. For some years he was em-
ployed at his trade in various large establishments, including the
well-known houses of Culver, Page, Iloyne & Co., J. M. W. (ones
& Co.. and was also for a time in New York City. On September
:c embarked in business, in partnership with C. V. W.
Hellberg, with whom he continued until January I, 1881, when he
bought out his partner's interest, and carried on the business alone,
building up a large and extensive trade. On July I, 1882, he
associated with him M. and II. 1). Hanscn, establishing the well-
known firm of book-binders, Anderson. Ilanseii iV Co. Mr.
Anderson sold out his interest in the concern, and engaged in the
real-estate business. He is an active, enterprising man, and has
won an enviable reputation for business capacity, integrity, and
close attention to the interests of his clients. He is extending his
trade rapidly, strict honesty being his motto. For the past sixteen
years, Mr. Anderson has been actively identified with the Swedish
Methodist Church.
WILLIAM I). liAiiiuri, the retired real-estate dealer, was born
in Honeyoye, Ontario Co., N. Y., on February 23, 1824. He is a
son of Osmond Babbitt, of Taunton, Mass. He was educated at
.inmon schools of Ontario County, and when quite young
assumed the position of financial agent for the Anti-Slavery Asso-
ciation of New York, and labored for the same with such men as
i Smith, William L. Champlain, William Goodell, and others.
In 1850, he moved to Moline, III., and followed mercantile pur-
suits for four years, when he located at Minneapolis, Minn., which
was at that time a portion of the Government reservation. He
remained there in the real-estate business until 1864, when he came
to t hicago, and engaged in the insurance business with the United
i and Continental Life Insurance companies, with which he
continued some years, and then returned to the real-estate business.
He was married, at Glen Haven, N. Y., on January 30, 1850, to
Miss Fli/.abeth Holt, the daughter of Rev. F. Holt of Bloomlield,
Maine, and has four children,— George A., F.dward II., Grace E.
and F.lla (.'. Mr. Babbitt's efforts in the interests of anti-slavery
brought him into prominence in Ihe Northwest prior to the Re-
n especially during 1850-60. Mrs. llabbitl has been identi-
fied with the Girls' Industrial School at F.vanston, as a member of
the executive committee, in the interest of which she has labored
for a number of \
B. K. DKYiM'xi; ,\ Co.— This firm is composed of I!. K.
De Young and John Farnon, who control a real-estate and loan
agency, and are among the most energetic and pushing of that
branch of Chicago's business men. Although they have only been
established in the city since 1878, they have already transacted
some of the largest real-estate trades and sales and negotiated
many heavy and safe loans. It is an infallible rule that Ihose who
pay strict attention to their business and carefully watch the inter-
ests of their customers are sure to succeed, and I!. R. 1 )e Young
A to. are merely an exemplification of the truth of this statement,
the constant augmentation of their deals manifesting the apprecia-
tion of the public lor their method of transacting business.
/>' A'. /V )"<w;v is a native of New York City, having been
born there in 1843. He was reared in Philadelphia, Penn., when
he was employed in the printing business at the outbreak of Ihe
War. Although in the City of Brotherly Love, he deemed it his
duty to enlist for the Union, and did so on August 3, 1862, in ( lo.
"C," 114111 Pennsylvania Yolunteer Infantry, participating in all
the battles in which the regiment was engaged, including Frcdcr-
icksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, and receiving several
promotions. He served with that regiment until it was mustered
out of service in June, 1865. He came to Chicago in that year,
and became connected with the fire and life insurance business,
being correspondent in the office of the Travelers" of Hartford,
Conn , cashier for six years with the Chicago agency of the Massa-
chusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, and several years local
agent for the New York Life Insurance Company. In 1877, he
organized the 6th regiment, Illinois National Guard and was captain
of Co. "A." In October, 1878, he was elected major, and resigned
in 1881. He is now a member of Post No. 28, G.A.R., also of
the Union Veteran Club and of the Western Union League, ami
is an active worker in the republican party. Mr. De Young has
been recently mentioned, in connection with an elective office of
trust and responsibility in the municipal government, on the ticket
of that party.
BEI.DK.N F. Cri.VER was born in the State of New York, in
1829. He was educated at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.,
from which he graduated with the class of 1852. Coming to this
city in 1855, he was one of two who established the grain commis.
sion firm of Culver tV Co., which consisted of his brother Charles
K. Culver and himself. The commission house is still in existence.
of which his brother Charles is now the senior member. Belden
F. Culver continued in the commission business for fifteen years,
but in 1870 he retired. He joined the Board of Trade, 101855",
of which he was an honored member for twenty-four years. Upon
retiring from the commission house which he had established, he
at once engaged in the real-estate business, in which he has con-
tinued and is still engaged. Mr. Culver's life has been an active
one, crowded full of important events, and though he has met
with some reverses and losses, he to-day stands high in the esti-
mation of the people of Chicago, who have known him for so
many years as one of the pioneers who have, by the use of their
wealth and their own personal efforts, made Chicago the v
metropolis of the prairies. Mr. Culver is fully worthy of the
honor and high esteem in which he is held by the thousands who
know him. He was for several years president of the Lincoln
Park Board; also president of the Board of Trustees of the Town
of Lake View for two years. He held the office of State Ware-
house registrar for three years. On December 31, jS6o, he was
married to Miss Julia I). Barry, of Chicago.
A. J. COOPER was born at Burlington, Iowa, on December
20, 1837. He was reared in his native place, and during his youth
attended the common schools. At the age of twenty, he went to
Cincinnati, where shortly afterward he commenced handling real-
estate . n a small scale. When the War of the Rebellion broke out,
Mr. Cooper was the owner of a steamboat plying on the Mississippi
River. This, the Government bought of him. and he immediately
purchased two more steamers, and subsequently another. During
the War he ran the three boats on the Ohio, Mississippi, and Red
River in Arkansas, and carried on a general transportation busi-
ness, principally engaged in delivering supplies to troops. During
those years he also opened general merchandising stores at Nash-
ville, Little Rock and Memphis, and was purveyor for the Seventh
Army Corps at Little Rock. After the War had closed, he disposed
of his large interests in the States, and, owing to the decline of his
health, which was entailed by his arduous toil in the service, went
to Mexico, where he resided until 1868. As with most men, Mr.
Cooper met with misfortune financially, and on locating in' Chi-
cago, in the summer of 1868, had not too great an abundance of
the world's goods. But being a man of keen perceptions and
great energy, he quickly foresaw the great opportunities for enrich-
ing himself by investing in real-estate. His first ventures were in
accordance with his means, but his judgment was such that what
he bought he again sold at a handsome profit. Thus, by persistent
effort, combined with sound judgment, he has succeeded in accu-
mulating much properly that returns a handsome revenue. He
now confines himself to the handling of large tracts of real-estate
and business blocks. He has made some of the largest sales in
the city, all on private account, and among them may be men-
Hone,! the transfer of the 1 lore Building, the Arcade, the Burling-
ton \\ alehouse and the Langham Hotel, recently burned besides
hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of acre-property, located
REAL -ESTATE INTERESTS.
451
in the city and the adjoining suburbs. During the years of 1882-
83-84, the real-estate history of the city was illustrated by the
erection of one of the handsomest buildings ever built in Chicago,
and whose architectural beauty, stability and elegance enabled it to
vie with any edifices constructed for business purposes in the
world. Such a typically handsome structure is the Adams Express
building, near the southeast corner of Monroe and Dearborn
streets. This was erected by A. J. Cooper and James D. Carson.
In 1855, Mr. Cooper, in company with Stephen IX Hatch, of
New York, commenced the construction of a ten-story, fire-
proof building on the corner of Fourth and Olive streets, in
St. Louis, Mo. Thus will Chicago largely contribute to the
real-estate interests of St. Louis, the expenditure necessita-
ting the use of a half-million of dollars. Mr. Cooper is a
typical Western man; full of energy, replete with the keen,
quick appreciation of the salient points of a proffered tran-
saction, possessed of indomitable perseverance — it is such
men that most contribute to the welfare and prosperity of a
city. Mr. Cooper was married, on September 14, 1881, to
Miss Annie Abercrombie, of Chicago, lie is a member of
the Washington Park Club.
CHAKI.KS J. SIIIHI.DS was born in Brunswick, Germany,
in 1841. He was partially educated in his native place, and
left I lermany in 1857, coming to Cleveland, Ohio. lie soon
went to Oberlin. in that State, and entered the college, where
he engaged in his studies until the breaking out of the War,
when he received a first lieutenant's commission in the igftth
Ohio Volunteers He remained in the Army till the close of
the War, and was mustered out at Columbus, Ohio. lie
spent some time after the War in travel, finally locating in
Chicago, in 1868, and engaging in the drug trade. Giving
up that branch of business, he embarked in fire insurance.
which he continued up to the time of the fire of 1871. After
the lite lu- eii^a^ed in the real-estate business and has contin-
ued in the same, mainly engrossed at present in managing his
own property. He was married in Seneca County, Ohio, in
1865, to Miss Mary Hover, and has three children, — Nelson,
Julia and I.illie.
I1. V.. STANLEY isa prominent operator in the real-estate
loan and tax business. lie is a native of Toledo, Ohio, and
was reared at London, Ontario, coming to Chicago on I >e-
cember 29. 1873. lie subsequently became employed in the
office of the treasurer of Cook County — II. 15. Miller — with
whom lie remained for one year and was afterward two years
with his successor, Louis C. I luck. In 1877, he embarked in
business as a lax-agent, etc , and, in iSSl, added thereto the
real-estate and loan departments; he has built up a large inter-
est ;n these various branches, and can negotiate loans of any
magnitude. Mr. Stanley was one of the originators of the
Chicago Opera House Company.
S\MI i:i. K. GROSS commenced the real-estate business in
1867, in Chicago; and, after an experience of twelve years, de- /&/
termined on inaugurating the plan of purchasing large pieces of ^^
property, subdividing them, and erecting neat and commodious-'
dwellings thereon, which could be sold to persons of moderate
means upon monthly payments. In this, Mr. Gross has been emi-
nently successful, hundreds of houses having been built and sold
by him within the last two years. He does not claim to be a
philanthropist exclusively, but has elaborated a system whereby
good profits accrue to the inventor, and the person possessed of
moderate means can secure a domicile that would be impracticable
to him under ordinary circumstances. Mr. Gross was born near
Harrisburg, Dauphin Co., Penn., in November, 1843. When he
was quite young, his parents moved to Bureau County, 111., where
he spent the greater part of his youth, returning East to complete
his education. In 1863, he enlisted as a private in the 2Oth Penn-
sylvania Cavalry, and shortly thereafter was promoted to the rank
of captain of Co. " K" of that regiment, at the age of nineteen,
being one of the youngest captains in the volunteer service. He
served until the close of the War, and after being mustered out
came to Chicago and commenced the study of the law, which he
continued until he entered the real-estate business in 1867. The
distinction that Mr. Gross gained in military life, he has achieved
in business, and, although a young man, is acknowledged to be
one of the most energetic of the real-estate fraternity.
CIIARI.KS HARPKI., an old and influential resident of Chi-
cago, commenced dealing in real-estate about 1879, exclusively on
his own account; and, while not as actively identified with this
business as some others, yet he has been engaged in many im-
portant transactions, notably the sale and transfer of large portions
of real-estate on the North Side. At the present time, Mr. Harpel
has practically retireil from active participation in real-estate busi-
ness, devoting the greater portion of his time to the management
of his private affairs. He has been an inhabitant of this city since
early in the " forties," and has been an eye-witness of its growth
from a small town to the metropolis of the West.
THOMAS BURROWS, capitalist, deceased, was born in the north
of Ireland, on March 16, 1826, and was the son of Thomas and
Anna (Calvert) Burrows. He spent his boyhood at home, and at
the age of twenty-two years, having in the meantime acquired a
liberal education, came to this country, landing at New York.
Without friends or money, he resolutely went to work to lay the
foundation of his fortune. With the assistance of a friend, he
was able to take a contract to build a small house, from the sale of
which he realized considerable profit. With the rare judgment
which marked his career as a practical and sagacious business man,
he foresaw handsome returns from improved real-estate, and he
continued that business. Success attended every investment, and
a few years' work placed a competency in his hands. In 1872, he
came to this city with the view of investing some capital in realty;
and as soon as the future of Chicago was a certainty, upon its re-
covery from the great fire of 1871, he purchased more extensively
and erected many valuable buildings. During the last ten years
of his life he retired from active business and devoted his entire
attention to his own interests. Mr. Burrows was a devout
worshiper, an Episcopalian, as was his father, and was a member
of St. James's Church. He was a man of high principles, unswerv-
ing integrity in all affairs of life, and, withal, of rare generosity
and benevolence. He contributed largely and took an active part
in the welfare of various benevolent and charitable organizations
of our city, and made their success a matter of personal interest.
A man of the kindest heart and noblest impulses, he was always
ready to do good, and his many kindnesses won him an unusually
large circle of warm and sympathetic friends. Mr. Burrows de-
parted this life on August 26, 1884.
Mrs. Thomas Sttmntff, his widow, is widely known as an
active philanthropist, and a lady of extraordinary executive ability,
culture and accomplishments. The Chicago Training School for
Nurses, the Woman's Art Exchange, and the Woman's Club are
greatly indebted to her for efforts in their behalf.
JAMES B. GOODMAN established his real-estate office in 1868,
since which time the transactions made by him have amounted to
millions of dollars. A large portion of the land occupied by the
vast packing-houses at the Union Stock- Yards was sold by Mr.
Goodman, and he has disposed of an immense quantity of property
west of Garfield Park and of the North-Western kailwav car-
45 2
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
shops. Mr. Coodnian stated that his firm made no specialty of
any particular class of real-estate, but circum-tamcs had turreil it
to attend largely to property in the West Division and in the Town
of I.aki — the Circumitances, il may In- temarked, being the oppor-
tunities for achieving large trades with correspondingly lai
numeration. The linn a! present is James li. Goodman ..V Co.,
and comprises Mr. Goodman and M. A. Karr. Their personal
capital is largely invested in timber lands in Wisconsin, and they
have handled large qnantilies of farming lands in Kansas and
Iowa, and. in fact, all over the country. The firm is enterprising,
yet conservative, and is known for the safety of its investments
and the uprightness of its transactions; the pleasure derived from
business intercourse with courteous gentlemen being enhanced by
the fact that the interests of the client are intrusted to competent
and careful direction. Mr. C.oodman has been a resident of Chi-
cago since 1867, and has, together with his other business, been
identilied with the lumber business, having been a member of the
linn of Sawyer, Goodm in & Co. since 1877, also was a member
of the firm of Goodman, P.oguc ,\ Co.
(,l,oki;i. A. STKINCI i; was born at Ilollowell. Me., on May
15, 1815. At the age of eighteen he left home and began life for
himself. In 1836, he went to Bermuda, where he spent one year,
but, not liking it, returned to New York, and entered the sen ice
of the Episcopal Foreign Missionary Society as clerk. In 1838,
he came West and taught school for a year and a half in Dearborn
County, Ind., and in lioone County, Ky. In 1840, he went to
Cairo, 111., expecting to make it his hmne, but found it under the
waters of a great Hood, and went on to St. Louis. After this he
spent some time in travel, visiting Prairie du Chien. Wis., South-
ern Iowa and Northern Missouri. He was taken sick in Keoknk,
Iowa, and. being homesick as well, started for Koone County, Ky.,
but reaching St Louis made up his mind to stay. Forming a
partnership with a Canadian by the name of Starins, they went into
the retail grocery trade on the levee in a small way. They did a
prosperous and growing business, which finally developed into a
fine wholesale trade, but in 1843 they were burned out. Resum-
ing business, however, in 1844, they were joined by one Captain
William P. I, a Moth, and built the first successful passenger
steamer that ran between St. Louis and Alton. She was called
the " Lnella," and had no successful competitor for three years.
During this time the great flood of 1844 came, and the boat made
money rapidly for a couple of months as the only ferry between
St. Louis and the east shore. The steamboat business offering a
brilliant future, Starms & Springer disposed of their grocery busi-
ness, and bought another steamer, the " Mendota," which they
put in the passenger and freight traffic between St. Louis and
Cairo. They had in the meantime parted company with Captain
La Moth and sold him the " Luella," but immediately replaced her
with another fine boat called the "Garment," with which they
completed a semi-weekly line between St. Louis and Cairo. In
the spring of 1848, they came to Chicago. The real-estate busi-
ness here at that time being very promising, the partners engaged
in it at once. They were successful, but Mr. Starms was sci/cd
with the California gold fever in 1849, and went to the coast.
He returned in 1852, and sold out his interest to Mr. Springer
and Colonel J. L. James, who formed a co-partnership and did
business as James & Springer until 1870 when they dissolved.
H. C. Morey, during these years, was in their office and received
his business education there, and after Colonel James withdrew,
Mr. Springer took him into partnership. They remained together
but one year, when Mr. Morey gave place to F. W. Springer, the
nephew of George A. Springer. In two years more they dissolved,
and Mr. Springer has done business in that line principally alone
ever since. The fire of 1871 destroyed about 850,000 worth of
Mr. Springer's property, on which he received but $15,000 insurance.
Mr. Springer has been married three times. His first wife was
Anne Gray, of Gardiner, Me.; they had five children, two of whom
are now living. His second wife was Miss Nena Arvilla Green, a
native of Orleans County, N. Y., and second cousin to Horace
Greeley. His present wife was Carrie C. Pierce, of Watertown,
Wis. By the last marriage there have been nine children. Mr.
Springer is a member of the Forty-first Street Presbyterian Church,
of which he is an elder.
COLONKI. JOSIAII L.JAMES was an Eastern man. He went
into the hardware business in New York City, in 1830, remaining
so engaged about ten years. He then moved to Tremont, Sanga-
mon Co., III. In 1848, he entered into a partnership with Mr.
Hammond, a lumber-dealer of St. Louis, and, in the same year,
upon the opening of the Illinois \- Michigan Canal, came to Chi-
cago as a representative of that firm, for the purpose of starting
a house in the latter city as James & Hammond. He opened a
lumber-yard on the corner of Adams and Canal streets. His track-
was considerable for a number of years, especially in shingles.
The partnership of James & Hammond lasted five years, when it
was dissolved, and Colonel James entered into partnership with J.
II. Pearson, and remained with him one year. After this he formed
a partnership with Mr. Hannah (brother of Perry Hannah) ami
Mr. Rockwell, remaining with this firm until 185(1 or 1857. lie
then formed a partnership with Gcoigc A. Springer, under the
firm name of James iV Springer, and dealt in real-estate. They
afterward dissolved partnership and each continued in the real-
estate business on his own account. Mr. James died in 1880, at
the advanced age of eighty-four.
s. I!. I.IM.IK is one of the energetic real-estate men of Chi-
cago, and has been identilied with that portion of its business
interests since 1872. He makes a specialty of the property near
the junction of Michigan Itotilcvard and Twenty-second Street, in
the disposition of which property he is meeting with great success.
He also sells very largely in the southern suburban district, in the
vicinity of Forty-fifth Street, in thetownsof Lake and Hyde Park.
He came to this city in 1867, and has been associated with real-
estate interests since that time.
\I:I;\M II. COVER]'. — Among the few remaining pioneers
who stood by the cradle of this pre-ent great city, and whose
enterprise and personal character laid the firm foundations upon
which they and others have builded so grandly, and who are at the
present time actively engaged in business, the name of A brain II.
('overt stands prominent, and merits more than passing notice in
this connection. Mr. ('overt was born in New York State, in
1821. His boyhood, up to the age of fourteen, was spent upon
the farm and attending district school. In 1835, he and his brother-
in-law emigrated to Michigan, settling in Owasso, and four years
later they moved to Grand Rapids, where his brother-in-law was
extensively interested in the mercantile and steamboat transportation
business. He remained at home until twenty-one years of age,
gaining :\ thorough business education in his brother-in-law's exten-
sive establishment. Upon arriving at his majority, he engaged in
the lumber business for himself at Muskegon, Mich., which he
carried on until the spring of 1845,' when he came to Chicago,
embarking in the same line of trade here, connecting with il the
vessel transportation interest. These he carried on extensively
until 1860, when he disposed of his lumber interests, but contin-
ued his vessel transportation lines until lS6S, when he also dis-
posed of his vessels and retired from the business in which he had
been so actively engaged for nearly thirty years. Very soon after
he engaged in the real-estate business, in which he has continued
ever since, and has made of it a success. His losses in the great
fire of 1871 were quite heavy. He was married in Chicago, in
1859, to Miss Ellen Todd; they have three children. During his
long life Mr. Covert has been unpretentious in manner, but has.
in the midst of his marked success, prominently shown those
traits of character which endear men to their friends and neighbors
— modesty, fidelity to friendships, and consideration of the feel-
ing- and rights of others. In his private life he has been exem-
plary, and, as he looks back upon his .useful career and considers
the esteem in v hich he is held, his life must appear eminently
satisfactory to him.
A. S. MALT.MAN, of the firm of A. S. Mailman iV Co., was
born at Glasgow, Scotland, on January 5, 1837 lie came lo
Chicago in 1865, and engaged in the commission business in the
firm of \Vilcox & Mailman, which continued until 1869, when Mr.
Wile-ox retired. Subsequently Mr. Mailman continued business
under his own name until 1874, when the existing firm of A. S.
Maltman & Co. was formed; the present business being principally
real-estate and financial agency, wherein the firm is very success-
ful. Mr. Maltman is eulogistic of Chicago real-estate, its present
cheapness and iis future prospects, and deems no investment more
eligible and steadily remunerative.
WILLIS DRUMUONO, JK., real estate dealer, was born at
Guttenburg, Clayton Co., Iowa, in 1853. He was reared in Mc-
Gregor, Iowa, and received a common school education. In 1871,
he was appointed to a position in the General Land Office, at
\\ ashington, D. C., where he remained for nine years. During the
last four years of the time he was chief of the Railway Land-
Grant Division. In the spring of 1880, he resigned to become land
commissioner of the Chicago, Milwaukee \ St. Paul Railway.
On January i, 1883, he resigned, came to Chicago and opened an
office for the purchase and sale of Western lands. He also makes
a specialty of atlending to land cases before the Department at
Washington and its several branches and land offices, for which
his experience there peculiarly fits him. Mr. Drummond was
married on January I, 1873, to" Miss Ella Cotton, daughter of the
Hon. A. R. Cotton, member of Congress for several years from
the Lyons Districl, Iowa. He has three children, — Minnie Louise,
Hesse Jean and Noble.
ASA D. HYIIK, engaged in the real-estate and renting busi-
ness, is one of the best illustrations to be found among the business
men of Chicago of the power of indomitable- will and persever-
ance to conquer adverse circumstances and enable a man to dun
fully and faithfully perform his duties whatever fortune betide
REAL- ESTATE INTERESTS.
453
him Though born near Montreal, Canada, on September 16,
1826, he comes of good New England ancestry on both sides.
His mother was Eunice Sawyer, daughter of Captain Sawyer, of
Vermont, an old Revolutionary hero. His father was Alexander
Hyde, also a native of the Green Mountain State, who moved
with liis wife into Canada about the year 1800. He first settled
near Montreal, and some years later — when Asa was six years old
— he moved his family into the unbroken forest, ten miles from
London, in the town of Oxford, to clear off a farm and make a
home. The woods did not frighten those sturdy Vermonters, but
when Asa was fourteen years old his father was taken sick and,
after three years of suffering, died at the age of sixty-three, leav-
ing $Soo of indebtedness, the little farm not paid for and not yet
cleared of timber. Upon the sickness of his father the boy became
the man, and by the time he was twenty-one he had canceled his
father's debts, paid for the farm and had the deed of it, besides
caring for his widowed mother and two sisters. In 1848, he
came to Chicago to seek his fortune; not, however, succeeding to
his liking, he returned, after two and a half years, to his Canadian
home and the little farm. There he remained until 1855, when
he rented the farm and returned to Chicago to stay. In 1861, he
began the manufacture of lard oil, in which he prospered and laid
up money, but the great fire came and $50,000 went up in smoke.
He rallied, and with great skill and determination proceeded to
repair his fortunes, when the fire of 1874 swept away every vestige
of his property. In 1872, he began to deal in real-estate, and find-
ing himself bare-handed and at the bottom in 1874, he turned his
attention more completely into that channel and has made it his
sole business ever since. After the fire, although himself nearly a
ruined man, he took charge of the distribution of supplies in the
household store and furniture department of the Relief and Aid
Society, and rendered most efficient help in the good but arduous
work. When only thirteen years old (in 1839), Mr. Hyde became
a member of the Methodist Church, in Canada. He was always
particularly active in church and Sunday-school work, and has re-
peatedly held every office in the societies where he has belonged,
except that of preacher-in-charge. He is now a member of the
Wabash Avenue Church. He is also a member of Waubansia
Lodge, No. 160, A.I''. & A.M. On December 16, 1857, Mr. Hyde
married Miss Eliza Vaughn. Having no children of his own, he
adopted three girls, — Martha Washington Lee, in New York, in
1865; Hattie, in i86g; and Fannie, in 1884. The first two are
happily married and settled in life. This fact is mentioned as
giving an unerring index to the character of the man whose sketch
is here written.
GEORGE W. COOPER, an extensive dealer in real-estate,
bonds, and mortgages, was born at New Lebanon Springs,
Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1828. His parents removed to Clifton
Park, Saratoga County, soon after his birth, and there George W.
Cooper was brought up. \Vhen only a lad he became interested in
a saddlery and harness establishment, and also in a hotel in that
place. He aided in carrying on these enterprises until 1854, when,
catching the Western fever, he came to Illinois and settled in the
town of Polo, Ogle County. He there carried on an extensive mer-
cantile business, in the line of farming implements, machinery,
harnesses, etc.. for nineteen years. He also invested largely in
real-estate, building extensively. He moved to Chicago in the fall
of 1873, and has since been engaged in his present business, never
having had a partner. In 1851, Mr. Cooper was married to Miss
Mary M. Briggs, of Utica, Oneida, Co., N. Y. They have four
children, three boys, and a daughter, Kate. The eldest son,
Charles, resides at Portland, Oregon, and is agent of the Northern
Pacific Railroad & Express Company at that place. Another son,
Burt, is in the wholesale house of Marshall Field, of this city, and
the youngest, his father's namesake, is at school.
J. S. RANNEY & Co. — This firm comprises John S. Ranney
and was established in 1880. It transacts a general real-estate
business, but makes a specialty of ranches, cattle-ranches and tim-
ber-lands. At the time of writing, J. S. Ranney & Co. have two
large negotiations in course of completion; one of a large stock
and cattle-ranch in Oregon valued at about $1,000,000, and an-
other cattle-ranch and range in Colorado, whose value is about
$1,100.000, also a horse-ranche in Colorado of the value of
$800,000. The firm has had large experience, and is doing a
thriving business and constantly augmenting its list of clients.
J. S. Kanncy was born at Batavia, N. Y., in 1844. He was
educated at Gary College, N. Y., and moved to Charlotte, Mich.,
in 1859, where he was employed in the drug business. In Sep
tember, 1861, he enlisted as a member of the band of the 2d
Michigan Cavalry Volunteers, and served with that regiment
nearly two years, being mustered out in 1863, on account of sick-
ness. After his return to Charlotte, Mich., he was, in 1864, ap-
pointed accountant to Emil Anneke, auditor-general of the State
of Michigan, which position he occupied about eighteen months.
In October, 1865, he engaged in the drug business at St. John's,
Clinton Co., Mich., which business he disposed of to come to
Chicago. He came here in 1869, and became a member of the
Hoard of Trade during the same year, following the grain com-
mission business as a member of the firm of Harper, Ranney &
Co. up to the time of the fire of 1871, and subsequently thereto
as the principal of the firm of J. S. Ranney & Co. for some five
years. He embarked in the real-estate and building business in
1876, and always has operated in land more or less in connection
with the other business wherein he has been engaged. He is a
member of Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T., and of course of
the subordinate bodies; he is also a member of Post No. 28. G.A.R.
JULIUS C. D. Ross, a well-known real estate agent, was born
at Ilolstein, Germany, on November 7, 1849. In the public schools
of his native place, he began and completed his education. At the
age of fifteen he was employed by a rectifier of spirits, at Holstein.
The business in which he was engaged not proving congenial, he
began to consider the advisability of tempting fortune in the New
World, and at the age of eighteen he emigrated to this country.
On locating in Chicago he turned his attention to house, sign and
carriage painting, an industry in which he met with considerable
success during the sixteen years that he followed it. Acquiring
the ownership of considerable property, which necessitated much of
his attention, he eventually concluded to retire from his trade as a
painter and open an office devoted to a general real-estate and
insurance business. Accordingly, in January, 1885, he established
himself at his present location. To the buying, selling and insur-
ing of property, in connection with the loaning of money, he con-
fines his attention. Mr. Ross is a gentleman of exceptional busi-
ness ability, who has imbibed, during his residence here, .the
characteristics of the thorough Chicagoan. With all matters
appertaining to the real-estate interests of the city, he is thoroughly
conversant. On November 26, 1875, in this city, he was married
to Mrs. Marguerite Berlin.
GODFREY SCHMID was born at Morrisania, Westchester Co.,
N. Y., on March 5, 1853. His parents were George and Carolina
(Melecker) Schmid, natives of Bavaria, who came to America in
1850. The elder Schmid was a contractor and builder and settled
in Chicago in 1855. He accumulated a fine property which was all
swept away by the great fire and left him to begin life anew. God-
frey Schmid was carefully educated and reared in this city. In 1865,
he entered Dyhrenfurth's College, from which he graduated in
1869. Shortly afterward he began the study of law with Nissen &
Barnuin — the latter of whom became judge of the Circuit Court, —
but was compelled to abandon it for a time on account of an attack
of pleurisy, which made him an invalid for four years. During
this time he travelled South for his health, and afterward engaged
in business with his father, who at that time was handling Georgia
yellow pine in this market. In 1880, he entered into partnership
with li. F. Weber in the real-estate business, under the firm name
of Weber & Schmid. This firm continued until February, 1884,
when it was dissolved and Mr. Schmid remained alone. He makes
a specialty of North Side property, both vacant and improved. He
is an active member of the Real-Estate Board and a shrewd and
successful dealer. On October 2, 1878, Mr. Schmid was married
to Miss Bertha J. Fontaine, of Toledo, Ohio, and has had two
children: George Fontaine and Louis Godfrey. Though genial
and sociable in his disposition, Mr. Schmid has avoided so-called
social clubs, and only belongs to one society of any kind, and that
is a mutual benefit insurance society of this city, the Bon Accord
Council, No. 450, of the Royal Arcanum.
WESLEY MOKKII.L was born at Starksborough, Vt., in 1821,
and obtained his education at the academies of Poultney and Wil-
liston, of that State. He was first employed by John Liscum, a
merchant at Hnntington, with whom he afterward started a branch
store at Starksborough, and was in partnership with him in general
merchandising for about one year; when he disposed of his in-
terest and went to Brandon, Vt. There he purchased an interest
in the jewelry establishment of Philander B. Hatch, which he sub-
sequently sold, and went into general merchandising again as clerk
with his former partner, Mr. Liscum, who had also moved to Bran-
don. Mr. Morrill subsequently bought out Mr. Liscum, and this
stock he sold afterward to his brother, Charles Morrill, and Philip
Olin. At the death of Mr. Hatch, with whom he had formerly
been engaged, he was appointed administrator of his estate, which
was large and demanded the most of his time and attention; but,
after getting it into good running order, he formed a partnership
with G. N. Briggs, a son of Hon. E. M. Briggs, an eminent law-
yer of Vermont, who had purchased the stock of the Hatch estate,
and engaged in the jewelry business. He afterward purchased the
interest of Mr. Briggs, but ultimately sold out to Mr. Kingsley and
purchased a hardware and tin store, in which enterprise he continued
until 1868, when he disposed of it and came West, in 1870, with his
family, making Chicago his home. He entered into the real-estate
businessat once and, in 1870, purchased, with three other gentlemen,
four hundred acres of land in South Chicago, now known as the
454
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Iron Workers' Addition, for which they were to pay $100,000, pay-
ing $10,000 down and having long time on the balance. This pro-
perty at the present time is worth nearly, if not quite, $2,000,000,
illustrating the increase in value in about fifteen years. In over-
confidence in the honesty of humanity, after paying $5,000, Mr.
Merrill was denied the rights of title and interest in this properly,
which was not fully determined until a decision was reached in the
Supreme Court. Before the lire, and while the property was only
recently transferred to these four purchasers, they were ollVnd
$50,000 bonus for their purchase. Mr. Morrill now does a general
real-estate business. He was married at Brandon, Vt., in 1846, to
Miss Helen M. Kingsley, and has three children living, — Jane E.,
John W., and Frederick K. His eldest son, John \V.,was married at
Harrington, Vt., and is engaged with the Pacific Elevator Company
of this city as bookkeeper and is also private secretary of Taylor,
• >ck <Y Co., contractors for the erection of the new Texas State
House; and the youngest son is engaged with William T. Baker &
Co., a grain and commission house iu this city, and was lately mar-
ried to Lulu, daughter of Mr. Simmons, cashier of the First Na-
tional Bank of Chicago.
IAMKS !•'. KKKNKY is one of the best-known of thousands of
successful business men of Chicago. He is essentially a self-made
man, having " paddled his own canoe" through schools and col-
lege into successful business life and social and political prominence,
in the three States of New York, Illinois and Kansas. He is a native
of Indiana, but originally of Scotch ancestry. His father, Charles
Keeney, was a native of Virginia and his mother was a North
Carolina woman — her maiden name was Mary Beck. Both came
very early into Indiana, married and settled near Crawfordsville,
Montgomery County, where James was born on September 15,
1840. In 1845, the family moved to Iowa, and settled near Des
Moines. His father was an active ami ambitious business man, and
while in Indiana owned considerable land, mills, brick yards, etc.,
and was able, when he went to Iowa, to purchase a large tract of
land in Polk County. He laid out the village of Avon, on the Des
Moines River, about six miles southeast of the City of Des Moines.
It was located on his own land and became a prosperous town.
I ames's schooling'was at first confined to the usual winter terms given
to farmer's sons, but as he grew older the thirst for knowledge
increased, and he attended Forest Home Seminary at Des Moines
during 1856-59, paying his own way. As soon as he was able, he
began teaching school and preparing for college meanwhile. He
received much assistance in this, from Rev. J. A. Nash, president
of the Forest Home Seminary, whose services he secured as private
tutor until 1860, when he went to Brockport, N. Y., to finish his
preparatory studies. At the age of twenty-two he entered Rochester
University, graduating with high honors in July, 1866, after four
years of study. While at college he secured the handling of a large
amount of Iowa lands, which he sold to Eastern parties wanting to
go West and settle, and his real-estate business was so successful
that, during the last year of his course at the University, he cleared
over $10,000 by it. In the fall of 1866, after graduating, he was
married to Mary Josephine, only daughter of Elijah and Caroline
C. Warren ; bought and elegantly furnished a residence on East
Avenue, Rochester, and "set up his household gods." A native
of the great West, however, he found it difficult to confine his
ambition to the narrow bounds of the real-estate business in Roches-
ter, and, after following it two years, he sold out everything and
came to Chicago in the fall of 1868. His wife's father and family
accompanied him, and they went into the real-estate business here
together, under the name and style of Warren, Keeney & Co. The
new firm prospered exceedingly. Mr. Keeney took an active and
leading part in establishing for Chicago the park system; together,
he and I'aul Cornell spoke in nearly every precinct of all the wards
of Chicago. They bought the land and founded the towns of
Ravenswood and South Evanston, and, in four years, had accumu-
lated a fortune of over half a million. But the panic of 1873 caught
them with too much land, too many equities, too much faith in
suburban property, and not cash enough to weather the storm. So
their bark went down before the gale and they were compelled to com-
mence anew in 1876. Everything was lost but honor ; everything
depressed but resolution and' grit ; and Kansas offering an invitin?
•iting
field, they went to Trego County, and began anew. Mr. Keeney had
the fortune to secure two townships of land from the Kansas Pacific
Railroad at $1.25 an acre, with an option for three years of all the
land the company possessed in that county, amounting to two
hundred and fifty thousand acres. They incorporated the county,
laid out the county-seat, and named it Wa Keeney. Mr. Keeney
went to Washington, and by extraordinary effort and good fortune
got the United States Land Office changed from Hays City, then the
county-seat of Trego County, to Wa Keeney. He did this in the
face of the opposition of all the inhabitants of the locality whence
the United States Land Office was removed, and it was justly
considered a great triumph. In 1879, he was elected to the Kansas
Legislature from Trego County, on the republican ticket, and served
during the session of 1 880-81. While in the Legislature he suc-
ceeded in securing for Northwestern Kansas the Seventeenth Judicial
District, and at once took a leading position as an able legislator
and was prominently mentioned by the Kansas press for governor.
He was elected president of the Kansas State Fair for iSSo, and
was also a member of the State Board of Agriculture. In the fall
of 1881, Mr. Keeney returned to Chicago to permanently reside —
although he has always hail an office in this cit\ — and since that
lime has devoted his time and attention in business exclusively to
real-estate. He laid out the town of Garlield in 1881, and is still a
large owner of that site. For the last four years he has been
actively engaged in developing his property adjoining the city north-
west of Ilumboldt Park, and several large factories are indebted to
him for their location in this section. He has also built several fine
structures in this city. Mr. Keeney's first wife died on April 5,
1877, at South Evanston, and on November 16, 1882, he was
married to Miss Ilaltic Hannah, daughter of Hon. Perry Hannah,
of Traverse City, Mich.
CHARLES P. KEENEY, an enterprising young real-estate dealer
of Chicago, is a native of Des Moines, Iowa. His father, Charles
Keeney, was a farmer and a brick-maker, and owned a portion of
the original town-site of Des Moines. Charles P. Keeney was edu-
cated in the primary branches at Des Moines, and, in September,
1871, came to Chicago to prepare himself for college. His brother,
however, offered him so many inducements to join with him in
the real-estate business, that he left the Chicago University in the
junior year, before he had completed the course. In 1876, the
brothers went to Kansas, and J. F. Keeney laid out a town in
Trego County, called Wa Keeney. There the younger brother
remained two years, carrying on a grain business and agricultural
implement depot, lumber yard and general store. They returned
in 1879, and have since continued in the real-estate business,
although they have formed no regular partnership. Since their
return, they have purchased one hundred and sixty acres northwest
of the city, have platted it and are rapidly improving it. The tract
is known as Garlicld Subdivision. Since that time they have added
about one hundred and sixty acres more in other addilions. Mr.
Kerney was married, in 1875, to Miss Viola P. Barton, of Sara-
toga, N. Y. Her parents settled here in 1857. They have two
children, — Viola F\ and Glennie I.
CHARLES GOODMAN, of Camp Douglas fame, is a native of
Hartford, Conn., but he was reared and educated in Ohio, his
father removing to Cincinnati when he was but a boy. Mr. Good-
man was educated at the Woodward High School of Cincinnati
and at Miami University at Oxford. He subsequently engaged in
the bankinj; business in Cincinnati, and upon the breaking out of
the War was a resident of that city. He volunteered his services,
and was appointed assistant quartermaster of the United States
Army, the Senate confirming his appointment on the day which it
was made, and he entered the service with the rank of captain.
He was at once ordered to Parkersburg as assistant to General
McCleary, chief quartermaster of the Department of Virginia. He
afterward was ordered to the post at Winchester, Va., to relieve
Captain Ransom, and took charge of that Department. In Octo-
ber, 1862, Captain Goodman was taken prisoner at Harper's Ferry,
but was soon after paroled, and in the same month was ordered to
Camp Douglas, and subsequently to Chicago, where most of the
time he was chief quartermaster of the Department, until several
months after the close of the War. When Captain Goodman
arrived at Camp Douglas, he found everything in a deplorable con-
dition, the troops and prisoners wading around in mud ankle-deep,
and the barracks entirely insufficient for the accommodation of the
number then occupying the same and the addition of four thousand
Federal troops, which had just arrived. He secured temporary
shelter and relief for the large camp, and at once commenced the
erection of barracks, hospitals and other auxiliary buildings for
the accommodation and comfort of the Confederate prisoners. He
also perfected a plan and constructed a drainage system in Camp
Douglas, and erected a parapet fence, sixteen feet in height, five
feet across on the top, around the entire camp. This was for the
protection and safe care of the eighteen thousand Confederate pris-
oners, who were guarded by four thousand Union troops. Mr.
Goodman performed a grand work. Ex-Governor Bross, of Illi-
nois, in an address before the Historical Society of this State, pays
him the following high tribute : " It is the highest possible com-
pliment to Captain Goodman that between forty and fifty millions
of money and property passed through his hands, and not a single
mistake was found in his accounts." After the close of the War,
Mr. Goodman permanently located in Chicago in the real-estate
business, and, in 1868, W. S. Johnston selected him to take entire
charge of his interests, which consisted of nearly two millions of
dollars in property and over six hundred tenants. Mr. Goodman
still holds that position, displaying the same great executive ability
which characterized his work at Camp Douglas. He is held in the
highest esteem in financial and social circles for his unswerving
honor and integrity.
NIELS C. FREDERIKSEN was born on the Island of Lolland,
REAL-ESTATE INTERESTS.
455
On March 23, 1840, a son of Johan D. F., a prominent farmer in
Denmark, and of Marie F. , sister of M. Mork Hansen, a well-
known member of parliament in Denmark and Sleswick. He was
educated at the University of Copenhagen, and soon after his
graduation was appointed professor of political economy at the
same institution, which position he held for twelve years. At the
same time he was heavily interested in lumber business and man-
ufacturing in Sweden and connected with the introduction of
sugar-beet culture in Denmark. All his economical enterprises
went down, however, at the collapse of the sugar-factory " Lolland,"
and he himself lost his whole fortune. This misfortune brought
him to the States. In the fall of 1877, he came to Chicago, and
fur four years following was connected with the publication of
Scandinavian papers. In iSSt, he opened a land office in Milwaukee,
and for a time was working in the interest of the Chicago, Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railway, disposing of their lands to settlers.
In 1882, he moved his office to Ihis city, recognizing Chicago as the
center of the great West, and has since that time been speculating
in Western lands, especially colonizing large tracts in Iowa and
Minnesota. He was married in Denmark, in May, 1865, to Miss
Ada Monrad, daughter of Bishop Monrad, late prime minister of
Denmark. They have three children, — Ditlev G. M., John D.,
both students at Harvard, and Mary M. Mr. Frederiksen was a
member of the Danish Parliament for eleven years, and during this
time he was a leader in the party of center of his country. In 1871,
he introduced the German mortgage-banking system in Denmark,
and, together with German capitalists, established the Danish Land-
mands Bank at Copenhagen, with $3,000,000 capital. In his native
country Mr. Frederiksen was a valued contributor to the columns
of the public journals; was the editor of the Monthly Review of
Political Economy, the leading journal of that class in Denmark;
published several standard books about pol tical economy and tax-
ation; and was for years president of the Danish Society of Political
Economy. He is an honorary member of the Cobden Club of
England, and of the Society of Political Economy of Austria. He
is at present proprietor of the Scandinavia, a monthly journal pub-
lished at Chicago in the English language, in which, from time to
time, there appears an article from the pen of Mr. Frederiksen
which truly discloses the great love he still bears his native country
and his sincere concern for its political welfare.
WILLIAM T. COLLINS was born at Winchester, Scott Co,
111., on December 27, 1842. His father was Thomas Collins, who
traced his ancestry back to one of a family of seven brothers who
fought with General Marion in the War of tin- Revolution. His
mother, who died when he was eleven months old was Elizabeth
(Flynn) Collins, a sister of Colonel Thomas H. Flynn, of the I2gth
Illinois Infantry, and who was a lieutenant in Colonel Hardin's
regiment in the Mexican War. W. T. Collins, on account of his
mother's death, was left to the care of his grandmother and uncle
Flynn. On April 19, 1861, he enlisted as a private soldier in the
Sth Illinois Regiment, three months' soldiers, and afterward re-en-
listed in the 68th Illinois. In the meantime and at intervals, he
obtained his education at and graduated from the Illinois Wesleyan
University, at Bloomington, 111., taking his degree in June, 1863.
He entered the Law Department of the University of Chicago, and,
having previously read law extensively as a private student, gradu-
ated from the University in 1864. He then entered upon the
practice of the law in Winchester, II]., and also identified himself
with journalism by becoming the proprietor and editor of the Scott
County Union, published at Winchester. In this place, he carried
on both professions, Ian- and journalism, from 1867 to 1879, and
in the latter year desiring a wider field moved to Chicago and
became principal proprietor and editor of the Chicago Daily Tele-
graph, a paper which rapidly rose to a circulation of over twenty
thousand, lie was president of the company owning the paper,
and his uncle, Colonel Thomas II. Flynn, was the second principal
stockholder. He continued with this paper as editor until the
spring of 1881, when it passed into other hands and the name was
changed to the Chicago Herald. Since this time Mr. Collins has
been engaged in the real-estate business in Chicago. Mr. Collins
was at one time county superintendent of schools in Scott County.
He was also city attorney of Winchester. He has been largely en-
gaged in politics, and has written and delivered numerous addresses
and poems on special occasions. Among the latter productions are
tin- following: " The Fire at Chicago ; " " Decoration Day;" '' The
Old Settlers," read at Winchester; also a " Centennial Poem," read
at Bloomington, on June 14, 1876. He was the founder of the
Munsellian Literary Society, of the Illinois Wesleyan University,
in 1863, and, in 1880, he was one of the organizers and first vice-
presidents of the Chicago Press Club. Mr. Collins was married on
May 4, 1868, to Miss Martha Frances Cheseldine, daughter of
James Cheseldine, deceased, formerly a prominent and wealthy
merchant of Winchester, and of Mrs. Emily (Coons) Cheseldine.
Mrs. Collins is a graduate of the Western Female Seminary,
Oxford, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Collins have one son, James T.
J. A. CRAWI.EY was born at Rogersville, Tenn., in 1832. At
an early age he removed to Greencastle, Ind., where he was edu-
cated and finally graduated from the law department of Asbury
University, having previously taken the full literary course. In
1854, immediately after graduating, he commenced the practice of
his profession in Greencastle. In 1854, he was elected district
attorney of Putnam and Hendricks counties, serving out his term
of two years. Mr. Crawley subsequently removed to LaPorte,
Ind., where, when the War broke out, he was enjoying a large and
lucrative practice. The bombardment of Sumter fired his enthu-
siasm, and he promptly entered the field as captain of Co." I, "87th
Indiana Infantry, serving until the War was virtually over, both in
that capacity and as post quartermaster and post treasurer at Louis-
ville, Ky. Returning to LaPorle, in the fall of 1864, he resumed
practice, and, in 1874, was chosen prosecuting attorney of LaPorte
and St. Joseph counties. His legal business took him often to
Chicago, where he practiced in the United States courts, and also
invested in real-estate. He still is a large owner, especially in the
South Division. He also is proprietor of the Chicago Block &
Novelty Manufactory, and owns a large farm near Crown Point,
Ind., where he resides at present. He has a real-estate office in
Chicago, which he conducts in addition to other important in-
terests.
MUNSON D. DEAN was born at Volney, OswegoCo., N. Y., in
April, 1826, and when five years of age moved to Oswego, in the
same county, where his father was engaged in the lumber business.
He was educated in Oswego, where he lived until he was sixteen.
At that age he was apprenticed to learn the carpenter's trade, and
remained until he was twenty-one, when he left his employer, and
gave his attention to contracting and building. He removed to
Brooklyn, N. Y., and remained there from 185010 1855, when he
came to Chicago. He at first commenced contracting and build-
ing, which he continued for nearly five years, when he entered tin-
employment of the Chicago & North-Western Railway, as master
builder, remaining in this capacity until 1865. He again located
in Chicago, and commenced contracting and building, which he
steadily followed until 1871, when he opened a real-estate office,
and is still engaged in that branch of the business. His mother,
Mrs. Sallie Dean, is still living, and on February 18, 1884, passed
her eighty-ninth birthday, which was celebrated by a large con-
course of her descendants and friends, which constituted quite an
event in Berdetle, N. Y., eliciting interesting and flattering notices
from the local press. She had living, at that time, seven children,
twenty-seven grand-children, and sixteen great-grand-children. Mr.
Dean was married at Fulton, N. Y., in 1848, to Miss Amelia De
Long, who died in 1866, leaving three children, who are still liv-
ing: Charles C., William E., and Harriet A. In 1868, he married
Miss Elizabeth 1). Lockwood, of Ashtabnla, Ohio; they have five
children living: Elizabeth M., Samuel L., Cordelia A., George L.
anil Edward Garfield.
LEONARD HODGES was born on a farm near Williston, Chitten-
den Co., Vt., in 1819. During his boyhood he attended the coun-
try school and also studied at an academy presided over by the
father of Ex-president Arthur, the latter being among the school-
mates of Mr. Hodges. He was reared on the farm and remained
in Vermont until 1852, when he went to Ohio and purchased a
stock-farm, which he carried on successfully for four years. In
1856, he removed to Champaign County, 111., and located on the
site where the city of Champaign now stands. He invested in
town lots and farms and carried on a general real-estate business.
To him is attributed the prompt advancement of Champaign to a
town of considerable size, for he was among the largest builders
there and was ever prompt to promote the interests of the young
city. In 1863, he became a resident of Chicago, and continued in
the real-estate business. Since coming here, he has bought and
sold on private account about twelve hundred acres of land within
the city limits and suburbs, and this has all been disposed of in
single lots or at a price per foot. He has been remarkably success-
ful in all his ventures and has amassed a handsome fortune from
the fruits of his good judgment. In 1868, in company with others,
Mr. 1 lodges purchased one hundred and ninety-four acres in the
township of Lake View, and laid out the village now called Ravens-
wood. He was largely interested in the development of the real-
estate interests of Park Ridge, Desplaines and Norwood Park,
making subdivisions to each of the former villages. In 1882, he
erected the handsome building known as the Hodges Flats, at the
corner of Indiana Avenue and Twenty-second Street. This struc-
ture is one hundred and seventy-five feet square, five stories in
height, and contains apartments for about thirty-five families,
besides several elegant stores and large livery stable on the ground
floor. Mr. Hodges was married in 1856, at Newark, Ohio, to
Miss Almeda Murphy. They have three children: Leonard M., a
rising young attorney of this city; and two daughters, Grace and
Almeda. Mr. Hodges is a member of the Calumet Club. Until
recently his residence has been in this city, but having purchased
45<>
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
the famous " Glen Flora " farm at Waukegan, he now resides at
his country house.
E. K. HURLBUT, dealer in real-estate and Western lands, was
born at Milan, Dutchess Co., N. V., on February 10, 1820.
When he was twelve years of age, his parents moved to Mercer
County, Penn., where partly in that county and partly in Trum-
bull County, Ohio, his father carried on a large farm. This life
he himself followed until he was twenty years of age, when the
\Srstern fever seized him, and he went ID Grant County, Wis.,
where he entered the lead mines. At this time there was only one
house between Cialena, 111., the great center of lead mining, and
Plattville, \Vis. Mr. Ilurllmt was engaged in mining and farming
within the borders of Grant County for ten years. He thru
started for the gold regions of California. With his ox-team, he
finally reached what is now Council Bluffs, where a party of twenty-
seven was formed to undertake the long journey across the plains.
They went by tTie Fort Laramie route, and were one hundred and
nine days on the way. Mr. Hurlbut stopped at Hangtown, F.ast-
ern California, and had the good fortune, during his two years'
stay in the gold region, to save a few thousand dollars, which he
brought back with him to the East. Renting his farm in Wis-
consin, which he afterward sold, he removed with his family to
Marshall County. III., where he bought a farm and managed it
for a number of years. The panic of 1857 fell heavily upon him,
but he ralhcu .nd for about ten years conducted a large grain,
lumber, stock and general merchandising business. In 1868. he
removed to l-oquois County, III., and in partnership with another
gentlen.au established an office for the sale of lands. He con-
tinued in this line until he removed to Chicago in 1873. During
the \\'ar, Mr. Hurlbut was an uncompromising and influential
Union man and remained a firm republican until drain's second
term. He then became an independent voter, and is to this day.
His removal to this city occurred just as the panic of 1873 was
pressing most sorely upon the business community, and, of course,
suffered with others. But since then he has been engaged in his
present line with good success, having also promising mining
interests in Colorado. Mr. Hurlbut was married, in 1844, to Miss
Annie Kell, of Mercer County, Penn. She died in 1870, leaving
four children, one of whom is now living, Egbert, [r. He married
a second time, in 1873, Miss Harriet Thomson, of Lacon, 111.
M.u HI I/ON BROS. — Among the leading real-estate firms who
make a specialty of West Side property, the house of Mauritzon
Bros, stands prominent. Although only established in January, 1885,
both members of the firm had, prior to the founding of the above
house, been identified with the real-estate interest of the city for
quite a number of years, and were well initiated into all the intri-
cacies of the same. Comparatively in its infancy, the house
already enjoys a fine run of business. Prompt and energetic treat-
ment is bestowed upon every interest intrusted to their care, ami
persons who consign their real-estate business into the hands of
the firm, can do so with the assurance that it will receive immedi-
ate attention, and also be handled in the most satisfactory manner
possible. The firm is composed of M. Josephus and Hakon A.
Mauritzon, both natives of this city, sons of Hans T. and Gurnia
(Enochson) Mauritzon, who came here from Norway, in 1856.
M. Josephus Mautitznn was born in 1856. His early educa-
tion was received in the public schools, and his business education
in H. B. Bryant's business college. He commenced work for him-
self, in his fifteenth year, in a wholesale jewelry-manufacturing
house, where he was employed for nine years. His services were
next engaged by the Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine Company.
Afterward he was engaged in a mercantile house in the city as a
bookkeeper. In 1884, he became identified with the real-estate
trade, and a year later embarked in the business with his brother.
Hakon A. Mauritzon was born in 1860, and was educated
in the public schools. At the age of fifteen, he commenced to learn
the printer's trade, at which he worked for three years, and then
for a time was engaged in a carriage factory. In 1880, he entered
the real estate office of C. F. Hatterman, with whom he continued
until his entry into the present firm, in 1885.
J. E. BURCHELL, real-estate dealer, is the son of George and
Martha (Attwood) Burchell, farmers, near Bath, England, where he
was born on February i, 1845. He left school at the age of four-
teen with the intention of seeking his fortune in New Zealand, but
Ins companion backed out at the last moment on account of the
Maori War, at that time raging there, and he gave it up, although
he had paid a portion of the passage money. He began life for him-
self by trading in the neighborhood of Bath, buying and selling cat-
tle and whatever he could make a profit on, doing remarkably' well
for a boy until 1865, when he came to Chicago. He was then twenty
years old and had already a considerable experience, but the close
of the War had pricked the inflated bubble of business and sent an
army into the walks of private life to find employment and every
occupation seemed filled to surfeit. However, he found temporary
employment in the wholesale hardware store of Austin Boles & Co.,
and then went to St. T.ouis. There he met a son of Senator Bates,
took from him a letter of introduction to David Ilickman, banker
(llickman \- Price), at Columbia, Mo., and was placed by him in
charge ot his (arm. The climate did not agree with him, and In-
very soon fell sick, and was confined to his bed for ten weeks.
When but partially recovered, he arranged to go with Genera!
Gordon to Texas, for the purpose of trading in cattle, but missed
the wagon-train in consequence of their taking a different direction,
lie overtook them on horseback, but was unable to get his baggage
back, the train having crossed the Missouri River, and In thru fore
returned to Chicago, arriving here with but §5 in his pocket. After
sometime he tound employment canvassing, and subsequently \\as
in the hardware store of K. A. Mears, on Lake Street. He com-
menced his business career without assistance, and has, by dint of
his energy and perseverance, kepi increasing his commercial opera-
tions until he now has a large anil remunerative business. lie has
made many extensive suburban improvements and has a large busi-
ness connection in the Stateof New York. He could only command
at first a salary of six dollars a week, but instead of stealing or
gambling to make up the deficiency between that munificent sum
and decent wages, he fixed himself up a price list, canvassed his ac-
quaintances for trade in the evenings, and so well did he succeed that,
in ninety days, his employer made him a salesman at $Soo a year.
Still improving, he asked an advance to $1,500 a year. lie was at
first refused and then was allowed it, but rejected the offei
went into the real-estate business, on the corner of Madison and
LaSalle streets, in 1867. He boarded at a restaurant and slept on
a lounge in his office, worked hard, lived poor, and made moncv
from the start. In the fall of 1868, he formed a partnership with
B. F. Jacobs, which lasted with profit and satisfaction to both for
a period of ten years, during which time, for about two years, he
maintained a branch real-estate office in New York City. After
closing his agreement with Mr. Jacobs, he took a trip to England,
and while there married Miss Sophia A. Taylor, by whom he has
had nine children, only four of whom are now living, — William,
Edith, Fanny and Mary. In the fall of 1878, he dissolved with
Mr. Jacobs, and has since done a profitable business alone, having
made extensive sales to parties in most of the eastern and western
states and cities. He is member of the First Baptist Church and of
Landmark Lodge, No. 422, A.I •'. \ A.M. He is fond of society and
of travel, and since his first trip to Europe for his wife has been there
some six times. Handsomely established, with a private residence
on Lake Avenue in Hyde Park, he has been identified with many
large transactions in that village and in the Town of Lake in the
vicinity of the Union Stock-Yards.
JOHN CONANT LONC;, who is engaged in the real-estate and
loan business, may be said to have seen about all there is or ever
was of Chicago, although a man only forty-six years old. He
was born on a farm lying along the Aux Plaines River, near Jeffer-
son, Cook Co., 111., on February 25, 1838. The Methodist camp-
ground is now located on a part of the same farm. His parents
were from Brandon, Vt., and in the second year of their married
life — in 1832 — came the entire distance to Chicago, with their own
carriage and horses, and settled on the Aux Plaines River, where
John C. Long was born. James Long, his father, was of the same
family as Governor Long of Massachusetts ; was a shrewd and
active business man, amassed a considerable fortune, being worth
at one time $200,000, and after passing through many vicissitudes
and suffering great financial lapses, died in Paris, F'rance, in 1876.
His mother's maiden name was Certisa Conant, and she was
descended from Roger Conant, the first governor of Massachusetts.
She was a sister of Hon. John A. Conant. ex-member of Congress
from Brandon, Vt., and of Rev. T. J. Conant, the eminent pro-
fessor, author, and member of the committee on Bible revision.
Mr. Long was educated in the common schools of Chicago and
entered the Marine Bank in 1855, at the age of seventeen, remain-
ing with it until the War of 1861. He was a member of the Chi-
cago Zouaves and an expert in drill, so that he entered heartily into
the work of raising men for the Army. He was one of the most
active motors in raising Co. " A," igth Illinois Infantry Volunteers,
the first company raised and ready for duty in Chicago, and joined
it with a commission as second lieutenant. After six months' ser-
vice in the Igth at the front, he was promoted to the gth Infantry
of the United States Army (regulars), and returned to Chicago as
drill-master at Camp Douglas on October 24, 1861. About a year
later, he was ordered to report to General Grant at Fort Donelson,
and after that engagement was instructed by him to report to the
late General Stephen A. Ilurlburt, whom he accompanied to Pitts-
burg Landing. He acted as General Hurlburt's aid in that battle,
ranking as assistant adjutant-general, and took a very active and
prominent part in it. It was his duty to place nearly all the men
of his division — having previously gone over the ground — which he
did most admirably. Of his conduct on that bloody field, General
Ilurlburt thus speaks in his official report : " Lieutenant J. C.
Long, gth Regiment Infantry, my aid, was peculiarly active, ener-
REAL- ESTATE INTERESTS.
457
getic, and daring in conveying my orders under heavy fire. He
was fortunate in receiving no wound, although one bullet passed
through his cap and one through his sleeve." He remained with
General Hurlburt through all that series of battles, ending with the
second battle of Corinth. At this time he was ordered to report to
his regiment, the gth Regulars, to which he then belonged, they
being on the 1'acilic Coast; and wishing to see more active service,
he obtained through President Lincoln a recommendation to the
governor of Illinois for active service; accordingly he was commis-
sioned adjutant of the I47th Illinois Infantry Volunteers by Gov-
i-rinir Oglesby, and ranked as first lieutenant from February, 1865.
lie was subsequently brevetted captain by Governor Oglesby for
gallant service, and was mustered out on January 20, 1866. It may
be well to mention that his skill as drill-master was constantly rec-
ognized by General Grant, who, quick to discern the right man for
the right place, was always detailing him to perform such duty,
greatly to the discomtiture of Lieutenant Lung, whose ambition
aspired to scenes of greater danger and possible promotion. After
the War, Mr. Long returne'd to Chicago and went into the grocery
business. On January, 1868, he married Miss Mary Clara Banks,
the only daughter of the well-known Dr. James X. Hanks, of this
city. In 1872, he engaged in the real-estate and loaning business,
which he has successfully followed for over twelve years. Mr.
Long was at one time a member of Hishop Cheney's Church, but
later found himself a Unitarian, and is now a member of the
Church of the Messiah, of which Rev. Dr. Utter is pastor. lie is
a contributor to the press and is a clear and interesting writer.
COLK & Co. — David Cole began investing in Chicago real-
estate in 1866, at which time he also commenced Cole's Block, at
the suuthwest corner of llalsted and West Madison streets. In
1*67, this building was completed, and in it an office was occupied
by Mr. Cole, who, in that year, took his son, Charles David Cole,
as bookkeeper. In 1870, Mr. Cole admitted his son into partner-
ship, and the title of the firm was I). Cole & Son, which continued
until about 1876; after which the senior partner relinquished busi-
ness, and C. D. Cole continued the care thereof until 1879, when
he rntered into partnership with his uncle, M. T. Cole, and the
firm became Cole & Co., under which title and with the same mem-
bers it has since remained. The block built by David Cole in
1866-67, was for some time termed Cole's Folly; and he was de-
rided for erecting such an edifice, so utterly disproportionate to the
then needs of the West Side, and so very unlikely to be occupied
within a reasonable number of years. Hut it was only a few ye.irs
when blocks far exceeding in size and value Cole's Block were
erected on Madison Street west of llalsted, and Cole's Block be-
came dwarfed by comparison. It has proved a profitable invest-
ment, however, as has the fine stone-front block occupying No.
i-ii) West Madison Street; Cole's Block is now valued at $250,000
and the latter is worth $40,000. Both are owned and managed Dy
Cole & Co. This firm has always made West Side property a
specialty, and has continued therewith the loaning of money on
montage. The firm is enterprising, and has made the property in
which it deals a particular study; it is, therefore, thoroughly posted
in values and a careful and competent judge of realties
.Vases T. Cole is a native of Saratoga, N. V., and was born
on September 23, 1831. He learned the trade of iron founder and
of stone cutting, and followed that business first as a journeyman,
and afterward as contractor in the Eastern States, and also for a
year in Canada. He came to Chicago in 1864, and entered into
business of contracting for foundry work. About 1869, he com-
menced taking contracts and supervising work on the public parks
of Chicago, and for about nine years was engaged in superintend-
ing the work on Ilumboldt, Central and Douglas parks. He
subsequently entered the real-estate business with his nephew,
as cited.
AI.KXANDKR WHITE, JR.. the elder son of the late Alexander
and Ann White, who came to Chicago, from Scotland, in the
spring of 1837, was born in the original town of Chicago, on Sep-
tember 4, 1851, in the old family residence at No. 83 Wells Street,
now known as Fifth Avenue, between Washington and Randolph
streets, on which site the White estate has erected one of Chi-
cago's stately business structures. Mr. White, Jr., received his
early education at the Northwestern University, iii Evanston, and
the Lind University in Lake Forest, the two well known suburbs
of Chicago; and, after preparatory courses at the Otis Bisbee
Military Academy in I'oughkeepsie, N. Y. , and the Reid & Hoff-
man School in Stoekbridge, Mass., two old established and noted
Eastern schools, he entered Williams College. Williamstown,
-Mass., in 1866, from which he graduated in 1870, receiving in due
course, therefrom, the degrees of A. B. and A.M. In the fall of
1871, he entered the law department of Columbia College, New
York City, but, in consequence of the death of his father in 1872,
he returned to Chicago to take charge of his estates. In 1879, he
resumed his law course at Columbia College, from which he grad-
uated in i88t, with the degree of LL.B., and in the summer of
1881, he was admitted as a member of the Bar of New York. In
the fall of 1881, he became a partner of Isaac Van Winkle, one of
New York's oldest and most accomplished lawyers, with whom he
made a specialty of the law of corporations and estates. Upon
the death of Mr. Van Winkle, he relinquished the general practice
of the law, returning to Chicago to devote his entire attention and
energies to the management and development of the real-estate and
corporate interests left by his father. In this charge he is associa-
ted with his younger brother, James B. White, who was born in
New York City, on December 30, 1861, receiving his early educa-
tion at the Lake Forest University, preparatory to his entry into
the well-known Adams Academy, at Quincy, Mass.
THE COLORADO LOAN AND TRUST COMPANY, of Denver,
Colo., consists of a syndicate who purchased from the State of Col-
orado one hundred and fifty thousand acres of school land, donated
by the General Government to that State on its admission to the
Union; the company agreeing to construct irrigating canals, with
sufficient capacity to irrigate the lands purchased, as well as a large
area of Government lands which are open to entry under the pre-
emption and homestead acts. As an adjunct to this company there
was organized, under the laws of the State of Colorado, the Colo-
rado Colonization Company, having for its object the colonization
of these lands, both State ami Government.
CYRUS N. PRATT is the representative of the Colorado Colo-
nization Company in this city. He was born at Brattleboro', Vt.,
on August 8, 1822, the son of Hosea and Gracia (Briggs) Pratt.
His grandfathers, on both sides, served in the Revolutionary War
with the patriots. In his childhood, his father moved to Western
New York, and thence to Fitchburg, Mass. Soon after taking up
his residence at the latter place, his father died and the son was
thrown upon his own resources, and consequently received but lit-
tle education in the public schools. He worked on a farm and
occupied his evenings with study, until he arrived at the age of
sixteen, when he apprenticed himself to the printing business; but
after four years of close application, was prostrated with severe ill-
ness, which rendered him an invalid for four years. Upon regain-
ing his health, he went to Concord, N. H., and was engaged in
manufacturing machinery for two years, when hewtntto Boston
and connected himself with the Fitchburg Railway, and for four
years was an employe1 in the machinery department. Resigning
his position with that corporation, he came to Chicago in 1854, and
received the appointment of assistant general passenger agent of
the Chicago & Alton Railroad. After six months' service with
that company, he was promoted to the position of general passen-
ger agent, and while serving in that capacity, had charge of the
military transportation during the Civil War, receiving the highest
compliments from the General Government for the rapidity with
which he transported the troops over the line, without loss of prop-
erty or life. In 1855, and during the time he held his position,
the settlement of Kansas began, under the New England Emigrant
Aid Society, and Mr. Pratt was made the agent at Chicago, having
charge of the transportation of the emigrants and accompanying
them to their destination; and, while thus engaged, he received his
first impression as to the eligibility of settling new countries by
colonization. At the close of the War, he was appointed passenger
and land agent for the Kansas Pacific Railway, which corporation
had a grant of nearly ten million acres from the Government. At
that time he organized what was known as the National Land Com-
pany, in 1868, and the next year established a Chicago enterprise
known as the Oriental Laundry, which was then a novel undertak-
ing, selling it to A. U. Pullman and others five years later. The
National Land Company, was organized under the auspices of
John D. Perry, the first president of the Kansas Pacific Railway,
and agencies were established throughout America and Europe,
and by this means the company made wonderful progress in the
sale and settlement of lands. The progress was so great, that the
individual members of the company obtained a controlling interest
in the stock, and virtually stopped the working of the enterprise.
Severing his connection with the Kansas Pacific Railway, Mr.
Pratt engaged with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway,
and, under instructions, went to Boston and organized a colony,
locating it in Western Kansas, on the line of the road, naming the
settlement Kinsley, after Colonel E. W. Kinsley, of Boston, who
raised for the colony $8,000, with which to erect public buildings.
Although this town has been twice devastated by fire, it is still one
of the most thriving villages on the line of the road. Mr. Pratt,
wishing to push his enterprise farther, bought forty-two thousand
acres of land in Dickinson County, Kans., intending to found
another colony, when the grasshopper plague came on, and he was
financially unable to complete the enterprise at that time. Having
been connected with the interests of Colorado for a number of
years, he has drifted into the mining business in that State, and at
present owns valuable property among the mines. He has organ-
ized and located thirteen colonies in Kansas and Colorado, and is
satisfied with seeing them all in a prosperous condition. Mr.
Pratt was married, in 1845, to Miss Martha A. Ashworth, of F'itch-
burg, Mass. They have two daughters; Carrie L. and Annie B.
458
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
THE ABSTRACT BUSINESS.
At the time of the fire there were three firms engaged
in the abstract business, Ciiasc 11ms. \ Co., Shortall &
Hoard, and Jones \ Sellers, who controlled the various
sets of books and indexes. Alter each firm had dis-
covered the exact extent of their losses in the conflagra-
tion, it was found that while the most valuable, portions
of the records had been preserved, not one of the sets was
entire, and great apprehension ensued on the part of
property owners lest there might be some difficulty in
establishing the connected chain of title necessary to the
unhampered transfer of realty. A consultation was held
by the proprietors of the varrotis records, and it was de-
ci'ded that the public interests would be best subserved
by a consolidation of all the evidences of title extant, of
any value, under one common proprietorship. This
was done, and firms of Chase Bros. & Co., and Jones &
Sellers opened offices at No. 240 West Randolph Street,
and Shortall & Hoard at No. 493 Wabash Avenue.
The work of re-building the city and perfecting
titles began under the auspices of these consolidated
firms. Although all of the Cook County land records
had been destroyed, the millions of dollars necessary to
the re-building of Chicago were furnished by capitalists
upon the reliability of these abstracts.
Besides the firms mentioned in a previous volume as
having conducted an abstract business in Chicago, that
of \Vilniaiins \ 1'asdeloup, comprising A. 1). Wilmanns
and Francis Pasdeloup, was instituted in 1867, and en-
dured until the fire, after which A. D. Wilmanns opened
an office, with the few books saved, at No. 107 West.
Madison Street. William H. Haase had an abstract
office in 1865. From 1869, till the fire of 1871, William
Kraekett and Charles B. Waite conducted an abstract
office under the firm name of Brackett & Waite.
MANDV ..V Co. — In the legislative session of 1872-73, the bill
known as the " liurnt-Record Act " was passed, which, in some of
its phases, was objected to by the linns mentioned, as unnecessary
and without warrant of constitutional authority, and as assuming to
determine the method of the conduct of their business. They there-
fore, on Deeember r, 1872, when the Act went into effect, retired,
and the linn of Handy, Simmons i\ Co assumed charge, under a
lease from the original proprietors. The methods of conducting the
business had met with public confidence and approval, and it was
carried on in the same manner and form by the lirm mentioned.
I in December I, 1878, Charles K. Simmons retired to become
land commissioner of the Chicago & North- Western Railway, and
the linn beeame Handy & Co., being composed of Henry H.
Handy, Nicholas |. Xeary, Charles I). .Martin and Fillmore
Weiglcy. This firm owns the only complete copies of ante-fire
records.
Henry //. Hainly, the senior member of the abstract firm of
1 l.mdv A: Co., is a native of Chicago, born on March 31, 1838. He
ducatcd here, first entered business life here, and here he has
remained in business to the present lime. After leaving school, he
entered the employ of K rands Clark, a whole, ale and retail dry
goods merchant, where he remained for about two years. In 1855,
he clerked for Fletcher iV Clark, storage and forwarding merchants,
on South Water Street, near Clark. In 1856, he entered the em-
ploy of liryan iV liorden, who had purchased the abstract indexes
from J. Mason Parker, by whom they were originally prepared.
In April, 1861, upon the breaking out of the War, Mr. Handy was
one of the first to enlist, and did service with the Chicago Battery at
( '.iiio I oi three mouths — the time of the lirst enlistment — when he
returned to resume bis abstract business. His further connection
with this interest is related in the firm history and in the history of
the abstract business given in the second volume of this work. In
tin spring of iS74, Mr. Handy was married to Miss Sarah C.
Wright, daughter of Robert C. Wright, of Wright & Tyrrell,
Chicago.
/•'i/imi'n- ll',-i^/il,-y, of the firm of Handy iV Co., is the son
of Hon. Wellington Weigley, the well-known lawyer of Catena,
111., with whom he read law and was admitted to the liar of Illinois
in 1867, but, before entering upon the general practice of his pro-
fession, came to Chicago and entered the abstract office of Jones
\ Sellers. In 1870, he returned to Galena, and formed a partnership
with his father, and, as W. Weigley & Son, did a successful busi-
ness. His previous experience in the abstract business caused him
to turn his attention more especially to real-estate, entering the
abstract office of Handy, Simmons tV Co., where he gave his
attention to real-estate law in connection with the abstract business.
In 1881, he became one of the present lirm of Handy & Co.. taking
charge of the legal department. The skillful manner in which the
absfacts furnished by this firm are made is due to the fact that the
members of the firm are all practical abstract-makers, each one
taking charge of a department. On account of the large amount of
money invested in Chicago real-estate, the title to which is passed
or rejected by lawyers on the abstract of title furnished, there is no
place where a thorough real-estate lawyer is more required than in
the abstract business, and Mr. Weigley's reputation as such in the
profession, adds much to the popularity of the abstracts furnished
by his firm.
Between 1871 and 1881, the abstract business aug-
mented over fifty per cent., — the increase in the latter
year alone exceeding fifteen per cent. This great
increase naturally induced competition.
All ^ abstracts of title in Chicago 'and Cook County
may be properly divided into two classes : original
abstracts, anil copies of such. The firms engaged in
abstract-making before the fire may be similarly divided.
Some did and some did not own abstract indexes. The
owners of indexes have already been mentioned. Among
the number of persons engaged in making abstracts lie-
fore the fire, who neither owned books nor used those
belonging to other firms, but who worked from the
general indexes and the records found in and kept up
in the public offices, was A. F. C. Mueller, who made
many valuable abstracts, and who afterward associated
himself with Uriah R. Hawley, a lawyer, and clerk of
the Court of Common Pleas, now the Superior Court,
under the firm name of Mueller & Hawley. Mr.
Mueller has not done any abstract work since the fire.
Mr. Hawley died some years ago. A. I). Wilmanns
was also an independent maker of abstracts prior to
the time of associating himself with Francis Pasdeloup.
There were a few other persons, employes of the
recorder's office, who made many abstracts of title in
their overtime. William Haase, who was styled a
"conveyancer," and Charles Drandorff, employed in
the real-estate department of the banking house of F.
A. Hoffman ; and later, a firm known as Alexander
Dixon cc Co., — made some few abstracts from general
records.
After the fire of 1871, the county authorities ordered
the recorder to record free of charge original abstracts,
and then at a fixed reasonable rate furnish copies from
these records. When the three old abstract firms con-
solidated, as already related, the public, unaware of the
true condition of affairs, made a great outcry against what
was believed to be a dangerous monopoly. Immediately
after the fire. A. D. Wilnvanns re-associated himself with
REAL- ESTATE INTERESTS.
459
Francis Pasdeloup under the old firm name, and they
carried on business until Mr. Pasdeloup's death, which
soon occurred. Mr. Wilmanns then joined Harry
Thielcke, an ante-fire clerk in Chase Bros.' office, and
under the firm name of Wilmanns & Thielcke, they
began laying out a set of books from October 9, 1871,
onward. This firm continued in business until the
summer of 1875, when their books were sold to the
count}- and placed in the recorder's office, where they
have remained ever since and where abstracts are now
made from them by the recorder.
The County Recorder, in 1878, by direction of the
Count}- Hoard, began to copy the books bought, in
1875. from \Vilinanns it Thielcke, in order to have a
complete set, conforming to the requirements of the
statute. Up to November i, 1885, upward of $70,000
had been expended in carrying out this work. In
response to the inquiry of the County Board, Colonel
Wiley S. Scribner, who was elected recorder to succeed
Mr. Brock way, said he would complete the copying
within three years from December i, 1885, at an expense
to the county of $50,000 additional.
HAIMIOCK, VAM.KTTK ,.V KICKI-OKDS. — This firm was started
immediately after the fire of 1871, by Charles G. Haddock, Edward
D. Coxeand Frank II. Vallette, under style of Haddock, Coxe ,\ Co.
Mr. Haddock had been for some years with Jones & Sellers, as
also had K. H. Vallette, while Mr. Coxe had served an equal
apprenticeship with Shortall & Hoard ; so that the new company,
which sprang out of the asln-s, as it were, of the great fire, was
fully equipped in point of skill and experience, and at once com-
manded the confidence of the public. On October I, iSSl, George
E. Kickconls purchased the interest of Mr. Coxe, and this changed
the name of the lirm to its present form, and gave it the benefit of
the skill and experience of another practical and experienced man.
The office was removed to the corner of Fifth Avenue and Wash-
ington Street, and subsequently to the present location. The
books of this firm show nearly eighty thousand orders from their
organization to date. In 1881, their business increased about one-
third over that of any other year, ami has since made steady gains.
At present Mr. Vallette is not active in the affairs of the firm, being
an invalid in Dakota, but both Mr. Haddock and Mr. Rickcords
devote their whole time to the business, with a corps of well-trained
assistants. Their motto is " Accuracy and Despatch."
C/iarks C. IlaJilock is the eldest son of Dr. Charles C. Had-
dock, physician and surgeon, of Buffalo, N. \ ., and was born at
Canton, Stark Co., Ohio, on August 7, 1835. Dr. Haddock was
an old resident of Buffalo. Prior to the war of 1812, he had become
a successful physician, and in the cholera scourge of 1832 acquired
much skill in combating that disease. In 1840, he was made 'post-
master of Buffalo by President Harrison, and had given up practice
and engaged largely in the grocery business ; but upon the re-ap-
pearance of cholera in 1849, he went boldly into the thickest of
the fight, for the love of humanity, and lost his life on July 12,
1849, as truly and noble a martyr as ever laid down his life for his
fellows. Buffalo and the surrounding country honored him with
magnificent funeral obsequies, and will retain his memory fresh and
to the latest generation. Charles G. Haddock, though born
in ' anton, Ohio, where his parents lived for a short time, and where
his mother died while he was but a babe fourteen days old, received
his education in Buffalo, and came West in 1856. He first went to
Manitowoc, \Vis., where he studied law with General J. B. Sweet,
and was admitted to the Wisconsin Bar in 1859. In January of
that year, he came to Chicago and went into the law office of E. S.
Smith, but upon the breaking out of the War in 1861, he was the
nineteenth man that enlisted for the three months' call in the Chi-
cago Dragoons. They were assigned to duty as General McClel-
lan's body-guard in Virginia, and he served out his time there.
After a turn of typhoid fever contracted in the service, he became
Government store-keeper at Camp Douglas for a couple of years,
and then resigned to go into the abstract business with Jones &
Sellers, in 1866. In 1871, soon after the fire, he joined Edward
l>. Coxe and Frank II. Vallette in a new office, and has built up a
very line business in that line. In 1863, Mr. Haddock was married
to Miss Sarah M. King, the daughter of Eusebius King. He is a
member of Blair Lodge, No. 393, A.F. & A.M. He belongs to
the Knights of Pythias, is a member of the Citizens' Association,
and a member, and for many years treasurer, of the Second Bap-
tist Church, Chicago.
George £. KickcorJs is a native of New York City, and came
to Chicago in 1867. He at once found employment in the office
of Chase Bros, in the abstract business, and remained with them
until after the fire of 1871. He afterward worked for Handy,
Simmons & Co., when they leased the books of the consolidated
firms after the fire, and remained with them, and their successors,
Handy & Co., until October I, iSSl, when the present firm was
formed. Mr. Rickcords has been in the abstract business continu-
ously for eighteen years, and is justly regarded as one of the most
accurate and expeditious of workmen in that field. • He is a typical
Chicago man, in that he has arisen to his present position through
merit and his persevering application.
GILMORE, POLLOCK &Co. — After the retirement from business
of Wilmanns & Thielcke, Christopher C. Gilmore and M. Pollock,
two of their late employe's, combined to make abstracts under the
firm name of Gilmore, Pollock & Co., using the index books in the
recorder's office.
OTTO PELTZKR & Co. — This firm was organized in April,
1878, and through the energy and experience of the founder has
achieved a large and creditable business. Mr. Peltzer's labors
since 1853 had been entirely in connection with the public land
records of Chicago and Cook County. He was one of those who
believed the abstract business subsequent to the fire was becoming
too much of a monopoly, and he set out to break it up. He began
in the spring of 1875, while a member of the Legislature, by intro-
ducing a bill, which was passed, providing that every county
recorder should keep an entry book and grantors' index, and should
keep in such books, in alphabetical order, the name of each grantor
and grantee, showing, by tracts, every conveyance or incumbrance
recorded, date of the instrument, time of filing the same, and book
and page where recorded. Mr. Peltzer subsequently became dep-
uty recorder of Cook County, and superintendent of the abstract
department of the recorder's office, which place he resigned in
April, 1878, to go into the business of abstract-making. I It-
entered into a contract with Haddock, Coxe & Co., for the use of
their books, and, surrounding himself with a number of experts,
began to perfect the books and records at his command. Since
the expiration of his contract with Haddock, Coxe & Co., his firm
has used the abstract books belonging to Cook County. In Decem-
ber, iSSl, the books of the firm showed nine thousand five hun-
dred orders; and in November, 1885, the abstracts issued by them
numbered sixteen thousand five hundred and ninety-seven.
Otto Pi'ltzer is a native of Germany, born on November 29,
1836, at Stollberg, near Aix-la-Chapelle, in Rhenish Prussia. His
forefathers were Huguenots, and were among those who left France
after the wars under the Prince de Conde and Henri of Navarre
against Louis XIV., about 1685. His father's name was Charles
Eugene Peltzer, and his mother's maiden name was Maria Agnes
Heynen. The latter died on November 30, 1844, at Kempen, the
family country-seat, situated near the Eifel Mountains. The father
of our subject .was educated for mercantile pursuits, but being fond
of rural life, shortly after his marriage left the business of his
father, which he represented at Verviers, in Belgium, purchasing a
large country-seat, to the management of which he devoted himself
until he departed for America in 1849, with his second wife and five
children — four sons and one daughter — settling on a farm near Bur-
lington, Racine Co., Wis. Otto Peltzer, scarcely thirteen years of
age, left the farm in the spring of 1850. Coming to Chicago in
April of that year, he entered a book-bindery as an apprentice.
With this establishment was connected a small circulating library
and German bookstore, situated on Wells Street, near Washington
Street, which Mr. Peltzer attended in the evening as clerk. Here
he took every opportunity of studying the English language, with
which, up to that time, he was unfamiliar. In 1852, he left this
business, entering the real-estate office of Horatio O. Stone as a
clerk. Showing some ability as a draughtsman of maps in this con-
nection, it opened the way for him into the recorder's office of Chi-
cago, in 1853, as recording draughtsman under the regime of Louis
D. Hoard, then clerk of the Circuit Court and ex-officio recorder.
Here, Mr. Peltzer remained until the spring of 1857, when he left
for St. Paul, Minn., taking a similar position in the recorder's
office in that city. He left there in the fall of the same year, re-
turning to Chicago. After serving a few months in the Custom
House, he entered the law office of Henry S. Monroe & Spencer,
where he remained some eighteen months in the study of the law.
Finding this avenue to greatness and success dry and dusty, he
abandoned Black-stone, Greenleaf, and Monroe & Spencer, taking
another trip to New Orleans, remaining there during the winter of
1860-61. The War of the Rebellion breaking out, he was driven
from Louisiana on account of his strong anti-slavery sentiments,
coming up the river on the last steamer that was permitted to pass
Fort Pillow. His father died shortly after his return to Chicago.
In the position of chief draughtsman in charge of the map depart-
ment of the Board of Public Works, which he took in 1862 and
held until 1876, he was, among other important duties, intrusted
with the examination and approval or rejection of all new subdi-
visions throughout the city, thus providing a more uniform system
460
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
of streets, so far as this was possible at this late date. I lore lu- also
continued the compilation of thr - and the supervision of
tlie river and dock surveys. In 1809, Mr. I'elt/er was < -li-rted col-
r ot' taxes nf North Chicago, taking an active pan in the
"People's movement," which made that year so eventful in the
political hislorv of Chicago. Then came the lire of iS-i, with its
destruction of all the cit\ ami county records. Having
, for the- City Public Works Department, the maps
and records in the form of atlases, he published in 1872, from
:isown, his now well-known " Atlas of Chicago." The
importance, immeu-ity and usefulness of this work may be judged
from the fact that lie sold one hundred cop - . each. It is
the standard work in use in the city and co;i;it\ offices and in all
real-estate il this ciiy. Chicago being the only city in the
) such a work, on such a large scale, in printed
form. Mi. I'eli/er also took an active par! as a republican in the
"C.rcclcy nioveni.nl." He was the only republican that was
elected on the Givclev ticket from the Chicago districts to the
XXVIIIth State Assembly of 1872-3-4. He was the first to intro-
duce a bill for compulsory education; another for a Male Hoard of
Health, and a bill for Ihe general licensing of physicians and drug-
gists, and another for surveyors. He also introduced many reforms
in the laws for recording in the county records the routes and loca-
tions of new road-, streets and railroads, all of which were adopted.
In 1875, Mr. I'elt/er sold to the County of Cook a set of abstract
books, in which he held a controlling interest, ami this against the
most labored opposition of the eniire Chicago press. The acquisi-
tion tinder the provisions of the statutes of these valuable books by
the county was intended as a partial relief from the monopoly there-
tofore existing ;„ the abstract business. These books are now in
use in the abstract department of the recorder's office. In De-
cember, 1-71., he left the Hoard of Public Works, having been ap-
pointed deputy recorder of the county— a position which he held
until April, 1,178, when he resigned and opened his present abstract
and title office. Mr. IVllxer was married in 1861, at New ( )rleans,
to Miss Annie I.aiigdon, of Carrollton, near that city. I!y this
union he has four children living, — three daughters and one son.
Mr. Pelt/.er is a gentleman of many line social qualities, with a
fondness for literary work in leisure hours. This is evidenced by
several dramatic productions. One of these. " I'riel Acosta," a
tragedy in five acts, was played at Crosby's Opera House in 1868,
loi several weeks; a second, a local burlesque, was brought out
about the same time at Aiken's Dearborn-street Theater; a third,
a dramatic ballad from the Swedish, was produced under the direc-
tion of Professor /.icgfeld, at Farwell Hall, just previous to the great
fire; and a fourth, a drama of domestic life, was brought out at
McVicker's Theater only a few years ago.
THK Conn COUNTY AHST'KACI- COMPANY, the latest abstract
firm established, was organized on February 5, 1885, and com-
menced business on May 4, following. The incorporators and
Stockholders were Chalkley J. Hambleton, George IX Broomell,
Jerome J. Danforth, William J. Wilcox, Chester C. Broomell,
Joseph W. llambleton, Herbert C. Harvey and Jewett Wilcox.
J. J. Danforth is president, \V. J. Wilcox, secretary, George I).
Uroomell, treasurer, and C. J. Hambleton managing director.
J I. Danforth was connected for twelve years with Handy & Co.;
C, J. llambleton was in the real-estate business for thirty years;
George D. Broomell was for twenty years connected with the city
schools, and once assistant superintendent ; \V. Jewett Wilcox was
manager, respectively, of the Tremont and Matteson Houses; and
Herbert C. I larvey was a voting and rising real-estate man. The
company procured indexes from 1871 up to date, that were copied
from the records of Cook County during the term of Recorder
Brock way.
JEROME J. DANHORTH, president of the Cook County Abstract
Company, was born at Boston, on November I. 1*49. I Ie attended
the public schools of lioston until he attained the age of thirteen,
when he took a position in a wholesale book concern on Comhill,
where he continued until March, 1866. Believing he could better
his prospects in the West, he came to Chicago in the latter year.
Upon arriving, he took a position as bill-clerk in the book-store of
C. Griggs & Co., where he continued until the spring of 1869.
lie then entered the office of Augustus Jacobson, clerk of the
Superior Court, where he was employed as copyist until in the fall
of the same year, when he was promoted to the post of law-record
writer in the same court. In the spring of 1870, he was appointed
chancery-record writer in the Superior Court, and that position he
d until 1873. The firm of Handy, Simmons & Co. then
Mr. Danforth a responsible as well as remunerative position
on the clerical force in their abstract business, and he accepted con-
tinuing with that firm until 1882. In January, of that year fames
W. lirockwav, county recorder, tendered Mr". Danforth a place in
the Abstract Department, and this In- retained until October, 1884
when he resigned in order to engage in business on his own
account, shortly after organizing the Cook County Abstract Com-
pany, and becoming president of the same. Mr. Danforth has had
years of experience in the peculiar work which abstract-making de-
mands, and devotes all his time and energies towards promoting
the business in which he is so heartily interested. Mr. Danforth
was married to Miss Frances W. McKinncy, of Chicago, on Jan-
uary (>. 1,-vSi, and they have two children, — Kay V. and Monroe J.
He is a member of Oriental Lodge, No. 33, A.I''. iV A.M.
C M;M: \ DUCKY, — This firm is made up of John Carne, Jr.,
and F.ihvin Drury, b th experts at clerical work, and, through
several years' experience in the various county and city oltices,
made familiar with the best methods in practice in keeping public
records and the means of securing unclouded titles !o lauded
property. The business of tracing unpaid taxes, removing the
cloud from the title, and furnishing.! clear tax-abstract of property,
is original with them and still mainly in their hands, although they
have a few feeble imitators. Their abstracts have become a ne-
cessity to real-estate purchasers, and save them a good deal of
money otherwise spent in removing liens. The linn was organi/ed
in June. 1875, both members being at the time in Ihe county
clerk's office, and Mr. Drury chief-clerk under Herman I.ieb, both
resigning their positions to establish themselves in the new busi-
ness. They have prospered from the start, and by arduous labor
have succeeded in removing doubt from a great number of pieces
of property in Chicago, resulting from unpaid taxes.
Jt'lni Canii , Jr., is the son of John and Betsey (Rowe) Carne,
and was born in Parish Mai cr, County of Devon, Kngland, on
February 21. 1837. He spent thirty five years of his life in his
native country, coming to Chicago in the early part of 1872. His
entire business life has been passed in clerical work of various
kinds. After leaving school at the age of fourteen, he was first a
clerk in the tinder-sheriff 's office in I.iskeard, Cornwall, for four
\ears, then a law clerk in Plymouth for two years, and afterward
clerk for Little, Woollcombe & Yenning, for twelve years; ending
in 1869. The latter linn was an important law firm, and held
simultaneously several important offices. They were the stewards
for Sir William Molesworth, Hart., Lord Wharncliffe and others,
Town Clerk and Treasurer of the Borough of Devonport, etc.,
etc. ; and Mr. Carne was also special clerk for Thomas Woollcombe,
a member of the linn, who was also chairman of the South Devon
Railway. Reaching Chicago the year after the great fire, lie ob-
tained employment in the county recorder's office for a short
time, and then in the county commissioner's office as rebate clerk
— his business being to attend to the matter of rebates for taxes
rendered necessary by the tire. His next position was in the
county clerk's office, "first under George W. Wheeler, then under
Joe Pollock, and finally under Herman Lieb. In June, 1875, he
commenced the abstract business, and during the same year formed
a copartnership with Kdwin Drury, then chief clerk in the county
clerk's office, and opened an office in the Ashland Block, for the
prosecution of the business which they have successfully followed
ever since. Mr. Carne has been married twice and is the father
of ten children; seven of whom are still living. His first wife-
was Ellen Faith Cross, daughter of Thomas Cros^, of Parish
Hatherleigh, North Lew, Kngland. His marriage took pla.
March 24, [865, at St. George's Lpiscopal Church, Stonehouse,
:. Seven children were born to them, — Bessie, Blanche,
Kdgar, Reginald, Caroline. Hiram and Charles, all of whom, except
Hiram, are still living. In 1879, he became a widower, and the
year following, took a part of his family back to Kngland, and was
married to Lucy G. Cross, the sister of his deceased wife. They
have three children, — Marion, Laura and Oliver, of whom the
first named alone survives. In 1882, he made another visit to
Europe with his wife and a portion of his family. He became a
member of the Masonic fraternity in June, 1864, and belongs to
Meridian Lodge, No. 893, Cornwall, England.
Eiki'in Dnirv, the junior member of the firm of Carne &
Drury, was born at Gage's Lake, Lake Co., 111., on November 12,
1842, He is the eldest son of George Albert Drury, who went,
in 1836, from Lorain County, Ohio, to Gage's Lake, and there
married Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel and Persis (Howard)
Heald, on January 13, 1842. He was the father of six children,
and died on July 12, 1871. On his father's side, Mr. Drury traces
his descent to one Hugh Drury, who first appeared in Boston in
If>40. 11^ was a captain of the "Ancient and Honorable Artillery
Company," which still maintains its organization and holds it's
annual banquets. I b; married Lydia Rice, became the father of
three children, and died in 1689. Through his mother, Mr. Drnry
traces his ancestry back to John Heald, of Concord, Mass., who
came from Berwick-on-Tweed, and was admitted freeman of
Massachusetts, on June 2, 1641. His wife's name was Dorothy,
and he was the father of thirteen children, and died on May 24,
1(162. F.dwin Drury received a common school education, at
Gage's Lake, 111., and enlisted in the Army on August 9, 18(12.
He belonged to Co. " G," g6th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, served
with his regiment in the Department of the Cumberland for three
INSURANCE INTERESTS.
461
years lacking three months, and was mustered out at Camp Marker,
Term., on June 10, 1865. Mis company was disbanded at Chicago,
and he entered into the service of his uncle, A. H. Meald, then
city collector. He remained in his ofiice for four years, and then
was one year with his successor, \V. J. Onahan. The winter of
1870-71, was spent in the office of Henry Spear, South Town col-
lector, inn: year with Heber S. Rexford, in the county treasurer's
office, and he then went into the county clerk's ollice under John
G. Gindele, and became chief-clerk under Mr. Wheeler, his suc-
cessor, and remained such under the succeeding administrations of
Joe Pollock and Hermann I,ieb. In June, 1875, he resigned his
position under Mr. Lieb to establish the business of making t.t\-
ubsttacts, in partnership with John Came, Jr., in which he has
been very successful and continues to the present time. Mr. Drury
was married on April 19, 1871, to Miss Hannah Augusta Howard,
daughter of William C. and Hannah J. (Roberts) Howard of Town
of Grant, Lake Co., 111., and has had two children, — l-'red Howard
(deceased), and Gertrude, who is still living. He is a member of
the Grand Army of the Republic.
INSURANCE INTERESTS.
The history of fire insurance in Chicago, so far as
great risks and heavy losses are concerned, properly
begins with the wooden era, or that expensive period
of frame construction just ante-dating the great fire of
1871. The city area then embraced nearly thirty-six
square miles, or 22,497 acres ; the number of buildings
was estimated at 59,500, the majority being of pine; and
the property within the city was valued at $620,000,000.
It was the largest wooden-built city in the world. Cer-
tain parts of it, like the bamboo cities of China, were
always catching lire and constantly menacing the more
solidly-built and valuable portions. These conditions,
coupled with the remarkable dryness of the air for three
months prior to the great fire, gave that sweeping con-
flagration a chance to wipe out nearly our entire mate-
rial property interests and to cripple and ruin many
insurance companies.
The area burned over and the number of buildings
destroyed are given in the lire history. The total loss it
would be impossible to reckon accurately. It was ascer-
tained from outside records that two hundred and one
fire insurance companies had at risk, in the burned dis-
trict, $100,225,780, but it is as difficult to obtain the ex-
act amount paid to claimants as it is to ascertain the
losses, many companies having had "underground"
insurance. A score or more of companies were forced
into bankruptcy or discontinued business on account of
their great losses. The value of property destroyed
was estimated at $185,510,000, and the total amount
paid by the insurance companies was $50,178,925,
leaving an unliquidated loss to property owners of
$135,331,075. The distribution of losses among com-
panies, named by States, and the number of companies
placed in liquidation, are given in the preceding volume.
After this disastrous experience, the fire limits were
made equal in area with the city limits. A distant pre-
cinct was set apart for the inflammable and dangerous
lumber district. Frame shells could not be built within
the fire limits, and after the conflagration of July, 1874,
had destroyed most of the remaining fire-traps on the
South Side, Chicago became the safest insurance field
in the world. For a long time her fire reputation milita-
ted against her in insurance circles ; but what with a per-
fectly re-arranged fire department, the changed character
of her buildings, and the caution born of sad experience,
together with close competition in insurance rates, the
"fire fright" no longer redounds to the benefit of the
insurance companies.
After the ravages of the great fire had become some-
what repaired, the Chicago Board of Underwriters was
re-organized and went into active operation. The con-
stitution and by-laws were prepared on January 4, 1872,
and adopted under the new organization April 22, 1872.
The officers and members at this time were —
Officers — S. M. Moore, president ; A. C. Ducat, vice-president ;
H. L. Pasco, treasurer ; Alfred Wright, secretary. Committee on
Fire Patrol— %. M. Moore, C'. W. Drew, R. S. Crilchell. /•»,• Com-
missioner— Lewis H. Davis. J/<v///'(v.y — George C. Clarke & Co.,
Miller & Drew, S. M. Moore & Co., Teall & Fisher, Henry Greene-
baum& Co., James Van Inwagen, K. K. liruce, Arthur C. Ducat, < >.
W. liarrett i-V Co., R. W. Hosmer, Trcadway \ Jewell. Goodwin &
Pasco, William Warren, James H. Floyd, William E. Rollo, Walker
& Lowell, Thomas Goodman, I. J. Lewis. II. II. Drown, Davis cV
Kequa, R. S. Critehell, Thomas W, lilaney, Gregg iV Avars, K. L.
Ryan & Co., James L. Ross, Charles II. (.'base, L. I'Yank.
Several agents withdrew from the Board of Under-
writers in 1879, and on January 27, 1880, organized the
Underwriters' Exchange.
The office of Fire Commissioner was successively-
filled by James Ayars, Lewis H. Davis and S. M. Moore,
after which it was abolished. The original membership
was composed as follows :
O. W. liarrett, John Cameron, Fisher Brothers, Hammond &
Fry, Hopkins \ Masbrouck, George W. Montgomery & Co., |. K.
Murphy, John Naghten tV Co., ().' li. Pellet, II. W. Rice K Co!, W.
K. Rollo iV Son, K. K. Ryan & Co., Granger Smith & Co., R. J.
Smith, E. M. Teall & Co.', R. A. Waller & Co., C. K. Nichols.
\Vhile Chicago has had many isolated fires involving
extensive insurance losses, no conflagration since that of
1871, which could be attributed to lack of precautions,
inflammable construction or inadequate fire service, has
occurred, except the fire of July 14, 1874. At that time,
the Chicago Fire Department was, upon the whole, as
well organized and serviceable as any in the country ;
but unfortunately it was also a political machine, in which
places were found by aldermen and minor officials for
friends who had no particular fitness or training for the
service. There was at the same time a contest between
rival political factions to gain possession of the Fire
Department by the appointment of their favorite as chief,
in order to make it still more of a political machine in
their respective interests, and consequently less service-
able to property owners and the insurance companies.
The strife engendered went abroad in reports that re-
flected upon the serviceability of the Chicago Fire De-
partment. It was thought strange, too, by the Eastern
press, that a fire of such magnitude should happen in a
city just recovering from a disastrous experience. The
fact that a large and dangerous area of pine tinder-boxes
had been left by the fire of 1871, upon the South Side,
was not generally known outside. Immediately after the
great fire, many temporary frame structures, coming
within the restrictions of the fire-limits act, but serving
as connections between the old and inflammable fire-
traps, had been built. When the July fire once got
started, therefore, it did not stop until it had made a clean
sweep of the structures described and came up against
the new and solidly built portion of the South Side,
where it was readily gotten under control. The starting
point was a low shanty in the rear of No. 527 South Clark
462
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Street, occupied by a rag peddler as a storehouse. It is
thought it may have been caused by tin- spontaneous
ignition of oiled rags or waste, but the incendiary theory
had many advocates, for the reason that fire had been
discovered in the same place, two weeks before, which
was of incendiary origin. The first estimate of the
loss was §4,025,000, but this was subsequently reduced
in S3, 845,000. The loss to the insurance companies was
about §2,200,000, leaving a loss to property owners of
between §1,600,000 and $2,000,000. The fire lasted
from 4:30 p in. on the 141)1 until 3:30 a. in. on the 151!),
and at one time it looked as if the city was menaced by
another sweeping conflagration. At an early hourinthe
evening the apprehension was so great in the business
district that many firms began carting their valuable
goods to the West Side, guests left the hotels, and people
on the North Side began to prepare for another visitation
by [lacking up their chattels.
At a meeting of the Board of Underwriters, held on
|uly 15, I,. II. Davis, of Davis i\: Rcqua, addressed the
l!oard by request. Mr. Davis announced himself in
favor of a re-organixation of the Fire Department, and
the vesting of absolute authority in the hands of the
chief; the rigid enforcement of the fire-limits regulation
against frame structures; the enlargement of the city
water-mains; prohibition of the storing of combustibles
in the city; and the tearing down of wooden awnings,
cornices and cupolas. The Hoard appointed a commit-
tee to see that tiiese propositions were carried out, con-
sisting of I,. H. Davis, R. J. Smith, George M. Lyon,
C. II. Case, George C. Clarke and Mr. Walker, the latter
representing non-Hoard companies having risks in the
city All the reforms and improvements suggested were
eventually accomplished.
The National Hoard of Underwriters adopted a
resolution, on October i, 1874, calling upon all insur-
ance companies to withdraw from the city, and a gene-
ral exodus ensued. In his message to the City Council,
on December 7, 1874, Mayor Colvin adverted to this
action, declaring it uncalled for, the result of ignorance
of our condition and unnecessary fright, and enumerat-
ing the improvements under way; referring to the bene-
fits to be derived from the July fire, by which many
squares to the south of the business center were cleared
of dangerous structures and the general security pro-
portionately increased. The message concluded:
" Fortunately, the lapse of time has brought better counsels.
The insunuuv companies have returned to Chicago. The money
[for improvements] will only be expended as il is needed. With
the assistance of n good soldier's brain, and capacity for organizing,
instructing ami drilling men, the Fire Department will be brought
to the highest state of efficiency, and a winter's careful study will
reveal the best and most economical mode of expending such an
amount of money for tire purposes as may be needed for our pro-
tection, and within our means."
General William H. Shaler, of New York, was brought
to Chicago through the efforts of the Citizens' Associa-
tion and the Hoard of Underwriters, the former making
an appropriation of $5,000 to re-imburse him for his
services. Through his co-operation with Chief Henner,
the Fire Department was re-organized and placed upon
a more efficient and satisfactory footing.
Fire insurance, like other commercial interests, has
vastly increased and improved in Chicago within the
past ten years. The Underwriters' Association have
paid special attention to improvements in the character
of the buildings; managers have profited by the experi-
ence of years and new methods have been adopted;
and owners of property have been educated to a point
of intelligent co-operation never known before.
On August 27, 1881, the Board of Underwriters ap-
pointed a special committee, consisting of Freil S. lames,
diaries W. Drew, T. S. Cunningham, John Cameron
and Kugene Cary to investigate the condition of the
packing-houses at the Union Stock-Yards, and ascertain
what should be done to render that district reasonably
sale from lire, many disastrous packing-house fires hav-
ing occurred. The committee recommended the adop-
tion of a special schedule of rates for packing-houses,
which was adopted by the Hoard of Underwriters and
the Underwriters' Exchange. In compliance with the
recommendations of the committee, the packers of the
Town of Lake expended $524,553.11, in order to more
ell .dually guard against the possibility of a general
conflagration. A chemical engine was procured as an
adjunct of the fire-patrol system at the Stock-Yards ;
the capacity of the Town of Lake pumping works was
increased from 3,500,000 gallons per diem to 20,000,000
gallons ; reservoirs were constructed at the Stock Yards,
containing 20,145, ooo gallons of water, to be tised for fire
purposes only ; the packing-houses were connected, by
the watch alarm-signal system, with the Fire Insurance
Patrol, and were protected by iron shutters and doors ;
the roads in the district were repaired and many frame
structures torn down. During 1884, another chemical
engine for service at the Stock-Yards was procured ;
three hundred and ninety-six inspections and one hun-
dred and thirty-nine re-inspections were made, and five
hundred and twelve defects were repaired.
FIRK PATROL Si K\ UK. — In the spring of 1871, the
question of organizing a local salvage corps was dis-
cussed by various members of the Hoard of Underwri-
ters, and meetings were held to consider the formation
of a fire insurame patrol. Genera! C. W. Drew was
appointed a commissioner to inquire into the cost and
report at a subsequent meeting. On receipt of his re-
port, A. C. Ducat, C. W. Drew ami Thomas Buckley
were appointed a committee to perfect such an organi-
zation as had been considered, and under the auspices
of this committee the Chicago Fire Patrol was organ-
ized and made its appearance on October 2, 1871. It
was located for the time being in a barn on the alley
between Monroe and Adams, Dearborn and Clark streets.
Ben. B. Hullwinkle, a member of the celebrated " Long
John" engine company of the city Fire Department,
had been selected, and was virtually appointed captain
of the patrol in July, and the energy, spirit and effi-
ciency then and since displayed by Captain Btillwinkle
have made the Chicago patrol and himself well known.
Seven days only elapsed from the first appearance ol
the patrol until the unparalleled conflagration swept the
city. Many of the companies contributing to the organ-
i/.ation of the service became insolvent, and for a time
the future of the patrol was not encouraging. Tempo-
rary quarters were found in "America" hose-house, on
Blue Island Avenue, and soon afterward a frame build-
ing on Michigan Avenue near Jackson Street was com-
pleted for patrol headquarters.
The Chicago Board of Underwriters erected, at No.
i 13 Franklin Street, a spacious brick building, expressly
for the patrol, of which the corps took possession on
April 30, 1872.
The second patrol company was organized on August
3. l875> with a captain and four men, for duty on the
West Side, and a brick building was erected for its accom-
modation on Peoria Street, near Congress.
Captain Bullwinkle's company formally opened and
occupied the headquarters at No. 176 Monroe Street, on
February 16, 1878. This building was erected by L.
Z. Leiter, but the entire interior finishing and arrange-
ments were done by the members of the patrol.
INSURANCE INTERESTS.
463
In the fall of iSSi, the packers at the Stock- Yards
furnished a building and entire equipment for a patrol,
and guaranteed one-half of the expenses of maintaining
the same. This patrol has entire charge of the watch-
clocks of the various packing-houses.
Fire patrol No. i, since its organization in 1871, up
and thirty-four fires and spread three thousand five hun-
dred and forty-eight covers.
1'atrol house No. i is a model of its kind, and the
corps can not be excelled anywhere for "time, speed and
execution " — the motto of the superintendent. A descrip-
tion of the appliances and conveniences of this house
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Permission of Inland Architect and Builder.
HOME INSURANCE BUILDING.
to October i, 1885, extinguished three hundred and fifty-
three fires, involving an insurance of $17,182,299.02, and
entailing a loss of $20,364.88 ; attended three thousand
one hundred and twenty-two fires and spread ten thou-
sand three hundred and eighty-seven covers.
Patrol No. 2, since its organization in 1875, up to
October i, 1885, extinguished one hundred and fifty-four
fires, involving an insurance of $519,500, and entailing a
loss of $7,884.70 ; attended two thousand four hundred
will apply to all in the city. The first floor of the build-
ing is 95 by 100 feet, and sixteen feet and eight inches
high, with black walnut and maple wainscoting. In the
front of the room are two flights of stairs, one on each
side, under which are the horses' stalls ; between them
is the patrol wagon, the pole of which is ten feet from
the front doors. These open outward in a vestibule, by
means of electricity, and are held by weights. On the
right of the room, as you enter, are all the telegraphic
464
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
instruments connected with the Patrol, with no wires
visible. A raiseil panel of black walnut, on the wall,
i-ontains the Flectrie Mercurial Fire Alarm, which is
connected with numerous business buildings, and which
gives an alarm automatically, that also supplies the exact
location of the tire in any building. Over this annun-
ciator is a large clock, presented to the Patrol by the
American Clock Company. On panels, on the right and
left of the above, are two gongs, one giving the fire
INSURANCE EXCHANGE.
alarms from the city, the other connected with the mer-
curial fire-alarm annunciator. Under one gong is a
small gong, connected with a line running to all 'insur-
ance offices ; under the other are three smaller gongs,
one connecting directly with the Western Union Tele-
graph office, one with Marshall Field's retail store and
the other with a Barrett "joker," which gives the alarm
directly from the street-boxes to the Patrol quarters.
In another panel are the American District Telegraph
connections. Attached to the "joker" is a telegraph
instrument connecting the headquarters of the Fire De-
partment, all engine-houses, and the Patrol, so that on
receipt of a still-alarm in any one house, it is communi-
cated to all. The same instrument can be used with a
code of signals and the alphabet. All engine-houses
are also connected by telephone. On a shelf above the
instrument is an automatic printer, connecting the Fire-
alarm office and Patrols Nos. i and 2 together; and a
telephone connects the two Patrols, so that in case a
watchman sees anything which looks like a fire in his
district, he can communicate with No. i, by either the
"printer" or telephone.
RKl'ORTS OK I1' IRKS, KTC. In
September, 1873, the fire-patrol
committee of the Board of Un-
derwriters detailed W. H. Sloan to
be stationed at the city fire-alarm
office, for the purpose of making
reports of lires, investigating their
origin, and obtaining information
in regard to losses, of value to
companies interested. In obedi-
ence to a special order of the
Board, he compiled the following
information in regard to special
hazards:
132 liuildinys used as hotels,
valued with contents at.$I2, 267,000
219 Buildings used as church-
es, valued with contents
at. ... 6,156,300
lo Buildings used as thea-
ters, valued with con-
tents at .. 637, 500
22 Buildings used as brew-
cries, valued with con-
tents at 1,658,000
Lumber yards, average value
of stock kept on hand - 5,156,300
Total $25,875,100
Losses since January 1,1870:
Hotels (re-built on same lot
only) $ 2,300,000
Churches (re-built on same
lot only).-. 1,868,000
Theaters (re-built on same
lot only) 180,000
lireweries (re-built on same
lot only) - _ 725,000
On lumber yards in existence
at this date ._ 1,318,000
Total $6,191,000
Since January i, 1870, the val-
uation on special hazards has in-
creased threefold, but the losses
have been much smaller propor-
tionately.
In 1874, four hundred and sev-
enty-six buildings were inspected
and two hundred and fifty-three
re-inspected in the business dis-
trict. This inspection was kept
up from year to year. In 1879,
nearly two thousand buildings were inspected and one
thousand and ninety-seven re-inspected. In 1881, the
record was — Inspections, 1,392; re-inspections, 1,677 ;
defects found, 3,964 ; dangerous defects removed,
1,293. In 1884, the total inspections were 18,275.
On July 26, 1874, the Underwriters, at the request of
the National Board, directed Superintendent Bullwinkle
to engage twenty additional men for night duty, and
these watchmen were kept employed for three months.
In 1879, tne Board instructed the Patrol to print and
deliver bulletins of fires. The first year, four hundred
of these reports were sent to companies interested and
INSURANCE INTERESTS.
465
delivered to city subscribers, and the number has
largely increased year by year.
On January i, 1879, Superintendent Bullwinkle
began to keep a system of reports based upon the total
fire losses in the city. The following table is made up
from these reports :
Yeani.
Insurance interested.
Insurance loss paid.
Loss over insurance
paid.
1879 ....
1880 .. .
$ 429,9/2
657,645
$ 510,014 23
1,087,537 90
$ 85,576 35
78,013 81
1881
1882
7,415,375
10,045,100
794,799 23
581,610 38
105,565 58
202,201 So
1883
1884
14,889,156
9,096,441
1,559,661 98
1,243,434 05
58,736 oo
73,533 70
Total __
$52,302,289
$5,777,057 77
$603,627 24
On October 16, 1885, Superintendent Bullwinkle
resigned the position which he had so ably filled. The
selection of his successor was left to the Patrol Com-
mittee of the Board of Underwriters, and they recom-
mended Captain Edward T. Shepherd, who succeeded
to the command on November ist. He is held respon-
sible for the practical working of the service, the com-
mittee having decided to take upon itself some of
the duties which have hitherto been performed by the
superintendent.
EDWARD T. SHEPHERD was born in New York City, on May
7, 1850. He came to Chicago in November, 1856. By trade he
is a painter and decorator. He joined Patrol No. I, on November
i, 1875, and his faithful services were acknowledged by transfer-
ring him to Xo. 2, of which he became lieutenant and then captain.
In August, 1881, he was made captain of No. i.
was caused by the facility with which the flames spread
up elevator hatchways or open courts. A few of the
more serious fires during 1884-85, were as follows :
January 19, 1884 — Grannis block, Dearborn Street, $150,000.
March 21— Langham Hotel, \Vabash Avenue and Adams Street,
$250,000.
March 30 — National Printing Company, and Bradner, Smith &
Co., Monroe Street, $400,000.
April 14 — I.eander Reed building, Wabash Avenue, $130,000.
Michael Brand & Co. 's brewery, Fullerton Avenue, $300,000.
August 21 — Oberne, Hosick & Co., Michigan Street, $90,000.
September n — Pitkin, Vaughn & Cruver, Calhoun Place,
$100,000.
November 6 — Old Farwell block, $100,000.
November 28 — George A. Seaverns's elevator, $160,000.
December 6 — Cribben, Sexton & Co. 's foundry, $200,000.
December 6 — C. M. Henderson & Co.'s shoe factory, etc.,
$200,000.
December 21— Link-Belt Machinery Company. Jefferson Street,
$50,000.
January 12, 1885 — Vehmeyer's warehouse, $200,000.
There were, besides, two great fires in the lumber
district during 1884, which entailed a loss of over
$1,000,000, that probably might have been averted by
proper inspection.
On February 2, 1886, the Underwriters appointed a
special committee, composed of E. W. Lyman, W. R.
Kerr, P. A. Waller, J. J. James and W. S. Warren, to con-
sider and investigate the subject of continuous inspection.
The plan favored by the Underwriters was to have the
department of inspection in charge of the separate com-
mittee named above, assisted by a corps of regularly
employed inspectors whose duty it would be to inspect
the buildings in their respective districts and if defects
were found to report the same to the committee. If at
the end of twenty-four hours the defect was not reme-
The following is the latest City Fire Department statement, showing the number of fires, losses, insurance,
etc., for the past twenty-two years and nine months :
Years.
No. of
fires.
No of
false alarms.
Amount of total
loss.
Amount of total
insurance.
Loss for each
fire.
Population.
Population to
each fire.
Loss per capita
of population
1863-64
186
16
$ 335,660
$ 272,500
$1,912
153,769
827
$ 2 30
1864-65
IQI
^2
651 798
585,300
3,403
169,353
877
3 85
1865-66.
243
21
I 216,466
941,602
5,006
178,539
792
6 Si
1866-67
315
26
2 487,973
1,643,445
7,898
189,434
603
13 13
1867-68 .. ..
315
57
4,315,332
3 417,288
8,185
200,328
389
21 04
1868-69
4O5
67
560,169
463,248
1,383
252,OOO
622
2 22
1869-70 _-
6OO
45
871,905
600,061
1,453
300,000
5OO
2 9O
1870-71
669
35
2,447,845
2,183,498
3,658
330,000
493
7 75
I87I-72
*4Sq
44
972 8OO
745,000
1,989
350,000
716
2 77
1872-73
441
44
680,099
3,763,275
1,542
367,396
831
i 58
187^-74
466
68
1,013,246
3,641,735
2,174
395,408
848
2 56
1874-75
1875
t473
1^32
83
67
2,345,684
127.014
6,789,300
2,328,150
•4,959
383
395,408
395,408
836
1,191
5 93
32
1876
477
123
387,951
3,780,060
8ri
407,661
855
95
1877
445
132
1,044,997
6,173,575
2,340
407,661
918
2 56
1878 . .
478
88
306,317
3,327,348
641
436,731
914
71
1879. .. ....
i860
638
804
135
154
572,082
I,I35,8l6
5,112,631
5,409,480
896
1,411
436,731
491,516
669
6n
I 31
2 31
1881
895
89
921,495
9,662,326
1,029
491,516
549
I 87
1882
08 1
107
569 885
12,587 090
581
560,693
572
I O2
1883
1,158
74
1,379,736
21,790,767
1,196
6o6,OOO
525
2 27
1884
1,278
104
968,229
12,048,683
756
629,985
493
i 53
1885
1,309
198
2,225,134
22,407,225
1,047
730,000
557
3 °5
* The jjreat tire of 1871 not included.
t The July fire of 1874 included.
Nine months ending December 31, 1875.
During 1884-85, the insurance companies met with
many heavy losses through the frequent conflagrations
which destroyed costly stocks of goods in business
houses. In nearly every instance where costly buildings
and valuable stocks were destroyed the fires started from
some defect in the heating apparatus, improperly secured
lights, or spontaneous combustion, and the destruction
30
died, all of the Underwriters of the city would be noti-
fied, and by the rules of the association each Underwriter
holding a risk on the defective property would be com-
pelled to cancel it. Many merchants, manufacturers and
owners of leased property were consulted and all favored
the plan, and steps were at once taken to put it in exe-
cution. During the first month, upward of one
466
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
thousand inspections were made ; innumerable defects
discovered and remedied; and the new plan of inspec-
tion, under the direction of the committee, was found to
work satisfactorily and to be of immense value to in-
surance interests.
I N DKRWRITERS' EXCHANGE. — During 1879 the non-
board companies found that close competition outside
of the board was bringing rates too low for any profits
to accrue to the contestants for insurance business.
The non-board companies were not ready to coalesce
with the Board at that time, nor was the Board willing
to make overtures. Frequent consultations were held
between representatives of the non-board companies
during the year, and on January 27, 1880, an agreement
was reached to form the Chicago Insurance Under-
writers' Exchange. Twenty-two non-board companies
signified their willingness to enter into the Exchange
project, and did so, to their subsequent mutual advan-
age. The first meeting for organization, and the elec-
tion of officers, was held on January 27, 1880, and the
officers elected for the year were — President, R. J.
Smith; Vice-president, T. S. Cunningham; Treasurer,
O. \V. Barrett; Secretary, B. F. Kent.
The first year's operations of the Exchange were
gratifying to the members, and the business transacted
highly satisfactory. The Exchange continued to pros-
per, and agents doing business for the Exchange com
panics pronounced the organization a great success.
In January, 1881, and again in 1882, the same officers
were re-elected. On May i, 1882, Mr. Kent resigned,
and R. N. Trimmingham was elected secretary of the
Exchange.
In January, 1883, the officers elected were — Presi-
dent, E. M. Teall; Vice-president, R. A. Waller; Treas-
urer, O. W. Barrett; Secretary, R. N. Trimmingham.
In 1884, President Teall, Treasurer Barrett and
Secretary Trimmingham were re-elected, and George W.
Montgomery was elected vice-president.
CHICAGO FIRE UNDERWRITERS' ASSOCIATION. — In
January, 1885, George W. Montgomery was elected
president, C. R. Hopkins, vice-president, and Treasurer
Barrett and Secretary Trimmingham were re-elected.
These officers continue to serve, although, on June 9,
1885, the Exchange consolidated with the old Board of
Underwriters, and the name of the joint organization
was changed to the Chicago Fire Underwriters' Associ-
ation. The agencies that brought about this consolida-
tion were, in the first place, a general feeling on the
part of members of both associations that there should
not be two distinct bodies, with the same general objects
in view, in existence, and, secondly, a knowledge that
despite the efforts of both sides, bad practices had crept
into the methods of doing business, that unless remedied
would work serious injury to insurance interests. While
the Exchange sustained rates to a certain extent, owing
to close competition and depression, rates had been
going to pieces, and it was believed the fusion of the two
organizations would remedy this condition. It is grat-
ifying to the members of the Chicago Fire Underwriters'
Association to be able to say that their expectations as
to the improvement of business and the correction of
the evils growing out of sharp competition and the cut-
ting of rates, were fully realized, and that a healthier
tone has marked the business since the consolidation.
The officers of the Chicago Fire Underwriters' Associ-
ation elected on June 9, 1885, were Charles W. Drew,
president; E. M. Teall, vice-president; O. W. Barrett,
treasurer; R. N. Trimmingham, secretary; T. A. Bow-
den, superintendent of surveys. These officers were
re-elected by the association on January 25, 1886, to
serve for the ensuing year.
Both the Chicago Board of Underwriters and the
Chicago Underwriters' Exchange keep up their original
organizations for the protection of their charters, and
elect officers regularly. The Exchange re-elected its
officers of 1885, for the year 1886.
Ol'TICf.RS Of THE ISoAKI) OK UNDERWR1 I KKS. The
destruction of the records of the Board of Underwriters
in the great fire has already been adverted to. Since
1871, the Board has elected officers as follows :
Januaiy 4, iSf2. — S. M. Moore, president; A. C. Ducat,
vice-president; II. I.. Pasco, treasurer ; Alfred Wright, secretary.
S.M. Moore resigned on May <j, and ( leorge C. Clarke was elected.
Januaiy 2, 1873. — George C '. Clarke, president; C. II. Case,
vice-president; II. I.. I'asco, treasurer; Alfred Wright, secretary.
/!iiii/<i>'v ", 1875. — J. Goodwin, Jr., president; E. M. Teall,
vice-president; C. W. Drew, treasurer; Alfred Wright, secretary.
Jan ittiry 6, iSjb. — C. H. Case, president; C. W. Drew, vice-
president ; Conrad Witkowsky, treasurer ; Alfred Wright, secretary.
January 4, i ffjf . — Thomas ( ioodman, president; R. W. IIos-
mer, vice-president; J. II. Moore, treasurer; Alfred Wright,
secretary.
January j, 1878. — L. H. Davis, president; R. W. Hosmer,
vice-president; J. II. Moore, treasurer; Alfred Wright, secretary.
January 2, f$7g. — J. Goodwin, Jr., president; R. W. Hos-
mer, vice-president; J. H. Moore, treasurer; Alfred Wright,
secretary.
Januaiy 6, 1880. — Above officers re-elected.
January 6, 1881. — Arthur C. Ducat, president; lames I..
Ross, vice-president ; J. II. Moore, treasurer ; Alfred Wright,
secretary.
Januaiy j, 1882. — Above officers re-elected.
May 12, 1882. — Thomas A. Bowden was elected assistant
secretary.
January 4, !SSj. — Thomas Goodman, president; Thomas S.
Cunningham, vice-president ; J. II. Moore, treasurer ; Thomas A.
Bowden, secretary.
January j, 1884. — J. Goodwin, Jr. , president ; R. W. Hos-
mer, vice-president; J. H. Moore, treasurer; Thomas A. Bowden,
secretary.
January //, 1884. — Mr. Goodwin sent a letter to the Hoard,
announcing that his duties would not allow him to accept the office
of president, and declining to serve. On this date, R. W. Hosmer
was elected president, vice Goodwin, and Fred S. James, vice-
president, vice Hosmer.
Januaiy 8, iSSj. — R. W. Hosmer, president ; Fred S. James,
vice-president ; J. H. Moore, treasurer; T. A. Bowden, secretary;
I'. F. Harrington, assistant secretary.
Above officers were re-elected in January, 1886.
CHARLES H. HUNT, deceased, was born at Rochester, N. Y.,
in 1830. His father, Solomon Hunt, was a native of Strafford,
Vt. , and an uncle of the present United States Senator, Justice S.
Morrill, whose mother was a sister of Solomon Hunt. The maiden
name of the mother of Charles H. Hunt was Miss Harriet Hop-
kins, of Bath, N". Y. At the early age of fourteen years, Mr.
Hunt came to Chicago to visit his cousin, James Rochester, of
Rochester, N. Y., then a leading commission merchant in this busy
frontier town, and he was induced to become a resident here by
Mr. Rochester. Gurdon S. Hubbard, who was then a prominent
packer, had his office in the same building with Mr. Rochester, by
whom Mr. Hunt was then employed. The health of Mr. Roches-
ter began to fail him, and he was compelled within the year to
close his business and return East. Mr. Hubbard, attracted by
the boy's bright face and intelligent curiosity, offered him induce-
ments to remain with him. Mr. Hubbard had, in 1835, taken
the agency of the /Etna Fire Insurance Company, of Hartford, the
first company to do business in Chicago, and into this department
young Hunt was duly initiated. Here he served with marked fidel-
ity and ability in various capacities until 1848, when he was pro-
moted to the position of bookkeeper. In that capacity he exhibited
the same qualities which had so rapidly won the confidence of his
employer, and discharged his duties so well that he was promoted
to a special partner in the insurance business, receiving one-fourth
of the profits. This arrangement continued until 1858, when he
was given an equal interest in both the packing and insurance busi-
ness, the former of which has grown into considerable magnitude.
The firms were then G. S. Hubbard & Co. and Hubbard & Hunt,
the latter style of firm name being adopted for the insurance branch
of their interests. In 1867, Mr. Hunt retired from the packing
business and purchased Mr. Hubbard's interest in the insurance
INSURANCE INTERESTS.
467
agency. Several years afterward, Mr. Hunt sold a one-half interest
of the insurance business to Jonathan Goodwin, Jr., and from that
time the firm of Hunt A: (imxlwin was one of the leading fire insur-
ance linns of the city. Their office was first at the corner of South
Water and Clark streets, but was afterward removed to No. 86
l.aSalle Street. The Security, of New York; the Roger Williams,
of Providence; and a number of other companies were added to
the .Etna, and represented by that firm until Mr. Hunt's death,
which occurred on June 9, 1870. Mr. Hunt was appointed city
treasurer on December 24, 1860, and held that office until April I,
iS6i. A ([notation from a leading insurance journal, written at
the time of his death, speaks of him as an "underwriter of rare
skill, conspicuous for his entire reliability and intimate knowledge
of his business. He pursued his ends by no unworthy means and
descended to no unseemly rivalry. He lived in the most cordial
relations with his competitors in the business, and his memory calls
up none but the most kindly and pleasant associations. Personally,
he was a Christian gentleman, whose every act bespoke a pure
mind and a good heart." In 1860, Mr. Hunt was married to Miss
Kleonora Shaw, of Madison, I ml. Close and literally uninter-
rupted application to his business during so many years had seri-
ously impaired Mr. Hunt's eyesight, but not his energy, for, during
the four years of this severe ordeal, he was never found away from
his post of duty, where he encouraged those who were in his employ
to a faithful service. On the evening of June 9, 1870, Mr. Hunt
was returning from his office to his home on Rush Street, and the
bridge being open he accidentally stepped from the bank and fell
into the river. His body was not recovered until life was extinct,
and thus the impenetrable curtain fell upon him in the prime of his
manhood, leaving his widow and two daughters, — [ennie C.
(deceased, February, 1875) and Lizzie S., to cherish his memory as
their choicest heritage.
Tin. (JiKKN INSI-RANVK. COMPANY OK LIVERPOOL was organ-
i/.ed in 1858, and immediately took its rank among the prominent
insurance companies of the world. In 1866, it established a branch
office in New York, which grew to such proportions that in January,
1881, it was found necessary to divide up the American field, arid
as a consequence the Western Department fell to Chicago ; the
management of which department was placed in charge of Joseph
M. Rogers. This departnient has grown from a premium income
of about $200,000 in iS8o, to about $600,000 in 1884, and it bids
fair to be one of the largest branch offices of the company. The
last statement made by the home office of the company shows as
follows :
Subscribed capital ^2, 000,000.0.0
Paid-up capital 180,035.0.0
Assets 1,094,024.6.4
The United States Branch is located in the company's own building,
at Nos. 37 and 39 Wall Street, New York. The company has an
American Board of Directors, composed of W. W. Astor, Robert
Lenox Kennedy and David Bingham ; and a Board of Trustees,
composed of George L. Talman, Koswell G. Ralston and Samuel
Sloan, who have charge of the American assets of the company,
and hold the same for greater security of its American clients,
though the foreign assets are available for all its losses. The state-
ment of the United States Branch, made on December 31, 1883,
shows assets in this country of $1,728,902, with actual liabilities of
only §130,939.12. The company reserves $834,610.58 as unearned
premiums, making the net surplus $753,352.96. The company
has received in the United States, since its establishment here.
$14,924,171, and has disbursed $13,275,360.
JOSEPH M. ROGERS, manager of the Queen Insurance Com-
pany, was born at Lexington, Ky., on July 14, 1839. He was edu-
cated at Union College, New York, and subsequently graduated in
law from the Louisville, Ky., and Albany, N. Y., law schools.
While a practicing attorney at Columbus, Ind., in 1863, he received
the appointment of local agent of the Hartford Fire Insurance Com-
pany, which was the date of his induction into the insurance busi-
ness. In 1866, he was appointed special agent of the Hartford for
the South, with headquarters at Louisville. This position he held
for two years, when he entered into the local business, in which he
continued until 1870. He then received the appointment of general
agent of the Imperial Insurance Company of England for the South,
which position he filled until the retirement of the Imperial from
the field, in 1873. A short time afterward he became the general
adjuster for the Northwest of the Franklin Insurance Company of
Philadelphia. In 1875, he became connected with the I'henix In-
surance Company of New York, as special and local representative
at Louisville ; and on January t, 1876, he was called to the position
of assistant general agent of the Phenix at Chicago, in connection
with the Western Department, which position he Idled until January
1, 1 88 1, when he was placed in charge of the management of the Queen
Insurance Company of Liverpool, which position he now fills. In
1882, a number of gentlemen connected with the Illinois Club con-
ceived the idea of organizing an art association, for the purpose of
encouraging art in Chicago and building up a permanent collection
of paintings ; Mr. Rogers was immediately chosen president of this
organization, which is known as the Illinois Art Association, and
continues to fill this office.
HOLGEK DE ROODE, Western manager of the Clinton Fire
Insurance Company of New York and the Providence Washington
Insurance Company of Rhode Island, commenced his insurance
career in Cincinnati in 1869, and located in Chicago in 1873, as a
partner of the late Edmund E. Ryan. Mr. de Roode was born at
Rotterdam, Holland, on October 22, 1853, and is thus the young-
est of the prominent underwriters of the country, having recently
retired from the local agency business in this city, in order to give
his entire attention to the large field covered by the Western Depart-
ment of the above named companies. The Providence Washing-
ton is the second oldest American company now engaged in a gen-
eral agency business, having been organized in 1799, and is one of
the fifteen great companies that practically control the fire insurance
situation in the United States. The Clinton was organized in 1850,
and is also in high repute among financial men, having realized the
rare experience of earning about as much in dividends during the
past thirty years as was paid out for losses. The losses sustainei I
in the great Chicago and Boston tires were promptly met in full,
and a record thereby established which has .since given these com-
panies national prominence. Mr. de Roode has contributed largely
to the literature and thought of the profession, and is a gentleman
whose character and qualifications have earned for him a high
position among the successful underwriters of the West, as well
as among the rising young men of Chicago.
AKKAM WILLIAMS is one of the most competent and successful
insurance men in Chicago, and on October I, 1884, was appointed
general manager of the Western Department of the Connecticut Fire
Insurance Company, he being the first manager to represent it in
this city. This company had assets of $1,837,729.20, on January.
f, 1884, and a net surplus to policy-holders on the same date of
$1,282,417.88, and is a thriving, carefully managed corporation, hav-
ing a life of thirty-four years to demonstrate its prosperity. Of the
appointment of Mr. Williams to his position, an insurance journal
thus speaks : " This recent movement on the part of the Connecticut
means increasing, sure and persistent success in its most important
field, embracing Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee and all States
north and west of these as far as the Rockies. Mr. Williams has
had a long, eventful and prosperous career as a business man and
underwriter. In 1855, he was a successful though young merchant
in New York City, where he carried on an important business in
connection with a branch house he had previously established in the
City of Paris, France, but, on account of failing health, he that year
retired from active business, removed West and settled in Pubuque,
Iowa. At the breaking out of the War, he was among the first to
volunteer his services to the Union Army, in which he served faith-
fully until the War closed, when he established a local fire insurance
agency in Dubuque. Mr. Williams's agency soon becameoneof the
very best among the well managed agencies of that prosperous city.
He was selected in 1866, as the general agent of the Yonkers and
New York Insurance Company, and his field embraced all the terri-
tory west of the Mississippi River. His success in that field led to
the enlargement of his department, and his removal to Chicago as
Western manager of the company in 1869, became a necessity. The
(hii ago fire terminated the company, and the same fire laid Mr.
Williams up a cripple for nearly two years. In 1874, the Continental
Insurance Company gave Mr. Williams the superintendency of its
Western Farm I lepartment, which, under his management, has
proved a wonderful success. During his ten years' service with the
Continental, the growth of his department has been rapid and pros-
perous, until it has attained the highest point of its success at the
present time. The desire of Mr. Williams to return to the business
of general underwriting must alone account for the change he has
made and for which he is so well fitted by many years' experience
and careful education in all the duties of the manager."
THE FIRK INSURANCE ASSOCIATION, Limited, of London, Eng-
land, is one of the most popular companies doing business in this
country, as is shown by the rapid increase in its receipts. The
United States Branch was established less than four years ago, and
the premiums now amount to about $1,000,000 annually. Among
the prominent gentlemen connected with the company may be men-
tioned the chairman. Colonel Kingscote, C. B., M. P., Alderman
Sir Thomas Dakin, Hon. Evelyn Ashley, M. P., R. N. Fowler,
Esq., M. P. and Lord Mayor of London, also William P. Clire-
Imgh, Esq., the general manager of the company. Joseph H.
Wellman is special agent for the company for the United States,
with headquarters in New York City, and the following well-known
business men are United States trustees: Benjamin Borden Sher-
man, president Mechanics' National Bank, New York; Thomas
Reid, of Pupke, Reid & Phelps, New York; Jacob D. Vermilye,
president Merchants' National Bank, New York. The capital of
the company is $5,000,000, and it has invested in this country about
$1,000,000 in government bonds and other' first-class securities.
468
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Notwithstanding ihe fearful loss ratio of 1883, tin- company was
enabled to add $ioo,ixx> to its reserve, which is certainly vei v crcd-
ital>li- to the management. The Westein I Icparlnicnl ol the COB)
is located al No-,. H>| and |dj I .aSallc Sti ee! , ( 'hle.igo, and
includes Ihr following States and lemtoiics: Ohio, Indiana, Illi-
nois, Michig. in. West \iiginia, Kentucky, Tennessee. \\isconsin,
[owa, Missouri, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Montana,
Wyoming and < 'olorado.
TIIKOIMPUI-: \V. 1. 1 I ION, the manager of the company in this
itmcnt has had a great many years' experience as an under-
writer and is thoroughly familiar with the business in his held.
Tile handsome gain in receipts each month shows the piipul.itity of
his management, as well as the conlidcncc which the agents and
insuring public have in the company.
I'M i. CONNECTICUT < .K\KK \\. Lira INSURANCE COMPANY, of
llaiilord. Conn., has been represented in Chicago l,n about , -h
teen years, and had, on January I, IsSj, assets amounting !o
(1,430,398.43, and a surplus, according to ihe New York stand. u d,
"I s ;>J,M i ,)•_•. This company, in the proportion of its assets in si on
required by law, has $i 17.34, which makes it rank third
on .1 ed of the leading companies of the country. It is
at pu-sent represented in Chicago by \V. |. |).i\is, general agenl
for Illinois and Iowa.
W. |. DAVIS was born. -it I'.illcrica, Middlesex ( 'o. . Mass., on
\o\ember 25, iSjn. He spent several years ol his boyhood in
Maine, returning to Massachusetts, where he attended school will]
a view nl preparing for a profession, but impaired health led him to
gi\c up a course o| sillily and In embark ill country trade at Sliel-
buine Kails. Kranklin Co., Mass., where he held the ollice ol p. isi
master as well afl that of <leacon in the Congrgal ional ('hurcli, ol
which he was an active and consistent member. Rcmo\ing to the
adjoining ti.wn of ( 'nlerain. he was chosen, at the age of twenty-
nl tlie town in the State Legislature of |S.|S, taking
an active and inllnential part in its piocccdings and gaining encom-
iums |nr his activity and iliscielinn as so young a member. In
\lr. I >avis removed to t 'hicago and engaged in the retail ami
jobbing li.ide at No. 112 I leal born Street. lie subsequently
In the tc.-d-esiuie and life insurance business, and I'm the
last twenty \cais has devoted himself to these inlcresls, represent-
ing the New Lngl.and Mutual Life Insurance- ( 'onipany of I'.oston,
. also the Charter Oak and Connecticut ( Icncral of Hartford,
' onn. In common with most Chicago real-estate men, after the
lite Mr. Davis engaged largely in building, and was one of the hrsi
to develop the re-ion of the city opposite 1 .incoln I'ark. He has
• mnei ted with the Lincoln I'ark ( 'ongrcgal ional ( 'Imrcli many
serving it continuously as one of its trustees and as superin-
tendent of its Sabbath-school for several years, II,- has been
married; the hist time t.) Miss Harriet Griswold, of llmkland,
Mass., two nl whose children, Mrs. \\'illis McOuigg and \V. I..
Davis, ol this city, survive her; the second lime to Mis. Maryli.
Clark, of Kockford, 111. Although having seen over forty years of
intensely active business life, Mr. Davis is still vigorous and
•icalK etnplo\ed.
WILLIAM L. DAVIS, son of \Villinm |. Davis, was born in
Krankhn Countv, Mass., on September 29, 1856, ami came with
his parents tO Chicago in thai year. He received his educational
tlic ' hie.,;.,, i grammar and Ugh schools and at Vale College, which
institutions he attended for three years, lie has been connected
wilh the real-estate- business for the past ten years, and has trans-
acted business therein on his own account since .March, iSs.j. Me
ri':"l !•'» '" I'"' l:nion College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted
to practice in ]SS| ; doing this to lacilitate Ins real-estate business,
•ugh but a young operator in this branch of Chicago's inter-
already made an enviable record for his energy and elis-
1 the pertinacious industry with which he watches the
Interest! of his patrons and his attention to their requirements,
M a constant augmentation of their number.
LAKK MII.K I.KiiniKKS.— This tirm, general Western managers
of the Accident Insurance Company of North America, is made UP
of William 1). and Charles D. l.arrabee. Thc\ are successors of
"< .v Me.,,1 in the same business. The latter lirm was
Organized in January, 1882, and was succeeded by the present con-
in July, 1883, William II. Mead giving place to Charles D
l.arrabee. I he company they represent is ,,! Canadian origin and
has headquarters at Montreal. It was organized in Mav [873
and has been successful fr,,m tiu. st:lrli Lairabee i;,,,s represent
of Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, each with a general
"HI »1 orps of local agents recognizing their management.
D. Lamiee,Ae senior menilm ol the lirm of Larra-
os., was born in Chicago, on November m, is44. \, t|,L.
opening of the War, he was attending the University ol Chicago
but, in iSd-j, the war-spirit ran so high that he entered tlic service'
as a three-months' man in Co. "('."i^th Illinois Volunteer Infan-
try, and was placed with his regiment on guard duty at Camp
Douglas. When his time was out, |lv entered the store of I.ana-
North, and clerked for them about eight months. He then
helped to raise Co. "II,' of the 1 7th Illinois ( 'avalry, of which
John L. l!c\ci idgc was ihe colonel, and secured a commission as
'.I lieutenant. The seven: and disagreeable but valuable
service of Ihe 17th Illinois ('avail), brigaded with the "Kansas
|a\ hawkers," and in relieving the loyal people of Missouri from
the depredations of Oiiantrcll, Anderson, Price and Thompson,
will not be soon forgotten. Alter the War closed, Mr. Lanabcc
u entered the employ of l.arrabee tV North as salesman for three
vc.irs, and then took charge of their books for fifteen years more —
oruntil July, 1883 — when he took the place of \V. II. Mead in the
Company ol which he is now a member. I le is a member of the
1 1. A K. Kilpatrick I'ost, No. 276, at Austin, III., where he
resides, lie was married, on October 8, 1872, to Miss Julia S.
Trimmingham, a Baltimore lady and a sister of Ralph N. Trimvn-
iiigham. the secretary of the Underwriters' K.xchange. lie has
three children, — Ralph T., Margaret and Louise J.
ll'il/inHi />. l.nrnih,;-, the junior member of the tirm of
l.arrabee llros , is the son of William M. and Mary Margaret
(Ilaight) l.arrabee. The father was one of the earliest of Chicago's
railroad men. I le was secretary ol the old Galena & Chicago 1 nioo
kailro.nl and afterward secretary and treasurer of the Chicago \
Alton. Having resided in t hicago for some time, he moved to
lloricon, Wis., where William D. was born on Kebruary 21, i-|-i.
His railroading, however, brought him back to Chicago, and he sub-
sequently settled in < u-ncva on Ihe Kox River, where William still
resides in the old family mansion. William left school at the age
of sixteen, and entered the employ of the (hicago branch of the
Hank of Montreal, then called " The (hicago \gcucy." as messen-
ger boy; but when, in i.sd,-,, the "Agency " was closed out and the
business transferred to ( leorge C. Smith eV l!ro. , young l.arrabee
went with it and remained in their employ for one year. lie then
took a clerkship for a couple of years under his father, who was at
that time secretary and treasurer of the Chicago & Alton Railway;
then, after three years of work for Calkins iv. Kisher, lumber deal-
ers, he returned to the Chicago iV Alton and took the responsible
position i il paymaster. He remained in this position for eight years,
on until the lirst of January, 1882, when he resigned and, forming
a partnership with William II. Mead, took charge of the Accident
Insurance Company of North America. Mr. Larrabee was mar-
ried on July 21, 1873, to Miss Mary A. Hcinis, daughter of the
well-known II. V. Bemis, ami has had three children, two of whom
are now living, Mary W. ami John L. In politics he is republican,
and is a member of the Royal Arcanum, Royal Council, No. MKJ.
The lirm of l.arrabee Bros, are active members of the Citi/cns'
Association.
M i n'liKLL, WvrsoN.YCu. are insurance brokers, the lirm hav-
ing been organized and incorporated under the Illinois Slate laws
some years ago, and is the successor of R. A. Waller's outside
brokerage business. The lirm makes a specialty of the insuring of
large manufacturing properties throughout the West and taking
charge of large lines of lire insurance. Their held of operations is
located principally in the Western Slates and lerritorics and they do
an immense brokerage business.
C/iar/i-s /'. Milclifll, manager of the insurance brokerage office
of Mitchell, WatSOn >\: Co., was born al Li\erpool, Lug land, on March
17, 1855. lie resided in his native town until he was eleven years
old, and there oblained a gre.-.ter parl of his school education. In
1866, his family came to America and located in this city. At lin-
age of twelve, he commenced business life by entering the house of
I'. L. llanscom \- Co., printers, and becoming city solicitor and
travelling salesman. He was with that lirm for some time, and then
engaged with ihe abstract lirm of llrackelt \ Waite as clerk. Ik-
was thus employed for a brief period, and then went into the printing
house of Mitchell, Lawrence >V Kordham, the senior member of the
firm being his father. He remained with that concern until the
great lire, after which he wenl into the ollice of Ducat >\ Lynn,
insurance agents. He was afterward connected for many years with
Daniel M. Howmar, insurance agent, and then with his successors,
Mowmar ,V Waller and R. A. Waller. When in the employ of the
latter lirm, Mr. Mitchell was cashier and confidential clerk. His
abilities proved of such value to the firm that when they decided to
divide- their business into departments, they selected Mr. Mitchell to
represent them in the country brokerage business, and the firm of
Mitchell, Watson \ Co was incorporated, and Mr. Mitchell duly
installed as manager. Mr. Mitchell was married on February i,
iS75,to Miss Clara M. 1 lanson, of Janesvillc, Wis. They wit li their
children. Louisa, Clara Ldith, Dot and Charles D., reside at Kvans-
ton. Mr. Mitchell is a democrat in politics and a member of the
Iroqtiois Club.
THOMAS SCOTT CINNIMIIIAM, the well-known lire-under-
writer was born on March 25, 1835, at Ilarrisburg, I'cnn. He-
was educated in the public schools of his ,iative town, and had his
tirst business training in the locomotive works of Richard Morris
\ Son, at Philadelphia, where he received a thorough course in
INSURANCE INTERESTS.
469
practical and theoretical mechanics, and was engaged in the design-
ing and construction "I lin -omoiives from 1851 to 1850, at which
time he withdrew, to enter the naval service of the I'nited States,
as third assistant engineer. Admission was by examination, and
the fact that he emerged from the ordeal at the head of a class of
twenty-six young men, serves to illustrate how devoted and earnest
he had been in the study of his profes-
sion. His first assignment was to the
strain sloop-of-war "Lancaster," which
was made the Hag-ship of the I'acitic
Squadron, and in whirh vessel he doubled
Cape Horn, and cruised from Valparaiso
to San Francisco, visiting, meanwhile,
tli- M.in|ncsas and Sandwich Islands in
.nth Pacific Ocean, until 1861,
when, having been advanced to the grade
of second assistant engineer, he was or-
dered liuiiie to participate in the crush-
ing of the Rebellion, and was detailed in
charge of the engineering department of
the gunboat" \Vissahickon." In that fa-
mous war-ship, .Mr. Cunningham served
one year as senior engineer in the squad-
ron of Admiral DavidC. Farragnt. lie
participated in the blockade of the Soffth-
ern ports in the Gulf of Mexico, and in
the engagements with the forts below
New Orleans, at Grand Gulf, Vicksbnrg,
and other points along the Mississippi
River. Returning North in September,
1862, to repair damages sustained by ves-
sel and machinery in that arduous cam-
paign, he was detailed by the Secretary
of the Navy to the staff of Rear Admiral
l-'raneis II. Gregory, then in supervision
of a bureau of construction of monitors,
iron-clads, gunboats, and their machine-
ry, at New York. The work of this bu-
reau ceasing with the close of the Re-
bellion, Mr. Cunningham resigned from
the service in November, 1866, and re-
turned to civil life, holding President
Johnson's commission as a first assistant
engineer, with the relative rank of lieu-
tenant, to which grade he was advanced
in July, 1866. He afterward took the
general management of the New York
branch of the Hartford Steam Hoiler In-
spection and Insurance Company, and
was so identified until the spring of 1873.
On March 12, of that year, he came to
Chicago as a member of the insurance
firm of \V. H. Cunningham &; Co., the
senior member of which was his brother.
Their business connection continued un-
til October, 1884, when Mr. Cunningham
withdrew, and established himself alone,
lie is a thorough business man, of ample
experience in his profession, and is an
expert underwriter. He is a member of
the Military Order of the Loyal Legion,
the Union League Club, the Farragut
Veteran Association, and of Apollo Com-
mandery, No. i, K. T. Mr. Cunning-
ham has two children — a son, William
Secor, and a daughter.
A. \V. Si'Ai.Div; was born at Mont-
pelier, Vt., on May 29, 1837, and is a son
of A/el Spalding, who was a prominent
lawyer of his native city. His maternal
grandfather, Jonathan Wainright, was
well known throughout the State as pro-
prietor of an iron foundry in Middlebury,
at which place he manufactured stoves,
sending them over New Kngland. Mr. Spalding has had a large and
successful insurance experience, commencing with the 1'homix of
Hartford in 1868, and the Franklin of Philadelphia in 1870, and being
on January I, 1881, appointed manager of the Standard of London,
from which position he advanced to his present position as general
manager of the Home Mutual Company. The Home Mutual Insur-
ance Company of California — a purely stock company notwithstand-
ing the name — was organized in 1864, and, in point of fire premiums
is the leading insurance corporation, American or foreign, on the
Pacific coast. In February, 1884, the company determined upon
establishing a Western Department, comprising the States of Ohio,
Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa,
Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and the territory of Dakota, with head-
quarters at Chicago, and selected, as their Western manager, A. \V.
Spalding. The ran-cr of the Home Mutual has been run- of eon-
tinned success. Its record is tilled with annual accumulations, dur-
ing a period which has witnessed the downfall of hundreds ol fire
insurance companies. Its establishment of the Western I >epartment
rchitect and Builder.
ROYAL INSURANCE BUILDING.
is so recent that nothing can yet be written of the past. It has a
cash capital of $300,000; cash assets, $856,658.22, and a net surplus
of $250,806.61.
EDWIN A. SlMONDS, general manager of the Western Depart-
ment of the City of London Fire Insurance Company (Limited),
was born in lioston, Mass., on I tecember 4, 1834. He was educa-
ted there, attending the common schools and studying for a short
time at Amherst College. At an early age he entered the employ
of the Old Colony Railroad Company, and was engaged in various
capacities for about six years. He then took a position as messen-
ger in the Freeman's National Hank, and worked through the vari-
ous grades of promotion until appointed paying teller. He resigned
470
HISTORY <>K CHICAGO.
that office and entered the city treasury, whore he served until the
breaking out of the War. lie was loyal to his country and shoul-
dered his musket for the " thirty days' sen iee. " At the end of the
time he entered the navy and became a sailing master, attached
to the Charlestown Navy Yards. After the War he re-located in
. omin;; identified witli the Kin-men's 1 nsurance < 'ompany.
Being thoroughly aei]uainted with marine service and ships, he was
adjuster for about two years. At the end of that period he became
connected with the Insurance Company ol North America, of Phila-
delphia, serving them for over sixteen years in various responsible
positions. On February I, is$2, he was appointed to his present
position, witli headquarters in this city. His long experience, as
an insurance man, extending over a period of twenty years, was
brought into requisition on the establishment of this Western Branch,
with the result that it is now doing a nourishing business, and which
is (.instantly augmenting. Its exhibit of December 31, 1883,
showed its assets in the United States to be $760, 147.28, and its
net surplus $401,612.84. Mr. Simonds was married at Boston, on
January 7. 1859, to Miss Adelaide Wheeler. They have two daugh-
ters, Mary Adelaide and Alice Isabel. Mr. Simonds is a member
of the Masonic Order. Knights of Honor, Knights of Pythias, and
of the Union League Club of Chicago.
W. \\ < ' \i nu H.I. is general manager for the New Orleans
Insurance Company, to which position he was appointed on Janu-
ary I. 1884, and was associated with the company for eighteen
months previously. In 1875, he was appointed general agent for
the People's Insurance Company, of Newark, N. J., and, in 1876,
,ii agent of the New Hampshire Insurance Company of Man-
chester, N. II. Colonel Caldwell began his insurance career in
•onville, Ind., in 1865, removing therefrom to Indianapolis in
I -i H |, where he engaged in local, anil subsequently in general, busi-
ness until his removal to Chicago in 1877. lie was born at Louis-
ville, Ky., on August 3, 1835, but was reared in Jeffersonville, Ind.,
his parents having removed to that town while he was quite young.
There the Colonel received his education, and in Southern Indi-
ana he raised the lirst company that was enrolled for the defense of
the Union. The company was mustered in as Co. " B," 23d Indi-
ana Infantry Volunteers, and Mr. Caldwell was mustered in as
captain of that company. After the battles of Fort Henry, Donald-
sonville and Shiloh, Captain Caldwell was authorised to raise a reg-
iment, which he did. This regiment was mustered into service as
the Sist Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and Captain Caldwell was
commissioned its colonel, when not twenty-five years of age in
July, .
Cn \KI.KS\V. Ki.i'incKK commenced his insurance experience
with the Traders' Insurance Company in 1872. In 1876, he went
into partnership with Elisha C. Hibbard and David Vance, who
came here from Milwaukee, under the firm name of Hibbard,
Elphicke & Co., continuing with them until 1878, when they re-
turned to Milwaukee, and he accepted the agency for the Marine
I lepartment of the Northwestern Insurance Company. In 1884,
James A. Myers, who was also with the Traders' Insurance Com-
pany in 1874, and who had had an interest with Mr. Elphicke as
silent partner since 1882, became an open partner, under the firm
name of C. W. Elphicke & Co. Mr. Elphicke came to Chicago in
1862, and was formerly a resident of Buffalo, N. Y., and for eight-
een years sailed the Lakes, having been for many years captain of
various vessels. He has been a member of the Board of Trade
since 1873.
Wi i.i. i AM E. SMITH came to Chicago in 1866, and was identi-
fied, from the year 1868, with the real-estate, building and insurance
interests. Immediately after the fire, he paid particular attention to
contracting for erecting buildings, in which he built up a large busi-
ness and in which department he was very successful. His insur-
ance agency was established in September, 1882. Although of so
recent introduction he has already taken no insignificant place
among the insurance men of the city, and the companies he repre-
sents have had their interests carefully watched and vigorously
promoted since they have been in his hands. He is manager of the
Mississippi Valley Manufacturers' Mutual Insurance Company, of
Island, 111., and is secretary of the Mutual Mill Insurance
Company of Cook County, III., both of which companies are repre-
sented at his agency. They are comparatively young companies
but are constantly increasing in business and the favor of the com-
munity.
MKS. MARIANDA K. SMITH, the only lady insurance broker in
the United States that is doing the same class of business, is a na-
tive of the State of New Vork, where she resided during her child-
hood. She was brought up to womanhood in Cincinnati and
educated at ( ,n i-nniount College, a noted Ouakcr school of that
city. In April, 18^2, Mrs. Smith made her home in Chicago, and
solicited for the Traders' Insurance Company. In July of the same
year, she embarked in business for herself. Notwithstanding her
limited experience in the insurance business, she has niadea wonder-
ful success in her chosen calling. Starting in with no patronage
whatever, she has secured a patronage that pays her a handsome in-
come and gives employment to three office clerks. two travelling repre-
sentatives and a number of solicitors. Krom one premium, her
business has grown in the brief space of three years to over one
hundred and fifty thousand premiums per annum. She handles
only the largest lines of insurance, her customers extend all over
the country, and she is constantly sending and taking insurance
to and from European companies as well as those of America.
Mrs. Smith was born at (ilens Kails, N. Y., in 1842. She is am-
bitious and energetic, and solely by her own efforts has built up a
splendid business and by her rare qualities of heart and mind has
won the esteem and highest regards of business and insurance men
generally.
Hi UK.UT OF LIKK INSURANCE INFORMATION. — The late Horace
Greeley once said : " The man who discovers a real public want
has the sure conditions of success." Every person insured, or
about to apply for insurance? has forcibly felt the want of some
accessible source of unpartisan information on the subject of Life
Insurance. A "public want " certainly exists; hence the organi-
tion of this Bureau, and its remarkable success. The Bureau was
organized on March I, 1881, by Mervin Tabor, its present mana-
ger. The following are some of its specialties: (i) The placing
of new insurance in the most reliable companies ; (2) The examina-
tion of claims ; (3) The adjusting of complicated matters ; (4) Mak-
ing out proofs of death losses ; (5) Kurnishing abstracts of net cash
values ; (6) Calculating the values of annuities and life-estates ;
(7) Assisting in knotty technicalities sometimes arising in life-
insurance litigation ; (8) Reconciling differences between compa-
nies and policy-holders, on the basis of equity to both ; (9)
Assisting in making desirable changes as to existing policies ;
(10) Assisting policy-holders in procuring from their companies
equitable cash-surrender values. The Bureau is supplied with
everything that could possibly add to its efficiency. In addi-
tion to the customary forms and blanks, it has on file the charters
and by-laws and the blank policy contracts of the most prominent
companies in the United States. Its actuarial department contains
all the mathematical tables necessary in the valuation of policies
according to the legal standards of the different states. These
tables are voluminous and very expensive. The Insurance Depart-
ments of but few states, if any, possess the facilities for actuarial
work that are found in this office. We noticed on file, also, the
official reports of the Insurance Commissioners of Massachusetts,
New Vork and other leading states, including Illinois, from first
issues up to the present year. These reports are a valuable ency-
clopedia of insurance literature. From these reports, Mr. Tabor
has prepared a complete financial history, from January I, 1872, to
the present time, of every life company doing business in Illinois,
embracing assets, liabilities, surplus, expenses, interest earned,
real-estate owned, volume of business, death-losses and matured
endowments, together with other valuable information, and these
are classified and tabulated with special reference to rapid and
thorough comparison of each company with all the others. The
following is from the Commercial World and M. S. Exporter, New
Vork City, of October 5, 1882: "Mervin Tabor, No. 115 Dear-
born Street, Chicago, is in the fullest sense of the words what he
styles himself, an 'Insurance Expert.' Mr. Tabor has become
such, not only by study, thought and observation; but by many
long years of experience in placing and handling policies of insur-
ance. Mr. Tabor has no connection or interest in any insurance
company, nor has any other member of the Bureau. Any one
wishing to insure his life, any one having done so who seeks to
make a change of any kind, or wishes any difficulty solved in con-
nection with life-insurance matters, can gain more satisfactory
information from Mr. Tabor than from any other source in Chi-
cago. Such is the judgment of more than a score of the best legal,
scientific and literary minds of Illinois." In the early part of 1885,
the merits of Mr. Tabor received public recognition by his being
appointed Actuary of the Insurance Department of Illinois by the
State Auditor.
THE IRON TRADE.
The history of the growth of the manufacture of
iron in its various forms in Chicago, if told in detail,
would be read with almost the same degree of interest
which attaches to a romance. It was conceded at an
early period of the city's history, even by commercial
rivals, that Nature had chosen her site, and that a quies-
cent waiting on the part of her citizens would ensure for
the city a geographical prominence as a center for the
distribution of breadstuffs. Her ultimate control of the
grain trade of the Northwest was an admitted possi-
bility. But not even the most sanguine prophet, how-
ever biased in his predilections, would have dared to
foretell her eminence as a center of manufacture.
And yet, despite all adverse predictions, and in ex-
cess of the fondest expectations of Chicago's most
ardent friends, the manufacture of iron ore into its vari-
ous commercial forms — utilitarian and ornamental —
has assumed such proportions in this city that the
Northwestern metropolis at present ranks third among
the manufacturing centers of the country, having at-
tained this prominence within the short space of ten
years, its relative position in 1870 having been unim-
portant.
The accuracy of the foregoing statements can be
best shown by the following tables, in which are given
the figures (gathered from the United States Census
reports) relating to the manufacture of iron and steel in
the United States in 1870 and 1880, which show the
rapid rise of Illinois in the list of iron-producing States.
Their perusal is necessary in order to a just apprecia-
tion of Chicago's relative importance among the " iron-
centers " of the United States.
TABLES RELATING TO THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL
THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES.
I. The production of each branch in 1870 and iSSo, with the
percentage of increase or decrease during the latter year.
Iron and steel products.
1870.
1880.
Percentage
of increase
in 1880.
Percentage
of decrease
in 1880.
Pig iron and castings from furnace
All products of iron rolling-mills ..
Bessemer steel; finished products. .
Open-hearth steel; finished products
Crucible steel; finished products
Blister and other steel
Tons.
2,052,821
1,441,829
19.403
Tons.
3,78l,O2I
2,353.248
889,896
93,143
70,319
4.956
72,557
84
63
4,581
--
28,069
2,285
110,808
151
"7
35
Products of forges and bloomeries. _
Total .
3,»55,2I5
7,265,140
II. Production of iron and steel in 1880, in the four States
leading in this branch of industry.
States. Production.
Pennsylvania _ 3,616,668 tons.
Ohio ._ 930, 141 tons.
New York 598,300 tons.
Illinois 417,967 tons.
The fourth rank among the States, in 1880, was oc-
cupied by Illinois, which, in 1870, was fifteenth in order
of production, having made only 25,751 tons, as against
417,967 tons in 1880. The increase in ten years was
one thousand five hundred and twenty-two per cent —
the most marvelous in the history of the country.
III. Production of inn and steel, in the five counties of the
United States leading in this branch of manufacture.
Allegheny County, Penn 848, 146 tons.
Cambria County, Penn . 260, 140 tons.
Lehigh County, Penn 324,875 tons.
Northampton County, Penn 322,882 tons.
Cook County, 111 248,479 tons.
In the production of rails, Illinois ranked next to
Pennsylvania, having produced 273,988 tons of all
kinds, as against 509,912 tons manufactured in the
latter State. Of the total production of rails Pennsyl-
vania made forty-seven per cent., and Illinois twenty-
three per cent., the next State in rank being Ohio, which
produced but nine per cent.
The causes which have combined to bring about
this result have been outlined in the second volume of
this History, and need not again be alluded to here.
The main feature of the almost phenomenal progress of
the iron industry since 1871, however, may be briefly
sketched.
The year 1874 — following close upon the panic of
1873 — was one of depression among manufacturers.
The value of the pig iron sold in Chicago during the year
was, in round numbers, $4,830,000 ; the receipts having
been about 115,000 tons, and the average price $42 per
ton, or about $10 less than the ruling rate for 1873. In
comparison with other iron-markets of the country, how-
ever, Chicago held its own surprisingly well. The causes
of the falling-off in the sales of the year, which amounted
to nearly $1,000,000, are to be found in over-production
and a decreased demand for manufactured iron. The
fever for railroad-building was at its height in 1872, and
the development of the manufacture of pig-iron was
abnormal ; as a result, the prices of iron and steel de-
clined nearly fifty per cent, in two years.
In manufactured iron, the decrease was not so marked,
except in the case of car-wheels and steel rails, the pro-
duction of both of which fell off fifty percent. The cause
of this decrease is to be found in the fact that the panic
of 1873 caused a cessation in railroad extension, and had
it not been for the adoption of a policy of replacing iron
rails with those made of Bessemer steel, the decrease in
the latter branch of manufacture would have been even
still more marked. The total value of the rolling-mill
product of Chicago (including the mill at Joliet, owned
and controlled by Chicago capitalists), during 1874, was
about $14,000,000, as against $16,000,000 in 1873.
The following statement shows the percentage of
increase or decrease in the value of product in some of
the leading varieties of iron manufacture in 1874, as com-
pared with the preceding year :
Increase.
Decrease.
Car wheels
50
Steel rails ... - .
en
Rolling mill products (generally)
Foundries (generally)
--
7K
7
Stove works
I2l4
Mill machinery . ... .
43
Galvanized iron-works
40
^a
Iron manufactures (generally)
8
471
47*
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
The following table shows the number of establish-
ments devoted to iron work in its various branches, in
1874; the capital invested; the number of employes ;
and the total value of the production. It should be re-
marked, by way of commentary, that of the entire one
hundred and fifty-nine establishments, only twenty-six
were in existence prior to 1860.
IRON ORE.
Description of manufacture.
^ JC .
0 M «
c?3g
x<ie
Capital.
=!
*l
4>
Value of
product.
Rolling mills and furnaces
3
in
$6,8OO,OOO
r,35O,OOO
3,300
1,520
$14,000,000
3,500,200
Boiler works . .
8
295,OOO
212
840,000
Car-wheel works ....
3
2O5,OOO
130
315,000
2
5OO,OOO
400
450,000
Bolts, screws, etc. _
4
6o,OOO
49
115,000
File works _ . -
4
IIO.OOO
55
95,000
I
3OO,OOO
125
500,000
2
125 ooo
1 20
320,000
Cutlery works
2
105,000
45
140,000
Galvanized iron works
Steam-fittings .
13
4
315,000
40,000
448
60
840,000
240,000
Steam-heating apparatus .
Machinery manufacturers.
Tin ware . .
3
10
y
550,000
850,000
375,000
750
420
85
2,350,000
450,000
750,000
Miscellaneous iron works-
Iron bedsteads
'9
I
350,000
25,000
275
3°
775,000
40,000
Ranges and furnaces
4
90,000
480 ooo
43
408
115,000
1,003,000
Steam engine works ....
2O
292,000
298
400,000
Printing presses
4
300 ooo
40
135,000
nc OOO
20
1 60 OOO
Thimble-skein works
Chain manufactories
I
T
9O,OOO
58 ooo
140
65
400,000
128,000
Wire manufactories
12
374,600
81
238,000
Scale works __..
I
50 ooo
30
78 ooo
Horseshoe nails
I
80 ooo
QC
•3 co OOO
Totals
I en
$14,264,600
Q 244
$29,727,200
Totals for 1873 .
127
17 C.1C 8OO
Q 62^
32 103 ooo
The year 1875 was a more prosperous one in the
history of the iron trade in general, although unfavor-
able to the dealers in pig iron. The production of the
latter was but 115,000 tons as against 117,000 tons in
1874; while a reduction in prices caused a diminution
in value of $830,000. Although a constant re-curtail-
ment of production had been in progress since 1872,
the aggregate stocks on hand were still far in excess of
the consumptive demand. The average decline in
prices during 1874 was about $10 a ton, and during
1875 it was $rl> making an average shrinkage in values
in two years of $21, or more than forty per cent. The
total number of stocks in the United States in 1875 was
six hundred and seventy-six, with an annual capacity of
4,500,000 tons ; more than one-half of all the stocks in
the country were out of blast. During one week in
November, seventeen furnaces in the " Hanging Rock "
region in Ohio stopped work, because of their inability
to make iron and realize the cost of production. Of
the thirty-six charcoal furnaces in the Lake Superior
region, in Michigan and Wisconsin, only twelve were
in blast. The decrease in the production of pig iron
throughout the United States, however, is best shown
by the following table :
Production in 1872 2,854,558 tons.
Production in 1873 2,878,268 tons.
Production in 1874 1,900,000 tons.
Production in 1875 1,400,000 tons.
The following table will show the total shipments,
in gross tons, of iron ore and pig iron from the Lake
Superior region for the seasons of 1874 and 1875:
1874.
1875-
427,009
459 425
285,307
263,944
87, 193
70 003
Total
7Q'i -172
IG IKON.
1874-
1875-
2Q CI C
39 6oS
12,745
17 oSc,
n 670
18 641
Total
CC O^Q
61 0^4
855,454
854 406
The value of the aggregate yield of the Lake Supe-
rior mines for 1873 was $11,325,837 ; for 1874, it was
$7,592,812.
As has been said, in manufactured iron the year
1875 was a more prosperous one than its predecessor.
The two branches which showed the most marked
decrease in the value of the product in 1874 — car-
wheels and steel rails — showed an advance in 1875 of
six and one-half and three per cent, respectively. A
comparison of the following table with that heretofore
given, for 1874, will best show the relative volume of
business. The figures following relate to 1875.
Description of manufacture
Number of
establishments.
Capital.
Number of
employes.
Value of pro-
duct.
Rolling mills and fur-
naces
3
$7 000,000
a 400
$14 500 ooo
Foundries
2O
i 500 ooo
I 580
Boiler-works _
IO
3OO,OOO
2OO
850 ooo
Car-wheels
4
250 ooo
I7C
Stove- works .
2
500,000
4OO
460 ooo
Bolts and screws
6
50 ooo
•JC
File-works .
5
100,000
5°
90 ooo
Mill machinery
i
350 ooo
ICQ
Safe manufacturers
Cutlery
2
2
125,000
IOO OOO
130
CO
37O,OCO
140 ooo
Galvanized iron
15
350,000
4QO
875 ooo
Steam-fittings. _
Steam-heating apparatus
Machinery .
4
4
IO
50,000
600,000
900 ooo
67
700
476
425,000
2,300,000
500 ooo
Tinware .__
6
350,000
93
750 ooo
Miscellaneous iron-w'ks
22
I
375,000
25 ooo
290
•20
780,000
Ranges and furnaces..
5
IO
100,000
500 ooo
42
J.2T
87,000
Steam engines
19
215,000
275
390 ooo
Printing presses
4
300 ooo
4C
140 ooo
2
Thimble skeins
Chain manufacturers
Scale-works
I
3
i
90,000
60,000
50,000
ISO
60
40
450,000
123,000
85 ooo
Horseshoe nails . . ...
Wire manufacturers
i
15
80,000
375'°oo
125
90
400,000
240,000
Totals . .
T78
$14. 8^.000
Q.62C,
§)2Q.77i;.<XXJ
Before the close of 1876, many of the mills and fur-
naces which had been called into existence by the
THE IRON TRADE.
473
speculative demand of 1872 (which, as has been said,
had its origin in a prevailing mania for railroad-building)
were idle, and some of them were destined never again
to kindle their fires. Looking upon the trade of the
country as a whole, however, it may be said that the
period had passed when iron was regarded as a legiti-
mate Eastern product. As a manufacturing center for
iron and steel, Chicago had assumed a leading position.
Of the 290,000 tons of Bessemer steel rails manufac-
tured in the United States during the year, 85,000 tons
(or nearly one-third) were the product of Chicago mills.
The annual pay-roll of the Chicago mills (including
those at South Chicago and Joliet) was $2,300,000 as
against $2,700,000 during 1875, and over 1,100 tons of
coke and coal were daily consumed in the manufacture
of pig iron and rails. Less iron was manufactured here
during the latter year than in 1876, although the market
value of the total product exhibits a decrease of about
eight per cent. The diminution, however, was more
apparent than real, a ruinously low scale of prices hav-
ing prevailed. The decrease in the value of iron man-
ufacture was more perceptible, also, in minor wares
than in the products of the rolling-mills.
The following table contains a summary of the
amount of iron manufactured in this city during 1876,
arranged in a form similar to those above given:
Description of manufacture.
No. of
establish-
ments.
Capital.
u.*m
0 >,
0
°~s.
£ E
Value of pro-
duct.
Rolling mills and fur-
$7 ooo ooo
T 410
$13 600 ooo
2O
I,5OO,OOO
1,437
3,OOO,OOO
IO
3OO,OOO
IQO
795 ooo
Car-wheel works
4
250,000
1 60
4OO,OOO
i
5OO,OOO
4OO
400 ooo
Bolts and screws
6
5O,OOO
69
130,000
IOO,OOO
47
87,000
Mill machinery .. .
I
35O,OOO
142
500,000
Safe manufacturers
Cutlery
2
2
125,000
IOO,OOO
122
40
376,000
137,000
Galvanized-iron works. .
Steam-fittings
15
4
350,000
5O,OOO
42O
60
775,000
225,000
Steam-heating apparatus
Machinery man'factories
4
II
c
6OO,OOO
8So,OOO
OOO.OOO
650
449
7Q
2,000,000
470,000
710,000
Miscellaneous iron-w'rks
20
i
350,000
25,000
263
28
700,000
47,000
Ranges and furnaces
5
Q
IOO.OOO
490,000
40
400
70,000
900,000
Steam engines
17
26o,OOO
247
300,000
4
4OO,OOO
47
175,000
2
IOO,OOO
16
142,000
Thimble-skeins
I
90,000
140
420,000
Chain manufactories
Wire manufactories
3
M
i
60,000
35O,OOO
5O,OOO
61
80
40
127,000
220,000
90,000
Horseshoe-nail works.-
i
8o,OOO
132
430,000
Totals _
171
Sl4.8oO.OOO
0.178
$27.226.000
In 1877, the sales of pig iron were about 125,000
tons — a slight decrease from 1876 — and the average
price showed a decline of nearly $3 a ton. The effect
of the panic (added to the results of over-production)
may be understood when it is stated that the price of
pig iron at the opening of 1873 was $52 a ton, and that
before the close of 1877 it had fallen to $22, an average
annual shrinkage of $7.50. Nor was 1877 a prosperous
year for iron manufacturers. The decrease in the
manufacture of steel rails was about sixteen percent.;
the average for all branches of iron manufacture about
eight per cent. No shipments of Bessemer steel rails
were made to Canada, but the greater proportion of
Chicago's trade was with the West and Northwest.
Pennsylvania's railroad interests came to the support of
Pennsylvania iron manufacturers, and low rates of trans-
portation were established between manufacturing cen-
ters in Pennsylvania and Western points. Considering
the business of the year in all its aspects, however, it
shows a general 'advance ; more establishments were in
operation, more capital was invested, a larger number
of hands was employed, and the value of the manufac-
tured product was increased. A comparison may be
best instituted by an examination of the following table
with that in which were given the figures for 1876:
Description of manufacture.
Jli
Capital.
No. of
employes.
Valiu.- of pro-
duct.
Rolling mills and fur-
naces _
3
$5,5OO,OOO
2,670
$i 1,700 ooo
~4
2,SOO,OOO
r,6i8
^ QOO OOO
Boiler-works..
M
6
380,000
325,OOO
315
220
850,000
47O OOO
2
560 ooo
^o
7
5O,OOO
125
I OO OOO
File-works
6
9O,OOO
50
75,000
4
55O,OOO
150
600 ooo
Safe manufactories
2
4
I5O,OOO
I75,OOO
100
130
400,000
250 ooo
Galvani/.ed-iron works _
Steam-fittings
21
6
425,000
4O,OOO
600
50
850,000
250 ooo
Steam-heating apparatus
Machinery man'facturers
3
20
c
45O,OOO
1,550,000
7OO,OOO
500
600
I5°
2,5Oo,<WH>
700,000
SOO (XX)
Miscellaneous iron w'rks
Iron bedsteads ...
35
i
375,ooo
40,000
325
20
825,000
60,000
Ranges and furnaces
5
12
80,000
660,000
30
375
50,000
850 ooo
12
300,000
200
340,000
9
600,000
I2O
260 ooo
Saws _
8
300,000
75
37 5, cxx)
Thimble skeins.. *
Chain manufacturers. .
Wire manufacturers
Scale-works - _
t
3
22
3
75,ooo
50,000
400,000
200,000
loo
50
175
IOO
355>tx>o
100,000
270,000
400,000
I
80,000
140
500,000
Totals
239
$16,455,000
9.328
$28,440,000
The year 1878, while not one of remarkable pros-
perity among dealers in pig iron, was favorable to iron
and steel manufacturers. The amount of the former
commodity handled in Chicago exceeded that of 1877,
but low prices and the sluggishness of trade affected
profits disastrously. During the latter part of the year,
however, began to appear symptoms of a general revival
of business. Railroad and car building were resumed ;
the demand was stimulated ; prices advanced, and the
business outlook became more hopeful. Sales for the
year aggregated about 150,000 tons, at an average price
of $21.50. In iron and steel manufactures, however,
the value of the product showed a gain of nearly four
per cent., as will appear from a comparison of the fol-
lowing table with that preceding. The aggregate sales
of steel rails increased about six per cent. ; the Chicago
and Union Rolling Mills in this city were in active ope-
ration during 1878, while the works in South Chicago
resumed business, running to their utmost capacity —
turning out about 20,000 tons of iron and 1,600 kegs of
nails per day. The aggregate movement in iron foun-
dries was considerably larger than in 1877. Boiler,
bolt and screw, file, and galvanized-iron works were
fairly active at unchanged prices. Several Chicago
steam-fitting and heating firms filled contracts in South-
474
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ern cities, and two galvanized-iron cornice firms secured
large contracts in Texas anil Nebraska. Shipments of
horseshoe nails were made to England, Russia and lla-
vanna.
The following table presents a summary of the
amount of iron and steel manufactures in Chicago du-
ring 1878:
Description of manufacture
No. of
establish-
ments.
Capital.
No. of
employes.
Value of pro-
duct.
Rolling-mills and fur
1
$6 219 ooo
2 SlI
$12 341 OOO
Kounilrk's , _
27
2,429,000
1,727
4,226,000
1 6
413 617
556
936 8O2
e
361 407
2<>6
coo 2OI
Stove-works .. .....
2
539.HI
3l6
586,614
7
6l,OOO
214
174 612
6
1 16 ooo
140
I O2 480
Mill macliincrv
5
592,400
196
616,406
Safe manufactories.. ..
2
I
141,000
187 206
82
l6l
427,OOO
2()2 S(MI
Gal vani zed-iron works .
Steam-fittings
24
8
490,000
52 900
810
97
982,100
287 5OO
Steam-heating apparatus
Machinery man'facturers
Tinware.
5
22
6
460,000
1,608,781
777 406
475
780
305
23O,OOO
874,000
860 ooo
Miscellaneous iron-w'rks
Iron bedsteads
4"
3
425,000
49,000
460
67
76,700
70,000
Ranges and furnaces-..
5
15
85,600
807 608
62
431
649,000
I 300 ooo
Steam engi nes
14
420,600
235
378,200
Printing presses...
Saws
7
300 ooo
60
TCC COO
Thimble skeins
I
100,000
125
380,000
Chain manufacturers
Wire manufacturers
Scale-works. ...
3
27
3
84,000
511,700
220,000
80
281
115
161,400
333,300
470 500
Horse-shoe nails
I
80 ooo
150
525 600
Totals ..
261
$18.412.336
I0.8S2
9i28.n6.7m
The year 1879 witnessed the long looked-for reac-
tion in the trade in pig iron. For the six years follow-
ing 1872, the iron industries of the country had been
depressed. Railroad-building and manufactures had
languished, and at the beginning of 1879, out of seven
hundred blast furnaces in the United Stated, four hun-
dred and forty were out of blast, and only a portion of
the remainder were required to run on full time. Mean-
while prices had declined from $54 in October, 1873,
to $20.50 in October, 1878, and the path of decline was
strewed with the wrecks of shattered fortunes. But
having been among the first to feel the blight of finan-
cial depression, the iron industry was among the first
to reap the benefits of returning prosperity. During
the first six months of 1879, the consumptive demand
had so increased that the surplus stocks of the country
(amountmg, at the close of 1878, to about 516,000 tons)
had bee"n nearly all disposed of, and, by midsummer,
supplies had been reduced to smaller limits than had
been known since American pig iron first assumed im-
portance. Short stocks and increased demand stimu-
lated prices, which, during August and September, ad-
vanced from four to five dollars per ton, and continued
to appreciate during the remainder of the year, until
$45.00 per ton (for No. i Lake Superior) had been
reached — an advance of over one hundred per cent.
from the highest prices of 1878. The year's sales
amounted to 350,000 tons, — a decided increase over
those of 1878. In iron and steel manufactures, the ad-
vance was almost equally remarkable. Both the roll-
ing-mills in this city were in active operation during
the year and the product of steel rails increased nearly
six per cent., while the shipment of Bessemer steel rails
to Canada was larger than for several years preceding.
Among foundry-men the year was about the same as
1878; prices appreciated, but an increase in the cost of
labor resulted in about equal profits to manufacturers.
Iloiler, stove, bolt and screw, galvanized, range and
furnace and wire works were fairly active during the
greater portion of the year. That manufacture in gen-
eral was prosperous, is sufficiently shown by the fact
that the prices of machinists' supplies advanced from
forty to fifty per cent, over those of 1878, and that the
aggregate sales amounted to nearly ,$300,000.
There can be no doubt that the increase in railroad
building exerted an enormous influence upon the iron
trade. The progress is shown, approximately, in the
following statement:
Year.
Miles
built.
Year.
Miles
built.
1872
6 ooo
1876
1873
3,276
1877
I 892
1874
1,664
1878
I 840
1875
I I en
1870
T 7<J«
TABLE OF IRON MANUFACTURE, IN CHICACO, IN 1879.
Description of manufacture.
fll
8
Capital.
•si
<t
Value of
product.
Rolling-mills and furnaces
Foundries
3
29
22
5
2
10
9
5
2
8
27
9
5
20
7
•52
3
7
19
14
10
7
i
5
31
3
I
$6,781,000
2,426,000
45O,OOO
390,000
54O,OOO
6l,000
I2O.OOO
6OO,OOO
150,000
2O6,OOO
530,000
78,000
490,000
1,550,000
SOO.OOO
454,000
37,000
80,000
830,000
437,000
700,000
275,000
100,000
75,000
530,000
260,000
85,000
3,000
1, 800
600
190
280
200
J&5
175
70
1 60
860
85
450
694
300
445
50
60
39°
260
195
54
125
64
265
IOO
175
$I4,(XX5,OOO
4,785,000
935,000
515,000
580,000
200,000
125,000
616,000
450,000
285,000
1,500,000
317,000
272,000
873,000
860,000
957,000
65,000
673,000
1,310,000
385,000
1,210,000
345, (XX)
375,000
160,000
366,000
515,000
541,000
Boiler-works
Car- wheels ...
Stove-works
Bolts and screws
Kile-works
Mill machinery
Safe manufacturers
Cutlery
Galvanized-iron works
Steam-fittings
Steam-heating apparatus _
Machinery manufacturers.
Tinware
Miscellaneous iron-works.
Iron bedsteads
Ranges and furnaces.
Iron-works
Steam engines
Printing presses
Saws
Thimble skeins
Chain manufacturers
Wire manufacturers. . .
Scale-works-
Horseshoe nails
Totals -
316
$19,035,000
11,212
533,215,000
The prosperity in the pig iron trade, which began in
1879, continued until March, 1880; the prices of Nos.
i and 2 Lake Superior rising, in February, to $55 a ton.
But during January and February, 1880, the imports
from Great Britain amounted 10264,948 tons, as against
26,929 tons during the corresponding months of 1879.
Scores of furnaces which had been out of blast for sev-
eral years lighted their fires, and the sanguine prophets
who had predicted a continuance of the high prices of
February had the mortification of seeing Lake Superior
sell for $25 in August. The shrinkage in values, how-
ever, did not exert so disastrous an influence upon Chi-
cago dealers as might be supposed, owing to the fact
THE IRON TRADE.
475
that most of them (aided by the renewed activity in
railroad-building, which greatly stimulated the con-
sumptive demand) made sales on contracts for future
delivery, during the latter months of 1879 and the early
months of 1880, thus securing the benefit of the " flood-
tide." The amount of pig iron handled by Chicago
dealers during 1880 was 600,000 tons, the value of
$18,000,000 — an increase of about seventy per cent.
over the business of 1879.
The manufacture of iron and steel in this city dur-
ing 1880 materially advanced, as appears from a com-
parison of the last preceding table with that given
below, which is compiled from the U. S. census reports
and covers the year ending May 31, 1880. The reader
will doubtless notice the different grouping of the indus-
tries.
The changes in the iron ore mining industry through-
out the country during the decade ending June i, 1880,
expressed in percentages computed on the returns of
the census of 1870, are as follows:
Per cent.
Gain in number of establishments _ 90
Gain in total number of employes •_ 100
Gain in total horse-power of steam engines 189
Increase in amount of wages paid _ 38
Increase in amount paid for material 120
Increase in total capital __ 249
Loss in value, per ton, of product 25
(lain in value of total product.. 74
Gain in tonnage of total product. - .136
Gain in product of regular establishments _i<>6
Loss in yearly income 31.28
Decrease in per cent, of value of product paid for
labor 5.21
Description of manufacture
No. of
establish-
ments.
Capital.
No. of
employes.
Wages paid.
Value of
product.
Iron works — rolled, cast and wrought.- ...
51
$7,289,617
6,378
$3,059,030
$15,673,624
14
514,700
833
414,940
I 617 073
Miscellaneous machinery . ... ... ...
64
940,100
1,098
589,076
2,160,074
15
86,600
222
125,215
475,400
14
445,600
53°
236,585
7t T 700
Carriage, wagon and car springs .
5
45,5OO
65
36, 740
222,5OO
6
105,650
117
59,800
I ^O QOO
Steam-heating apparatus _. ...
4
78,OOO
203
98,000
533,330
Q
IlS.OOO
60
29,762
I IO 2OO
Scales and scale repairing
4
51,400
75
36,740
222,5OO
6
44,800
26
18,283
43 5°°
Miscellaneous hardware .. ........ . .
12
140,600
187
76,033
272,133
16
4,320,662
4,301
2,187,135
8 030 398
Tin and sheet iron work ..... .
98
940,375
1,615
596,264
2,946,842
04
399,872
423
154,789
I 341 860
Plumbing and gas and steam tilting . . . .
02
123,701
379
206,894
594,812
5
32,IOO
60
26,323
130 800
Iron shutters and doors and vault doors . . .
4
27,500
38
19,270
60,810
10
30,650
71
26,705
89 524
Blacksmithing and horseshoeing ... . _ . _
147
110,975
383
204,592
484.619
Vault and sidewalk lights, iron railing, grating and ornamental iron
work .
7
ig.OOO
60
33,462
116,485
Totals
617
$15,865,402
17,214
$8,235,638
$36,028,984
The number of tons of pig iron handled in Chicago
during 1881 was about the same as that of the previous
year — 600,000 tons, but, owing to a fall in prices, its
aggregate value did not exceed $16,000,000, or about
nine per cent, less than in the preceding year. The
policy of the trade during the year was a conservative
one; the speculative mania had exhausted itself, and
there were consequently no sharp fluctuations in values. _
The demand may be said to have been continuously"
good, at times even exceeding the supply. The quota-
tions at the close of the year were $31 to $35 for Lake
Superior and $30 to $32 for Scotch iron. The relatively
high price of the latter was due to an advance in ocean
freights and to a decrease in importations, the falling
off in which constituted the noteworthy feature of the
year's business.
In this connection, the figures given below are of
interest, as showing the growth of the iron industry in
the United States, in which this city was an important
factor:
Total amount of iron ore mined in the
United States (in twenty-three iron pro-
ducing States) as shown by the U. S.
census report for 1880 7,971,076 tons.
Production in Lake Superior region alone
during 1881 2,250,000 tons.
Increase in per cent, of value of product paid for
material 4. 20
Increase in per cent of value of product retained for
royalty, interest, etc. . i.or
The volume of business in iron and steel manufact-
ures during 1881 increased from 10 to 15 per cent.,
nearly every department sharing in the improved gen-
eral activity. Not alone, however, was the augmenta-
tion noticeable in the amount of transactions and in the
imports and manufactures, but the quotations ruled
more steadily and the prices obtained were firmer and
more remunerative. The raw material received, being
obtainable at a lower price, also contributed to the gen-
eral prosperity of the manufacturers, enabling them to
make a greater proportionate profit from the sale of
their product. It is difficult to assign the especial rea-
son for this improvement 'outside of the general pros-
perity that attended all branches of trade and com-
merce. The rolling mills found it necessary to run
to their full capacity. Four blast furnaces of the
mills then in process of erection at South Chicago were
in operation during the year, and it was expected that
by March i, 1882, that establishment would be fully at
work, its capacity being about 150,000 tons of steel
rails annually. The. following table shows the business
of the year 1881:
47<S
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Description of manufacture
<— .c •
^g
l|l
Capital.
•of
o"E.
z e
Value of pro
duct.
Rolling mills and fur
4
$5,500.°°°
4.;i>"
$16,000,000
33
750,000
1,400
2,500,000
Machinery, malleable
65
I,2ex>.ixx>
I.fXX)
3,5OO,OOO
19
550, <xx>
75"
I.gOO.OOO
4
62^,<«x)
55°
1, 700, cxx>
Stove mamifacturcrs —
Steam heating and lit-
4
7
650,000
IOO,IHM>
500
250
1,600,000
800,000
15
I25,OOO
280
6OO, OCX)
IVinting presses, etc. __
Furnaces and ranges —
5
9
5
65, <xx)
IOO.IXX)
3OO,OOO
70
S?
275
250,000
200,000
1,500,000
14
75,000
140
225, cxx)
File manufacturers
2
7,000
6^. (xx>
21
175
40,000
300, ooo
Cutlery -
150,000
200
200,000
2
225,000
2IO
900,000
140,000
I7i
550,000
2
25,000
•>6
78,000
Scale manufacturers —
3
100,000
'SO
500,000
Totals
2O2
$10,752,000
1 1, 359
$33,343,000
The year 1882 was a reasonably prosperous one in
the trade of pig iron. The tonnage handled reached
750,000, an increase of about twenty-five per cent, over
the volume of business transacted during 1881. Prices
somewhat depreciated and profits were not so large as
those of the preceding year. Imports were less, most
of the iron consumed being American. The trade in
manufactured iron was more or less hampered by a
strike, which, commencing in June, continued until Sep-
tember, and whose effects were more marked upon
the manufacturers of sheet-iron and nails than upon any
other department. Despite this drawback, however,
the trade in manufactured iron and steel was prosper-
ous, and the number of establishments increased, as did
also their capacity. The result of the year's operations
may be best learned from inspection of the following
table :
Description of manufacture.
No. of
establish-
ments.
Capital.
•oi
0
If
Value of pro-
duct.
Rolling mills and fur-
J
$6 850 ooo
7,500
$19 850,000
Koundries
44
800,000
1, 600
3,OOO,OOO
Machinery, malleable
68
i 320 ooo
2,000
3,700,000
Hoiler shops, etc
20
4
475,000
685,000
730
516
1,700,000
1,650,000
Stove manufacturers —
Steam-beating and fit-
4
10
450,000
300,000
800
275
I.IOO.OOO
1,250,000
(jalvanized iron, tin anc
slate roofing
15
150,000
300
600,000
Printing presses, etc —
Furnaces and ranges- _ -
Barbed wire ....
i
9
8
• 20,000
100,000
600,000
75
IOO
600
50,000
265,000
2,785,000
14
80,000
140
225,000
Kile manufacturers
liolts and screws .
3
2
7,000
105,000
75,000
21
205
140
40,000
386,000
175,000
Iron pipe and fittings.,
florsrshoe nails..
2
2
385,000
170,000
250
1 80
1,250,000
550,000
2
34,000
38
94,000
Scale manufacturers —
4
I(X),(MK)
159
300,000
Totals
217
$12,706,000
15,629
§538 970 <xx)
Great depression characterized the pig iron trade
during 1883. The causes were threefold, — over-pro-
duction at home, excessive importations from abroad,
and a decline in railroad building. During the latter
half of the year there was a great curtailment of produc-
tion, as is shown by the fact that of the four hundred and
seventeen furnaces in blast on January i, 1883, only
three hundred and twenty-five were in operation at the
close of the year. The imports for 1882 had been 589,655
tons, and this amount was not greatly reduced in 1883, —
importation being stimulated by the extremely low ocean
freights. The year was, however, more disastrous to
producers than to dealers. The fall in prices was so
gradual that the latter were, as a rule, able to avoid loss.
The sales of pig iron in Chicago during 1883 did not
greatly exceed 500,000 tons, a marked falling off from
those of 1882. It is an interesting fact, that while
much less Lake Superior ore was received here, the
receipts of Southern iron increased fifty per cent.
In manufactured iron, the trade during 1883 was
more genenlly satisfactory than that of the previous
year, when the long strike of the iron workers seriously
hampered business. The demand, however, fell below
manufacturers' expectations, and long stocks and lower
prices were the result. The shrinkage in value was
more marked in the case of iron than of steel, the
former selling, at the close of the year, for but little
more than the latter. The characteristics of the year's
business may be said to have been an increase in ton-
nage, unaccompanied by an augmentation of profits.
The rolling-mills, of which there were five (counting the
Nortli Chicago Mills and the works at South Chicago
as one) suffered. In February, the Union Iron & Steel
Works shut down altogether, and went into liquidation.
The North Chicago Mills shut down temporarily about
November i, with the intention of resuming operations
early in 1884. The Chicago Steel Works did an aver-
age business, but at lower prices. The following table
shows approximately, the amount of iron and steel
manufactures of the city during 1883 :
Description of manufacture.
i
Vw-C .
o.S2 £
ci£
ft tn C
V
Capital.
*0~>,
4
Value of pro-
duct.
Rolling mills and fur-
5
$7,445,000
3,575
$8,460,000
Foundries
45
3,621,000
•',388
9,848,000
Machinery, malleable
6q
2,735,000
2,623
6,855,000
Hoi ler-shops etc
17
566,000
73°
1,615,000
6
1,525,000
1,650
3,505,000
Stove manufacturers
Steam-heating and fit-
12
8
1,285,500
410 ooo
1,140
37°
2,6oo,000
1,130,000
Ou. "^ iron, tin and
14
369,000
466
1,573,000
Printing presses, etc...
Furnaces and ranges —
Barbed wire
3
ii
7
90,000
131,000
910,000
85
152
602
275,000
330,000
3,165,000
Wire works
18
444,000
291
6l6,OOO
File manufacturers
Holts and screws
3
3
34,000
130,000
63
215
85,000
375,000
2
97,000
182
189,000
Iron pipe and fittings. _
I lor-ieshoe nails
4
2
315,000
300,000
187
1 80
665,000
650,000
3
45,000
93
295,000
Scale manufacturers
i
7
100,000
221,000
125
1/8
500,000
505,000
2
120,000
3°
42,000
Safes and iron doors
Railroad frogs, cross-
ings, etc_._.
3
4
bs.ooo
335,000
45
172
20,000
795,000
Totals
240
$21,293,500
17,542
$44,293,000
THE IRON TRADE.
477
During 1884, the prices of pig iron declined from
$i to $2 per ton in every variety, and sales fell off
nearly twenty-five per cent. Disastrous as this decline
was, however, it did not keep pace with the shrinkage
in the value of steel rails, which, in two years, dropped
$29.50 a ton. Only as far back as 1880, steel rails were
sold at $85 a ton, while at the close of 1884 the same
goods were quoted at about $28 a ton. Notwithstand-
ing this depression, the rolling mills did not greatly
suffer. The North Chicago Mills, after running about
six months, shut down on October i ; and the works at
South Chicago closed for sixty days on November 22,
after having been in operation for nearly eleven months.
The volume of business done by the rolling mills in
general has been estimated by competent authority to
have exceeded that for 1883. A depreciation of prices
caused the collapse of some of the smaller iron foun-
dries, although the larger establishments were enabled
to counterbalance losses in one direction by gains in an-
other. Among boiler manufacturers trade was almost
stagnant, and among machinery manufacturers gener-
ally the year's business hardly justified the character-
ization of prosperous. To multiply illustrations of
depression is unnecessary; it is enough to say that the
year's business fell far below that of 1883. The reader
may best learn the details from a comparison of the
following table, which relates to 1884^ with that which
has reference to 1883:
Description of manufacture.
No. of
establish-
in t-n is.
Capital.
•si
*f
<u
Value of
product.
Rolling mills.... __
5
41
56
16
4
II
8
28
10
2
18
36
$9,350,000
2,867,000
1,956,000
400,000
750,000
1,133,500
200,000
35O,OOO
75,000
400,000
210,000
1,556,700
6,945
3,866
2.450
540
780
1,028
380
440
130
300
240
1,422
$8,568,000
8,196,000
5,784,260
I.2OO.OOO
2,155,000
2,l8o,OOO
I,2OO,OOO
1,250,000
240,000
1,560,000
400,000
3,713.500
Foundries
Machinery, malleable iron,
etc.
Boiler shops
Car-wheel works
Stove manufacturers
Steam heating and fitting
Galvanized iron .
Furnaces and ranges
Barbed wire
Wire works . ..
Miscellaneous
Totals
235
$19,248,200
18,521
$36,446,760
The first three-fourths of 1885 constituted a critical
era for American dealers in iron. The demoralizing
depression of 1884 repeated itself. The prices of farm
products were low; manufacturing proved unprofitable;
traffic generally declined; and the construction of new
railroad lines was practically at a standstill. The manu-
facture of pig iron, however, continued to an extent far
exceeding the demand. As a natural sequence, prices
fell faster than the cost of production could be reduced,
and the manufacturer was confronted with two alterna-
tives— failure, or "shutting down" until business could
be conducted at remunerative rates. The total produc-
tion of pig iron for 1885, throughout the country, was
about the same as for 1884, though the tonnage of the
Northwest was materially reduced. In steel rails, there
was an equal depression. A glutted market, consequent
upon over-production, kept prices so low that on Au-
gust 25, 1885, a meeting of manufacturers was held at
which it was agreed materially to reduce production.
The rolling mills of the city did not feel warranted in
running to their full capacity during the year, and at
the North Chicago Mills a strike in the rail mill oc-
curred in June, and a large number of hands were con-
sequently thrown out of employment during the remain-
der of the year. The total rolling-mill product of the
city was about the same, in tonnage, as that of 1884,
though the value was somewhat less. The general
course of business among iron and steel manufacturers
in Chicago, during 1885, may be best learned from the
following table :
Description of manufacture.
d"2 g
*!s
Capital.
*3*
<1
Value of
product.
Rolling-mills
$9 450 OOO
6 Q^O
$7 763 ooo
40
2 825 OOO
3 S^o
Machinery, malleable iron,
etc.
S6
2 OOO OOO
2 6OO
6 35o~ ooo
20
580
4
I OOO OOO
I 22O
T. J.8O OOO
Stoves
1 1
1,333,500
1,040
2,400 ooo
Steam-heating and fitting.
Galvanized-iron, tin and
slate roofing
8
^o
200,000
7 CQ OOO
500
420
1,600,000
i 150 ooo
Furnaces and ranges.
Barbed wire
10
6
150,000
300 ooo
130
2^0
250,000
I QOO OOO
Wire-works
18
210,000
240
350,000
Miscellaneous
38
i 800 ooo
I ICO
3 800 ooo
Totals
2J.6
$°I 918 500
i g 1 80
Following are presented sketches of various houses
and of individuals, representatives of the different inte-
gral industries composing the vast iron interests.
PIG IRON.
PICKANDS, BROWN & Co. — Among the largest and most exten-
sive dealers in pig iron in this city is this firm, which is located at
No. 95 Dearborn Street. This house was established in January,
1884, succeeding the old and well-known firm of A. B. Meeker &
Co. , of which Mr. Brown was an active member for many years.
They are sole agents for the National Furnace Company, with fur-
naces at Depere and Green Bay, Wis., charcoal pig iron ; I. eland
Iron Company, charcoal pig iron, Leland, Mich.; Spring Lake Iron
Company, charcoal pig iron, furnaces at Fruitport, Mich.; Appleton
Furnace Company, charcoal pig iron ; Franklin Company's anthra-
cite pig iron; " Union Bessemer " coke pig iron from Lake Superior
ores ; Irving charcoal pig iron; and are also dealers in Crane, Hock-
ing Valley, Salisbury and Hanging Rock anthracite, charcoal and
coke pig iron. The firm is composed of H. S. Pickands, \V. L.
Brown and Pickands, Martin & Co., of Cleveland, O., all well and
favorably known throughout the \\'est and Northwest as energetic
and enterprising business men.
W. L. Knnun was born in 1842, in Michigan, and is the son of
Hiram Brown, who with his family came West in 1833, locating at
St. Joseph, Mich., where he resided until 1848. In that year he
came to Chicago, remaining here until 1857, when he returned to
Michigan, where he continued to reside until his death, which
occurred in 1883. The son remained in Chicago, being reared and
educated here until the breaking out of the Civil War. In 1862, not-
withstanding he had not yet attained his majority, he enlisted in the
Chicago Mercantile Battery, in which organization he served during
the remainder of the War, being honorably discharged at its close
in July, 1865. He at once entered the service of the old iron and coal
house of A. B. Meeker. He was admitted to a partnership in 1870,
and so remained until 1884, when that firm was discontinued and
was succeeded by the present one of Pickands, Brown & Co. Mr.
Brown is to-day without doubt the oldest pig-iron merchant, still in
the business in Chicago. The old house of A. B. Meeker & C'o. was
established in 1857. So far as is known, the first house in the city
to handle pig-iron was that of Norton & Co., as early as 1845, but
that firm has long been out of existence. From the date of Mr.
Brown's connection with the trade, he has seen its greatest growth
and development, and in all his business life he has been found
among those who have been the leaders in its progress. Although
a young man, comparatively speaking, he is yet an old settler of
Chicago, having lived here since 1848 ; and it is a matter only of
478
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
justice to add, that he has ever lieen counted among tin- truest and
liest of citi/cns. ill always advocating anil working for the social and
moral advancement of the city as well .is for its commercial pros-
perity. Mr. Brown married in 1*71, Catharine Seymour Bigelow,
daughter of the late l>r. Stephen Seymour, of Chicago.
RAIL MILLS.
THK SPRINGFIELD IKON COMPANY was organized under the
orate Uwsol the Slate of Illinois in July, 1871. Its leading pro-
's and first officers were Charles Kidgely. ]>resident; I. \V.
l.unn, vice-president; and George M. Brinkerhoff, secretary and
treasurer. Its lirst board of directors, in addition to the gentlemen
!v named, were John Williams, Jacob lUinii, W. I >. Richard-
son and ( ). II. Miner. The capital stock at the time of organiza-
tion, was $3OO,OOO, and the plant at Springfield was built for the
purpose ol making iron rails. The mills were put into operation
in 1*71. and it is now of interest to note that the lirst iron rails
sold, brought what would now be considered the remarkable price
jo a Ion. Three years later an addition was made to the mills
by putting in a complete set of machinery for the manufacture of
bar iron, and at the same time the capital stock of the company was
increased 10^400.1x10. which it still remains. In iSSl, feeling the
growing demand for bar steel, both in rails, boiler plates, and for
shaped steel for agricultural implements, the mill further increased
its capacity by adding the manufacture of these specialties to its
products. The company now employs about twelve hundred men,
and turns out an annual product of an enormous value. In iSSl,
the company felt the need of representation in Chicago, and estab-
lished an agency here under the charge of \V. K. Mack, who
retired in 1882, being succeeded by C. I. \Vickersham. This gen-
tleman held his position until 1884, when I!. L. Keen, the present
resident manager, assumed charge of the company's interests here.
A commentary upon the production and wisdom characterizing the
management of the affairs of this company is afforded by the fact
that it has come unscathed through the panics of 1873 and 1884,
and, under all the depressions attendant upon the iron industries of
this country, has, from the lirst to last, paid one hundred cents on
every dollar of its obligations.
B. L. KEEN was born at Philadelphia, Penn., on June 3, 1853.
He received a liberal education, and, in 1878, entered the employ of
the Frankfort Steel Works, at Philadelphia, where he remained long
enough to familiarize himself with the details of manufacturing
steel. In the fall of 1882, he came to Chicago, intending to estab-
lish a branch house for the Philadelphia firm, but not fully com-
pleting his arrangements, the design was abandoned. He then
engaged with the Springfield Iron Company, remaining one year at
their mills at Springfield, and, in 1884, came to Chicago where he
has since resided. Mere he looks after the interests of that corpo-
ration, giving his attention not only to the trade in this city, but
also to that of the entire Northwest. Mr. Keen is a young man,
but with his natural ability, and his practical knowledge of the
business, there can be but little doubt that he is standing on the
threshold of what will prove a prosperous and useful career.
JOSEPH THATCHER TORREXCE, son of James and Rebecca
Torrence, of Mercer County, Penn., was born on March 15, 1843.
When nine years of age, he left home and went to Sharpsburg,
Penn., where he obtained employment with John P. Agnew, owner of
several blast furnaces, and remained with him until twelve years of
age. Leaving there he went to the Brier Hill Furnaces, Mahoning
County, Ohio, where he obtained employment. His first work was
that of driving a horse and cart. A few weeks of this duty dissat-
isfied him, and he gave up his horse and cart to enter the blacksmith
shop at the same works, where he continued three years, during
which time he was made assistant foreman for Mr. Richards, man-
ager of blast furnaces. I Ie was connected with this line of business
in the region thereabouts until the War, and at the age of eighteen en-
listed in Co. " A," 105th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and was appointed
a non-commissioned officer. He followed his regiment until the bat-
tle of Perryville was fought, where he was wounded four times. He
was honorably discharged on account of physical disability and was
given a life pension. Returning to New Castle, Penn., he was em-
ployed by Mr. Richards at the blast furnaces and rolling-mills of
Reis, I'.rown ,V lierger, in their rolling-mills, machine shops, etc.
Shortly after his return, however, he joined the Volunteer Forces
which were detailed for the pursuit of the Confederate raider, Gen-
eral Morgan, at the time of his excursion north of the Ohio' river,
and his command took an active part in the plans for the capture
of the daring cavalryman. He remained at Newcastle about six
years and had charge of several furnaces there, and afterward
was in care of the products of the furnaces and their sale. During
the succeeding seven years he was in the same line of business. He
travelled through the South, devoting his time as an expert in the
construction and repair of blast furnaces and rolling-mills until 1868,
when he came to this city and took charge of the furnaces of the
Chicago Iron Company, at Bridgeport, continuing with them four
years. After one year of taking care of those works, he became con-
nected with the Joliet Iron & Steel Company, spending a portion of
his time at that point. He superintended the construction of other
furnaces at Depere, Wis., also at Menominee, and subsequently
built two large improved furnaces for the Joliet Iron tV Steel Com-
pany, and remained in charge, as its manager, till in 1874, when,
at the instance of Thomas Hoyne, \V. J. Onahan and W. F. Gool-
baugh, he was elected colonel, commanding the 2d Regiment, Illi-
nois National Guard, was commissioned by Governor Heveridge,
and remained in office until 1*7(1, when he was commissioned Brig-
adier-General by Governor Cullom a few days before the great
riots. It w;is through his energetic efforts and determined resist-
ance of the mobs that no greater loss occurred of life and property,
lie resigned his commission in iSSl. After serving some time as
consulting engineer for the Green Bay and Bangor Furnaces, he
associated himself as part owner with Messrs. Hale & Ayer, Chi-
cago, and Joseph II. Brown, Voungstown, Ohio, and organized
the Joseph II. Brown Iron iV Steel Works, and built the plant on
the Calumet River, which was afterward leased by Mr. Brown and
sons and Joseph T. Torrence, who operated them. Later they
sold out their works to the Calumet Iron and Steel Company. He
remained with that firm two years as consulting engineer, during
which time their nail factory burned, and was re-built under his su-
perintendence. During his association with Mr. Brown he was
connected with the construction of the South Chicago & Western
Indiana Railroad and served as president of that corporation. In
1884, lie became interested in the Evansville (Ind.) rolling-mills,
and purchased one-half interest in the plant. General Torrence is
a man of commanding presence and possesses every quality which
is found in a typical man. His splendid physique has been well
preserved through careful abstinence from intoxicants, tobacco, and
other vices, and his success as a business man is due to clear judg-
ment and untiring energy. He was married on September n,
1872, to Miss Libbie M. Norton, daughter of the late fudge Jesse
O. Norton, of this city. They have one daughter, Jessie Norton.
JONES & LAUGHLINS. — The house of Jones & Laughlins, Lim-
ited, proprietors of the American Iron and Steel Works, was estab-
lished in Pittsburgh, Penn., in 1852, by B. F. Jones, James
Laug'nlin and Benjamin Lauth. The branch in Chicago was estab-
lished, in 1857, at the corner of F'ranklin and South Water streets,
at which place the business was conducted until 1860, when it was
moved to River and South Water streets, and remained there until
burned out in the great fire of 1871 ; after that event the business
was moved to the corner of Jackson and Canal streets. In 1881,
the firm erected and moved into a new building on the corner of
Canal and West Lake streets, which is among the handsome and
substantial business blocks of the city. The management of the
Chicago house was in charge of John Kirk from 1857 to 1861, in
which latter year Thomas M. Jones, a member of the firm, assumed
charge of the business, which he conducted until 1879, when he moved
to Pittsburgh, where he has since been manager of the mills of the
concern. Since 1879, Mr. Larimer has been in charge of the Chi-
cago house.
Josr.i'ii M. LARIMER was born at Pittsburgh, Penn., on Sep-
tember 6, 1851, and is the son of General William Larimer, a
prominent citizen of Pittsburgh, and of Rachel Me Masters, a
descendant of one of the oldest families in Pennsylvania. In 1856,
the parents removed to the West, locating first in Nebraska but
finally settling on a farm near Leavenworth, Kas. There, their
son Joseph was reared, receiving such educational advantages as
were afforded by the common schools, until he was eighteen years
of age. In 1869, he came to Chicago and entered the employ of
Jones & Laughlins, beginning as an office boy, working the first
three months for nominally nothing, and being steadily advanced
until, in 1879, he was made manager, a position he has since filled.
Mr. Larimer married, in 1876, Miss Fannie L. Sherman, daughter
of Alson S. Sherman, an old and well-known settler of Chicago,
and a brief sketch of whose life appears in the first volume of this
work. Mr. and Mrs. Larimer have one daughter,— Helen.
CHICAGO STKEI. WORKS. — Ranking among the foremost of
Chicago's industrial institutions at the present time are these works,
which were established here in 1873, by C. P. Buckingham, John
Buckingham, F.benezer Buckingham and Malcolm McDowell.
These four gentlemen were the incorporators of the company, and
on its organization the first officers chosen were — C. P. Bucking-
ham, president; Malcolm McDowell, superintendent; and Ebenezer
Buckingham, treasurer. Prior to the incorporation of the Chicago
Steel Works, Malcolm McDowell and George H. Rbzet had, in a
small way, been carrying on the business of manufacturing car
springs ; their shop located on the present site of the Chicago Steel
Works, at Nos. 770-806 Noble Street. Mr. Rozet having retired
from the firm, Mr. McDowell sold his plant to the gentlemen men-
tioned, who at once organized and incorporated the works under
THE IRON TRADE.
479
the corporate title already given. They have also from time to
time increased the size and facilities of their works, until now they
embrace a foundry, machine shops and blacksmith shops, also a
rolling department. The articles manufactured by this company
consist principally of various attachments for agricultural imple-
ments, their leading specialty being cast steel plow-beams and cast
steel attachments for cultivators ; also harrow teeth, which they
make in great quantities. The present officers of the company are
C. P. Buckingham, president ; Ebenezer Buckingham, vice-presi-
dent ; Edward 11. Buckingham, superintendent and treasurer; and
lohn H. Buckingham, secretary. The two last mentioned gentlemen
are sons of the president.
CATHARINUS P. BUCKINGHAM was born, in 1808, at a small
village called Springfield (now Zanesville), in Muskingum County,
Ohio. His father, Ebenezer Buckingham, was a merchant by occu-
pation, and was an early settler in the county where Catharinu>* was
born; his mother was Catherine Putnam, a daughter of General
Rufus I'utnam. Catharinus passed his boyhood in his native town,
until he arrived at the age of fourteen, when he was sent to the ( >hio
University, then located at Athens. He remained at this institution
until he reached his sophomore year, when he left it to enter the
military school at West Point, from which he graduated in 1829.
The class of that year was an exceptionally fine one, and in the in-
tellectual calibre of most of its members, West Point has never
turned out a liner body of graduates. General Robert E. Lee was
a member of this class, and, as cadets, the warmest friendship existed
between himself and young Buckingham; though when the War of
the Rebellion broke out, they were arranged on opposite sides in
that fratricidal conflict. Immediately after graduating, General
Buckingham entered the Army as a member of the Topographical
Corps, doing surveying work in Kentucky. He was thus employed
for one year, when he was detailed to West Point as assistant professor
of natural philosophy. A year later, he resigned from this position
to accept a professorship in Kenyon College at Gambier, Knox Co.,
Ohio, where for three years he filled the chair of natural philosophy.
He then turned his attention to mercantile pursuits, locating at Mt.
Vernon, Ohio, and where also, a few years later, he engaged quite
extensively in the manufacture of machinery. In 1861, when hos-
tilities began between the North and South, he was appointed adju-
tant-general of Ohio, and a year later was made a brigadier-general
of Volunteers, and assigned to duty at the war department in Wash-
ington. In 1863, he resigned his position in the Army, and went to
New York, where he engaged in the elevator business until, in 1868,
he came to Chicago and engaged in the same line until 1873, when
he established the business the history of which has already been
given. It should have been earlier noted in this sketch, that General
Buckingham, in 1856, came to Chicago, and, with Solomon Sturges,
built the Illinois Central elevators; Mr. Sturges operating these,
while the General gave his personal attention to his machinery busi-
ness in Ohio. General Buckingham has been thrice married; first,
in 1830, to Mary Gird, of Litchfield, N. Y., who. deceased four
years later, leaving two children. He married again, in 1835, Mary
P. Turner, of Ohio, who died in 1844, also leaving two children. In
1845, he married his present wife, Marion A. Hawkes, of South
Iladley, Mass., by whom he has had eight children, six sons and
two daughters. Of these there are now living four sons and two
daughters, — Edward H. is the superintendent of the mills, John
II. is the secretary of the company, Roswell II . is master of the
rolls in the rolling-mill department, and William is a practicing at-
torney of this city.
EBENEZER BUCKINGHAM, brother of C. P. Buckingham and
vice-president of the Chicago Steel Works, was born at Zanesville,
Ohio, in 1829. After graduating from Yale College, in 1845, he be-
came a member of a large banking and commission firm of New
York City. This firm had several western and southern branches, and
Mr. Buckingham took the immediate charge of the one at Zanes-
ville, his native town. He married Miss Lucy Sturges, daughter of
Solomon Sturges, of this city, and a few years later removed to
Chicago, where he has since resided.
FOUNDRIES.
CHARLES B. BROWN, president of the Brown & Van Arsdale
Manufacturing Company, was born at Vandalia, 111., in 1830. His
father, William II. Brown, was an early and prominent settler of
Chicago, being one of the projectors of the old Galena & Chicago
Union Railway, and also identified as a banker and enterprising
capitalist ; mention of his life and service, has already been made in
the; lirst volume of this work. His mother, Harriet (Seward) Brown,
a most estimable lady, belonged to a family that gave to this country
a statesman whose name will long be remembered. In 1852, and
soon after reaching his majority, Mr. Brown began his business
career as a member of the firm of Lake & Brown, hardware and iron
dealers at No. 103 Lake Street. In 1858, he bought the interest of
Mr. Lake, and admitted to partnership E. L. Canfield, the firm being
known thereafter as C. B. Brown & Co. In 1859, Mr. Brown became
interested in a small foundry, in company with Oscar G. Lange,
which was the nucleus of the present company's extensive business.
These works were at the northwest corner of Michigan and Kings-
bury streets. Ini86i, Mr. Brown bought the interest of Mr. Lange,
and the foundry was then operated byC. B. Brown & Co. In 1862,
the manufacture of seamless thimble-skeins was added to their busi-
ness. In 1869, Mr. Canfield retired and Theodore F. Brown was
admitted to partnership, and is still a stockholder in the company.
In 1871, the present company was organized, and was incorporated
the same year as the Brown & Van Arsdale Manufacturing Company,
with a capital stock of $80,000. Charles B. Brown was chosen
president and treasurer of the company and Mr. Van Arsdale vice-
president and superintendent. Mr. Van Arsdale retired from the
company in 1877, and J. G. IIolt,;who had been foreman for some
years, became superintendent. In 1878, William H. Brown became
a stockholder in the company and was made its secretary, which
position he still holds. This company manufactures a great number
of specialties, nearly all of which come under the head of wagon
supplies. Their premises occupy nearly an acre of ground. The
two-story building on the corner 'of Illinois and Kingsbury streets
escaped destruction by the fire of f87i, and, with the exception of
the Ogden mansion, was the only building on the North Side not
destroyed. The loss to this company by the fire was about $100,000,
only about $8,000 of their insurance being recovered. The morn-
ing following the fire, removal of the debris of the burning building
was begun, and, as soon as practicable, the works were re-built and
again in running order. The number of men employed by this
company averages about two hundred and fifty, and the total annual
product of their works amounts to about $350,000. In the great
fire Mr. Brown also lost $250,000 worth of private property. Mr.
Brown has, perhaps built as many buildings in Chicago as any other
man in it, not including of course a professional builder or contractor.
His motto was, when he bought a lot to build on it. At the time
of the fire, he owned thirty-one buildings, most of which were busi-
ness blocks erected by himself, and all of which were destroyed.
Mr. Brown married, in 1852, Miss Mary J. Peck, daughter of James
Peck, of this city. Their eldest son, William II., is now the secre-
tary of the company of which his father is the president; Bessie, the
elder daughter, is the wife of Charles V. Hoard, of this city; Gracie,
the youngest child, resides with her parents.
THE GLOBE FOUNDRY was established in this city in 1865,
by Robert M. Eddy and James Gardner; the location then being at
the southeast corner of Illinois and Franklin streets. In 1869, Mr.
Eddy purchased his partner's interest jn the business, which he
continued alone from that date until his death, which occurred on
February 21, 1884. In 1871, the Globe Foundry was destroyed in
the fire, entailing a loss on its proprietor of over $15,000. He at
once began re-building, and, by December of the same year, was
again doing business at the old location. In October, 1883, he
moved to the present site, at Nos. 43-55 Indiana Street, where he
occupies a commodious foundry, 75 x 100 feet, and a four story
machine shop, 60x40 feet. About forty men are employed, and
from live to ten tons of iron are melted daily, while the yearly busi-
ness amounts to $75,000. On the death of the founder of these
works, which has already been mentioned, his two sons, George D.
and Albert M., succeeded to the business, and are its present pro-
prietors.
ROMKRT M. EDDY was a native of Canada, born near Coburg
on August 16, 1822, the son of Alfred and Charlotte (Day) Eddy.
In 1840, and when only eighteen years of age, he went to Buffalo,
N. Y. , and spent five years making himself a practical iron worker.
In 1845, he started a foundry on his own account and a few years
later formed a partnership with R. M. Bingham, a business con-
nection which lasted until 1865. In that year he came to this city
and established the foundry, the history of which has already been
given. During his residence in Buffalo, Mr. Eddy was prominently
identified with the volunteer fire department of that city; was cap-
tain for a long time of Company No. 8, and finally promoted to the
position of first assistant chief engineer of the entire department.
He married, in 1845, Miss Sarah M. Quackenbush, daughter of
Hiram Quackenbush and Rosetta (Baker) Quackenbush, of Troy,
N. Y. They had seven children, of whom two sons and two daugh-
ters are still living; the latter, Ellen A., is now the wife of Dr. E.
Wight, of this city; and Hattie M. is married to C. B. Bradley,
also of Chicago. The sons, George D. and Albert M., who have
already been mentioned, were largely reared and educated in Chi-
cago, and are to-day building up and developing the business, to
which they succeeded at their father's death and which during his
lifetime they materially aided in establishing.
GEORGE D. EDDY was born at Buffalo, N. Y., on August 18,
1849, and there spent his schoolboy days. In 1865, he entered his
father's shops and learned the business with which he has since
been identified, ultimately succeeding his father, as has been related.
On November 26, 1884, he married Miss Mary A. Riley, of Gene-
va Lake, Wis. He had previously been married, in 1871, to Miss
48o
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Adalinv Charhonneau, a native of this city; she demised on Decem-
IHT 23, iSSi, leaving one son, — George \
ALBERT M. KHHY was born at llutf.clo, N. Y., on July 4,
[, and there received his schooling, entered his father's shops
. 'Ci-ame connected with the business. lie Mice-ceded thereto,
as has lieen cited, on his father's death. On January 2, 1873, he
married Miss Sarah A. Kmery, of Rochester, N. Y.; they have two
children, — Blanche K. and Charles M.
COLUMBIAN li;»\ WMRKS. — Twenty-five years ago, Carlton
|). Mimes came from the State i>f Maine to this city, and i-i.d i-
li-iied the old Columbian Iron Works on the corner of C'linton and
Van linrcn streets. lie stayeil there two years, and then built a
new shop cm Clinton, near Madison Street, the linn being Klines \
Son ; this was conducted by Mr. Klines, until his death, in 1877,
when liis son, Charles K. Klines, succeeded to the business and has
lem. lined the proprietor ever since. In 1880, he sold the old shop
on Clinton Street, and immediately purchased ground and erected a
new and commodious building, supplied with the best and most
improved machinery. In this building he manufactures all kinds
, shafting, hydraulic presses, pumps, boilers, trimmings,
c-lc.. also coal-mining machinery. His works have a capacity for
employing seventy-live- men, which is an increase by tenfold of the
business established by his father in 1860. He has, in bus) sea-
sons employed over one hundred ami twenty men, and now has a
prosperous and increasing trade, his shops ranking among the very
best in the city in the quality and class of work turned out.
Cvni.roN I). KI.MKS was born at Ilallowell. Me., in 1820. At
1\ age he learned the trade of a machinist, which occupation
allowed in 11. ith, Me., until 1860, when he came to this city,
where he died in 1877. He married, in 1842, Miss Mary Freeman,
of Ilallowell. Me.
CIIAKI.KS K. KI.MKS, the only son of Carlton I), and Mary
nan) Klines, was born on I >ecember I, 1844, at I lallowell, Me.
He received a good Knglish education in the common schools of
that place until his seventeenth year, when he came with his par-
ents to this city. Here he entered his father's shop and learned his
trade, remaining with him until his death, when he succeeded to
the business. Mr. l-'.lmes married, in 1869, Miss Clara M. Clark,
daughter of Captain \V. L. Clark, of Davenport, Iowa, and who is
one of tlie oldest citizens now living in the county where he resides.
Mr. and Mrs. Klines have three children, — Carlton L., Charles
Warren and Bessie.
THOMAS ArorsnN GKIFKIN, manager and treasurer of the
Gritlin \ Wells Foundry Company, is a son of Thomas K. and
Anna Griffin, and was barn at Rochester, N. Y., on August 28,
1850. After passing through the grammar and intermediate de-
partments of the public schools at home, he took a thorough course
in the high school. At the age of sixteen he entered the employ of
liurke, Fitzsimmons, Hone cV Co., dry goods merchants, as book-
keeper, remaining there three months, after which he began to
learn the manufacture of car-wheels (in the establishment form-
erly conducted by the William Kidd Car-Wheel Co.), under the
guidance of his father, who was then superintendent of the works,
and obtained not only a practical, but an expert, knowledge of each
department. In 1872, in connection with his father and brother,
lie was with the Detroit Car-Wheel Company, at Detroit, taking
the contract to manufacture all of their wheels, etc. Separating
from that establishment, by mutual consent, in 1877, they estab-
lished the Griliin Car-Wheel Company, at Detroit, of which con-
cern he is now vice-president. He withdrew from active duty in
that establishment in iSSo, and came to this city and organized the
C.riliin & Wells Foundry Company, of which he is the manager
and treasurer. In 1883, he organized the Ajax Forge Company,
which is now doing a business of $300,000 a year, from an original
investmeutof ^25,000. This concern employs over two hundred
men in the manufacture of railroad supplies, etc. Mr. Griffin is a
line specimen of the Western self-made man, and his success has
i he result of his own energy, enterprise and sagacity. He is
largely interested in the Thomas T. Griffin & Sons' house, of Buf-
V Y., and in the St. Thomas Car-Wheel Company, of St.
I homas, Canada, and takes an active part in their operations.
Tin- yearly business in which he participates will aggregate over
1,000.
THB CHICAGO I-'CUM.KY was established here in the winter of
is; i, as the private enterprise of Fdwin Dyer, James Gurney, of
Host, ,n, au,l Kdwin I.. Lamb, under the firm name of Dyer, La'mb
I he works then, as now, were located at the'co'rner of
Stein and Kcdlield streets, in immediate proximity to the North
Chicago Rolling-Mills, for which institution this foundry company
mi the first done a great deal of work in the manufacture of
Castings. In December, 1877, an incorporated company was
I, under the name of tin-Chicago Foundry Company, the first
Uiich were — Kdwin I Iyer, president ; Kdwin'l.. Lamb.
ut and manager; ;.nd William W. l-'linn, treasurer. Iii
1880, Mr. Lamb retired from the company, being succeeded in the
office of general manager by H. A. Keith, who still holds that posi-
tion, liesides this gentlemen, the present officers of the company-
are — K. Dyer, president ; T. S. Kirkwood, vice-president ; W. W.
Flinn, treasurer, and A. J. Kirkwood, secretary. The works of
the Chicago Foundry Company are among the largest of their kind
in this city, occupying a frontage of three hundred and fifty feet
by three hundred i'eet in depth, and have a capacity for melting
sixty tons a day. A specialty is made of heavy castings, mainly
for rolling-mill machinery, and for this purpose this foundry has
cast a single piece of the enormous weight of twenty tons. For
handling their work, which is nearly all of the heaviest castings
made, the works are provided with steam cranes, travellers and
other necessary appliances. They have also what is known as an
air furnace, for making large rolls used by rolling-mills in the man-
ufacture of steel rails.
II. A. KEITH, general manager of the Chicago Foundry Com-
pany's works, is a native of Greenfield, Mass., and was born in
May, 1845, the son of William and Almira (Thompson) Keith.
11. A. received his early education in the common schools of his
native town until he was fourteen years of age, when he entered the
Highland Military Academy, at Worcester, Mass., graduating from
that institution in 1861. He then entered upon a mercantile career,
connecting himself with the firm of ('tis Norcross & Co,, a large
crockery house in Boston. In 1864, he enlisted as a volunteer in
the 5th .Massachusetts Infantry Volunteers, his regiment being im-
mediately ordered to the front ; but as the War was already prac-
tically over its members were not in any engagement, and a few
months later the regiment was mustered out of the service. Mr.
Keith returned to Boston and engaged again in the crockery busi-
ness until May, 1867, when he came to this city, which has since
been his home. In 1868, he entered the employ of the well-known
iron firm of Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, as their bookkeeper, lie
remained with this house for nearly ten years, and, in 1878, became
identified with the Chicago Foundry Company, of which he has
been the general manager since 1880.
KING & ANDREWS. — Inventions and processes whereby waste
material of any kind is utilized and transformed into some valuable
product, are regarded as genuine benefits to the world. Among
the most notable instances of this kind is the manufacture of cast-
ings from tin clippings, damaged and tangled wire, galvanized and
sheet iron scraps, and all material' containing iron. This business
was originated in the West by Messrs. King & Andrews, Nos.2l8-22
North Union Street, which is the only firm in the United States
wholly devoted to this line of foundry work. The product of their
furnaces is like no other metal, as it will neither drill, lathe, nor
take the action of any tool. It is preferable to all other material
for weights, as its specific gravity is about five per cent, heavier
than ordinary cast iron. The firm of King iv. Andrews is com-
prised of Rockwell King and John W. Andrews. Both of these
gentlemen were formerly connected with leading manufacturing
establishments of this city, and formed their copartnership in 1879.
Their peculiar branch of foundry work is unique and unlike that of
any other metal casting, and is one of the interesting novelties of
this decade. The production amounts to about three thousand
tons per annum of finished castings.
Jtofkuv/l A'iiig was born in Chicago on February 7, 1853. lie
attended the public and high schools, subsequently entering Har-
vard College, graduating with honors in the class of 1874. His
first business experience was with the hardware firm of Sickles &
1'reston, at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained two years. After-
ward, he was with the Adams & Westlake Manufacturing Company
until the fall of 1878, when he became a member of the firm of
Watson & King, corner of Union and Fulton streets, makers of
sash weights. In the following year, he formed a copartnership
with John W. Andrews, his present associate. This foundry is
the only one west of New York devoted exclusively to casting sash
weights from tin scraps, cans, and waste material of a similar
nature. The intense heat which is required for the melting of this
material unfits the product for any use save that of sash weights, as
it will not polish, cut, bore or shave, and is extremely hard and
brittle. Mr. King was married in January, 1881, to Miss Lucy
W. Andrews, of Chicago.
KI-RTX. BROTHERS & BUHRER. — The business operated by this
firm at Nos. 822-30 Hubbard Street, was first established here, in
1869, by Frederick W. Kurtz, at Nos. 24-26 North Jefferson
Street. Mr. Kurtz came to Chicago in that year from Milwaukee,
where he had been foreman of a foundry, and the shop he started
here was his first business venture on his own account. In the fol-
lowing year, his brother George came from Connecticut and joined
him in the enterprise, the style of the firm then being Kurtz Broth-
ers. In 1872, the business having increased to such an extent that
more commodious quarters were needed, a removal was made to
the present location, where they now have works, including a foun-
dry, with a capacity of melting ten tons daily, a well-equipped
machine shop, and also pattern shops for the manufacture of brass
THE IRON TRADE.
481
and melted patterns of all kinds. In 1873, John S. Buhrer became
a partner in the firm, since which time the name and style has been
as it now is, Kurtz Brothers & Buhrer. Some idea has already been
given of the growth which has attended the business of this firm,
but its real character may be better appreciated from the fact, that
during the first year Mr. Kurtz conducted the shop he employed but
six or eight men and did only a small jobbing business ; now the
works of the firm have been increased to many times their former
capacity, and furnish constant employment to seventy-five men.
The class of work done at this foundry consists of light-gray iron
castings of all kinds, besides the manufacture of many articles
known in the trade as shelf hardware. The patent cast-iron chairs
designed for use in the opera festival, held in 1885 in the Exposi-
tion Building, were made at this foundry.
Frederick W. Kurtz, the founder of the business, is a native of
Germany, born in the principality of Hessen, on May 16, 1841.
His father, Carl Kurtz, came with his family to America in 1852,
locating first at Bristol and afterward at Terry ville, Conn., where
Frederick was reared, receiving a fair English education in the com-
mon schools. In 1853, he began to learn the trade of a moulder in
the town already nu-mionrd, and, after serving an apprenticeship,
removed to Naugatuck, where he remained until the War. In 1862,
he enlisted in the i-jth Connecticut Infantry, and, with his regiment,
was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, their first engagement being
in the battle of Antietam, which was the last battle this Army fought
under the command of General McClellan. His regiment, however,
remained with that Army under its subsequent commanders, sharing
in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and
minor engagements incident to its career, until the close of the War.
After being mustered-out of the service in July, 1865, Mr. Kurtz
returned to his home in the East, but during the autumn of that year,
decided to try his fortunes in the West. Accordingly he located
first in Milwaukee, \Vis., where he remained until 1869, when he
came to this city and founded the business in which he is still en-
gaged. Mr. Kurtz married, in 1867, Miss Mary P. Taylor, daughter
of Charles Taylor, of Iron Ridge. Wis. They have had three chil-
dren, two of whom only are now living, — George E. and Gertie May.
George Kurtz was born in Hess*en, Germany, in 1839, ar>d came
to this country in 1852. He learned the trade of a moulder in the
town of Terry ville, Conn., and then entered the employment of the
Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine Company, where he staid until
the breaking out of the Rebellion, being, at that time about twenty-
two years old. In 1862, he enlisted in the service of his adopted
country, in the I4th Connecticut Volunteers, serving with his regi-
ment in the Army of the Potomac until the close of the War. He
was honorably discharged in July, 1865, and, returning home, shortly
afterward again entered the employ of the Wheeler & Wilson Sewing
Machine Company, as a moulder in their works at Bridgeport, Conn.
In the summer of 1871, he came West, and, locating in this city,
joined his brother in the business with which they have since been
identified. Mr. Kurtz married, in December, 1867, Miss Ellen E.
XVells, daughter of C. C. Wells, of Fairfield, Conn. They have one
son living, — Fred L.
John .S'. Buhrer was born at Cleveland, Ohio, on April 7, 1849.
His father was Hon. Stephen Buhrer, one of the early settlers of
Cleveland and also one of its honored citizens, who was chosen for
four years to fill the office of mayor of the city, the duties of which
position he discharged with signal ability. John S. Buhrer was
given his preparatory training in the common and graded schools of
his native town, and, in 1866, came to this city and attended the
Douglas University. In 1867, he went to Europe, completing his
studies in the Universities of Berlin and Heidelberg, where he re-
mained two years. Returning home, in 1869, he came to Chicago,
and two years later married Miss Caroline Downer, daughter of
Samuel A. Downer, an old citizen and the founder of the well-known
firm of Downer & Co. Mr. and Mrs. Buhrer have had three chil-
dren, two of whom are now living, — Stephen and John D. In 1873,
Mr. Buhrer formed his connection with the firm of which he is still
a member, and toward the success of which he has contributed, in
no small degree, by his close and untiring attention to the manage-
ment of its affairs.
THOMAS LOVE, deceased, late proprietor of the Centre Avenue
Foundry, was born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, in 1850. His father,
Thomas Love, was an iron worker, as was also his grandfather.
Thomas was given a fine education in the common branches, but at
the age of twelve became employed in the Old Munkland Iron
Works, where he served an apprenticeship of seven years, -learning
the trade of a moulder. In the spring of 1870, being twenty years
old, he came to this country and worked as a journeyman for two
years in New York City. In March, 1872, he came to Chicago,
and worked one year as foreman of the moulding room in the exten-
sive manufacturing works of the Crane Brothers. In the spring of
1873, in company with George Glazebrook, Mr. Love established a
foundry at the corner of Centre Avenue and Fifteenth Street.
There were only two other foundries in Chicago making a specialty
of heavy castings for that class of work known as rolling-mill ma-
chinery, and the Centre Avenue Foundry, owned by Messrs. Love
& Glazebrook, held a prominent place beside those. The firm con-
tinued until 1876, when Mr. Glazebrook retired, and then Mr. Love
carried on the business alone up to the time of his demise. During
his brief career he built up an excellent business. The works, now
in the hands of his administrators, occupy a frontage of three hun-
dred feet on Centre Avenue and one hundred and twenty-five feet
on Fifteenth Street, the specialty being rolling-mill and heavy ma-
chinery castings, and there has been turned out of the foundry a
single piece weighing eleven tons. Mr. Love had $50,000 invested
in his plant, and at his death was doing a business of $100,000 per
annum. Much might be said of the success which he achieved;
starting in a small way and with but little capital, through his un-
tiring energy, economy and careful business management, he stead-
ily built-up and extended his works, until they assumed proportions
equal to others in the same line. But in the very vigor of his man-
hood, when he had just reached the summit of his success, he was
suddenly stricken down by disease, and his death occurred on Octo-
ber I, 1885. His place at the head of the machine works could not
be supplied, and in consequence the foundry was closed. On Octo-
ber 28, 1880 Mr. Love was married to Miss Ida Pyott, daughter of
James Pyott, of the well-known firm of Holmes & Pyott, of this
city. They had one child, a little daughter, Jessie, who died when
seventeen months old. Thus the widow was left alone in her sor-
row and the city was deprived of one its most useful and upright
business men. Mr. Love was a member of Chicago Command-
ery. Xo. 19, K. T., in which body he had many warm friends and
long acquaintances.
MEKHAX & KELLY. — Conspicuous among the iron manufac-
turers of Chicago, is this enterprising firm of foundrymen, whose
location is at No. 380 North Water Street. The firm is composed
of P. H. Meehan and II. D. Kelly. Mr. Meehan was formerly sec-
retary of the North Pier Foundry Company, and was connected with
that firm for four years. In May, 1885, the plant of that concern
was purchased by Messrs. Meehan & Kelly, and since has been con-
ducted by them.
Patrick Henry Median is a son of Patrick and Elizabeth M.
Meehan, and was born at Burlington, Vt., on November 9,1849.
While an infant, his parents removed to Bartonsville, Vt., where he
attended the public schools until his eighteenth year. Going to
Springfield, Vt., he began business life in the foundry of Mitchell
& Peirce, with whom he remained six years. He spent a year and
a half with Mansfield & Stimson, Rutland, Vt. , and, after an engage-
ment in Worcester, Mass., he was connected with the establishment
of Moses Ellis for one year. In 1873, he came to this city and was
employed by Messrs. Mason & Davis, Nos. 347-49 Illinois Street,
for seven years. Subsequently he was engaged as foreman by the
Union Brass Manufacturing Company. He was afterward con-
nected with the North Pier Foundry Company, as secretary of that
establishment, for four years. In May, 1885, with H. D. Kelly, he
purchased the plant of the North Pier Company, and the business
has since been conducted by the firm of Meehan & Kelly. A master
of every detail of his business, courteous and urbane in his dealings,
he is held in high regard by his patrons as a business man. Mr.
Meehan was married on January 7, 1879, to Miss Mary J. Eustace,
of Keene, N. H. They have three children, — Elizabeth, Charles and
Isabel.
Hcmy Dennis Kelly is a son of Dennis and Joanna Kelly, and
the eldest of four children. He was born at Memphis, Tenn., on
May 6, 1862. In 1865, his parents came to this city, where he
attended the public schools until his seventeenth year, taking a three
years' course in the high school. After leaving his books he entered
the employment of A. Plamondon, foundryman, Nos. 51-57 Clinton
Street, as general office clerk, and remained nine months. Shortly
afterward he went to Greeley, Iowa, and during the following year
was engaged in the creamery business. Disposing of his establish-
ment in Greeley, he returned to this city and connected himself with
the North Pier Foundry Company. In May, 1885, with P. H. Mee-
han, he purchased the plant of that establishment, which business
has since been conducted under the name and style of Meehan &
Kelly. Although young in years, he is thoroughly conversant with
every department and detail in his line of business, and is regarded
in high esteem by the trade. Active, energetic, and with an exten-
sive acquaintance, he is a fine specimen of a Western business man.
Mr. Kelly was married on October 7, 1885, to Miss Nellie M. Nash,
of Rockford, 111.
AUGUST SANDSTROM, member of the firm of A. Sandstrom &
Co., foundrymen, is a son of Charles and Caroline Sandstrom, and
was born at Vermland, Sweden, on May 13, 1832. At the age of
nine years he began work assisting his father, who was a nail-smith
by trade, for several years. He then entered the iron works at
Forsbacka, and was employed in the manufacture of wrought iron
from cast iron for six years at that place. Subsequently he was
connected with the iron works in Domle, also an iron manufacturing
center, where he acted as foreman. In 1869, he emigrated with his
family to this country, and located at Aurora, this State, where he
482
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
was employed by N. S. Bouton. At the end of several month-, he
was i-M.na.ii-d by tin- Chicago ( \u-\\ ln-rl Company, as moulder, and
remained with that establishment for ten years. In 1882, he came
to this city and purchased the site of his present works, and has since
been doing general iron moulding, light and heavy manufacturing,
etc. C. }•'.. Sandstrom his eldest son, has been associated with him
as partner since the establishment of the linn. .Mr. Sandstrom was
married to .Miss Caroline Ftinkc, ot Forsbarka, Sweden, in 1854.
They have four children, — Charles E., Annie C., Xachariah and
llulila M.
CHARI.KS KMII. S \\hsi IMM was born at Vermland, Sweden,
on IVcemlier I, 1855. Me attended the public school at his birth-
place until he was thirteen years of age, and, in i.sdy, came with
his parents to this country. During the subsequent three years he
attended the public schools of Aurora, 111., and. upon leaving his
studies, entered the iron foundry of N. S. IJouton, with whom he
remained a year and a half. At the expiration of that time he came
to Chicago, and was employed bv John Featherstonc until 1882.
During that year his father came from Aurora, and, with him, pur-
chased the present plant of A. Sandstrom >V Co., and he has since
been associated with his father as partner in the business of manu-
facturing light and hea\y tastings. The facilities of this firm for
prompt and reliable work are of the best, and their establishment
lias won an excellent reputation for lirst -class work with the trade.
Srini.i 0, CussM \N »\: Co. — This linn was established here in
18112, by Anthony Schillo, Mathias t'ossmau and Solomon Senn.
Their lirst location was in the old II. H. Moses' foundry, at the cor-
ner of 1'olk and lieach streets, where they remained until 1866,
when they removed to their present works, at Nos. 87-95 West I'olk
Street. In 1870, Peter Schillo purchased his father's interest, and,
in 1880, Mr. Senn died, his wife, a sister of Peter Schillo, retaining
his interest, so that, notwithstanding the two changes, the linn
name is still as at fiist. The business consists of making heavy
and light castings for matliinery, buildings and bridges, and orna-
mental iron works. Patterns of all kinds are also made to order.
In the memorable lire of October 8-9, 1871, the linn of Schillo,
Cossman \ Co. were burned out, the flames reaching their works
between it and 12 o'clock on Sunday night Everything was de-
stroyed, their total losses footing up over $30,000. With com-
mendable energy and enterprise, they, however, began to re-build
on the third day following the tire, and, on the 1st day of January,
t873, resinned operations in their new works. As may readily be
understood, the firm of Schillo, Cossman tx; Co. begun in a small
way. The growth of their business from the first until now, is
seen in the statement that originally they employed from fifteen to
twenty men, and the yearly transactions of the firm did not exceed
$40.000. Now they employ from seventy-five to one hundred men,
and their trade reaches $175,000 annually. The property owned by
the firm consists of six lots on Polk Street, and six other lots on Clin-
ton Street, near Mather Street. These twelve lots are worth about
$25,000, and the buildings upon them are worth about 850,000.
.Ifaf/iiiis Cuss/Him, now the senior member of the firm of
Schillo, Cossman \- Co , was born in Prussia in 1827. His father
was Michael Cossman, his mother Margaretta Roskopf. In 1849,
his parents came to this city, and, in the following year, Mathias
began learning his trade, that of a stove moulder, in the old Yan-
dercock foundry, on the North Pier. He worked at his trade as a.
journeyman until 1862, when, in company with Messrs. Schillo and
Senn, he established the business the history of which has been
given. Mr. Cossman married, in 1853, Miss Johanna Simon,
daughter of Jacob Simon, who came to Chicago in 1847, and who
deceased in 1884, at the advanced age of ninety years. Mr. and
Mrs. Cossman have had eleven children, three boys and eight girls.
The eldest son, Jacob, was born on January 18, 1854. From his
early childhood he evinced a decided liking for books and study,
and this, coupled with a deep religious nature, decided his parents
upon educating him for the ministry. Accordingly, at thirteen
years of age, he was placed in the Academy of St. Francis, near
Milwaukee, from which institution he was graduated in 1877. In
October of the same year, he was ordained as pastor of St. Joseph's
Catholic Church at Peru, 111., and when only twenty-three years of
age entered upon the active work of his ministry. He was remark-
ably industrious in his new field of labor, so much so, in fact, that
his health became seriously impaired. In March, 1882, he was
taken with an illness which terminated fatally on the i6th day
of that month. During the four years of his ministry he had en-
deared himself, not only to the hearts of his parishioners, but to all
who knew him, regardless of sect or creed. He was simple and
unaffected in his habits, deep and fervent in his religious work, and
sincere and honest in all he did for the welfare of his fellow-crea-
tures. His remains now rest in the beautiful cemetery of St. Boni-
facius, Chicago. Of the seven girls now living, Mary, the eldest,
is now a sister of the Order of St. Frances, at Freepor't, 111.; Mar-
garet is now the wife of Joseph llcniagh, of this city; Anna is the
wife of Frank Spohn, who is fc.eman in the foundry of Schillo,
Cossman & Co.; and Johanna, Rosa, Gertrude and Veronica reside
at home.
Tin- SOI in 1 1 M siT.n-srui. i- r IKON \\'UUKS are owned and
operated by M. Vanderkloot \ Sons, and are located at Nos.
-•011-25 South Halsted Street. They were established in the
spring of 1872, by Burnett, Vanderkloot & Co., in a small shop on
Chicago Avenue, near I.cavitt Street. In the autumn of that year.
they were removed to their present situation, where their growth,
both in the extent of their works and in the amount of business
done, has been perhaps unequalled by any other similar institution
in the city. The works now include the premises fronting one hun-
dred and seventy-live feet on Halsted Street and running back one
hundred and twenty feet. Among the buildings in this city for
which the Messrs. Vanderkloot \ Sons have furnished the iron work
may be mentioned the new Chicago Opera House, for which they
made the heaviest iron pillars ever cast in a Chicago foundrv, or that
were ever placed in a structure in this city. It is always gratifying
to note success in any honorable calling, and especially is it so in
this case; for it has been entirely due to the industry and thrift of the
founders of this enterprise, that to-day it holds its present promi-
nent position among the foremost of Chicago's industrial institu-
tions. In February, 1885, an incorporated company was formed
under the name of the South Halsted-street Iron Works, in order
to enable the four sons to become stockholders in a business, to-
ward the success of which each had contributed. Of this company,
Marinus Vanderkloot, the father, is president, and Adrian Vander-
kloot, the eldest son, is secretary and treasurer. Mathias is fore-
man of the works, Peter is employed as a moulder in the foundry,
and Marinus, Jr., who has been given an excellent business educa-
tion, is the bookkeeper in the office.
Miinniis ]',iiitii-rtlivt, a native of the Kingdom of Nether-
lands, was born in South Holland, in 1824, and is the son of
Adrian Vanderkloot, who was an iron worker, to which occupation
Marinus was also bred. In 1858, having determined to try his for-
tunes in the new world, he came to America, and in the same year
located in Chicago, which has since been his home. Shortly' fol-
lowing his arrival here, Mr. Vanjjerkloot entered the employ of N.
S. liouton, who had his works located on Dearborn Street, between
Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, and continued with that gentle-
man until 1872, when he, with his son, founded the present busi-
ness. Mr. Vanderkloot married, in 1849, Miss Meis Koning,
daughter of Denise Koning, of the Kingdom of Netherlands.
They have had eight children, four of whom are now living, —
Adrian, born in 1849; Matthias, born in 1860; Peter, born in
1862 ; and Marinus, Jr.. born in 1866.
,-liiriitii I'lUtJfrkliwt, son of Marinus Vanderkloot, was born in
Holland, on December 7, 1849. He was given a good common
school education, and when eighteen years of age, came with his
parents to this country, locating in Chicago where he has since
lived. He entered his father's shops, and, in 1872, became a part-
ner in the business. He married Miss Elizabeth Bertha Burnett,
daughter of Eben Burnett, of England. They have had five chil-
dren, three of whom only are now living, — Marinus A., \VilliamJ.,
and Richard.
PATTERN MAKERS.
JOHN B. GAVIN.— Among the oldest and, to-day, one of the
leading pattern-making establishments in Chicago is that of John B.
Gavin, who established a shop of this kind in 1864, on Canal Street,
near Madison, the style of the firm being Gavin & Whitney. The
partnership was dissolved in a short time, Mr. Gavin returning to
work for the firm of David M. Ford & Co., machinists, in whose
employ he had been prior to his engaging in business for himself.
In 1868, he started again in rooms in the old -Mechanical Bakery on
Clinton Street, and remained in that location until 1870, when he
removed to his present quarters. He has one of the largest and
best equipped jobbing shops in the city and makes to order patterns
and models of all kinds. Mr. Gavin has lived in Chicago for the
past forty-four years. His father, Edward W. Gavin, came here
in 1840, with his family, and when John B. was but four years of
age. He was therefore reared and educated in Chicago and, on
attaining his majority, learned the trade of a stair-builder, which
occupation he followed for a number of years, when he went to
work as a pattern maker for the firm of D. M. Ford & Co., and
later embarked in business on his own account. While working at
his trade as a stair-builder, he designed and built the stairs in the
old North Side Theological Seminary, also in the old Government
Building. Mr. Gavin is a nephew of Isaac R. Gavin, now- deceased,
who was one of Chicago's early settlers, and who, in 1840, was
elected sheriff of Cook County, being the fourth man to hold that
office. Mr. Gavin married, in' 1869, Miss Lydia }. Ford, daughter
of Martin Munson Ford, an early settler of Chicago, who died in
1857. Mr. anil Mrs. Gavin have s'ix children, — Mary E., John H.,
Edward W., Elisha M., Walker O. and Paul.
THE IRON TRADE.
483
HANS JOHNSON, pattern maker, is a native of Denmark, born
on Tuly 27, 1845, the son of John Jacobson Johnson, a farmer,
near the town of Ringsted, where Hans was reared and educated.
In 1860, he apprenticed himself to learn the trade of a pattern
maker, which occupation he followed in that country until his com-
ing to America in 1879. He arrived that year in Chicago, which
has since been his home, and where he has built up the business he
now conducts. When he first came here, Mr. Johnson was wholly
without means, and the first employment he obtained was as a
laborer in a 'lumber yard. He was then unable to speak our lan-
guage and, being friendless, labored under many disadvantages.
He however went to work with such vigor and will, that he soon
found employment at his trade, and, by close economy, in 1884, he
was enabled to start in business on his own account. His first shop
was located on Adams Street, where he remained until March,
1885, when he removed to his present quarters, at No. 158 South
Clinton Street. Here he does a thriving and prosperous business,
which he has built up by his own industry and skill until it is
worth $38,000. Mr. Johnson married, in 1870, Miss Maren Sophie
Christenson, of Kings) ed; they have three children, — James, 1'eter I.
and John C.
IVI.K I.M;SI.\, pattern maker, and now one of the oldest arti-
sans in this line in Chicago, is a native of Norway, born on Novem-
ber 2, 1829, the son of Lars Iverson, also a pattern maker. In
1849, Iver came to Chicago, which has since been his home, and
shortly after his arrival here he went to work for the old firm of
II. A. Pitts & Co., with whom he remained for nearly twenty-five
years. In 1872, at which time the firm removed their works from
this city, Mr. Larsen established himself in business on his own
account, at No. 9 South Jefferson Street, where he remained nearly
three years. He then removed to the premises of the Thorn Wire
Hedge Co., on Clinton Street, between Lake and Randolph streets;
and, in 1881, to his present, location, at No. 51 West Lake Street.
In 1883, his son, L. I. Larsen. was admitted to a partnership in the
business, since which time, it has been conducted under the firm
name and style of Iver Larsen & Son. Mr. Larsen married in
Chicago, in 1854. Miss Maren Nelson, daughter of N. Nelson, of
Norway. They have had five children, three of whom are living,
— L. I., Edward and Charles.
LARS I. LARSI.N was born on August 29, 1855, on Dearborn
Avenue, in this city. He was reared here and attended the Frank-
lin and Kinzie public schools. After the fire he entered his father's
shop and learned the trade, becoming, in 1883, a partner in the
business.
J')i IN A. Mi'lvrosii, pattern maker, was born near Cornwall,
Glengarry Co., Canada, on January 6, 1842, and is a son of Daniel
Mclntosh. In 1865, he came to Chicago, which has since been his
home, and here began to learn his trade in the pattern shop of I'.
W. Gates. Subsequently he worked as a journeyman in various
shops in this city until 1880. In that year he started in business
for himself at his present location, Nos. 57-59 South Jefferson
Street. Here he has a large and well equipped pattern shop, and is
doing a prosperous business, which, in the few years past, he has,
by his own industry and enterprise, succeeded in establishing.
FRKDKKICK SAMIII AM, pattern maker, was born at Montreal,
Canada, in 1834. His father was John Sandham and by occupation
a painter. Frederick was reared and educated in Montreal, and, in
1849, began to learn his trade with Gilbert, Miln & Bartley, a
prominent manufacturing firm of that city. In 1852, he came to
New York City, where he worked for the firm who had the contract
for furnishing patterns for the architectural iron work for the famous
Crystal Palace Building, which was built for the World's Fair held
in that city in 1853. In 1853, he went to Europe and spent nearly
a year in travelling. Returning, he located in business in the East,
until 1881, when he came to this city, and established the works he
still conducts, at No. 49 North Jefferson Street. Here he has a
large and well equipped shop, and has built up an excellent trade.
Mr. Sandham married, in 1854, Miss Barrett, daughter of Michael
Barrett, of Limerick, Ireland. They have six children living.
STOVES.
SHERMAN S. JF.WF.TT & Co.— This house is well known as
one of the oldest and largest stove houses in the country. The firm
was originally Jewell & Root, and was founded in 1836 by Sherman
S. Jewettand Francis 11. Koot, at Buffalo, N. Y. In 1855', a branch
office was opened in this city, under the management of Frank F.
Spencer, now of the firm of Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlelt & Co., at
No. 65 South Water Street. This location was occupied by them
for two years, when they were burned out. In 1864, Samuel P.
Jewett succeeded Mr. Spencer in charge of the Chicago branch,
who in turn was succeeded, in 1873, by Charles W. Day. Chris.
C. Garber, the present manager, assumed control in 1879. After
the fire in 1857, this firm occupied Nos. 28-32 River Street till
1883, with the exception of a few weeks in the fall of 1871, when
they occupied a " fire shanty " on Wabash Avenue, near Jackson
Street. In 1882, Sherman S. Jewell erected a magnificenl business
structure on Market Slreel.
C. C. Garber is a nalive of Switzerland, born on April I, 1836,
but was brought, while yet an infant, to this counlry, his parents
locating in Buffalo, N. Y., where their son was reared and educated.
In 1854, he entered the employ of the old firm of Jewett & Root,
and, in 1856, came to Chicago as shipping clerk in the branch house.
He remained with the firm until 1860, when he left them to engage
in business on his own account, founding the firm of C. C. Garber
\ Co., in the wholesale and retail grocery trade. In 1864, he
retired from this venture, and, wilh Mr. I)e Mary, engaged in ihe
commission Irade on Soulh Water Slreel, under the firm name and
style' of Garber & De.Mary. In 1866, he returned to the employ
of Sherman S. Jewell & Co., as a travelling salesman, in which
capacily he remained unlil 1879, when he was made general man-
ager of the business, a posilion he has since mosl ably filled. Mr.
Garber was married on October i, 1861, to Miss Maria L. Hasting,
daughter of the late Hiram Hasting, one of Chicago's early set-
tlers, and a man \vho is yet remembered as one of its leading citi-
zens. Mr. and Mrs. Garber have four children: Frank Day,
Eugene Edward, Clarence C., and Lucy Warner.
TROY STOVF. WORKS. — The Chicago house of llurdett, Smith
& Co., proprietors of the Troy Stove Works, located at Troy, N.
Y., was established here in 1868, and was then located at the cor-
ner of Sixteenth and Burlington slreets. The business was then
managed by A. I). Patchin, a partner in the firm, now deceased,
but who remained in charge until 187(1, when he returned to the
East, where his death occurred in 1883. At the time of the greal
fire in 1871, the place of tmsiness was located at the corner of River
Street and Wabash Avenue, where they were burned out, sustain-
ing heavy losses. Afler that event, they removed to No. 453 South
Clark Street, remaining thereuntil 1876. In that year, a change
was made to the northeast corner of Stale and Lake streets, and at
that time George Moss succeeded Mr. Patchin as manager. Three
years later a removal was made lo No. 34 River Slreet, and, in
1883, to the present location, at No. 72 Lake Street. In 1880, Mr.
Moss retired from the management of the house here, and was suc-
ceeded by Edward A. Burdett, who has since conducted its affairs.
In 1883, in order to meet the demands of their rapidly increasing
western Irade, the firm creeled a large wareroom in this city. This
building is a handsome brick structure, situated at the corner of
Johnson and Sixleenth streets ; it is one hundred and fourteen feet
frontage by one hundred and sixty-five feet deep, and facing on
the tracks of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.
Mi: Itnnlt'lt, the resident partner of the firm, is a native of
Troy, N. Y., and a son of George C. Burdett, one of the founders
of the house, which was originally established in 1855. The father
died in January, 1883, at which time the son succeeded to his in-
terest in the business. The works at Troy are very extensive,
employing six hundred men and turning out forty thousand stoves
per annum.
KATIIHOXK, SARD iV Co. — This firm is one of the oldest, as
well as one of the largest, stove-manufacturing concerns in the
country the business having been established as early as 1838, at
Albany, N. Y. (where it is still located), by Joel Rathbone. We
quote:* "Joel Ralhbone, in partnership with Mr. Hermans (who
died in 1830), opened, in 1830, a stove store in Albany, obtaining
for some years his castings from blast furnaces in New Jersey. The
cost of transporting the castings from New Jersey, especially as a
part were returned to Philadelphia and New York as finished
stoves, being so heavy an item, he at first had some made from his
own patlerns in foundries in Albany, and soon aflerward erected
a foundry solely for stoves. His cupola furnace, built in 1838, is
believed to have been the very first in the country for making stove
castings. This may really be said to be the commencement of
ihe slove business as a leading pursuit." The branch house in this
city was established in 1861, under the management of Grange
Sard, Jr., the first location being at Nos. 236-38 Lake Street, where
it remained two years. The place of business was then removed to
No. 207 on the same street, and a little later to Nos. 98-100 Mich-
igan Avenue, where it was destroyed by the fire of 1871. In that
evenl the losses of the house were comparatively small, owing to
the fact that their warehouse, in which their goods, except samples
in their salesroom, were stored, was not destroyed. This building
was situated on the North Pier, and was saved from destruction
by the efforts of hundreds of homeless and shelterless people,
who were forced to seek it as a temporary place for rest and
protection from the horrors of that fearful conflagration. After
the fire, the firm resumed business at once, at Nos. 38-40 Canal
Street, where they remained one year, when they removed
to their present location, Nos. 38-40 Lake Street. In 1873,
William II. Sard assumed the management of the house here, and
* History of American Manufacturers, Vol. 2, page 624.
484
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
has since conducted its affairs. In 1883, the business was organ-
ized as a joint stock company, incorporated under the laws of the
State of New York, and of this company William II. Sard has
been vice-president from the first. As has already been stated, this
company is one of the largest manufacturers of stoves in the coun-
try ; their works at Albany, N. Y., are very extensive, covering an
area of ten acres, employing nearly one thousand five hundred
hands, and turning out seventy-live thousand stoves and ranges
the stove-repair trade, as it now exists, was not thought of, and a
brief history of the rise and growth of this important branch of busi-
ness can not fail to be of interest to the reader. When .Mr. .Mi-t/-
ner first started in business, as a dealer in stoves, he was continually
pressed and worried to obtain parts or repairs for his customers. An
order sent to the foundry where the stove was made generally re-
sulted in such delay that, before the missing part could be procured,
the stove was ruined. It then occurred to Mr. Met/.ner that it would
RATHBONE, SARD & CO. S WAREHOUSE.
annually. They have also a branch house at Detroit, Mich., but
such has been the increase of the business of the Chicago branch
that it now has a trade equal in volume to that done by the other
two. This company sells stoves in this country from Maine to
California, from the Lakes to the Gulf, and from the Eastern house
a large number are sold each year in foreign countries, they hav-
ing received orders for stoves that went to Jerusalem, in the' Holy
Land.
W. H. Sard, the manager of the house in Chicago, and who
has, for the past fifteen years, so successfully conducted its affairs, is
a native of Albany, N.Y., and was born in 1850. He was reared and
educated in his native city, and, in 1863, came West, locating at
Chicago. In 1869, he became a clerk for the firm of which he is
now a member. He served in that capacity until 1873, when he
was given the management of the business here, and, in 1876, was
admitted as a junior partner in the firm, and on the organization of
the incorporated company already mentioned, was elected its vice-
president, which office he still holds.
THE W. C. MII/MK STOVK RK.I'.MR COMPANY, now the
Largest house of its kind in the world, was established in this city
in July, 1873, at No. 153 West Randolph Street. At that time
be a profitable business for him to have his patterns made, and, from
these, manufacture repairs for stoves of standard make. He began
in a small way, and finally, as a venture, advertised in daily papers of
the city, that he was able to furnish repairs for almost any stove, on
short notice. His advertisement brought him at once a marked in-
crease in trade, not only from private stove customers, but from re-
tail stove dealers in various parts of the country, who soon discovered
that an order upon Mr.Metzner's house could be filled more quickly,
and would receive more prompt attention, than when sent to the
manufacturers of stoves themselves. And so year by year his busi-
ness grew, until to-day his house is the largest stove repair house,
not only in the United States, but in the world. It is perhaps true,
too, that in no other city but Chicago could such a business have
been built up. Its superiority as a distributing center,— being be-
sides one of the greatest stove markets in the whole country,— mak-
ing it necessary that a house of this kind be established in a city
possessing these advantages. An idea of the growth of Mr. Metz-
ner's trade may be gleaned from the statement that from a stock of
less than ten tons of castings, carried in 1873, he now keeps in stock
over six hundred tons, embracing repairs for nearly any stove in
existence. He has also made a great number of valuable improvt-
THE IRON TRADE.
485
merits in the way of simplifying and cheapening the cost of repairs
and alterations, and has issued a catalogue in which the names of
about 12,000 stoves are given. For all of these he keeps castings for
repairs or alterations, or both, constantly on hand. In 1883, he
built a large foundry at the corner of North Lincoln Street and Chi-
cago Avenue, where he employs about twenty-five men in the manu-
facture of the goods he handles, and melts from three to four tons
of iron daily. In 1884, a joint stock company was formed, under
the name of the \V. C. Metzner Stove Repair Company, with a
capital stock of §150,000. The officers of the company are — W. C.
Metzner, president; J. L. Morris, vice-president; M. Brucker,
treasurer; and J. A. Pomeroy, secretary. Since 1876, the business
has been located at Xos. 125-27 West Randolph Street, where they
occupy a large four-story brick building, in addition to operating
the large foundry mentioned.
//'. C. .!/<•/;«<•;• was born near Sheboygan, Wis. , on September
10, 1850, and is the son of Charles .Metzner, an old settler of that
portion of the country. The son of whom we write was given a fair
English education, and on leaving school took to a business life,
working several years as a clerk in a country store. In 1872, he
came to Chicago, which has since been his home, and where he
founded the business he so successfully managed, and of which he
is still the head.
PATRICK CALLAHAN, dealer in, and manufacturer of, all kinds
of stove repairs, at No. 129-31 North Wells Street, has one of the
oldest and largest houses in this line in the city. In 1876, he estab-
lished himself in this business, opening a small shop in the basement
of No. 247 Market Street. At that time, so limited were his means
and facilities that he began by making a canvass of the city, calling
from house to house to secure his orders for work; then, as he had
no patterns, he often took along with him the broken parts of a stove
to be replaced, and going to a foundry put it in the moulds, being
himself a moulder by trade, and the next day delivered the new piece.
Thus, little by little, his business grew and enlarged, until now he
carries in stock hundreds of tons of repairs for all the leading stoves
made, has his own patterns, and his own foundry wherein his work
is alj done. So much has accrued from his energy and enterprise.
In 1880, Mr. Callahan moved to No. 127 North Wells Street, where
he remained until September, 1885, when he occupied his present
quarters, erected by him during the spring and summer of that year.
Mr. Callahan is a native of Ireland, born in County Leitrim in 1841;
four years later his parents came to this country and located in this
city, where Patrick has since mainly lived. When a young man, he
apprenticed himself to learn the trade of a moulder, working in the
shops of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at Bloomington, 111. Later,
he worked in the different shops in this city. In 1875, he went to
California as foreman for a foundry. In the following year he re-
turned to Chicago, where, being unable to obtain work, he started on
his own account, and from that small beginning has developed his
present prosperous trade, besides acquiring valuable business and
residence property. Mr. Callahan married, in April, 1866, Miss
Bridget Arley, daughter of Michael Arley. They have four children,
— Catharine, Ellen, Ann and John.
JOHN I). BANGS & Co. — In 1863, Isaac W. Bangs and his
brother Dean came to Chicago, and established themselves in the
hardware and stove business on Monroe Street, opposite the old
post-off.ce building. They remained there five years, and then
removed to No. 156 State Street, where they were burned out in the
fire of October, 1871, in which they sustained losses to the amount
°f $35,ooo. After that event they removed to No. 333 State Street,
and two years later to the northwest corner of State and Van Buren
streets. In 1878, the firm dissolved, Isaac W. Bangs retiring and
going into business on his own account, and Dean Bangs and his
son, John I)., continuing at the old location, under the present firm
name and style of John 1). Bangs & Co. Dean Bangs, a founder
of the business the history of which has been briefly sketched, was
born in the town of Brewster, Mass., in 1817. His father, Dean
Bangs, was a farmer and school-teacher by occupation, and was
descended from one of the oldest of New England families. In
1841, the son of whom we write, in company with his brother Isaac,
went to Lowell, Mass., where they engaged in the stove and hard-
ware trade for over twenty years, the firm being known as Bangs
Brothers. In 1863, they came West and located in Chicago, where
they founded the business which is still conducted by the son, John
D. Bangs, under the name and style already given. Mr. Bangs
married, in 1852, Miss Eliza Buckley Brown, daughter of John Brown
of Chicago. They have twochildren, of whom John D., the eldest,
is now the head of the business his father founded some twenty odd
years ago.
John 11. Rangs, son of Dean Bangs, was born at Lowell, Mass.,
in 1853, and was reared and educated in his native town until 1863.
In that year his parents removed West, he coming with them to this
city, completing his school days here, after which he entered his
father's store as a clerk. In 1873, his father retired from the busi-
ness, to which the son succeeded and which he has since so success-
fully conducted. Mr. Bangs was one of the original members of
the ist Regiment Illinois Infantry, I. S. G., having entered the ser-
vice as a second lieutenant, and being promoted to captain of Co. "C"
of that organization. lie was then elected quartermaster, in which
position he served for three years, when he was chosen treasurer of
the regiment in 1876, and served as such until 1883, a period of
seven years. In the latter year he resigned, and is now a veteran
member of the regiment.
W. B. BURWKI.I. established himself in business here in April,
1848. In the following year he engaged in commerce at Morris,
Grundy Co. , 111., for several years and then returned to this city
and re-entered commercial life. He thus continued until the fire of
1871, being located at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Randolph
Street, and was there burned out, losing nearly every dollar he pos-
sessed. After the fire he resumed his operations at the corner of
1 k-splaines and Madison streets, where he remained for two years.
He then removed to No. 209 Randolph Street, thence to No. 108
Lake Street, and, in 1885, to No. 155 on the same street. Mr.
Burwell was born at Griffin, Conn., in 1824. In 1848, he located
in this city, and began business as a dealer in stoves, ranges, fur-
naces, and as a manufacturer of tin-ware. In 1847, he married
Miss Maria Hazel, daughter of William Hazel, a native of Canada.
They have four children, — Charles Millard, living at Kansas City ;
Ella Maria, now Mrs. J. C. Wheeler; Frances Jennie, now Mrs.
DeLancy York; and Mary Adele, now Mrs. Dr. A. B. Hosmer.
F. A. OSWALD & Co. — This house was founded in 1859 by F.
A. Oswald, on Milwaukee Avenue, very near its present location,
where Mr. Oswald removed in 1867, larger quarters being found
necessary for his prosperous and thriving trade. In 1873, Theo-
dore Krueger, who for nine years previously had been in the employ
of Mr. Oswald as a faithful and trusted clerk, was admitted to a
partnership, since which time the style of the firm has been, as it
now is, F. A. Oswald & Co.
F. A. Oswald was born in 1834, in Germany, where he was
reared and educated until his twentieth year. In 1854, he came to
America, and in that year landed in this city. Here he obtained
employment as clerk in the old firm of Butz & Schiffer, afterward
Schiffer Brothers, at No. 172 Lake Street. He remained thus em-
ployed until 1859, when he founded the business he has since con-
ducted and of which he is still the head. Mr. Oswald married, in
1860, Miss Alvina Going, who died in 1865. By this marriage
there is one daughter living. In 1867, Mr. Oswald married Miss
S. E. Rendtorff ; they have eight children.
y/;r<x/(';v Krueger, junior partner in the firm of F. A. Oswald
& Co., is a native of Germany, born in 1848. In 1864, he came to
Chicago, and, entering the employ of Mr. Oswald as a clerk, re-
mained with him until 1873, when he was admitted to a partner-
ship in the business. Mr. Krueger married, in 1874, Miss Emma
Rendtorff, of Sauk City, Wis. They have three children living, —
Leopold, Theodore and Arthur.
FRANK A. STAUBER & Co., jobbers in stoves and ranges, at
No. 718 Milwaukee Avenue, is one of the largest of the West Side
houses in this branch of trade. Their business was established in
1870, by Frank A. Stauber, the present head of the firm, who then
started in a small way at No. 532 (old number) Milwaukee Avenue,
where he remained one year, when he removed to his present loca-
tion, No. 718, but then known as No. 526, Milwaukee Avenue. In
1880, George A. Engelhardt became a partner, since which time
the firm name has been, as it now is, Frank A. Stauber & Co.
F. A. Stauber is a native of Switzerland, born in the Canton of
Aargau in 1848. In 1867, he came to America, and located in Chi-
cago, where he has since lived, and where, three years later, he
founded the business of which he is still the head. Mr. Stauber
was a member of the Common Council, for four years, from the Four-
teenth Ward, being elected first in 1878, and held that office four
years. He also served as member of the Board of Education for
three years. Mr. Stauber married, in 1872, Miss Mary A. Doll, of
Peru, 111. They have four children: Mary Antonette, Anna Her-
mine, Melanie Larsallea and Else.
G. A. Knglchardt is a native of Germany, and was born in 1854.
He came to Chicago in 1871, and in 1880, became a partner in the
house of which he is now a member. Mr. Englehardt married, in
1884, Miss Hanna Stephan, a native of this city. They have one
son, Gustav George.
BOILER WORKS.
DEVINE'S STEAM BOILER WORKS were established here in
1854, by Peter Devine, at Nos. 57-59 West Polk Street. In 1862,
his brother, Arthur Devine, became a partner, and the firm name
was changed to Devine & Brother. In 1871, Arthur retired from
the firm, since which time Peter Devine has been sole proprietor.
In 1878, he moved to No. 387 South Canal Street, where he manu-
factures all kinds of locomotive and marine boilers, lard tanks,
dryers and coolers. When Mr. Devine started his works in 1854,
he employed but twenty men, and did an annual business of about
486
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
$20,000. He has now $50,000 invested in his business, has a trade
extending all over the Northwest, employs from scveiity-lhc to one
hundred men, and his yearly transactions reach nearly Si2oo,ooo.
In lS<)3. he made for Brigham Young the lirst steam boiler that
ever went into Salt Lake City. Klder (Irani, as the representative
of the great Mormon apostle, came to Chicago, and ordered the
boiler, which was intended for use in a distillery; and which, when
completed, was wagoned to Sail Lake Cily on the old "overland
route." The boiler is still in service, being now in use in a woolen
factory. .Mr. Devine was born at 1'aisley, Scotland, in 1833, the
son of I'eter ami Margaret (Macl.aren) Devine. In 1841, and
when only eight years of age. Peter, Jr., began to learn the trade' of
a boiler maker, in Glasgow, where he served an apprenticeship of
nine years. In 1851, he came to America, arriving in New York
in that year. In the following spring he went South, stopping
a short time in New Orleans, and finally locating in -Montgomery,
Ala. The yellow fever breaking out in 1854, impelled him to seek
a healthier habitation; and he settled in this city, and a few months
later he founded the present business.
[HUN MIIIIR A: SON. — This lirm is composed of John and
Joseph Mohr, and was formed in May, 1882, at Nos. 32-46 Illinois
Street. Mr. Mohr is one of the oldest boiler manufacturers in Chi-
. and his works to-day are also among the largest of the kind
in the city, lie employs, on an average, one hundred men, and
manufactures, in addition to boilers of all kinds, tanks, coolers, and
almost everything made from plale iron.
Jt'hn Mi'hr is a nalive of Germany, born on March 14, 1826,
the son of Joseph Mohr, who followed the occupation of a farmer.
John was given a fair education, but, when only sixteen years of
age, came to America, landing in New York in 1842. He first
, d at Philadelphia, but a little later went to Canada, where he
apprenticed himself to learn the blacksmith trade. He remained
there until in the spring of 1848, when he came to Chicago, which
ha- since been his home, and began working at his trade in the
shop of P. \V. dates. Three months later he went to work for
James \V. Cobb, who then had a boiler shop on the corner of Kin-
zie and Canal streels. It was here that Mr. Mohr began to learn
the'business of boiler-making, and at that time II. II. \Varrington,
later the founder of the Vulcan Iron Works, was the superintend-
ent for Mr. Cobb, and Carlile Mason, who afterward established
the Excelsior Iron Works, also worked in the blacksmith shop with
Mr. Mohr. In 1852, Mason and McCarty started the works last
mentioned, when Mr. Mohr entered their employ, as foreman of
the boiler shop. He held this position some five years, when he
became a partner in the firm, and so remained until May, 1882,
when he established himself in his present business. lie came to
Chicago possessed of no capital but his hands and skill, and, by his
industry and economy, has built up a business of which he may
justly feel proud. He says that when he arrived in Chicago, forty
years since, there was but one bridge across the Chicago River, and
that was only an affair for foot-passengers, located at Carroll Street.
At what would now be the Randolph-street bridge, there was then
the old flat-boat ferry. Shortly following his arrival in the village,
Mr. Mohr relates that, being temporarily idle, he accepted, with
another man, the job of attending this ferry, which they did for
perhaps two weeks. He resigned his position under the following
circumstances: One day he and his partner sat on the boat, talking
busily, and as there had been but few vessels that day on the river,
they forgot somehow to keep a look out for an approaching sail.
In those days, it should be remembered, that tug-boats, with their
shrill whistles to give warning of their approach, were not in use
here, so that it behooved the ferry-tenders to keep a close watch
and get their boat out of the way in time for a vessel to pass. Mr.
Mohr and his companion were suddenly aroused from their inter-
esting talk by loud cries, and, turning about, they saw a heavily-
laden schooner just rounding the bend in the river, and bearing
down upon them at a great rate. Of course a collision followed,
the result of which was that the ferry-boat was carried away down
stream, and landed high and dry on the river bank. Mr.' Mohr
and his companion escaped uninjured, but concluded to quit tend-
ing ferries, which they did. Mr. Mohr was married in 1856, to
M is- Theresa Myers, a native of France. By her, he has had eight
children.
TIIK NORTHWESTERN BOILER WORKS, at No. 158 Fulton
Streel, were founded in July, 1881, by John D. Murphy and Rob-
ert Anthony, under the firm name of Murphy & Anthony. This
partnership continued until February, 1881, when Mr. .Murphy
purchased his partner's interest and has since continued the busi-
ness alone. His works, which are amply equipped with all the
appliances now used in this line of trade, were built in 1881, and
have a frontage of thirty feet on Fulton Street and running back
two hundred feel to Carroll Avenue. His trade from the first has
constantly increased, and to-day his patrons are more numerous than
at any time before in the history of his works.
JOHN D. Mi Ki'liv was born in Chicago on January 24, 1841,
on the southwest corner of Market and Washington streets. He is
ihe son of W. Timothy Murphy, who, with his family, came from
the Kasl and located in this city in the year previous, and only
shortly before John I), was born. John was educated in the com-
mon schools of ihis city, but when only about sixteen years of age
began to learn the trade of a boiler maker in the shop of J. W.
Cobb, who then had his works located on West Waler, near Kin/ie
Street. In 1855, he went to Rock Island, where he worked in Ihe
shop- of the Weber Manufacturing Company until 1858. He then
returned to Chicago, and worked in the shops of the Racine & Mis-
sissippi Railroad Company and of P. W. Gates <N: Co., and, in
1867. was one of a number of others who founded the Chicago
Steam Boiler Works, in which he was interested until the fire of
1871. In that conflagration their works were destroyed. In 1871,
Mr. Murphy was appointed to the position of city inspector of
boilers, under Mayor Medill, and so faithfully and satisfactorily
did he discharge the duties of this office that he was successively
re-appointed to the same position under Mayors Colvin and Heath,
also serving nearly one year under the administration of Mayor
Harrison, making in all nearly eight years of continuous service.
-Mr. Murphy married Miss Julia Norton, daughter of Elisha Nor-
ton, of Racine, Wis. They have had two children, — Everett and
Merritt.
THE AMERICAN STEAM I;<III,I:K AND MACHINE WORKS were
established here, in 1870, by J. McFarland, Timothy Tobin, J.
I lamler and David McMullen, under the firm-name of J. McFarland
iV Co., at No. 877 South Halsted Street. Two years later, Messrs.
McFarland and McMullen relired from the firm, leaving the
remaining partners to continue the business alone until March,
1880, when Charles Schlacks, who, prior to that time, had been in
Ihe employ of the firm as bookkeeper, was admitted to a partnership,
since which the name and style of the firm has been, as it now is,
Tobin, Hamler & Co. In 1877, the ground was purchased at the
present location of the works, at Nos. 869-75 South Halsted Street,
and here have been erected their extensive shops. The total front-
age of their premises is one hundred feet, with deplh of one hun-
dred and twenty-live feet. From fifty to sixty men are kepi
constantly employed, and in the busiest months of the year these
numbers are considerably increased. A word or two may well be
added here as to the success which this firm has achieved, but it
must suffice to simply state that all its members are practical
mechanics, and each worked for years as a journeyman, before he
was able, from the savings of his earnings, to start in business on
his own account.
J. HAMLER is a native of Germany, born in Prussia in 1843.
His father, Adam Hamler, died in 1845, and nine years later the
son came to America and located in Chicago. For a number of
years after his arrival here, Mr. Hamler worked at the carpenter's
trade, but, in 1861, began to learn boiler-making in the shops of
the Illinois Central Railroad, with which company he remained
nearly six years ; he then entered the Rock Island Shops, remain-
ing there until 1870, when he started in business on his own account
as a member of the present firm of Tobin, Hamler & Co. Mr.
Hamler married, in 1862, Miss Ida Brumbach, daughter of August
Brumbach, who now resides in Europe. Mr. and Mrs. Hamler
have had eleven children, four of whom are now living, — George,
Peter, Anthony and John.
THE UNION STEAM BOILER WORKS were established here in
January, iSSi, by Nicholas Schneider, James Leonard and Patrick
McGarry. These gentlemen are all practical workmen, who thus
joined their interests for the purpose of carrying on the manufacture
of all kinds of boilers, lard tanks, coolers, and also performing sheet
iron work- of all kinds. Their place of business is at Nos. 36-42
East Indiana Street. From the first the industry of this lirm has
prospered ; started with little or no capital, and no help save them-
selves, they now have $10,000 invested, and furnish employment to
twenty men the year through, doing an annual business of $40,000.
NICHOLAS SCHNEIDER is a native of Chicago and was born on
March 22, 1856. His father, Nicholas Schneider, who located here
in 1854, was also a boiler maker by trade, and for many years man-
aged a shop in this city. He was a native of Bavaria, Germany,
but came to this country at an early day and learned his trade iri
New York City. He was one among the pioneer boiler-makers of
this city, and died in 1869; he now rests in St. Bonifacius Cemetery.
The subject of this sketch was reared to his father's trade, and has
all his life been identified with that industry in Chicago.
JAMES LEON\RI>, of the above firm, was born at Columbus,
Ohio, and at the age of eighteen learned the trade of a boiler maker.
He came to Chicago, in iSSo, to stay, and shortly afterward formed
his present connection with the firm of which he is still a member,
and toward the success of which he has contributed by his energy
industry and perseverance.
PATRICK MCGARRY is a native of Ireland, born at Belfast, on
July 2, 1845. He was given a fair common school education, after
which he began to learn his trade of a boiler maker at the age of
fourteen. Serving his apprenticeship, he travelled through England
and Scotland, working at his trade until he was twenty-one." He
THE IRON TRADE.
487
then took to the sea, which he followed for four years. In 1870,
he conceived the idea of coming to America, which he accordingly
did, arriving in New York in that year. He soon afterward came
West and located in this city, which has since been his home. As
stated, he became a member of the present firm at its inauguration
in iSSl.
Tin: UNITED STATES BOILER WORKS, located at Nos. 905-
907 South Halsted Street, were established on their present site and
by their present proprietors, J. McFarland and K. M. Baker, in
1875. The style of the firm has been from the first, as it now is,
J. McFarland A: Co., and the growth of their business from the
first has been equal to that of most firms in this branch of industry
in the West In 1875, they employed but ten or twelve hands,
while now an average of forty men are required the year through,
with additional numbers working during the busy months. At
these works are manufactured all kinds of marine, locomotive and
stationary boilers, lard tanks, coolers, and sheet-iron work of every
description.
J. McFAKLAND, the senior member of this firm, is a native of
England, born at Liverpool in 1840. Mis parents came to this
country in 1843, and located in Albany, N. Y., where the father,
James McFarland, worked as the first foreman blacksmith in the
shops of the Hudson River Railroad Company. In 1849, the family
came West and located at LaPorte, Indiana, where the subject of
this sketch began to learn the trade of blacksmith, working under the
supervision of his father, who was the foreman in the shops of the
Michigan Southern Railway at that place. Mr. McFarland next
went to Ainboy, 111., and there learned the trade of a boiler maker
in the Illinois Central Shops, and, in 1859, came to Chicago, having
been transferred to the company's shops here. After seventeen
years' service with the Illinois Central Railroad Company, he left
the employ of that corporation, and, in 1872, in company with
Timothy Tobin, J. Hamler and D. McMullen, started what are now
the American Steam Engine Works, and which were then located
at No. 877 South Malsted Street. Two years later, Mr. McFarland
retired from that firm, and, in company with Captain Baker,
founded the works of which they are still the proprietors. Mr.
McFarland married, in iSGi, Miss Frances Gillen, daughter of John
Gillen; they have six children.
KKOKSCHKI.I. BROTHERS. — In 1878, two brothers, Albert and
Otto Kroeschell, with no capital but their tools and skill, started in
the steam-fitting business, in a small way, in a basement on Wells
Street, near Michigan. On removing to their present quarters, at
the corner of Michigan and Kingsbury streets, they added boiler-
making to their steam-fitting business, and now manufacture all
kinds of tubular and locomotive boilers, oil and water tanks, also
doing sheet-iron work. The firm is now composed of four brothers,
Charles having become a member in 1881, and Herman in the fol-
lowing year. Herman Kroeschell, father of these young men, is
also connected "with the firm in an advisory way, and is well and
favorably known in ('hicago from his long connection with the
Board of Public Works, as chief inspector of tunnels under the
administration of Chief Engineer E. S. Chesbrough.
Herman A'nvsi -/it'll was born in Hesse Casscl, Germany, in
1818, the son of Charles Alexander and Amelia (Menschell) Kroes-
chell. He was educated at the Polytechnic School of Hesse Cassel,
being a pupil of Professor Frederick Woehler, the world-renowned
chemist, who has been called the fatherof this branch of science.
Mr. Kroeschell left school in 1838, and went into the machine-shop
of his uncle, Antoine Ilenschell, the famous inventor of the Tur-
bine water-wheel, as well as of a steam gauge and other things.
He remained there until 1842, when he was offered, and accepted,
the position of foreman in the first iron foundry ever built in Hesse
Cassel. Two years later he sailed for America, and, instead of land-
ing at New York, came to New Orleans, thence up the Mississippi
River to St. Louis, arriving in that city in the year of the great
flood, and on the day when the Father of Waters had reached the
highest point known in its history. Here he started a brass foundry
and pump factory, and was soon doing a nice business. At that
time the trouble with Mexico was pending, and Mr. Kroeschell,
offering his services, was commissioned a lieutenant of a company
known as the St. Louis Legion, and belonging to the 1st Missouri
Volunteers. Mis regiment was at once mustered into the service,
and sent to the scene of hostilities. As the men enlisted for only
six months, their time expired before they were in any engagement,
and the regiment was accordingly sent home. Returning to St.
Louis, Mr. Kroeschell then became interested in coal and mines in
Southern Illinois and Indiana, and, in 1854, went to Nashville,
Tenn., to develop mines in that city. There he was offered the
chair of assistant professor of chemistry in the Nashville University,
which position he acceptably ("died until 1862, when he left, on ac-
count of his lack of sympathy with the South, and came to Chicago.
I li^ 'irst work here was as a deputy U. S. marshal, and he was after-
Ward appointed chief inspector of tunnels, during their construction.
Mr. Kroeschell married Miss Bertha Keeney, daughter of Ludwig
Keeney, of St. Louis, Mo. They have six children : Charles,
Albert, Otto, William, Herman, and Cora.
Albert Krocschell was born at Nashville, Tenn., on July 20,
1850. He, as were all his brothers, was given a liberal education,
which was completed in the graded schools of this city. He then
began to learn the trade of brass finisher with the firm of Walworth
& Hubbard, serving an apprenticeship of three years. At the end
of that time, finding this occupation did not agree with him, he
abandoned it, and began to learn the trade of a steam-fitter with
the well-known firm of John Davis & Co., with whom he remained
for ten years. He then went to Toledo, O., working there for the
firm of Davis, Shaw & Co. On his return to Chicago, he and his
brother Charles established themselves in the business which they
still conduct.
MACHINERY.
A. J. KIRKWOOD & Co. — This house is not only one of the
oldest dealers in machinery in Chicago, but anywhere in the West.
It was founded, in 1858, by George W. Dunbar, who established him-
self as an agent selling machinery for eastern manufacturers on com-
mission. His place of business was on Dearborn Street, between
Lake and South Water streets. Mr. Dunbar was succeeded by the
firm of C. L. Rice & Co., who then changed the location of their
warerooms to 108 Madison Street, where they continued in business
until the fire of 1871, when they were burned out, with a total loss.
A singular incident connected with the burning of their stock is given
by Mr. Kirkwood. At the time of the fire the firm was carrying an
immense stock of engines and machinery of all kinds, which was, of
course, rendered valueless, except to be sold as old iron. This slock,
which was valued at $100,000, was accordingly sold after the fire to
a heavy dealer in old iron, who bought it all, placing its value,
roughly estimated, at $1,500. The dealer counted on a handsome
profit. Mis chagrin and surprise may better be imagined than de-
scribed when, on attempting to remove his stock, he found it had
fused by the intense heat, so that on cooling it had become one homo-
geneous mass. The only way to remove it, was by mining it out. The
iron merchant was dismayed at the task before him, and offered Mr.
Rice five hundred dollars to be relieved from his contract. This offer
Mr. Rice did not feel inclined to accept, so that the dealer in old iron
had to stick to his bargain. Me did so, but his profits, after the job was
through, were all on the wrong side of his ledger. After the fire,
the firm of C. L. Rice & Co. at once began building machine shops
and warerooms on the corner of Canal and Flarrison streets, which
were occupied in the fall of 1872. About that time C. L. Rice &
Co. sold the business to Thomas S. Kirkwood and William A. I >unk-
lee, who three years later removed it to the present location. In
1875, Mr. Dunklee retired from the firm, which then changed to T.
S. i\ A. J. Kirkwood, and so continued until January. 1885, when T.
S. Kirkwood retired, retaining an interest in the business as special
partner. Since that date the style of the firm has been A. J . Kirk-
w I & Co.
Thomas S. Kirkwood was born at Niagara Falls Village, Can-
ada. His father, a Scotchman by birth, a graduate of the Univer-
sity of Edinburgh, was Dr. T. A. A. Kirkwood, and a man who stood
high in the profession of which he was a member. His mother
was Anna Boyes, daughter of Colonel Boyes, of the British army,
and who died while in active service in the Indies. In 1861, Mr.
Kirkwood located in Oshkosh, Wis. Three years later he came to
this city, and worked for Keith Brothers until 1871, when he began
in business on his own account as a member of the firm of Kirkwood
<.V Dunklee. Since retiring from active business, Mr. Kirkwood has
been travelling in Mexico for the benefit of his health, which for a
time had been seriously impaired by years of unremitting labor.
Arthur J. A "/>/•;, w</ was born at Niagara Falls Village, Canada,
on May 28, 1844. In 1863, he went to Oshkosh, Wis., where he
engaged in mercantile pursuits nearly ten years. In 1872, he came
to Chicago and joined his brother in the business in which he is still
engaged. Mr. Kirkwood married, in 1872, Miss Ella Weed, daughter
of the late Jacob Weed, of Oshkosh, a well-known lumberman of that
place and also one of the oldest settlers of Wisconsin. Mr. and
Mrs. Kirkwood have two children, — lilla and Arthur.
THF. A. I'I.AMOXDON MANfFACTi'RiNG COMPANY was estab-
lished in 1859, by John J. Palmer and Ambrose Plamondon. At
that time the capital of the firm was less than five hundred dollars
and less than ten men were employed, while the annual volume of busi-
ness did not exceed $25,000. In 1869, Mr. Palmer retired from the
firm and Mr. Plamondon continued the business alone, meeting with
continued success. In 1877, an incorporated company was formed,
under the title of The A. Plamondon Manufacturing Company.
The officers are, A. Plamondon, president, and his two sons, Charles
and George, superintendent and secretary, respectively. The com-
pany employs one hundred and fifty men and does an annual trade
amounting to nearly $500,000. The territory covered in their trade
488
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
includes the Western and Northwestern States and Territories. Their
buildings are three in number and are large and well equipped. The
machinery is propelled by a line engine of one hundred and fifty horse
power. They manufacture machinery for flour mills, grain eleva-
tors, breweries, distilleries, malt houses, paint mills, etc., and also
make a socially of shafting, pulleys, hangers and gearing.
Ambrose PlamonJi>n was born at Quebec, Canada, on December
3', '833, the son of Ambrose and Charlotte (Helleau) Plamondon.
At the age of sixteen, the son left home to make his own fortune,
and began to learn the trade of a millwright in Oswego, N. V. In
1856, he was sent by his employers to superintend the machinery
part of the building of the < Utawa Starch Co.'s works at Ottawa, 111.
lly the time this job was completed Mr. 1'lamondon had made up
his mind to stay in the West, ami, a little later, he with his family
located in this city, which has ever since been his home. In iSsc),
with -Mr. I'almer, he founded the business of which he is still the
head. In this he has been for some years ably assisted by his two
sons, who are young men of line business qualifications, and whose
careful training under a practical teacher has well fitted them for
the places they now till. Mr. I'lamondon married, in 1852, Miss
: i Iliggin-, daughter of Daniel Iliggins, of Oswego, N. Y.
They have live children, — Kinma, wife of John II. Amberg of the
firm of Cameron, Amberg & Co.; ('has. A., George, Jennette, and
Alfred D.
MARIXKTTK IKUN WORKS. — Great things rarely spring full-
Hedged into existence ; growth seems to be — is in fact — an all-per-
vading law of the universe. Chicago was once an insignificant
village, and her growth from that to the third city in importance in
the Unjon, has been but an aggregate of the growth and develop-
ment of her institutions. The pages of this volume teem with
illustrations of the above statements; and no less striking, as an
example of these truths, has been the growth of the enterprise the
history of which is here given. In 1867, D. C. Prescott, R. 11.
Trumbull and Austin Cruver, with a total capital of $1,800, or §600
each, started an iron foundry and machine shops at Marinette,
Wi-.., for the manufacture of saw-mill and mining machinery.
During the first year they employed from twelve to fifteen men, but
found at its close the most encouraging prospects for an increasing
trade. They were not disappointed, for each succeeding year has
seen their business growing until to-day the original "plant" of
$1,800 has become one of over $300,000, ranking among the fore-
most of the important manufacturing institutions of the Northwest,
and furnishing employment to from one hundred and fifty to three
hundred men. In 1874, an incorporated company was formed,
under the present title of the Marinette Iron Works Company, and
of this the officers from the first have been — Austin Cruver, presi-
dent; R. H. Trumbull, treasurer, and D. Clint Prescott, secretary.
In 1877, Messrs. Cruver and Trumbull opened a branch house in
this city, as dealers in saw-mill machinery and mill supplies of
every description, on Dearborn Street, removing, in 1880, to No.
164 Lake Street. Here they carry on an extensive business in the
lines mentioned ; while from the works at Marinette a still larger
business is done in the way of manufacturing the almost countless
number of articles used in connection with the operating of saw-
mills and mining works. Mr. Prescott, already mentioned as the
secretary of the company, is also an inventor of acknowledged
ability, having devised and patented not a few of the articles made
at these works. He resides at Marinette, and has general charge
of this branch of the company's business.
AUSTIN CRUVER was born in Chicago on August n, 1838.
His parents, John and Rosetta (Morse) Cruver, were settlers of
1834, having come here in that year from Vermont, and, at the
time of the birth of Austin, were living at the corner of North Clark
and Michigan streets. Mr. Cruver, senior, was a builder and con-
tractor, and among the many houses he built in those, the early
days of the city's history, was the family residence of H. O. Stone,
which is still standing on the South Side. He was also elected a
member of the city council in 1843, serving one term as an alderman
from the fifth ward. In 1850, Mr. Cruver, with many others who had
become interested in the wonderful discovery of gold in California,
started for that State to try his fortunes in the gold mines, but he
had not been in the country a year, when he became ill with a fever
and almost immediately died ; leaving, besides his widow, who is
still living, three children, — Austin John, who is now in Chicago,
and Adelia, now the wife of R. H". Trumbull, to whom she was
married in 1860. Austin was practically reared and educated in
this city, and when, in 1861, the War broke out, he was among the
thousands of Illinois' brave sons who at once responded to their
country's call for men to defend her. In 1861, he enlisted as a
private in the 37th Illinois Infantry, and, with his regiment, was
ordered to Missouri, under General Fremont, participating in the
events of the Price raid. Subsequently his regiment was under fire
at the battles of Pea Ridge, Prairie Grove, Chalk Bluff, the siege
of Vicksburg, the taking of Jackson, and finally participating in
Red River expedition, also in the storming of the Blakely batteries
at the taking of Mobile, which was the last battle of the War, hav-
ing been fought after I.ee had surrendered and when hostilities were
supposed to have closed. Altogether, Mr. Cruver was in the service
four years and nine months, having, in 1864, at the expiration of
his three years' term of enlistment, re-enlisted as a veteran to serve
during the remainder of the War. He returned home in M.i\,
1866, and in the following year, as has already been told, he, with
hi- as-ociates, founded the business in which they are still success-
fully engaged. Mr. Cruver married, in 1867, Miss Caroline D.
1'itkin, daughter of Wesley Pitkin, of Vermont. They have had
four children, — Minnie L., deceased; Edith May, Sadie R. and
Ella J.
R. H. TRUMBULL was born at Castleton, Vt., in 1833, and is
the son of Rev. Horace and Kuhama (Stevens) Trumbull, daugh-
ter of Theodore Stevens of Washington County, N. V. R. 11. was
given only the advantages of a common school education, and, when
sixteen years of age, came with his parents to the West, locating in
the town of Eremont, Lake Co., 111. There the father, who was
a Methodist clergyman, entered the Rock River Conference in 1849,
and for a number of years thereafter preached in various circuits in
this State. Finally, the death of a brother, who left a family that
he felt called upon to provide for, induced him to give up travelling
in the circuit, and to locate on his farm near Waukegan. He, how-
ever, continued preaching, filling a certain number of pulpits of
easy access from his farm, until his death, which occurred in 1872,
at his son's home in Waukegan. R. H., on the inception of his
career in the West, began as a teacher in the common schools, and
finally taught penmanship. About 1855, he formed a partnership
with Professor Hill, since the author of Hill's Manual, and estab-
lished a writing academy at No. 89 LaSalle Street. Hill was also
the teacher of penmanship in Bell's Commercial College of this city,
and in his duties here was of course assisted by Mr. Trumbull.
In the following year, however, this partnership was dissolved, Mr.
Trumbull selling his interest to Mr. Hill, and, going back to the
country, began teaching classes in writing, until 1862. During that
year, he entered the service of his country, as first lieutenant of Co.
" B," g6th Illinois Volunteers, and with his regiment was assigned
to the army under command of General Thomas. He had scarcely
reached the front, however, before he was taken seriously ill and
sent to the general hospital, where he remained until January, 1863,
when, having become so weak and emaciated from his malady that
his recovery seemed impossible, he was discharged from the service
and went home, as his surgeons fully believed, to die; and, in fact, so
near to death's door had he been brought that it was more than a
year after his return, before he recovered anything like his former
health and strength. In 1867, he joined his brothers with his pres-
ent partners, and established the business in which they are still
engaged. Mr. Trumbull married, in 1860, Miss Adelia E. Cruver,
daughter of John Cruver, who has already been mentioned as an
early settler of Chicago. They have had five children, — Ruie Wini-
fred, Cora R. (deceased), Rollin S., Austin C. and Ella A.
THE AMERICAN STEAM ENCINE WORKS were established in
1862, by Edward G. Good, who in that year purchased Henry V.
Ditman's interest in a business in which for a year prior they had
been partners. The works were then located at Nos. 121-27 North
Water Street, and in them were manufactured all kinds of portable
and stationary engines, boilers, etc. Shortly following Mr. Good's
purchase of the works, his brother, John Good, became a partner
in the enterprise, the firm of which was then changed to E. G.
Good & Bro., and so continued until 1866, when Albert Holton
was admitted to an interest, the firm name changing to E. G. & J.
Good & Co. In the following year, the place of business was re-
moved to No. 23 Michigan Street, between Kingsbury and Market
streets, remaining there until 1873, when it was changed to Nos.
303-309 South Canal, and finally, in 1880, to their present location,
at No. 208 South Clinton. Mr. Holton died in 1870, since which
time his surviving partners have continued the business. Among
the products of these works now, may be mentioned, engines, both
stationary and portable mills, elevators, corn-shellers and grain-
handling and wood-working machinery.
E. G. GOOD, the founder of these works, was born at Buffalo,
N. Y. , in 1828, a son of Martin Good. E. G. received a common
school education, and early in life began to learn the trade of a
machinist in his native city. In 1856, he came to Chicago in the
propeller " Salvor," a vessel he had largely built the machinery for,
and had also assisted in thus equipping her for her first trip on the
lakes. In 1858, the second steam fire engine, "The Island Queen,"
was purchased by Chicago, and of this engine Mr. Good was made
engineer, a position he held for nearly three years, severing his
connection there only to establish himself in the business the his-
tory of^ which has already been given. Mr. Good married, in 1857,
Miss Kate Jordon, a native of Chicago; they have eleven children.
C. W. CRARY.— In 1869, C. W. Crary, who, prior to that
date, had been a journeyman machinist of this city, established
himself in business in a small shop located in the basement of the
THE IRON TRADE.
489
old Revere House on North Clark Street. About a year later he
admitted to partnership R. B. Ingersoll, the style of the firm then
being Crary & Ingersoll, and about the same time the business was
removed to No. 263 Randolph Street. Here, the firm, which had
barely attained a prosperous footing, was burned out by the great
fire, losing everything they possessed except their skill and knowl-
edge of their business, coupled with a spirit of indomitable will and
perseverance, which enabled them to at once go to work to recover
what the fire had so suddenly swept away. Accordingly, within a
few weeks, they resumed business at No. 53 West Randolph Street,
and such was the success which attended their efforts, that a year
or two later saw them once more doing a prosperous and increasing
trade. In 1875, the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Ingersoll
retiring from the firm, since which time Mr. Crary has continued
the business alone. In 1879, he removed to No. 125 West Ran-
dolph Street, and, in May, 1882, to Nos. 81-83 Erie Street. Here
he has a finely equipped machine shop, and makes and builds all
kinds of special machinery, models and metal patterns, also does
gear-cutting of every description, and makes designing of special
machinery a specialty. Mr. Crary was born at Potsdam, N. Y.,
in 1822, the son of Elias and Abigail (Walker) Crary. In 1836, the
parents came West, locating on a farm in Kane County, this State,
and there C. W. remained, following the vocation of a farmer until
he had attained his twenty-sixth year. Becoming tired of this, he
determined to learn the trade of a machinist, and accordingly went
to Detroit, and worked there in the locomotive shop of the Michi-
gan Central Railroad. In 1866, he came to Chicago, which has
since been his home, and three years later he founded the present
business. Mr. Crary married Miss Hannah Nichols, daughter of
Joshua Nichols, of Detroit, Mich. They have three children, —
Louis J., Hamilton and Marietta.
Hamilton Crary, son of C. W. Crary, was born at Detroit,
Mich., on October 28, 1853, and lived in that city until his thir-
teenth year, and then, with his parents, he came to Chicago. He
attended the schools of this city for three years, when he began sail-
ing on the lakes, following this pursuit until 1874. He then
entered his father's shops and learned the trade of a machinist, and
has since been connected with the business, being now foreman of
the shops and general superintendent. He married, on September
16, 1880, Miss Julia A. McKee, daughter of Charles McKee, the
keeper of the Lake Crib.
G. S. WORMER & SONS. — This firm is among the oldest
machinery houses in Chicago, and is located at Nos. 38-40 South
Canal Street. It was established here in 1868, as a branch of the
main house at Detroit, Mich. In 1853, G. S. Wormer, founder of
the house now bearing his name, located in Detroit, in the manu-
facture of engines, boilers, wood-working and mining machinery,
etc., and a few years later he conceived the idea of opening a gen-
eral machinery store, and of keeping in stock all kinds of machines,
supplies, etc. This he did, and, so far as is known, to him belongs
the credit of establishing the first house of the kind mentioned in
the West. The new venture proved so successful, and the idea so
popular, that others hastened to adopt it, and soon quite a revolu-
tion was effected in the manner in which goods of this class were
handled. The advantages of the plan were many and obvious.
Heretofore, a man wanting machinery had been either compelled
to make a trip to the East, where the factories and machine shops
were mostly located, or else buy from a travelling agent, and trust
to his representation for getting the kind of goods, and of the quality,
desired. Now, he can go to the dealer in machinery, and by a per-
sonal examination of his stock select that which suits him in price
and is best adapted to his needs. In 1868, as has already been
mentioned, Mr. Wormer established the present house in this city,
placing it in the hands of his son, H. G. Wormer, who conducted
its affairs until his death, which occurred some four years ago.
Since then, F. F. Wormer, another brother, has taken full control,
he having, for some time previous to his brother's death, associated
with him in the management of the business here.
F. F. Warmer, resident manager of the house here, was born
at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1850. He came West with his parents in
1853, and was largely reared and educated in Detroit, where his
father still lives. In 1877, he came to Chicago to assist his brother
in the management of the house, and on his death succeeded to the
business, which he still controls.
THE MARINE ENGINE WORKS. — The business conducted at
these works was established, in 1857, by John Murphy, at the
northwest corner of Franklin and Michigan streets. In 1862, the
name, Marine Engine Works, was adopted by Mr. Murphy, and
he advertised himself as manufacturer of marine and stationary en-
gines to order. In 1866, Robert Tarrant was admitted to partner-
ship, under the firm name of Murphy & Tarrant. In the fire of
1871, their works were destroyed. Mr. Murphy decided not to re-
engage in business, but Mr. Tarrant resolved to re-build the shops,
and, having done so at the same location, soon was at work on a
larger scale than before the fire. Mr. Tarrant until recently was
engaged principally in the manufacture of marine engines, but he
also manufactures stationary engines, propeller wheels, castings
and general machinery. In 1880, he added to his lines of work
the making of fine jewelers' tools, which have now a large sale in
all parts of the United States. The number of men employed by
Mr. Tarrant is about one hundred, the investment about $85,000,
and the annual amount of business about $150,000. The building
at present occupied was erected in 1883, and cost about $22,000.
Mr. Tarrant, in 1883, commenced making print-ing machinery for
the Bullock Printing Press Company.
RoiiKRT TARRANT was born in Columbia County, N. Y., on
January 10, 1832. At nineteen years of age, and after completing
a literary and scientific education, he entered on his apprenticeship
to learn the trade of a machinist at Ballston Spa, N. Y. In 1856,
he located in this city, taking a position in the shops of the Chicago,
St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, now the Chicago & North-West-
ern. He remained there ten years, resigning his position to form
the partnership with Mr. Murphy, in 1866. Mr. Tarrant married,
in 1854, Miss Sarah Near, of Ballston Spa. They have had three
children, — Cora, now the wife of F. A. Brodi ; Robert, Jr.; and
Ross, deceased.
THE /ETNA IRON WORKS is the outgrowth of the firm of John
Clark & Son, who established their iron foundry, on a small scale,
in the year 1850. Their blacksmith and machine shops were then
located where the Cook County jail-building now stands, and that
was their place of business for seventeen consecutive years. In
1867, the capital of the firm was largely increased by John T.
Raffen, who purchased an interest in the business, and became
actively identified therewith. The firm name was then changed to
Clark, Raffen & Co. ; they purchased a block of land at the corner
of Kingsbury and Ohio streets, and commenced the erection of new
and suitable buildings. The title, "/Etna Iron Works," was then
adopted, and the success of the business has been such as to make
that title a well-known trade mark. Their property has a frontage
of three hundred feet on Ohio Street and one hundred feet on
Kingsbury Street, situated near the North Branch of the river and
the track of the Chicago & North-Western Railway, over which
several other lines also opefate, thus affording the firm superior
railway and water transportation privileges. In the fire of 1871,
the premises were destroyed, but the proprietors of the works re-
built, and were ready for business within thirty days. The /Etna
Iron Works are very spacious, and are equipped with all the latest
modern appliances and machinery. Messrs. Clark, Raffen & Co.
manufacture all kinds of cast and wrought iron for buildings ex-
clusively, including architectural columns, jail work, lintels, sill-
plates, stairs, railings, gratings, vaults, platforms and sidewalks,
beams, girders, etc. They have furnished the iron material for
hundreds of the most prominent business blocks, city and county
buildings, in the Northwest, and among the prominent structures
in which their work may be seen are the Cook County Court House,
Board of Trade, Chicago Opera House, Columbia Theater, Hooley's
Theater, Grand Opera House, Commercial National Bank, Adams'
Express and Rialto buildings. The individual members of the firm,
now, are John Clark, Robert Clark, John T. Raffen, and William
Currer. This firm has developed a very extensive trade, which
now amounts to $400,000 per annum.
JOHN T. RAFFEN was born at the town of Cupar-Fife, Scot-
land, in 1836. His father, Colonel Alexander W. Raffen, was the
first plumber in the City of Chicago, coming here in 1850; he was
also prominent during the War, and led one of the Chicago regi-
ments through the same. His wife was Ellen Thomson. The
son John received his education under private tutorship in Scotland,
and on coming to Chicago was apprenticed to W. S. Cobb, iron
moulder, with whom he served his time, four years. Four months
before finishing his apprenticeship he was made foreman of the
foundry, and continued with his employer until 1859. He then
became imbued with the California fever, and started out for the
West, making the journey to the Pacific coast almost entirely on
foot. On reaching there he engaged in mining, and followed the
fortunes of a prospector for two and a half years. He then located
in San Francisco, and engaged at his trade, which he continued up
to 1867, and during that time amassed a considerable amount of
money. With that he returned to Chicago, and, buying an interest
in the firm of John Clark & Son, iron workers, organized the /Etna
Iron Works, and has ever since been identified with the extensive
industrial interests of Chicago. During his residence in California,
Mr. Raffen was married to Miss Eliza McDonald, in 1863. Her
death occurred in this city on June 22, 1882. They had seven
children: Nellie, Lizzie, Katie, Mary, Jessie, John and Robert
Clark. Mr. Raffen has always been prominently identified with
the business interests of the city, and in social matters has always
been heartily interested in the Scottish social organizations, being a
member of nearly all the societies, among them the St. Andrews
Society, Curling Club and Caledonian Club. He is also a member
of Cleveland Lodge, No. 211, A.F. & A.M., anj of Washington
Chapter, No. 43, R.A.M.
SAVAGE BROTHERS. — In 1855, William M. and Richard Sav-
49°
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
age ant! John Murphy, under the firm name of Savage liros. & Co.,
started a machine shop and foundry at Nos. c- 4( Michigan Street.
Mr. Murphy retired from the linn in 1*57, since which time the
.c Ill-others have conducted their business without other part-
ners. Originally, they built a small frame maehiue and blacksmith
shop, ami, in i-t>j. made an adilitioii, increasing the capacity of the
works nearly threefoKI. In the fire of i>;i they lost about
"i. the insurance collected being only about sso<>. Not dis-
couraged, they started again, and were the hrst linn on the North Side
to make a < astiug. 'I'he building erected in which to re-establish their
business was a small frame one on the rear of the lot, which was
used until 1874, when their present three-story brick machine shop
was erected. They employ on the average about thirty-live men.
and transact Irom (50,000 to $60,000 worth of business annually.
ll'illiaiH Mauiu "ii of .Maurice and Mary\V. Savage,
was born at Ray Verde, New Brunswick, Canada, on May 25, 1632.
\ll- parents are of English descent, who crossed the Atlantic in 1827,
and, after a slay of ten years in Canada, removed to this city. His
father was one of the sub-contractors on the Illinois cV Michigan
Canal, and was cngagi d in that work at the time of his death in
i - |" At fourteen years of age, young William was apprenticed to
in Buchanan, harness maker. No. 162 Lake Street, with whom
he remained three years. After leaving Mr. Uuchanan he began
business on his own account at the corner of Market and Randolph
streets. In the following year, in connection with John Jennings,
he purchased an establishment on Randolph Street, where the Metro-
politan Illock now stands. The firm of Jennings \ Savage con-
tinue.1 three years, when Mr. Jennin and Mr. Savage
continued the business alone one year. In 1*57, he became a mem-
ber of the linn of Murphy, Savage <\ Co., machinists, at No. 44
Michigan Street, and two years later with his brother, Richard
Sax age iMurpln. Savage iX: Co.), purchased Mr. Murphy's interest,
and tile linn became Savage llros. After the lire of iS/i, the firm
erected their present buildings, and were the lust foundry-men at
work in tile burned district after that event. Mr. Savage, although
fifty-four \cais of age and despite the hardships of his business, is
strong and vigorous, and is recoLMii/cd by the trade as a thorough-
going business man and a lirst-class workman. Mr. Savage was
married in July, 1^71. to. Miss Louise Lmcrson, of Chicago. They
have two children, — Catherine K. and Richard M.
, son of Maurice and Marv Savage, was born at
Ray Verde. New lirtinswick, Canada, on September 27, 1835. Upon
the removal of his parents to Chicago, in 1*37, he attended the pub-
lic school-, until fourteen years of age, when he began business life
as an apprentice in the manufacture of machinery with II. P. Moses,
corner of I'olk Street and the River. At the expiration of his ap-
prenticeship he engaged with 1'. W. Gales, with whom he continued
two years, subsequently hiring as engineer in the Green Bay Line
of steamers. In the following year he formed a co-partnership with
John Mutphy, and under the firm name of Murphy, Savage iS: Co.,
went into the foundry and machine trade at No. 44 Michigan Street.
Shortly afterward William M . Savage became a member of the firm,
and upon the retirement of Mr. Murphy, in 1858, the firm became
i- Bros. Before the fire of 1871 they were engaged chiefly in
the manufacture of steam and milling machinery, but since the erec-
tion of their present building, in 1873, 'hey have done general
foundry and machine work. Mr. Savage, was married to Miss Eliza-
beth Ilennessy, formerly of Massachusetts. They have four chil-
dren,— William M., Richard J., Walter L. and Mary E.
J. M. AkNoi.i). — Among the machinery dealers of this city,
there are few, perhaps, who ha\ e achieved a more signal success, and
in so original a way, than has Colonel J. M . Arnold. Mr. Arnold be-
gan as a machinery dealer in Milwaukee in 1865, and had not been
long in the business when his attention was directed to the vast
amount of machinery of all kinds, classed as second-hand machin-
ery, and which, though discarded for various reasons, was as good
as new, and as valuable, so far as service was concerned, as though
just from the makers. lie at once began by buying up this sort of
machinery and putting it in lirst-class shape, advertised extensively,
and soon found plenty of customers wanting just the articles he
had for sale. In 1876, he came to this city ,;s being a better mar-
ket, and also a better point from which to reach his trade, which
extended all over the United States. I le took an office on South
(anal Street, and, after finding the second-hand machinery in this
city, made terms to buy it at an agreed price, in the event' that he
found a purchaser. This plan proved so successful, and his sales
' such an extent, that inside of three years his net profits
amounted to nearly $25,000. At the end of this time, Mr. Arnold
concluded to retire from business for a while, take a needed rest,
and also to indulge a long-cherished desire to travel in foreign
countries. He accordingly went abroad in iSSo, and remained for
nearly a year, returning to this city in 1881, and again establishing
himself in business on (.'anal Street. In 1*84, he erected his pres-
ent building, at Nat. U \<> West Monroe Street. Mr. Arnold, son
of Christopher and Clarissa (Randall) Arnold, was born at Libcrly-
ville. Lake Co., 111., in 1841. His parents removed to the West
from New Vork in 1836, stopping for a short time in Chicago, but
finally located in Lake County, being one among the first white
families to settle in that locality. Mr. Arnold, senior, tiled in 1880,
at the ripe old age of seventy-six. J. M. grew up in Lake County,
receiving a good education in the common and high schools, and
then took a two years' course in college at Beaver I lam, Wis. In
1862, although having barely attained his majority, he enlisted as a
private in the 241)1 Wisconsin Volunteers, and, for a time, per-
formed the duties of clerk to adjutant-generals in the Department
of the Northwest, under General John Tope. He was then ordered
to the front with his regiment, where he remained during the greater
portion of the War, participating in nineteen battles, the more im-
portant of which were, — Rcsaca, Chaplin Hills, Murfreesboro',
Adairville, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones-
borough, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. At the battle of
Murfreesboro', in December, 1862, he was taken prisoner and con-
fined for a time in Libby Prison, at Richmond, Va., being finally
exchanged in April, 1863. At the close of the War he was, in
January, 1865, ordered to Nashville, where, under Governor
Brownlow, he was made assistant adjutant-general of the State,
ir lime commissioned a major of the 3d Tennessee
> . lie remained in this position until near the close of that
year, when he was mustered out of service, and, returning home,
he located in Milwaukeee, Wis., beginning there his business
career, the history of which has already been given. While living
in that city he was, from 1872 to 1876, colonel of the 1st Wisconsin
Stale Militia, an office he acceptably tilled until his coming to Chi-
cago in the latter year. Mr. Arnold has been twice married; first,
in [863, to Miss Carrie Wallace, daughter of Joseph Wallace, of
Salem, Mass. By this marriage there were three children, two ol
whom are now living, — Jay Brentwood and Blanche Beatrice. His
first wife deceased in 1875, and he married again, in 1876, Mrs.
Laura 1C. (Kenny) I'orter, also of Salem.
Tnr. ADAMS AMI BRICK, MAI IIIM.KY COMPANY. — The busi-
ness now conducted by this company, which was incorporated in
1885, is the manufacture of the Adams automatic bolt and nut thread-
ing machine. This enterprise was established, in 1884, by [. W.
Adams & Company at its present location, N'os. 35-41 Indiana
Street ; the specialty manufactured is the invention of Mr. Adams
— the president of the company — and is the result of years of exper-
imental study ami labor bestowed upon the integral parts of the
machines. These have already raised the standard of excellence of
bolt and nut threading, and, although the Company have only com-
menced to manufacture them, the demand for them has been very
large. A decided testimony to their excellence is found in the fact
that, from all over the United Stales and from foreign countries, let-
ters of inquiry have been received, the attention of manufacturers
having been drawn to the machines by the deserved eulogiums which
have been given them by mechanical journals throughout this coun-
try, and which notices were simply tile result of the demonstrated
perfection of the machine. The company are now preparing to
engage in their manufacture on an extensive scale for both the for-
eign and home trade, and will employ therein about fifty skilled
workmen.
/. II'. .li/nms, the president of the company, is a native of Vir-
ginia, and was born near the town of Lexington, Rockbridge County,
on January 2, 1853. He is the son of Hugh and Amanda (McCo'r-
mick) Adams, the latter being a sisler of Ihe late Cyrus II. McCor-
mick, the well-known inventor. In 1857, and when J. \V. was but
four years of age, his parents removed to I hicago and located on the
site of the present family residence, at No. 118 1'ine Street. Hugh
Adams, on his arrival here, embarked in the grain and commission
business with C. H. McCormick, under the firm name of C. II.
Mi < 'oimick iV ( 'ompany, which ranked for years as one of the lead-
ing firms in its line in the West. After the death of Mr. Adams, on
March 10, 1880, his sons continued the business, the firm being
known as Cyrus H. Adams &. Company. James W. was reared and
partially educated in this city, completing his studies by a course at
the scientific school of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. He grad-
uated from that institution as fourth in his class in 1871, and shortly
afterward went to St. Louis, where he engaged in the grain and
elevator business until 1878, when he returned to Chicago, and was
with his father's firm until iSSo. It was then that he decided to
gratify a long-cherished desire to engage in some branch of manu-
facturing and to turn his attention to inventing and building ma-
chinery. This desire, doubtless inherited from his mother, finally
resulted in the inventing and successful patenting of the specialty
manufactured by ihe company of which he is the head. When he
began work and had developed a rough model, he exhibited it to
Cyrus II. M cCormick, who highly commended the efficiency of the
invention, and when the first machine was completed — partly under
patents controlled — it was purchased by the McCormick Harvesting
Machine Company, where it has performed most excellent service.
Mon recent developments by Mr. Adams on the original machine,
however, led to his discarding all other mechanical contrivances than
those which he invented, and the machine, as thus perfected, is the
THE IRON TRADE.
491
specialty which is now manufactured by the Adams and Price Ma-
chinery Company, and which has brought their firm into such favor-
able prominence.
THE AMERICAN MACIIINKRY COMPANY was organized and in-
corporated under its present name on February 20, 1884, by Charles
Lindemann, Lewis Bush and John C. Burmeister, succeeding to
the business of Herhold & Bush which was established, in 1882, by
F. Herhold and L. Bush, at No. 150 West Erie Street. At this
location they had a factory building, 25x60 feet, and their ma-
chinery was propelled by a fifteen horse-power engine. The Amer-
ican Machinery Company was incorporated with a capital of $20,000,
and the following officers were elected — Charles Lindemann, presi-
dent ; Lewis Bush, vice-president, and John C. Burmeister, secre-
tary and treasurer. At the present time their office is at No. 378
Milwaukee Avenue, but their works are located at the corner of
Pratt and Sangamon streets. The factory is a three-story brick
building, 35 x 50 feet in size, to which the office will soon be moved.
Work commenced in this factory about May 15, 1884, with eleven
men. The machinery made by this company, all of which are the
inventions of Mr. Bush, are remarkably ingenious and valuable,
and are splendid examples of the products of American genius and
skill. They are the Peerless automatic saw sharpener, Bush's im-
proved automatic planer-knife sharpener, Bush's automatic saw and
knife sharpener, the Peerless saw set, and the Peerless emery wheel
dresser, of all of which machines this company owns the patents.
They also manufacture an adjustable iron folding-chair. The Peer-
less automatic saw sharpener is adapted to circular saws from six
inches to six feet in diameter, without regard to shape or the num-
ber of teeth contained. On this machine, cross-cut saws can also
be sharpened, and the teeth beveled automatically, and the saw put
in perfect shape ready for use without the aid of files. By remov-
ing a single bolt the operation for beveling is stopped, and the
emery wheel placed in position to sharpen square-faced teeth. As
has already been seen, the American Machinery Company is as yet
in its infancy, but already it is doing a fine business.
LEWIS BUSH, founder of this business, was born in Clinton
County, N. V., on June 18, 1842. His father, Lewis Bush, was
also a machinist, and a man of a decidedly inventive turn of mind,
and from him Lewis inherited that trait of character. When only
fourteen years of age, Lewis, junior, came West, landing in Chicago
in 1856 ; from here he went to Missouri, where he was employed
as a construction hand on the Hannibal \: St. Joe Railway, which
was then being built. He remained there until the line was com-
pleted, when he was given a position on the railroad as fireman,
and shortly afterward proved himself so faithful and capable, that
he was made an engineer, and given a regular run. A year or two
later, he resigned his position there, and, returning to Chicago, be-
gan learning the cabinet trade with John Phillips, one of the pio-
neer manufacturers in this industry in Chicago. He remained thus
employed until 1864, when he entered the regular army as a mem-
ber of the First Battalion United States Engineers, and with this
body joined the Army of the Cumberland, under General Sheridan.
The work of his corps was to re-build the bridges, and other public
structures destroyed by the Confederate forces ; their field of oper-
ations covered by Sheridan's army in its campaigns, during the
last year of the War. In 1865, Mr. Bush returned to Chicago,
where he has since resided, and, in 1880, brought out the inven-
tions of which mention has already been made. The first machine
he built, however, was one almost marvelous in its ingenuity. This
is intended for use in chair factories ; it turns a chair round, puts a
tenon on either end, and bores the holes for the reception of the
cross braces, all at one operation. It saves the work of several men
and turns out sixty finished pieces a minute. These machines are
now in use in this and other cities, and are highly-valued adjuncts
in the important industry of which they form a part. Mr. Bush
married, in 1864, Miss Rose ; they have had four children, — Fred,
Allie, Nellie and Willie.
JOHN C. BURMEISTER, secretary and treasurer of the American
Machinery Company, is a native of Germany, born on September
9, 1853, the only son of John and Fredericka Burmeister. In De-
cember, 1857, his parents came to this city, where John was reared
and educated. In 1868, he began to learn the trade of a printer,
which he followed until 1871, when he engaged with the well-known
firm of Shober& Carqueville, lithographers, and served a four years'
apprenticeship at the lithographic business. In 1876, the Centen-
nial Year, he established himself in the printing business in the north-
western part of the city, which he carried on alone until January,
1885, when he associated himself with F. William H. Lundt, under
the firm name of Burmeister & Lundt at Nos. 376-380 Milwaukee
Avenue. In February, 1884, Mr. Burmeister was instrumental in
organizing the American Machinery Company, and was elected its
secretary and treasurer, which position he has since well and ably
filled. He is also one of the organizers of the German Hospital of
Chicago, a charitable institution, situated on Lincoln Avenue in
this city, of which he was elected secretary. Mr. Burmeister married,
in 1879, Miss Mary N. Kiehs, daughter of Adam Riehs of this city.
EATON & PRINCE.— This business was established here, in
1875, by Thomas W. Eaton, at No. 71 Michigan Street. In 1876,
Mr. Eaton associated with himself Midas Brooks, under the name
of Thomas W. Eaton & Co., occupying the same location, In
1877, Mr. Brooks retired from the firm, Mr. Eaton and Frederick
II. Prince purchasing his interest, some time after which the name
was changed to Eaton & Prince. In 1879, the business was trans-
ferred to Nos. 74-76 Michigan Street. There the transactions of
this enterprising firm have increased, until at the present time it
employs about seventy-five men. The annual amount of its business,
which extends to nearly every State and Territory of the United
States, about $150, ooo.
Thomas II'. J-'.alon was born at Morristown, Vt., on June 16,
1839. His ancestry were among the earliest of New England set-
tlers, of whom the . following piece of geneaological history has
been preserved. The first of the name to come to America was
John Eaton and his wife Abigail, with their two children, Mary and
Thomas, who came over from England in the ship " Elizabeth
Ann, "in the spring of 1635. They finally settled at Dedham, Mas-
sachusetts. The descendents from this family were, — John Eaton,
born at Wareham in 1636; Thomas Eaton, born July 23, 1675; David
Eaton, born at Woodstock, Mass., July 21, 1706; Ephraini Eaton,
born at Woodstock, October 2, 1636, settled at Hinsdale, where he
lived until his death; Abial Eaton, the grandfather of Thomas W.,
was born at Woodstock, Mass., October 19, 1770, settled at Mor-
ristown, Vermont, where he died on February 28, 1835. His son
Lathrop, father of Thomas W., was born September 21, 1797, mar-
ried Sabrina \Vood on February 13, 1825, and resided at Morristown
until his death, which occurred November 8, 1854. There Thomas
was reared, receiving a fair English education, partly in the common
schools and partly by private tuition. At the age of sixteen he left
home and went to Hyde Park, Vt., to learn the trade of a cabinet-
maker. Two years later he came West, where he carried on cabi-
net-making until 1864, when he removed to Kankakee, remaining
there seven years. In 1871, he came to Chicago, which has since
been his home, and was for some time with the Crane Bros. ; then
he became a contractor on his own account, and finally, in 1875,
founded the business of which he is still one of the proprietors.
Mr. Eaton married, in June, 1864, Ann J. Winslow, daughter of
John Winslow, of Liverpool, England. They have had five children,
— Marion A., Edward W., Jessie M., Ethel B. and Charlotte G.
Frederick II. Prince was born at Bonus Prairie, Boone Co.,
111., on May 20, 1849, the son of Simeon (a native of Portland,
Me.) and Clara (Marvin) Prince. When Frederick was three years
of age, his parents moved to this city, the father dying here in 1877.
Frederick was educated in the schools of this city, and, in 1867,
began to learn his trade, that of a machinist, in the old Excelsior
.Machine Shops. He finished his trade with the Crane Bros., in
whose employ he remained until he became a partner, in 1878, of
the present firm of Eaton & Prince. Mr. Prince married, in 1870,
Miss Louisa Williams, the daughter of Orrin Williams, deceased.
They have three children, — -Marian, Ida and Alice.
E. A. DELANO. — Prominent among the men who have built
up a business that is not only a credit to himself, but to the indus-
trial interests of this city, is Mr. Delano. He was born at Fair Haven,
Mass., in 1846, the son of Eben and Lucy Delano, the former
being a sea captain. E. A. was given an excellent English educa-
tion in the high schools of his native town, and, at the age of sev-
enteen, quitted school to learn the trade of a machinist. After
finishing his apprenticeship, he worked as a journeyman in various
cities of the East, until 1870, when he came west and located in
this city, which has since been his home. On his arrival here, Mr.
Delano at once took service with T. K. Holden, who was then run-
ning the Phoenix Iron Works. These works, of which Mr. Delano
was foreman for nearly three years, were quite extensive, compris-
ing both machine shops and foundry, and employing from seventy-
five to one hundred men. They were continued in operation until
about 1876. In that year Mr. Delano started in business for
himself, in a small machine shop located at No. 31 South Canal
Street. There, for a number of months, he employed little or no
help, but relied almost wholly on his skill and labor to do what
jobs came to his doors. By the spring of 1880, his business had
increased to that extent that it became necessary to seek more com-
modious quarters; he accordingly removed to Nos. 51-53 West
Washington Street. Three years later a second change was deemed
advisable, for the reasons already stated ; so, in 1883, he moved to
Nos. 47-49 South Jefferson Street. There he manufactures shaft-
ing-hangers, pulleys and pulley machinery of all kinds ; he also
designs and builds to order all kinds of special machinery. He
now has a growing and prosperous trade, and employs on an
average from eighteen to twenty men. Mr. Delano married, in
1872, Miss Noble, daughter of Franklin Noble, of Providence,
R. I. They have had one son, — Harry Noble.
KINGSI.AND, JACKSON & Co. — This firm, although compar-
atively a new factor in commercial circles of Chicago, has from the
first taken a leading position among others in the machinery trade ;
492
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ami, in the amount of business done, stands not a whit behind
many older competitors. It was established here, in 1882, by P. S.
Kingslaiid ami S. (',. Munn, under the linn name of Kingsland &
Munn, at No, 44 South Canal Street. In l.-v\i. Mr. Munn retired
from the business, being suceeeded by C. E. Jackson, at which
time the tirm name was changed to Kingsland, Jackson & Co. In
i "I, .1 removal was made to No. 28 South Canal Street, and, in
1 ice-ember of the same year, Mr. ( leorge Kingsland was admitted
as a partner in the firm, the name remaining unchanged. In Janu-
ary, i.ss;, a branch house was established at St. I.ouis, and I'. S.
Kingsland, who had founded the business here, removed to that
city, where, in company with C.eorge Kingsland, he conducts the
affairs of that house. Sir. Jackson manages the house in this city,
and is the only resident member of the firm. The lines handled by
Kingsland, Jackson \ Co. include iron and wood-working machin-
erv of all kinds, also engines, boilers, pumps, etc. They do not
manufacture, but are only extensive dealers in the kinds of goods
mentioned.
('. /-.. f,i,-/;si>>i was born at Rochester, Vt., in 1854, the son of
Kdwin S. and Minorn K. 'Kilts) Jackson. Young Jackson re-
d a good education in the common schools, and, at seventeen
years of age. took a situation as clerk in a large mercantile house in
lloston. lie remained there some live years, and, in 1876, con-
cluding to embark in business on his own account, he established a
manufactory of novelties at Bethel, Yt., but two years later sold out
this and went on the road, travelling for Hill, Clark & Co., a lead-
ing machinery house of Boston. In 1882, he established, for this
tirm, a branch house in St. Louis, which he conducted until 1883,
when he resigned that position to become a partner in the firm of
which he is still a member. Mr. Jackson married, in 1883, Miss
1 latlie Champion, daughter of Rev. M. 11. Champion, of Sutton,
N. II.
JOHN A. KOCIIK, manager of the northwestern department of
J. A. Fay \ Co., is a son of William and Sarah Roche, and was
born at Utica, N. V., on August 12, 1844. He graduated from the
high school at the age of seventeen, and began the trade of pattern
maker with the Allaire Works, N. Y., and served an apprenticeship
of three years, during which time he attended the Cooper Institute
night school; afterward working as journeyman. He then engaged
as draughtsman and designer on steam work for J. R. Robinson,
lloston, jor three years, and subsequently was connected with the
well-known Corliss Steam Engine Works for two years. In 1869,
he came to this city and established himself as a machinery dealer,
and represented various Kastern engine, boiler and machinery firms.
He succeeded to a partnership in the lirm of James Roche & Spen-
cer, at No. 195 Lake Street, until the lire of 1871, and was after-
ward located at Nos. 251-53 South ('anal Street for seven years.
Then, connecting himself with J. A. Fay& Co., of Cincinnati, manu-
facturers of wood-working machinery and agents for the Putnam
Machine Company's tools, Blaisdell lathes and drills, lilake pumps,
engines, supplies, etc., he assumed charge of their business in the
Northwest. Under his management their business has shown a
steady increase and has grown from $25,000 to about $700,000 per
annum. Mr. Roche was married, on June 22, 1871, to Miss Emma
Howard, of Chicago. They have had four children, — William
Howard, the eldest son, deceased; Cora E., Helen M., and John
A., Jr. He is a member of the Union League and Illinois clubs.
TIIK W. II. WHYTE MACIIINK WORKS were established in this
city, in 1874, by W. H. Whyte, who in that year came here from
Detroit, Mich. His first shops were located at the corner of Clin-
ton and West Monroe streets, where he remained two years; he then
removed to Nos. 43-47 South Jefferson Street, and, in 1884, to No.
32 West Washington Street. In the winter of 1884, Mr. Whyte
was taken with an illness that terminated fatally in January, 1885.
Since that time his sons, Harry IX, James and William H., have
continued the business under their father's name, and being young
men of energy and thrift have made it a pronounced success. Mr.
\\ hyte has left, as evidence of his skill as a mechanic, two machines,
both his own invention, which are destined to some day bring a com-
petency to his sons and to perpetuate his own name among those
of American inventors. Of these, the most important is a reversible
rolling-mill, for rolling steel or iron rails, and which has attracted
much attention from rolling-mill men, not only in this country but
in Europe. Mr. Whyte was a skillful pattern maker, and made the
patterns for the North Chicago Rolling-Mills for making twenty-
ton rastings. He was anativeof Scotland, born in 1831. He came
to this country when only twenty years of age, and located at De-
troit, Mich. .where he lived until 1874, in which year he came to this
city and founded the business that his sons are now conducting,
lie married, Miss ( leorgina Hogg, daughter of lames Hogg, of
Scotland. They had live children, — II. I)., James, Thomas (de-
I), W. II., and (Georgia.
ll.u-ry />. ll'/iy/i- was born in Scotland on November 3, 1851,
and came, when quite young, with his parents to this country,
locating at Detroit, Mich. There he was reared and educated and
learned his trade as a machinist. At his father's death, he, with
his brothers, succeeded to the business. In 1878, he married Miss
Isabel Roberts, daughter of James Roberts, of Detroit. They had
one son, William, who deceased in l88o.
H'illiiim II. H'/ii'/t- was born at Detroit, Mich., on August 12,
1859, and was given a good English education in the public schools
of his native city. On leaving school, he entered the office of his
father, and at his death, ho, with his brothers, succeeded to the
business, which they still conduct. He married, on July 27, 1882,
Miss leannelte Roberts, daughter of James Roberts, of Detroit,
Mich.
CHARLES FREDERICK WARDKI.L is a son of Richard and Ceci-
lia \Yardell, of Surrey, England. His parents emigrated to Can-
ada, and settled at Hamilton, where Charles was born in 1845.
He attended the public schools of that city until twelve years old,
continuing his studies at Detroit, Mich., three years. At the age
of fifteen he entered the Detroit Locomotive Works, where he
remained four years. He was employed as engineer for the Detroit
& Lake Superior Transportation Company, serving four years in
that capacity, upon their vessels plying between Copper Harbor
and Detroit. In 1865, he came to Chicago and engaged with C.
L. Rice & Co., machinery dealers, at Nos. 19-21 Dearborn Street,
continuing there until 1875, spending five years of that time as
salesman and in looking after the interests of the firm, and, subse-
quently was associated with H. N. Ilinckley, at No. 22 Canal
Street, in the same line of business, under the firm name of War-
ilell tV Ilinckley. Upon the dissolution of the partnership, in
October, 1884, he continued the business alone, and moved to No.
23 Canal Street. He is representative of the Cummer lingine
Company, Cleveland, Ohio ; the Fitchburg Machine Works, F'itch-
burg, Mass.; the Taylor Manufacturing Company, Chambersburg,
Penn. ; and for Levi Houston, Montgomery, Penn. Mr. Wardell
was married, on August 7, 1864, to Miss Jessie McDonald, of
Hamilton, Canada. They have three children, — Richard J., Maud
and Jessie.
STEAM -FITTING, ETC.
WEIR & CRAIG. — This firm was established in 1869, by Rob-
ert Weir and Robert Craig, under the above name and style.
Their first place of business was at No. 149 Archer Avenue, where
they remained until after the fire. For many years they carried on
only the business of plumbing and steam-htting, employing no
workmen but themselves. But close attention to business, coupled
with untiring industry and thrift, brought an increasing volume of
trade. In 1873, they removed to the premises they now occupy,
where they have since built up their present extensive business.
About that time, too, they began keeping plumbers', steam and
gas-litters' supplies, establishing, necessarily, a blacksmith-shop,
machine-shop and brass-foundry. This branch of their business
has now grown to that extent that the firm of Weir & Craig may
justly be ranked among the leading houses in their line in Chicago.
In 1877-78, they began the manufacturing of special machinery, of
their own designing, for packing, slaughtering and provision
houses, putting up their first job of this kind in the packing works
of Charles Counselman & Co., at the Union Stock-Yards. The
machinery gave such entire satisfaction that they have since had a
large and steadily increasing trade in this branch of their business.
They have built outfits of this kind for leading packing-houses all
over the United States, and have tilled several special orders from
prominent firms in the same line in liurope. In 1884, they estab-
lished a branch house at Minneapolis, Minn., which is under the
management of Edwin Cleveland. Connected with the firm, and
general manager of their business here, is John A. Kley, who lias
lived in Chicago over twenty years, and who is a master mechanic
and engineer of acknowledged ability and skill. After the great
fire of 1871, the engines at the water-works having been disabled,
they were repaired under the personal direction of Mr. Kley and
put in working order within seven days after that event occurred.
His valuable services in this respect were fully appreciated by Com-
missioner Cregier, who, in his official report at the time, took occa-
sion to acknowledge them in the most handsome manner. Mr.
Kley has been with the firm of Weir cV Craig for the past ten years,
and has contributed his share toward the success which they have
achieved.
A'n/vi-t J/Y/r was born near Houston, Renfrewshire, Scotland,
on February 22, 1838. In 1843, Donald Weir, his father, came
with his family to this country, and, three years later, settled on a
farm near Sag Bridge, in Palos, Cook Co., 111. There Robert was
reared and educated, following the occupation of a farmer, after he
attained his majority, until 1864. In that year he came to Chicago
and engaged in the retail grocery trade for a time at No. 149
Archer Avenue. In 1867, he formed the partnership with Mr.
Craig which still exists, and, a year or two later, they sold out the
grocery business and embarked in the plumbing and gas-fitting
THE IRON TRADE.
493
line, and, subsequently, went into the business in which they are still
engaged. Mr. Weir married, in 1864, Miss Anna D. Jardine,
daughter of John Jardine, of Scotland. They have had five chil-
dren — Robert, James, Margaret, Charles and Alice. Mr. and
Mrs. Tardine, Mrs. Weir's parents, are still living in Chicago, and
are numbered among its oldest settlers, having both come here
early in the -3o's.
Robert Craig was born at Port Glasgow, near Greenock, Scot-
land, on May 9, 1840. His father, James Craig, a cotton-spinner
by trade, came to America in 1852, locating at Providence, R. I.,
whither his family came also, two years later. In 1859, Robert
Craig went to New Haven, Conn., to learn the plumbing, steam-
fitting and machinery trade, at which he served an apprenticeship
of four years. In June, 1865, he came to Chicago, where, a year
later, he founded the business the history of which has already
been briefly given. Mr. Craig married, in 1872, Miss Jane Duff,
daughter of John Duff, of Scotland.
John A. Kley was born at Quincy, 111., on June 14, 1840, and
was reared and educated in that city until he had reached his seven-
teenth year. On leaving school, he learned the trade of a machin-
ist, and, in 1865, came to Chicago, which has since been his home.
Mr. Kley was married, on May 12, 1868, to Miss Margaret Mc-
Donald, daughter of John McDonald, of New York. They have
one son, Percy A., born on May 5, 1869.
FIELDHOUSE, DUTCHER & BELDEN. — This house was estab-
lished here in 1873, by Joseph Fieldhouse and George N. Dutcher,
under the firm name of Fieldhouse & Dutcher, with the place of
business on the northwest corner of Canal and Monroe streets.
Two years later, Charles W. Belden became a partner in the firm,
the style of which has been, as it now is, Fieldhouse, Dutcher &
Belden. In 1879, the firm purchased their present premises, at
Nos. 30-32 West Monroe Street, to which their office and sales-
rooms were at once removed. During the same year, too, the firm
removed their shops to South Chicago, at which point their manu-
facturing is now done. As illustrating the growth of their business
it may be stated that, in 1873, they employed about twenty men,
and did an annual trade of from $15,000 to $20,000 ; now fifty
hands are employed, and the firm's yearly transactions foot up
$350,000. From this it is apparent that, perhaps, of all the firms
in this city engaged in the manufacture of wrought-iron pipe, fit-
tings, etc. , few, even of older houses, would present a better showing.
Joseph Fieldhausc is a native of England, born at Wodensbury,
County of Stafford, in 1825, the son of Thomas and Mary (Wight)
Fieldhouse. Joseph was given a fair English education, but early
turned his attention to manufacturing, and, when but a young man,
worked as a pipe-maker in the first wrought-iron mills ever estab-
lished in the world ; these were located in his native town, and
were set going about 1835. In 1849, having become an expert in
this important industry, though it was yet in its infancy, Mr. Field-
house came to the United States, and located in Boston, where he
took charge of the pipe-mills of Wallace & Nathan, who were the
proprietors of the first factory, of any importance, of this kind in
this country. He stayed in Boston three years, then went to Exe-
ter, N. H., returning again, a few years later, to Boston, and
finally locating in Dighton, Mass., where, with associates, he
formed the Dighton Furnace Company, and engaged in the manu-
facture of wrought-iron pipe until 1866. In that year he came
West on a prospecting trip, and stopped for a short time in this
city. While here, he received a proposition from Crane Bros.,
who had for a short time been engaged, and with but poor success,
in the manufacture of iron piping, to take charge of their mills.
The offer made was so liberal that, notwithstanding his first im-
pressions of Chicago were not of the most favorable character, he
accepted it, and at once assumed the management of this branch of
Crane Bros." extensive manufacturing establishment, which he con-
ducted with signal success until 1873, when he severed his connec-
tion there, and, in company with Mr. Dutcher, founded the present
business. From what has been told, it will at once be seen that
Mr. Fieldhouse is one of the oldest manufacturers of wrought-iron
pipe, not only in this country, but in the world. He is also the
inventor of sorfte of the latest improved methods now employed in
this industry, all of which he has in use in his firm's mills at South
Chicago. One of his most important inventions is that of a con-
trivance for welding the pipe in such a manner that the weld be-
comes the strongest portion of the pipe. Skilled in his trade, and
thoroughly practical in all his ideas pertaining to the mechanic arts,
and untiring in his industry and perseverance, he has more than
deserved the success which now crowns his efforts as a partial re-
ward for almost a whole life of earnest and well-directed labor.
Mr. Fieldhouse married, in 1846, Miss Lydia Kainder, daughter of
Richard Kainder, of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, England. They
have had six children, four of whom are now living, — Laura and
Sarah, Josiah and Albert; Alfred and Elizabeth are deceased.
George .V. Dutcher was born at Milford, Pike Co., Penn., on
October 28, 1834, the son of William F. and Lucinda (Deitreich)
Dutcher. George was given a common school education, and, at
the age of fifteen, removed with his parents to Portsmouth, Va.,
where he began to learn the trades of a machinist and engineer in
the U. S. Navy Yard at that place, serving an apprenticeship of
nearly five years. In 1852, the family removed to Chicago, and
some years later to Douglass, Mich., where the father engaged
extensively in the lumber trade. George at once went to work as
an engineer on the Chicago & Rock Island Railway; pursuing this
calling in the summer, and in the winter usually spending his time
assisting his father in his lumber operations in Michigan, until
1862. In that year he entered the service of the Union as first
lieutenant of Co. "I," in the 5th Michigan Cavalry. Briefly
stated, his War record is as follows: Entered the service as first lieu-
tenant August 14, 1862; was promoted captain June 13, 1863; and
on the 3Oth of that month was wounded at the battle of Gettysburg,
and again in the engagement at Brandy Station in Virginia. In
consequence of the serious character of these injuries, Captain
Dutcher was honorably discharged on November 2, 1863. During
a portion of his term of service, he acted as assistant adjutant-gen-
eral to General Kilpatrick, to whose division he belonged, and
whose brigade, it will be remembered, was the first of the Union
forces to enter Gettysburg. Captain Dutcher returned home in
1863, shattered in health and still suffering from his wounds. Acting
on the advice of his physician he went to the sea-shore to rest and
recuperate his wasted energies. There he met a whaling captain
bound out on a three years' cruise, and who induced Mr. Dutcher
to accompany him as far as the Azore Islands, thinking a short
ocean voyage would do him good, and from there he could return
on an incoming vessel. The result of this was that he concluded to
make the entire voyage, but, unfortunately, they were shipwrecked
off the Island of Madagascar, were finally rescued, and, later, Mr.
Dutcher shipped as a hand before the mast, on a trading vessel
bound for the Indies. His wanderings thus begun lasted three
years, during which time he travelled around the globe, visiting al-
most every foreign country, returning at last to San Francisco in 1869,
poor in purse but abundantly rich in restored physical health and
in his knowledge and experience gained. He arrived in this city in
1870, and at once engaged as superintendent of the machine depart-
ment in the Crane Brothers Manufacturing Company's works, where
he remained until 1873, when he became one of the founders of
the business in which he is still engaged. In his early days as a
railroad engineer in Chicago, Mr. Dutcher was one of the first mem-
bers of the well known organization, the Brotherhood of Locomo-
tive Engineers, which order was first instituted in 1854. In the
following year he was made a Mason in the blue lodge at Ot-
sego, Mich. He is now a member of Dutcher Lodge, No. 193, at
Douglass, Mich.; of Washington Chapter, No. 43, R.A.M.; of
Siloam Council, No. 50, R.& S.M.; of Chicago Commandery, No.
19, K.T.;and of Oriental Consistory, S.P.R.S., 32°. He is also
a member of Van Arsdel Post, No. 148, of Douglass, Mich., and of
the Illinois Commandery Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the
United States. Mr. Dutcher married, in 1854, Miss Eliza Adams,
daughter of Edward Adams, of Lexington, Clinton Co., O., where
Miss Adams was born.
HAY & PRENTICE. — This firm are dealers in wrought-iron
pipes and steam warming and ventilating apparatus, and the house
was established, in 1877, by Alexander B. Hay and Leon H. Pren-
tice. The original place of business, for three years, was at the
southwest corner of Canal and Washington streets, when it was
then moved to the northeast corner of the same thoroughfares, or
Nos. 34-36 South Canal Street. Although comparatively a young
firm in Chicago business circles, yet both its members are old resi-
dents here : Mr. Hay since 1856, at which time he was with the
well-known firm of Crane Bros., when they were doing business in
a modest way and employing less than a dozen men; and Mr. Prentice
came to this city in 1863, and was with the same firm until 1877,
when, in company with Mr. Hay, the present firm of Hay & Prentice
was established. It is not a matter of commendation, so much as
one of simple justice, to say that, from a small beginning, they have
each year steadily increased their business, until now they are classed
among the leading houses in the city in this branch of trade.
Alexander B. Hay is a native of New York, born, in 1827, of
Scotch parents. His father was John Hay, his mother Isabella
Brand. He was given only the advantages of a common school
education, and at the age of twenty-two apprenticed himself to learn
the trade of a machinist. In 1848-49, he started a machine shop at
Cohoes, N. Y., conducting this until nearly three years later, when
it was destroyed by fire. He then went to New York City, where
he engaged as foreman in the machine shops of Wood & Hunter,
where he remained for six years. As has already been mentioned,
Mr. Hay came West in 1856, and located in Chicago, engaging at
once with Crane Brothers. In 1858, and following the panic of the
previous year, his employers sent him to Joliet, in charge of putting
in the heating apparatus for Crane Brothers. After completing this
task he was employed by the commissioners as superintendent in
charge of the mechanical department there. He afterward returned
to Chicago and resumed his position with the Crane Brothers, with
494
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
whom he was connected until 1.877, when, with Mr. I'rentice, he
purchased from them their steam-heating business anil founded tin-
present In HIM- . Mr. Hay married, in i>4^, Miss Frances N. Bord-
well, daughter of Captain A. Borilwcll, of Cohocs, N. V. They have
one child, a daughter, Frances Evelina.
/.t-.'ii II. /'ri'ittit.- was horn at l.ockport, N. \'.. mi October 22,
1847, and is a direct descendant "I I Icnry I'rentice, who came to this
country fi< >1 in 1640, and settled at Cambridge, Mass.
There he built a house which stood just opposite Harvard College,
and which was only a year or so ago pulled down to give placi
more modern structure. At the time of its demolition this mansion
hail been Ion;; no of the most venerable buildings in that
locality, and on its walls were found inscribed the names of students
who themselves attended Harvard College nearly a century ago.
The genealogy of the I'rentice family shows that the first of the
name to come to America was Valentine I'rentice, who landed here
in tii>i, settling at Koxlmry, Mass. 1 Icnry, already mentioned as
having settled at Cambridge in 1640, was a brother. The parents
of Leon II. were Aloiuo T. I'rentice, who was a jeweler and silver-
smith of I. ockport at an early day, and Emeline Rockwell, also of
an old New England family. Leon II. was given a common school
education, and received also some business training at his father's
hands. In [863, be came to Chicago and engaged with Crane I.
remaining there until 1877, when he started in business on his own
account as a member of the firm of 1 lav iV I'rentice. Mr. I'rentice
married, on October I, 1874, Miss Julia llonsingcr, daughter of
Kmanucl 1 lonsinger, an <>'. i and weli-known resident of this city.
They have three daughters, — liessie lionsinger, Lucy Clark, and
Julia I.eoni.
was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, on March 6,
1823. His father was a wholesale tea dealer, and moved to Mon-
trose, Scotland, about forty miles fro.n Aberdeen, when ( leorge
was eight years old, and there the latter received his education.
I 'pon reaching manhood, he was for a time solicitor for a whole-
sale grocery linn, but gave up the position and came to America,
in 1545, with the family, settling on a farm in I lodge County. Wis.,
I ox Lake. In tsj:>, he came to Chicago and obtained a situa-
tion as bookkeeper for Henry Warrington, proprietor of the Vul-
cau Foundry. In 1^57, he became associated with ]. \V. Bliss,
and, together, they put up a flouring-mill at Somonank, DeKalb
Co., III. l!ut, the hard times coming, they could not make their
mill productive, so closed out their business. In the spring of
[858, Mr. Fyfe went into the office of the Mechanical Bakery,
where he remained until the spring of 1861, when lie built another
flouring-mill, this time at St. Angus, Mitchell Co., Iowa. Another
failure followed, owing to the depression in financial circles brought
on by the War. A railroad partly built, running to the mill, was
abandoned by its projectors and the track finally torn up by the
farmers whose fields it encumbered. Returning to the employ of
Henry Warrington, he remained there until 1864. After spending
a year or so with Fuller & Ford, steam-litters and brass-founders,
he entered the employ of Crane Brothers, where he remained for
ten years, closing his engagement with them in 1874. He then
took a trip to Scotland, remaining four months, and, on his return,
entered the employ of Hay & Prentice, with whom he is still asso-
ciated, having been admitted into partnership in 1885. While
farming in Dodge County, Wis., in the fall of 1848, he made a
trip to Scotland, bringing back with him, as his wife, the friend and
companion of his boyhood, Miss Janet McF.wen, daughter of
Thomas McEwen, the wedding having taken place on January
14, 1849. They have had eight children, — George T., Henry W.,
John M., Charles, Jessie, Edward and Margaret. Mrs. Fyfe
deceased in 1874, during the absence of Mr. Fyfe in Europe. In
1876, Mr. Fyfe was married to Miss Eliza Fyfe, of Morris, 111.
THE NATIONAL TruK WORKS COMPANY' was first established
in Boston. There a large business was successfully carried on for
a number of years, but owing to the increasing demand for its
goods, the company found it necessary to enlarge its manufacturing
facilities, and, in 1872, completed their present works at McKees-
port, I'enn., at a point on the Monongahela River, about fourteen
miles from Pittsburgh. Their shops there comprise some twenty-
five buildings and cover an area of about fifteen acres of ground,
and there they have the most complete and well-arranged works of
the kind in the wo.'ld. They have in their employ some three
thousand men and boys. The company have completed the erec-
tion of the National Rolling-Mill, No. i', showing all the latest im-
provements known in rolling-mill machinery. Among the articles
manufactured by this company may be mentioned — wrought iron,
steam, gas and water pipe, lap-welded; also wrought iron and
steel boiler-tubes, tubing and casing for artesian wells and salt
wells, drive -pipe with patent protecting couplings, Hush-joint ;
hydraulic pipe of all diameters and thicknesses, pump columns for
mines, special light pipe for light pressure line-pipe, galvani/cd
pipe, Mack's patent injectors, etc., etc. They also manufacture
special light wrought-iron pipe, fitted with a patent lock joint, for
the special use of gas and water works companies and compressed
air. This pipe is treated with a preparation which makes it inde-
structible, as tegards any corrosion or any destructive action by the
elements found in the earth. The National Tube Works Com-
pany have houses at Chicago. Boston, New York, Pittsburgh and
Bradford, I'enn., and agencies in all the principal cities of the
United States and Canada. Up to 1878, they had no agency in
Chicago, but the business had increased so rapidly that it was
found necessary to establish a branch house here, which was ac-
cordingly done. This, from the first, has been under the manage-
ment of Charles A. Lamb.
CiiAKi.i s A. I. AMU was born at Boston, Mass., in 1846, the
son of Charles C. and Sarah (Allison) Lamb. Charles, |r., was
given a fair English education in the common schools of Boston,
and, at sixteen years of age, became clerk of a large mercantile
house in his native city. He remained in this position for ten
years, when, deciding to go into business for himself, he, in 1872,
became a member of the firm of Leonard, Redpath tV Lamb, whole-
sale boot and shoe dealers in Boston. That firm was succeeded,
three years later, by Leonard, Lamb tV Crosby, and continued
until 1878, when Mr. Lamb severed his connection there to come
to Chicago and assume the management of the house, whose affairs
he still directs. Mr. Lamb was married, in September, 1874, to
Miss Martha L. Pike, daughter of John Pike, of Boston. They
have two children, — Charles II. and Mabel II.
S. W. AIIAMS MANUFACTURING COMPANY. — This enterprise
was lirst established in May, 1884, by S. W. Adams, and in I >c-
cember, 1884, the present stock company was formed, with a capi-
tal of $300,000. The buildings occupied consist of the spacious
premises formerly known as the Wilson Canning Block, located at
Nos. 161-67 South Canal Street. This building, which has been
fitted up especially for their purposes, is three stories in height, with
a frontage of a hundred feet and a depth of one hundred and fifty
feet, thus giving nearly forty-five thousand square feet of floor
space. 1 1 ere they carry an immense stock of lap-welded wrought-
ifon pipes, boiler-tubes, gas and steam fittings, steam pumps, en-
gines, machinery and steam goods of every description. Though
a new firm in its line, this house has already filled many large and
important contracts. Among them may be mentioned a most im-
portant work done for the Western L'nion Telegraph Company, in
placing the wires of that corporation underground, in iron tubes so
completely impervious to surrounding influences as to form for them
a perfect and lasting protection. Over sixty thousand feet of these
durable conduits, with man-hole connections, were laid in less than
twenty-four days, in a most thorough and workmanlike manner.
In addition to this work, Mr. Adams also placed underground,
from Washington Street, at the corner of LaSalle, to the new Board
of Trade Building, two lines of iron pneumatic tubes, finished for
that purpose on machines of his own invention ; this being the first
instance where iron tubing has been substituted for brass in this
class of work.
S. IV. Adams is a native of Albany, N. Y. He came to
Chicago in 1857, and was for fourteen years the secretary of the
Crane Brothers Manufacturing Company, where he became widely
known to the trade and perfectly familiar with its wants ; hence,
when he resigned his position there to found his present business,
he was eminently well qualified to conduct it to the important place
it now holds among Chicago's commercial and industrial interests.
Mr. Adams has also a New York office, and spends about one-
fourth of his time in that city looking after the large interests of
his company in the Eastern States.
GALVANIZED IRON AND CORNICES.
Galvanized iron cornices were first used in Chicago
in 1865. During that year, and the year following, not
more than one hundred and fifty men were employed in
their manufacture, and the average price per foot ranged
from ten to twelve dollars. From the inception of the
industry until the close of the year 1885, however, the
use of cornices of this description has steadily in-
creased, and their manufacture has proportionately
grown. Indeed, not only has galvanized iron grown in
favor among builders as a material for cornices, but also
for purposes of general ornamentation. The gradual
growth of the industry in this city may be best learned
from an examination of the statistical tables, elsewhere
given, relating to the manufacture of iron and steel. It
is a fact worthy of mention, however, that the quality
of the manufactured product has kept even pace, not
THE IRON TRADE.
495
only with the growth in manufacture, but also with the
improvement in architectural style as well as material,
noticeable in the buildings erected since the great fire.
KNISKI.V c.^ MII.I.KK. — In 1857, Abraham Knisely started in
business as a slate and metal roofer, having his shop and office in
the old Tremont store house in the alley between State and l>ear-
born streets. In 1859, he removed to the basement of No. 58 State
Street, where he remained four years. He next went to No. Si
Randolph Street, and, in 1868, his brother Richard, who had been
with him from the first, was admitted to the partnership, the style
of the linn then being A. Knisely & Co. In the same year, James
A. Miller began working for the firm as an apprentice, and seven
Liter \vas admitted into the partnership. In 1870, the busi-
ness was removed to Washington Street, in the building adjoining
the old Nevada I louse on the west, and about the same time a shop
was established at No. 74 West Monroe Street. In the fire of 1871,
the principal office and works of the firm were destroyed. Immedi-
ately following that event, they removed to the West Side, where
they have since been located. In the summer of 1884, they removed
to the Knisely Huilding, which is one of the representative business
blocks in that locality. In February, 1883, Richard Knisely, having
amassed a competency, retired from active business, leaving his
brother Abraham and Mr. Miller to continue it under the present
firm name. They are now the largest contractors in their lines, not
only in this city, but anywhere in the West. They have taken and
successfully performed large contracts in all parts of the United
States. Among the number may be mentioned the custom house at
Albany, N. Y., and at Nashville, Term., and the Appraiser's
building, at San Francisco, < 'al. In other buildings may be men-
tioned the Union Pacific depot, in Omaha, Neb., the Union Depot
and the new Grand Trunk Depot and the new Board of Trade
I'.uilding in this city. In their cornice department, Arthur N. Cooper
isthe superintendent; he is an old and experienced man in this trade,
and has been with this firm since 1875 and in the cornice trade for
the past twenty-two years.
Abraham Knisely was born at Canal Dover, Ohio, on November
29, 1837. His father, John A. Knisely, was a tanner by trade, but
died when his son was yet in his infancy. At the age of fifteen,
Abraham Knisely left home to make his own way in the world, and
going to Massilon, Ohio, apprenticed himself to learn the trade of a
tinner. He soon mastered the details of his trade and started out
as a journeyman, stopping for brief periods in various towns until he
reached New Orleans. In 1856, he came to Chicago, and went to
work for J. C. Miller & Co., tinners and roofers. They failed the
next year, and then Mr. Knisely started in the same line on his own
account. He has recently erected and completed the largest and
best-arranged manufacturing building in the country. This struc-
ture is known as the Knisely Building, and cost $100,000. It is in-
deed a monument of Western enterprise and skill, and is as much a
credit to the city it. helps to adorn as it is to the man whose thrift
and wisdom enabled him to bring it into existence. Mr. Knisely
married, in iS66, Miss Sarah E. Crater, daughter of Frederick
Crater, of Canal Dover, Ohio. This lady died in 1871", within a
month after the great fire, leaving two children, — George F. and
Harry C., who are now attending Racine College. In 1874, Mr.
Knisely married Miss Sarah A. Heugle, daughter of John Heugle,
of Canal Dover, Ohio.
Richani Knisely was born at Canal Dover, Ohio, on November
4, 1832, the son of John A. and Mary Knisely. He was given
a common school education in his native town, and at sixteen years
of age began to learn the trade of a tinner, serving a faithful
apprenticeship of four years. In 1853, he came to Chicago and
went to work for Edwin Hunt, now deceased, but who was then
a prominent hardware merchant. He remained in his employ until
1856, when he started in business on his own account as a member
of the firm of J. C. Miller & Co., tinners and roofers at No. 79
Randolph Street. Before they had fairly established themselves on
a firm footing, the panic of 1857 swept over the country, and the
new firm was compelled to succumb, with hundreds of other houses
in this city, many of which had been established for years. Not
discouraged by these reverses, or the fact that he had lost every
dollar he possessed, Mr. Knisely, in the following year, in company
with his brother, Abraham Knisely, founded the firm of A. Knisely
& Co. A few years later, when galvanized iron cornices began
to be introduced among the builders here, they were the first to
engage in the business, and to subsequently keep pace with its
rapid developments. Mr. Knisely, himself, put up the first cor-
nices of this kind in Chicago, on the building erected by Potter
Palmer, on the site of the present Ross & Gossage building. Mr.
Knisely and his brother remained in partnership twenty-five years.
Having amassed a competency, he retired in February, 1882, leaving
his brother to continue the business. Mr. Knisely married, in
1859, Miss Mary Urennen, daughter of Thomas Brennen, then of
Chicago, but who later moved to the South, where he died at Mem-
phis. Mr. Brennen served in the Union Army during the War of
the Rebellion, and, being taken prisoner, was confined for a time in
Libby Prison. His sufferings and hardships there had much to do
with the illness that shortly after his return terminated fatallv. Mr.
and Mrs. Knisely have had eight children, three of whom only are
now living ; these are, — John A., now in business lor himself, having
his father for an advisory partner ; Richard W. and Charles T.,
who are attending school in this city.
James A. Miller was born at St. Charles, K-ane Co., 111., in
1850, and is the son of Alexander Miller, an early settler in that
county, and well-known as a builder of grain elevators, having
introduced a plan for elevators in this city, as earlv as 1857, which
is still followed in the construction of this class of buildings.
James A. Miller was reared and educated in St. Charles, and, at
eighteen years of age, came to Chicago and entered as an appren-
tice in the employ of the firm in which he was later admitted as a
partner.
Arthur X. Cfflpcr, superintendent of the cornice department of
the firm of Knisely & Miller, was born at Dayton, Ohio. He
received a fair English education, and, in 1857, began to learn the
cornice trade in Dayton, at the time of the first introduction of gal-
vanized iron cornices into the West. In 1872, he came to Chicago
and entered the employ, as foreman, of the old firm of Boomen cV
lenks, roofers and cornice-makers, then doing business on Van
Buren Street, between State Street and Wabash Avenue. In 1875,
he became connected with the firm of A. Knisely & Co., remaining
with it through its different changes until the present time.
II \u i MAX & ERTZ. — The firm of Ileint/. & Ertz, composed of
P. F. Heintz and George Ertz, manufacturers of galvanized iron
cornices, and also slate and metal roofers, was established here in
April, 1884, at No. 264 Milwaukee Avenue. This partnership
continued until October, 1885, when it was terminated by the death
of Mr. Heintz. From that time, until March, 1885, Mr. Ertz con-
tinued the business alone, at which date he formed a partnership
with F. R. Hartman, an old cornice-maker of Chicago, who, for
several years past, has been engaged in the retail stove and hard-
ware trade. The style of the new firm is Hartman & Ertz.
/•'r,'i/ Hartman, senior member of the firm of Hartman \ Ertz,
was born in Germany, on March 12, 1827. At the age of thirteen
he commenced to learn his trade at the works near his home in Ger-
many, and became a master workman. In 1854, he came to Amer-
ica and located in Chicago. His place of business was on South
Clark Street for twelve or fifteen years, and in addition to the indus-
try of making cornices, he carried a large stock of stoves and gen-
eral hardware. At the time of the fire of 1871, his place of business
was at No. in Madison Street and also No. 145 LaSalle Street,
where he occupied two stores. The fire swept away his entire
business which was valued at $35,000. He then opened a shop on
New berry Avenue, and succeeded in getting on a sound basis once
more. Within a few years he opened a hardware store at No. 563
Lincoln Avenue, which he still owns, and is a source of considerable
revenue. In March, 1885, he associated with him in the galvan-
ized iron business George Ertz, a former employe. Mr. Hartman
was married on August 4, 1854, to Miss Caroline Buldenwech, of
Chicago. They have five children: Louisa, Clara, Otto, Martha
and Fred, Jr. Mr. Hartman has been a member of Accordia Lodge,
No. 277, A.F. & A.M. for the past twenty-two years. He was
also a charter member of the Chicago Sharpshooters' Society and
was president of the same for one year.
HARTMANN & CLAUSEN. — This house was established here in
1858, by Fred Hartmann, a brother of one of the present proprietors.
Mr. Hartmann was not in the cornice business, but conducted a
jobbing tin-shop, it being before the introduction of galvanized iron
for cornice making. His first place of business was on South Clark
Street, and near the site of the Grand Pacific Hotel. He remained
there until 1868, when he removed to No. 218 Lake Street, and there
began the manufacture of street lamps for the city, in addition
making a specialty of fancy sign lamps of all kinds. In 1871, he
was burned out by the great fire, but immediately afterward started
a large cornice shop on Newberry Avenue, near Halsted and Twelfth
streets. In 1876, he moved to the North Side, and, in the follow-
ing year, sold his business to Adolph Hartmann and Otto Clausen,
who, under the firm name already given, have since conducted it.
They have been at their present location since 1878, and still carry
on an extensive trade in galvanized iron cornices, tin and slate roof-
ings and galvanized iron ice moulds, used in making ice.
Adolph Hartmann was born in Germany in 1851, but, when he
was only fourteen years of age, came to this country and in the same
year to this city, which has since been his home. He at once engaged
as an apprentice with his brother to learn the trade of a tinsmith,
and remained with him until 1877, when he, with Mr. Clausen, pur-
chased his interest and went into business on his own account. Mr.
Hartmann married, in 1874, Miss Caroline Knoedler, daughter of
Jacob Knoedler, of Ottawa, III. They have two children, Karl and
Amanda.
Otto Clausen is a native of Denmark, born on March 23, 1840,
and at an early age apprenticed himself to learn the trade of a tin-
496
HISTORY OF CHICACO.
smith. In iS(>S, became to Chicago, where he worked ;is a journey-
man \\itli Fred Ilartmann until after the fire. lit- then beeamt'
foreman in the cornice shop of Kreci Ilartmann, with whom he
remained until in i>;v \vben he became one of the partners in the
present linn of 1 lartmann & Clausen, lie married, on December
•,i. 1^70, Kama Nilson. and has had six children : Jenny, Alvilda,
Arthur, Allies. llelgaand \Vak!emar.
KniiKKi C.KiFMTircame to Chicago in 1862, anil established
himself in the slate-roofing business, and, about two years later.
afterward to No. 145 Lake Street, then to N'o. 122 Randolph, ami
afterward to No. ijS Washington, anil from there to Grove and
Nineteenth. He formed a partnership with Watson Clark, tinder
the name of Clark >V Griffith. About the time of the great lire, as
Chicago was enjoying an almost unprecedented building boom, the
cornice business was of course very active. Mr. Griffith then em-
ployed nearly seventy men, and had contracts ahead for work
amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Five years ago
Mr. ( iriliith removed his shops to their present location, and where
he now docs all kinds of galvanized iron work, also slate and metal
roofing. He relates that the first job of cornice work he did in this
city was the cornices for the Armour iV Dole elevators. At that
time, little or no galvanized iron cornice was made in Chicago, so
in this case Mr. Griffith made his cornices of block iron, the mould-
ings being of the plainest sort. For a number of years after, the
cornices put up in this city were made in New York. Mr. Griffith
was born at Caernarvonshire, near liangor, North Wales, in 1831.
His father, John Griffith, was a slate-maker, and to this calling
Robert was also bred. In 1852, he came to America, locating first
at Castleton, Vt. A few years later he removed to Toronto, Cana-
da, and thence back to the States, through which he travelled as a
contractor, doing large jobs of slate roofing in various large cities
of the East. In 1862, he came to Chicago, where he founded his
present business.
J. C. M< F. \KLAND, now doing business at Nos. 219-21 West
Lake Street, is among the oldest manufacturers of galvanized iron
cornice in the city, although he has been in that trade on his own
account only since the great fire. Immediately following that
event, he, in company with Isaac X. Price, now of the firm of Price
oc Kaufman, established themselves at No. 87 North LaSalle
Street, where they remained for nearly two years. They then re-
moved to Nos. 138-42 North Wells Street, where they occupied the
old Moody Church building. In 1876, Messrs. McFarland &
Price removed to the South Side, locating at the corner of Michi-
gan Avenue and Madison Street, where they remained until the
termination of their partnership, some two years later. At this
time Mr. McFarland, having purchased Mr. Price's interest in the
business, removed to Nos. 13-15 South Jefferson Street, and a
little later consolidated with J. W. Atkinson, again changing the
location to Xo. 319 South Clinton Street. This connection existed
until the death of Mr. Atkinson, in June, 1884, at which time Mr.
McFarland removed to his present quarters. Here he manufac-
tures all kinds of galvanized iron cornices, does slate and metal
roofing and a general jobbing business in all kinds of sheet metal
work. Mr. McFarland was born at Wilmington, Del., in 1850,
the son of Thomas W. and Susan M. (Valentine) McFarland. His
parents came West and located first in Ohio, but finally removed
to Ottawa, 111., where J. C. received the major portion of his edu-
cation. In 1866, his father formed a partnership in this city with
Felix J. Emery, in the galvanized iron cornice business, which was
then in its incipiency, but which was already rapidly growing through-
out the West. This firm was known as Emery & .McFarland, and
their first place of business was in a small shop in the basement at
the northeast corner of Randolph and Clinton streets. For the
first year or two the firm did but little in the way of putting up
cornices, their chief business being the manufacture of galvanized
iron eaves, gutters and down-spouts, also making and putting up
lightning rods. The growth of the business since that time has
indeed been wonderful, as scarcely any of the ordinary business
buildings, anywhere in the city, can now be found, that are not
furnished with this class of cornice. Mr. McFarland, Sr., removed
his family to Chicago in 1868, where they have since resided. His
son, J. C. McFarland, came here in 1866, as the bookkeeper for
his father's firm, remaining with them until after the great fire,
when he started in business on his own account. He was married,
on April 29, 1885, to Miss Irene A. Stout, of this city.
WILLIAM H. WHITE. — This enterprise was established, in
1874, by Mr. White, W. G. Warren and John Martin, the style of
the firm being White, Warren & Co., and the place of business on
Desplaines Street, near Madison. In the fall of that year they re-
moved to No. 34 Pacific Avenue, and, in 1875, Mr. White purchased
from Mr. Warren, his interest in the firm, which then changed to
William 11. White i\: Co. In 1876, Mr. White bought out his re-
maininf nartner, Mr. Martin, and has since conducted the business
alone. From the time of the founding of this linn until Mr. White
became sole proprietor, the prospects for establishing a prosperous
business were far from encouraging. And it was owing to this
cause that Messrs. Warren and Martin retired from the firm. Mr.
White, however, was undaunted by these difficulties, he assumed the
indebtedness of the firm, and by his steady and persevering industry,
has succeeded in building up an extensive and profitable business.
In 1876, he removed to his present location, Nos. 62-64 Pacific
Avenue. When first started he employed but six men, and his an-
nual business did not exceed $10,000. I le now employs from eighty
to one hundred men, doing a trade amounting to nearly $125,000
annually and ranking among the leading firms now engaged in the
galvanized iron cornice business. Mr. White was born in Union
County, Canada, on December 15, 1852. His father, James White,
was a mechanic and served as a mechanical engineer fora number of
years in the employ of the English government. His mother was Mary
Ann Clark. William li. began to learn his present business at the
age of sixteen, in Milwaukee, with his brother, who established the
first cornice works ever in that city. In 1868, he came to Chicago,
and worked at his trade until 1874, when he founded his present
business. .Among the prominent buildings in this city that at
present bear testimony to Mr. White's work may be mentioned, —
Haverly's Theater, Cook County Hospitals, Charles U. and J. V.
F'arwcll's residences, the Michael Reese Hospital, and many others.
Mr. White was married, in iSSi, to Miss F.liza Stokes, daughter of
W. X. Stokes, of thiscity. They have two children, Gertie Florence
and William I!., Jr.
J. P. TOWNSKNI). — This house was established by Mr. Town-
send and J. K. Gordon, under the firm name of Townsend & Gordon,
at No. 156 South Desplaines Street, the present location, in the
the winter of 1883. This partnership continued until January,
1885, when Mr. Gordon retired from the firm, and since then
Mr. Townsend has continued the business alone. lie is one among
the oldest workers in the cornice business in Chicago, having learned
his trade in 1861, in Detroit, under Leroy J. Blinn. Mr. Townsend
was born at Utica, N. Y., on October 8, 1843. His father, John
Townsend, was at that time master car-builder for the New York Cen-
tral Railroad Company, and, in 1854, removed with his family to the
West, locating at Adrian, Mich., where he still resides. Hewasalso
for many years master car-builder, for the Michigan Southern, now
the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway Company. John P.
was largely reared and educated in Adrian, but, when only nineteen
years of age, enlisted in the 7th Indiana Cavalry, in which he served
during the War. The 7th Cavalry was assigned to the Army of the
Tennessee, and with it Mr. Townsend participated in the battles of
Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, and in the events of the Atlanta
Campaign. In 1863, he was promoted to a captaincy, being com-
missioned in November of that year, and holding his command until
mustered-out of the service in July, 1865. Captain Townsend, on
donning again the garb of a citizen, located for a short time in St.
Louis, but, in the fall of 1866, came to Chicago, which has since
been his home, and engaged in the cornice business. In 1876, he
was appointed to take charge of the iron and slate work for the Lake
Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, from Chicago to Buffalo; the
duties of this position he discharged with signal ability for five
years, when, of his own accord, he severed his connection with the
company to found the business in which he is still engaged. Mr.
Townsend married, in 1872, Miss Mary Boucher, daughter of Wil-
liam Boucher. They have had four children, — Seward, George,
Homer, and Florence.
BRYANT & MESKKVE. — This co-partnership comprises J. 11.
Bryant and W. P. F. Meserve, and was inaugurated in May, 1884,
at Nos. 61-67 Michigan Street, where they have extensive works,
employing twenty men steadily. Although a general jobbing busi-
ness is done in the way of galvanizing iron and steel, yet their
specialty is in steel-barb fence-wire, which they take from the mills
and submit to their process, which makes it more valuable because
it is rendered impervious to water or the action of the destructive
agencies of the atmosphere. The establishment now owned by
Messrs. Bryant & Meserve is known as the Chicago Galvanizing
\Vorks, and it is no more than justice to say that it is fast be-
coming an important factor among Chicago's many industrial enter-
prises. Mr. Meserve, of this firm, has resided in Chicago for many
years, and is now one of the oldest and best-known hotel men in
the city. He is at present the proprietor of the Atlantic Hotel, at
the corner of Van Buren and Sherman streets. Elsewhere in this
volume, and also in the first volume of this work, will be found
mention of the hotels with which Mr. Meserve has been connected
since his residence here, also a brief sketch of his life.
/. //. Bryant was born in the village of Richfield, Otsego Co.,
N. Y., in 1841, the son of Ezra and Maria (Holland) Bryant. J.
II. was given an academical education, but, at eighteen years of
age, left home and apprenticed himself to learn the trade of a ma-
chinist in the town of Oneida, N. Y. He stayed there nearly three
years and, in 1861, engaged with the Remington Bros., the famous
lire -arms manufacturers, at Ilion, N. Y., and who at that time were
THE IRON TRADE.
497
supplying the United States Government with arms with which to
carry on the War. In 1865, he severed his connection with that
firm, and came to Chicago, arriving here on October 4 of that year,
lie obtained employment here in the shops of the North-\Vestern
Railroad Company, and, in 1881, engaged with the Crane Brothers
Manufacturing Company, as superintendent of their pipe-mill and
galvanizing works. He remained in this position until Slay, 1884,
when, in company with Mr. Meserve, he founded the present busi-
ness. Mr. Bryant married, in 1862, Miss Almira Wilsey, daughter
of Alonzo Wilsey, of Booneville, N. Y. They have had two chil-
dren,— Cora and John Albert.
SAFES AND VAULTS.
A most important item of the Iron interests of this
city is comprehended in the safes and vaults made for
the preservation of our citizens' wealth. Some sketches
of prominent houses in this branch are subjoined.
DIKBOLD SAKK AND LOCK COMPANY. — The business of the
present well-known Diebold Safe and Lock Company, was first
established at Cincinnati, in 1860, under the name of the Diebold &
Bahmann Company. In 1872, the works were removed to Canton,
Ohio, where they are still located, ranking to-day as one of the largest
safe manufactories in the country. They give employment to nearly-
one thousand operatives, and have a capacity for turning out about
fifty safes every twenty-four hours. The Chicago branch was estab-
lished in 1862, with its place of business at No. 86 Washington
Street, where it remained for some years. At the time of the great
tire, the location was at No. 93 Dearborn Street, and here of course
they were burned out, sustaining heavy losses. Immediately follow-
ing that event, however, business was resumed at No. 446 State Street,
where they remained until September of the following year, when
they removed to the present quarters at No. 57 State Street. In
'875, John \V. Norris, vice-president of the company, removed to
this city and assumed charge of the house here, and has since con-
ducted its affairs. Under his management, the house has prospered
greatly, doing now a business amounting to over $500,000 per an-
num, while, during the first year the branch was established in Chi-
cago, the sales did not exceed $10,000. From this point the trade
is supplied in all the Western states and territories except Cali-
fornia. Without comment, the fact is apparent that, from a small
beginning, the business has grown to vast proportions, thus placing
this house among the largest in its line, not only in this city, but
anywhere in the country.
JOHN W. NORRIS, vice-president of the companya brief history
of which precedes, is a native of Massachusetts, born in Boston, on
March 14, 1836. His father, Rev. Thomas F. Norris, a native of
Vermont, was a journalist by profession, as well as a prominent min-
ister of the Methodist Church, and for many years edited The Olive
Branch, a literary weekly paper of Boston, and which was at that
time the leading paper of that city; many litterateurs, who have since
become prominent, made their debut in its columns. Rev. Mr.
Norris was a distinguished member of the Masonic and the I.O.O.F.
fraternities. His mother was Sarah F. Norcross, a native of Maine,
and a woman possessing many excellent traits of character. The
son of whom we write, when quite young, was sent to New York,
where he was educated. In 1856, and when only twenty years of
age, Mr. Norris came to Chicago, where he took charge of McNally's
news and periodical business, located on Dearborn Street near Ran-
dolph and adjoining the Young America Hotel, a cut of which, taken
from an old city directory of 1856-57, appears in the second volume
of this work. Some time after this, Mr. Norris formed a partner-
ship with Amos M. Hyde, under the firm name of Norris & Hyde,
in the same line of trade, their place of business being at the corner
of Dearborn and Washington streets, in a little frame building then
owned by Tuthill King. This connection lasted until about 1863,
when Mr. Norris retired from the firm and went to New Orleans,
where he established himself in business on his own account, until
1871, when he became associated with the company of which he
was afterward the vice-president and with which he is still connected.
In 1872, ho went to Canton, Ohio, and, in 1875, returned to this
city to take charge of his company's branch house, which has since
been under his exclusive control and management. Since the affairs
of the house have been under Mr. Norris's administration, the busi-
ness has attained dimensions that were unprecedented in the annals
of the company, and which is entirely due to his business integrity
and foresight, added to the class of goods he supplies from the com-
pany's factory. Mrs. Norris is a daughter of the late Hon. Daniel
Jones, of Kent County, Mel., formerly United States Senator from
Maryland. The family consists of himself and wife and two chil-
dren; one son, W. (llenmore, and one daughter, Nettie Lee Norris.
SAMIKI. II. HARRIS began his business career in this city in
1864, by establishing himself as a dealer in new and second-hand
machinery at No. 62 Canal Street, being one among the lirst to
32
open a house of this description in Chicago, lie did a fairly pros-
perous business from the start, and, in 1867, he further enlarged it
by adding Morse's lire and burglar proof safes, — of which he was
the manufacturer, ami which subsequently became known as the
Harris lire and burglar proof safe. In 1873, Mr. Harris moved
his factory to Nos. 23-25 Randolph Street, and added to his busi-
ness the manufacture of vault doors. In February, 1877, he was
burned out, losing nearly every dollar he possessed. He at once
resumed business at No. 17 North Clark Street, remaining there
until 1882, when he moved to his present location. Here he em-
ploys, on the average, from twenty-live to thirty men. Among the
safes in Chicago made by Mr. Harris, is one for the Canadian Bank
of Commerce, and many others for jewelry firms. Some years
since he fitted up the vaults in the State Bank of Illinois, and has
more recently placed thirty-live vault doors in the Portland Block,
forty-two in the Grannis Block, forty-eight in the Counselman's
Block, sixty-four in the Calumet Building, sixty-four in the new
Board of Trade Building, sixty-eight in the Montauk Building and
one hundred and twelve in the new Opera House Block. In 1869,
he placed one of his safes in the office of the city clerk, who used it
to keep, among other records of his office, those of the City Coun-
cil proceedings. In the great fire of October, 1871, this safe went
through that terrible test with its contents wholly uninjured, and
the records thus preserved became of almost incalculable value to
the city. Not long ago the ( Irannis Block was almost destroyed by
fire, and the vaults proved to be lire-proof, their contents being
taken out after the fire in an excellent state of preservation. And
so, numerous cases might be cited as showing the character of the
work Mr. Harris does; but enough have been mentioned to give the
true secret of his success in business. Mr. Harris was born at
1'ortland, Me., on September 8, 1828, and is the son of Samuel
Harris and of Susan (Waterman) Lovis. When quite young his
parents moved to North Yarmouth, where they lived for some years;
in 1842, they removed to New Hampton, and five years later to
Springfield, Mass., where the mother died in 1862, aged sixty-four
years, and the father in March, 1883, at the advanced age of eighty-
one. In 1845, Samuel II. Harris went to Boston and apprenticed
himself to learn the trade of a machinist. In 1857, he came West
with his family, and stopped for a brief time in Chicago, but not
being favorably impressed with the outlook, located in Clencoe,
McLeod Co., Minn., where he entered from the government a quar-
ter-section of land. In 1859, he returned to this city, and went to
work for N. S. Bouton, who was then conducting the old Union
Foundry and machine shops. About this time Mr. Sherman began
building what is now known as the second Sherman House, and for
this Mr. Bouton had secured the contract for making and putting
up the iron work. Mr. Harris, although he had himself never done
any of this class of work, soon developed so much skill in it, that
the superintendency of the iron-work of the building was intrusted
to him, all of which he performed in a most satisfactory way. This
work was completed early in 1861; and in April of that year, and
almost with the first call issued for volunteers, Mr. Harris enlisted
in the " Sturges Rifles," and with his company left at once for the
front. He served under McClellan, and was with the Army of the
Potomac in the Peninsula Campaign, until in November, 1862, when
his company was mustered out of the service and he returned home.
Two years later, he established himself in the business he still con-
ducts, and in which his success has been as fairly earned as it has
been merited. Mr. Harris married, on September 2, 1851, Miss
Nancy L. Preble, a daughter of Esaias Preble, and a descendant of
Commodore Preble, so well known in American History. Mr. and
Mrs. Harris have had three children, all of whom are graduates of
the Chicago high school. The oldest, Elijah T., has been for some
years in business in Chicago. The second child, Mary Emma, is
the wife of Rev. Charles H. Rogers, a Congregational minister at
River Falls, Wis. ; the youngest child, Catharina, is still at home.
HENRY J. BERRY. — Iron in various forms has long been an
important adjunct in the construction of buildings, especially in
business blocks and all kinds of public edifices. And, with the
progress of modern civilization, its uses for architectural purposes
are constantly becoming more varied and extensive. Perhaps the
use of iron doors and shutters, both as a means of defense against
the depredations of burglars and thieves, and as a protection against
fire, is of great antiquity; at any rate their value seems now to be
highly appreciated, judging from the number of buildings of vari-
ous kinds which may now be seen provided with these appendages.
The manufacture of this class of work, can, therefore, very prop-
erly be classed among the important ones of Chicago's industrial
interests, and as such entitled to consideration in these pages.
Prominent among those engaged in this line of manufacture is 11.
J. Berry, who established himself here in 1872, locating first at Nos.
138-40 Lake Street, and occupying the premises mentioned as their
first tenant following the great fire of 1871. The first building
erected in Chicago after that event, and which was supplied with
iron shutters, was the Central Hall building at the corner of
Twenty-second Street and \Yabash Avenue, and these were fur-
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
nishcd by Mr. Kerry. This gentleman also introduced to the trade
here and elsewhere a patented invention of his own, known as the
double-shutter, made oi two pieces of sheet iron, bolted together so
as to leave ft chamber between; this, it has been iound, is admir-
ably adapted as a hie proof shutter, but experience has shown that,
from its construction, it does not withstand the action of tile ele-
ments as well as the old-style single-shutter, and so is not now in
general use. Ill 1.^78, Mr. Kerry moved his place of business to
JOS 10 Lake Street, and about four years later to Nos. 89-91
Indiana Street. Here he has erected a commodious brick building,
tifty feet front by one hundred in depth, and three stories and a
basement in height, and does an extensive trade, not only in this
city, but throughout the Western states and territories, lie manu-
factures corrugated and single-plate iron doors and shutters, also
iron uniting and wrought iron work of every description. Mr.
Kerry was bom at I'aterson, N. J., in 1833, the son of John and
Catharine (Rome) Kerry. After several years spent in working for
his board and clothes, and getting what education he could by
attending the common schools during the winter months, when
about fifteen years of age, he apprenticed himself to learn the car-
penter's trade, and, on attaining his majority, he, in 1854, decided
to try his fortunes in the West. Accordingly he located in Fond du
I ac, Wis., where he lived, following the occupation of a contractor
and builder, until fall of 1871, when he removed to this city, and, in
the following year, established the business in which he is still
engaged. Mr. Kerry married, in 1855, Miss Mary Caroline Young,
daughter of Nicholas Young, of Fond du Lac; they have had live
children, four sons and one daughter, the latter deceased. ( If the
former, John M., the eldest, is now in the iron business in Jersey
C'ity, N. J.; Sumner 1'. is employed with the house of .Marshall
Field & Co. as their Kastern buyer; Arthur V., and Harry J., the
youngest sons, are at home, the former employed with his father in
the business here, the latter attending school.
ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORK.
M. KKNNKR & Co., manufacturers and dealers in structural
and ornamental iron work, combination lire-escape and stand-pipe,
etc., established their house in 1879, the firm being then composed
of M. Kenner and J. T. Cowles, and doing business at the corner
of Van Huron Street and Pacific Avenue. Two years later a removal
was made to the corner of Canal and Harrison streets, and, at the
same time, Messrs. Cowles and Benner, owning jointly the patents
covering their lire-escape and stand-pipe, dissolved' partnership,
first dividing their territory and each taking certain allotted States
and Territories as his exclusive ground in which to control the sale
of their patents. Mr. Kenner continued to do business at the loca-
tion last mentioned, until the summer of 1883, when he purchased
the lot at Nos. 260-64 South Jefferson Street, where he immedi-
ately began the erection of a substantial brick building, covering
his entire lot, and four stories and a basement in height. This was
completed and occupied in the spring following. As is well known,
the fire-escapes made and sold by Mr. Kenner are by far the most
practical invention of the kind ever made, and are the result of
twenty-live years' study of the best means to provide for escape
from burning buildings. As fire marshal of Chicago for several
years, Mr. Kenner was also given excellent opportunities to mature
and perfect his inventions. Over four thousand of them are now
in use, and so commonly are they found on the business buildings
of this and other cities, that no description need be given here,
more than to say the device consists of an iron ladder, ice proof,
firmly attached to the walls of a building, so as to at all times
afford a safe and speedy means of egress in case of fire. On mov-
ing into their present commodious quarters, the firm extended their
business to the manufacture of architectural iron work, including
railings, all kinds of castings, etc. In the foundry, and the other
extensive business transactions of this firm, from sixty to seventy-
five men are employed. A few years ago six to ten men could
transact all the business of the firm.
.]/<;///;<;( /jiitiht; the senior member of the firm, was born at
Lanfeld, Germany, on October 6, 1838, his parents being Anton
and Hannah Kenner. In 1848, they came to this country and set-
tled near Tort Washington, Wis. 'Removing to Chicago in 1851
voting; Kenner found employment with John R. Mills & Co., strip-
I""K '' which he received the munificent compensation of
-evenly-live cents |>er week. He also was employed at a trunk
factory, and in several hotels. F.xccpt during a few months in St.
Louis, he resided continually in Chicago, making it "convenient"
lo attend every lire of any magnitude, and thus received a practical
.'lion in his chosen profession. A few days after haviiv
reached the age prescribed in the by-laws, when he could join vol-
unteer I look and Ladder No. i, he became a member of that
organization. This was October 10, 1856. F'our days after he
was eighteen years old, he was unanimously elected a member of
that companv, and, on April 5, 1859, joined " Enterprise " Engine
Company No. 2, of the 1'aid Fire Department. After a short sea-
son of inactivity, he joined Hook and Ladder Company No. I, and
subsequently was elected foreman of the " Island O_ueen " Com-
pany No. 4. In April, 1861, he resigned, intending to engage in
business pursuits, and was out six months, but the Department
could not spare him, and he was called to " captain " the " Long
John "for three years. After remaining as a private until April,
1867, he accepted the position of captain of the steamer " Enterprise
No. 2," remaining until May 4, 1868. Mr. Kenner was then made
third assistant lire marshal, and continued thus to act until March,
1872, when he became first assistant. On August 2, 1873, he was
given entire charge of the Department, and confirmed as Chief on
September 15, and re-appointed on August 16, 1875. He remained
in this position until July, 1879, when I). J. Swcnie, the present
incumbent, succceeded him as acting, and subsequently as actual,
lire marshal. While marshal of the department, Mr. Benner
inaugurated and developed many reforms, not the least important
ot which was his establishment of a school of instruction for the
assistant engineers, or chiefs of battalions, and the captains and
lieutenants of companies, who met every alternate week. He has
held many important positions in various firemen's associations,
acting, at one time, as president of the Illinois State Firemen's As-
sociation. Although Mr. Kenner's early education was, unfortu-
nately, neglected (though from no fault of his own), his energy and
practical insight make amends for such lack, and there are cer-
tainly few men who have taken a wiser advantage of every oppor-
tunity offered. In addition to his standing as a fireman, Mr.
Benner has acquired a reputation as a mechanic, being formerly a
director, and, at one time, vice-president, of the Chicago Mechanics'
Institute. Since December, 1879, he has been engaged in the
manufacture of fire-escape apparatus, a history of which business
has been given. Mr. Benner was married, on April 23, 1861, to
Miss Mary, daughter of Timothy Brusnen, of Chicago, his wife
dying on July 9, 1880. He has five children, — Minnie II., now
the wife of W. D. Kent, a member of the firm of M. Benner <_V
Co.; Cornelia G., Frank A., Edwin G., and Florence M.
THE KU.ITHORI-E AIR-BRAKK COMPANY, manufacturers of
passenger and freight elevators, and of the safety devices herein-
after mentioned, was incorporated under the laws of this State, on
July 28, 1883, with a capital stock of $100,000. The first officers
of the company were, — Henry Beidler, president, A. C. Ellithorpe,
general superintendent, and A. B. Ellithorpe, secretary. The com-
pany was first located at No. 95 West Randolph street, but shortly
afterward removed to Nos. 54-64 Waldo Place, between Randolph
and Washington streets. Here they carry on the manufacture of
elevators, of the Ellithorpe air-brake, and of the Ellithorpe air-cush-
ion, both of which appliances are the invention of A. C. Ellithorpe.
The first air-cushion placed on an elevator in this city was in July,
1879, on the elevator in the Chamber of Commerce building. On
this occasion, Mr. Ellithorpe made a public test of his invention,
concerning which, the Chicago Times of July 24, 1879, contained
the following : " On yesterday afternoon, the large elevator in the
Chamber of Commerce fell from the upper floor to the bottom of
the elevator passage. It contained at the time F. T. Ellithorpe,
son of the inventor, and C. F. Hathaway, neither of whom was
injured or even jarred. One of them held a glass of water, none of
which was spilled. On the floor of the cab was a basket of eggs
and glassware, but not an egg or a tumbler was broken. The occa-
sion of the fall was the testing of a device, of Colonel A. C. Elli-
thorpe of this city, for preventing elevator accidents. At the second
test the elevator was loaded with live thousand pounds of pig iron,
the elevator itself weighing four thousand pounds, which was hoisted
to the upper floor and again allowed to drop — the eggs lying loose
upon the floor among the pigs of iron and glassware, were unbroken.
It seems as if the deadly elevator had been robbed of its terrors."
Of a similar test given at the Exposition Building, the Chicago
Tribune made the following editorial comment :
"The Ellithorpe Patent Safety Air-Cushion was tried at the
Exposition yesterday afternoon in the presence of about twenty
thousand people, who shuddered when the elevator fell from the
top of the shaft, but cheered when the six occupants walked out
safe anil not at all shaken up by their tumble of one hundred and
nine feet. The existence of this important invention, one which
will doubtless be the means of saving thousands of lives, has been
mentioned in the newspapers, but only a few people have seen it in
operation until yesterday, and become thereby capable of judging of
its merits. The announcement that the elevator would fall ' with
living freight ' attracted an immense crowd, the whole north end of
the building and the galleries being crowded, nearly everything else
being abandoned for the time being. The only change noticeable
was an inclosure at the bottom of the shaft, extending up several
feet. Along towards four o'clock the elevator was run up to the
top of the shaft. In it were A. C. Ellithorpe, F. T. Ellithorpe,
C. F. Hathaway, Fred. T. Adams, C. C. Coffin and John T.
THE IRON TRADE.
499
Brothers, their weight and that of the elevator being about two
thousand eight hundred pounds. After some little delay the tem-
porary rope attachment was cut, and down came the elevator with a
rush, but in an instant the entrance door was opened, and the five
passengers came out smiling. As soon as they were seen the
crowd began cheering, and rushed forward to feel of the men and
see if they were not rubber automata. The test was satisfactory in
every respect, demonstrating what was already known, however,
that accidents from falling elevators can become an impossibility."
The principle upon which these brakes act is compressed air,
which prevents the cab from falling more than a few feet, stopping
it gradually without the slightest concussion. The effect produced
is precisely the same as applying the \Vestinghouse brake to a train
of cars while under a high rate of speed. The stopping is positive,
but gradual. The air-cushion is of a different character, and is
intended only to catch a falling cab at the bottom of the shaft in
safety. It need hardly be stated that since the organization of the
Ellithorpe Air-Brake Company it has done a steadily increasing busi-
ness, and that to-day few elevators are put into large buildings any-
where, on which these safety devices are not placed. Among the
buildings in this city, in which they are now in use, may be men-
tioned the Revere House, the Grand 1'acilic Hotel, the Sherman
House, the Leland Hotel, the Grannis Block, the new office building
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company, and many
others. The present officers of the company are Henry Beidler,
president; H. A. Beidler, vice-president; A. C. Ellithorpe, general
manager; and A. 15. Ellithorpe, secretary.
HENRY BEIDLER, president of the Ellithorpe Air-Brake Com-
pany, and who is also a prominent capitalist of this city, was born in
Bucks County, 1'enn., on November 27, 1812, the son of Jacob
and Susanna (Kroul) Beidler. He was given but the rudiments of
an English education, and, in 1843, came to the West to start in
life on his own account. He located that year in Springfield, 111.,
where he engaged in the produce and lumber trade for ten years.
He came to Chicago in 1854, and established himself here with his
brother, Jacob Beidler, in the same line, and until two years ago,
was prominently identified with the large lumber dealers of this
city. Between 1850-60, the Beidlers had their lumber yards located
at the corner of Canal and Madison streets ; but, by degrees, they
were compelled to move further and further south, until at last
they reached the present lumber district. In 1883, becoming inter-
ested in Colonel EUithorpe's inventions, Mr. Beidler furnished a
large share of the capital to establish the company of which he has
been, since its organization, the executive head. Mr. Beidler mar-
ried, in 1860, Miss Sarah Sammonds, daughter of Thomas Sam-
monds, of Geddes, N. Y. They have one child, Herbert A., who
is the vice-president of the Ellithorpe Air-lSrake Company.
ALBKRT C. ELLITHORPE was born at St. Albans, Vt., on July
9, 1824, the son of John \V. and Eliza (Chapman) Ellithorpe. Up
to the age of thirteen, he attended the district school; in later years,
he added an excellent collegiate course. In the spring of 1839, he
came to Chicago, working his passage on the propeller " Globe "
from Buffalo to this city, and landing here with $9 more money than
he possessed when he left home. His employment after his arrival
was as a carpenter, joiner and general worker in wood. Two of
his earliest winters in Illinois were spent in Big Woods, ten miles
from Chicago, in felling trees, chopping wood and hauling it to
market. Another winter he taught a district school in Kane
County. In the spring of 1843, he returned to Chicago and began
working in a wagon shop, and took a course of private study un-
der the direction of Rev. William E. Manley. Within his first
year in the shop, he mastered the business, and succeeded to it as
sole proprietor. He continued to carry it on alone for more than a
year, when he sold it at a profit of four hundred dollars, a sum
which he had long wanted to enable him to complete his education.
WliL'n about to enter college, the school committee of Chicago en-
gagvd him to take charge of one of the three public schools then
in the city — the one in the Chapman Building, at the corner of Ran-
dolph and Wells streets. This position he accepted and filled with
marked ability during the summer term. At the end of that time,
he entered Knox College, at Galesburg, 111., where he remained
two years, a diligent and painstaking student, always standing fore-
most in his classes. Returning to Chicago in 1847, in 1848 he
started a carriage and wagon manufactory, which he successfully
carried on for about two years. He then sold out his business and
made the overland trip to California, where he spent over a year in
the diggings, finally returning home by the way of Mexico. Soon
after, he formed a partnership with two other gentlemen, under the
name of Ellithorpe, Cline & Bradley, and began the manufacture
of carriages and wagons. He was elected as an alderman from the
old Sixth Ward, serving creditably as a member of the City Council,
during the administration of Mayors Boone, Dyer and Wentworth.
On the breaking out of the Civil War, he entered the service of his
country, and joined the Army of the Frontier. He proceeded to
Washington, and, submitting to the War Department a plan for the
organization of the loyal refugee Indians of South Kansas into
regiments, was commissioned as a first lieutenant and mustering
officer for that purpose. He promptly performed his mission, and,
in less than one week's time, recruited and mustered in a full regi-
ment of Creek, Cherokee and Seminole Indians, who afterward did
effective service in the Union cause. At the head of this regiment,
which was known as the Eirst Indian Regiment, Colonel Ellithorpe,
although having only a lieutenant's commission, entered active
service in General Blunt's Army of the Frontier. Among the bat-
tles in which Colonel Ellithorpe, with his regiment, was engaged,
were Grand Saline, Old Eort Wayne, Bayou Sierra, Prairie Grove,
Willow Springs, Van Buren and Kane Hill. Eor gallant and mer-
itorious conduct, at the first mentioned fight, Lieutenant Kllithorpc
was promoted to the rank of major, and, at the battle of I'rairie
Grove, Major Ellithorpe was wounded, and was again promoted
lieutenant-colonel for gallantry on the field. At the close of the
War, Colonel Ellithorpe, at the urgent request of the republican
leaders of Kansas, assumed the editorship of the Leavenworth
Conservative, which paper strongly advocated the election of Gen-
eral James H. Lane to the United States senate from the State of
Kansas. After the close of this campaign, he returneil to Chicago,
which has since been his home and where he later brought into
existence the inventions already mentioned, which are destined to
live, a memorial of the value of his genius and skill, for generations
to come. Colonel Ellithorpe married, in June, 1848, Miss Maria
L. Sammons, daughter of Frederick Sammons, of Syracuse, N. Y.
They have had four children.
THE J. W. REEDY ELEVATOR MANUFACTURING COMPANY
was chartered under the laws of Illinois, in 1885, with a capital
stock of $200,000. The business which this company succeeded to
was first started in 1867, near the corner of Michigan and Clark
streets, and afterward moved to its present location. It was
owned and operated by J. W. Reedy for manufacturing hand and
steam elevators for hoisting purposes, under his patents. Business
increased to such an extent that he was forced to seek more com-
modious quarters, and, just prior to the fire of 1871, he built a large
brick building on the ground occupied at present, Nos. 83-91 Illinois
Street, which was swept away in that conflagration. He at once
re-built, and orders were so pressing for his elevators that he com-
menced manufacturing in the open lot, not waiting for the comple-
tion of the building. The record of his business career is, — Burned
out October 9, 1871 ; re-built November 15, 1871 ; burned out
October 14, 1877; re-built December i, 1877. The new building
of Chicago after the great fire made greater pretensions toward im-
proved elevators, and as the demand appeared, Mr. Reedy was
prepared for it. lie added hydraulic elevators to his manufactur-
ing, and his reputation for improved machinery has long since been
established, he having attached to his elevator all improvements
for safety, and has kept pace with the times. The main object, in
changing from a private to a chartered corporation, was to perpet-
uate the manufacturing, for it is the ambition of Mr. Reedy to have
the factory maintain the first-class position it has already taken in
the industries of this city. In 1877, he started a branch manufac-
tory in New York City, which is being actively operated at the
present time.
Jtinies W. KccJy was born at Munster, Ireland, in 1845, and
came to Chicago, in 1853, with his father, William Reedy. He
settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, and commenced attending the public
schools, and continued his studies till the age of fifteen, when he
began to learn the printer's trade. He became a good compositor,
but on account of failure of his eyesight he was forced to abandon
the business. He then became interested, with an elder brother, in
the machinery business, and remained in that line for about four
years. In 1868, he came to Chicago, and commenced manufactur-
ing hand and steam elevators, in which business he has continued
up to the present time. When he first opened business here, ele-
vators were comparatively unknown, and their introduction for
years was very gradual, but as Chicago improved, it was, of itself,
a good market, and he was in a position to meet the demand. He
has succeeded in building up a successful enterprise, and takes
commendable pride in adding one to the many of this city's valua-
ble industries. He was married in Chicago in 1884, to Miss Adelia
Kelley, whose home was formerly in Newfoundland.
C. H. MITCHELL, manufacturer of improved safety, center-lift
elevators, both freight and passenger, has been identilied with this
now important industry in Chicago since 1875, in which year he estab-
lished himself here in a small way on Market Street. Remaining at
that location a short time, he then removed to No. 39 Wells Street,
and, in 1882, changed to 105 Michigan Street. He has built up a
trade extending into nearly every State in the Union, there not
being a city or town in the country where his goods are not known
and used, even having placed one in a log store in one of the Territo-
ries. It is well known that, owing to the rapid growth of our principal
cities, and of the consequent increase in the value of real-estate,
many buildings are now erected of such height that, without eleva-
tors, they would be perfectly useless. Hence they have become
one of the most important adjuncts, in this respect, of the progress
5°°
HISTORY OF CHICAC.O.
of the times. When Mr. Mitchell started in this industry, he
made it an aim to manufacture a thoroughly reliable machine.
Without further comment, it is only necessary to say that the suc-
cess he lias achieved is as fairly deserved as it has been fairly earned.
Mr. Mitchell was horn at Portland, Me., in 1837. His father was
Nathaniel 1. Mitchell, a prominent dry goods merchant of Portland,
and in his day the oldest tradesman in that city. His mother was
Hester A. Hooper, also descended from one of the oldest New Eng-
laiul families. C, II. was given an academic education, but before
completing a full course he decided upon entering a business career,
and accordingly went to lio>tc>n, where he engaged as a clerk in
a leading dry good* house of that city. Three years later, he
returned to Portland and engaged in the same business on his own
account, continuing there until 1868, when he came West, locating
finally as a merchant in Minneapolis. lie remained in that city
until 1871, and then came to Chicago, where he has since resided,
and three years later established his present business. Mr. Mitchell
married, iii iSjS, Miss Mary K. Hamblin, daughter of Edward
llamblin, of Portland. Me. They have four children, — Charles
Kdwanl, Annie llamblin, .Marion llaskell and Ernest Ingersol.
THK Exn.M'sT YKNTII.ATOK CoMi'ANV, which is extending its
operations all over the world, has its origin in the purchase, in i >SL-,
by L. G. Fisher, Jr., of an air-fan, the patent of James M. lilack-
man, of Chicago. The invention consists of a peculiar form of
blade, by which, no matter how rapidly the wheel revolves, the air
is kept in progressive motion, fresh currents constantly taking the
place of vitiated atmosphere. It is patented all over the world, and,
although the system of ventilation adopted by the company usually
depends on the exhaust or vacuum method, in particular cases this is
combined with the opposite, or plenum (filling), method, by which
the pure air is drawn into the building, or room, to drive out the
impure. A mere reversal of the Hlackman wheel changes the
method of ventilation. The manufactory of the company is located
at the corner of Fourth Avenue and Polk Street, its spacious and
airy office, a partial illustration of the perfection of its enterprise,
being at No. 116 Dearborn Street. It is impossible here to go into
details as to the working of the system in various large structures of
Chicago. It may be stated, however, that the new Chicago Hoard
of Trade, the Opera House, the Columbia Theater, Kohl & Mid-
dleton's Dime Museum, the Merchants Savings, the Loan and Trust
Company and the Commercial National banks have been ventilated
by this company, as well as hundreds of other buildings throughout
the city, and thousands throughout the country. Cathedrals, hotels,
mines, manufactories, newspaper offices, all have been accommo-
dated. Steam, heat, dust, smoke, odors, and foul air are removed
by the process which seems to be taking the advocates of sanitary
reform by storm. The company is also rapidly extending its busi-
ness, over one thousand fans having been sold in London alone.
Mr. Fisher was born at Heloit, Wis., in 1844. After being educated
at the college in that city, he crossed the plains, in 1860, and spent
one year in the mountains. He then went to New York City to
engage in the hardware business, and afterward entered the service
in the 84th New York Volunteer Infantry, continuing with that
command and in the Navy throughout the War. He then came to
Chicago and became connected with the Rock River Paper Com-
pany. Thus he remained employed until 1871, when he bought an
interest in the bag manufactory of Messrs. Wheeler & Hinman. He
is at present secretary of the Union Bag and Paper Company and
president of the Exhaust Ventilator Company. There are four
companies under his virtual control. The one organized in this
city and stocked for $100,000 he owns entirely; about one-half of
the capital stock of the New York company, $300,000; nearly all
of the Philadelphia Company's capital stock of $100,000; and a
large part of the stock of the London company, which has a capital
of $575,000.
0 BRASS AND COPPER FOUNDERS.
OWEN OWENS is the oldest brass founder in Chicago. Mr.
Owens relates that when he came here in 1848, he found no mem-
bers of his craft in Chicago, save a German named Rinker, who
wss a bell-maker, but who had no shop, for the reason that in
those days the jobs to be done in brass work of any kind, much
less the demand for bells, were so few that a man's existence, to
be derived from this source, would have been exceedingly prob-
lematical. Mr. Owens and Michael Nugent came here together
.'rcm Liverpool, and begnn business together in the manufacture of
hand fire engines, the first and only institution of the kind in Chi-
cago. They also conducted a general jobbing business in all kinds
of brass work, as a brass foundry and machine shop were neces-
sary adjuncts in the manufacture of their engines. They built
four of the hand engines that were used so long by the old' volun-
teer fire force. They continued this business some live years,
when their shops, then located on the corner of Washington and
Market streets, were destroyed by fire, leaving both tlie°Droprie-
tors practically penniless. The partnership was therefore dissolved,
and Mr. Owens removed lo Kane County, near Elgin, where he
settled on a farm. In 1857, he returned to Chicago and formed a
partnership with T. (,'. Smith, and they bought of Mrs. Nugent,
willow of Michael Nugent, a brass-foundry on Washington Street,
near Market — in fact, on the lot adjoining that upon which Mi.
Owens's store now stands. The style of the firm was T. ('.
Smith & Co., and so continued until 1865, when Mr. Smith died
and Mr. Owens succeeded to the business, which he has since con-
ducted. Shortly afterward he purchased his present premises. On
the front of the lot a substantial brick building stood, and Mr.
Owens soon erected on the rear a workshop and foundry. These
were destroyed in the great fire, together with his stock, causing a
loss of over $60,000. Mr. Owens at once re-built his workshops
and foundry on the rear portion of his lot, which he occupied
until a year or so later, when his present buildings were erected.
The former was the first business structure roofed and completed
after the fire. Mr. Owens himself hauled the water from the
river that was used in making the mortar for the building. Since
the fire he has done a more prosperous business than ever before.
Mr. Owens is a native of Wales, born in 1817, the son of Robert
and Margaret (Davis) Owens. He was given but a rudimentary
education, and at the age of twelve was apprenticed to learn the
trade of a brass-founder, in Liverpool. His father dying, he
came with his mother and family to this country in 1848, locating
at once in this city. Ik-fore he started for America, he had pur-
chased a farm in Tennessee, for which he was to pay fifty cents
an acre; and his first payment of twenty per cent, of this price, he
had paid into the hands of the American Consul at Liverpool.
On his arrival at New York, he was somewhat surprised to learn
that it would cost him what the land was worth to get to it, so he
gave up his Tennessee farm and concluded to try his fortunes in
Chicago. Mr. Owens married, in 1842, Miss Ann Grant, and lias
four children, — Margaret, Robert, Maria, now the wife of A.
Robbins, of this city, and Joseph.
TIIK L. WOI.FK MAM FACTI-RIM; COMPANY was established
on June 17, 1855, by Ludwig Wolff and Terence McGuire, under
the firm name of McGuire & Wolff. Their first place of business
was in the Tremont House alley and in the rear of No. 75 Lake
Street. Mr. Wolff was a coppersmith by trade, and his partner a
plumber. They employed no hands but an apprentice boy, and
for the first year had even then some idle time at their disposal.
Their first job in the coppersmith line was to build a small still for
Heilman & Wunsche, druggists, at the northwest corner of Lake
and Canal streets. Mr. Wolff employed his spare lime in building
a working model of an alcohol still of an improved kind. This
he placed on exhibition at the United States Fair held herein 1856,
where it attracted considerable attention and won a diploma; which
proved a great benefit to Mr. Wolff, and from that time his busi-
ness largely increased and he was soon doing work, not only for
customers in Chicago, but all over the West. In March, 1865, he
moved to the premises forming a part of his present works, where
he erected a three-story brick building thoroughly equipped
throughout. In 1868, he purchased his partner's interest, and
since has been sole proprietor. At the time of the great fire,
although escaping directly its ravages, his losses from outstanding
accounts amounted to something like $30,000. Immediately fol-
lowing that event, there was almost a water famine in the city.
Air. Wolff had two large copper tanks on the sidewalks in front of
his works, and also inside of his premises two huge cisterns, which
he had built in order to have water with which to run his engines
in case of any emergency. These, at the time mentioned, were
filled with excellent water, which he put into the tanks on the side-
walks, for the benefit of the public generally, until the city water
works were again in operation. In 1879, Mr. Wolff purchased
the ground immediately adjoining him on the east, and, in 1881,
erected a commodious five-story brick building, which now forms
a part of his works. In 1882, he erected his present spacious and
handsome five-story office and salesroom building. The L. Wolff
Manufacturing Company now has one of the largest copper and
brass-working establishments in the West. The Company em-
ploys some three hundred hands and manufactures all kinds of cop-
per and brass work, including supplies and apparatus for brewers,
distillers, candy-makers, and plumbers; also steam-fitters' and gas-
fitters' materials, their specialty being plumbers' supplies.
J.iiil-.i'ix IVolfT was born i'n Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany,
on March n, 1836, the son of John and Christina (Seivert) Woll).
He was given a good education, attending school until his four-
teenth year, when he apprenticed himself to learn the trade of a
coppersmith, serving four years; during which time, too, he at-
tended night schools, and further perfected himself :n his studies.
In 1854, his parents came to this country and located in the West.
Shortly after their arrival, the father, mother and three sons died,
leaving five children living, of whom Ludwig was the oldest. He
at C!<.«:e obtained work from the old firm of Thomas George & Co.
THE IRON TRADE.
coppersmiths, plumbers and gas-fitters. He next went to work for
the firm of Nugent & Owens. During the winter of 1854-55, the
times were very dull and it was difficult to obtain work. Not being
willing to remain idle, Mr. Wolff went into Macotipin County, 111.,
where he obtained employment from a farmer, at two dollars a month
and his board. Me gladly accepted it, and worked three months.
In the spring of 1855, he returned to Chicago, where a little later
he founded the business he has since conducted. Mr. Wolff mar-
ried, in 1856, Miss Elizabeth Geiles, daughter of John Geiles, of
J)u Page County. This lady died in 1876, leaving seven children,
— Maria, wife of William Hunge, of this city; John F. and Chris-
tian J., associated with their father in business; Christina, Anna,
Louisa and Ludwig, Jr. Mr. Wolff was married a second time,
to Miss Sophia Iloelscher, of Elmhurst, 111.; they have one son,
Frederick.
TIIK. L. S. BALDWIN MANUFACTURING COMPANY was organ-
ized on January 20, 1885, under the laws of the State of Illinois,
with a capital stock of $15,000. The officers are L. S. Baldwin,
president, and John S. Way, secretary and treasurer. The busi-
ness consists in the manufacture and sale of a variety of bronze and
brass goods; of electrical and mechanical house and elevator bells
and burglar alarms; of speaking tubes, electric annunciators, and
of iron and plated window sash, office rails and bank wickets. The
originator of this business was D. A. Foote, one of Chicago's early
settlers, who founded it about 1849, and, after carrying on the busi-
ness successfully for nearly twenty years, retired in 1868, selling out
to L. S. Baldwin, the present head of the concern. The business
was at this time conducted at No. 108 Randolph, but was shortly
afterward removed to No. 6 Washington Street. Soon after the
purchase from Mr. Foole, Mr. Baldwin associated with him Fred
P. Taylor. This gentleman remained with him until they were
burned out in the fire of 1871, when Mr. Taylor withdrew from the
tirm. Mr. Baldwin at once resumed business alone, in a temporary
building on Wabash Avenue, near Harrison Street. A more suit-
able place now being in readiness, in the fall of 1872, he removed
to No. 6 Calhoun Place. While here, Mr. Baldwin took into part-
nership with him two Southern gentlemen, Messrs. McKnight and
Richardson, and so continued until in the following year, when
Mr. Baldwin sold out to them, and they went on with the business
under the name of McKnight iV Richardson. Two years afterward
this firm failed, anil Mr. Baldwin stepped forward and bought what-
ever stock, goods and tools they had for sale, and with his energy
and knowledge of the business soon re-established matters on a
sound footing.
Lewis SA,-r:iiiin Kultlwin, the president of the company, was
born at Brookfield, Conn., on April 9, 1818. He is the son of a
ly New England farmer and was raised on a farm. He made
the best use he could of the limited school facilities available,
attending only during winter, for in summer he was needed on the
farm. At the age of fifteen, it was determined he should learn a
trade. So he went to Bridgeport, in Connecticut, where he was
regularly bound out as an apprentice to the firm of Lewis, Wheeler
& Kippen, to learn the trade of brass-founder and finisher and gold
and silver plater. In those days the apprentice system still bore
the stamp of its English origin and was very strict. Mr. Baldwin
relates that he remembers particularly one clause of his indentures,
a document he has preserved, in which it was sternly forbidden
him to " go a courtin'" or to "visit saloons." On reaching the
age of twenty-one, he took what was then considered a trip to the
West, going to Rochester, N. Y., and travelling a greater part of
the way on a packet on the Erie Canal. Arriving in that city he
engaged for a year in the carriage-making establishment of Kerr,
Cunningham & Co. He then went to the little town of LeRoy in
the same county (Genesee, N. Y.) where he bought out a silver
plating establishment. For twenty years Mr. Baldwin carried on
this business in LeRoy. But on the outbreak of the Civil War he
gave this up for the time being, and engaged in sutlering with the
Army, being chiefly at Convalescent Camp, near Alexandria, Vs.,
where he remained until the close of the War. Returning to
LeRoy, he engaged for a year in the produce business. He then
removed to Niles, Mich., where, until 1868, he kept a hotel. In
that year he came to Chicago, and, recalling his knowledge of and
experience in his trade, he bought out the brass-founding and
electro-plating establishment of one of Chicago's early settlers, D.
A. Foote. This business, through various changes of partners, he
has carried on in some form nearly ever since. In January, 1885,
the present company was organized, with Mr. Baldwin at its head
as president, lie was married on October 13, 1841, to Miss Caro-
line Webb, of LeRoy, N. Y. They have one son, Lewis J. Bald-
win. Mr. Baldwin is a member of the Grace Methodist Church,
and of William B. Warren Lodge, No. 209, A.F. & A.M.
Charles Tripp, superintendent of The L. S. Baldwin Manu-
facturing Company, was born at Bridgeport, Conn., in 1850. At
the age of five years he removed with his parents to Somonauk,
DeKalb Co., 111. His opportunities for schooling were extremely
n:eajjer, while necessity compelled him at a tender age to earn his
own living. So, at the age of twelve years he came to Chicago
and joined the army of little news-boys and boot-blacks. After
about three years of this work, he entered as an apprentice with I).
A. Foote, to learn the trade of brass-founding, bell-hanging and
electro-plating. This business house, founded by Mr. Foote, has
been in continuous existence, either under his direction or that of
L. S. Baldwin and his associates, ever since, and Mr. Tripp has
been continuously identified with it as apprentice, journeyman and
partner, and now as the superintendent of the present stock com-
pany, having worked his way up the ladder through persistent
industry during twenty years. Mr. Tripp was a member of Imperial
Lodge, No. 37, 1C. of P., and of Somonauk Lodge, No. 4, Im-
proved Order of Red Men, both Chicago lodges.
Tin: CHICAGO JOURNAL-BEARING WORKS were established in
1875, by A. V. Pitts, the business being then conducted under the
name of A. V. Pitts & Co. at Nos. 22-24 South Jefferson Street. The
works remained there until 1879, when they were removed to Nos.
7-9 on the same thoroughfare. In 1883, Mr. Pitts, who is a son
of H. A. Pitts, the well-known manufacturer of threshing machines
and also an early settler of Chicago, relinquished his interest in the
business, to give his entire time and attention to the extensive
manufacturing interests founded by his father, which at his death
had fallen to his sons to continue. At that time Frank R. Cargill,
who had been in the employ of A. V. Pitts for seven years, became,
with others, the proprietors of the works, and shortly afterward the
name was changed to its present form, that of the Chicago Journal-
Bearing Works, Frank R. Cargill & Co., proprietors. As now con-
ducted, these works are devoted to the manufacture of Babbitt
metals, brass and bronze castings of all kinds, and of railroad
journal-bearings. In the latter line, a specialty is made of manu-
facturing what is known as Cargill's Patent Hercules Bearing, a
device which is meeting with much favor from railroad men where-
ever it has been introduced. This bearing is the invention of Mr.
Cargill, having been patented by him in 1883. In the manufacture
of brass castings of all kinds, these works have unusual facilities,
being now so well arranged and equipped in every particular, that
they have the largest capacity, not only of any brass foundry in
Chicago, but also of any in the West. To Mr. Cargill, who has
been connected with these works since their founding, and who,
during much of the time since, has had their management and con-
trol, is largely due the success which has attended the enterprise
from the first.
FRANK R. CARGILL was born at Detroit, Mich., in 1856, the
son of Oscar F. and Harriet N. Cargill. In 1861, his parents
removed to this city, which has since been his home. In 1875, he
entered the employ of A. V. Pitts, as office boy, remaining with
the firm until 1881. He was successively promoted from one posi-
tion of trust to another, and was finally given charge of the busi-
ness of which he is now one of the proprietors. In addition to the
invention of which we have already spoken, Mr. Cargill, in com-
pany with W. V. Kent, has lately brought into use another, as
novel as it is original. This is a metallic tiling, designed for floors
in public or private edifices, and to take the place of marble or
other tiling heretofore used for this purpose. It is called the Elec-
tric Silver Floor, and is made of a coirposition of metals greatly
resembling silver in its appearance. It is capable of taking the
most brilliant polish, and will not, under any circumstance, corrode
or rust from dampness or exposure to the weather. This inven-
tion has already been brought to the notice of many prominent
builders, architects and owners of public buildings, who have
expressed their unqualified opinion as to its very practical character
and of their belief in its ultimate success.
GOK.TZ & BRADA. — The business now conducted by this firm
was established, in 1878, by Fritz Goetz, H. Busche and A. Blume,
under the firm name and style of Goetz, Busche & Co., the place
of business then being at No. 65 Dearborn Avenue. In 7081, a
removal was made to Nos. 18-20 Michigan Street, where they at
once erected their present commodious works, ir. iS9.y iMessrs.
Busche and Blume retired from the firm, Charles Bratia succeeding
to their interest in the business, which has since been conducted
under the present name. This firm manufacture all kinds of copper
and sheet iron work, making a specialty, however, of brewers' ma-
terials and supplies of every description.
l-'ritz Goetz was born at Milwaukee, Wis.. in 1850, the son of
John Goetz, a carpenter and builder by occupation. Mr. Goetz,
Sr., settled in Milwaukee as early as 1847, but a few years ago re-
moved to this city, where he still resides. Fritz came to Chicago in
1869, and soon after engaged in the produce commission trade on
South Water Street, as a partner in the firm of O. P. Emerson &
Co. He then associated himself with C. Kattendidt, in his present
line of business, and, in 1878, started a shop with the gentlemen
already mentioned, on his own account. Mr. Goetz married, in
1876, Miss Emma Brucklacher, daughter of Jacob Brucklacher, a
well-known citizen of Chicago, and one of its early German set-
tlers. They have four children, — Fritz, Jr. , Arthur, Ida and Walter.
Charles liraJa is a native of Bohemia. He came to Chicago
502
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
in 1872, and worked as foreman for C. Kattendidt, coppersmith,
until iSSi, when he became associated in his present business with
Mr. Goetz.
GEORCK 1'. HARRIS & BROTHER.— These works were estab-
lished at Nos. 105-107 Fulton Street, in 1884, by George 1>. and
Arthur Harris, and have already taken rank among our important
industrial institutions. In addition to doing all sorts of jobbing
work in copper, tin and sheet iron, they also are manufacturers of
the latest improved alcohol and spirit apparatus, high-wines distil-
lery, vinegar and brewery work ; also heavy bronze and brass cast-
ings of all kinds. They employ about twenty men, and have had
the satisfaction of seeing their business steadily increase, from the
first day their works were put into operation, to the present time.
/'. Harris was born at Maidstone, County of Kent,
England, on March 9, 1838. He is the son of John I', and Sarah
(Stone) Harris, who came to this country in 1853, and in that year lo-
catrd in this city, where the family have since lived. In 1854, George
began to learn the trade of a coppersmith with Fullegar it Smeeth,
who were among the early manufacturers in this line in Chicago,
and he remained with Fullegar it Smeeth and Edward Smeeth for
thirty years. During the greater part of this long time of faithful
service, Mr. Harris was the superintendent of Mr. Smeeth's works,
and, after that gentleman's death, in January, 1882, he assumed
entire charge of his affairs, conducting his business until 1884. 1 le
then, wilh his brother, founded the enterprise in which they are still
engaged. Mr. Harris married, in 1860, Miss Abbie Dillon of this
this city. They have four children, — Arthur, J. I'., Georgean,
l-'.dna Maud and Lila May.
K. T. HAKKIS it Co. — This business was first established in
i>7(>. by E. T. Harris and Moses Brunei!, at Nos. 23-25 Randolph
Street. Six months after the firm was established, Mr. Brunei!
withdrew, leaving Mr. Harris to continue the business alone, which
lie ilid for nearly a year. Then \V. 11. Treble became a partner,
at which time the firm assumed its present style, E. T. Harris & Co.
About twelve months later they were burned-out, losing all, but
almost immediately resumed business at No. 17 North Clark Street,
where the business was conducted until 1881, when it was removed
to No. 107 West Monroe Street. It should have been stated, how-
ever, that in 1878, and previous to the lire above mentioned, Mr.
1'reble retired from the business and has since had no connection
with it. There have also been many changes in the character of
the business since its establishment in 1876, as well as a remarkable
growth in its development. When started, the works were con-
fined to the manufacture of nickel stove-trimmings and ornaments.
In 1879, they began to do a general jobbing trade, and also to make
grates, fenders and fire-place work, and, in 1881, saddlery hard-
ware was added. In the fall of 1882, a brass-foundry was put
in, since which time prominent among their specialties has been the
manufacture of artistic metal work in bronze, brass and iron. In
March, 1883, a stock company was formed, of which the officers are
as follows: E. T. Harris, president; F. L. Brooks, secretary; E.
T. Harris, treasurer, and C. E. Smith, superintendent. As illus-
trating the growth of the business, it may be stated that, in 1876,
but one man and a boy were employed; now, an average of one
hundred hands are required, while the yearly transactions range
from $125,000 to $150,000.
/•.'. 'J'. Harris was born at Springfield, Mass., in 1852, the son
of S. H. Harris, the well-known safe and vault door manufacturer.
His parents came West in 1857, locating first in Minnesota, but re-
turning two years later to this city, where they have since lived E.
T. was therefore largely reared and educated in this city. When
only twenty-four years of age, he founded the business in which he
is still engaged, and in which he has made such an emphatic and
well-deserved success.
W. W. WILCOX, manufacturer of railway and hotel baggage
checks, badges, steel stamps, stencils, stencil dies, plates, and who
is also a genera! engraver, came to Chicago in 1872, and established
himself in business, in a small way, at No. 148 West Van Btiren
Street. He remained at that location nearly three years, removing
then to No. 88 Lake Street, and in 1881, to No. 131 on the same
thoroughfare. As has already been stated, Mr. Wilcox started in
a modest way, but each year saw his business increase, until from
his factory he supplied all of the leading western railroads and ho-
tels, express companies, etc., with baggage checks and various other
articles in this line made by him. At the present time his business
extends all over the Western States and Territories. Mr. Wilcox
was born at the town of Surrey, N. II., on January 22, 1839.
His father, Hollis Wilcox, was a'farmer, to which calling W. W.
was reared. In 1859, however, he left the farm, and went to
Boston, where he .took service with John Robbins. a leading
manufacturer of that city, and with whom he remained for fou£
teen years. In 1872, he came to Chicago, which has since been
his home and where he founded the present business. Mr. Wilcox
married, in 1873, Miss May C. Monroe; they have two children, —
Alice L. and Hollis B.
VARIOUS MANUFACTURES.
THE NORTHWKSTKRN 1 1 1 iKsK-N AIL COMPANY was estab-
lished in 1862, by ]. D. and A. W, Kingsland, in a small shop at
the corner of Canal and Monroe streets. They had only ten ma-
chines and made about one ton of nails a day. In June, 1862, J.
I). Kingsland sold his interest in the business, and returned to
the East, where he has since lived. At the same time a stock
company was incorporated under the laws of Illinois, and under
the present name of the Northwestern Horse-Nail Company.
The first officers were, — J. Russell Jones, president; A. W. Kings-
land, secretary; and G. L. Smalley, superintendent. In the sum-
mer of 1869, more commodious quarters being needed, a removal
was made to the corner of Van Buren and Clinton streets. In
1882, finding their works inadequate to the growing demands of their
trade, the company purchased five acres of ground at Brighton Park,
at the junction of the I'., C. & St. I,, and the C. it A. railroads, and
there erected shops and thoroughly equipped them with the latest
and best machinery. They now run seventy-five forging machines
and fifty finishing machines, and turn out six tons of finished nails
daily, or about two thousand tons per annum. The nails as now
made are finished; formerly, the company made what was known
as a rough nail, leaving the finishing touches to be put on by the
blacksmith. Of the nails made by this company it takes on the
average ninety to weigh a pound; these figures would give about
two hundred and sixteen million nails as a year's output. It is also
estimated that one pound of nails will shoe three horses; based on
this estimate, this company turn out enough nails in a year to shoe
over one million horses. The present officers of the company are,
— J. Russell Jones, president; A. W. Kingsland, general manager,
and J. Eugene Smith, secretary.
A. W. KINGSLAND was born in Clinton County, N. Y., in
1833. There he was reared and educated, but at nineteen years
of age entered on a business career, assisting his father, who was
then operating extensive rolling-mills and also manufacturing nails.
In 1860, father and son came West, and, locating in Chicago, sub-
sequently started the horse-nail works of which a history has been
given. Mr. Kingsland married Miss Helen H. Cutting, daughter
of William II. Cutting, of West Port, N. Y. They have four
children, — Jacob D., Helen M., Carro G. and Lucy H.
THE THORN WIRE HEUCK COMPANY OF CHICAGO was
organized in 1873, and chartered under the laws of Illinois. A.
K. Stiles was elected its first president, and J. W. Calkins secre-
tary. The organization remained unchanged until 1884, when, at
the annual meeting, the Company elected J. W. Calkins as president,
and W. A. Stiles as secretary and treasurer. This company was
the first to introduce the barb-wire fence, and for nearly three years
after the first attempt was made to place it on the market, it was
furiously fought by those who have since become its greatest pat-
rons. They owned the original patent, first obtained by Kelley,
and other manufacturers of barbed wire have continued to pay
them royalty. The aggregate amount of wire manufactured by
this company, during 1884, was about twenty-six thousand miles,
and the aggregate weight of the product manufactured in the
United States was about one hundred and twenty thousand tons.
The factory is located at Nos. 15-21 South Clinton Street, and
covers about fifteen thousand square feet of surface.
J. W. CALKINS was born at Sharon, N. Y., in 1837, and
when about eight years of age came West with his parents. At
eleven he left home and commenced clerking in a dry goods estab-
lishment, where he remained until he was fifteen, when he came to
Chicago and was employed for two years as salesman. He left
Chicago at this time and went to Valparaiso, Ind., where he and
his brother, W. T. Calkins, commenced business for themselves on
a joint capital of fifty-two dollars and fifty cents, in cash, and
sufficient amount of energy to make it a success. He was con-
tinuously in mercantile business there for sixteen years, when he
came to Chicago and engaged in the lumber business in 1871, and,
in 1873, became interested in the manufacture of barbed-wire,
being elected the first secretary of the Thorn Wire Hedge Com-
pany of Chicago, and is at present the president of the company.
He purchased, a few years ago, the old Robert Collyer residence
atsooLaSalle Avenue, and there he now resides. lie was mar-
ried at Valparaiso, Ind., in 1863, to Miss Emma F. Smith, and
has four children, — Vernon, F'rederick, Gary and Russell.
THE CHICAGO CHAIN WORKS were established here in 1873,
by S. G. Taylor, the present proprietor. Their location has from
the first been at Nos. 98-100 Indiana Street. About thirty men
are employed, and all kinds of chains are manufactured. A spe-
cialty is made, however, of the manufacture of Best's crane and
dredge chains, also of all sizes of block and sprocket-wheel chains.
Their trade in these, as well as in all other goods turned out, is
rapidly increasing, their reputation being unexcelled by that of the
goods of any other house in this line of manufacture.
S. G. TAYLOR was born at Philipsburg, Canada, in 1829. His
THE IRON TRADE.
father was James Taylor, a prominent citizen of his day. His
mother was Mary (Townsend) Taylor, and descended from an old
and distinguished New England family, her father, Michael Town-
send, having been the first Secretary of the State of Vermont, a po-
sition he creditably filled for eight years. Mr. Taylor's paternal
grandfather, Alexander Taylor, was an early colonial settler in what
is now the State of New York. When the American colonies began
the War of the Revolution, he was of the party known as U. E.
Loyalists, who favored a united government. About this time he
removed to Canada with his family, and there S. G. was reared and
educated, but at an early age started out to make his own way in
the world. In 1852, he came to Chicago, which citv has since been
his home. On coming here he engaged as a bookkeeper for Stiles
Burton, an old and well-known merchant, but now long since
deceased, lie was next connected with the old firm of Hale, Ayer
& Co., for twelve years, when he severed his relations there to found
his present business. Mr. Taylor married, in 1866, Miss Marion
Winthrop, daughter of Rev. Edward Winthrop, of New York City,
who was a direct descendant of John Winthrop, of Colonial fame,
as the first Governor of Massachusetts. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor have
had six children. Two sons only are now living, — Samuel Gale, at-
tending Racine College, and Francis Winthrop, still at home. Mr.
Taylor is a gentleman kind and genial in his disposition, hospitable
in his manners, and stands high both in the social and business
walks of life. He has resided in Chicago during the period of its
greatest industrial and commercial growth, and by his industry and
thrift, his skill and sagacity as a business man, has founded and
built up an enterprise that already ranks as an important factor
among Chicago's many industrial interests.
C. WEATHKRSON, superintendent of the Chicago Forge and
Holt Company, is a native of England, born in 1846. In 1857, his
parents came to this country and located in Michigan, where they
still reside. His father, Charles Weatherson, was also an iron-
worker, and conducted a mill and shop at Davisburgh, Oakland Co.,
Mich., and it was there that the son received his first training as a
practical mechanic. In 1869, Mr. Weatherson came to Chicago
and entered the employ of the Wells & French Bridge Works, and
just prior to the great fire formed his connection with the American
liridge Works, which lasted until March, 1885, when he became
superintendent of the Chicago Forge and Bolt Company. Mr.
Weatherson is a man of liberal education, and, as a mechanical en-
gineer and theoretical mechanic, has few equals in the West. When
he came to Chicago, he became connected with the works of Wells
& French, and there, in addition to his duties in the workshop, he
found time to prosecute his scientific studies, attending for that pur-
pose the different night schools in this city. His proficiency makes
him an especially valuable man in the position he now holds, and
to which his attainment is as deserved as it has been fairly earned
by his years of work and study in his chosen field of labor.
LEAD PIPE.
J. N. RAYMOND. — Lead has long been an important factor in
many of thj manufacturing arts, and, as such, it becomes a com-
modity, in the handling of which large sums of money are invested.
Most of the pig lead that comes to Chicago is brought from the va-
rious silver mines in the West; while a considerable quantity of it is
manufactured by the few large smelting establishments, or silver-
refining works, located in this city. It is used principally in the
manufacture of lead-pipe, sheet-lead, bar lead, and for various other
purposes by builders and plumbers, and in certain branches of man-
ufacture. There are but few houses in this city engaged in the
manufacture of lead in its different forms, and of these the lead-pipe
and sheet-lead works of J. N. Raymond rank among the largest in
this city, and in the West. He came here in 1880, from Detroit,
Mich., where he had been in the same line of business for four
years previously; but having already a rapidly growing trade, and
desiring to be located in a city having better advantages as a distrib-
uting tenter, he removed his business to Chicago. At Nos. 55-57
West Lake Street, he has extensive works, and manufactures lead
in its various forms; also solder, Babbitt metal, block-tin pipe, and
all sorts of specialties in lead. He also manufactures a patent
compressed lead .sash-weight, which, although but recently intro-
duced, has met with marked success in the trade and at the hands
of builders wherever used. In the manufacturing department of
his business Mr. Raymond employs about twenty-five men, while
he also does a large wholesale trade in pig-lead, pig-tin, spelter and
antimony. In the few years that he has been in Chicago he has
built up a trade which extends throughout the entire West, doing
also some business in the Southern States. Mr. Raymond was
born in New York, on October 5, 1847. He came West in 1876,
and located in Detroit, Mich., and, in 1880, came to this city,
which has since been his home, and where he established the busi-
ness he has so successfully conducted.
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS.
The following figures will convey an idea of the
growth of this business in Chicago during three decades:
•+*•& •
Year.
o^g
fcSs
Capital.
0 o1
if
Wages.
Cost of raw
material.
Value of
product.
S
l86o._
*4
$ 662,000
294
$ 91,836
$ Il8,000
$ 529,000
1870
*4
855,000
734
235,200
1,024,480
2,o8ltOOO
1880 . .
t3
3,IIO,OOO
1,021
559,532
1,642,748
2,699,480
*Figures relate to Cook county.
tFigures relate to Chicago only.
The progress of manufacture, between 1880-86, is
manifested in the subjoined table :
Year.
No. of
establish-
ments
Capital.
No. of
employes.
Value of
product.
1881
3
$2,OOO,OOO
2,5OO
$6,OOO OOO
1882
1883
4
4
2,5OO,OOO
2,775,OOO
2,4OO
2,680
7,250,000
7,5OO,OOO
1884
1885
4
4
3,5OO,OOO
3,=;OO,OOO
2,749
2,750
6,SoO,OOO
6,870,000
The following table gives the number of dealers in
agricultural implements during the various years speci-
fied :
Year.
1871
No of
dealers.
18
Year.
1870
No. of
dealers.
1872 - -
__ 23
1880
30
IS73
11
1881
28
1874
17
1882
30
1875
1 6
1883
11
1876
21
T884
11
1877
11
1885
1O
1878 .
•u
E. S. BRISTOL & GALK. — This firm of wholesale dealers in ag-
ricultural implements was established in 1877, by E. S. Bristol and
F. M. Gale, under the firm name of E. S. Bristol & Co. The place
of business was then, as now, at Nos. 30-32 South Canal Street,
and the style of the firm remained unchanged until 1882, when the
present style, that of E. S. Bristol & Gale was adopted. When
first started, this house did a large commission business, but soon
adopted the plan of buying their goods direct from the large manu-
facturers and then selling them direct to the retail dealers. By
doing this, they were enabled to buy cheaper, and thus give better
and more satisfactory .prices to their customers. They handle all
kinds of agricultural implements and farm machinery — nothing, in
short, in the way of a tool or utensil required by the farmer or market
gardener that they do not carry in stock. Their trade, which has
increased nearly tenfold since the establishment of their house, now
extends throughout the States and Territories of the Northwest,
and is each year developing both in volume and extent of territory
covered. Of the men who have thus founded and built up, in so
short a time, a house holding so prominent a place among others
in the same line of trade, brief personal sketches can not fail to be
of interest. "
E. S. Bristol -via.?, born at London, England, in 1842, the son
of Joseph and Mary A. (Gunn) Bristol. His parents first came to
this country as early as 1838, but soon went back to England, re-
turning again to America, and this time to stay, in 1848. They
located in the East, remaining there until 1854, when the family
removed to the West and settled on a farm in Livingston County,
this State, where they resided until their death. There E. S. was
reared, passing his boyhood's days on the farm, and in winter
attending the district school of his neighborhood until his nineteenth
year. In 1861, Mr. Bristol enlisted as a private in Co. " D," 52d
Illinois Infantry Volunteers, which regiment was assigned to the
Army of the West under Generals Grant and Sherman, belonging
first to the Sixteenth, and then to the Fifteenth Army Corps. He
participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth and in
the Atlanta Campaign and other engagements, and, with his regiment,
accompanied General Sherman on his famous march to the sea. In
the meantime, however, it should have been stated, that Mr. Bris-
tol's term of service had expired, but he immediately re-enlisted
and served until the close of hostilities, being mustered out in July,
5°4
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
1865. Returning to his home in Livingston County, he resumed
his occupation as a farmer until 1868, when he came to Chicago,
and entered the employ of the old firm of Gammon & rrindle.
dealers in agricultural implements at Xos. 46-48 West Lake Street.
A year later, this linn was -uccceded by liradley \ Hanks, and four
years later by \V. II. Hanks, and their successors. Mr. Bristol re-
mained through all these changes until 1877, when he, in company
with Mr. dale, founded the present business. Mr. Bristol married,
iu [sti:;. Miss Klsie S. lirooker, daughter of Thomas lirooker. who
was one among the oldest settlers of Livingston County. They
have had live children, of whom two are now living, William J. and
Edward S., Jr.
/•'. M ' . (!,i/,- was born at liarre. Vt., in 1839, the son of Julius
('. and Almira (Drnry) dale. !•'. M. was given a fair Knglish edu-
cation in the eommon schools, and when only fifteen years of age
entered upon a mercantile life as clerk in a general store in South
Danvers. Mass. In August. tSdj, he enlisted in the 1 3th Vermont
Infantry Volunteers, in which organization he ser>'r\' nine months.
In December, 1863, he re-enlisted in the Sth Vermont Volunteer
Infantry, serving with this regiment until the close of the War. On
his first enlistment Mr. dale was, with his regiment, transferred to
the Army of the Potomac, participating in the battle of Gettysburg.
On the re-organization of the Army following these events, the Sth
Vermont was transferred from the Department of the Gulf, under
General Hanks, to the Army of the Shenandoah, being engaged at
the battles of Winchester, Cedar Creek, and others. On being
mustered out of the service, in 1865, Mr. Gale returned to his home
and for awhile engaged in farming, but finally re-engaged in mer-
chandising at I'.arre. In 1870, he came West and located in Chi-
cago, which city has since been his home. His first employment
here was with the old firm of Kmerson, Stafford & Co., implement
dealers, at No. 171 Lake Street. This firm was burned out in the
great lire, after which it ceased to exist. He then engaged with
W. II. Hanks A; Co., remaining with that house, and its successors,
until 1877, when he and Mr. Hristol started their present business.
Mr. Gale married, in February, 1867, Miss Helen A. Putnam,
daughter of Abel Putnam, of Johnson, Vt. They have three
children, — Fred., George B. and Helen M.
THE CHAMPION KKAPINC; AND M<I\VIXC; MACHINES, now so
widely known in almost every quarter of the civilized world, are
manufactured at Springfield, Ohio, where there are at present three
large firms engaged in this immense industry. In 1853, in a little
shed (for it could scarcely be dignified by the name of shop) Wil-
liam N. Whitely, the inventor, made the first Champion machine.
Associating himself with two other mechanics, he commenced their
manufacture, and, in 1858, they made one hundred and fifty-one,
the price of a mower at that time probably having been $150.
From this small beginning, the manufacture has steadily increased
until it has reached the number of sixty thousand machines a year,
the aggregate reaching far into hundreds of thousands. Mean-
time, the price has decreased, until $65 is now received for what a
few years ago brought $100. When the business of Whitely and
his associates had so increased that the demand for their machines
exceeded the capacity of their shops, arrangements were made with
Warder, Bushnell & Glessner to manufacture the same reaper for a
certain large portion of American and foreign territory. The
demand still increasing, new parties and persons, educated in the
aforesaid mills, formed a third company, in which the old partners
took a considerable portion of stock. ' Next, a separate factory,
under control of a separate corporation, was put up to make the
bar and the knife. Next, an iron-mill to do the malleable iron-
work in these reapers was put up. Thus, from the simplest begin-
ning, five huge shops started in Springfield, and the town, while
drawing from all quarters of the country, has given back to
husbandmen everywhere increased facilities for raising and har-
vesting their crops, bringing them larger pecuniary returns,
.ing the spirit of manufacture, other inventors have come to
Springfield, and from that little spot are now distributed through-
out the globe, engines, turbine wheels and contrivances which
stimulate life and growth on the frontiers of every land, and espe-
cially our own. An idea of the size and extent of these works may
be formed when it is stated that the foundries, blacksmith, iron,
paint, and wood-working shops, aggregate floor space of two hun-
dred and seventy-five thousand square feet, and, together with the
grounds occupied for lumber yards, warehouses, etc., cover an
of over twenty acres. Of the three firms engaged in the
manufacture of these machines, that of Warder, Hushnell & Gless-
ner is the largest, having the most extensive works and employing
constantly nearly one thousand men. The Chicago branch of this
house was established here in 1870, at No. 65 South Canal Street,
and was then, as now, under the personal management of J. j'
Giessner, who represented the old firm of Warder. Mitchell & Co]
At that time the business was so small that two office men and two
warehouse men took care of it; now nearly forty clerks and account-
ant? are necessary to attend to the details in office departments,
while nearly one hundred men are employed during the busy
months in the warehouse and shipping department. In 1872, a
removal was made to No. 5<j West Lake Street, and, in 1873, to
Ncis. iS-22 North Clinton Street. In the summer of 1883, the
present handsome brick structure, at the corner of Jefferson and
Adams streets, was erected and occupied. Meantime, in Novem-
ber. 1880. Ross Mitchell retired from the old firm of Warder,
Mitchell \ Co , the firm name being changed to its present style.
Warder, liushnell & Glessner. As it now stands, it is composed
of B. H. Warder and Captain A. S. Bushnell (both of whom reside
at Springfield, and have charge of the works there), and |. ).
Glessner, who has resided in this city since 1865, and gives his
personal attention to the management of the company's interests.
An idea of the immense growth of the business of the Chicago
branch is afforded by the single statement, that, in 1871, they sold
only about eight hundred machines, while in 1884, the number had
increased to twenty-five thousand.
HARDWARE.
The hardware trade of Chicago prior to the great
fire, while reasonably active, had not assumed large
proportions. From that date until the present time its
growth has been extraordinary. The panic of 1873, of
course, exerted a depressing influence upon this branch
of trade, as well as every other, not only in this city but
in all great commercial centers. As a result of the
financial stringency of that year, prices of hardware in
Chicago, during 1874, fell off from ten to twenty per
cent.; the volume of business, however, so increased
that the year proved a prosperous one to dealers.
Statistics of the manufacture of hardware in Chicago
may be found under the heading of the iron industry;
it is proposed here to give a succinct statement of the
trade's progress from a purely commercial standpoint.
The sales of the regular hardware houses, during
1874, aggregated $6,500.000; and if to this sum be added
the sales of houses handling specialties, the total would
not greatly vary from $10,000,000. These figures were
nearly doubled in 1875.* Before the close of the latter
year, the city's trade covered a territory bounded by
the British possessions on the north, California on the
west, and the middle of Texas on the south. In order
thoroughly to appreciate the energy and perseverance
on the part of Chicago dealers which brought about
this result, it is necessary to bear in mind the fact that
a steady shrinkage of values (or depreciation in prices)
had been in progress since 1872. This depreciation is
best illustrated by the subjoined comparison of quota-
tions of some of the leading staples for the years 1872
and 1875.
1872.
1875-
Tin plates -__
$16 oo
Russia iron
28
Sheet iron
17
Iron
Nails
6 2*
A slight decrease in the price of all these staples
occurred during 1876, and increased competition and
over-production lowered quotations in every branch of
the trade. The volume of business, if measured by
dollars and cents, consequently fell off, sales aggregat-
ing $18,000,000 as against $20,000,000 in 1875. The
amount of capital invested in the business in this city
at that time was, in round numbers, about $3,000,000.
Prices continued to fall during 1877, the decline
being from five to ten per cent., but the volume of busi-
ness during the year so far advanced, that the aggregate
* This statement regarding the volume of trade embraces sales of sbelf
heavy, cabinet, saddlery and carriage hardware, nails, iron and other meta!?.
THE IRON TRADE.
5°S
sales, even when measured by dollars and cents, showed
a decided advance. The year's sales reached nearly
$22,000,000, the greater proportion of which was dis-
tributed among the leading branches of the trade, as
follows: In shelf hardware, the sales amounted to
$12,250,00001: a capital of $3,250,000; in cabinet and
carriage hardware, the sales aggregated nearly
$1,750,000, in heavy goods and iron, sales reached
about $5,500,000 on a capital of about $1,830,000.
In the latter department of the trade the demand was
unprecedented, a considerable portion of it coming
from railroad companies who found it necessary to add
largely to their rolling stock, in order to accommodate
the constantly increasing transportation of freight to
and from the West.
The total sales for 1878 were about the same as
those for the year previous, and the distribution of
business among the various departments of the trade
did not greatly vary. The actual amount of goods
sold was increased, but the constant shrinkage of values
resulted in no increase in the monetary value of the
product handled.
The advance in iron, during 1879, exerted a bene-
ficial influence on the trade. Prices of hardware ad-
vanced from twenty-five to thirty per cent., owing to
the increased demand, which soon resulted in the dis-
position of the surplus stocks, while manufacturers
found the capacity of their establishments taxed to the
utmost before the close of the year. The total sales of
all kinds of hardware reached nearly $24,500,000, the
business being transacted on a capital of about
$6,500,000. All metals augmented in value after July
i, the increase in the market value of iron has been
already noted; other striking illustrations are afforded
by lead and tin, the former advancing forty-six and the
latter eighty per cent, during the year. It is worthy of
remark, however, that the direct importations of tin to
Chicago were, notwithstanding the rise in price, greater
than for several previous years.
An advance in prices stimulated production, and im-
portations were still heavier in 1880. An excess of stocks
resulted in a shrinkage of values, and prices declined
until they touched a point lower than had been known
for many years. All the metals sympathized; pig tin,
copper, lead and zinc depreciated in price, and manu-
factured goods sold correspondingly low. Notwith-
standing these disadvantageous circumstances, however,
the aggregate sales for 1 880 reached nearly $30,000,000
— $5,500,000 in excess of those of the preceding year.
During 1881, but little fluctuation in prices occurred,
owing to the greater steadiness in the iron and steel
market. No specially noteworthy features characterized
the year's business, which was only slightly in advance
of that of 1880. The aggregate sales amounted, in
round numbers to $31,500,000 distributed among the
various branches of the trade in about the following
proportion:
Nails and heavy hardware _. $9,000,000
Cabinet hardware i , 500,000
Saddlery hardware 1,500,000
Cutlery 1,500,000
Stoves and hollow ware 3,500,000
Household utensils, etc 3,500,000
Miscellaneous 11,000.000
The sales for 1882 were somewhat less than those
of i88r, but this may be attributed to a lowering of
prices, consequent upon the fall in iron and steel and to
a more or less general depression in business. It is
worthy of remark, however, that Chicago dealers were
pressing those of the East more and more closely. New
markets were sought and localities were supplied from
this city which, not a decade before, had supposed that
there was not and never would be a depot of supplies
west of New York.
The year 1883 was a fairly prosperous one in the
trade, the aggregate sales reaching about $31,000,000.
The consumptive demand was steady, and there was no
over-production; in consequence, stocks were kept low
and were pretty thoroughly disposed of during the
year at remunerative rates.
During the following year (1884), however, over-
production once more caused a steady decline in prices.
The general feeling of disquiet and uncertainty attend-
ant upon the Presidential election of that year caused
a dullness in trade, and some manufacturers who had
been steadily increasing their capacity for three years,
becoming alarmed, precipitated large stocks upon the
market about October i, thus still further reducing
values. The amount of goods actually handled by
Chicago dealers, however, was larger than in 1883. It
is worthy of note that manufacturers of carriage hard-
ware, after conferring together, formed a pool in the
fall, and succeeded in forcing up the prices of their
goods, in some instances from twenty to forty per cent.
During 1885, the downwaicr tendency of prices con-
tinued, and buyers ordered sparingly. About the same
quantity of goods were sold as in 1884, but the receipts
of the trade were somewhat less, and the aggregate of
profits was small. Carriage hardware constituted the
only special exception, the pool formed in 1884 being
maintained and prices remaining about the same.
ANDREW OUTMAYER, the head of the extensive concern of A.
Ortmayer & Son, was born at Wtirtemberg, Germany, on May I,
1826. His father was a saddler, and Andrew was required to as-
sist his parent at the trade after school hours when he was only
twelve years of age. At fourteen iie left school and devoted his en-
tire time for two years to the shop. He then travelled through
Germany and Austria, working at his trade in different towns and
cities. In 1847, he returned home and worked with his father for
a short time. But the revolutionary disturbances in his country
had paralyzed business, and young Ortmayer determined to emi-
grate to America. He landed at New York on July 3, 1849. where
he remained three days, when he proceeded to Buffalo, N. Y., and
found his first employment with Kolb & Rohr. He served six
months with the firm at harness-making, merely for his board and
nominal wages. Resolving to come to Chicago, he placed his
chest, containing all his worldly goods, upon the first steamer bound
for this port, which broke its way through the ice in the spring of
1850, and landed at the Chicago pier at sunrise of March 28. He
found immediate employment at the carriage shops of J. O. Hum-
phrey, and continued at carriage trimming three years, when Mr.
Humphrey closed out the concern. About this time Mr. Ortmayer
married Miss Marrie Cherbon, a native of Nieder Stetten, Ger-
many. They have four children, — Annie, Carolina, Emma, and
Carl. Mr. Ortmayer soon established himself, as a trimmer, in a
business of his own. He continued his enterprise successfully two
years, when he combined it with harness-making, and for nine
years pursued the vocation most prosperously at No. 49 West Ran-
dolph Street. He sold out his business in 1863, and joined William
V. Kay and W. H. Turner in purchasing the saddlery hardware
concern of Turner & Sidway, who had carried on a wholesale trade
for a number of years at No. 49 Lake Street. The new firm was
known as A. Ortmayer & Co., Mr. Ortmayer being the only active
partner in the concern. In 1870, Mr. Turner sold his interest to S.
B. Lewis, and the style of the firm changed to Ortmayer, Lewis &
Co. The conflagration of 1871 found the head of the house at Nos.
16-18 State Street, where everything the firm possessed was swept
out of existence by the flames. Only twenty-five per cent, of their
insurance was secured. While the fire was still raging the firm
started a shop in an old barn on the West Side, and in a few days
a store and factory on West Randolph Street. Seven months later
they moved into the new building amid a pile of ruins, on State
Street, the very first to return to the block. The firm paid every
dollar of indebtedness promptly, and prosperity followed their
efforts. In February, 1882, the interest of Mr. Lewis was trans-
ferred to C. G. Ortmayer, and the firm name is now A. Ortmaver
& Son.
C. G. Ortmayer was born in Chicago in 1856. At the age of
506
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
sixteen he commenced his business life in the manufactory of his
father, remaining with him five years. In 1877, he went into the
employ of 1'. Hayden \ Co., dealers in saddlery goods. After two
years lie returned to his father's employ, and, in 1881, became a
member of the firm. He married Ida Gottfried, daughter of Mat bias
Gottfried, of Chicago. They have one child, Marie.
A i BUT II n in N, A.M., member of the firm of P. Hayden &
Co., son of IVter and Alice (Booth) Hayden, was born at Colum-
bus, Ohio, on May 18, 1847. When two years of age his parents
moved to New York City, where he entered the preparatory school
of Professor (Juackenboss, the well-known author of text-books,
where he continued five years, and subsequently was a pupil of the
New Milford, Conn., Military Academy one year. In 1861, he
entered Kenyon College, and graduated with honors as Master of
Arts in the class of 1869. Immediately after his graduation he
III-LJ.LU business life as a member of the firm of P. Hayden &: Son,
\< >.vark, N. )., manufacturers of brass goods. The firm had in
their employ a man by the name of Benson, who possessed the
secret of manufacturing the plated metal used for the reflectors of
hack lamps, coffin ornaments, etc , and as the firm was the only
producer of these goods in America, Benson demanded, and
received, an enormous salary for his work. The method of making
this metal was unknown elsewhere, save in Germany, and the fact
that he had this secret to learn determined Mr. Hayden to solve
the mystery. All attempts to persuade Henson to divulge the pro-
cess having failed, he was discharged and Mr. Hayden set about
the task of discovering the method of its manufacture His scien-
tihc knowledge was brought to bear upon the work, foreign books
were pored over, experiment after experiment was tried, and all to
the result of repeated failures. To succeed in uniting a thin sheet
of silver and a brick of copper, so that they might be rolled out
together into a long wide sheet of plated metal meant a fortune,
and the world's gaining another step in the combination of metals.
lie succeeded in occasionally producing a small quantity of the
coveted material, but all attempts toward wholesale lots were
invariably unsuccessful. One day, while pondering over the enig-
ma, an English mechanic, who had worked in Germany for a num-
ber of years in a plating establishment, accidentally came into the
workrooms where Mr. llayden was engaged, noticed the work he
had before him and remarked that he had formerly been engaged in
the same occupation in a German mill. A few pointed queries
were made by Mr. Hayden, and in less than twelve hours the
secret was known which resulted in the production of the finest
plated metal in the world in desired quantities In his degree
essay before the Kenyon College Mr. Hayden stated the results of
his labors. This paper attracted universal attention and made a
decided stir in the metal world, giving him the prestige of an
expert whose practical knowledge possesses the weight of an
authority. The Hayden is finer and of more commercial value
than the softer German product, and is now in great demand by ail
manufacturers in this country and foreign establishments. Mr.
Hayden has given the process publicity and has made no attempt
to create a monopoly of the method which cost him so much labor.
In May, 1877, after a stay of nine years in Newark, he came to
this city and assumed the entire control of the Chicago branch of
I', llayden ,V Co.'s saddlery and hardware business, and has since
been identified with our business and social interests. It was
through his enterprise and encouragement that the Chicago Acad-
emy of Fine Arts was rescued from dissolution. With the assist-
ance of Charles L. Hutchinson he raised $60,000 by subscription
among our citizens, and tendered the amount to the Academy, thus
placing it beyond the possibility of failure. The present excel-
lence and fine condition of the First Regiment is due to his ener-
getic action in providing a stated subscription to secure a certain
amount for expenses, and from the impetus thus given that organi-
zation their present armory resulted, and a future edifice, rivaling
any to be found in eastern cities, is now contemplated. The
structure known as the Exposition building was erected solely by a
subscription of nearly $30,000 secured by Mr. Hayden. He was
elected secretary of the Republican Convention which nominated
the lamented President Garlield, and was also honored by being
appointed, by Mayor Harrison, chairman of finances of the memo-
rial ceremonies attendant upon his burial. In 1881, he was
nominated, by a majority of one hundred and fifty votes, over
Ex- President R. 1!. Hayes, as trustee of Kenyon College, and was
re-nominated by a clear majority over several prominent gentlemen
in May, 1885 He resigned this ofiiee in favor of J. II. G. Kendig,
of Chicago. Mr. llayden is the originator of the Hayden hollow-
tde paying material which has proved so satisfactory on several of
our heavy traffic streets, and lias recently introduced the fire-proof
tiling which provides absolute guaranty against fire in any building
where used. For several years he was actively engaged in pro-
moting the welfare .if the celebrated Keethoven Club, and served
as vice-president and president of that organization. The unique
trade-mark of a flying eagle carrying a pair of hames in its talons
and a bit in its beak, used by the P. llayden & Son's houses at
Columbus, St. Louis, Detroit and Chicago, is a piece of his inge-
nuity and is one of the most striking commercial advertisements
connected with the trade. Mr. Hayden is interested in each of the
sixteen establishments of the P. Hayden Company, which became
an incorporation in January, 1884 and is recognized by the trade
as one of the ablest business men in the West. Mr. Hayden was
married, on May 13, 1869, to Miss Lizzie Barker Smull, daughter
of Thomas Smull, the leather merchant of New York City. She
departed this life in 1875. Miss Emma How, of Chicago, became
Mrs. Hayden in 1877.
KKI.LKY, MAUS & Co. — This house was established in Chi-
cago, in 1879, by David Kelley, F'red K. Maus, and Charles B.
Kelley, under the present firm name of Kelley, Maus & Co. The
place of business was then at No. 164 Lake Street, where they re-
mained until the spring of 1884, when they removed to No. 190 Lake
Street. The firm of Kelley, Maus & Co., ranks among the largest
in this branch of trade in Chicago, and now does a vast and
increasing business, which extends over the entire West and
Northwest.
David Kelley was born at Conway, N. II., in 1830. At the
age of eighteen, he commenced his business life as a clerk in the
wholesale grocery and market business. In 1850, he went to Cal-
ifornia and engaged in the live-stock business, driving his stock to
Stockton and San Francisco, and carried that on for three years.
He then returned to Massachusetts, but, in 1855. came West, to
Davenport, Iowa, and engaged with his brother, Asa P. Kelley,
in the live-stock business, under the firm name of A. P. & D. Kelley,
which continued up to 1865. He also purchased the hardware
business of C. Washburn, at Davenport, Iowa, and carried it on
as the firm of Kelley, Wood & Co. In 1863, Mr. Kelley came
to Chicago and became a member of the firm of Higgins, Kelley
& Co., commission merchants. In 1867, Mr. Wood, having closed
out the hardware business in Davenport, came to Chicago and, in
connection with Asa P. and David Kelly, formed the firm of Kel-
ley, Wood & Co. In 1877, D. Kelley purchased the hardware
business of W. C. Barker, at No. 164 Lake Street, and, in 1879,
formed the hardware firm of Kelley, Maus & Co. Mr. Kelley has
also been a director for the last eight years of the Union National
Bank. He married Sarah J. Lovejoy, daughter of Lunn Lovejoy,
of Lowell. Mass. They have three children, — Addison D. (of
the firm of Kelley, Lowe & Co.), Annie L. and Paul D.
Fred A". Mans came here five years ago from St. Joe, Mo. ,
where he had formerly been in business. His first commercial
venture in this city was with the firm of which he is now a partner.
Charles B. Kelley, a nephew of the senior member of the
firm, has lived in Chicago for the past ten years. Since then he
has been connected with the house of which he is now a member.
MICHAEL GKKENEHAUM'S SONS. — This house was established
in 1849, by the father of the present proprietors of the business.
Michael Greenebaum, Sr., came to Chicago in 1846, and for three
years worked at his trade of tinner, after which he opened a small
hardware store and job tin-shop, at the corner of Randolph and
Union streets. In 1852, a brother, Jacob Greenebaum, was taken
into partnership, the firm name then being M. & J. Greenebaum.
Two years later another brother, Isaac, was admitted to the firm,
the name of which was then changed to Greenebaum's Sons.
In 1856, they moved to No. 242 East Randolph. In 1861,
Michael and Isaac withdrew from the partnership leaving Jacob
to continue the business alone, which he did, still retaining the firm
name of Greenebaum's Sons. Immediately following this,
Michael Greenebaum established himself in the tin-shop and
plumbing business at No. 168 Clark Street, and later at No. 181
on the same thoroughfare; in 1865, removing to No. 163 Randolph
Street, where he built up a prosperous trade. In 1869, he sold out
his business and went abroad, remaining the greater portion of
that year. On his return he became a member of the firm of
Henry Greenebaum & Co., bankers. His connection with this
firm lasted until the fire of 1871. In September of that year,
Jacob Greenebaum died, and Michael Greenebaum, with Jacob
Livingston, purchased the estate of his brother and continued the
business under the firm name of Michael Greenebaum & Co.
While Mr. Greenebaum and his partner were invoicing their newly
purchased stock, the fire of October swept it out of existence;
leaving them to pay the full price of the goods, which had turned
to ashes in their haiuU. Immediately following the fire they es-
tablished themselves on the West Side, at No. 169 Randolph Street.
In 1874, owing to the financial depression of the times and to the
fact that Mr. Greenebaum had lent his name for large amounts to
his brother merchants, by honoring what are known as " accom-
modation acceptances," he found his own business so seriously
crippled that he turned it over to his creditors, by whom he was
selected to continue it as before, acting as their agent. This mark-
et confidence in Mr. Greenebaum he showed himself entirely
worthy of, by getting his affairs into their former prosperous con-
dition. In 1883, concluding to retire from an active business life,
he disposed of his interest to his eldest sons, Moses and Henry, who
MEDICAL HISTORY.
S°7
have since conducted it under the present firm name. In the year
mentioned also the business was removed to its present location.
Michael Giwiic/miini was born at Eppelsheim, Hesse-Darm-
stadt, Germany, on February 20, 1824. He is the second son of
Jacob and Sarah (Hart) Greenebaum. At an early age he was
apprenticed to learn the trade of a tinner. In 1845, he sailed for
America, arriving in New York in that year, and, in 1846, locating
in the city which has for nearly forty years been his home. In
1850, he married Miss Sarah Spiegel, daughter of Moses Spiegel,
of New York, and has had eleven children, ten of whom are now
living. His daughter Theresa, is the wife of Max A. Lesem;
Henrietta is now Mrs. Henry L. Frank; Mary is the wife of
Charles Haas; and Hannah, is Mrs. Henry Solomon; Helen and
Rose are still with their parents. The sons are, Moses, Henry,
Gustavus M. and IScnjamin I. The two latter are employed with
their brothers in the firm. In 1852, Mr. Greenebaum's parents
came to this city. The father died in 1870, at the age of seventy-
three years; his good wife died in September, 1883, at the age of
eighty-seven.
BULLARD & GORMLEY. — This house was founded in May,
1883, by Charles \V. Bullard, James II. Gormley, and C. O. Black-
burn, who in that year established themselves in business at their
present location, No. io(> Lake Street. On January i, 1885, Mr.
Blackburn retired, leaving the firm as above. Besides doing a
general business in wholesale and retail hardware, liullard <X: Gorm-
ley also are manufacturers and patentees of several door-hangers
which are fast becoming popular with the trade.
Charles William Rullard was born, in 1846, at Alsted, Chesh-
ire Co., N. II . He was educated at the public school in Brat-
tleboro', Vt., where he studied until he was nineteen years of age,
when he came to Chicago, arriving in this city in the fall of 1865.
He soon afterward entered the employment of Larrabee & North,
dealers in hardware and cutlery, and stayed with them until he
founded the present business. Mr. Bullard was married in Chi-
cago, in 1867, to Miss Emily Watts, a native of England. They
have three sons.
Janifs 11,'iny (tonnley was born on June 17, 1856, at Glencoe,
Cook Co., 111., where his father was an old settler. After attend-
ing the public schools until he was thirteen years of age, he began
to work in a printing-office. The fire of 1871 destroyed the office,
and he then entered the service of J. L. Wayner & Son, of Cincin-
nati, Ohio, in their Chicago branch store in the hardware business.
In 1875, he left that firm to work for Kellogg, Johnson & Bliss,
also in the hardware trade, and remained with them until 1883,
when he went into partnership with Messrs. Bullard and Blackburn,
forming that firm. Mr. Gormley is a member of Blair Lodge, No.
393, A.F.& A.M.; of Evanston Chapter, No. 127, R.A.M.; and of
St. Bernard Commandery, No. 35, K.T.
HiiNRY WACHTF.R was born in Bavaria, Germany, on June
16, 1846, a son of Michael and Barbara (Engelhard) Wachter, and
came with his parents to America when but a year old. They
remained in New York City a short time, and came to Chicago in
the fall of 1847. F'rom here they v ent to Frankfort, 111., then
known as Hickory Creek, and were engaged in farming. In 1849,
they returned to Chicago to locate permanently. Tiie son received
his education at the St. Peter's Parish and the Mosely schools. In
1860, he commenced to learn the tinner's trade with Frederick
Hartman, who was engaged in the tinning business at No. 220
Clark Street. He continued in Mr. Hartman's employ, with a few
short intervals, for ten years, and in June, 1871, bought his em-
ployer out. The fire of the succeeding October swept away his all
and he was again obliged to go to work at the bench. In 1880, he
bought the store at No. 2627 Cottage Grove Avenue. He was
married, on June 22, 1869, to Margaret Wachter; they have had
three children, — John, Andrew (deceased) and Mary. John, the
eldest, is employed with his father.
THK GUN AND FISHING-TACKLE HOUSE OF E. E. EATON, at
No. 53 State, is the pioneer establishment of its character in Chi-
cago. It was founded in 1853, by Daniel and Charles Eaton,
under the firm name of Eaton Brothers. Both were young and
enterprising men, and, by their push and energy, soon commanded
a large trade. Daniel retired, in 1861, and went to St. Louis,
where he engaged in business for himself. Charles carried on the
business here successfully until his death, in April, 1870. The
house was then located at No. 101 Lake Street, and when the great
fire came the year following, it was swept out of existence, entail-
ing a loss of $33,000. Mrs. Emma Elizabeth Eaton, widow of the
deceased proprietor, immediately re-established the business under
her name, by which it is known at the present time. On May II,
1871, she married Alonzo Burgess, who had been manager of the
house since its origin in 1853, and who successfully conducts its
business at the present time.
ALONZO BURGESS was born at Concord, Mass., on November
10, 1830, and is a son of Silas and Ann (Eaton) Burgess, of Groton,
Mass. He received a common school education there, and at the
age of twenty branched out as a school-teacher, which calling he
followed for three winters, then accepted a position on the Boston
Traveller. He remained there until 1853, when he came to Chicago
and entered the house of Eaton Brothers. He enlisted in the 4ist
Illinois Infantry at Decatur, after the battle of Bull Run, in 1861.
He participated in the engagements at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson,
Pittsburg Landing and Shiioh, and entered Vicksburg with Gen-
eral Grant. He was also through the siege of Corinth, and accom-
panied Sherman on his famous raid through Mississippi. He was
mustered out at Cairo, 111., in the fall of 1864. In the spring of
1865, he represented the Eaton Brothers at Chattanooga, Tenn.,
and returned to Chicago two years later and then became manager
of the firm. He was married at Concord, Mass , in August, 1854,
to Miss Sarah E. Wheeler, who died at Concord in 1865. May n,
1871, he was married to Mrs. E. E. F.aton, at Decatur, III. Mr.
Burgess is a member of St. Paul's Universalist Church.
MEDICAL HISTORY.
The advance of medical science has been nowhere
more gratifying and encouraging, during the last four-
teen years, than in this city. Established colleges and
hospitals have enjoyed a satisfactory degree of pros-
perity, and new ones have been inaugurated on a
permanent and successful basis. " The science of
medicine," it has been said, "is eminently progressive;
it advances on the ruins of old notions, of old beliefs."
Its history is a record of changes wrought by the hand
of experience and investigation; and, while it is true
that the percentage of deaths from scarlatina, diphthe-
ria, and other zymotic diseases has been on the increase
for the past few years, it is also a fact that the ratio of
deaths to the population in the city, from all diseases,
for the last thirteen years has been steadily diminished.
It is owing to the wider dissemination of sanitary knowl-
edge, backed by the intelligent and persistent efforts of
the medical practitioner, that the sewerage of our city
has been improved, noxious manufactories regulated,
and better ventilation secured for our lodging-houses
and dwellings.
The physician and surgeon are a continual menace
to disease and accident in all their forms, and by their
ministrations render possible the aim and aspiration of
the heathen philosopher, " mens sana in corpore sano."
The number of physicians in Chicago, each year
since 1872, as nearly as can be ascertained, was as fol-
lows : 1873, 500; 1874, 615; 1875, 650; 1876, 750;
1877, 825; 1878, 875; 1879, 900; !88o, 975; 1881,
1,025; 1882, 1,075; l883, i, 120; 1884, 1,250; 1885,
i,35°-
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE. — " Fire," says Professor
Allen, "'the good servant but bad master, like Alad-
din's genius when the charm was broken, assumed its
terrible supremacy, and on that fatal October night we
all remember, one of our number, looking across to the
sea of flame from a distant height, saw the walls and
the roof lapped by fire; and then the crash came; a
column of blazing gases and lurid smoke rose upward
like a huge bouquet culled from Tartarus; then the
ruin and shapeless heaps," of what was Rush Medical
College.
Three days after the fire, several students having
returned, lectures re-commenced in the amphitheatre of
508
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
the old County Hospital. A temporary building was
erected on the grounds of the hospital, known as the
"Eighteenth-street Tabernacle," in which succeeding
sessions were held until 1876. In' 1875, a lot on the
corner of West Harrison and Wood streets was pur-
chased for $11,000, upon which was constructed the
new building, at a cost of §43,000, nearly all contributed
by members of the faculty. The building is complete
in its provisions for every department of medical in-
struction. Being located near the Cook County Hospi-
tal, the clinical department of instruction has unexcelled
advantages. The anatomical and physiological depart-
ments are furnished with large rooms, supplied with all
the modern conveniences and improvements.
The faculty of this college (since 1871-72) has been
as follows:
I'rofessor of anatomy and surgery: Moses Gunn, 1866-85.
Professor of chemistry and toxicology: Henry M. Lyman,
1871-77: Walter S. Haines, 1877-85.
I'rofessor of theory anil practice of medicine: J. Adams Allen,
1859-85 (President of the College).
Professor of obstetrics: Del.askie Miller, 1859-85.
Professor of anatomy: K. L. Rea, 1859-75; Charles T. Parkes,
1875-85.
Professor of hygiene, etc.: Norman Bridge, 1882-85.
I'rofessor of physiology and diseases of the nervous system:
Joseph \V. Freer, 1864-77; Henry M. Lyman, 1877-85.
Demonstrator of anatomy: Charles T. Parkes, 1868-75; Albert
li. Strong, 1875-85.
Professor of surgical anatomy and military surgery: Kdwin
Powell, 1863-77 (chair abolished since 1877).
Clinical lecturer on diseases of the eye and ear: Edwin L.
Holmes, 1859-85.
Professor of materia medica and medical jurisprudence: lames
H. Etheridge, 1871-85 (Secretary of the College).
Professor of gynecology: William H. Byford, 1879-85.
Professor of clinical medicine and diseases of the chest- Joseph
P. Ross, 1868-85.
Professor of skin and venereal diseases: Tames N. Hyde
1879-85.
Professor of pathological histology: Isaac N. Danforth
1881-82.
Professor of orthopaedic surgery: John K. Owens, 1879-82.
BOARD OF TRUSTKKS (with date" of appointment): Hon. L.
C. P. Freer, 1865, president: Joseph P. Ross, M.D., 1871 (vice-
president since 1882); Hon. Grant Goodrich, 1843 (secretary);
Moses Gunn, M.D., 1871 (treasurer since 1877); Henry M. Lyman,
M.D., 1871 (assistant secretary, 1876); J. Adams Allen, M.I),
1871; Edward L. Holmes, M.D., 1871; De Laskie Miller, M.D.
1871; James H. Etheridge, M.D., 1876; Charles T. Parkes M.D '
iSSi; R. C. Hamill, M.I)., 1876; Hon. John C. Haines, 1877.
Ex officio: Hon. R. J. Oglesby, governor; Hon. E. M. Haines,
speaker of House of Representatives; [. Adams Allen, M.D.,
president.
The number of students and graduates each year
since 1871-72, are shown in the following table :
^ ur
Students.
Graduates.
1871—72 . -
139
77
1872-71
1 55
66
IO-1
76
1874—75
214
so
I S7*-76
2 2Q
78
1876-77 -
306
IOT
1877-78
382
*34
1878-70
364
1879-80
471
1 1.1
i 88o-s i
CCQ
1881-82
c8t
!8c
1882-83
CJ.Q
183
1883-84
AC.I
1 66
1884-85
4OI
je I
I'.i I.IINK S. 'I'M. nor was born on March S, 1848, at Sharon,
Mass., and received his education at the Stoughtonham Institute
in that State, graduating in 1863. He then went to the machine
shop at the Charlestown Navy Yard, where he remained three
years learning the trade of a machinist. In 1867, he went into
the locomotive works of the Pennsylvania Railway, at Philadel-
phia, where he remained until the latter part of 1868, when he
came to Chicago, and worked at his trade three years with Crane
Brothers. He then returned to Philadelphia, and attended a two
years' course at the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, grad-
uating in 1873, with the degree of D.D.S. While studying there,
he also attended a course of lectures on anatomy at Keen's School
of Anatomy in Philadelphia, receiving a diploma from that college.
He then returned to Chicago, and practiced dentistry till 1880. In
1880, he retired from practice, and attended, for two years, the lec-
tures at Rush Medical College, Chicago, graduating therefrom ir.
1882, afterward returning to the practice of dentistry. Dr. Tall':;;.
is professor of dental surgery in the Woman's Medical College,
also lecturer on dental surgery, and physiology at Rush Medical
College. He is a member of the American Medical Association,
of the American Dental Association, local dental and medical so-
cieties, and honorary member of the Society for the Advancement
of Oral Science in Boston. On September 17, 1876, he married
Miss Flora Estey, of Chicago; they have two children, — Eugene
and Florence E.
JOHN SIMPSON, M. D., son of Thomas and Mary Simpson,
of Lofthouse, Yorkshire, England, was born on November 23,
1838. When he was seven years of age his parents came to this
country and located at Springfield, Ohio, where they remained
until 1849, when they settled in Appleton, Wis. While there, he
attended the public schools, and passed through the high school.
After one year in the printing business at Fond du Lac, he was
engaged several years in agricultural pursuits at Rosendale, Wis.,
afterward taking charge of the extensive estate of Hon. Bertine
Pinkney for two years. He returned to Appleton, and, in 1861,
enlisted in the 4/th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was soon ap-
pointed hospital steward, which was followed by an appointment
to the position of assistant surgeon, in which capacity he served
two years. Immediately after his discharge from the service, in
1866, having served a year after the close of the War, he began
the study of medicine, and matriculated in Rush Medical College,
from which institution he took his degree as Doctor of Medicine
with the class of 1869. After graduating, he was appointed dis.
pensary physician to Rush Medical College. He has since resided
in Chicago, and is recognized by the public and profession as one
of the leading physicians of the Northwest. Dr. Simpson was
married on July 4/1866, to Miss Emily Gleed, of Appleton, Wis.,
and has four children, — Carrie E., Lulu, Effie and Bertine B.
HENRY OGUEN, M. D., the oldest of the children of George
W. and Electa Ogden, of Milton, Wis., was born on May 9, 1843.
His father moved to Milton from Walton, N. Y., in 1836, and was
among the pioneers who settled that portion of Wisconsin. He
spent his boyhood assisting his father in farming and attending
the district schools. At the age of eighteen, he entered Milton
College, but before his course of study was finished, he enlisted in
the 40th Wisconsin Infantry. His command was sent to Memphis,
where it remained during the summer of 1864, when it wns mus-
tered out. lie returned to Milton, and taught schovJ '~.ne winter,
enlisting again in the 49th Wisconsin Infantry, ar.cl saw active
service in the Department of Missouri, until the close of the War.
Returning to the school-room, he taught two years and then entered
the First National Bank of Ft. Atkinson, as bookkeeper, afterward
acting as assistant cashier, where he remained until 1877. At the
expiration of that time he began the study of medicine, under the
MEDICAL HISTORY.
5°9
direction of Dr. I,. C. Bicknell. He matriculated in Rush Medical
College in 1878, taking liis degree as Doctor of Medicine with the
class of 1881. After serving one year in the clinical department,
during which time he had charge of the dermatalogical department
of the dispensary, he began general practice. Dr. Ogden was
married on October 6, 1869, to Miss Elva M., daughter of Winslow
T. Davis, of Kt. Atkinson, and has three children, — Mary M.,
Ethel T. and Sydney D.
t'HAKi.F.s VKNN, son of Theodore Venn, M.D., who was the
city physician of his native city, and Frances (Schonkaes) Venn,
J. ADAMS ALLEN.
was born at Driburg, Westphalia, Germany, in 1843. When he
had attained a suitable age he went to I'ardenborn, Westphalia, and
entered the gymnasium, where he remained for nine years, taking
a classical course. At the close of his academic career, in 1862, he
emigrated to this country, and settled in Pittsburgh, Penn. He
there began a course of study of the English language in St.
Michael's College. Two years later he went to St. Paul, Minn.,
where he secured the position of professor of languages in the Epis-
copal Seminary. In 1867, he relinquished his professorship, and
went to Baltimore, Md., entering St. Mary's Seminary in that city,
where he finished a three-years' course in philosophy. In 1870, he
came to Chicago and commenced to study medicine. In 1873, he
matriculated, and, in 1876, graduated from Rush Medical College.
At the close of his course he was elected assistant demonstrator of
anatomy in his Alma Mater, in conjunction with which he began
the practice of his profession. Some time prior to his graduation
he had decided upon a European tour for the purpose of enlarging
his knowledge of medicine and surgery. In the latter part of 1877
he severed his connection with the college, and left for Europe.
He remained a year in Berlin and a year in Vienna. In 1879,
having undergone a thorough course of study in these cities, he re-
turned to America. Locating in Chicago, he entered at once upon
his duties as a physician. Dr. Venn is a gentleman of exceptional
educational attainments, a scientist and a linguist. In political
affairs he is a liberal. He was married in this city on January 28,
1880, to Louise Dinet, and has had three children, two sons and
a daughter.
WILLIAM HENRY TAYLOR, M.D.,son of Zebulon B. and Har-
riet W. Taylor, was born at Oshkosh, Wis.,on August 16, 1856.
Zebulon B. Taylor is of English descent, and comes from the Puritan
stock of Massachusetts, also the native State of his wife. He came
\\Yii in 1855, and located temporarily at Roscoe. 111., but removed
to Oshkosh in 1856, as the prospects of that city at that time were
flattering. He remained there, engaged in the broom-corn busi-
ness, until iSOi, when he came to this city. From 1865 to 1877,
he was known as one of the heaviest dealers in broom-corn in the
West. The conflagration of 1871, and the panic, three years later,
bore heavily upon him, but with characteristic energy r.e soon re-
covered his losses. He moved to New Tacoma, Washington Ter-
ritory, in 1882. Dr. Taylor spent his boyhood in this city, and his
first school days were in the Franklin School, from which he re-
ceived a diploma in 1871. He then attended the Williston Semi-
nary, East Hampton, Mass., where he remaine'd three years and
graduated. In 1874, he entered Yale College, graduating in 1878.
In the same year he began the study of medicine with Dr. F. L.
Wadsworth as preceptor, and matriculated in Rush Medical
College, taking his degree as Doctor of Medicine in 1881.
Before graduating, he was demonstrator of chemistry two
years, and since that time has resided in this city, engaged
in active practice.
THOMAS JEFFERSON SHAW, M.D., son of Daniel and
Julia Shaw, of Kingsbury, Ind., was born on July 20, 1841.
His parents were formerly of New York, moving West in
1836, and finally settling in LaPorte, Ind. Daniel Shaw is
widely known as a contractor and builder, and is highly es-
teemed in the social and business circles of LaPorte. Mrs.
Shaw is a lineal descendant of John Billington, one of the
Puritan passengers of the historical " Mayflower." He spent
his boyhood days with his parents, and attended school until
nineteen years of age, when he spent three years assisting
his father in farming. He then attended lectures at the
Valparaiso (Ind.) College. Shortly afterward he was ap-
pointed to the warden's staff of assistants of the Northern
Indiana State Prison, at Michigan City. During his stay
there he began the study of medicine under the guidance of
Dr. W. R. Godfrey, and became hospital steward of the
prison. In 1877, he came to this city, and after attending
lectures at Rush Medical College, took his degree as I toctor
nl Medicine. Since 1880, he has occupied the position of
assistant demonstrator of anatomy of that institution, and
.also is clinical assistant to the chair of gynecology. The
doctor is a member of the A.F. & A.M., and is also a Royal
Arch Mason. Dr. Shaw was married, on September 9, 1865,
: to Miss Bessie Donley, of LaPorte, Ind., and has two chil-
S> -dren, — Don Lee and Julia E.
JOSEPH OTTO, M. D., was born at Sottrum, Hanover,
Germany, on March 30, 1834. the son of Andrew Otto, a
well-known builder of that city, who was recognized as one
of its most worthy and substantial citizens. Until he was
fourteen years of age he attended the public schools of Sot-
trum, and then was prepared for the gymnasium, during the
next four years, at Hildesheim. In 1852, he entered the
University of Goettingen, where he remained two years, and
came to this city in 1855. During the succeeding eight years,
he was engaged in the drug business, with F'erdinand Fuhring.
In 1862, he matriculated in the Rush Medical College, and
took his degree as Doctor of Medicine, in the class of 1865,
since which time he has resided in this city, and has been in active
practice. Dr. Otto was married in August, 1856, to Miss Louise
Sanders, of Jerze, the Province of Brunswick, Germany, and has
three children, — Julius, Emil and Anna.
EDDY BERT is the son of Frederick William and Amalia
(Fischer) Bert, and was born in Hamburg, Germany, on June 17,
1840. When he was in his thirteenth year, he entered the Johan-
neum (high-school) of Hamburg, where he took a classical course
of seven years. In 1861, he matriculated at the University of
Jena, where he commenced the special studies of medicine. The
following year he changed to the University of Goettingen, from
which institution he graduated as a doctor of medicine on Decem-
ber 23, 1864. His principal teachers were Professors Henee,
Hasse, Baum and Schwarz, all of them connected with the Royal
Hospital of Goettingen, where Dr. Bert commenced his career as
a physician. In August, 1865, he finished his State medical ex-
amination at Hamburg successfully, and was immediately given
the post of a physician to the General Hospital of Hamburg, the
second largest institution of its kind in Europe, for three years.
He occupied this responsible position in a manner that reflected
credit upon him. After practicing a short time as a private physi-
cian in his native city, he sought the shores of the New World,
arriving in this country on May n, 1869. He staid briefly in the
East, and entered at once upon his professional duties in Chicago,
on July 8, 1869. In 1881, he visited the different hospitals and
medical institutions in London, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, devoting
six months to study abroad. In December of that year, he re-
turned to Chicago, and resumed his practice, since which time he
has been actively devoted to his calling. Dr. Bert may be very
properly called a self-made man in the truest meaning of the word;
he is cosmopolitan in his views and independent in church, politi-
cal and professional matters. He is a scholarly gentleman, an
entertaining conversationalist, and a physician of great experience,
whose opinion as a medical expert has been often sought for by the
5'°
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
courts. lie has been a member of the Chicago Medical Society
since 1869. Dr. I'.erl was married, at Iloboken, N. J., on May
13, 1809, and is the lather of one child, a daughter.
HE.NKY HARKISON SI.OAN, son of Seymore and Drucella
(Luce) Sloan, was born on March 2, 1836, at Springfield, Erie
Co., I'enn., where he attended district school up to his thirteenth
year, after which, for three years, he pursued his studies in an
academic institution at Kingsville, Ohio. In 1852, he moved with
his parents to I'eoria. 111. Shortly afterward the family moved to
Karmington, where they resided only a few months, locating finally
at Kewanee, Henry Co., III. In 1857, he went to Galesburg, III.,
and entered Knox College, remaining there until 1859. In the
fall of that year, he went to Crab Orchard, Ky., and taught school
in that locality until January, 1860. He then associated himself
with Irving 'College, Warren County, Tenn., as professor of
ancient languages. The attitude of the South towards the North,
a year later, rendered his return home advisable. Consequently, in
the latter part of 181,0, he returned lo Kewanee. In the spring of
1861, he went to Ann Arbor, Mich., and entered the
University of Michigan, in which institution he
completed his classical course, graduating in
the spring of 1862. Returning to Ke-
wanee, he enlisted in the Army and was
assigned to Co. " F," 1241)1 Illinois
Infantry. I le was in active service A
in the Army of the Tennessee un-
til the fall of Vicksburg, when,
prostrate with fever, he
was sent up the river on sick
furlough. Returning to ser-
vice before his health was
re-established, he suffered
a relapse — was sent to a
military hospital, from
which lie was finally dis-
charged on account of
disability. In the spring
of 1864, much enfeebled
in health, he returned to
Kewanee. After his
health was in a measure
restored, he became in-
terested in agriculture
and in manufacturing,
and also resumed the
study of medicine, which
he had begun in 1859
In 1867, he entered Rush
Medical College, Chica-
go, and took one course
of lectures, following
which he entered the
Chicago Medical College,
and graduated in the spring
of 1869. lie has since been
engaged in the active prac-
tice of his profession in
this city. Dr. Sloan is a
gentleman of exceptional
literary attainments and
has an extended knowledge of languages, both modern and ancient.
On September 26. 1873, at St. Louis, Mo., he was married to
Helen M. Peterson, and has had five children.
FREDERICK ANDREW HESS, M.D., son of John C. and Anna
Hess, of Bergen, Norway, was born on May 22, 1851. He spent
his earlier years in a private academy at his birthplace, and when
thirteen years of age came with his parents to this city. After
attending school several years, he entered Bryant & Stratton's
Business College, and received private instruction in modern lan-
guages and natural sciences. He then began the study of medicine
under the direction of Dr. L. W. Case, and matriculated in Rush
Medical College, in 1869. After the great fire, he was appointed
interne of the North Star dispensary. lie graduated as M.I), in
the class of 1873, and was made county visiting physician, which
position he tilled three years. During the small-pox epidemic of
1874, he was physician and inspector, and since that time has been
engaged in general practice. Dr. Hess was married on March 5,
1874, lo Miss Emma Gilbert, of Manitowoc, Wis., who died after
giving him a daughter, Flora. His present wife was Miss Emma
Campbell, of Chicago, whom he married in 1882.
WILLIAM T. BEI. FIELD, physician and surgeon, was born at
St. Louis, Mo., on June 15, 1854. While he was quite young, his
family moved to Dnbuque, Iowa, and when he was eight years old
they came to Chicago. lie attended the public schools here, and
when he was seventeen years of age was the valedictorian of the
graduating class at the Central High School. In 1870, he took
RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE.
the scientific course at the University of Michigan, and, complet-
ing that in 1872, he took a position as teacher in the Central High
School of this city, where he continued for about four years. Dur-
ing his leisure hours he studied medicine, graduating from Rush
Medical College, in 1877, with the highest honors. F'or a year and
a half thereafter, he was resident physician to the Cook County
Hospital; then, in accordance with a long cherished desire, he
departed for Europe to further prosecute his medical studies. He-
passed some time at the universities of Vienna, Leipsic, Merlin,
I'aris and London, and was absent for about three years On his
return to America, he was at once placed prominently before the
medical fraternity of the whole country. When he reached New
York City, he was invited to deliver a course of lectures before the
Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons.
The "Cartwright Lectures" are delivered only by the best repre-
sentatives of tile medical fraternity, and Dr. Bellield was the third
American honored by an invitation. During his sojourn in Ger-
many, he delivered a number of lectures before medical societies, and
his discussions have been so well received that he is
deemed an authority upon questions in which
his opinion is given. In February, 1883, he
was appointed lecturer on pathology
and genito-urinary diseases. Upon his
return from Europe, he was ap-
pointed microscopist to the Cook
County Hospital, and is now
surgeon to that institution.
He is also at present pro-
fessor of microscopy in the
College of Dental Surgery.
In this particular work,
Dr. Belfield undoubtedly
stands at the head of the
profession. In all the
important murder trials
of late years, where it
has been necessary that
microscopical examina-
tions should be made,
the work has been given
to Dr. Belfield, who has
become recognized as an
expert. In the cele-
brated case before the
courts jn 1884, upon the
question of lard adul-
teration, Dr. Belfield s
microscopical examina-
tions afforded the most
conclusive proof of adul-
terations. The courts
paid him a high compli-
ment, and recognized him
as authority on micro-
scopy. Dr. Belfield is a
frequent contributor to
medical journals, and has
written extensively for the
leading medical reviews of
Berlin and Vienna as well
as for those in America. He was requested to furnish a volume
for the Standard Library of William Wood & Co., the medical
publishers of New York, and in October, 1884, his work on
" Diseases of the Urinary and Male Sexual Organs," appeared.
His " Cartwright Lectures," four in number, were also published
in pamphlet form. Dr. Belfield is a member of the City,
State and National Medical societies and of the State and Na-
tional Microscopical societies; at one time he was secretary of
the latter. He is at present medical director for Illinois of the
Hartford Life Insurance Company. Dr. Belfield stands promi-
nently among the medical fraternity, and is highly esteemed by
those who know him. He is a member of the Union Club and is
well known in the social circles of the city.
RAYMOND LOCKWOOD LEONARD is a son of the late Rev.
Joseph Ilelmer Leonard, who, for twenty-three years prior to his
death, in 1877, was chaplain to seamen at this port, and Susannah
Lock wood, who were married at Kingston, Canada, in 1830. Ray
mond was born on August 15, 1850, at Toronto, Canada. During
1852, his parents moved to Cleveland, Ohio, thence to Chicago, in
August, 1854. His early education was obtained in the public
schools, supplemented by a classical course at the Dyhrenfurth
College, which was completed after he had entered upon his med-
ical studies. 1 1 is progress was exceptionally rapid, owing to a for-
tunate ability to grasp and comprehend subjects of a scope beyond
his years. During childhood he studied vocal and instrumental
music, and at the age of twelve years presided at the organ in the
MEDICAL HISTORY.
511
Bethel (Sailors') Church. His life from this time forward has been
a busy one, assisting his father in his missionary work among the
sailors at the Bethel, on shipboard, and in the Marine Hospital.
At the age of fourteen he was converted, and united with Clark
Street Methodist Episcopal Church. Two years later he was elect-
ed superintendent of the Bethel Sabbath School, which office he
held for twelve years, conducting the entire work of the mission for
two years after his father's death, largely at his own expense. In
1872, he transferred his membership to Centenary Methodist Epis-
copal Church, where he has since been actively engaged as a mem-
her of the choir. At the age of fifteen he commenced reading
me Heine with Or. John Teare, and soon after entered Rush Med-
ical College, where he passed his examination for the degree of M.
U. on February 3, 1869, at the early age of eighteen years. The
certificate given him by the faculty says, " and is entitled to the
diploma when he shall have attained the age of twenty-one years,
as specified in the requirements for graduation." The coveted
diploma was granted on January 17, 1872. After his examination
he became prominently identified with the North Chicago Charity
Dispensary, then in the college building, and in December, 1870,
was appointed superintendent. At the time of the great fire he
saved the records, and, with the assistance of the Health Depart-
ment, re-opened the dispensary three days after in the Newbury
School Building, continuing his services as visiting physician dur-
ing the winter of 1871-72, in the employ of the Chicago Relief and
Aid Society. In August, 1869, he opened an office in the Mariners'
Church Building, corner Michigan and Market streets, where he
was burned out by the fire of 1871, re-building on the ashes of his
former office during the winter, and has since continued in active
practice. Dr. Leonard is a scholarly gentleman of broad exper-
ience. He is a member of the Chicago Medical Society, the
Illinois State Medical Society, and the American Medical Associa-
tion. He is a charter member of Sheet-Anchor Division, No. 842,
S. of T. ; from 1876 to 1880 was Grand Scribe of the Grand Divi-
sion of Illinois S. T.; is past master of Covenant Lodge, No. 526,
A. F. &A.M.; is a member of Corinthian Chapter. No. 69, R.A.
M., of Chicago Council, No. 4, R.S.M., St. Bernard Commandery,
No. 35, K.T., and accompanied that body to San Francisco in
1883, as a member of the drill corps, which contested for the cham-
pionship of the United States in proficiency of drill. He is also a
P. G. in Union Lodge, No. 9, I.O.O.F.
JOHN McLEAN FLEMING. M.D., a member of an old family
which has been known in Scottish history during the past nine
centuries, was born in Stanley, Perthshire, Scotland, on March 10,
1846. His father, James Fleming, was a prominent clothier in
that city. He spent his boyhood until fourteen years of age in the
public schools of his birthplace, and then entered the employ of
Neil Reid, druggist, of Perth, with whom he remained four years.
During that time he mastered the details of the drug business, and
decided upon medicine as a profession. He then went to Dundee
and entered the office of Dr. James McDonald, an eminent sur-
geon, and read under his instruction one year. Having prepared
himself for college, in 1865, he went to Montreal, Canada, and
spent three years in the Medical Hall of that city, and attended a
course of lectures at McGill College. In 1868, he came to Chicago
and was engaged by F. A. Bryan, then in the drug business under
the Tremont House, for three years, and in the meantime matricu-
lated in Rush Medical College. He took his degree as Doctor of
Medicine from that institution with the class of 1872, and began
active practice in this city. Dr. Fleming was married on Decem-
ber 25, 1872, to Miss Sarah M. Broome, daughter of Thomas
Broome, naturalist, of Montreal, a well known family from the
North of England. The doctor is a member of Chicago Patho-
logical Society, of the Royal Arcanum and of the Royal Order of
the Scottish Clans, and also of the St. Andrew's Society of Illinois
and the Caledonia Society. He is the duly appointed surgeon for
the Crane Bros. Manufacturing Company, and makes a specialty
of that branch of the profession.
ADELHKRT Hrcii TAGERT, M.D., son of Hugh and Lucy A.
Tagert, was born on October 2, 1845, in Hinesburgh, Vt. He
was educated in Hinesburgh until his fourteenth year, and upon
the removal of his parents to Shelburne, Vt., he entered the academy
there. At the age of twenty-one, he graduated from the Burling-
ton (Vt ) State University and, in 1862, matriculated in the Medical
Department of the same institution, taking his degree as Doctor of
Medicine in 1866. After one year in the drug business at North
Borough, Vt., he taught school in Shelburne and Ferrisburg, Vt.,
two years. Locating in Buffalo, N. Y , he practiced his profession
until 1873, when he came to this city. In 1874. he became con-
nected with the free dispensary of Rush Medical College, and so
continued until 1884. He is a member of the Illinois State Medi-
cal, Chicago Pathological and American Medical societies. Dr.
Tagert was married on May 5, 1875, to Miss Mary Harvey, of
Grand Rapids, Mich., and has three children, — Julia L., Carrie M.
and Mary J.
WILLIAM EDWARD HALL, M.D., son of Captain Charles E.
and Elizabeth A. Hall, of New Bedford, Mass., was born on
November 19, 1853. On the maternal side his ancestry is direct
from the Puritan stock of New England, and includes the Morton
family of Vermont, whose scions are linked with national history.
His father came West in 1854, and, after temporary stays in various
places, finally settled in Madison, Wis., remaining until 1861, when
he went to the West Indies, to fulfil! certain railway contracts in
which he was interested. William E. Hall's education began in
the Madison public schools but was interrupted by his departure,
with his father, for the Indies. Upon his return in 1864, he
entered Cushman Academy at Middleborough, Mass., and in the
following year went to Alton, 111., where he attended Shurtleff Col-
lege during the succeeding six years. At the expiration of that
time he came to this city, and pursued special studies in the Uni-
versity of Chicago for two years. He entered Rush Medical Col-
lege in 1873, and graduated in 1878. Since, he has been engaged
in active practice in the city. He is examining physician for the
National Union and the Fraternal League. Dr. Hall was married
on August 25, 1884, to Miss Mae Vincent, of Chicago.
WILLIAM ALDRICH HOWARD, son of Joseph Butler and Han-
nah Jane (Aldrich) Howard, was born at Aurora, Erie Co., N. V.,
on July 24, 1855. In 1864, when in his ninth year, he removed
with his parents to Kenosha County, Wis., where, during the en-
suing eight years, he obtained a thorough business education. In
1872, he went to Fond du Lac, Wis., for the purpose of beginning
a self-sustaining career. Shortly after his advent there he secured
employment as bookkeeper and solicitor in the business depart-
ment of the Daily Commonwealth, at that time under the editorial
management of Hon. H. M. Kutchin. After a short connection
with that journal, he went to Providence, R. L, and engaged" in
the cabinet-making business. Becoming dissatisfied with his loca-
tion, he returned, a year later, to Fond du Lac and was again
associated with the Commonwealth. During his later connection
with that paper, he became interested in the study of medicine,
to which he devoted, under the instruction of Dr. Henry McNeil,
of Fond du Lac, his attention for one year following his re-
tirement from the Commonwealth, in 1875. In 1877, he went to
Ripon, Wis., and took a preparatory scientific course in the col-
lege at that place. In 1879, he came to this city for the purpose
of competing for the position of interne, in which he was successful,
in the United Slates Marine Hospital, where he remained one year
under the tutorship of Dr. T. W. Miller, who was surgeon-in-
charge. In 1881, he entered Rush Medical College, taking the
spring course and the regular course, and graduating in 1882.
During the first course he competed with a number of students for
the position of assistant to E. Fletcher I ngals, professor of diseases
of the throat and chest, and was successful. Following his grad-
uation he went to Rochelle, 111., and, locating there, practiced his
profession for two years. Prior to his departure for Rochelle he
called upon Dr. Ingals and suggested the advisability of establish-
ing a hospital in this city for the treatment of throat and lung dis-
eases. Circumstances then precluded the possibility of giving the
subject due attention. But Dr. Howard was assured that when
action could be taken he would be notified. Consequently, in
obedience to a call, he returned to Chicago in March, 1884, for the
purpose of becoming one of the incorporators of the proposed throat
and chest hospital, with a view of making that branch a specialty.
On his arrival in this city he associated himself with Dr. Ingals in
special work at the Central Free Dispensary. In recognition of
his services in the interest of the Throat and Chest Hospital, he
was appointed to the staff of visiting physicians. Dr. Howard is a
gentleman of liberal ideas and an able physician. On May 3, 1882,
at Chicago, he was married to Miss Ella Adelaide Hosford, and
has two children, — Alice Louise and John Gardner
WILLIAM JOHN NEIL, son of William and Rose (Aiken) Neil,
was born within a short distance of Belfast, Ireland, on March 21,
1851. During his infancy his parents emigrated to this country,
locating at Washington Island, Wis., where William commenced
his school life. When he was fourteen years old, being of an ad-
venturous disposition, and in order to see something of other parts
of the world, he shipped on board a brig and made a tour of the
lakes, as a common sailor. The following winter found him at
Cleveland, Ohio, where he entered the Rockwell Grammar School,
remaining there one year. In the latter part of 1870 he attended
Bryant & Stratton's Business College; six months later he entered
upon a scientific course at the Baldwin University, located a few
miles outside of Cleveland. At the close of his studies there, he
entered the employ of a Cleveland firm. Six months following he
went to New York City. After a short stay there he came to Chi-
cago The following spring he made one of the crew of a lake
vessel. Finding his way to Portland, Maine, in the summer of
1873, he shipped on board a West India merchantman, the " C. C.
Bearce." During the voyage to the Indies he was called upon to
take charge of one of the crew who was taKen violently ill. The
ship's medicine chest and library were placed at his disposal, and
under these circumstances he began his first medical readings. Re-
HISTORY OF <:m<:.u,o.
turning to Cleveland in 1875, he consulted with Dr. \V. H. Peck,
a prominent physician of that oily, as to I IK- advisability of his con-
tinuing his studies. Encouraged to continue them, lie purchased
a lew 1 looks, and then went to Iowa, where, in Sherman Town-
ship, lie taught school and continued his medical studies. In 1877,
he c.ime to this city, and entered Rush Medical College, gradua-
ting in 1880, following which he commenced his practice. He is a
member of the Chicago Pathological Society. On May 25, iSSo,
in this city, he was married to Mice C. Dickson, and has had two
children, Newman and Charles \Yells.
M"M;iii'. S. l.i KCII is the son of Robert and Catharine (Carr)
I .cecli, anil was born on October 14, iS-15, at Shelby, Ohio, lie-
was educated in the public schools and the academy of that village,
and later entered the medical department of the Western Reserve
College, graduating at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1866. The same year
he removed to Hutler, Mo., near Kansas City, and commenced the
practice of his profession, remaining several years. Returning to
Ohio, he entered the Eclectic Medical School, at Cincinnati, and,
in 1871, graduated from that institution. In 1881, he came to
Chicago and entered Rush Medical College, from which he gradu-
ated during the following year, and has since that time been
engaged in general practice. Dr. Leech was married, in 1868, at
Hutler, Mo., to May A. liraiden, of that place. They have one
child, a daughter, Anna Belle. The doctor is a member of the
Medico-Historical Society.
SIKKMBA SHAW, sou' of I.evi and Martha ( Metzler) Shaw, who
were married in Coshocton County, Ohio, in 1831, was born in
Berlin (Swedona), Mercer Co., 111., on September 22, 1850. The
ensuing twenty years of his life were passed at his native place,
during which time he acquired a common school education. Be-
tween 1870 and 1873, he passed his time in travel in various parts
of the United States, and, becoming discontented with his position
in life, he determined to obtain a more thorough education. With
this end in view, he went to Galesburg, and, being dissatisfied with
his surroundings, he went shortly afterward to Monmouth, 111., for
the purpose of availing himself of the superior educational advanta-
ges there. He began a preparatory course at the academy, and
one year later he became a student in the college proper, entering
upon a live years' classical course, graduating in 1879. During the
academical year the idea of studying medicine first occurred to him,
being advised to adopt that profession by those competent to judge
of his ability. Locating in -New Windsor, he placed himself under
the tutorship of Dr. Frank D Rathbun, where lie remained until
the fall of 1880, when he entered Rush Medical College, Chicago,
and shortly afterward associated himself with Professor Albert 15.
Strong, demonstrator of anatomy in that college. lie obtained
the degree of M.D. from that institution in 1882, and remained
with Dr. Strong for a time, gaining what practical knowledge he
could, before entering the professional field for himself. From
[882 to iSSj, he was house physician of the Central Free Dispen-
sary of West Chicago. lie is a member and medical examiner of
Court I'liLiiix, No. 42, I. O.K.; medical examiner of the Chicago
Life Indemnity Association, and for the Chicago branch of the
Mutual Relief Society of Rochester, N. Y. Dr. Shaw is a gentle-
man of considerable literary ability and is a conscientious physician.
During his connection with Monmouth College, he took an honor
course in English literature, and was historian of his class, lie
was also one of the editors of the Monmouth College Courier, dur-
ing his collegiate course, and graduated from the college with
credit to himself and his Alma Mater.
FKA.NCIS ADAM PACI. SIKHKR, M.D., son of Paul and
Frances Sieber, of Neisse, Silesia province, of Prussia, was
born on March 28, 1841. On the paternal side his family
was prominently connected in a political way, many of them
holding Government and suffrage positions, the maternal
side being descendants of a long ar.d highly esteemed line of
merchants. His early education was derived from private
instruction, and when twelve years of age he attended the
gymnasium at Neisse, afterward at Breslau, from which he
graduated in his twentieth year. He then entered the Breslau
University, and began the study of medicine, attending lec-
tures also at Berlin and Bonn. In i860, he served in the
Prussian army during the war between Prussia and Austria,
and in the same year, upon the cessation of hostilities, came
to this country. After practicing in New York City two
years, he located at Leavenworth, Kas. , following the prac-
tice of his profession until 1870, during which time he was
appointed surgeon of the Kansas Pacific Railway. Remov-
ing to Ellsworth. Kas., he resumed practice, continuing there
ten years, and in the meantime was elected coroner and
county physician, and for several years was Government ex-
amining physician. After a stay of several years in Santa
F'e, N. M., he came to this city in 1883, and took his degree
as M.D. from Rush Medical College. Locating in Lake
View, he has an extended practice, and has recently been
appointed health officer and town physician. Dr. Sieber is
a member of the Kansas State Medical Society.
CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. — The history of
this College, during the period covered by the
present volume, has been one of steady growth
and gratifying success, not alone in the internal
work of the college, but in its charitable attend-
ance upon Mercy Hospital and the treatment of
patients at its dispensary.
The faculty, from 1871 to 1885, has been as
follows:
Professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and chil-
dren: William H. Byford, 1859-79; E. O. F. Roler, asso-
ciate, 1870-79.
Professor of obstetrics and diseases of children: E.
O. F. Roler, 1879-85; W. W. Jaggard, 1885-86.
Professor of medical and surgical diseases of women and
clinical gynecology: Edward W. Jenks, 1879-82; E. C. Dudley,
1882-84. Assistant professor: F. E. Waxham, 1880-82.
Professor of descriptive anatomy: W. H. Boyd, 1869-74;
Thomas S. Bond, 1874-79; R' I" Rea, 1879-82; Frederick C.
Schaefer, 1882-85. Assistant professor: Roswell Park, 1879-80.
Demonstrators of practical anatomy: Thomas S. Bond, 1869-
74; Charles L. Rutter, 1874-79; Roswell Park, 1879-82; Frank
Billings, 1882-85. Assistants, Frederick C. Schaefer and Robert
Tilley, 1881-82.
Professor of physiology and histology: Daniel T. Nelson,
1867-79. Assistant professor: Lester Curtis, 1875-76. Adjunct
professor: Lester Curtis, 1876-79. In 1879, this chair was divided
into two chairs, those of physiology and histology.
Professor of physiology: Henry Gradle, 1879-84; R. \V.
Bishop, 1884-86.
Professor of histology: Lester Curtis, 1879-85. Demonstra-
tor: Frank S. Johnson, 1881-85.
Professor of principles and practice of medicine and clinical
medicine: Nathan S. Davis, 1859-85; Hosmer A. Johnson, asso-
ciate, 1877-81; emeritus, 1881-85.
Professor of diseases of the respiratory and circulatory organs:
Hosmer A. Johnson, 1868-75.
MEDICAL HISTORY.
Professor of clinical medicine: Hosmer A. Johnson, 1875-77
(Mercy Hospital), 1882-85; I. N. Danforth (St. Luke's Hospital),
1883-85.*
Professor of principles and practice of surgery and (subse-
quent to 1863) military surgery: Edmund Andrews, 1859-81;
Ralph X. Isham, 1879-85; Julian S. Sherman, adjunct, 1870-76;
D. A. K. Steele, assistant, 1879-80.
Professor of surgical anatomy and operations of surgery:
Ralph N. Isham, 1859-81; J. E. Owens, 1881-85.
Professor of clinical surgery: Edmund Andrews, 1881—85.
Professor of surgery of genito-urinary organs: Christian
Fenger, 1882-83.
Professor of orthopedic surgery and diseases of the joints:
Julian S. Sherman, 1876-77.
Professor of materia medica and therapeutics: William E.
Quine, 1871-82; Walter Hay, 1882-85. Assistant, W. E. Cassel-
berry, 1883-84.
Professor of general pathology and pathological anatomy: J.
H. Hollister, 1869-82; Christian Fenger, 1882-85. Lecturers:
I. X. Danforth, 1883-84; N. S. Davis, Jr., 1884-86.
Professor of medical jurisprudence: R, J. Patterson, 1866-74;
H. P. Merriman, 1874-75.
Professor of hygiene: Thomas Kevan, 1868-75.
Professor of medical jurisprudence and hygiene: H. P. Mer-
riman, 1875-81.
Professor of medical jurisprudence: M. P. Hatfield, 1881-83;
J. S. Jewell, 1883-84.
Professor of State medicine and public hygiene: Oscar C. De
Wolf, 1882-85.
Professor of inorganic chemistry: N. Gray Bartlett, 1871-73;
Walter S. Haines, 1872-74.
Professor of organic chemistry and toxicology: 11. P. Merri-
man, 1871-72; Walter S. Haines, 1872-74.
Professor of chemistry and toxicology: Walter S. Haines,
IS74-77-
Professor of inorganic chemistry: M. P. Hatfield, 1875-77.
Professor of chemistry and toxicology: M. P. Hat field, 1877-
82; J. H. Long, 1882-85.'
Professor of ophthalmology and otology: Samuel J. Jones,
1870-85.
Professor of psychological medicine and nervous and mental
diseases: J. S. Jewell, 1872-83; emeritus, 1883-85; Walter Hay,
1883-84. Assistant: J. G. Kiernan, 1881-82.
Professor of dermatology: James Nevins Hyde, 1876-77; H.
P. Merriman, 1877-78; O. G. Paine, 1880-85.
The following table gives the number of students
and graduates at each session :
Session.
Students.
Graduates.
1872-73
1 2O
1877-7 i
i°8
4.6
1874-75 •-
138
46
j 875-76
148
1876-77
126
1877-78
1878-79 . .
143
•57
1879-80
148
38
i 880-81
I ^-
JC
1881-82
TCC
41*
1882-83
138
41*
1883-84
I 14.
4lf
1884-85
118
42*
•••Including honorary degrees. tlnduding honorary and ad eundem dr;cn i-s.
F. C. SCIIAKFER, M.D., is a general practitioner of good
standing in Chicago, as will be sufficiently evinced when it is stated
that he is gynecologist of the Cook County Hospital, to which
position he was appointed in February, 1885, and senior surgeon
in the ear department of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear In-
firmary. Fi.r several years, also, Dr. Schaefer was professor of
anatomy in the Chicago Medical College, assuming the duties of
that position in the summer of 1881, which position he still holds.
I)r Schaefer was born at Galena, 111., on May 26, 1850. His pa-
rents, Frederick C. and Mary (Vogel) Schaefer, were both natives
of South Germany, and settled at Galena in 1847. The boy
acquired the rudiments of his education in private schools of his
town, and was afterward sent to the public schools. In 1861, his
father having died, and his elder brother having enlisted in the
Army, and who was afterwards killed at Chickamauga in September,
* Clinical lectures are also given by other members of the attending staff
at Mercy, St. L.uke s and Cook County hospitals.
1863, young Schaefer was obliged to go to work in order to help
support the large family. He commenced to set type in the office
of the Galena Advertiser, afterward the Gazette, and remained
there two years. During this period he obtained considerable
schooling, and being ambitious for a higher education, resumed his
studies at the public schools with renewed vigor. At seventeen
years of age he left the high school, where he had been pursuing a
course in the higher mathematics and Latin, and continued his
labors at the case in order to get enough money to take him
through college. At eighteen years of age he established himself
in business in Chicago, as proprietor of a job and book printing
office, but, after a year of untiring labor, his health failed him and
he removed to San Francisco, Cal., where he pursued his studies
in the languages, philosophy and higher mathematics, under com-
petent private tutors. While there he passed the examination for
a first-grade certificate, and taught for two years in the public
schools of Alameda County. While teaching, he had also com-
menced the study of his profession, attended lectures in the Uni-
versity of the Pacific, and collected quite a respectable library. Re-
turning to Chicago in the spring of 1874, he matriculated at the
Chicago Medical College during the following summer, and grad-
uated with his degree in the spring of 1876; studying also, during
a portion of- this period, in the office of Dr. R. N. Isham. Upon
graduating, he entered the lists of the competitive examination for
interne of Mercy Hospital, was successful, and served in that
capacity until the latter portion of 1876. He then opened an office
for general practice, and, in 1877, was appointed one of the physi-
cians in the medical department of the South Side Dispensary.
After holding this position three years (two of which were in gen-
eral practice and the other surgical), he became assistant demon-
strator in Chicago Medical College, and, subsequently, as stated,
professor of anatomy. He belongs the American Medical, Illinois
State, and Chicago Medical Associations. Dr. Schaefer was mar-
ried, in May, 1883, to Miss Marie Rullman, of Brooklyn, N. Y.
They have one child, Dorothea.
DR. ANSOX SMITH MUNSKLI. was born in Sunderland, Mass.,
on October 3. 1839. In early youth he attended Barteau's Board-
ing School for Boys, at Ellington, Conn., a famous establishment
in those days. At the age of seventeen he entered the Powers In-
stitute at Bernardston, Mass. .where he was graduated in 1862. The
Civil War was then at its height, and Mr. Munsell was commis-
sioned, by Governor John A. Andrew, first lieutenant in the 52d
Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. He was mustered into the
United States service with his regiment, and served until the fol-
lowing year in the Department of the Gulf, commanded by Major-
General N. P. Banks. In that year he was transferred to the 6ist
Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, and served in the Army of the
Potomac until the close of the War, being with his regiment, a
part of the Second Brigade, First Division of the Fifth Army
Corps, commanded by the late Major-General G. K. Warren. On
his return to Massachusetts, he spent one year in reading medicine
with Dr. Pomeroy, of Springfield, Mass., and one year attending
lectures at the Harvard Medical School. In 1868, he came to Chi-
cago and completed his medical course at the Chicago Medical Col-
lege, where he was graduated, in 1871, with the degree of M.D. Since
that time he has been engaged in general practice in this city, be-
coming a member of the Chicago Medical Society and of the Illi-
nois State Medical Society. Dr. Munsell was married in Chicago,
in 1871, to Miss Sarah E. Baker, of Worcester, Mass.
JULIUS OTTO, son of Joseph Otto and Louisa (Sanders) Otto,
natives of Germany, was born in Chicago, on August 14, 1858.
He began, in 1866, his education at the Scammon School, remaining
there until 1870. He then entered the high school, and also began
to study medicine under the preceptorship of his father, Dr.
Joseph Otto, which he continued until he finished his high school
course. In 1873, having received a thorough preparatory training,
he entered the Chicago Medical College. On March 21, 1876, he
graduated, and immediately began to practice. During the winter
of 1877, he entered Rush Medical College, which conferred upon
him, in that year, the degree of M.D. One year later he gave up
his practice and went to Germany, for the purpose of taking advan-
tage of additional educational facilities, and the opportunities for
study and observation a residence there offers. lie passed 1878-79
at the University of Goettingen, and, returning to this city at the
close of his course, associated himself with his father. A year
later he retired from his father's office and, locating at his present
place of residence, established a practice of his own. Dr. Otto is a
well-read gentleman, a thorough student and a lover of his pro-
fession. He is unmarried, and not a member of any society,
medical or otherwise.
MKKKIT WALTER THOMPSON, son of Acel and Mary Jane
(Nealley) Thompson, was born in Mcllenry County, 111., on Sep-
tember 26, 1854. He attended both public and private schools at
his birthplace, and after due preparation for a collegiate course he
went to Hillsdale, Mich., in 1872, and entered the Free Will Bap
list Institution there. Returning to Mcllenry County, the follow-
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ing year he taught a district school for one term, during which he
.levoted much of his spare time to the stiuly of medicine. In the
fall of 1874, he came to Chicago, under the instruction of Dr.
ley, and then went to Ann Arbor, and entered the Medical
Department of the University of Michigan, remaining there until
the spring of 1875, when he returned to Chicago, and associated
himself with his former preceptor. Dr. Nealley, also attending a
course of lectures in Chicago Medical College. In January, of
1876, he purchased an interest in a drug store, and conducted that
business while pursuing his studies. In the fall of 1876, he
entered Rush Medical College, graduating the following spring.
A few months later he went to Marengo, III., and established
himself as a practicing physician. Six months later he returned to
this city, and. disposing of his interest in the drug business, re-en-
gaged in the practice of medicine. Dr. Thompson is a member of
the West Side Pathological Society; of Hesperia Lodge, No. 411,
A.F. & AM.; Washington Chapter, No. 43, R.A.M.; Chicago
Commandery, No. 19, K.T., and Chicago Consistory, S.P.R.S. 32°.
On June 18, 1878, he married Sarah Jane Gibson, of this city '•
They have two children.
JOHN W. DAI. is the son of Jacob and Christina (Lauer) Dal,
and was born on September 17, 1854, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
When he was but little more than two years of age, his parents
moved to Chicago. A short time thereafter, his father became a
Methodist minister, and the rule of itinerancy which prevails in
that church compelling him to make frequent changes of location,
John W. Dai's early education was obtained under difficulties and
during his father's wanderings through Wisconsin and Illinois.
In 1868, John returned to Chicago and, in 1875, entered the Chi-
cago University, taking a select course a year later. In 1876, he
read medicine with his father, who had abandoned the ministry for
that profession, and then became a student in the Chicago Medical
College, from which he graduated on March 5, 1878. Excessive
study having impaired his health, shortly after his graduation he
went, for the purpose of recuperation and rest, to LeSueur, Minn.
As soon as advisable he engaged in the active and successful prac-
tice of his profession. After a residence of two years at LeSueur,
he 11 i Mined, in 1880, to this city, and located permanently. Dr.
Dal i.iia courteous and agreeable gentleman, and invites confidence
as a physician. He is a member of D. C. Cregier Lodge, No.
643, A.K.iV A.M.; of Washington Chapter, No 43, R. A.M.; and
of Siloam Council, No. 53, K.tVS.M. Dr. Dal was married.
on ( ictober 9, 1878, in this city, to Matilda L. Loeber, and has
one child, — Matilda Independence, born on July 4, 1883.
JAMES HKKKKRT STOU F.I. i., M.D., second son of Elijah and
Lucinda (Bristol) Stowell, was born on April 29, 1854, at Delavan,
Wai worth Co., Wis. His parents are from the old Puritan stock
of New England and number among their ancestors some who
figured prominently in the Revolutionary War. His parents, in
1844, chose Wisconsin as their future home and
were among the first settlers of Walworth County.
He assisted his father in cultivating the farm and
attended the village school during the winter
months. His father could not afford to send him
to college, but at the age of eighteen years, havinj;
set his mind on obtaining a higher education, he left
home and made a way where none seemed open.
By working evenings and holidays and boarding
himself, he triumphed over poverty and gained a
valuable discipline for after life. He entered Beloit
College and remained until the junior year, when,
owing to sickness, he was obliged to relinquish his
studies and sought health in the Far West. He
began the study of medicine at the Chicago Medical
College, and graduated with the class of iSSi.
During the three years of his collegiate study he
devoted his entire time to perfecting himself in his
chosen profession. The interim between the lecture
courses he spent in arduous work in hospital and
dispensary practice, under the direction of skilled
instructors, and thus laid the foundation for his
future success. After graduation he located in this
city. Dr. Stowell was married, on June 16, 1880,
to Miss Frances E. Beckett, daughter of Mrs. K.
A. Burnell, of Aurora, 111. He has one daughter,
Marion. He is a member of the Chicago Medical
Society, the Chicago Congregational Club, and is
visiting physician of the South Side Dispensary.
JOSEPH Lucius GRAY, M.D., son of Joseph
L. and Emily J. Gray, was born at Underbill, Vt.,
on December 12, 1859. Both parents were from
old Vermont families of English stock and are ex-
cellently connected with prominent circles of the
Green Mountain State. When he was five years of
age, the family removed to Burlington, Vt., where
young Joseph attended the public schools, but
while in the high school his health failed and he
was obliged to give up his studies for several years.
After finishing his education, he came to Chicago
in 1879, and began the study of medicine in the
office of Dr. J. S. Jewell, and two years later ma-
triculated in the Chicago Medical College, from
which he graduated with honors in the class of
1885, since which date he has been associated with
Dr. Jewell in general practice. Dr. Gray, besides
being thoroughly posted in his profession, has
found time to become an expert microscopist and
is a member of the Illinois State and the Tolles
Microscopical societies. He is also a member of
the Chicago Medical Society and is attending phy-
sician for the department of nervous diseases of the
South Side Free Dispensary.
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS. — This in-
stitution was organized in 1881, and the first regular
session of the college began on September 26, 1882. The
building is located on the northwest corner of Harrison
and Honor£ streets, directly opposite the entrance to the
Cook County Hospital. The architect, George H. Ed-
brooke, before drawing his designs, visited some of the
principal medical schools in eastern cities, to avail him-
self of the latest improvements in structures of this kind.
The style of architecture is Queen Anne. The building
consists of four stories and basement, surmounted by a
tower one hundred feet high. The fronts of the build-
ing are of Lemont limestone, elaborately carved, and the
rear elevation is of brick. The first floor contains the
MEDICAL HISTORY.
college office, the rooms of the West Side Dispensary,
and other rooms handsomely furnished. The second
floor contains the lecture-room, with a seating capacity
for 226 persons ; two professors' rooms, one large clinical
operating room, and four rooms for pa-
tients. The chemical laboratory, students'
library, and five private rooms are on the
third floor; while the fourth floor is occu-
pied by the amphitheatre, seating four hun-
dred and fifty, and dissecting and other
rooms. The cost of the building was about
$57,000. The students of this institution
have abundant opportunities for witness-
ing the examination and treatment of pa-
tients, not only in the college amphitheatre
and West Side Dispensary, but also in the
Cook County Hospital and the Illinois
Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary.
The students and graduates have been —
Galena, 111., on March 9, 1850. Having finished the course of
instruction afforded by the high school of that city, in 1864, he
came to Chicago for the purpose of completing his literary educa-
tion in the University of Chicago, but he played truant to his
errand and, at the early age of fourteen, entered the army as pri-
Year.
Students.
Graduates.
1883 152 52
1884 167 .... 55
The Founders and Board of Directors
are —
A. Reeves Jackson, M.D., president; S. A.
McWilliams, M.D., vice-president; D. A. K. Steele,
M.D., secretary; Leonard St. John, M.D., treasur-
er; Charles Warrington Earle, M.I).
The faculty of the College since its or-
ganization has been as follows :
Professor of surgical diseases of women and
clinical gynecology: A. Reeves Jackson.
Professor of clinical medicine, diseases of the
chest and physical diagnosis: Samuel A. McWil-
liams.
Professor of orthopedic surgery: Daniel A. K. Steele.
Professor of demonstrations of surgery and surgical appli-
ances: Leonard St. John.
Professer of obstetrics: Charles Warrington Earle.
Professor of operative surgery, clinical surgery, and surgical
pathology: Henry Palmer.
Professor of principles and practice of surgery and clinical sur-
gery: R. L. Rea.
Professor of diseases of children: Frank E. Waxham.
Professor of ophthalmology and clinical diseases of the eye: John
E. Harper.
Professor of practice of medicine: A. M. Carpenter, 1882-83 ;
W. E. Quine, 1883-85.
Professor of principles of medicine: J. J. M. Angear.
Professor of dental surgery: A. W. Harlan.
Professor of inorganic chemistry: W. A. Vohn.
Professor of descriptive anatomy: Albert E. Hoadley.
Professor of surgical anatomy: Pinckney French.
Professor of medical jurisprudence: F. B. Eisen-Bockius.
Professor of physiology: E. E. Holroyd.
Professor of genito-urinary diseases: Theodore A. Keeton.
Professor of therapeutics: C. C. P. Silva.
Professor of diseases of the mind and nervous system: Oscar
King.
Professor of State medicine and hygiene: Romaine J. Curtiss.
Professor of medical chemistry: B. F. McCoy, 1882-83; W.
K. Harrison, 1883-85.
Professor of surgical diseases of the genito-urinary system: J.
T. Telks.
Demonstrator of anatomy: S. T. Power, 1882-83 ; R. N.
Hall, 1883-85.
Professor of laryngology: F. O. Stockton.
Professor of dermatology: H. J. Reynolds.
Lecturers. — On gynecology, E. P. Murdock. On obstetrics,
H. P. Newman. On ophthalmology and otology, Boerne Bettman.
On principles and practice of surgery, James II. Letcher. On
surgical diseases of the genito-urinary system, G. Frank Lydston.
On dental anatomy and physiology, James G. Reid. On materia
medica, Charles C. Singley. Demonstrator of inorganic chemistry,
Charles B. Gibson. Assistant demonstrators of anatomy, F. C.
Newton and William Goodsmith.
PROFESSOR F. B. EISEN-BOCKIUS, son of Joseph Rex and
Marie (von Eisen, a descendant of Baron Ludwig von Eisen)
Bockius, who were married in Philadelphia, Penn., was born at
COLLEGE
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS.
M
vate in Co. "C," i4Oth Illinois Infantry Volunteers, his escapade
remaining unknown to his parents until the receipt of a letter writ-
ten by him from the seat of wa'r. In 1865, after receiving the vote
of thanks decreed to his regiment by Congress and signed by the
President, he quietly and earnestly returned to his studies, receiv-
ing the degree of Bachelor of Sciences in 1868. In the same year,
he entered the medical department of the Northwestern University
under the personal preceptorship of its president, Professor N. S.
Davis. His diligent application and rapid progress soon won for
him the praise and commendation of his distinguished tutor. In
1872, he graduated in medicine, receiving the prize offered by the
faculty for the best thesis upon a medical subject. Immediately
upon graduation, he was chosen assistant to the professor of chem-
istry in the medical department of the University. In 1872, was
appointed physician to North Star Dispensary, and the succeeding
year was made the medical director and physician for diseases of
the heart and lungs, both of which stations he filled with great
ability for five years, during one of which (1874) there were treated
in the dispensary over fourteen thousand five hundred patients.
The pressure of an extensive private practice compelled him to
resign active work in the dispensary in 1878, but the board of
trustees, unwilling to lose the use of his name and reputation, im-
mediately chose him consulting physician. As a diversion, in 1874
Dr. Bockius matriculated at the Union College of Law under the
tutorship of Senator J. R. Doolittle. So great was his enthusiasm
and interest in the new study, although hampered by his medical
work, that, on receiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1876, he
graduated ranking third in his class, and had earned a reputation
for cool logic and brilliant oratory attained by few. His attention
being called to homeopathy, with a desire to obtain a clear and
comprehensive idea of that system of medicine, in 1878 he entered
the Northwestern Homeopathic College, remaining there until 1880.
In 1881, he was elected to the professorship of forensic medicine
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, which chair
he still fills. Professor Bockius is mentally and physically an active
man, neither mind nor body is ever idle ; and, although attending
upon an ever-increasing practice, he still finds time to employ his
vigorous pen to advantage. His published essays cover a wide field
of subjects ; some of his earlier poems have run through five edi-
tions ; experiments and an essay on cinchonidia gained him an
honor not many attain — the admission of his name and views in
the National Dispensatory; a thesis on scarlet fever, with treatment,
issued during the late epidemic, had an unprecedented sale, and
was in many a household; while medical jurisprudence has been
made the subject of a complete series of lectures but recently pub-
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
lished. Dr. Bockios is a thorough physician and gentleman, with
just enough infusion of thu old \ on F.Uen III 1 to render him linn
and resolute, possibly sometimes aggressive, in the defense of his
ideas.
CIIAKI.KS \Y vuuiv;r. is i: \I;I.K, M. I)., is a native of West lord,
\'t.. anil was born on April 2, 1145. His parents, Moves I., and
Nancy Karle, were of English descent, and were among the pio-
neers who settled in Vermont. His father tame \Vest in 1.154, set-
tling in Lake County, 111., where lie engaged in tanning, the subject
of this sketch assisting him during the summer months, and attend-
ing school during the winter. In |Soi, lie enlisted in the 151)1
Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving under General Fremont, in the
Missouri campaign, until the fall of that year, when he was dis-
charged from the service, on account of disabilities incurred while
unloading a transport on the Missouri River. In the fall of 1862,
he enlisted in the ijiith Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and his military
record is given as follows in the history of the c/>th, published by
the historical society of that regiment in iSs.6: " He was appointed
tirst sergeant upon the organisation of the company ; promoted sec-
ond lieutenant on February 16, 18(13, receiving his commission a few-
days before he was eighteen; and promoted tirst lieutenant on Au-
gust r_>, 1.1114. Was a prisoner of war from September 22, 1863, to
February <), 1864. and escaped from Libby Prison, Richmond, Va. ,
by tunnelling. Was twice slightly wounded at Chickamuuga while
in command of his company, and was especially commended for
bravery in the report of that battle. Commanded Company " D "
for two months in the advance on Atlanta, and at the close of the
campaign was given special mention for personal bravery by the
commander of the regiment, and chosen as aide and inspector on
the staff of the brigade commander, which position he held until
the close of the \Var. Was brevetted captain of the United States
\ olunteers, for gallantry, and meritorious services in the battles of
Chickamauga, Resaca and Atlanta, Ga., Nashville and Franklin,
Tenn., and mustered out with his regiment in 1865." After the
War, he attended Ueloit College for three years and matriculated in
the Chicago Medical College in 1868, taking his degree of M.I),
in 1.170. He is a member of the local, State and national medical
Societies. lie became a member of the faculty of the Woman's
Medical College at its organization in 1,170, and now holds the po-
sition ot professor ol diseases ol children and clinical medicine in
that institution. lie was one of the founders of the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, and occupies 'he chair of obstetrics.
• Since i$~i, he has been physician to tin1 \\asliingtonian Home of
Chicago. Among his contributions to medical literature are " Flec-
trieiiy in Post-parturn Hemorrhage"; "Scarlatina in Chic.
" Inebriety as a Vice"; various papers on alcoholism and the opium
habit; the (alleged) Cinchona cure for Intemperance; Tubercular
Meningitis; ( Vphakematoma of the new-born; Roethln (or Ger-
man Measles) in Chicago ; Summer diseases of children ; Cirrhosis
of tin- Pancreas, and others of minor importance. Dr. Farle was
married in 1.171, to Miss Fanny I.. Uundy, sister of Major Uundy
of the New York Evening Mail and F.xpress, and has two children :
Carrie and \\ iliam U.
Uur.KNK BETTMAN, M.I)., was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, of
(icrman parents, in 1856. Graduating at the Cincinnati High
School in 1874, he spent three years following in the Miami Medi-
cal College, where he was graduated in 1877, with the degree of
M.D. For a short time he served as assistant to Dr. Williams of
Cincinnati, an eminent oculist. Subsequently, for about a year and
a half he was occupied in a similar way with Professor Knapp of
New York, formerly one of the faculty of the University of Heidel-
berg, Germany. In 1879, Dr. Bettman went abroad. After
about six months spent in study in the University of Vienna,
he travelled extensively throughout Ivurope. F'inally he went
to the University of Heidelberg, where he became the tirst
assistant of the eye department of the University. He con-
tinued in this capacity about two years, leaving there in May,
1881. Several months were passed in Paris, visiting the hos-
pitals and attending important cliniques. lie then went to
London and attended the International Medical Congress of
that year, an occasion of great interest, as there were some
three thousand physicians present from all parts of the world.
Returning to America he reached New York in September,
l8Si. In November following he came to Chicago, where
he has since been actively engaged in the practice of his spe-
cialty. Dr. Ueltman is the lecturer on the eye and ear at the
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago; is one of the
surgeons at the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmarv;
ami is physician-in-charge of the outdoor eye and ear depart-
ment of the Michael Reese Hospital. lie is secretary of the
Chicago Society of Ophthalmology and Otology, and is a
member of the Chicago Medical s'ociety, of the' Esculapian
Medical Society, and of the Illinois Microscopic Society.
JOHN RAVNKR RICHARDSON is the son of Osborn and
Isabella (Cathrow) Richardson, and was born on July 10,
1843. in Canada, and obtained his early education in the high
school and I.avel University of that country. At an early
age he manifested a. desire for a professional life, and gave
much attention to the study of medicine. In 1860, he went
to Montreal, Canada, and entered McGill Medical College.
In 1864, he passed the examining board of the College of
Physicians and Surgeons, but not being of age could not re-
ceive his degree. Shortly after passing his examination, he
went to New York City, and entered the military service as
assistant surgeon, with headquarters at Alexandria, Va. In
September of that year, he applied for admittance to the
naval service, and was accepted. In 1865, he went to Phila-
delphia, where he became associated with the Charity Hospi-
tal in the capacity of house surgeon. Six months 'later, he
returned to Montreal, and received from the faculty of
McGill College the degree of M. I)., C. M. Then he entered
upon the active practice of his profession, in which he rapidly
obtained prominence. In 1882, circumstances induced him to
make Chicago his place of residence. He is a gentleman of
scholarly attainments and literary ability, liberal in his ideas,
of men and things in general, and critical in his opinion con-
concerning his profession. Dr. Richardson was married, on
April 17, 1879, at Quebec, to Matilda Levy, and has had five
children, three of whom are girls.
JOHN ERASMUS HARPER, A.M., M.D., is the son of Rob-
he entered the office of Dr. George 1!. Walker, of that place, and
after reading medicine with him for some time, entered the Univer-
sity of the City of New York, from which he graduated in 1874, and
Ind. In 1876, he was elected professor of diseases of the eye, ear
and throat in the same institution, which position he held until he
resigned, in 1882, to accept the professorship of eye and ear diseases
in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago. On May
MEDICAL HISTORY.
517
28, 1878, Dr Harper was married to Miss Mary K. Walker, daughter
of Hon. William II. Walker, ex-mayor of Evansville. Accompanied
by his wife he left on the following day for Europe, where, after a
short vacation, he pursued the studies of eye, ear and throat diseases
in the schools and hospitals of London, Paris and Vienna. Return-
ing to Evansville, he resumed the practice of his specialty in 1880.
In 1882, with his wife and only surviving child, Robert Brinton
(the oldest, John Albert, having died in iSSi), he removed to
Chicago. Besides being engaged in private practice, Dr.
Harper is also surgeon-in-chief to the eye and ear department
of the West Side Free 1 >ispensary and attending surgeon to
the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. He is a mem-
ber of the American Medical Association, the Mississippi Val-
ley Medical Association, the Chicago Pathological Society and
the Chicago Ophlhalmological and ( Hological Society and the
Chicago Medical Society. Since 1880, he has been publisher
and editor of the Western Medical Reporter.
G. FRANK LYPSTON, M.I)., was born at Jacksonville,
Tuolumne Co., Cal., on March 3, 1856. Prior to the discov-
ery of gold in that region, his father, G. N. Lydston, was a
resident of Maine, and when the excitement over the finding
of the precious metal was at its greatest height, Mr. Lydston
was among the first to undertake the journey to the California
gold fields. He took passage from Boston on a sailing ves-
sel, and after a seven months' voyage reached San Erancisco.
Krom there he went to Jacksonville, where the mines had
already become noted. While there he became acquainted
with his future wife, who had also made the trip from "the
States," over the plains, a venture hazardous in the extreme,
but without accident or danger to her. The family continued c
their residence at Jacksonville until 1865, when they returned
to Maine. In 1869, they came to Chicago. In 1876, G.
!•" rank Lydston having completed his preliminary studies, de-
cided to enter the medical profession. He took his first
course of instruction in the office of F. 15. Norcom, M.D., of
Chicago, and, in 1877, entered Rush Medical College, taking
a full course of study. In the following- year he went to New
York City for the purpose of prosecuting his studies in the
famous hospitals there. He spent some time in the wards of
Bellevue, St. 1'rancis and Charity hospitals, under the tutor-
ship of Professor Joseph W. Howe of the New York Medical
University. In February, 1879, he graduated at Bellevue
Hospital Medical College and, after six months' instruction
in the hospitals under private tuition, he was appointed resi-
dent surgeon of the New York Charity and Penitentiary hos-
pitals on Blackwell's Island. He held this responsible position
until iSSi, his term of service having expired. On his retire-
ment he was immediately tendered the office of resident sur-
geon to the New York State Emigration Hospital and Refuge
by the Board of Commissioners. It was a fitting tribute to his
high standing as a physician. In August, 1881, he resigned
his position at the Emigration Hospital, desiring to make
his home in this, city, and on his arrival he immediately
took a prominent position among the medical profession
of Chicago. During the first year of his residence, he was
engaged in addition to his regular practice, in giving private
instruction to medical students. In 1882, he was appointed lec-
turer on the surgical diseases of the genitourinary system, and
venereal diseases, in the College of Physicians and Surgeons,
which chair he still occupies. He is professor of the principles and
practice of surgery in the Northwestern College of Dental Surgery,
and also attending surgeon to the genito-urinary division of the
West Side Free Dispensary. He is colonel and surgeon-general of
the Illinois Brigade of the Uniform Rank of Knights of Pythias,
medical examiner of the Knight Templars' and Masons' Indemnity
Company, the New England Benefit Association, and the Knights
and Ladies of Honor. Dr. Lydston was married on November 3,
1883, to Miss Josie Cottier, of Chicago. In addition to his large
private practice and college duties, he finds time to edit the surgical
department of the Western Medical Reporter, one of the most promi-
nent medical journals west of New York. He also contributes
largely to the columns of other well known medical publications, and
is gifted with a clear, lucid power of description. As an instructor
he stands high in the estimation of the faculty and students of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons, and is quite prominently known
among the various secret societies, being a member of Oriental Con-
sistory, Chicago Commandery of Knights Templar, the order of
Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and the Royal Arcanum. He is quite
an enthusiast in the matter of society work. The doctor is also an
active member of the Chicago Medical and Pathological societies,
and, although a young man, he has attained a distinguished position
in the medical profession, and as a lecturer and author his instruc-
tion and opinions are regarded as the very best. He is a member
of Hesperia Lodge, No. 411, A.I1'. &A.M., and of Lincoln Park
Chapter, No. 177, R.A.M.
HENRY PARKER NEWMAN, son of James and Abby Parker
(Everett) Newman, was born at Washington, N. II., on Decem-
ber 2, 1853. When he was but a few months old, his parents
moved to Hillsborough, N. II., where he acquired, in the public
schools of that place, the rudiments of an English education, after
which he entered the Literary Institute at New London, N. II.,
to prepare for college. At the beginning of the third year of his
connection there, he was compelled to return home, where he
remained engaged in teaching and in mercantile pursuits, and the
pursuance of his studies under a private tutor, until he reached
his majority. Shortly after the advent of his twenty-first year, he
went to Concord, N. H., and, securing the co-operation of Dr.
George Cook, of that place, under whose instruction he com-
menced reading medicine, where he continued until 1875, when
he entered the Medical Department of Dartmouth College, where
he took one course of lectures. The following winter he was en-
gaged in teaching, and then moved to Detroit and continued the
study of his profession in the Detroit Medical College, graduating
in the spring of 1878. While a student in this college, he was
house physician in St. Luke's Hospital, Detroit, a position which
he held until after his graduation. At that time he went to Eu-
rope, visiting the hospitals at Edinburgh, London, Paris, Vienna,
and in Germany, spending two years at the leading German med-
ical schools. In :88o, he returned to America and began to
practice in this city. He is a member of the Chicago Medical
Society, Chicago Gynecological Society, Illinois State Medical
Society, American Medical Society, and Illinois State Microscopical
Society. He is lecturer on obstetrics in the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, and is attending gynecologist in the West Side Free
Dispensary. On September 21, 1882, in this city, he was mar-
ik'd to F'anny Louise Hodges, and has had two children. Dr.
Newman is a gentleman of considerable literary ability, aside from
that associated with his profession; is affable in manner and enter-
taining in conversation.
DR. CHARLES CLAREY SINGLEY was born in Fayette County,
Penn., on January 16, 1856. After studying in Belle Vernon and
Meadville colleges, he spent the year 1878 in medical study in the
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
College of 1'hvsicians and Surgeons in Baltimore, and the year
1870 in similar study in the Medical Department of the University
of Maryland I U- 'then entered Jefferson Medical College, in
Philadelphia, where, two years later, in March, iSSi, he was grad-
uated with the degree of M.D. In August following, Dr. Smgley
WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE.
came to Chicago, where he has since been engaged in the practice
of medicine. Since 1882, he has held the chair of lecturer on ma-
teria medica in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, but is con-
nected with no other institution, nor is he a member of any of the
societies, devoting his whole time to active practice.
WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE. — This institution was
founded by Dr. William H. Byford, although the early
and earnest efforts of Dr. Mary H. Thompson in regard
to the medical education of her sex should be mentioned
in connection with the organization of this enterprise.
This college was designed exclusively for the medical
education of women, and held its first course of lectures
in the Hospital for Women and Children, No. 402 North
State Street. Notwithstanding the discouragement in
consequence of the fire of 1871, by which its newly-
furnished apartments, at Nos. 1-3 North Clark Street,
were destroyed, new rooms were secured at No. 341
West Adams Street, and subsequently at No. 598 on the
same street, and the regular course of instruction was
prosperously pursued. In 1872, in connection with the
Hospital for Women and Children, the College occupied
apartments on the corner of West Adams and Paulina
streets, where it continued until 1879, when a new build-
ing was erected at Nos. 335-39 South Lincoln Street,
opposite the Cook County Hospital. Commodious and
well arranged, it is supplied with every convenience for
successful teaching. It is two and a half stories high,
witli a basement, and contains two lecture-rooms, labor-
atories, a museum, dissecting-room, and offices and a
dispensary. In 1884, the progress of this institution
had been 'so gratifying, that it was determined to erect
a new building, commensurate with its necessities and
growth. This building, to cost $35<000> wil1 be erected
on the site of the old one, which
has been removed a short distance
on the same lot, and enlarged and
re-fitted to be used until the new
one is completed.
The Faculty has been as fol-
lows:
Professor of gynecology: William
H. Byford, 1870-86; T. D. Fitch,
1870-80; Marie J. Mergler, 1883-86.
Professor of diseases of children:
Charles Oilman Smith, 1870-74; John
Bartlett, 1874-75; Charles \Varrington
Earle, 1875-86.
Professor of pathology: Norman
Bridge, 1870-73; I, ester Curtis, 1874-77;
I. N. Danforth, 1877-86.
Professor of pathology and renal
diseases: I. N. Danforth, 1882-86.
Professor of theory and practice of
medicine: W. Godfrey Dyas, 1870-75.;
John Bartlett, 1875-77; William E.
Quine, 1877-78; Henry M. Lyman,
1878-86.
Professor of diseases of the nerv-
ous system: E. C. Blake, 1870-77; D.
R. Drawer, 1877-86.
Professor of obstetrics: E. Mar-
guerat, 1870-77; T. 1). Fitch, 1877-78;
William II. Byford, 1878-80; Sarah
Hackett Stevenson, iSSo-86.
Professor of surgery: Roswell G.
Bogue, 1870-77; A. H. Foster, 1874-75;
[ohn E. Owens, 1877-83; D. W. Gra-
ham, 1883-86.
Professor of dermatology: William
J. Maynard, 1880-86.
Professor of ophthalmology and
otology: Samuel Cole, 1871-73; F. C.
Hotz, 1873-76; W. T. Montgomery,
1880-86.
Professor of diseases of chest and
throat: E. Fletcher Ingals, 1880-86.
I'rofessor of physiology and histol-
ogy: Charles Warrington Earle, 1870-75; Sarah Hackett Stephen-
son, 1875-80; F. L. \Vadsworth, 1880-86.
Professor of dental surgery: Eugene S. Talbot, 1881-86.
Professor of chemistry and toxicology: M. Delafontaine,
1870-77; P. S. Hayes, 1877-83; Jerome Salisbury, 1883-86.
Professor of anatomy: S. A. McWilliams, 1870-74; P. S.
McDonald, 1874-77; D- w- Graham, 1877-83; Mary E. Bates,
1883-86.
Professor of materia medica and therapeutics : G. C. Paoli,
lS7°-77; IJr- D. K. Brower, 1877-79; William Maynard, 1879-83;
Marie J. Mergler, 1882-85; Walter Dorland, 1883-85.
Clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Hospital for
Women and Children: Mary H. Thompson, 1884-86.
Demonstrator of anatomy: P. S. McDonald, 1870-74; D. W.
Graham, 1874-78; Roswell Park, 1878-80; John O. Hobbs, 1880-86.
I'rofessor of hygene and State medicine: Mary H. Thompson,
1870-77; Byron Grillin.
Clinical lecturer on midwifery in charge of outdoor department:
Robert S. Hall, 1882-86.
Assistant to the chair of . physiology and lecturer on histology:
Emma Nichols, 1882-86.
Lecturer on diseases of throat and chest: Homer N. Thomas.
Tniflivs. — E. O. Havens, 1870-73; George Scoville, 1870-74;
E. J. Goodspeed, 1870-73; \V. Godfrey Dyas, 1870-79; T. D.
Fitch, 1870-84; Mrs. W. G. Dyas, 1870-80; \V. H. Byford,
1873-86; Mrs. J. McGregor Adams, 1874-76; E. W. Blatchford,
1870-78; Robert Collyer, 1870-77; \V. H. Ryder, 1870-77; R. G.
Bogue, 1870-85; E. Marguerat, 1870-79; Mrs. T. C. Hoag,
MEDICAL HISTORY.
1870-74; Gilbert Hubbard, 1870-77; J. M. Reid, 1870-73: Edward
Sullivan, 1870-73; G. C. I'auli, 1870-81; Mary II. Thompson,
1870-77; K. H. Gardner, 1873-76; J. T. Ryerson, 1873-76; T. M.
A very, 1873-76; Norman Bridge, 1873-81; Charles YVarrington
Earle, 1878-81; I. N. Danforth, 1880-86; John Harriett, 1880-83;
D. W. Graham, 1881-86; Sarah II. Stevenson, 1881-86; W. J.
Maynard, 1883-86; Daniel R. Brower, 1884-87; F. L. Wadsworth,
1884-86; E. Fletcher Ingals, 1885-88.
The number of students and graduates since 1871,
has been as follows:
Year.
Students.
Graduates.
lS71
2O
3
l872
25
187^
32
6
iS?*!
37
7
l87=;
30
8
1876 -
13
o.
1877
26
4
1878
32
7
1870 -
37
5
1880 --
65
10
iSSl
77
17
!S82 --
83
23
1883
Si
18
1884 .
71
21
1885
74
22
ROBERT S \\irr.i. HALL, M.D.,son of Samuel and Mary Hall,
was born at Rovve, Mass., on May II, 1841. His father, a lieuten-
ant in the State militia, was a man of quiet, untiring industry, sound
judgment and sterling integrity. Robert had the experience of a
Yankee country school boy until fifteen years of age, when the
family, in 1856, removed to Waterloo, Iowa, and were among the
pioneers in that part of the State. Adopting the occupation of
teacher, Mr. Hall continued his studies until 1862, when he en-
listed in the 3ist Iowa Volunteer Infantry, which formed part of
the 1 5th Corps, Army of the Tennessee. Private Hall was at the
battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, and carried the colors
of his regiment during the siege of Vicksburg and battle of Jack-
son. Here disabled by disease, he was sent to Northern hospitals.
Partially recovering, he returned to his regiment and took part in
the numerous battles of the Atlanta campaign. He was honorably
discharged in 1865. Upon his return to Iowa, he entered the Iowa
State University, where he continued three years. He then began
the study of medicine under the instruction of Dr. A. Middleditch,
of Waterloo, Iowa. After having attended lectures in Iowa City
and New York City, he came to Chicago and matriculated in the
Rush Medical College, and graduated with the class of 1872 ; was
appointed an alternate interne to Cook County Hospital, and took
a post-graduate course at the Chicago Medical College. He was
appointed physician to the Relief and Aid Society for the years
1872-73. and was physician to the Central Dispensary during the
ensuing ten years, giving his attention principally to the diseases of
children; and has, during this time, been actively engaged in gen-
eral practice. He is now physician to Lincoln-street Dispensary,
and for several years has rilled the chair of clinical lecturer on
obstetrics, at the Woman's Medical College. He is a member of
the Chicago Medical Society, and has been four times elected sec-
retary of the Chicago Pathological Society. Dr. Hall was first
married on September 12, 1871, to Miss Jennie A. Fisk, of Water-
bury, Conn., by whom he had five children, — Willie R., Jennie L.,
May S., Robert S., and Charlotte Aristine. On November 7, 1883,
he married Miss Florence Goff, daughter of Murray Goff, of Peters-
burg, 111. They have one child, Florence Ethel. Dr. Hall is a
member of the K. of P., and was the first chancellor commander
of Madison Lodge, No. 134; a member of the Grand Lodge of
Illinois, and was, in 1882, surgeon to Fort Dearborn Division,
Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias. He is also a member and
surgeon of U. S. Grant Post, No. 28, G.A.R., and surgeon of the
Union Veteran Club of this city for 1885.
SARAH HACKETT STF.VKNSON, well-known as a physician and
litterateur, was born at Buffalo Grove, Ogle Co., 111., and is the
daughter of John D. and Sarah (Hackett) Stevenson. Her grand-
father was one of the earliest settlers of Ogle County, and laid out
and owned the town site of Buffalo Grove. Her ancestry traces
back on her father's side to Scotch-Irish blood, her grandfather be-
ing a "blue Presbyterian" and a prominent figure in the Irish
Rebellion. She is a lineal descendant on her mother's side from
Sir Hugh de Hacket, who participated with the renowned Richard
Ccrur de Lion of England in the Crusades. It was at her parents'
home that Dr. Stevenson was reared, and her education was attained
at the State University in Bloomington, from which she graduated
in 1863. The years 1873-74 were passed by her in Europe, and,
having developed a taste for the study of science and literature, her
time while abroad was chiefly given to studying at the South Ken-
sington Science Schools. On her return to America, she entered
the Woman's Medical College of Chicago, and graduated therefrom
with highest honors in 1875. The following year she commenced
the practice of medicine, and has since been prominently identified
with the profession. For some time she held the chair of physi-
ology in the Woman's Medical College, and subsequently that of
obstetrics. Dr. Stevenson has by her own energies won a reputa-
tion as a physician of which scores of practitioners of the other sex
might well feel proud. She had the honor of being the first woman
physician elected a member of the American Medical Association
at Philadelphia, in 1876, being sent thither as a delegate by the
Illinois State Medical Society. She has been elected to the staff of
the Cook County Hospital, the Hospital for Women and Children,
and the State Hospital for Women. Dr. Stevenson was one of the
chief promoters of the Home for Incurables and the Training
School for Nurses, and to her untiring energy and zeal much of the
success of these institutions is due. During her ten years' residence
here, she has built up a very large practice, and outside of her duties
as physician to the various hospitals above named, her time is en-
tirely taken up in responding to the demands for her services. Not-
withstanding her busy life, she has found time to prepare for pub-
lication a couple of volumes on Biology and one on Physiology,
and is a frequent contributor to the columns of the press of the
country. Dr. Stevenson is a woman of the West, both by birth
and the vigor and energy she displays in advancing the interests of
her profession ; she has attained a splendid reputation as a physi-
cian, while her virtues of mind and heart have won for her the
friendship and esteem of a large circle of acquaintances.
THE CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHIL-
DREN.— During the year which followed the fire, the
Chicago Hospital for Women and Children was taken
under the direction of the Chicago Relief and Aid Soci-
ety. So much good was accomplished, that this society,
in order to assist in making the hospital a permanent
institution, donated for its use $25,000, on condition that
it should always care for twenty-five patients free of
charge. With this fund, the lot and dwelling on the cor-
ner of Paulina and Adams streets were purchased and
fitted up. It has managed, by contributions, the revenue
derived from pay-patients, and occasional entertainments,
not only to keep out of debt, but to have a balance in
the treasury. Out of the work of this hospital grew the
Woman's Medical College, and the two institutions were
mostly managed together from 1870 to 1879.
Patients admitted are women for confinement, and
women and children with any disease not incurable or
contagious. Those unable to pay are admitted on per-
mits from the Relief and Aid Society, or from one of
the Board of Counselors.
A large number of women have been trained and
educated as nurses in this hospital, and are doing accept-
able service. Almost the entire work of the institution
is performed by women ; and the success and prosper-
ous management of the hospital have been largely due
to the earnest interest and untiring labors of Dr. Mary
H. Thompson.
In 1883, in order to meet the greatly increasing de-
mands upon the accommodations of the institution, it
was decided to erect a new hospital-building, which was
completed and occupied in December, 1885. It faces
Paulina Street, and is a four-story brick structure, with
basement and Mansard roof. It can accommodate
eighty patients, and its cost was $63,000. Nearly the
entire sum needed for this outlay has been contributed;
leaving but a small balance yet to be raised.
The following is a list of officers, trustees and med-
ical staff —most of whom have served since 1873 :
Counselors : Mrs. J. C. Hilton, president ; Mrs. J. McGregor
Adams and Mrs. I. N. Camp, vice-presidents; Mrs. F. B. Williams,
secretary; Mrs. Henry Wilkinson, treasurer; MesdamesW. G. Dyas,
Otto H. Matz, A. D.' Price, George M. Pullman, L. R. Hall, K. S.
Pike, C. M. Henderson, S. H. Knapp, W. W. Kimball, John H.
S20
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Don-, Charles Fitz Simons, II enry Crawford, \V. ]•". Henderson, ( ;.
II. Moore, I-!. I. ( lalvin, C. \V. Cook, M.C. Dean, William II. Mur-
ray, Philip I*. Armour, A. 1>. Stone, C). \V. Potter, George Oberne,
E. !•'. Pietsch, Mary II. Thompson, Sarah II. Stevenson.
//iitttii;>/T .!/< -///A-/-.! : Mesdames George Hall, }. \V. Doane, L.
1). I'.irkes. 1C. W. ISlatchford.
Trnit,;'s : Dr. W. 11. Ryder, president; Professor F. \V. Fisk,
vire-president; Mrs. 1.. K. Hilton, secretary; II. II. Nash, treasurer;
I>r. Mary II. Thompson, |. 11. Peabody, William II. Wells, George
Oberne, Mn, \. McGregor Adams, Mrs'. W. G. Dyas, Dr. W. II. l:v-
ford, I Jeorge Tapper, C. II. S. Mixer, C. 1!. Sawyer, S. N". lirooks.
Medical Staff: Mary II. Thompson, head physician and sur-
geon; Sarah II. Stevenson, attending physician to medical ward.
II. HIM physicians: Mrs. I.!. A. Sanders, Rate Mason, Drs. Brewer
and A. IHirnett,
< ','iisiiltinx Stu/: W. ( ;. I )yas, C. (',. Smith, John Uartlett, R.
G. Hogue, W. [•'.. Clarke, E. Marguerat, W. II. Byford, E. Andrews,
J. N. Hyde, G. C. 1'aoli. I'. C. Hot/, II. H. Foster.-
J)isft'iis<»y Miff.' Mary II. Thompson, Annette S. Dobbins,
Emma Baldwin, Kli/a II. Root, Mary A. Mixer.
The following table shows the operations of this
hospital since 1875 :
and her literary studies were pursued at Oberlin College. She was
graduated at that institution in 1*71, and then accepted the posi-
tion of principal of the ladies' department of Talmr College, in Fre-
mont County, Iowa. She retained that position for two years, when
she- went to Philadelphia and commenced her medical studies in the
Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. In 1873, she was grad-
uated and was conferred the degree of .M.I). Sin- was then given
the position of interne in the Philadelphia Hospital for Women and
Children, an adjunct of the Woman's College, and held the position
for six months, resigning in order to accept a similar office in the
New England Hospital for Women and Children, at Boston, Mass.
Dr. (Just on was there engaged for six months, and at the end of that
time, in the fall of 1877, she came to Chicago to commence the reg-
ular practice of her profession. She has remained actively engaged
in her work up to the present time, excepting a slight intermission
in 1885, occasioned by the sicknessand death of her mother. Shortly-
after her arrival here. Dr. Gaston became connected with the
Woman's Christian Association, with which she remained identified
until the fall of 1883. In the spring of 1878, she was appointed
clinical physician in the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children,
and so continued up to the fall of 1884. In the spring of 1880, she
was elected lecturer on physiology and assistant to the gynecological
clinic in the spring courses of the Woman's Medical College of this
Year ending March ist.
'875-
1876.
i877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Patients remaining --_.
20
28
IQ
17
27
20
Admitted during the year
2IQ
168
2^6
222
162
I7O
I7Q
2O4
22=;
22Q
Patients treated
282
I )ischurged _
221
2TI
228
286
Number of births
8a
Si
Sc
87
So
88
Number of deaths
8
g
5
Remaining ... .
2^
"S
18
28
Natives of United States
Foreigners . . -
-v -
fi 1
Dispensary patients
T>2
-lgo
c6i
687
119
616
6n
Miss EMMA FKAMT.S CASTON, physician, was born on her
father's farm near Oberlin, Ohio, on December II, 1845. Herparents
were Alonzo and Amanda Elizabeth (Stratton) Gaston, her mother
being a sister of H. D. Stratton, of Hryant & Stratton College fame.
Miss Gaston's girlhood was passed in the vicinity of her native place,
HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN
city. Those offices she ;naintained until the spring courses were
abandoned by the college in 1884. From 1880 to 1884, Dr. Gaston
was attending physician to the Erring Woman's Refuge, and for one
year, from the spring of 1882, served in a like capacity to the Mar-
tha Washington Home for Inebriate Women. She was assistant
secretary of the Chicago Floating Hospi-
tal from 1879 to 1885, and corresponding
secretary of the Woman's Physiological
Institute from 1880 to 1884. Dr. Gaston
possesses rare qualities of grace and re-
finement; is a thoroughly read and close
student of her profession. She is a mem-
ber of the Chicago, Cook County and
Illinois State Medical societies, and also
of the American Medical Association,
which organization has among its mem-
bers but very few lady physicians. This
discloses the fact that I )r. Gaston has won
reputation abroad as well as at home,
and that she is recognized as a physician
of rare skill and ability by her ablest
compeers in the profession.
THE WOMAN'S HOSPITAL OF
CHICAGO. — This hospital was first
organized as the Woman's Hospi-
tal of the State of Illinois, on Au-
gust 29, 1871, and was formally
opened to receive patients on Jan-
uary 4, 1872. It was located on
the South Side, and has occupied
buildings on Vincennes, Calumet
and Cottage Grove avenues and
at No. 1 88 Thirty-fifth Street.
The intention of the originators
of this charity was to make it free;
and this, so far as possible, has
been carried out. It is especially
designed for the treatment of dis-
eases and accidents peculiar to
women.
As first organized, it has a
board of lady supervisors, a board
MEDICAL HISTORY.
521
of managers, a board of governors, a medical board,
and an inspecting committee. It was re-organized in
1879, with a board of lady managers, a board of trus-
tees and a medical staff. In November, 1882, it was re-
chartered under the general law of the State, and once
more re-organized, the name of the institution being
changed to The Woman's Hospital of Chicago.
The following is a list of the board of managers and
officers of the institution, man)' of whom have been con-
nected with it from the beginning :
Mesilames A. II. Barlen (president), W. H. Byford. I. K.
Beasley, T. Burnham, I.. II. Bisbee, 1). K. Crilly, J.'W. Conley,
Peter Daggy, Mary Robb, R. II. Forrester, C. W. Green, I). T.
Nelson, J. A. Perkins (treasurer), P. Pickering (secretary), T. I).
Patterson, H. A. Rust, M. I,. Rand (vice-president), H. K. Strat-
ford, Henry Stephens, Luther Stone, James P. Dalton, A. N.
Warner, John I >. Gregg and Miss Sage Vaughn.
Honorary nicinlvrs: Mesdames Talcott, James H. Rees, Cal-
vin I)e Wolf, Miss Elua W. llmvman.
Mativii, Miss K. I.unt. Si>/icitoi; Mrs. I,. A. Chamberlain.
McJical xl,iff: Drs. \V. II. Byford, Henry Merriman, I). T.
Nelson, A. M. Davenport. Marie J. Mergler, Henry T. Byford and
Emma Nichols.
A'I\<II/,-II/ f/i\'iifiiiii: Mrs. Dr. Caruthers. Consulting physi-
cians: Drs. DeLaskie Miller, II. A. Johnson, R. C. Brower, and
Sarah II. Stevenson.
Biiani of Inistfi-s; Maria L. Patterson, president; Julia A.
Daggy, vice-president; Annie M. Gentry, treasurer; Mary P. Bar-
ber, secretary; I). T. Nelson, Anna P.. Conley, II. A. Rust.
. /(/rv'.wr /win/: Hugh A. White, John W. Conley and H.
A. Rust.
The capacity of this hospital having become inade-
quate to the demands upon it, it was determined, in
1883, to made an effort to erect a new building with en-
larged accommodations. For this purpose the State
appropriated $10,000. A lot was purchased on the cor-
ner of Rhodes Avenue and Thirty-second Street, and
the work of construction commenced. It is estimated
to cost $25,000, and will be ready for occupation by the
first of May, 1886.
Connected with the institution is a free dispensary,
for the benefit of the worthy poor.
The following table exhibits in detail the yearly
operations of this institution since 1879, no reports
prior to that time being obtainable :
i879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
l885.
fifi
n6
IIQ
208
nf>
Cases cured
2^
^7
Co
61
Cases improved
Unimproved and under
treatment .
24
13
31
23
30
24
39
ll
81
38
Si
Died
6
c
a
6
6
Natives of the United
States
|6
75
74
20
21
62
Married ....
|6
6r
S|
eg
Single -.
13
*R
32
21
72
g
9fi
Treated at dispensary . .
45
56
94
138
500
I,l64
353
H. T. BYKOKD, M.I)., son of Dr. William H. Byford, one of
the oldest medical practitioners in Chicago, and one celebrated for
his gynecological practice, and Mary A. (Holland) Byford, was
born in Kvansville, Ind., on November 12, 1853. In the spring of
1856, his parents removed from Kvansville to Chicago, where their
son acquired his rudimentary education. From the age of twelve
to fifteen, he attended the high school at Berlin, Germany, and on
his return to his home, entered the Chicago University. Later he
attended Williston Seminary, at Kast Hampton, Mass., where he
pursued a scientific course, graduating in 1870. In 1873, after a
three years' course of study, he graduated from the Chicago Medi-
cal College, receiving his degree of M.I). During the last year of
his collegiate studies, he officiated at Mercy Hospital as resident
physician, and, after his graduation, spent some time in Louisiana
and Colorado. He practiced his profession at Denver for one year
and then returned to this city. In the spring of 1879, he visited
Europe, where he remained for one and a half years, studying the
principles of his profession in the hospitals of London and Paris.
While at the latter city, Dr. Byford also devoted his leisure time to
the study of art in the department of water-color painting. Since
his return to Chicago in 1880, he has devoted himself to the prac-
tice of his profession, in his chosen specialty, gynecology and ob-
stetrics, lie is attending physician to the Woman's Hospital of
Chicago ; is a member of the Chicago Medical Society and of the
American Medical Association, and is one of the founders of the
Chicago Gynecological Society. He is also a member of the Sara-
cen Club, a social and literary organization, and of the Calumet
Club, but his professional duties permit him but little time for pas-
time. Dr. Byford was married in the fall of 1882, to Mrs. Lucy
Lamed Richard ; they have a daughter, Mary.
ROSA IIi'.NkiKTTA KxcKK'r, Si. I)., daughter of Peter and Bar-
bara Schreiner, of Zweibrucken, Rhenish Bavaria, was born on
December 27, 1828. Her father, an officer in the Bavarian army,
was tendered the reward of a decorative medal for gallant services
in the field of battle, and was appointed to an important position in
the revenue department, which he held for thirty-five years. Dr.
Engert spent her earlier school days in Bexbach, Bavaria, where
her father was then stationed, until eleven years of age, when she
went to Augsburg, and remained three years. At the expiration of
that time she returned to Zweibrucken and finished her education
under private instruction, attaining unusual proficiency in music,
painting, drawing and all of the modern languages. During her
nineteenth year, her mother died, and after a stay of one year in
Hamburg, the daughter came to this country and resided with Cap-
tain Indest, of the Department of the Interior, at St. Louis, where
she remained nearly two years. She then became the wife of Se-
bastian Engert, a well-to-do dealer in artists' materials, of St. Louis.
At the breaking out of the Rebellion, Mr. Engert took an active
part in preventing the control of St. Louis from passing into the
hands of the Confederates and was appointed quartermaster in
General Sigel's army. Mrs. Engert then turned her attention to
the study of medicine and the natural sciences under the instruction
of Dr. Louis liernais of St. Louis. In 1862, she went to Europe,
where she pursued her studies one year in the University of Wurt-
berg, Bavaria, and attended the lectures of Professor Scanzoni, a
physician of great reputation, after which she returned to this city,
and matriculated in the Woman's Medical College. She took her
degree as Doctor of Medicine from that institution in 1873, and has
since been engaged in active practice. She was appointed visiting
surgeon to the Woman's Hospital and clinical lecturer for the Col-
lege, which position she resigned, in 1876, on account of her going
to Europe. In 1881, she was appointed visiting physician to the
Home for Incurables, a position which she holds now. She is a mem-
ber of the State and Chicago medical societies.
ST. LUKE'S FREE HOSPITAL. — This hospital is
under the exclusive control of the Episcopal Church,
but ministers to the poor and afflicted of all creeds and
nationalities. It is governed by a board of twelve trus-
tees, who are selected from the three divisions of the
city, four of whom must be clergymen.
In 1879, the institution was re-organized under the
general law of this State, and it was determined to erect
a new building with enlarged accommodations and
facilities, one hundred feet of ground adjoining the
property being donated for this purpose by N. K. Fair-
bank. The building was completed and occupied on
January 29, 1885. It is four stories in height, contains
one hundred and sixty-two rooms, and can accommo-
date one hundred and twenty-two patients. The cost
of the building was $152,717. Contrbutions amounting
to over $20,000 were made to furnish the new building.
There are five endowed beds, each endowment amount-
ing to $4,000, and thirty beds supported by different
individuals, whose names they bear. Pay-patients'
rooms are furnished in handsome style, with every com-
fort and convenience, and were given as memorials by
different friends of the institution.
Dr. Locke is the moving spirit in this charitable
enterprise. He has been ably seconded in the financial
department by Mr. and Mrs. N. K. Fairbank, Elijah
Hubbard, John DeKoven, and other members of the
Episcopal Church.
Since the re-organization in 1879, the officers, trus-
tees, and directors have been as follows, the year at the
S22
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
end of the name indicating the termination of official
service :
Trustees : Rev. Clinton Locke, D.D., president and chaplain ;
E. K. Hubbard, secretary ; X. K. Fairbank, treasurer ; J. \V.
Doane, Rev. T. N. Morrison, Jr., W. K. Ackerman, Alexander
Leith (1882). ('.. II. Webster, E. C. Lamed (iSSi), Leslie Carter,
Rev. Fred Courtney (iSSi). Arthur Ryerson, Rev. William H.
Vibbert. \V. C,. Ilibbard (1880), Rev. Robert Holland (1882), Rev.
Louis S. Osborne, John A. Grier (1884), George A. Armour, II.
K. Sargent.
Medical Roard: John E. Owens, G. M. Chamberlain, M. O.
Iltydock (1880), I. N. Danforth, S. J. Jones, H. A. lohnson.
' Hoard of Directors : .Mrs. O. M. Sheldon (1882), Mrs. H. E.
Sargent, Mrs. James Parsons (1880), Mrs. H. IX Oakley, Mrs.
Orson Smith, Mrs. M. Andrews, Mrs. \V. \V. \Vatkins, Mrs. James
Ryerson (1880), Mrs. X. K. Fairbank, Mrs. Edward Simmons
(1882), Mrs. Kvans Walker, Mrs. S. M. Banks, Mrs. W. M. Tudd,
Mrs. C. II. P.ixby (1882), Mrs. C. E. Crandall, Mrs. H. K. Whit-
ton (secretary), Mrs. N. P. |udd (1880), Mrs. H. O. Stone, Mrs.
I. K. Edsall, Mrs. T. L. Forrest (1882), Mrs. A. Brooks (1883),
Miss F. Shorfenburg (1880), Miss G. English (1883), Miss Eliza
Shipman (1884), Miss L. lilackwell.
Acting chaplains : Rev. W. E. Phillips (1883), Rev. George
Todd.
Superintendent at the hospital, O. E. Harden.
The operations of the hospital are shown by the fol-
lowing table :
The Presbyterian Hospital admits the sick and
injured without distinction of race, color or creed. It
is intended to make it mainly a charitable institution,
by the endowment of free beds. However, owing to
the fact that there are a large number of private rooms,
pay-patients are received at reasonable rates, and this
enables a large class of private patients to procure such
professional attendance as can not be secured at hotels
and, oftentimes, at private residences.
OFFICERS AND MANAGERS.
President: D. K. Pearsons, 1883-84; S. M. Moore, 1884-85;
D. K. Pearsons, 1885-86.
Vice-president : C. M. Henderson, 1883-84 ; R. C. Hamill,
1884-86.
Treasurer: George W. Hale, 1883-86.
Corresponding Secretary : C. H. McMcCormick, Jr., 1883-86.
Recording Secretary: W. A. Douglass, 1883-86.
MANAGERS. — Class of iSSj: Nathan Corwith, H. W. King,
Henry Waller, J. M. Horton, C. M. Henderson, W. H. Murray.
Class of rSS6: William Blair, R. C. Hamill, Tuthill King, Willis G.
Craig, D.D., H. M. Lyman, D. K. Pearsons. Class of 1887: H.
J. Willing, J. B. Drake, S. W. Rawson, Jacob Beidler, Joseph P.
Ross, G. W. Hale. Class of 1888: Cyrus H. McCormick, Jr., W.
A. Douglass, Thomas Kane, George M. Bogue, Thomas E. Green,
W. C. Gray. Class of t88g: I. P. Rumsey, Perry H. Smith, Jr.,
Thomas Dent, Thomas Hood, H. M. Sherwood. Ex ojficio: John
Year ending October i.
'875-
1876.
i877.
l878.
1879-
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
No. of patients remaining
Admitted during the year
No. of births
27
254
10
34
244
28
279
IT
32
36
8
44
279
14
35
25<J
17
45
344
27
40
345
27
36
403
33
44
344
17
34
530
26
No. of deaths
No. discharged .
19
225
17
216
23
252
18
206
16
272
31
2IO
27
3°5
34
299
35
360
36
354
45
462
Remaining October i . - -
Dispensary patients
25
599
23
43°
32
321
44
*>333
35
QOO
45
1,441
40
1,167
36
1,252
44
1,372
34
1,387
57
1,232
Total treated .
860
7 SO
628
I C7i
I 22^
i 727
I *^O
JiG33
1,844
1,775
1,882
So 185
Si 1 c 17
§i i 044
1 J
sio zii
8ll 6o7
$17 082
§)I7 2-1^
$16 290
Si6 600
$27 278
The reports from 1872 to 1875 can not be obtained,
except that the number admitted during those three
years averaged 282, and the number remaining in the
Hospital averaged 28.
Of the five hundred and eighty c?.ses treated in 1885, two hun-
dred and twenty-seven were medical, two hundred and sixteen
surgical, forty-five gynecological, sixty-one obstetrical, eleven eye
and ear, and twenty others ; one hundred and ninety-one were
Roman Catholics, ninety-six Episcopalians, sixty-five Lutherans,
fifty-seven Methodists, thirty-seven Presbyterians, fifteen Baptists,
three Universalists, four Jews, two Unitarians, and twenty-three
unknown ; two hundred and sixty-three were natives of the United
States, and three hundred and seventeen foreigners.
THE PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL. — A number of phil-
anthropic citizens having become satisfied that there
was great need for more hospital accommodations in
the city, especially among its Protestant population,
obtained a charter from the Secretary of State for the
organization of the Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago,
on July 28, 1883. The first meeting of the managers
was held at the Grand Pacific Hotel, on December 13,
when the organization was effected, and it was resolved
to take the necessary steps to secure a hospital-building.
At a subsequent meeting, a proposition from Rush
Medical College was accepted, to deed ground to the
managers, on which a building was erected at an expense
of $25,000. Plans for a modern and improved hospital
were adopted. Not having sufficient funds to erect the
entire hospital-building, the managers finished the build-
ing which fronts on South Wood Street, and will con-
stitute the rear of the main structure, which will front
on West Congress Street. The present building
contains eighty beds, but these are entirely inadequate
for the needs of the hospital. The main 'hospital will
soon be erected.
H. Barrows, D.D., A. E. Kittredge, D.D., Rev. M. \V. Stryker,
Rev. S. J. McPherson, Herrick Johnson, D.D.
Medical superintendent and 'financial 'secretary: H. P>. Stehman,
M.D.
MEDICAL BOARD. — Attending physicians: Joseph P. Ross, H.
M. Lyman, Norman Bridge, E. P. Davis, W. G. Clarke.
Attending surgeons: Moses Gunn, D. W. Graham, C. T.
Parkes, E. W. Whitney.
Attending ophthalmic and aural surgeons: E. L. Holmes,
Lyman Ware.
Attending gynecologists: James II. Etheridge, Philip Adolphus,
H. P. Merriman.
Attending p/tysiciaits for diseases of children and accoucheurs:
DeLaskie Miller, J. Suydam Knox.
Attending physicians for skin diseases: J. Kevins Hyde, R. I>.
MacArthur.
Attending physician for diseases of the throat: J. A. Robinson.
Internes: Drs. H. W, Sheldon and Alice Mitchell. Externes:
Drs. W. B. Marcusshon and A. E. Kauffman. Curator, Dr. French
Moore. Clerk, E. J. Mellish. Matron, Mrs. R. E. Story.
FIRST DETAILED REPORT, TO MARCH 31, 1885.
Patients admitted during the year. 241
Patients discharged during the year 203
Patients remaining April I. -- - 38
Patients discharged cured 109
Patients discharged improved.- - - 56
Patients discharged unimproved II
Patients died - II
Patients discharged for other causes 16
Daily average number of patients — 22
Kumber of births _ ._ 6
WARD GIJEKNK CI.ARKF. is the son of Ethan Ray and Mary
Elizabeth (Millerd) Clarke, and was born at Stafford, GeneseeCo.,
N. Y., on January 2, 1859, where he resided up to 1861. At that
time his parents removed to Clarence, and remained there until
1863. At the breaking out of the Civil War, his father entered the
Union army as chaplain, which necessitated the removal of the
family to Buffalo, N. Y., where Dr. Clarke attended school for
three years. Hudson City, N. J., was the next place of residence,
where a stay of twelve months was made. He then went to Ox-
MEDICAL HISTORY.
S23
ford, where he remained until 1870, after which he passed two years
at New Haven, Conn., attending school. Excessive study had im-
paired his health, and he was advised to abandon his studies for a
time. Not content to lead an idle existence, he went to Jersey
City and engaged in the grocery business as a clerk, an occupation
he followed for seven months. He passed the ensuing summer in
Rhode Island, and, in the fall of that year, went to New York
City and entered the principal grammar school there, graduating
in 1874. The following year he passed in travelling. On Septem-
ber i, 1876, he entered the College of the City of New York, where
he remained until he had entered upon his senior year. The resolve
to commence the study of medicine terminated, somewhat abruptly,
his connection with that institution before he had completed his
full collegiate course. In the fall of 1879, under the preceptorship
of Dr. E. W. Pyle, of Jersey City, he began the study of medi-
cine, which he continued until the close of the year. In May, 1880,
he came to Chicago, matriculated at Rush Medical College in Octo-
Board of Trustees : Rev. Erl Carlsson, Rev. M. C. Ranssen,
Rev. C. A. Evald, Rev. C. B. L. Boman, John Erlandes, C. W.
Smith, G. A. Bohman.
Hfedical Staff : Truman W. Miller, surgeon-in-chief ; John
H. Chew and P. M. Woodworth, attending physicians.
THE GERMAN HOSPITAL. — The German Hospital
was incorporated on December 17, 1873, and was
opened for the admission of patients on August 5, 1874.
It is located at No. 242 Lincoln Avenue, the use of the
building being given by F. F. Henning free of charge.
It is intended exclusively for Germans. Twelve patients
can be accommodated at one time. One hundred and
twenty-five were admitted and treated during the last
year. Patients not able to pay are treated as well as
MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL.
ber of that year, and graduated on February 22, 1882. In the
following July, he was appointed visiting physician for the north-
west district of Chicago, having acted in the capacity of substitute
for several months prior. About the same time he was elected to the
position of clinical assistant in the department of gynecology in the
Central Free Dispensary. On January I, 1883, he resigned both
offices, to accept the position of interne to Cook County Hospital,
completing his term of office on April I, 1884. Directly thereafter,
he entered upon a general practice. In August, he was appointed
to a position on the medical staff of the Presbyterian Hospital.
Dr. Clarke is a well-read gentlemen, engaging in manner and in
conversation.
AUGUSTANA HOSPITAL AND DEACONESS INSTI-
TUTE. — - This is a general hospital, which was estab-
lished in May, 1884, at No. 151 Lincoln Avenue, by the
Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church. It is under the
auspices and control of the Illinois Conference of the
Augustana Synod, of that denomination, which is a very
wealthy and influential body. It occupies at present a
double three-story and basement house, having a capac-
ity of twenty beds. Arrangements are being made,
however, which will doubtless be consummated, for the
erection of a fine hospital building on the ground now
occupied, capable of accommodating one hundred
patients. The training school for nurses, following
the plan of the noted hospital in Stockholm, will be
a marked feature of this one also.
those who can pay. This hospital starts out with such
encouraging prospects as to warrant the beginning of
a fund to purchase a lot and erect a building of its own.
Officers and Directors. — F. F. Henning, president : Henry
Metzger, vice-president ; John C. Burmeister, secretary ; John
Koenig, Charles G. Meyer, Max Eberhardt, directors.
Medical Staff. — Dr. George J. Schaller, house-physician and
surgeon ; Drs. C. Fenger, S. L. Jacobson, J. Schaller, consulting
physicians ; B. Bettmann, oculist and aurist ; Miss Louisa Schmidt,
matron.
GEORGE JOHN SCHALLER, M. D., son of Dr. John Schaller of
Chicago (a sketch of whose life appears in the second volume of
this work), was born on August 15, 1859. His father is a native
of Flomborn, Hesse-Darmstadt, and was one of the first German
physicians who located in this city, and his family is noted as pro-
ducing a long line of surgeons and physicians. He spent his boy-
hood days at home, and received private instruction until twelve
years old, and after four years in the public schools, attended the
I lyhrenfurth Business College two years, in the meantime pursuing
a special course in modern languages under Professor Funk. He
also received private lectures in Latin under Dr. Lowy. He then
engaged in the drug business with E. T. Schloetzer one year. Be-
ing prepared for a medical course, he matriculated in the Rush
Medical College, and attended the three years' course. He then
attended lectures and engaged in the hospital service of that insti-
tution nearly two years, and passed the State Board medical
examination, at Springfield, and upon his return took his degree as
Doctor of Medicine at Rush College, in 1881. After a few months'
practice in this city, he went to Europe, where he attended lectures
5^4
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
at the Heidelberg University. At Berlin he took a special course
of lectures from the celebrated Professor l.angenbeck, and worked
under the direction of Dr. Yirchow, the prominent pathologist.
In Vienna, he attended clinical lectures one term, and returned tu
( 'hieago, where he has since been engaged in active practice. The
doctor was appointed, in 1884, house physician to the
Chicago tierman Hospital, ami still holds that position.
THE M KHAKI, Ri KSK HOSPITAL. — The
United Hebrew Relief Association, whose ;
hospital was destroyed by the fire of 1871,
was not prepared to re-build until 1880,
when, having received a generous bequest
from the late Michael Reese, of $97,000, the
fund was used for this purpose. Michael
Reese lived many years in California, where
he accumulated millions. He died in Europe,
leaving many relatives in Chicago.
The hospital is located on the corner of
Twenty- ninth Street and Groveland 1'ark
Avenue. It is composed of a main central
building and two wings. It is built of brick,
is three stories high, and in all its appoint-
ments is one of the most complete hospitals
in the country. It is a Jewish institution,
but is open alike to Jew and Gentile. In its
management, the employes are selected with-
out reference to their religion, and there are
none of the Jewish faith among them at this
time. In connection with the hospital there
is a free dispensary for the benefit of the poor.
Officers eiiiti Exi-cittirc fioarj for 1885-86 (nearly all of whom
have been in service since 1882): Isaac Greensfelder, president ;
Charles II. Schwab, vice-president; Herman Schaffner, treasurer;
Joseph Pollak, financial secretary; Charles \V. Hol/heimer, record-
ing secretary; Henry I.. Frank, Max M. Gerstley, Herman V.
Ilahn, Abraham Hart, 1!. Kuppenheimer, Nathan Mayer, Jacob
Newman, Jacob Rosenberg, Joseph Schaffner, Joseph Spiegel,
trustees. K. Kiss, superintendent.
MfJical Staff: Drs. Michael Mannheimer, Ernst Schmidt,
Henry Banga, Henry Grable, James N. Hyde, Edwin J. Kuh.
The annual reports of this hospital are complete
and satisfactory. They are as follows :
II. A. Johnson, and James S. Jewell. Surgeons: Edmund An-
drews, E. \Vyllys.\ndrews. Midwifery and diseases of women:
E.C.Dudley, \V.\V.Jaggard, E. O. F. Roler. Kyu and ear;
H. M. Starkey. Oral and dental surgery: J. S. Marshall, Wal-
ter J. Kelley, Edwin S. Parker.
Year ending October i.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Patients remaining
Male patients admitted
Kemale patients admitted
86
121
Dismissed, recovered
•*j6
1 )ismi-sed, improved
I Hsmissed, unimproved
Died
Remaining
25
Jewish patients
it;8
J9
orQ
All others
128
199
Natives of ^nited States,
Foreigners
40
182
in
III
123
Pay patients. .
3°3
Charity patients
'SI
29-5
MKRCY HOSPITAL.— This is the oldest, as well as
the largest, private or denominational hospital in Chi-
cago. Its building, constructed on the best sanitary
principles, is arranged to accommodate comfortably
over two hundred patients. It is located on the corner
of Calumet Avenue and Twenty-sixth Street, on the
same block with the Chicago Medical College, in con-
nection with which there is a fine dispensary. The
thirty-four Sisters of Mercy who conduct this institu-
tion constitute a benevolent society, composed of gradu-
ates from St. Xavier's Academy. They perform all the
duties of nurses and management.
The Medical Department is in charge of the follow-
ing physicians :
N. S. Davis, J. II. Hollister, Lester Curtis, N. S. Davis, Jr.,
ALEXIAN BROTHERS HOSPITAL.
The following table covers the operations of the
institution for the past twelve years. The hospital is
self-sustaining.
Year.
Admitted.
•Discharged.
Died.
Uirths.
Remaining.
1873 -
I,4OO
1 , 2O2
61
4-1
1874
774
60 1
= T
1871;
646
CAl
28
60
1876
783
6^O
64
J.2
80
1877
868
710
48
1878
8";2
1879 ..
006
C7
l88o
003
780
s8
r6c
1881
063
824
6q
27
1882
1883
,090
, 1 06
870
880
40
Jl
25
21
i so
rgc
1884...
,107
1,048
47
50
1 60
ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL. — The Alexian Hos-
pital was entirely consumed by the fire of 1871. This,
with the loss of furniture and bedding, with no hope of
insurance money, was discouraging ; but the Brothers
resolved to erect a new building, on the site of the old
one, at once. Funds were collected from various
sources, the Chicago Relief and Aid Society contribu-
ting $18,000. In 1873, the new building was completed.
It is of brick, two stories in height, with large basement
of cut-stone, and mansard roof. It is conveniently ar-
ranged, with all the modern improvements, and has
room for over one hundred patients.
The order of Alexian Brothers is German, belonging
to the Roman Catholic Church. They devote their
lives to the nursing of the sick, caring for lunatics, and
the burial of the dead.
Patients are admitted to this hospital without refer-
ence to nationality or creed, — the poor always free of
charge. No women are admitted. In the dispensary,
however, both men and women are treated. No sala-
ries whatever are paid to any one connected with the
institution. For this reason the average daily cost of
each patient, last year, was only fifty-eight cents.
Arrangements have been made for the erection of a
wing on the south end of the main building in 1886.
MEDICAL HISTORY.
525
It is expected to cost about $40,000, and will increase
the capacity of the hospital to one hundred and fifty
patients.
The following is a list of the trustees, officers and
medical staff, the most of whom have been connected
with the hospital for several years :
Trust, ;-s : Stanislaus Schwiperich, president; Ignatius Min-
kenberg, vice-president ; Aloysius Schyns, secretary ; Anthony
Doid, treasurer.
Officers : Philip Krainer, rector ; lodocas Schiffer, assistant
rector; Martin Hienerring, chief warden ; Anthony Dold, Alexius
Oconski, Joseph Marx, Ambrosius Nussbaum, solicitors ; Alphons
Reis, druggist; Camillus Woelfel, bookkeeper; P. Kiefer, II.
Nasher, F. Mehring, X. Mehring, night clerks and engineers.
Medical Staff: Rud. Seiffert, M. Mannheimer, attending
physicians ; Ernst Schmidt, consulting physician ; A. J. Baxter,
ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL. — Since the completion of
this hospital building in 1871, and its occupancy in 1872,
many improvements have been made. The situation,
on Garfield Avenue, near Lincoln Park and Lake
Michigan, is admirable from a sanitary point of view,
as well as for being easy of access. Both males and
females are received as patients, about one hundred of
whom can be accommodated. The private rooms are
frescoed and comfortably furnished, and the entire
building is heated with steam. To the Sisters, who have
the care and management of this institution, the increas-
ing measure of its success and recognition is very grati-
fying and encouraging.
Medical staff: Moses Gunn and Charles T. Parkes, surgeons-
in-charge; E. L. Wadsworth, physician-in-charge; Dan R. Brower,
E. F. Ingals, George W. Reynolds, Robert Tilley, E. W. Whitney,
C. \V. Johnson, house surgeons; B. S. Palmer, dentist. Consult-
ing surgeons: W. G. Dyas, R. G. Bogue. Consulting physician:
J. Adams Allen.
The annual report shows the following results:
Year ending November i.
'873-
1874.
1875-
1876.
,877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Remaining*
41
27
24
35
23
26
35
37
61
= S
48
Admitted, males
211
150
149
219
95
98
no \
Admitted, females
217
IQ2
1 01
285
iqc
21 I
2 I ^ \
480
52O
533
495
509
466
160
284
J.22
2J.6
24.J.
266
J.I ^
•382
Died
32
25
24
24
:8
30
22
24
47
2S
38
07
2a
•1C
21
26
«e
•37
61
cS
48
Charity patients
138
103
96
189
148
140
75
276
1 14
ISO
icn
2(JO
2 an
247
•3IC
142
1 60
2^0
2.11
•jg-}
H. Hooper, F. Henrotin, F. C. Hotz, surgeons ; W. C. Hunt,
pathologist ; Otto L. Schmidt, resident physician.
The operations of the hospital are shown in the
accompanying table :
DESIRE QUIRIM SCHEPPERS, M.D., son of Charles Scheppers,
a Belgian officer of high birth, was born at St. Trond, Belgium, on
July 8, 1845. At an early period of his life, and upon the death of
his father, his mother came to this country, and resided at St.
Year ending December 31.
'873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
188=5.
Patients remaining
46
62
81
80
Patients admitted
338
384
829
"
Discharged cured -. .
276
-117
28*
Discharged improved
j.6
fie;
1 66
1 88
188
Discharged unimproved
66
Died
27
A8
86
" "
16
81
So
„
Single
277
656
781
Married
Widowers _ .
c I
88
68
Charity patients .
178
780
Pay patients (in full or part)
1 60
2IJ.
•3-2C
408
A21
JOHN JAMES THOMETZ, M. D., son of Michael and Mary
(Schedt) Thometz, was born in this city, on January I, 1860. His
early education was obtained at St. Francis School, where he re-
mained six years. At the close of his studies there, he entered the
Jesuit College in the classical course, remaining for six years, grad-
uating in 1878. After graduation he accepted the position as assist-
ant to the professor in the scientific department of his Alma Mater.
From the days of his boyhood his desire was to become a profes-
sional man. As he grew older, he inclined to the study of medicine,
and eventually concluded that as soon as circumstances would per-
mit, he would prepare himself for that profession. Following this,
he entered Rush Medical College, from whence he graduated on
February 21, 1882. Immediately he became associated, in the
capacity of house physician, with the Alexian Brother's Hospital, a
position he filled foreighteen months. He then resigned and, opening
an office, began the practice of his calling, in which he has been
successful. Dr. Thometz is essentially a practical man, well read
and liberal in his ideas. On November 24, 1884, at Chicago, he
was married to Lizzie Blickhan.
Marys, Penn., where he remained for two years, afterward remov-
ing to Bellefonte, Penn. In the following year he went to Cincin-
nati, where he continued in school two years, when he was sent to
St. Hyacinth, Canada. After the expiration of one year, he came
to this city, and entered the public schools. Having gone through
the high school, he determined to adopt the profession of medicine.
Matriculating in Rush Medical College in 1863, he took his degree
of Doctor of Medicine in 1866. After six years' experience as
house physician of the St. Joseph's Hospital, he engaged in general
practice, and with the exception of a few months' stay in Otis, Ind.,
immediately after the great fire in 1871, has resided in this city.
Dr. Scheppers was married, on April 5, 1877, to Miss Valentine
DePelgrom of Chicago, daughter of a prominent Belgian lawyer,
by whom he has two sons, Paul and Carlitto. The doctor takes
pride in having been a pupil of Dr. Daniel Brainard, one of our
earliest and most noted physicians. He is a member of the Chicago
Medical Society and several Catholic societies.
THE CHICAGO FLOATING HOSPITAL. — At the foot of
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
North Avenue, in Lincoln Park, a wooden pier runs out
from the shore about four hundred feet into the lake, and,
turning at right angles, is continued some three hundred
feet north. In 1876, the use of this pier was given to
the Floating Hospital Association, then organized. It
has for its object the sanitary improvement of women
and children, especially the latter, by providing fresh-
air excursions from the southern part of the city to this
point. The pier is well protected by strong railings; a
shelter-house has been erected; hammocks and cots, and
medical attendance, nurses and refreshments provided.
The attendance has been, each year, since 1876, from
eight thousand to sixteen thousand. The association is
supported by voluntary contributions. It is an important
factor in restoring the health and preserving the lives of
thousands every year. The boat runs daily, making
three round trips each day, except Saturdays and Sun-
days, during the months of July and August.
Officers: Hon. K. P. Derickson, now deceased, was the first
president; Hon. F. II. \Yinston was his successor; upon his resigna-
tion, General Joseph Stockton was elected president, and so con-
tinues. Dr. John V.. < >wvns was the first secretary, who, in 1877,
was smri-eded by Dr. C. L. Rutter, and he still occupies that
position.
Koani >'/' Direct, >:•>•: V. H. Winston, Joseph Stockton, T. F.
\Vitherow, L. J. Kadish, Marshall Field, John DeKoven, E. Adol-
completed in 1878. The value of the property is now
estimated to be $97,574.
The trustees, officers, and medical board since
1871-72, have been as follows, the date following any
name indicating the termination of service:
7'rit-</,',-s: E. W. lilatchford, president, 1875; Daniel Good-
win, Jr., president; B. W. Raymond, vice-president, 1875; J- T.
Kycrson, 1*75; 11. W. King, 1875; Daniel Goodwin, Jr., secretary,
1875; S. P. Sedgwick, secretary, 1877; Perry A. Armstrong, secre-
tary; J. C. Williams, 1877; William H. Fitch; E. B. McCagg,
treasurer, 1875; W. I. Culver, treasurer.
Consulting rurgems: J. W. Freer (1877), H. A. Johnson,
Edwin Powell (1877), Moses Gunn, Edmund Andrews. The above
named surgeons resigned in 1880, and that board was discontinued.
Attending surgeons: Edward L. Holmes, Edwin Powell (1874),
F. C. Ilotz, S. S. Jones (1880), I. N. Danforth (1875), Lyman
Ware, W. T. Montgomery.
Assistant siir^vims after 1877: Lyman Ware (1881), F. T.
Huse (1879), S. O. Richey (1879), W. T. Montgomery (1881), R
Park (iSSi), R. Tilley (1883), E. J. Gardner, F. C. Schaefer, A.
P. Gilmore, W. S. Ha'ines, B. Bettman, J. E. Colburn, I. E. Har-
per, S. S. Bishop, J. R. Kinley, J. E. Marshall, G. F. Hawley E
C. Abbott.
Superintendent: George Davenport (1883), Edgar C. Lawton.
Afatrati: Mrs. Davenport (1883), Mrs. H. R. Wilson.
Attending physician: I. N. Danforth. House-surgeon: G. E.
Rollins.
The operations of the institution since 1872 are
shown in the following table:
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Eye patients treated..
Ear patients treated
Boarded in infirmary .
'1 reated in dispensarv.
No. actually present
October i .. ..
840
IB?
880
161
168
857
836
176
163
849
995
180
1,337
266
300*
2,478*
1,34"
294
1,365
372
437*
2,940*
65
1,590
484
1,669
444
567*
3,620*
56
69
4±
$15,625
I,6l3
486
2,060
604
2,236
724
2,479
811
3,182
504
56
77
4f
Si5,7<>i
65
66
5f
$16,229
82
68
41
$18,001
89
79
7
$17.793
5,387
85
74
44
$17,586
"3
88
9
$17,626
Daily average of eye
patients-
Daily average of ear
patients-
Expenditures-)- _
835,053
$15,796
$9,387
$12,653
$12,840
8iS,479
*fror two years. tCurrent expenses, not including improvements or furniture.
phus, R. C. Hamill, J. H. Walker, J. N. Hyde, C. W. Earle, E.
F. Gaston, C. L. Rutter.
ILLINOIS CHARITABLE EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY. —
This infirmary was totally destroyed in the conflagration
of October 9, 1871. The value of the property was
nearly $18,000, .which had been mostly contributed by
friends in Chicago. Soon after this calamity, donations
were received in sufficient amounts to enable the secur-
ing of limited accommodations at No. 137 North Morgan
Street, and to receive and treat, without delay, a large
number of patients. Aid was received from Boston,
Brooklyn and various other places, including many towns
and counties in our own State. In 1872, the Chicago
Relief and Aid Society made a donation of $20,000,
from which a lot on the corner of Peoria and West
Adams streets was purchased for $18,000. Upon this
lot a new building for the institution was erected in 1874,
which cost $42,693; of which sum the State appropriated
$28,000, and the remainder was the accumulations of
several years' subscriptions, interest and donations.
The building is of brick, with stone trimmings, and can
accommodate over one hundred patients. It is remark-
ably well constructed, and excels in its arrangements, it
is said, that of any similar institution in the world. Be-
ing still insufficient in capacity to afford board and lodg-
ings to those entitled to its benefits, the Legislature, in
1877, appropriated $10,000 for the purchase of additional
ground, and $5,925 for the erection of a boiler-house,
kitchen, dispensary and operating room; which were
The dispensary is opened daily, and its work is
largely increasing. To obtain admission and free treat-
ment, applicants are required to make application, under
oath, that they are " in indigent circumstances, and
without means to defray expenses of board and medical
or surgical treatment," which affidavit must be accom-
panied by the certificate of the supervisor of his town,
or a county commissioner, to the effect that the appli-
cant's statement is true. No pay-patients have been
boarded in the infirmary since 1883.
JOSEPH ELLIOTT COLBURN, son of Alfred Reeves and Mary
Maria (Elliott) Colburn, who were married at Bombay, Franklin
Co., N. Y., in 1850, was born at Massena, St. Lawrence Co., N.
Y., in 1853. He began his education in the public schools of Mas-
sena, graduating from the high school, after which he associated
himself with the school as assistant teacher. He subsequently
taught a district school for a time, abandoning that vocation evenf-
ually to prepare himself for college. After a course of preparatory
study, he relinquished the idea of a college course, in lieu of which
he began, under the preceptorship of Dr. O. McFadden, of Mas-
sena, N. Y., the study of medicine. A year later, in 1873, he went
to Albany, N. Y., and entered the medical department of Union
University. After taking one course of lectures in that institution,
he associated himself, in the capacity of assistant, with I >r. C. 11.
Fisher, at Colton, N. Y., where he remained until he returned to
Albany, and re-entering Union University, graduated in 1877. Re-
turning to Colton, he practiced there for a while. At Canton, St.
Lawrence Co., N. Y., he next resided some three years, during
which time he hlled the position of coroner. A too close application
to his professional duties had impaired his health, and he tempora-
rily retired from active practice, and under the instruction of Dr
Peck devoted his time to the study of diseases of the eye and =ar
which he pursued during the winter of 1881-82. In the spring
MEDICAL HISTORY.
527
of 1883, he came to Chicago on a visit. After a short stay he went
home, but returned to Chicago, which he has since made his per-
manent location. He is associated in a professional capacity with
the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary as assistant surgeon,
and with the Eye and Ear I >epartment of the Central Free Dispen-
sary as surgeon. He is a member of the Society of Otology and
Ophthalmology and is assistant medical director of the Northwestern
Masonic Aid Association. Dr. Colburn is a gentleman of excep-
tional educational gifts, and a thorough physician, devoted to the
practice of his specialty. He is a great lover of art, and quite an
artist as well. On September 4, 1877, at Colton, NT. Y., he was
married to Lettie M. Ellis; they have had two children, both boys.
CHARLES FREDERICK SINCLAIR, Ph.B. M.D., son of David
and Sarah (Bryan) Sinclair, of Kingston, Ont., was born on July 7,
1851. He is of Scotch lineage and is descended, on the paternal
side, from the old and powerful family of that name in Caithness,
Scotland, and on the maternal, from the Rorisons of Dundee, a
family equally well known in Scotland. His boyhood days were
spent in Buffalo, N. Y. At the age of thirteen, he came to this
city and was engaged in mercantile life for several years. In 1871,
he began his preparation for the liberal ministry. In 1873,
he entered Harvard University, graduating in the class of
1877, with the degree of Ph.B. His stay in the ministry,
however, was of brief duration. In 1878, he again entered
Harvard University and devoted himself to the study of
medical science, receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine
in iSSr. He then went abroad, spending two years in the
hospitals of Paris, London, Vienna and Berlin, giving his
time wholly to the study of his chosen specialty, the eye and
the ear. During this time, Dr. Sinclair visited the clinics
and studied under the direction of many of the celebrated
surgeons of Europe, but especially under the preceptorship
of Professors Ferdinand Von Arlt and Adam Politzer, of
Vienna, the first the most celebrated ophthalmic surgeon in
Europe, and the latter the greatest authority in matters per-
taining to the ear. In 1884, Dr. Sinclair returned to this city
and began the practice of his profession. He confines him-
self strictly to the treatment of diseases of the eye and ear,
and is one of the most successful practitioners in the West.
He is a member of the Chicago Medical Association, of the
Ophthalmological and Otological Society of Chicago, and also
is surgeon to the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary.
GEORGE FULLER HAWLEY, M.D., son of Dr. George
Benjamin and Sophia Hawley, was born in Hartford, Conn.,
on February 16, 1844. 1 1 is father was the original projector
and founder of the Hartford Hospital, also of the Old Peo-
ple's Home, and was a distinguished physician of that city.
His grandfather, Dr. Silas W. Fuller, during the latter years
of his life, was superintendent of the Hartford Insane Asy-
lum. Dr. Hawley spent his school-boy days in his native
city until he arrived at the age of about seventeen, when he
entered Yale College. Upon leaving that institution, he
matriculated in the New York College of Physicians and Sur-
geons, and took his degree as Doctor of Medicine in 1868.
He then spent two years in the London and German hospi-
tals, where he finished his medical education, and returned
home. In 1873, he was appointed surgeon to the Hartford
Hospital. Shortly afterward he determined to limit his prac-
tice to the diseases of the throat, ear and nose. In order to
perfect himself in this branch of his profession,
he re-visited London and Germany, and became
the private assistant of Dr. Morell Mackenzie,
the celebrated English throat specialist. He
was appointed interne of the Throat and Chest
Hospital in London, and for nearly two years
was the assistant to Dr. E. Woakes, professor
of otology at the London hospital. In 1883,
he came to Chicago, where he has since been
actively engaged in the practice of his special-
ty, diseases of the throat, nose and ear. Dr.
Hawley has become quite well known in con-
nection with the 'Chicago Throat and Chest
Hospital and the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary.
Among other posts of distinction, he is well known as the editor
of the Department of Laryngology in the Western Medical Reporter.
THE MAURICE PORTER MEMORIAL HOSPITAL FOR
CHILDREN. — This hospital was established in May,
1882, by Mrs. Julia F. Porter, in memory of her son,
who died at twelve years of age. At first a dwelling
was occupied, having a capacity for only eight beds,
but ample grounds have since been purchased, and a
building erected, at a cost of over $20,000, with a
capacity for twenty beds. Mrs. Porter not only fur-
nished the funds for this purpose, but also pays the
yearly expenses of the institution. It is dedicated
exclusively to the free care and treatment of children
between the ages of three and thirteen. Those having
incurable or contagious diseases are not admitted.
Children suffering from chronic diseases,- injuries of
long standing, or deformities, may be admitted if there
is a prospect of permanent benefit, on the certificate of
the surgeon. The hospital is located at No. 606 Ful-
lerton Avenue.
Officers : Truman W. Miller, surgeon ; F. D. Porter, assist-
ant surgeon ; Genevieve Gilmore, superintendent.
THE CHICAGO MEDICAL SOCIETY. — This society is
a prominent feature in the medical history of Chicago.
Its members and the interest in its meetings have been
increasing every year since 1872. Its officers, from that
time to the present, have been as follows :
1872-73—0. C. Paoli, president ; V. L. Hurlbut, vice-presi-
dent ; W. E. Quine, secretary; S. C. Blake, treasurer.
1873-74 — W. G. Dyas, president ; V. L. Hurlbut, vice-presi-
dent; W. E. Quine, secretary; C. W. Earle, treasurer.
lS74-75 — W. E. Quine, president; G. C. Paoli, vice-president;
James H. Hutchinson, secretary; C. W. Earle, treasurer.
1875-76 — W. E. Clarke, president ; T. D. Fitch, vice-presi-
dent; D. W. Graham, secretary; C. W. Earle, treasurer.
1876-78 — E. Ingals, president; H. M. Lyman, vice-president;
D. W. Graham, secretary; C. W. Earle, treasurer.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
1879-80— E. Andrews, president; R. G. Bogue, vice-president;
I). \V. Graham, secret.uy: F. H. Davis, tre.i^
[880 8l— R. G. Bogue, president; I). \V. Graham, vice-presi-
dent; I.iston II. Montgomery, secretary (who lias been elected
every year since) ; F. H. Davis, treasurer.
1881-82 — E. Ingals, president; Mary II. Thompson, vice-
president; E. F. Ing.ils, treasurer (re-elected in 1883 and 1884).
\1 — J. H. Hollister, president; I). W. Graham, vice-
president.
1883-^4 — 1). W. Graham, president; R. G. Bogue, vice-
president.
[884-85— A. K. Steele, president; C. W. Purdy and C. F.
Fenn, first and second vice-presidents.
1885-86— Charles T. 1'aike-, president ; Charles W. Purdy
and James H. Etheridge, first and second vice-presidents; II. N.
Mover, treasurer. Committee on membership and business : G. C.
Paoli, E. F. Ingals, A. K. Steele. On library: F. C. llotz.
IN HIIMF.K MoNTdoMKKV, A.M., M.I), is a lineal de-
scendant of General Richard Montgomery, who was born in 1736,
and tell betore Quebec, during the Revolutionary War, in 1775,
and is the son of Dr. John Montgomery and Miss Harriet Newell
Willard, who were married on May 19, 1846. He was born in
McCutchenville, Wyandotte Co., Ohio, on August 21, 1848. When
he was six years of age, the family removed to Adrian, Ohio, where
he remained until he was ten ye.irsof age. Until 1863, he attended
the public schools and the Mt. Goliad High School, and then spent
two years at Heidelberg College, at Tiffin, Ohio. Early in 1864,
he enlisted in Co. " G," 1641!! Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and saw
active service in the Army of the Potomac, receiving an honorable
discharge at the close of the War. Returning home, he taught
school and was connected with the Pittsburgh i\: Fort Wayne and
the Pennsylvania railways until 1869,
when he turned his entire attention
to the study of medicine, and, in
September of that year, matriculated
in the Chicago Medical College, from
which lie graduated, with honors, on
March 14, 1871. After serving M
house-surgeon and senior rcM'lrn!
physician one year at the Mercy
Hospital, he began general practice
in this city. Dr. Montgomery is a
member of the American Medical Association, I Hindis Slate,
Chicago Medical, and Chicago Medico-Historical societies, ol
which two latter organizations he is secretary and diarist respec-
tively, and has so served for several years. He is also an active
member of the American Public Health Association, and of the
Sanitary Council of the Mississippi Valley. Besides attending to his
professional duties, he has contributed largely to various domestic
and foreign medical journals, and tills the office of medical inspec-
tor of the northwest division of the city, to which he was appointed
early in 1885. He is also a member of George II. Thomas Post,
No. 5, G.A.K. Dr. Montgomery was married to Mrs. I.ibbie
I.yke Cregier, daughter of Hon. John \V. I.yke, of Chicago, on
January 25, 1883. They have two children, — Enola Juniata and
Esther Harriet.
RANSOM DEXTER, A.M., M.D., LI,. I)., was born at Toronto,
Out., on May 18, 1831, and is the son of Rev. Ransom and Lydia
(Wilder) Dexter. His parents were natives of the United States,
and his grandfathers were both commissioned officers in the Ameri-
can Army during the Revolutionary War. His maternal ancestors
were French Huguenots, who settled with a small colony of that
order on this continent about 1640. His paternal side were Welch,
and emigrated to this country about the same time. He attended
the public schools until he was fourteen years of age,
and then received several years of tuition from the em-
inent Canadian scholar, Edmund Shepherd, taking
special interest in chemistry, physiology, anatomy, and
kindred sciences, frequently passing the greater part of
the night in reading the treatises of the best authors
upon these subjects. When he arrived at the age of
twenty, he travelled through the United States. Dur-
ing his travels he had with him a. good set of medical
books, and as soon as located would begin the pursuit
of his professional studies under the instruction of a
regular physician. At times he was a prescription
clerk in a drug store, at other times would teach. He
passed examinations in both city and country, and
never failed to receive a certificate of qualifications.
In addition to the common school branches, he taught
Latin, Greek, chemistry, physiology, philosophy, sur-
\ veying, the higher mathematics, etc. Thus, having
fully prepared himself for a collegiate course, he en-
tered the University of Michigan, and graduated as a
Doctor of Medicine, in 1862. He then located at
Berrien Springs, Mich., where he remained but a short
time, and then moved to Elkhart, Ind., and there
stayed until 1865, when he came to Chicago. In this
city, Dr. Dexter has become widely known for his
contributions to medical and scientific literature. The
influence of his pen has been felt in the cause of sev-
eral good works, notably in establishing statutory laws
for the Illinois State Board of Health, which he regards
as resulting in more good than any other single act of
his life. He is the author of a standard work, which
is used as a reference book in the public schools, enti-
tled " The Kingdoms of Nature." This work demon-
strates the " following of matter and force into vitality,
vitality into organization, and organization into the
various types of being, culminating in Man," and dis-
penses with those technical terms that render most sci-
entific works a " lucus a non lucendo " to the average
reader. It is most highly indorsed by the Chicago
journals and scientific and educational authorities,
and has stamped Dr. Dexter as an author of the very
highest order. The Chicago Tribune, in its review of
Dr. Dexter's book, after commending it most highly
says: "The last chapter, treating of the 'facial an-
gle,' is in facts, if not in words, the most eloquent
existing exposition of the relation between form and
function through the whole range of the vertebrate
" division of the animal kingdom." He is the founder,
MEDICAL HISTORY.
529
curator, and patron of the museum of the University of Chicago, and
to him is due the fine collection that institution at present possesses.
His private cabinet (one of the largest in versatility of typical speci-
mens in the West), has been freely given, the use of the collection hav-
ing been conceded as long as the University is in condition to need it.
lie is a physician, surgeon and scientist of national reputation, an
active and honored member of the Chicago Academy ot Sciences,
of the State Microscopical Society, of the Chicago Medical Society.
and of the American Medical Association ; he was, also, a member
of the Chicago Medico-Historical Society and of the Chicago Philo-
sophical Society. He belongs to Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T.
In 1871, I >r. Dexter was appointed lecturer on comparative anatomy
in the University of Chicago, retaining that chair one year, when
he was elected professor <>f /oology, comparative and human
anatomy and physiology, in the same University. This chair he
Idle. I acceptably to the trustees, pupils, and friends of the Uni-
versity until 1882, when he resigned, in consequence of the con-
stantly increasing demands upon his time, resulting from the
growth of his medical practice. Dr. Dexter is frequently
called upon to consult with physicians and surgeons, some-
times at long distances from Chicago. Within the last twelve
years he has twice been employed to go to New York City, to
consult with eminent physicians, and has once gone to the
interior of the State of Nebraska for the same purpose. He-
has declined to accept professorships in several different med-
ical colleges. 1 >r. I )exter was married, in 1859, to Miss Lu-
cinda Webster, and has one child, Lydia Aurelia, who gradu-
ated, with honors, in the classical course, from the University
of Chicago, in June, 1884.
Dus. THOMAS A. and I. N. LII.LY were born in Wilson
County, Ky., in the the year iS',y and 1840 respectively.
They are descended from an old and well-known family, dis-
tinguished in the early history of Kentucky and Maryland,
from which latter State the forefathers of the present Lilly's
emigrated. Dr. Thomas A. I, ill}' graduated at the Medical
School of Louisville, in 1862, and Dr. I. N. Lilly at the Ken-
tucky School of Medicine, in 1863. Both established them-
selves in Chicago early in the "sixties." and engaged in the
practice of medicine. They have continued together ever
since, and have attained to a wide and lucrative practice, being
regarded as eminently safe and skillful physicians and as gen-
tlemen of high character. Dr. Thomas A. Lilly married,
in 187(1. Miss Mary Riordan. sister to Most Rev. P. W. Ki-
ordau, archbishop of San Francisco, and Rev. I). J. Riordan,
rector of St. Elizabeth's Church, Chicago.
JOHN FAfi.KXKK HOPKINS, sou of General Timothy
Soverel and Mary Ann (Kerr) Hopkins, was born in Lrie
County, N. Y., on December 4, 1828, and is a descendant of
an old and somewhat prominent New Kngland family of
Puritan extraction. His early and subsequent education was
obtained in New York State. In 1849, he graduated from the
State Normal School at Albany; he was then a school teacher
for several years. His lines not having been cast in places
sufficiently pleasant to meet with his unqualified approval, he
determined, if possible, to better his lot. After due deliber-
ation as to what means to employ to consummate his purpose,
he concluded to give the subject of medicine his attention,
confident that the labors attendant upon that profession were
more in consonance with his ambitious temperament. lie
came to this citv in 1858, and placed himself under the in-
struction of Professor N. S. Davis. Previous to that, how-
ever, he had already prepared himself for his chosen pro-
fession by attending two courses at other colleges. He
entered the Chicago Medical College, from which institution
he graduated in the winter of 1859-60. As soon thereafter
as circumstances would permit, he entered upon the practice
of his profession here, which he successfully continued until the
latter part of 1862, at which time he was induced to locate
at Oeononiowoc, Wis. In a measure the change proved ben-
eficial, lie immediately succeeded in establishing himself in
the confidence of the citizens at that place, and obtained a
large and lucrative practice. In 1882. he returned to this city,
since which time he has been engaged in the active anil successful
practice of his profession in Chicago. Dr. Hopkins is a gentleman
of education, a man of broad and charitable ideas, liberally sup-
plied with that necessary adjunct, common sense. He is entertain-
ing in conversation and a professional man of experience. .He is a
member of the Illinois State Medical Society, and of the American
Medical Association. On June 21, iSd^, at Chicago, he was mar-
ried to Elizabeth M. Woodcock, a native of Maine. They have
had four children, — Forest, Mary I.., Kli/abeth (deceased) and
Glenn A. Dr. Hopkins and family are members of the Congre-
gational Church.
DANIKL GKMVI. \lo OKI,., son of Oliver II. P. and Catherine
( \gyi Moore, was born iu Illinois City, 111., on [anuary 19, 1844.
0 his eighteenth year he resided and obtained his early educa-
34
tion in his native place. In 1862, he enlisted in the Army and was
assigned to Co. " H," I26th Illinois Infantry, and followed the for-
tunes of his command until the close of the War, being at the siege
of Yicksbnrg, the battles of Clarendon, Little Rock, Jackson, Tenn.,
and ISatesville, Ark. On August 12, 1865, he was mustered out of
the service at Springfield, III. Returning to Illinois City, he
entered a select school, where he pursued his studies for one year.
Having obtained an average education, he assumed the role of
teacher, which he followed for seven years in the immediate vicin-
ity of his home. When he was in his seventeenth year he began
the study of medicine. During his term of service in the army and
throughout the period of his position as school teacher, he contin-
ued his studies with the view of entering upon a course of medical
instruction as soon as his limited circumstances would permit. In
1868, he attended the Illinois Soldiers' College at Fulton, and grad-
uated from the literary department. ( In April 28, 1874, he came
to this city and entered the insane asylum at Jefferson, as an attend-
ant, where he remained continuously for three years. In 1876, he
matriculated in Rush Medical College, graduating in the winter of
1878, after which he entered at once upon the duties of his profes-
sion, in which he has been most successful. He is a member of
Union Lodge, No. g, I.O.O.F. ; Court Industry, No. 22, I.O.F.,
and high medical examiner of that body; he is also a member of
D. C, Cregier Lodge, No. 652, A.F. & A.M. On October 8, 1884,
at Palmyra, \\ is., he was married to Mary E. Radell.
Rrrrs II. UAKTI.KTT was born at Morris, III., in 1855, and,
until seventeen years of age, he lived the life of a farmer. In 1872,
he entered the Morris Classical Institute, and later finished his lit-
erary studies at Rock River Seminary. In 1876, he came to Chi-
cago, and accepted a position as clerk in A. C. Bell's drug store,
where he earned the money with which to pursue the study of med-
icine at Rush Medical College, where he graduated, with honors,
in the sprjng of 1879, and began at once the practice of his profes-
sion. In July, 1880, Dr. P.artlett was elected by the executive com-
mittee of the Central Free Dispensary to be visiting physician for
the West Division, and during the following nine months he visited
and treated nearly two thousand of Chicago's sick poor, earning for
himself such a reputation as won him, at once, the large and paying
practice which justly entitles him to stand in the front ranks with
the city's best physicians. Dr. liartlett is a member of the Chicago
HISTORY OK CHICAGO
Medical Society, and is medical examiner for the Royal Arcanum,
Alpha Council of the Royal League, and Crescent Council of the
1 [nme Circle. His influence isimi only felt in his chosen profes-
sion, but lir ha-. cars worked for tin- inlcrc-t and success
of the First Regiment Illinois National Guards, and was commis-
sioned by ( iovernor Cullom a- lieutenant of Co. " 1', ' and again
honored when unanimously elected secretary of the board of offii
in which position lie served with credit to himself ami the regiment.
1I<>N"KK |)i|.;i DONM' Vu.is, M.D., -<,n of Anloinc and
Sophie I.. Valin, of St. Cesaire, Canada, was born on February 6,
ill- parents moved to Fly, Shefford Co., in re' he
attended the public schools, both Fnglish and French, until eleven
lie then attended the St. Mary's College of Marie-
ville scicn yean, graduating in 1876. Shortly after his gradu-
ation he went to Fnosburg Falls, Franklin Co.. Vt., where he began
the -tndy of medicine under the guidance of Dr. K. \V. Ilutchin-
son. meniber of the Vermont Legislature, with whom he remained
three years. In 1878. he matriculated in the medical department of
the University of Vermont, at IHirlington, taking his degree as
Doctor of Medicine in 1870,. He then took a post-graduate course,
which he finished in the following year, and, in Inly, located in
this city, where he ha- since remained, lie was married on Novem-
ber 25, isso, to Mi— Florentine David, of Montreal, who died in
Fchiuary. i--i. I in November.), i -Si. he was married to Mi-s
\Vilhelmina Wiesc, of Milwaukee, by whom he has one daughter,
Kulalia, and a son, Ilonore \V. Dr. Valin is a member of the
can Medical Association, also of the Chicago Medical. Patho-
Transcendental."
MMII.ON llrivmxsoN, M. D., son of John P. and Mary Jones
Mil) Hutciiinson, was born in Philadelphia, on August 30,
[858. A portion of his early education was obtained in the public
•!s of Philadelphia. In the early part of |8<>S, IK- went with
his parents to Dixon, 111., at which place, during the four years of
his residence, he attended the public school. In 1872, he went
to \Ve-=t Chester. I'eiin., and entered a boarding school, remaining
there one year, after which he was sent to Amiover, Mass., where
he became a student in Phillips Academy. At the termination of
his academic career, one year later, he entered Harvard College,
taking a classical course, and graduating in 1871). He then turned
his attention to the study of medicine, which he had read under the
instruction of Dr. C. C. Hunt, of Dixon, 111. When scarcely more
than a child, he had evinced a decided inclination for the profession
i>f medicine. For the purpose of furthering the resolves of his
younger days, directly upon leaving Harvard, he went to New York
City, and entered Bellevue Medical College, from which he grad-
uated in 1881. He then came to this city, and entered at once
upon the practice of his profession. After devoting some time to a
general practice, he relinquished it and gave his entire attention to
the study and practice of dermatology. 1 >r. Ilutchinson is a well-
read gentleman, an entertaining conversationalist, and a thorough
physician. He is connected with the Home for Incurables, in this
city, as visiting physician, and is medical examiner for the Masonic
Benevolent Society. He is a member of the Chicago Medical
Society and of the Union Club. On December 20, 1883, at Dixon,
111., he was married to Arcadia Cumins.
I'mui- PATRICK HENRY CRONIN, Ph. B., A.M., M.D., is the
son and youngest of fifteen children of John Gregg ami Margret
Kepple (O'Hanlon) Cronin, and was born" near the town of Mallow
County Cork, Ireland, in 1846. One year later, his parents emi-
grated to this country, and directly after their arrival at New York
they went to Baltimore, Md. Shortly after a return was made
to New York City, where Philip remained until in his tenth year,
attending White's School, a private institution. In 1856. he went
to St. Catherines, Ont., making that his place of residence during
the ensuing seven years, during which time he took the decree of
A B in the Christian Brothers' Academy. In 1863. he went to
IVnn., where he engaged in the drug business anil taught
school, a. dual occupation which he followed until 1865, when he
ted at Petroleum City, IVnn.. and taught school during the
winter ol that year. In the following spring he accepted a position
at I itusville, Penn. In 1866, thinking to better his condition he
to ' learfield, and, securing a position in a general store
remained there until 1868. The latter part of that year found him
in St. Lot,,-, whither he had gone for the purpose of devoting a
portion of his time and attention to the study of medicine. Shortly
after In- arrival at St. Louis, he engaged in the drug business and
In- medical studies. In i>74. he entered the St. Louis Col-
Oj Pharmacy and the Missouri Medical College graduatin"
from the latter institution in 1878. The next day after his grad-
uation, he was appointed United States Commissioner to the Paris
Exposition. The ensuing twelve months were passed abroad The
numerous medical colleges and hospitals at Dublin Glasgow
Geneva, and Rome were visited, where he gathered much valuable
information appertaining to his profession. While in Home, he
had the distinguished honor of a private interview with Pojn 1 to
XIII. In the spring <•( 1-71). he returned to St. Louis, and le-iyned
his interest in his drug business, to accept the piole-sorship of
maicria mcdica and therapeutics in the St. Louis College of Physi-
cian- and Surgeons. In 1880-81, he pursued his studies in the
le-uit University of St. Louis, receiving the degrees of A.M. and
Ph. 11. 1 Hiring this period, he was one of the live physicians inter-
c-tc'd in the inception and establishment of the St. Louis Free
Dispensary, in which institution lie was given charge of the depart-
ment of diseases of the ear, throat ami chest. In I>82, during a
vi-it to this city. Dr. Cronin was influenced bv friends and a desire
for a change of location to make Chicago his home. In November
of that year, he became a re-ident of this city. In the fall of 1884,
he was made one of the staff of physicians at C'ook County I lospital.
The following spring he was elected State medical examiner for the
Ancient Older of Hibernians, and surgeon of the 1st Regiment
Hibernian Rilles. He is commander of the Knight- of St. Patrick.
MAIIIFW M \RI.\ l.dfis IlfTcHiNsoN, son of James and Maria
(Browner) Ilutchinson, who were married in Ireland, was born at
New Ross, \\e.\ford Co., Ireland. When old enough to begin his
education, he was sent to Dublin, where he entered The French
College. Black Rock, and obtained a thorough classical education
during the live year- of study there. A born scientist, his thoughts
naturally took a scientific turn at an early age, at which time he
conceived the idea of adopting the profession of medicine. Ac-
cordingly, at the conclusion of his- college career at Dublin, he en-
tered Ihe Catholic University at that place, where he matriculated
lor Ihe Royal College of Surgeons in Dublin, from which institu-
tion he graduated, with degree of Surgeon, in 1881. Immediately
thereafter he entered the King and Onsen's College of Physicians
at Dublin, and graduated with the degree of Physician, and -non
after also expert in midwifery, from that institute of learning, in the
college year of 1882-83. Shortly after his latter graduation, he
practiced in the capacity of Government officer, in the district of
Dysertmoon, Kilkenny, Ireland, an office which he tilled until the
ensuing year. Desirous of bcncliting by the observation and -tudy
that a sojourn in London, Mug. .and Paris, France, would afford him,
he, in 1863, visited the places named and devoted the short time of
his sojourn to the purposes that had dictated the visit. In the latter
part of 1883, he emigrated to this country, coming directly to Chi-
cago, where he began the practice of his profession. Dr. Hutchin-
son is a scholarly gentleman of no inconsiderable attainments, both
as regards his prolession and knowledge in general. Prior to his
leaving F.ngland, he was elected a member of the British Medical
A—ociation. He is a member of the Chicago Medical Association.
P.U'l. CIIKISTKN JENSEN, son of Christen and Mary (Paulsen)
Jensen, was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on April 7/1855. His
educational training, up to his thirteenth year, was confined to the
public institutions of Denmark. He early gave promise of more
than average mental ability, and evinced a desire for a professional
life. About 1866, with his parents he emigrated to this country,
locating in Albeit Lea, Minn. There he obtained a further educa-
tion, under the instruction of a country school-master. \Vinnebago,
Minn., was his next residence, where he remained about a year;
from thence he went to Pilot Grove, Faribault Co., Minn. After
a short residence there he returned to Albert Lea, and entered a drug
store as an apprentice, in which capacity he served four years. In
1877, he went to Ann Arbor, Mich., and entered the Pharmaceuti-
cal Department of the University of Michigan, from which institu-
tion he received the degree of Ph. C. in 1879. He then returned
to Albert Lea, and, engaging in the drug business, began, in con-
junction with that vocation, the study of medicine. Eight months
later he returned to Ann Arbor and entered the Medical Depart-
ment of (he I' Diversity, graduating in 1882, with the degree of M.I ).
He located in Albert Lea, and began the practice of his profession.
The manifold duties attendant upon the lot of a country physician
proving too severe, he determined upon a change of location, and,
in the fall of 1883, he came to this city. Dr. Jensen is a gentleman
of literary ability. I luring his pharmaceutical college days, he com-
piled a valuable work on chemistry. He is a scientist as well as a.
physician. During the last year of his residence in Albert Lea, he
was elected to the office of coroner, a position which he held until
his departure for Chicago, He is a member of the Illinois State
Medical, the Chicago Medical and the Chicago Pathological societies,
of Danmark Lodge, No. 112, K. of P., Court Acme, No. 55, I.O.F.,
Castle Mars, No. 233, K.G.R. He is medical examiner for the
Society of the Danish Brotherhood and the K.G.R.
CHARLES JOSEPH Mi INTVRK, son of William and Maria Goudy,
who were married at Brooklyn, Ont., in 1848, was born at that
place on April 27, 1858. The' first fourteen years of his life were
pa—ed at his birthplace, where he attended the public school. In
1872, he went to Port Perry, Ont., and became a pupil in the high
school, where he took a four years' classical course. In 1877, for
six months, he attended the Normal School, at ( Htawa, Canada.
He then went to Liskadall, Canada, and entered upon the duties
MEDICAL HISTORY.
5.51
of school-teacher, a vocation which he pursued until 1879. 'he
study of medicine having attracted his attention some time previous,
he determined, in the spring of 1879, to enter upon a course of med-
ical instruction. Accordingly, so soon as circumstances would per-
mit, he went to Toronto, and entered the Medical Department of
Trinity University. In 1883, the degree of M.15. was conferred
upon him; the following year he was made the recipient of the de-
grees of M.I), and C.M. Directly after his graduation, he com-
menced the practice of his profession in the Province of Ontario,
Canada, which he continued until the fall of 1884, when he came to
Chicago and established himself as a practitioner of medicine. He
is a member of Prince Albert Lodge, No. 183, A.K. \- A.M., of
Port Perry, Ont., and of the Canadian- American Society of Chicago.
VixcKN'T IlAir.HT, M.I)., the oldest of the children of Squire
and Margaret llaight, of Peekskill, N. V., was born on July 9,
1855. He spent his earlier years attending the Peekskill schools,
and then entered the Academy at Claverack, where he remained
until seventeen yearsof age, and graduated. He attended the Syra-
cuse University two years, at the expiration of which time he re-
turned home and was engaged in business with his father two years.
Having determined to make the medical profession his calling in
life, he placed himself under the preceptorship of Dr. Charles Ma-
son, a prominent physician of Peekskill, and was with him two
years and assisted him in his practice, more especially in attending
the county poor, as Dr. Mason was the county physician. He
then matriculated in the Bellevue Medical College, New York, and
at the same time studied under the tuition of Dr. J. \V. Howe, and,
in i jv>, took his degree as Doctor of Medicine. In a competitive
examination he received the appointment as interne to the hospital
of Blackwell's Island, and lilted that position nearly iwo years. In
the fall of 1881, he came to this city and has since been engaged in
active practice. Dr. llaight was married on January 23, 1883, to
Miss Hattie, daughter of Charles I,. Bigelow, and grand-daughter
of the late H. \V. Bigelow, who was prominently connected with the
interests of Chicago since 1838, and was one of her most respected
citizens. The doctor is a member of the Chicago Pathological So-
ciety. He is also a member of the K. of II. and of the United
Workmen, and is medical examiner to the order.
CIIAKI.KS FKKDRIC- NORTH is the son of Henry and Mary
Elizabeth North, and was^ born at New Britain, Conn., on April
24, 1854. The greater portion of his early life was spent at his
birthplace, where he attended school and prepared for a college
course at Vale, which he had decided upon. In 1874, a combina-
tion nf circumstances induced him to give up the idea of entering
\ ale. and he made a trip to Kurope, where he passed two years on
the continent, visiting places of historic interest. Returning, in
1876, he spent a short time at his native place, and then went to
St. Louis, where he remained two years. During his residence at
St. Louis, he conceived the idea of studying medicine. Believing
that Europe offered better facilities for the study of the science than
could be obtained at home, he sailed for Germany, where he entered
the Kaiser Wilhelm University at Strasburg, and pursued his studies
during the winter of 1879-80. Leaving Strasburg, he went to
Leipsic, and became a student in the University at that place, where
he remained through four terms. One term was subsequently taken
at the University of Greifswald ; following which, he returned to
the University of Leipsic and completed his studies in three terms,
graduating in March, 1884. Immediately after his graduation, he-
entered the German University at Prague, taking a course of special
lectures. In the summer of 1884, he sailed for America. After a
short visit to his former home, he came to Chicago, and began the
practice of the profession, to the study of which he had devoted five
years in foreign schools. Though one of the youngest of the med-
ical practitioners in Chicago, he ranks high in his profession, in
addition to which he is a scholar of more than ordinary attainments.
( )n April 5, 1884, at Leipsic, Germany, he was married to Eliza-
beth Clara Kunz, of that city.
DKNIS COLI.INS is the son of Timothy and Julia (O'Sullivan)
Collins, and was born at Derishal, in County Cork, Ireland, on Oc-
tober 17, 1852. His early education was obtained from a private
tutor. In 1860, he went to Cork, and entered Queen's College,
where he pursued his studies for two years. Returning to Derishal,
he there passed the ensuing seven years. In 1877, he emigrated to
this country. Locating in the East, he entered the University of
the City of New York, and began a course of medical studies,
graduating in 1880. Directly thereafter he entered the Charity
Hospital, in that city, where he remained for eight months. At the
close of that period, he became associated with the Lunatic Asylum
on Blackwell's Island. After a service there of nine months, he was
transferred to the Insane Asylum on Hart's Island. In 1884, he
severed his connection with the institution, which he had served so
well, and came to Chicago. Dr. Collins is sociable in manner, an
interesting conversationalist, and a careful and conscientious prac-
titioner. His wife, Mary Catherine Ellsworth, to whom he was mar-
ried on February 26, 1884, in the City of New York, died in Chi-
cago on April 27, 1885.
MATHKXV PANKRACV KOSSAKOUSKI, M.D., is the son of
Raphael and Mary (Janczewski) Kossakowski, natives of the Janowa,
Lithuania, and was born at his parents' native place on September
18, 1853. His early education was obtained at his birthplace, and
he then took a college course of classical studies for a term of seven
years. He then went to Kovno, where he remained one year, tak-
ing a private course in classics. \Vilno was the next place visited,
for the purpose of acquiring the educational advantages it offered.
He passed tour years there, devoting his time to theological studies.
In 1876, he emigrated to this country, coming directly to Chicago.
Shortly after his arrival, he resumed his theological studies for one
year. At the expiration of that period, circumstances induced him
to turn his attention to the stud) of medicine, a subject to which he
had given some thought during a residence at St. Petersburg, Russia,
in 1875. He went to Detroit, Mich., and entered the medical col-
lege there, where he remained three and a half years, graduating in
1884. Following his graduation, he returned to Chicago, :md en-
tered at once upon the practice of his profession. Dr. Kossakowski
is a scholarly gentleman and an able physician. In October, 1879,
at Chicago, he married Frances Olski. He is a member of the Chi-
cago Medical Society.
ili.NKY JOHN Ut'RWAsii is the son of Albert and lane (Jeffer-
son) Burwash, and was born at St. Andrews, Province of Quebec,
Canada, on November 17, 1855. After acquiring the rudiments of
an education in a public school, he entered an academy at Quebec,
where he remained two years. In 1875, having prior to that time
given considerable attention to the subject of medicine, he went to
Montreal, Canada, and there entered the Medical Department of
Mc(iill I niversity, graduating therefrom in 1^79. Directly follow-
ing his graduation, he went to London, England, attended St.
Thomas's Hospital and eyitered the Royal College of Physicians,
graduating from the latter institution in iS7<j, and was appointed
interne to St. Thomas's Hospital. After the bestowal of his foreign
degree, he 'returned to Canada, and practiced in the northwest ter-
ritories for one year. In 1881, he went to Minneapolis, Minn., and
while there was tendered the chair of professor of clinical medicine
and hygiene in the Minnesota College Hospital, which he held
for three years and was like\\ ise attending physician to hospital for the
same period and was also engaged in the general practice of his pro-
fession. In 1884, he resigned his professorship, and relinquishing
the practice he had already established, he came to this city, which
he deemed a better field of labor. Dr. Burwash is a gentleman of
superior educational qualifications, a scientist, and a physician of re-
pute and intelligence. He is a member of the American Medical
Association, vice-president of the Canada-American Society, and a
member of I). C. Cregier Lodge, No. 643, A.F. & A.M. Dr. Bur-
wash was married, on May 3, 1883, at Minneapolis, to Margaret
Augusta Meyer, of Hanover, Germany, by whom he has one child,
— Elvira Theresa Jane.
HOMEOPATHY.
HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLI.KGE. — In one of their
late reports, the board of trustees of this College, in
referring to its prosperity and increased popularity, pay
a high tribute of praise to the faculty, "every member
of which has continued his self-denying service with
fidelity and honor to himself and all concerned." Its
alumni, nearly one thousand four hundred in number,
are found in Australia, Norway, Sandwich Islands, and
other parts of the world. As an evidence of the con-
tinued prosperity of the institution, the following table,
exhibiting the number of students and graduates for
each year, since 1872, is presented :
Year.
Students.
Graduates.
1872—73
1873-74
76
1874—75
86
1875-76
1876-77
ij.i
^77-78
1878-79 . .
2 7O
66
1879-80...
28O
87
1880-81
1881-82
338
IO7
1882-83
1883-84
344
116
1884-85... .
345
Q7
HISTORY ()K CHICAGO
Annuls tin- number of graduates in iSS,, then- wciv
seventeen \v< mien.
The faculty sinct- 1X71 has been as follows :
1'rol'cssor of theory ami practice of mcdu -im •: X. I1'. Small,
i . s. Hoyni : II. B. Fellows. 1882 86.
Professor of materia medica and therapeutics: Temple s.
i; \\ . I. Il.iv.kcs, ISS..-S6.
Professor of obstetrics and : women ami children:
R. l.udlam (dean of the faculty), I-I>1 Sd; S. I. ravitt. lS7i|--'<.
soi ol chemistry ami toxicologj . K. Welch, 1874 71' :
C. C.ilhi-rt Whc, • | ; .1. P.. S. Kin-. [88
Profcssoi ol general and dcscripti\e anatomy: S. P. Hedges,
6; II. P. Cole, i $76 ?'j ; «'. K. I .ailing. 1879 86.
ases of the eye and ear : C. 1 1. X'ilas. isyd-sii.
sor "I" physiology, histology, and sanitary science : \\ .
|. llawkcs, [876 79; I'.. S. Bai!c\. i-/i 86.
Professor of ilu- principles and practice of surgery: Willis
Danforth. 1874-76; G. A. Hall. 1876-86; G. F. Shears, i--i 36.
F.meritus professor of materia ini-ilii-a and therapeutics : I >a\ id
S. Smith, i>;;
Registrar of the Faculty: |. K. Oilman, 1883 86.
.:-.<. —A. K. Small, president; Krskim- M. Phelps, vice-
president; S. I.eavitt, secretary; I 'cmpie S. Iloyne, treasurer: I).
1,. Smith, K. 'II. Sheldon, |. Young Scammon, K.
I,. North, (I. |. Maclarland. II. N. Higginbotham, I,. II. 1 "avis
Christian \Vahl (term expired!, Thomas Hoyne
ised).
Gr.ouc.r AI.I.X \NPKK II.M.l., M. I). .was horn at Sheridan,
( hautauqua ( 'o.. \. V., on June 5, 1834. I lis earlier education was
received in the common district school. At the age of eleven yi-ars
Itered Fredonia Academy at l-'redonia, N. Y.. where he re-
mained two years. He then entered Westfield Academy, at \\est-
tield, N. V. , If rom which he graduated at the age of sixteen, lie
was then prepared to enter Yale < ollege, but his inclinations turned
towards the medical profession, and, in the fall of 1850, he began
the study of medicine with Dr. I,. M. Kenyon, at \YestlieKI, N. Y.
being desirous of working his own way. he engaged in school-
i.-ai lung, whieh vocation he followed winters, thus earning the
necessary mrans to prosecute his studies. In the fall of 1852, he
attended medical lectures at the I'.crkshirc Medical College, Pilts-
lield. Mas-. In August, 1855, he went to Philadelphia, where he
remained until the following April. He took the full clinical course
at the lefferson College and Blockley Hospital and the regular
course at the Pennsylvania Homeopathic College, where he gradu-
ated in the spring ol isjd. Returning to \Yestlield, lie took the
practice of his preceptor, Dr. I,. M. Kenvon, who removed to Buf-
falo. The following year he was married to Miss Krances S. Sher-
man. Dr. Hall built up a large and popular practice at Westlicld.
Flattering inducements being offered, he removed to Chicago in
May, 1872. where he has a large practice and is recognized as the
mo>t prominent surgeon of the Homeopathic school in the North-
west. In the fall of 1873, he was elected to the faculty of Hahne-
mann Medical College. The first year he tilled the chair of surgi-
cal pathology and surgical anatomy. The following year he was
elected professor of obstetrics and diseases of children, which chair
he occupied until the fall of 1876, when he was elected professor of
clinical and operative surgery, which professorship he still holds.
He has been surgeon-in-chief of Hahnemaun Hospital since |uly,
1876, and general surgeon of the Chicago Surgical Institute, whieh
he founded on March I, 1881.
NICHOLAS II. DKI.AMATKR is the son of Ira Marsh and Eliza-
beth (Bebee) 1 )elamater, and was born in ( Utilderland Center, Albany
Co., X. Y., on February 2r, 1839. In 1840, his family moved to
Albany, X. Y. At that place he received his education and grew to
manhood. His patriotic nature prompted him to enlist in his coun-
try's service, in 1862, when he was commissioned second lieutenant
and assigned to the 171(1 Infantry, U.S.A. In 1865, he resigned his
commission, that of major, to which rank he had been promoted, and
went to Richmond, I ml., where he engaged in the wholesale dry
goods business. Circumstances compelled him to abandon this enter-
prise, in IVHJ. and he then went to Woodstock, McIIenry Co., III.
Dr. Dclamater comes of a family of physicians that for eight gener-
ations have been in the practice of medicine. When but twelve
years of age he began his studies, not so much from choice as from
the force of inheritance ; that which others found difficult to conquer
he had but little difficulty in mastering. His advancement was
rapid under the preceptorship of his father, and his future was easily
predicted. In 1860, he entered the New York College of Physicians
and Surgeons, where he continued one term. In the winter of 1871,
he came to ( 'hi. 'ago and began a course at Hahnemann Medical Col-
. graduating in the spring of 1*73, since which time he has resided
:;ieago. I )r. I lelamater is a scholarly gentleman whose abilities
have, on many occasions, been acknowledged and honored. As a
physician he • 'vnpies an enviable prominence. lie is a member of
lecturer on medical bolaiiy, pharmacology and proving* in llahne-
mann Medical College; in 1870-77, he was appointed special lecturer
on electro-therapeutics and provings; in 1878, he was appointed
clinical lecturer on mental and nervous diseases, in the Chicago
Homeop.ithic College ; in iss,,, he was elected manager of llic Col-
lege; in ISM, he was re-elected manager and made proless,,, ,,|
mental and nervous diseases ; ami in 1882-83, he was again elected
manager. He now occupies the chair of mental and nerve. us dis-
eases." <in November i, 1^71, at Woodstock, 111., he was married
to Miss F.lla luliet Link.
HI--.NUV M VKI-YS HOHAKI-, A..M.,M.D.,wasbornon August u,
(851,8! Arcade, Wyoming Co., X. Y., and moved to Iowa with his
parents in I.MJ?. After a preliminary education at the public schools,
he attended the Grinnell High School and graduated therefrom in
[871. Shortly afterward he entered Iowa College and graduated
with the degree of A. I!. I laving decided to adopt medicine as his
ion, he came to Chicago and entered Hahnemann Medical
College, and at the same time entered the office of Dr. S. P. Hedges
as a student. In 187(1, he graduated with the degree of A.M., and
immediately afterward commenced the practice of his profession.
He is professor of materia mediea in the Chicago Homeopathic
College, and attending physician of the Chicago Nursery and Half-
Orphan Asylum; is a member of the Illinois Homeopathic Medical
Association', the Academy of Physicians and Surgeons, the Ameri-
can Institute of Homeopathy, the American Pa-dologieal Society;
and is examining physician for the Connecticut General Life Insur-
ance Company, of Hartford. Dr. Hobart is a member of Lincoln
Park Congregational Church, and holds the offices of deacon and
chairman of the Hoard of Trustees of that church. He was mar-
ried, in 1871;, to Miss I lelen S. \Yhilcomb, of ( Irinnell, Iowa, a grad-
uate of the Iowa College. They ha\e two children, Henry and
Mary YYhitcomb.
IHIIN F.I us (In. MAN, physician and surgeon, is the son of
Dr. John C. and Elizabeth C. Cilman, and was born at Marietta,
Ohio, on luly 24, 1841. When he was live years of age, his
parents removed to Westboro', Mass. They returned to Marietta
in 1847, and then went back to the Bay State, where they resided
for several years. In 1850, John K. Oilman commenced attending
the schools of Westboro'; later he graduated from the high school,
and then took a preparatory course for a collegiate education. At
that time his father died, ami the young student was thrown upon his
own resources, lie had received considerable instruction in medi-
cine and surgery, having from early boyhood kept up a desultory
reading in the office of his father. At the age of fourteen, he was
sent to Boston to learn piano-making, his father believing that his
son should have a mechanical education as well as a medicinal.
While there he obtained a thorough knowledge of music, and when
he was obliged to take care of himself, he commenced teaching
music, and so continued at intervals until he was about twenty
years old. In 1861, he returned to Marietta and opened a piano-
store, which he continued for some time. Then he went to Toledo,
determined to carry out his long-cherished desire of entering the
medical profession. He went into the piano business in Toledo,
and studied medicine under the direction of Dr. George Hartwell.
He remained there three years, and then returned to Marietta,
where he became interested in oil speculations. In 1867, he de-
termined to come to Chicago and further prosecute his medical
studies. His father had been an allopathic physician, and Dr.
Hartwell, his recent preceptor, had also been a member of that
school of medicine. Contrary to the doctrines that hail been incul-
cated, he decided to enter Hahnemann Medical College. This
was in 1867, and he received his degree as M.D. in the spring of
1871. Dr. Cilman was a most active and persistent worker in the
establishment of the art gallery of the old Crosby Opera House,
which became a noted fashionable resort. He was popularly
known to all the habitues of the place, and was prominently identi-
fied in all matters pertaining to art. When the lire swept away
the Opera House, it took the entire belongings of Dr. Cilman, who
had his office, consultation and private rooms in the building. The
morning after the great conflagration, Dr. Oilman offered his
services to the sick and wounded, and was sent to the First Con-
gregational Church, where he found a large number of wounded
people waiting for the attention of a physician. Being the first
doctor on the ground to offer his aid, the Citizens' Committee ap-
pointed him chairman of the Medical Department, and he under-
took the great task of directing the work of caring for the sufferers.
He organized divisions and districts, appointed the physicians-in-
charge, instituted the opening of hospitals and dispensaries, attend-
ing personally to the opening of the temporary hospitals in the
Eighth Presbyterian, Park Avenue and American Reformed
churches. In the winter following, the Relief and Aid Society
had much work to perform for those who were destitute. Dr.
MKDICAL HISTORY.
533
Oilman was made secretary of this Society during the winter, and
in the spring, deeming Ills services of more value, went to work
under the Society's auspices as visiting physician of the Herrick
Free Dispensary, in 1872. He has since continued in active prac-
tice, and has won the esteem of thousands, who hold him in high
regard for his charitable work in the dark days of 1871. He was
elected to the chair of Sanitary Science in llahnemann College in
1883, and is also a member of the advisory council of the Hoard of
Health of Chicago. He belongs lo the National, State and County
medical and clinical societies. Dr. Oilman was married at Adrian,
Mich., on July 26, 1860, to Miss Mary 1). Johnson, of \Vestboro',
Mass. They have one son, William T., who is connected with the
linn of | ones iV Laughlins.
AU.XANDKK KIM; CRAWFORD, M.D., was born in Glasgow,
Scotland, on February 23, 1852. In 1855, his parents emigrated
to Canada and settled in Hamilton, Out. His early education was
n vrivcd in the grammar and high schools of that city. In 1869, he
went to 1'etrolia, Ont., where he was engaged with his father in the
oil business nearly four years. His health demanding a change of
living, he spent two years sailing on the lakes and Atlantic sea-board.
On leaving this sailor life he connected himself with the Hamilton
limes, with which he remained for four years. During this time
he began his medical studies under Dr. d. F.. Husband. In 1878,
he came to Chicago and matriculated in the llahnemann Medical
College, graduating in 1880. lie was elected demonstrator of anat-
omy of his Alma Mater in iSSi, but severe illness obliged him to
give up the position. While recruiting his health he visited the
hospitals of New York, Glasgow, F.dinburgh and other European
cities. Upon his return, he entered upon active practice in this
city in connection with Dr. Reuben 1 ,udlam, and in the following
year was elected secretary of the Clinical Society of the llahnemann
Hospital, which position he still retains. Soon thereafter he received
the appointment of the clinical professorship of physical diagnosis
in the llahnemann Medical College. He has contributed largely to
a valuable work, entitled "A System of Medicine." which is the
most recent and extensive work on Homeopathic- practice, the pro-
duct of the leading homeopathic physicians of the I'nited States,
and his papers to societies anil journals are quite numerous.
HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL. — This hospital, which is
loraied on (iroveland Park A-venue, on a lot (originally
donated for the purpose by Hon. J. Young Scammon)
directly east of Hahnemann College, on Cottage Grove
Avenue, is the largest homeopathic hospital in the
Northwest. It is a charitable institution, under the con-
trol of a board of trustees. It was in operational the
time of the great fire; and, instead of sharing with so
many other institutions the losses of that destructive
event, was really benefited by it. By a pro rata distri-
bution of the funds remaining in the hands of the Relief
and Aid Committee, a year after the fire, when its work
was accomplished, the amount given to this hospital was
$15,000. which, according to the terms of the donation,
was expended in adding a wing to the old building.
The institution has not, however, escaped losses by fire.
The valuable addition, including a spacious amphithea-
tre, which had been built and paid for in 1881, was, in
October, 1833, greatly damaged by fire, the amphitheatre
and several rooms having been entirely destroyed.
These have been replaced by new ones, which are even
an improvement, for convenience and adaptability, upon
the portion consumed. The rooms have been also
remodeled, new sub-clinic rooms having been provided,
and the old wards thoroughly renovated, so that now
the hospital is in a better condition than it ever was
before. The clinical instruction i.-> this hospital is exclu-
sively given by the teachers in Hahnemann College.
Hospital Faculty. — Professor of medical and surgical diseases
of women: R. I.udlam.
Professor of venereal and skin diseases: T. S. Hoyne.
Professors of clinical surgery: George A. Hall and George F.
Shears.
Professor of medicine: \V. J. Hawkes.
Professor of eye and ear diseases: C. II. Vilas.
Professor of diseases of the nervous system: II . 15. Fellows.
Professor of diseases of children: C. E. Laning.
Professor of clinical midwifery: S. I.eavitt.
Professors of physical diagnosis: H. B. Fellows and A. K.
Crawford.
Microscopist: E. S. Bailey.
Home physician: G. E. Bushnell.
Home surgeon: H. F. Stevens.
/it'iir,/ of Manners. — A. E. Small, president; C. H. Vilas,
vice-president; H. 15. Fellows, secretary; J. Young Scammon, R.
I.udlam, G. A. Hall, C. E. I.aning, \V. J. Hawkes, T. S. Hoyne,
S. I.eavitt. E. M. Phelps, II. J. Macfarland, T. S.. Hoyne, busi-
ness committee. G. F. Shears, superintendent and chief of staff.
In addition to the treatment of patients in the Hos-
pital, there is also a dispensary in which more than
liftcen thousand prescriptions are annually made, all
medicine and advice being furnished free.
The hospital is sustained by receipts from patients,
and contributions, the faculty of Hahnemann College
having contributed $4,000 yearly from its earnings.
Reports can only be given for the years 1883 to
1885, for the reason that the records were destroyed by
the fire of 1883:
1883.
1884.
1885
Number of patients admitted and treated
Number of births
300
6l
335
48
391
7°
Number of deaths
None.
1
0
MlLTON DAVID OCDKN. M.I)., was born in Canada, near
Toronto, on April 10, 1836. His boyhood years were spent at home
and in attendance upon the public schools at Toronto. At sixteen
years of age he entered the Medina College, N. Y., where he took
a classical course of two years. He then returned to Toronto and
took up the study of medicine. Pursuing his professional studies at
night, and during the day continuing the study of the classics, at
the end of two years he prepared himself to enter and matriculated
in the Victoria Medical College, Toronto. His health failing, he
went to Fond du Lac, YVis., where he resumed his medical studies
in the office of Dr. Patchcn. After a brief stay he came to this
city and matriculated in llahnemann Medical College, and took his
degree as Doctor of Medicine. Returning to Fond du l.ac, he be-
gan practice, and shortly afterward was appointed physician to the
Wisconsin State Prison at Waupun. Resigning his position, he
removed to Rockford, 111., where he remained three years, practic-
ing his profession with marked success, and then located in this
city. He was married on December 31, 1864, to Miss Belle Hors-
man, a descendant of one of the oldest families of that city. The
doctor has one daughter, Belle.
KAKNKST GUSTAVUS HKKMANN MIKSSLKK, M.I)., practicing
as Dr. G. Miessler, was born in 1826, at Eichenbach, Silesia, Prus-
sia. He was educated at the minor schools till he entered the Uni-
versity of Leipzic, in Saxony, to prepare for the ministry. In 1851,
he graduated from the theological department of that University,
was ordained and sent as a missionary by the Evangelical Lutheran
Missionary Society of Leipzic, to the Indians, at a station known
as Bethany, in Gratiot Co., Mich. He afterward lived in Isabella
( 'ounty in the same State. During the eighteen years of missionary
life, he had many escapes, only being spared by reason of his recog-
ni/ed kindness and consideration for the natives. In i86g, he took
charge of a parochial school at Saginaw City, Mich., where he worked
for two years. In 1871 , he came to Chicagoand soon after entered
llahnemann Medical College of this city, where he graduated in
1873, practicing in this city since then. Dr. Miessler has been mar-
ried three times, and is now a widower. He has three sons living, one,
aged twenty-seven, is also a doctor, the next, aged twenty-four, is
a minister, and the youngest, aged fifteen, is at school. Dr. Miess-
ler has assisted at the compiling of an Indian Dictionary, and has
translated several works from English into German. He is an ac-
tive member of the Illinois State Homeopathic Society and also of
the Homeopathic Clinical Society of Chicago.
WILLIAM MATIIKW \Vn.KK is the son of Jacob and Margaret
(Stubbe) Wilke, who were married at Lyons, France, at which
place Dr. Wilke was born on May 21, 1837. Two years later the
family emigrated to America, making Philadelphia their temporary
residing place. In 1841, they went to Pittsburgh. It was there
that the boyhood and youth of Dr. Wilke were passed. He attended
a select school and a private academy, acquiring much of his edu-
cation, until 1858, when he went to St. Louis and commenced life
on his own account, in the capacity of clerk, during which time he
studied medicine under a prominent physician, and attended the
Humboldt Medical College of that place. At the breaking out of
the War, in 1861, he abandoned his medical studies, and was com-
missioned as assistant army surgeon ami assigned to the I2th Mis-
souri regiment, in which capacity he served until 1865. Returning
534
HISTORY OK CHICAC.o.
-; Louis, he remained there a short time, and then left for Den-
ver, Colo., where a s;a\ of one vear \\.is made; then followed a
'id return to his former home, where he resided until 1*7", en-
gaged in the practice of medicine. In the latter part of that year
circumstances called him to Rose Clare, III., at which plan he prac-
ticed three years, lie next passed a \e:tr at Shawm-clown. In
i>7?, he came to Chicago and began practicing and the further
stud) -cif medicine. In 1876, he attended the Hahnemann llomeo-
l>athic Medical College and passed a \car ill that institution. Dis-
continuing ilis studies there, he entered the ( 'hicago Medical College.
graduating in the spring of 1878. Dr. \Vilkc comes of a learned
lamily. lie is a thorough and capable practitioner and a man of
considerable erudition. He en joys a large and increasing practice
and is spoken of as a physician skilled in the treatment of compli-
cated diseases. lie is a member of the Chicago Academy of
Homeopathic Physicians anil Surgeons and of the Illinois State
Homeopathic .Medical Association. (in November 4, i S66, at
St. Louis. Mo., lie was married to Miss Minnie Ilennemann of that
city. They have three children, — Ida, I.ydia, and William Henry.
\\IUIA\I AI;M K UAKKKK, son of Dr. William Calvin and
Sarah Ann (Cory) I'.ti'ker, \vho were married at I'rince Ldward's
1'' ninsula. Lake Ontario, Canada, was born at Waukegan, 111., on
November 2, I Ss6, where he attended the public schools and gradu-
ated from the high school in his eighteenth year. In is~s, he came
to Chicago, and. securing a position as clerk, continued in that
capacity for a few months, and then returned to his home at \Vau-
kcg.m, and began, under the preceptorship of his father, the study
of medicine, toward which he had an inherent inclination. His
advancement was rapid, and in the fall of ]S;5 he entered Hahne-
mann Meilical College, Chicago, graduating in February, 1879.
He then associated himself with Dr. R. Ludlam, continuing with
that gentleman for two years, after which he began acquiring an
independent practice. Although one of the youngest members of
the Homeopathic profession in Chicago, Dr. Barker has succeeded
in making for himself a reputation that promises much for the
future, lie is liberal in his ideas, well read, and a man of no
mediocre qualifications as a scholar. As a physician, he enjoys the
confidence of those who come under his professional care. In 1883,
he was appointed by the Board of Cook County Commissioners to
the position of visiting physician to the department of diseases of
women in the Homeopathic Department, Cook County Hospital.
He is a member of the Western Institute of Homeopathy and the
Clinical Society of the Hahnemann Hospital. On March 13, 1884,
he was married to Miss Adelaide S. Carey, of Chicago.
CIIARI.KS ALFRED DF.WKY, son of Alfred and Almira (Styles)
Dewey, was born at Janesville, Wis., on October 23, 1856. ' He
acquired his early education in his native place, and acted, during
the last live years of his stay there, in the capacity of clerk. In
1874, he went to St. Paul. Minn., where he secured a clerical situa-
tion. While thus engaged, his attention was called to the study of
medicine, to which he gave a great portion of his spare time. In
1876, he returned to Janesville, remaining there two years, and con-
tinuing his medical studies. In 1878, he visited Hudson, Mass.,
where he obtained a position in a large mercantile establishment.
A year later, fully impressed with the conviction that the field of
medicine offered him success, he left for Philadelphia, and entered
the Hahnemann Medical College of that place. At the expiration
of a year, he returned to Janesville. \\ is., and renewed his studies
under his former preceptor. In the ensuing fall, he came to Chi-
cago and entered the llahnemann Medical College, graduating in
the spring of iS8r. Shortly afterward he won, by competitive
examination, the post of house physician in Hahnemann Hospital,
lie officiated in that capacity one year, when he entered upon the
practice of his profession. After combating the usual difficulties
of a young physician, he built up a practice which has now assumed
gratifying proportions. Dr. Dewey is a member of the Clinical
Society of llahnemann Hospital, the American Institute of Homeo-
pathy, and the Illinois State Homeopathic Society. On October
3, 1883, at Marengo, Iowa, he was married to Lillian N. Couch,
of that city.
i. KVKKKTT, son of Kenjamin Franklin and Elizabeth
nan) Everett, was born at Albion, N. V., on May 7, 1853,
and is a near relative of the distinguished Edward Everett. ' While
in his first year his parents moved to Madison, Wis., where his
early life was passed attending school. Having mastered the little
entered upon, at the age of seventeen, in the State University at
Madison, Wis. Alter taking a course in that institution he entered
\\ayland University at Heaver Dam, Wis., where he remained a
year. About this time he- began studying a profession he long had
d to enter upon. He was at the time occupied with business
cares and in travelling in order to recuperate his health, and his
studies wrrr therefore pursued at intervals. He graduated from
llahnemann College in February, 1882. Excessive study and
labor had impaired his health, thus recreation for a time was neces-
sitated, consequently the succeeding seven months were passed in
the South, particularly in Georgia. In October, 1882, he returned
to Chicago, improved in health, ami began the practice of his pro-
fession, in which he has been signally successful. Dr. Everett is a
member of the llahnemann Clinical Society.
M\KII[\ Al.MINA HOWKKMAN, a daughter of Porter and Sarah
A. (Kn.ipji) 111 ink, was born on March 27, 1842, at Riga Centre,
Monroe Co., N. V. When but a little more than six years of
age, she removed, with her parents, to Lake Mills, Wis., where she
resided until her tenth year, when Xeenah, Wis., became her tem-
porary home. Three \cars later another removal was made, this
time to Ripon, Fond du Lac Co., Wis., where she made her home
for a number of years and entered Kipon College, and would have
graduated in iS6i, but the War broke up the class. In the spring
of 1861, she became the wife of Nelson Howerman, editor of the
Ripon Commonwealth. Light years following her marriage, her
husband made Madison, Wis., his place of residence, where he
engaged in business. Ultimately the venture proved unsuccessful,
ami failure ensued. In the fall of 1*79, Mrs. Howerman deter-
mined to make Chicago her home. Almost immediately upon her
arrival, she proceeded to put into execution a plan that she matured
in her hours of meditation in past years. When but a girl she had
a passion for the study of medicine, and secretly resolved some day
to carry out her desires. The long delayed opportunity confronted
her on her arrival in Chicago. Though with but limited means at
her command, she entered heart and soul into the study of medicine
under the preceptorship of A. E. Small, and, three years later, grad-
uated in the class of February, i»S2, from llahnemann .Medical
College. After receiving her diploma, she began to practice. " 1
came here almost a beggar," she said ; "whatever success I have
attained has been achieved by a stubbornly contested tight against
adverse circumstances." Mrs. liowerman's practice is constantlv
increasing. She is spoken of as a practitioner of ability whose
method of treatment is in perfect harmony with the Hahnemann
school of medicine.
JOHN lit. AIR SMITH KIM;, M.I)., was born on February II,
1855, in Philadelphia. lie first went to the Penn Quaker school in
that city, and, when duly prepared, attended Gregory's Academy for
four years. At the age of sixteen, he entered the Philadelphia Col-
lege of Pharmacy, graduating therefrom in 1875. He clerked in the
drug house of James liispham, corner of Shippen and Second streets,
in the old district of Southwark, Philadelphia, for four years, and
then attended the Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, for
one year. Leaving this institution, he entered the employ of David
liossler, druggist at Germantown, Penn., remaining with' him three
years. In 1879, he came to Chicago, and for three years was man-
ufacturing clerk for the drug establishment of Thomas Whitfield.
Matriculating in the Hahnemann College, he graduated therefrom
in 1883, and began the practice of his profession. As may be
inferred from the large and protracted practical experience that Dr.
King had in the drug business, his knowledge of the material used by
physicians was most thorough, and it only needed the study of their
application to render his knowledge of materia medica and 'pharma-
ceutics complete. His success in his profession appears to dem-
onstrate that the preliminary study and practice were no more
exhaustive than the course lie took in Hahnemann College. On
March 22, 1883, the hundredth anniversary of the wedding of his
great-great-grandfather, Robert Smith, he was married to .Miss
Arabelle Surbridge, and has one son, Jules Moyes.
CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE — This college was
organized in June, 1876, and incorporated under the
general law of the State of Illinois. Its first location
was in the building formerly occupied by the Chicago
Academy of Design, on the corner of Van Buren Street
and Michigan Avenue. The first session was opened
to students on October 4, 1876. The aim of the found-
ers was to build a permanent institution, and their suc-
cess has been very gratifying from the beginning. Such
was the continued increase of classes, that, to afford
more ample accommodations and increased facilities, it
was determined to erect a new building. A lot was
secured on the corner of Wood and York streets, oppo-
site the Cook County Hospital, and the new building
erected in 1881. This locality is the great medical dis-
trict of Chicago. The County Hospital occupying the
central block, here are located, on contiguous corners,
the Chicago Homeopathic College, Rush Medical Col-
lege, the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Woman's
Medical College, the Illinois Training School, and the
Presbyterian Hospital.
MEDICAL HISTORY.
S35
Chicago Homeopathic College is said to be the finest
and largest edifice devoted to the teaching of this school
of medicine. It has an amphitheatre capable of seating
five hundred students, well lighted and ventilated. It
has also two large lecture-rooms, with a smaller one for
sub-classes. There are four large clinic rooms, with
separate waiting-rooms for each; and two spacious dis-
secting-rooms. The chemical and microscopical lab-
oratories are large and well equip-
ped, besides containing an extensive
anatomical museum, reading-room,
library, reception and cloak rooms
and offices. The building has a
fine appearance and is furnished in
excellent style. It cost, witli the
lot on which it is situated, about
$45.000.
The following physicians com-
pose the faculty:
' Professor of clinical medicine and dis-
eases of the throat and chest : J. S. Mitch-
ell, 1876-77.
Professor of institutes and practice of
medicine: S. P. Hedges, 1876-77; |. S.
Mitchell, 1877-89.
Professor of operative surgery : Albert
(;. Beebe, 1882-86.
Professor of principles and practice of
surgery and clinical surgery : Albert G.
Beebe, 1876-82; Charles Adams, 1876-82;
E. II. Pratt, 1884-86.
Professor of gynecological surgery :
Willis Danforth, 1876-82.
Professor of diseases of women and
children: John \V. Streeter, 1876-86;
George F. Roberts, 1882-86.
Professor of obstetrics: R. X. Foster,
1876-86.
Professor of ophthalmology and otol-
ogy: \V. H. \Voodyatt, 1876-80; |. 11.
Huffum, 1880-86.
Professor of materia medica and ther-
apeutics: E. M. Hale, 1876-82; A. \V.
Woodward, 1876-77; II. X. Hobart,
1882-86.
Professor of anatomy: E. H. Pratt,
1876-82.
Professor of anatomy and principles
and practice of surgery: E. H. Pratt,
1882-84.
Professor of dermatology and medical
jurisprudence: John R. Kippax, 1876-79.
Professor of principles and practice of
medicine and medical jurisprudence : John
K. Kippax, 1879-86.
Professor of physiology: R. X. Took-
er, 1876-81.
Professor of diseases of children : R.
X. Tooker, 1881-86.
Professor of chemistry and toxicology:
Koniyn Hitchcock, 1876-77; Clifford Mitch-
ell, i's3i-82.
Professor of analytical ami compara-
tive materia medica: A. W. Woodward, 1878-81.
Professor of materia medica and clinical professor of thera-
peutics: A. W. Woodward, 1881-86.
Professor of mental and nervous diseases: N. B. Delamater,
1878-86.
Professor of physiology and histology: \V. F. Knoll, 1883-86.
Professor of sanitary science: L. C. Grosvenor, 1883-86.
Professor of general and descriptive anatomy: Curtis M.
Beebe, 1884-86.
Demonstrator of anatomy: A. W. lllunt, 1878-79; C. F. Ely,
1879-80; Sumner Davis, 1884-85; Howard Crutcher, 1885-86.
Lecturer and demonstrator of histology and microscopy: F.
K. Day, 1884-85; R. K. Langson, [885-86.
Demonstrator of physiology: O. C. Snyder, 1884-85.
Officers— President*: ). S. Mitchell, 1876-83 and 1885-86;
R. N. Foster, 1883-84.
Vice-presidents: R. X. Tooker, 1883-84; E. II. Pratt, 1884-
85; A. W. Woodward, 1885-86.
Managers: Albert G. Beebe, 1876; A. W. Woodward, 1877-
79; X. B. Delamater, 1879-83; A. G. Beebe, 1883-84; J. H. Buf-
fum, 1885-86.
Secretaries: Charles Adams, 1876-83; J. R. Kippax, 1883-86.
Treasurers: W. II. \Voodyatt, 1877-80; J. H. Buffum, 1880-
83; A. \V. Woodward, 1883-85; L. C. Grosvenor, 1885-86.
Board of Counselors: Amos T. Hall, 1876-83; Henry Booth,
1876-84; W. C. Goudy, 1876-86; Samuel Fallows, D.D., 1876-84;
S. Corning Judd, 1876-84; George E. Shipman, M.D., 1884-86;
Willis Danforth, M.D., 1884-86; Philo R. King, 1883-86; J. D.
CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC COLLEGE.
Harvey, 1876-83; O. W. Potter, 1876-84; Edson Keith, 1876-86;
Marvin Hughitt", 1876-86: P. 11. Weare, 1880-86; H. P. Gatchell,
M.D., 1884-86; E. M. Hale, 'M. IX, 1884-86; F. B. Peabody,
1884-86; \\. 11. Bradley, 1876-83; Henry Strong, 1878-86; ].
Russell Jones, 1876-86; C. C. Bonney, 1876-86; W. H. Wood,
1883-86; Leonard Pratt, M.D., 1884-86; Charles Adams, M.D.,
1884-86.
The students and graduates have been
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1 88.;.
1884.
1885.
Matriculants
45
107
no
86
87
107
125
129
130
Graduates .
15
28
3i
20
27
33
37
39
30
The Central Homeopathic Hospital and Free Dis-
536
HISTORY OF CIIK'ACO.
pensary is also connected with this College. At the
Dispensary, during one year, three thousand patients
\VITC treated.
After -.even years' trial (if co-education, the direc-
tors decided, in iN-S.i. to offer the benefits of this insti-
tution to male students only. Jn taking this step, they
were governed by special reasons, tin- general question
of the co-education of the sexes not bein^ considered.
I'.nuix II. U;TII:Y I'KAIT was born at Towanda, IVnn., in
f, and is a sun M| Mr. Leonard Pratt, who is noted as, perhaps,
! the most eminent physicians in Illinois. In 1852, his father
removed to Carroll County. III., when.- Kdwin received his early
education. At tin' age "I sixtn'n, he went to the Mount Carroll
Seminary ami remained one year, Ai the end of that time his
father removed to \\ hr.it on, III., in order to afford his son the ad van t-
of a collegiate education ; Kdwin, at that time, being entered
as a student al \Vheaton College. After being theie lora year, and
while winning for himself a high plaee in his class, together with
the esteem and lespot ot l>oth students and professors, an episode
occurred which resulted in his leaving college. 'This was the dis-
covery by I >r. lilamhard, the president of the college, that Edwin
H. Pratt was a member of the Good Templars. Dr. Blanchard
had promulgated an edict that no student of the college should be
ember of any secret society, and the option of expulsion or
rescinding his affiliation with the sotietj was proffered to young
Trail. Inasmuch as his father had moved to \Vheaton for the puT-
posc of enabling him to attend college, this was a severe ordeal
but the decision and tirmness ,,f character which have been exhib-
ited in his after life were not wanting on that occasion He ac-
cordingly left college, and entered the Chicago University from
which he graduated with honor in the full classical course in 1871
lie decided upon studying for the profession of medicine, and conv
menced that study in the office of his father, shortly afterward en-
tering Ilahnemann College, ami after taking the 'full two years'
.dilated, in iS73, as the valedictorian of his class ' The
in evinced by Dr. I'ratt, as well as his exhaustive study
and his thorough acquaintance with the subjects studied In.'l
attracted to him the attention of the faculty and directors of the
college; when, therefore, the chair of anatomy became vacant he was
elected to till it. In order to more thoroughly prepare himself to
Idl this important chair, he spent several months in special work
and study in the anatomical departments of some of the Kastern
medical colleges. This chair in Ilahnemann College was filled by
Dr. I'ratt with great acceptability for three years, when, upon the
organi/alion of the Chicago Homeopathic College, he resigned it
to occupy the same chair in the new college. After seven
labor in this chair, at his own request, he was transferred to the
chair of surgery which he now Tills. There he has since- \\oil-ed
and achieved the prominent sue cess which is very remarkable in so
young a man. As a lecturer, he is clear and forcible and conveys to
his hearers an intimate knowledge of the subject being Inahd.
living among the finest anatomists and surgeons of the city, it only
requires ihe capacity to clothe that knowledge in instructive phrase-
ology. Outside of his college work Dr. I'ratt has a very large
private practice, and in his treatment of the diseases of women and in
surgery he has attained a distinction which places him in the front
rank of the professional men of Chicago. His latest discovery of
papilla- and pockets — and the central thought, relative to the ori-
lices of the body, thereby demonstrated — has distinguished him as
one of the most eminent surgeons of his age and country. He is
a member of the State and National Medical associations; has re-
ceived the degree of Master of Arts, and is a valued contri-
butor to various medical journals. He married Miss Na M.
Bailey, of New York. They have one child, named Kdwin
ISailey. They have lost a daughter named Isabelle, three
years older than the boy.
MARY \\ KI-.KS ilcuNKii, M.I)., eldest daughter of
George J. YV. and Klizabeth (Powell) liurnett, was born in
Gambier, Knox Co., Ohio, on ( Ictobcr 14, 1842. It is tersely
observed that " the poet is born" ; it may be aptly said, with
reference to Dr. liurnett, that the physician is also born, as
she inherited her fondness for the life of a medical practi-
tioner from her grandfather, Dr. John Powell, whose constant
companion she was from childhood up to her twenty-first
year. In 1864, she became the wife of John O. Weeks, a
man ol exceptional mental attainments who, at that time was
studying for the ministry, and by whom she had three chil-
dren, two of whom, Xetta K. and George H. Weeks, are
living. Ten years later, in 1874, she became a widow. The
first step in the direction of a medical education was taken in
1871, when she attended the New York Medical College, at
which place she received the benetit of a year's course of med-
ical lectures. In the spring of 1877, she came to Chicago,
and entered the Chicago Homeopathic College, where a year
was passeil in aceiuiring a further knowledge of the science
the inclination for which had manifested itself in the years of
girlhood. She devoted another year to study in Ilahnemann
Medical College, graduating in the spring of 1879. A few
weeks later she opened an office at her present location.
Central Music Hall. Dr. liurnett has been remarkably suc-
cessful in the treatment of the cases that have come under her
care. She is not a general practitioner ; her entire time is
devoted to nervous and mental diseases, in the treatment of
which she has acquired an extended reputation. In 1872,
Dr. lUirnett was the prime mover in the organization of the
Chicago Red Cross Society, of which she is vice-president.
She is the national superintendent of the department of he-
redity of the Woman's Christian Temperance Inion, and
president of the National Temperance Hospital and Medical
College Association. The college and hospital is located on
Cottage Grove Avenue, opposite the Chicago I'niversity.
Dr. liurnett is medical examiner for several insurance com-
panies, and is also the editor of " The Journal of Heredity,"
a popular scientific quarterly, a valuable magazine not only
for the medical profession but for all students of science.
Her life, almost from girlhood, has been a busy one and
worth) of the success that has crowned it. Her marriage to
her present husband Robert A. Burnett, took place in Chicago on
October 15, iSSi.
I.KMCi-.i, CONANI GKOSVKMIR, M.I)., was born at Paxton
Mass., in 1833, and is the eldest son of Deacon Silas N. and Mary
A. Grosvenor. He entered Williston Seminary, Kast Hampton,
Mass., when quite young, and later the high school in Worcester,
where he remained four years. He then pursued a course of nor-
mal studies under private tutors, and entered the profession of
teaching, in which he attained distinction, being for nearly seven
years master of the old Mather School in Dorchester, now a part
of Boston. During these years the leisure moments were im-
proved in laving broad and deep the foundations of his chosen
profession and life-work. To carry out his cherished plans, he
yielded the desk of the school-room for the duties of the physician's
office. lie entered with characteristic diligence and enthusiasm
upon the curriculum of studies necessary to the completion of his
medical course, and, in due time, graduated with honor from the
MEDICAL HISTORY.
537
Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College, in 1864. The year
following, he married Miss Ellen M. Prouty, of Dorchester, Mass.,
who, after nine years of affectionate companionship and helpful
devotion, was called to her rest above. Three years later he
married Miss N. Josephine Bassett, of Taunton, Mass., who is
now sharing with him the duties of a happy household, and whose
education and Christian culture have since been so helpful to him
in realizing some of his cherished plans. The doctor is the father
of eight children, live of whom are now living. He first settled in
Peoria, 111., where he remained three years, removing to Gales-
burg. 111., in 1867, and thence to Chicago, in 1870. In the great
lire he was the only physician left on the North Side whose home
was not destroyed, the tire coming within three doors of his resi-
dence. During the weeks and months succeeding, he was indefati-
gable in his professional work with the sick and crippled in the
churches, school-houses, police-stations and open prairie. Dr.
Grosvenor is professor of sanitary science in the Chicago Homeo-
pathic College, and was formerly lecturer on anatomy and morbid
anatomy in Hahncmann College. lie is president of the Chicago
Academy of Homeopathic 1'hysicians and Surgeons, president of
the American Panlological Society, and member of the American
Institute of Homeopathy. He is a member of the Lincoln Park
Congregational Church, and was formerly president of its Board of
Trustees. He is also member of the Congregational Club of this
city. As a writer the doctor is clear and concise, is a contributor
to medical and educational journals, and author of " Infant Hy-
giene" and " How to Dress our Babies." He is an easy, graceful
speaker, a fluent, inspiring lecturer, and a genial companion in his
family and with his many friends and admiring students. His
popular lectures on "Our Boys," " ( >ur Girls," "Home Sanita-
tion." etc., etc., have been well received, and are accomplishing
great good.
CHARLES GDKHDN FII.I.KK, M.I)., F.R.M.S., was born at
Jamestown, N. V., on April 9, 1856. He comes of a well known
old New England family, his father, Erederick A., being a direct
descendant from Dr. Samuel Euller, one of the I'uritans of the
Mayflower." His boyhood and early youth were spent at home,
where he received a normal school education and prepared for col-
lege at the Jamestown Collegiate Institute. Circumstances inter-
fering with his taking up a University course, he continued his
studies under the instruction of private tutors and secured as far as
possible a thorough scientific education. Having completed his
studies, to satisfy a desire of his father, he devoted three years to
learning the trades of watchmaker and engraver. The hand skill
and mechanical training thus acquired served as an invaluable aid
when in later years he took up the profession of surgery. About
this time he became interested in the study of the microscope and
prosecuted his researches with much enthusiasm. A few years after-
ward he met, at Indianapolis, a score or more of scientific men simi-
larly interested, and there assisted in organizing the now well known
American Societ;, of M ici oscopists. Still later he was elected fel-
low of the Royal Microscopical Society of London, England. Com-
ing to Chicago, he undertook the study of medicine anil surgery, in
the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College, from which he took his
degree of M.D., and was appointed thereafter house surgeon to the
Central Free Dispensary. Keing elected demonstrator of histology
and microscopy in the faculty of the above college, he lectured in
that institution for two years, at the same time pursuing the study
of the special diseases of the eye and ear, under the private instruc-
tion of the late Dr. \V. II. Woodyat! of this city, with whom as
student and assistant he remained three years. At Dr. Woodyatt's
death he left Chicago, and returned to New York, to continue his
special studies. There he attended lectures at Bellevue and the Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, taking special courses at the
Ophthalmic and Aural Institute, Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary,
and the New York Ophthalmic Hospital. At the latter institution,
he received the special degree of O. et A. Chir., and afterward an
appointment to its surgical staff, in which capacity he served until
he came to this city in 1883, where he now practices, making a
specialty of diseases of the eye and ear, and where he also holds the
position of eye and ear surgeon to the Chicago Avenue Eree Dis-
pensary and the South Side Bethesda Medical Mission. On June
30, 1885, he was married to Miss Isabella White, daughter of the
late Hon. John II. White, of New York City. Dr. Euller is a fel-
low of the Royal Microscopical Society of England, member of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, fellow of
the American Society of Microscopists; ex-fellow of the New
York Academy of Sciences; member of the Illinois State Micro-
scopical Society; fellow of the Chicago Academy of Sciences; mem-
ber of the American Institute of Homeopathy; the American
Homeopathic Ophthalmologies! and Otological Society; the Illi-
nois Homeopathic Medical Society; the Medical Science Club; and
Ae.idemy of Ilomeophatic Physicians and Surgeons of this city;
and of the Chicago Literary Club.
CLIFFORD MITCJHEII, M.D.. was born in 1854, on Nantucket
Island, Mass., and is the son of Francis M. and Ellen Mitchell,
his mother's maiden name being Mitchell also. Dr. Mitchell is a
descendant on his mother's side from the same family as Benjamin
Franklin, and on his father's side is related to Maria Mitchell, the
astronomer, being her nephew. He came with his parents to Chi-
cago in 1859, and after attending various schools in this city entered
Harvard I'niversity as freshman in 1871. He graduated from Har-
vard," cum laude, "in 1875, and is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa
Societv. Returning to Chicago, he began the study of medicine, at-
tending a course of lectures at the Chicago. Medical College during
the winter of 1876-77, and graduating from the Chicago Homeo-
pathic Medical College in the spring of 1878. On graduation he
was appointed house physician and also demonstrator of chemistry
to the Chicago II oineopathic College. In the same year he married
Susan Pearson l.illie, of Kansas City, daughter of the late Rev.
James l.illie, of Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1879, Dr. Mitchell was
appointed lecturer on chemistry and toxicology, and in iSSo pro-
fessor. Immediately after graduation, he began to write for the
medical and literary press of the country, and has published a large
number of articles and several books. Dr. Mitchell was one of the
first, if not the first, in this country to translate from the Completes
Kendus of the French Academy an account of the experiments of
the now famous Pasteur on Chicken Cholera. His paper on Hoang-
Nan, the Chinese remedy for leprosy, was the first in the English
language on this drug. While editor of the department of Physio-
logical Chemistry, etc., in the American Homeopathic Observer, he
wrote a series of articles on Ptomains, translating for this purpose
Italian and French articles and embodying in his papers the inves-
tigations of Selmi, Brouardel and Gautier, together with those of a
host of German scientists. He also wrote a series of articles on
the Clinical Significance of the Urine, which have since appeared
as a pamphlet. In later years he has written largely on the urine,
giving particular attention to describing improvements in making
chemical tests, delicate re-agents, etc. When hydrogen peroxide
began to be used, Dr. Mitchell wrote an article on this substance
which has been quoted at considerable length by subsequent writers.
In 1885, he wrote a series of articles to the Hahnemannian, describ-
ing at great length the new agents for reducing temperature in
fevers, mainly antipyriu, kairin, thallin, etc. Dr. Mitchell is the
author of four books, two of them of considerable size ; they are
named and were published as follows: 1879 — Students' Manual of
Urinalysis. Chicago, Jansen & McClurg. 1880 — Clinical Signifi-
cance of the Urine. Detroit, Am. Horn. Observer. 1882 — Practition-
er's Guide in Urine Analysis. Chicago, Gross >V Delbridge. 1886 —
The Physician's Chemistry. Chicago. Gross \- Delbridge (in press).
CIIAKI.KS F.I. MI. K l.AMXi;, M.D., was born on April 26,
1851, in Locust Yalley, 'Washington Co., Penn. During his
infancy his parents removed to St. Louis, where he attended the
public schools until he arrived at the age of fourteen. Being of
a restless and roving disposition, the attractions of travel abroad
prompted him to take voyages to the Sandwich Islands, Mediterra-
nean Sea, Pacific, Southern and Indian oceans and other distant
parts. In 1871, he returned to St. Louis, and then took up the
study of medicine under Dr. G. E. Coutant, of LaSalle, 111., after
taking a two years' course in the Chicago University. In due time
he entered the Homeopathic College here, and received his diploma
in 1878. After graduating, he lectured three years at the same
institution on physiology, and, in iSSo, was tendered the chair of
clinical professor of diseasesof children, which professorship he now
fills. He also holds the chair of anatomy, which position he has
filled since 1881.
FRANK 11. NF.YVMAN, M.D., was born in Brighton, Mass., on
February 18, 1845. H's parents moved to Ilillsboro', N. II., in
1847, where he attended school until the breaking out of the War.
At the age of seventeen, he enlisted in the i6th New Hampshire
Volunteer Infantry, and followed the fortunes of his command
until the surrender of Port Hudson, when, notwithstanding he
had been on the sick-list for two months, he remained with his regi-
ment until August, 1863, when the term of enlistment expired and
he returned to Hillsboro'. He then entered the New London
Literary Institute, but did not complete the course on account of
ill health. After a few months he enlisted in the iSth New
Hampshire Yolunteer Infantry as hospital steward, and served
until the close of the War, when he received an honorable dis-
charge. On December 7, 1865, he was married to Miss Alice G.
Currier, of Concord, N. IL, and returned to Ilillsboro', N. H.,
where he engaged in the drug business, and also at Wilton,
N. II. , during the following year. In 1872, he came to Chicago,
and for several years was employed as an analytical and manufac-
turing chemist. Matriculating in the Chicago Homeopathic Medi-
cal College in 1877, he remained there two years, when he took his
degree as Doctor of Medicine. During the year of his gradua-
tion he was appointed lecturer on pharmacology, and the next year
was chosen professor of chemistry, which chair he resigned in
1882. In 1883, he received the appointment of surgeon in the
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
Cook County Hospital. Pr. Newman is a member of the Illinois
Institute of the Academy of Physicians and Surgeons, and is
assistant surgeon ol the 1st Regiment Illinois Infantry.
SAMIII. Ni;\vioN S< IINI;II>I K, son of John and Ma-
ts born on October 25. iS;n. at Mnscaline,
Io\va. When he was three ^c his parents moved to tiiis
State. Mis father bemi; an evangelical minister, the son lived
something of a wandering life during his boyhood, and his early
itferent sections ol the Slate. While in
'. i'C. lie entered np>:i onrse at Napcr-
111.. in the Northwestern College, where for three years he
pursued h and successfully terminated them in 1877.
When but a boy of ten lie evinced a marked inclination for the
stuily of medicine ; as he grew older the desire for a knowledge of
medicine increased. At the close of his university career, he saw
his way clear to effect the consummation of those early matured plans ;
quitting Napcrville a short time after, he came to Chicago and
entered the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College, in which he
took a three years' course, graduating in March, 1881. He then
decided to begin here the practice of his profession, in which he has
met with deserved success. I >r. Schneider gives promise of attain-
ing eminence in the profession of which he is one of the youngest
members of the local body. He is a member of the Chicago Acad-
emy of Homeopathic Physicians and Surgeons and the Illinois Stale
tyol Homeopathic 1'hysicians. Following his graduation he
lectured, during three terms, in the Chicago Homeopathic Medical
College, on histology and microscopy. On April 28, 1885, in this
city, he was married to Miss Carrie Isabel Tucker.
Cil \RIKS !•'. El v, M.D.. was horn in l$55, in New York City.
He received his preliminary education at the public schools, then
attended the College of the City of New York. In 1872, he joined
the Bellevue Hospital and also the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons oi New York City, devoting two years in attendance at these
institutions contemporaneously, in 1874, he entered the New York
Homeopathic Medical College, where he graduated in the class of
1876-77. During the following year he was one of the visiting
physicians and sanitary inspectors of the Board of Health of New
Vork City. In 1878, he came to Chicago, where he has been prac-
ticing to the present time. For the three years ending with 1881,
he was engaged at the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College as
lecturer on pathological anatomy, demonstrator of morbid anatomy,
and assistant to the chair of surgery. He is a member of the Amer-
ican Institute of Homeopathy and the Illinois State Medical Asso-
ciation, and is medical examining officer of the National Union.
He was joint author with the late Dr. Cooke, of Chicago, of "Anti-
septic Medication." Dr. Ely was married in September, iSSo, to
Mrs. Elizabeth A. Barrell, of Chicago.
CHICAGO ACAUKMV OF HOMEOPATHIC PHYSICIANS
AND SURGEONS. — This society is the successor of the
Cook County Homeopathic Medical Society, from
which it was re-organized in 1877. It is in a flourish-
ing condition, and its meetings, which are held monthly
at the (Iranil Pacific Hotel, are well attended and of
growing interest to the profession.
Offers. 1885-86.— L. C. Grosvenor, president ; F. H. Gard-
ner, vice-president; R. W. Conant, secretary and treasurer.
FRK.HKK K SCIIKI-KRM ANN, son of Jacob and Catherina (Bess-
ler) Scheuerraann, who were natives of, and were married at
Worms. Germany, is the youngest of fourteen children, and was
born in the city of Hamm. Germany, on February 15, 1851 \t
the age of five he moved with his parents to Weiscii'au a short
istance from the city of Hamm, where he resided until his six-
teenth year, and where he received much of his early education
\\ lesbaden attracted his attention, and thither he went, making
that Umous watering place his home for two years. Being of a
lie disposition, an inherent trait of character he found it
incompatible with his nature to make a prolonged stay in anv one
place. Ems was next visited for a few months.' A visit to Cologne
Idorf, Elberfeld, where he lived a year, and Hamburg foil
lowed. Conceiving the idea that America offered better advantages
than did his native country, in 1872 he sailed from Hamburg 7or
these shores. Arriving in this country, his tirst stoppin.,- place was
Newark, N. J., where, in the capacity of clerk, he resided for two
years. In the latter part of 1874. he came to Chicago and pro-
cured a situation as clerk. While thus employed he devoted much
- spare time to the reading of medical' books, which so i,u-
d him that he determined to make himself familiar with the
science at any sacrifice. In 1875, he entered the Chicago Homeo-
pathic Medical College. For four years he gave his undivided
attention to the study of medicine. In the spriti- of 1870 he
graduated, and left, shortly after, for < )maha, Neb. .where he began
the practice of his profession. Returning to Chicago a year later
he settled here permanently, since which time he has established
quite a large piactice. ( In September 27, 1875, in Chicago, he was
married to Catherine Milek.
1 .]•:< IN inn l.i N I ii. n I N, homeopathic physician with the specialty
of the Swedish mo\enient cure, was horn near Guttenburg, Sweden,
on December d, 1^)5. Until he was nine years of age he lived
with his parents and attended school. During his thirteenth year
he was sent to the Skara College, from which he graduated at' the
expiration of four years, lie then became bookkeeper in a large
wholesale and exporting fish house in Guttenburg, which position
he held for one year, relinquishing it for the responsible position of
inspector of several large estates owned by prominent political per-
sonages. After eight years of honorable" service he resigned, and
came to America in 1873. Failing to secure a lucrative situation,
he was forced to perform manual labor on the P,altim< .1 r ,\ Ohio
Railroad. In 1874, he was employed by Dr. Sparre, who practiced
the movement cure, and remained with him for a year, when he
entered the office of Dr. Trine, also a specialist of the same class,
with whom he stayed for two years. Having become proficient in
the English language, he then entered the Chicago Homeopathic
_;e, and received his diploma in 1881, whereupon he opened
his present office. He was married on April 6, 1876, to Miss
llcnrica For-hell. of Chicago, and has four children, — Mary, Helen,
Grace, and Leonard. 1 1 is establishment is conceded to be one of
the finest in the city.
GKOI;I;I III RBERT CARDER, son of Edwin Alexander and Sarah
Ann (Green) Carder, was born at Kalamazoo, Mich., on February
2. [850, where thirty years of his life were passed. When about
fifteen years of age he worked with his father, who was a cabinet-
maker, of. which trade he became a thorough master. He however
determined upon studying medicine, a ml commenced by devoting his
spare time thereto under the instruction of Dr. A. B. Cornell." So
proficient did he become as an amateur surgeon that he officiated at
all accidents that occurred in his father's factory. Finding that a
residence in Ralama/oo limited the acquiring of 'the medical educa-
tion he desired, he came to Chicago in the fall of 1880, and to.ik
a course of stud\ in the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College,
graduating, in 1882, the fourth student in his class. He entered at
once upon his duties as a physician, laboring faithfully to obtain the
position that he felt himself 'worthy of in the medical fraternity and
which he has made great advance in attaining. He is a member of
the Illinois State Homeopathic Society and medical examiner for
Lizzie B. Roberts, by whom he has one child. Dr. Carder is an
amateur artist and sculptor of great promise and ability, talents
which he avers are of inestimable value to him in his practice, espe-
cially to that portion appertaining to surgery.
THE WOMAN'S HOMKOPATHIC MEDICAL SOCIETY
was organized on April 17, 1879. It holds monthly
meetings, and has for its object " the development of
higher professional attainments, mutual encouragement,
and the assistance of women of the profession in every di-
rection." The society is steadily increasing in member-
ship, and the interest in the meetings is kept up by the
reading of valuable papers and discussions.
nag, 1004, lennie r.. nmitn; 1005, Anna \1
Parker. Secretaries and treasurers: 1879, Leila G. Bedell- 1880
(aniline V.. Manning; I88l-S2, R. Abbey Underwood; 1883, Helen
Heffron; 1884, Corresta T. Canfield; 1885, C. M. Haynes.
DR. CCIRRKSTA T. CAM-IKI.I), a descendant of one of the Pil-
grims who came to the new world in the " Mayflower," was born
at Chardon, Ohio, on March 6, 1833. Up to her seventeenth year
»ne resided in her native place, where she received a seminary edu-
cation. At the completion of her career as a student, she became a
teacher a vocation which experience proved was not one which
nature had intended her to fill. A few years were now passed in
Hlerent places, then came a return to her birthplace. While there
the calling which she had predicted for herself when but a child
began to make demands upon her attention, having become imbued
with the conviction that in the world of medicine she would prove
some benefit to humanity. After mature consideration of the
ilmost, at that time, insurmountable obstacles that precluded the
recognition of women in that profession, she laid the matter before
:r relatives who opposed her project and refused her the slightest
Undaunted by their refusal, she went to Cleveland
Oh,o, and entered upon a course of study with Dr. S. A. Boynton'
MEDICAL HISTORY.
539
About that time she began an attendance at the Homeopathic
Medical College for Women, an institution that had been opened
for the purpose of permitting to women the study of medicine, a
privilege that the Homeopathic Hospital College at that time con-
sidered a branch of education unfitted for women. Her progress
was rapid. In order to defray the expenses of her course she
became the assistant of Mrs. I)r. Myra K. Merrick, a prominent
practitioner of Cleveland. So, between laborious study and exacting
practice, she worked incessantly for success. In February, 1871,
she graduated at the head of her class, of which she was valedicto-
rian. At the banquet which followed the graduating exercises, the
professor of materia medica presented her with a special certificate
in recognition of her ability ; this was followed a little later by her
election as professor of anatomy. Four months were then passed
in the practice of her profession, at Fort Wayne, Ind. In the
autumn of 1872, the Homeopathic Hospital College and the
Women's College became one and the same, of which institution
Dr.Canfield was appointed to the chair of demonstrator of anatomy,
and graduated for a second time. In the fall of 1872, Titusville,
Penn., became her home, where, in the course of her stay of ten
years, she became an influential member of the profession and
established an extensive practice. The reduction of the population
compelled her removal, and Indianapolis, Ind., was visited, where a
stay of seven months was made. On account of failing health, in
1882 she came to Chicago, where she still resides, and where she
has met with much of the success she attained in other localities.
Dr. Canlield was the first woman who was elected and served as an
officer in the American Institute of Homeopathy, the oldest medi-
cal body in the United States. She is also a member of the Illinois
State Homeopathic Society, the Woman's Homeopathic Medical
Society, and the Hahnemann Clinical Society.
ECLECTICS.
BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE. — Since the fire of
1871, which destroyed the building then used for col-
legiate purposes, the growth of this institution has been
satisfactory to its trustees. In 1873, a college edifice
was erected at Nos. 511-13 State Street, at a cost of
about $65,000. It contains two lecture-halls, capable
of seating three hundred and fifty students. One of
these, built in the amphitheatre style, is used for surgical
and anatomical lectures and demonstrations. It has a
dissecting-room, which accommodates one hundred and
twenty-five students ; the museum and chemical rooms
are fully supplied with specimens and apparatus. It
contains, also, a library, reading-room, and offices.
The Bennett Hospital, situated upon the college
grounds, adjacent to the building, is connected with it
by covered ways.
The Free Dispensary, connected with this college,
is conducted wholly at the expense of the faculty, for
the benefit of the students. Clinics are held daily dur-
ing the entire year. From twenty-five hundred to three
thousand are treated each year.
This college was named in honor of Professor John
Hughes Bennett, the great medical reformer of Europe.
The faculty since 1871 has been as follows :
Professor of the principles and practice of surgery: Milton
Jay, dean of the faculty, 1873-86.
Professor of obstetrics and diseases of women: Anson L.
Clark, 1871-86.
Professor of therapeutics, materia medica, and clinical medi-
cines: J. F. Cook, 1871-76; Wilson H. Davis, 1876-86.
Professor of surgical anatomy and orthopedic surgery: A. H.
Hiatt, 1876-79; S. W. Wetmore,' 1883-84; K. F. Buecking, 1880-
82, and 1884-86.
Professor of chemistry, pharmacy and toxicology: H. D.
Garrison, 1871-78; W. K. 'Harrison, 1878-83; Finley Ellingwood,
1884-86.
Professor of principles and practice of medicine: Henry K.
Whitford, 1871-86.
Professor of physiology, hygiene and electro-therapeutics :
Milton Jay, 1871-73; H. M. Crawford, 1873-76; E. Reading,
1876-80; E. M. Reading, 1882-86.
Professor of diseases of children: N. P. Pearson, 1876-81;
John Tascher, 1 88 1-86.
Professor of general and descriptive anatomy: H. N. Young,
1873-77; K- F. Buecking, 1877-78; A. L. Willard, 1878-79; John
Tascher, 1879-81; H. S. Tucker, 1881-86.
Professor of didactic and clinical ophthalmology and otology:
Henry Olin, 1871-84; D. A. Cashman, 1884-86.
Professor of dermatology and venereal diseases: E. F. Rush,
1879-86.
Professor of medical jurisprudence : George C. Christian,
1871-86.
Professor of dental pathology and surgery: G. W. Nichols,
1880-83; E. L. C.uftin, 1884-86.
Demonstrator of anatomy: E. F. Buecking, 1875-76; \V. K.
Harrison, 1877-79; II. S. Tucker, 1879-83; M. G. Hart, 1883-86.
Assistant to chair of surgery: W. I.eRoy Wilcox, 1885-86.
Assistant to chair of obstetrics and gynecology : J. I!. Mc-
Fatrich, 1884 36.
Since (and including) 1872, this college has gradu-
ated seven hundred and sixty-six students, an average
of nearly fifty-five per annum. In the list are found
the names of a number of women, who are admitted to
the privileges of the institution the same as men.
KoarJ of Tntstivs — A. I,. Clark, president; Edgar Reading,
vice-president; Milton Jay, secretary; II. T. Clark, treasurer; \V.
H. Davis, Henry K. Whitford, E. M. Reading, H. K. Stratford,
Henry Olin, H. S. Tucker, E. F. Buecking, John Tascher, S. S.
Judd.
HENRY OLIN, M.D., one of the most distinguished oculists
and aurists in the country, was born at Concord, Erie Co., N. N'.,
on August 18, 1835, and is the son of William and Marie Olin.
His father, who was of the Vermont Olin family which contributed
so much brilliancy and renown to the Albany, New York, legal bar,
was an enterprising farmer, with an active intellect and an abundant
store of general information. The childhood of young Olin was
spent in Springfield and Boston in his native State, and in these
places he enjoyed excellent educational advantages. His taste for
the medical profession developed quite early in life, and we find him
when a young man apprenticed to a druggist, and devoting himself
to the study of the business. He was from the beginning of his con-
nection with the drug business, an intelligent and laborious medical
student and investigator, showing that deep interest in the details of
medical science and that conscientious discharge of duty which have
always distinguished him. In the course of time he entered regu-
larly upon the study of medicine, which he pursued at Buffalo, New
York, and Philadelphia, thoroughly fitting himself for his profession.
Having completed his collegiate medical education, he at once en-
tered into practice, with greater success than usually attends the be-
ginning of a professional career. For three or four years from
1860, Dr. Olin conducted a drug store in connection with his prac-
tice, but finding that the claims of his profession demanded all his
attention, he abandoned the drug business and has since confined
himself exclusively to his practice, with the exception of attending
to his duties as lecturer on the diseases of the eye and ear in Ben-
nett Medical College. He has greatly added to the high character
of this college, of which he is also a teacher. For fifteen years Pro-
fessor Olin has made the treatment of this class of diseases a specialty
and has an authority in this branch of medical science throughout
the world. In 1870, he made a most important discovery in the
physiology of the ear, which revolutionized a long accepted theory.
He found, while examining a patient, that there was a congenital
absence of the tympanic membrane, and yet normal hearing existed.
Upon further inquiry and investigation he found many other cases
where the tympanic membrane was wanting, from idiopathic and
traumatic causes, but still the persons had normal hearing. Further
investigation resulted in demonstrating that this membrane is inelas-
tic fibrous tissue, not vibrating on the undulating motion of the
atmosphere as had previously been supposed. Professor Olin's dis-
covery has been recently corroborated by the testimony of Professor
Ilelmholtz, of Germany, who has experimented with like results.
In the fall of 1870, Professor Olin removed to Chicago, where he
has since resided. He has exerted himself to found in Chicago a
College of Ophthalmology and Otology, of which he secured the in-
corporation in 1878. The institution supplies a much needed want,
and will be an appropriate monument to the energy, judgment and
even humanity of its founder. Professor Olin is prominently con-
nected with several medical societies, among which are the National
Eclectic Medical Association, the Illinois Eclectic Medical Society,
the Wisconsin Medical Society, and the Chicago Eclectic Medical
and Surgical Society. In 1874, he was married to Miss Delia
Miles, a lady of superior excellence of heart and mind. It is a mat-
ter of astonishment to all who are familiar with Professor Olin's
habits of industry, that he can withstand the drain of such an active
life. His endurance however, may be largely attributed to a fault-
less nervous system . I n such delicate operations as the practice of the
oculist and aurist necessitates, perfectly steady nerves are the only
540
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
guaranty of safety to tile patient and, necessarily, of success to the
practitioner. To the extraordinary development noticeable in all
of his o|XT.dio;is. 1'ioicssor ( )lin i- as much indebted for his ability
to perform a prodigious amoiinl ol' labor as he is lor a large mi
of his professional -urn---,. Yet a young man. many additional and
even still . nents may reasonably be expected to
mark his professional .
HO Wk].;iu |V;UMIAM was born at Kredonia, Licking
Co., Ohio, on August is. is;,;, lie entered a district school at the
and continued in it until til rnlecn. when he
•ni- a student at I iray's Academy, which lie attended spring and
summer, and taught during the winter months in the country, up to
1-57. when he entered the law olliees of Chief- Justice T. \V.
Hartley, ol Mansfield, Ohio. Tiring of law study, he began the
studyof medicine, which he continued for eighteen months, when the
War of tlie Kcl" on and for a time he was lost in trade and
speculation, lie resumed the study of medicine again in 1868. anil
bewail practicing in this city in i.->7->. lie graduated from Bennett
Medical College in 1^77, and for a considerable period theicatlcr
occupied the chair of diseases of the respiratory and circulatory
as in the same college. For a period of nearly nine years. Dr.
ingraham has been physician-in-charge of the Newsboys' Home of
Chicago, also physician for the Letter-Carriers' Relief and Fund
Association, City Medical Examiner for the Covenant Mutual Ben-
efn Association of Galesburg, 111., city medical examiner for the
Mutual Benefit l.ile Association of America and other life compa-
nies, and surgeon for the Singer i\ Talcott Stone Company, together
with numerous other surgical connections of vei y great value to
him. lie is a member of the National Eclectic Slediial Associa-
tion, the Illinois Kclcctic Medical Society, of the Chicago Eclectic
Medical and Surgical Sociely, and has been president of the alumni
of Bennett Medical College. Me is a member of Cleveland Lodge,
No. LMI, A.|-.\ A.M., and was a charier member of the lodge of
the Knights of Pythias, No. 22, Wooster, Ohio, before coming to
thiscity. Dr. Ingriham was married to Miss Mary K. Rogers, on
J, I So, at Worthiugton, Ohio; they haxc'had two sons,
Charles and John M. The Dr. is spoken of by Frank Clossop, the
publisher, as follows: "Compliments of one who knows whereof
lie -.peaks, to S. \V. Ingraham, M.D., Chicago. Possessing the
noblest traits of man; intelligence, industry, honesty — ennobled with
a kind heart, generous, willing and skillful hands."
Wn.s..\ II. DAVIS, one of Chicago's most active medical prac-
titioners, was born at Richmond, Wayne Co., Ind., in 1843, and
there resided until he nearly attained his majority. At the age of
sixteen he attended the academy at Marion, ind., remaining there
t w.i years. He linished his collegiate education at Earlham Col-
a Ouaker school of learning at Richmond, Ind. He then
went to Cincinnati, entered the Kclectic Medical Institute, and took
his degree in February. 1865. After his graduation, he connected
himscll with the city hospital of Cincinnati for about two years,
lie came to Chicago in 1807, and commenced to build up a 'prac-
tice, which has proved highly successful in everyway. Dr. D.uis
is a gentleman of rare attainments; his professional skill and his
attractue social qualities combine to make him well-known in pro-
fessional and private life among the very best of Chicago's citizens,
lie was one of the founders of Bennett' Medical College in IN«,
and was one of the first lecturers. Since 1873, he has been pro-
of materia medica and therapeutics and clinical medicine in
Bennett College, and is one of the most noted teachers of the
faculty. In 1868, the ( 'hicago Medical Times was established, and
Dr. Davis became its editor-in-chief, which position he still occu-
pies. His editorial and other writings upon medical and scien-
Mtic subjects receive marked attention, not only in the United
States, but also in Kurope. He is an active member of the Na-
tional Kdectical Medical Association, is president of the Illinois
lation, and is an honorary member of nearly every State
Eclectic Medical Association in the Union. At the age of twenty-
one, Dr. Davis became an Odd Fellow, and he has been prominent
m the advancement of that noble order for several years He was
lor some years presiding ollicer in Kxcelsior Lodge, No. 22 I ( >
p.F. He has otten been honored with the chairmanship of 'many
rtanl committees in the Grand Lodge. At the time of the
great lire. Dr. Davis was an active worker, and did much to pro-
mote the good work of charity conducted by the order of odd Fel-
lle was also a member of the A.O.U.W., and was the first
master workman in Apollo Lodge, -No. 139, of Chicago, and has
•d valuable services in promoting the interests of that order
othstandmg his many duties, Dr. Davis finds time to deliver
lectures on topics pertaining to his profession, scientific subjects
and addresses on Odd Fellowship, his time being greatly in de-
l.y societies, lodges, clubs and associations. He' is now
engaged upon a work on materia medica anil therapeutics I),-
Davis was married, on December 6, 1882, to Miss Ha trie I
• , of Waukegan, III., an accomplished lady, noted for her
musical talent and social qualities.
.\Nsfiv I.f\t\\ ("LARK, physician and surgeon, was born on
( October IS, [836, at Clarksburg, Mass., the village being named in
honor of his family. His father was Thomas S. Clark and his
mother's maiden name was Almedia Ketchum. They moved to
Palatine, Cook Co., III., in 1841. Ilis father was a farmer and
mechanic, and under rather adverse circumstances the son obtained
his education. He attended Lombard I 'nivcrsity at Calesburg,
111., but while at college spent his winters in teaching. Having
determined to make medicine his profession, he- devoted much
attention to the study of such works as would aid him preparatory
to entering a medical college. lie graduated from Lombard in
1858, and went al once to the Cincinnati Kcleclic Medical Institute,
from which he graduated in 1801, with highest honors, and the
degree ol Doctor of Medicine was conferred upon him. I pon
leaving the college, he entered the I27th Illinois Infantry Volun-
teers as hrst assistant-surgeon. During the War and while on
detached duty, he organized and took charge of Hospital No. 2, at
Memphis, Tenn.. with which he remained three months. He had
married in 1859. and his family was located at Palatine win
went into the Army, liefore his return they made their home in
Klgin, and when the War closed he went to Klgin and commenced
the regular practice of medicine, in which city he has since always
resided. Dr. Clark has an enviable reputation as a physician and
surgeon anil has built up a very large and remunerative practice'.
In 1808, when Dr. Garrison wrote to him regarding the establish-
ment of an eclectic medical college, Dr. Clark at once entered
heartily into the establishment of a school here. Upon the opening
ol Bennett Medical College, he was elected to the chair of obstet-
rics and diseases of women, and for seventeen years he has retained
that professorship. He has also been president of that institution,
and enjoys the satisfaction of seeing the little medical school which
started with eight or nine graduates grow into an institution known
and tamous throughout the land, lie is consulting physician to
the Bennett Hospital. Fre.]uent contributions are made by him on
medical questions to the leading journals of the country, and
"Clark's Diseases of Women" is a volume recently issued, of
which he is the author. He was president of the National Medical
Association for 1883, and corresponding secretary of the Illinois
State Medical Society for 1885. lie has been a' member of the
State Board of Health ever since the organixation of the same. I)r.
Clark is a staunch republican in politics, but has never been a
seeker for office. The people of Kane County, recognizing his abil-
ities, elected him as their representative to the XXVIIth General
Assembly in 1870. He was also a director of the Board of Educa-
tion in Klgin in 1875. Dr. Clark was married on August 20, 1859,
to Miss I'hcebe |. Lemon, of Mctamora. 111., but her death occur-
red in 1868. They had two sons, — Otis A., \\lio died in i
and Percy I.., who is at present attending Champaign (III.) Uni-
versity. Dr. Clark was again married in January, 1872, to Miss
Mary K. Damon, daughter of Hiram P. and' Belinda II. Danton, of
Spencer, Mass.
\\ II.I.IAM Lr.Rov Wn.rnx, physician and surgeon, was born in
Allegany County, N. V., on November 13, 1859. In 1871, he
moved to Grand Rapids, Mich., where he lived until he was twenty-
one. Dr. Wilcox there obtained his education under very adverse
circumstances, having the care and support of a large family.
He was enabled to take a three years' scientific course in the State
Agricultural College when he was only eighteen years of age. I h
took up his first study in medicine, and prepared himself for entry
into a medical school without the aid of a preceptor. In 1881, he
removed to Chicago and entered Bennett Medical College. ' liy
assiduous devotion to his studies, he was enabled in two years to
win the coveted honors, and, in 1883, he took the degree of'lloclor
of Medicine. He was immediately offered the chair of demonstrator
of chemistry in the college and he accepted the professorship. I le
lias practiced his profession in this city, since his graduation, and
has met with unqualified success. Dr. Wilcox, though a young
man, has, by his energy and devotion to his work, won the appro-
bation of both the people and the leading physicians of the city.
He held the professorship of chemistry for two years in Bennett
College, and, in 1884, was tendered the' chair of assistant surgery.
This position he now holds, and he is regarded as among the most
valuable members of the faculty. Dr. Wilcox was married on De-
cember iS, 1883, to Miss M. Flma Adams, of Grand Rapids. Mich.;
they have one child, Hazel Lee. Dr. Wilcox resides at Irving
Park, and is an active member of the Reformed Church and other
societies of the village. He is a member of the Royal Arcanum
and of the Order of Foresters.
MARVIN G. HART, physician and demonstrator of descriptive
and pathological anatomy in Bennett Medical College was born near
Madison, Wis., on April 28, 1858. He is a son of Jeremiah ami
athcart) Hart, and was reared on a farm near Madison \t
the age of nine his parents removed to Oskaloosa, Iowa, and after
blushing the common school studies, he entered Penn College at
Oskaloosa, taking the literary course. He did not graduate, but
MKIMC.M, HISTORY.
S4i
practically completed his literary I'dtication, after which he went to
Nebraska and Kansas where he spent a year in recreation. On his
return home he took up his professional studies in the office of Dr.
C-. II. Wiley, with whom he read medicine for about one year. In
the spring of iSSl, he came to Chicago and entered Bennett Medi-^
cal College, and devoted himself particularly to the science of anat-
omy. He graduated in 1X83, and so manifest was his ability in
anatomical science, that the faculty immediately offered him the
chair of descriptive and pathological anatomy. He has since been
rlusely idcntilied with the institution. I >r. Hart is a genial, court-
eous gentleman, and gifted with the traits that make the success of
professional men. Being a devoted scholar, he has enjoyed the
benefits of broad reading and deep thinking, and by assiduous ap-
plication has advanced himself to the highest attainable point in
modern medical science. Dr. Hart was married on May 3, 1883,
to Miss Hattie Hoffmire, of New Sharon, Iowa. I Iris member of
the Chicago, State and National Eclectic societies, and medical
examiner for the Chicago ( luarantee Fund Life Society.
JAMKS I!ruTo\ M< FATKKII, M.S., M.l>., was born at Lena,
Stephenson Co., 111., where he attended the common schools of the
village until he was about sixteen years of age. At that time he
entered the Upper Iowa University at Fayette, and took the full
course of instruction at that institution. His training there
resulted in laying a foundation for his later medical acquirements
and his present success as a practitioner of his profession. Upon
leaving the University of Iowa, his taste developing for the medical
profession, he entered Hahnemann Medical College, where he took
a full course in all the departments. Upon the close of the term
he went to [he Cook County Hospital and was placed in charge of
a ward, where he remained for two years. His practice at the hos-
pital was with greater success than usually attends the beginning of
a professional career. Dr. Mcl-'atiich, though a young man, was
determined upon securing the most modern instruction in medicine
at the beginning of his professional life, and being conscious that
there were defects as well as merits in a single system, decided to
further investigate the study of medicine, and with that purpose
entered the Bennett Medical College, an " Kclectic " school. Dr.
McFatrich graduated from Bennett Medical College in 1883, and
immediately commenced upon regular practice. In 1884, he was
appointed adjunct professor to the chair of diseases of women, and
this position he still occupies. He is also assistant surgeon in the
Bennett Hospital, and enjoys the confidence and esteem of his fol-
lowers. Recently he received his degree as Master of Science from
the Upper Iowa University. This degree is never issued until
years have elapsed since graduation, and it is the highest compli-
ment that a university can pay its students. The doctor is a thor-
ough scholar, strongly devoted to the advancement of all that
pertains to his profession, and is rapidly making his way to the front
rank among the physicians of the \Vest.
OTHO \V. F. SNVDKR, M.D., son of Samuel A. and Elizabeth
Snyder, was born in Washington County, Md., on .May n, 1849.
He lost his father at the age of seven years and was then bound out
as a farmer's boy. On April 13, 1863, he enlisted in Co. "A," 3d
Delaware Infantry, as musician, at which time he was thirteen years
of age, and followed his regiment until June 14, 1865, when he was
mustered out with an honorable discharge and a record of having
been one of the youngest soldiers in the War of the Rebellion. He
then came West, and spent the following five years in various
employments and gratifying his desire for travel. In 1870, he
engaged in farming in Carroll County, 111., which he continued five
years. Becoming interested in the study of medicine, he prepared
himself for matriculation in the Physio-Medical College, of Cincin-
nati, and, after a full course, took his degree as Doctor of Medicine
from that institution with the class of February, 1878. Locating in
Haldane, Ogle Co., III., he remained there nearly two years and then
removed to Polo. In 1884, he came to this city, where he has since
been engaged in attending to a lucrative practice. He is secretary
and demonstrator of anatomy of the Physio-Medical College of this
city, and was president of the Illinois Physio-Medical Association
two years, and second vice-president of the National Physio-Med-
ical society for 1884-85. Dr. Snyder was married on October 25,
1872, to Miss Elizabeth A. Pulley, of Pleasant Valley, [o Daviess
Co., 111., who died on April 8, iSSo, leaving him two children:
Roscoe F. and Everett E. His marriage to Miss Mina F. Mc.Mur-
rin, of Anamosa, Jones Co., Iowa, occurred on September 28, 1882.
THE CHICAGO ECLECTIC MEDICAL SOCIETY. — This
society was organized on May 13, 1879, and holds its
meetings once a month at the Grand Pacific Hotel.
The officers since its inception have been as follows :
Presidents: iSSo, W. II. Davis: iSSl, (1. P. Van Valken-
burgh; 1882, A. L. Willard, Henry W. Olin; 1883, IT. K. Strat-
ford, W. F. Bundy: 1884, I). A. Cashman; 1885, E. F. Rush;
1886, J. G. Bemis.
Vice-presidents: 1880, IT. K. Stratford; 1881, O. B. Howe;
1883, I). A. Cashman; 1884, |. F. Ryan; 1885, [. (',. Bemis. M
(':. Hart.
Secretaries: iSSo, \V. K. Harrison; 1882-83, N. II. I'aaren;
1884, E. F. Rush; 1885, D. A. Cashman; i88<>, J. I!. McFatrich.
Treasurers: 1880, W. K. Harrison; iSSl, 'll. K. Stratford-
1882, Henry W. Olin; 1883, W. K. Harrison; 1884, IT. S. Tucker
1885, A. W. Smith; 1886, Henry \V. Olin.
Hoard of Censors: 1883, Milton lay, S. \V. \Vetmore, [.
Struble; 1884, Milton |ay, W. 11. liavis^ W. L. Wilcox; 1885,
Milton [ay, \V. 11. Davis," II. S. Tucker; 1886, II. K Stratford
A. L. Willard, F. F. Buecking.
BYKD.N TKKAT, M.D., son of Theodore and Sarah
Treat, of Ontario County, N. Y., near Rochester, was born on
August 2, 1824. His parents moved West in 1837, and settled in
LaPorte, Ind., where he continued his studies in the private school
of Dr. Brown one year. At the age of eighteen he began the study
of medicine, under the guidance of Dr. Teegarden, of LaPorte.
At the expiration of four years he matriculated in the Eclectic
Medical College of Cincinnati, and took his degree as Doctor of
Medicine in the class of 1848. Shortly after his graduation he
located at Janesville, Wis.. where he remained in successful practice
twenty-three years, and, since 1871, has been in active practice in
this city. During his stay in Janesville, the Berkshire Medical
School, of Massachusetts, conferred upon him an honorary degree.
In appreciation of his worth as a citizen and a man of unblemished
character, he was elected to the mayoralty of Janesville in 1860 and
1862, and for fourteen years had charge of the Institute for the
Blind, in that city, as president of the Board of Trustees. Dr.
Treat was married on October 20, 1847, to Orrilla |. Hubbell, of
LaPorte, Ind., and has one son. Leslie R.
WII.I.IAM JAMES CLARY was born in Huron County, Ohio, on
November 9, 1824, where he lived during his boyhood. He is
descended from the French branch of the family. He attended
the Norwalk Academy during his youth, and at the age of twenty-
six commenced his professional studies, entering the Eclectic Medi-
cal College of Cincinnati, from which he graduated in 1852. He
returned to his home in Huron County and practiced there for about
fifteen years. He then settled at Kenosha, Wis., and was con-
nected with Professor Gatchell, of the Sanitarium of that place, for
a number of years. In 1879, he came to Chicago, and has since
made this his home. Dr. Clary is a gentleman, modest and retir-
ing, ami though at various times offered professorships through
which he could have distinguished himself, he has held aloof from
all positions of this nature. Dr. Clary was married on December
31, 1854, to Miss Adaline S. Tennent, at Monroeville, Ohio, the
residence of the bride, however, being at Tiffin, Ohio. They have
one daughter, Cora C. T. Mrs. Clary's family have been noted for
their connection with education, one of her ancestors being the
founder of Princeton College.
JAMES ELLSWORTH RYAN, M.D., was born at Terryville,
Conn., on June 23, 1856, and is the son of John and Mary (Smith)
Ryan. When the senior Ryan was but a lad he came to America
and located at Terryville, engaging in business, where he remained
until 1868. His son James was afforded the advantagesof a public
school, and made the best of his opportunities, hi 1868, his
parents removed to Davenport, Iowa, and he continued his
studies in that city, attending the high school, from which fye grad-
uated with honors in 1876. In making up his mind as to what pro-
fession he should follow, he quickly determined upon adopting
that of the medical, and for that purpose decided to come to
Chicago and pursue a course of study. He entered the offices of
Doctors Westcott and Hathaway, applied himself with earnestness
to his work, studied constantly, and aided his preceptors in their
practice in various ways. Tie was with them for some time, and
then entered Rush Medical College. He took one course at this
institution, and at the end of that time decided to enter Bennett
Medical College. Dr. Ryan is progressive in all that the word
implies, and in entering the Bennett Eclectic school, he did so
with the purpose of securing the broadest field of instruction. It
gave Dr. Ryan an opportunity to originate and demonstrate, to his
personal satisfaction, the best course to pursue when engaged in
professional work. In iSSl, Dr. Ryan graduated from Bennett
College, and since that time he has' successfully coped with the
most prominent of Chicago's physicians. Young, ambitious, ener-
getic, his application to study and business has won for him the
confidence of a large class of people. Dr. Ryan is a member of
the National, State and City Eclectic societies, and has been vice-
president of the city organization for two years, which position he
now holds. He is also vice-president of the Alumni Association of
his Alma Mater, and is medical e-xaminer for the Knights of Honor,
Foresters and Knights and Ladies of Honor. It will thus be seen
that, although a young man, Dr. Ryan's ability has been recog-
nized by his professional brethren, and the large practice which he
controls is sufficient evidence of his estimation in the minds of the
public. Notwithstanding the press of business, he finds time to
542
HISTOKN OF CHIC \C.<).
embody his thon. rious medical questions into articles for
. inc-, ami In' is a frequent contributor thereto. 1 )r. Ryan has
\y issued hi- pro-pecui- lor a medical journal, to In- edit.
himself, and called the Electro-Therapeutical Gazette. I>r. Ryan
has many \cars before him, ami, with a successful past for a foun-^
ELECTRIC.
ilation,
mi, surrounded no\v l>\ tin- mo-t encouraging conditions, there
only the requisites ot life ami health to insure him a brilliant
future.
|. KI.OVD I:\MOV M.I)., was horn in Oncida County, N.
•\ . on April 3, (84$, where he lived on the farm at the home of his
parents, an. at Hamilton. After he graduated from
the high school, he returned to \\oik on the farm with his father,
hut the place did not ulfer siitlicient inducements and attractions to
a man ot hi- energy, ability and amhilion. He concluded to study
me.iicine. He is a rapid Ve.idei, has a very retentive memory anil
individuality of character. In 1-75, he went to Philadelphia
and entered the 'Lclcclic Medical College, graduating on May lo,
1-77, with the dcgice of M.I). Immediately following his gradu-
ation, he returned to Hamilton, where he began general practice
and-- ned the confidence of the citizens; but the place not
being of siitlicient size to enable him to increase his opportunities,
after a year he moved to ( levcland, c )hio. where for three years he
w.i- located, and from which city he came to Chicago. Dr. Hanton
has contributed many papers to medical journals and for public dis-
tribution. He is practically a self-educated man, having had an
inclination for the study of medicine since his childhood.
l"s|.ni u. lit. MIS was born in Massachusetts, on May 17, I.-44,
and lived at Cummingion. Hampshire County, until he was eleven
year- of age. 1 le then moved with his parents to Farihault, Minn.,
al a proper age entered the Bishop Seabury I'niversity and
commenced theological studies. When the \Var broke out, young
P.emis, then onlv -cvcnlecn years of age, ellli-ted in Co. "Ci," 1st
Minne-ota Infantry, and, in isd2, was transferred to the 6th U. S.
iv. lie was three years and three months in the service,
nil a— istant--urgeon in the hospitals and on the field,
but. owing to his not being old enough, did not receive hi.; commis-
- -urgeoii. In )S(>4, he went to Burlington, Vt., and took a
regular cour-e in medicine, and from there he went to Xew York
j.raduated the year following from the College of Physicians
and Surgeons of that city. Returning to Faribault, he practiced
his pi a number of years. In November, 1882, he came
to Chicago, and took a course in liennett Medical College, and
received a diploma from that institution in 1883. In 1876, Dr.
Bcmis went to the Black Hills during the gold excitement, and had
charge of the military there. When the Indian troubles arose, the
people elected Dr. Bemis mayor of the Black Hills district, and he
successfully managed affairs through a time when the Indians en-
dangered life and property. Or. Bemis is at present vice-president
of the Chicago Medical Society and is a prominent member of the
Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having been at one time a grand
officer of the State of Minnesota. He is a. member of the Masonic
fraternity, the National I'nion Association and the Royal Arcanum.
I >r. liemis was married on June 8, 1865, to Miss Myra E. Bates,
at Watertown, X. V. They have three children: Marvin M.,
George \V. and Alta E.
FKKIIKKK K HASSE, son of Jacob and Margareta (Exter) Hasse,
natives of Neustadt-on-the-Haardt, in Bavaria, was born at Ger-
mersheim, on the Rhine, on July 19, 1844, where he lived until
1862, acquiring a common-school education. He attended college
in 1859, at Speyer, from which institution he graduated in 1864,
having obtained a thorough classical education and a preparatory
knowledge of materia medica, a science to which he intended to de-
vote the labor of his life. Immediately following his graduation at
Spcyer, he went to Munich and entered the Polytechnicum, where
he remained two years, pursuing a course in chemistry and mathe-
matics. In 1866, he emigrated to this country. Shortly after his
arrival in New York, he secured a position as clerk in a drug
store, a capacity in which he served for five years. In 1871, he
entered Bellevue Hospital College, where he prosecuted his studies
•Jntil the following spring, when he went to Mount Sinai Hospital
a- assistant to the interne physician. After that he entered the
New York College of Physicians and Surgeons, leaving that insti-
tution in 1873. Directly thereafter, he returned to his former
occupation as drug clerk, shortly after which he established a busi-
.1 his own. In 1878, he came to Chicago, and resumed his
occupation as clerk in the store of Dr. Kossakowski; six months
later he purchased the establishment, in conjunction with which he
tiled his medical studies Kntering Dennett Medical College
in I .--I, he graduated in 1883. Placing his business interests in
the hands of a manager, he devoted his entire time to the practice
of medicine. Dr. lla— e i- a gentleman of scholarly attainments,
liberal in his views, and a physician of experience. He is a mem-
ber of the Knights and I.adie- of Honor, and the Deutsche Krche,
a German benevolent association. He was married, on January
10, 1868, in Xew York City, to Miss Catharine Von Moeser, anil
has one child, a son named Willie.
I. TiiAi'MKK, M. I)., consulting physician of the
Chica. ic Shield Company, was born at Almond, Allegany
s. Y.. on April <>, 1*43. lie was educated at the University
of M ichigan and graduated from the Homeopathic College of Cleve-
land. Ohio, with the degree oi Doctor of Medicine, on February
(go. lie i- engaged in the regular practice of medicine; be-
lieving, however, in the curative virtues and therapeutic effects of
electro-magnetism, he has devoted most of his time for the past ten
vears to the study and development of magnetic appliances. Like
all new discoveries, the magnetic shields and appliances were at
first looked upon with disfavor, but their use has daily become
more general, and they are now a recognized and important factor in
the treatment and cure of many of the ills to which flesh is heir.
Dr. Thachcr has resided in Chicago for the past three years, and
has given his personal attention to the manufacture and disposition
of the various garments whose therapeutical value has been so
popularly demonstrated.
DENTISTS.
CHICAGO COLLEGE OK DENTAL SURGERY. — The
Chicago Dental Infirmary was incorporated, under the
general law of the State of Illinois, on February 20,
1883. Its primary object was to furnish instruction in
dental surgery to those who had previously received a
medical education. It was conducted on this plan for
two years, when it wis deemed advisable to convert the
infirmary into a. regular dental college, to be known as
the Chicago College of Dental Surgery. There were
twenty-live students in 1883-84 and three graduates.
The prospects of this institution are very flattering, and,
sustained as it is by many leading physicians of the city,
its permanent success is assured.
Hoard of Counselors — Hon. Lyman Trumbull, Hon. lohn
Wentworth, Hon. Carlile Mason, Hon. B. C. Cook, William K.
Ackerman, E. 11. Sargent, \Virt Dexter, Murry Nelson, William
I'enn Xixon, ( leorge II. l.yon, John V. Farwell, William M. Hoyt,
George M. Pullman, Rev. Robert D. Sheppard, Dr. George V.
Root.
/!, iii nl of nircctors — James A. Swasey, president ; A. \V. Har-
lan, vice-president ; T. W. Brophy, corresponding secretary ; Edgar
1). Swain, secretary and treasurer; N. B. Delanmter, \Y. H.
Byford, A. Reeves Jackson, Milton Jay, W. W. Allport, Norman
Bridge, J. X. Crouse, G. W. Nichols; Frank H. Gardiner, chair-
man executive committee.
Faculty — G. V. Black, professor of pathology ; W. L. Cope-
land, professor of anatomy ; W. T. Belfield, professor of physio-
ology and microscopy ; Lewis L. McArthur, professor of chemistry
and metallurgy; L. P. Haskell, professor of prosthetic dentistry;
Truman W. Brophy, professor of oral surgery ; Edmund Xoyes,
professor of operative dentistry ; A. \V. Harlan, professor of
materia medica and therapeutics ; P. J. Kester, professor of special
chemistry ; C. Stoddard Smith, superintendent of the infirmary.
Ilcinonslratvrs — J. W. Wassail, demonstrator of anatomy and
lecturer on regional anatomy ; B. D. Wikoff, demonstrator of oper-
ative dentistry; II. A. Armitage, demonstrator of prosthetic den-
tistry ; L. L. Davis, demonstrator of microscopy ; J. E. Hinkins,
demonstrator of chemistry.
Clinical Instructors — Drs. James A. Swasey, George H. Cush-
ing Edgar I). Swain, D. B. Freeman, E. B. Call, K. B. Davis, C.
N. Johnson, Charles H. Thayer, J. N. Crouse, E. M. S. Fer-
nandez, C. R. E. Koch, C. A. Kitchen, J. D. Moody, C. P.
Southwell, G. S. Solomon, and J. A. Dunn.
The courses are held semi-annually, commencing in
April and October respectively.
TRUMAN W BROIMIY, dean of the Chicago College of Dental
Surgery, was born in Will County, 111., on April 12, 1848. He
was brought up in the county of Kane, and during his boyhood
attended the common schools, afterward studying in the 'Elgin
Academy for several years. He began his professional studies in
Chicago in 1866, afterward entered the Pennsylvania College of
1 lental Surgery, from which he graduated in 1872. Dr. Brophy
passed considerable time among the medical colleges and .hospitals
ol the East, and then came to Chicago to engage in the practice of
his profession, which has been attended with marked success.
Meeting many cases in his practice requiring in their treatment
a more extended knowledge of medicine and surgery than was
taught in the College of Dental Surgery, in 1878 he commenced
MEDICAL HISTORY.
543
a regular course of study in ku-.li Medical College, attending lee-
lures for three regular sessions, anil graduating; in 1880, at which
time lie was conferred tile degree of M.l>. Dr. Brophy had the
honor of being president of his class until his graduation. I'pon
the completion of his studies at Rush College, he was elected to the
chair of dental pathology and surgery in that institution, which
professorship he holds at the present time. l''or a number of \cars
he was clinical lecturer at the Central Free Dispensary, only with-
drawing from that duty upon taking a chair in the college. At
about this time lie commenced, in company with his professional
associates, agitating a movement for the establishment of a college
of dental surgery, and with them succeeded in securing a charter
and raising the stock for the Chicago Dental Infirmary, the name
of which was afterward changed to the Chicago College of Dental
Surgery, which commenced its first regular course in the spring of
1883. Of this institution he has been dean and professor of oral
surgery since its establishment. Dr. Hrophy is an energetic, ambi-
tious worker, and another of the results of his splendid exertions
was the movement, which he inaugurated, that established a section
of oral surgery in the American Medical Association, of which
organization he lias been a member since its foundation. lie was
secretary of the association the first three years, and president of
the section of oral surgery for one year. Dr. Brophy was married
on May 8, 1883, to Miss Emma Jean Mason, daughter of Carlile
Mason of this city. They have three children, — Eugenia M.,
Florence Amelia and Truman \V., Jr. Dr. Brophv is a member of
the Union League Club and of the National, State, and various
local medical and dental societies. He has always led a most
active life, has written for most of the leading medical and dental
periodicals, and stands high in the profession of dental surgery.
He is an honorary member of many State dental associations; is
president of the Odontological Society of Chicago ; ex-president of
the Chicago Dental Society.
JAMES ATWOOD SWASF.Y, president of the Chicago College of
Dental Surgery, which position he has held for the past three suc-
cessive terms, is also one of the instructors at that institution. He
is also a member of the American Dental Association, the Illinois
State Society, and the City Dental Society. He has a large private
practice, to which he has been attending for the past ten years. I >r.
Swasry was b:)rn al North Danville, Caledonia Co., Vt., on March
12, 1833, where he attended the district school until the age of
seventeen, subsequently for two years attending 1'hillips Academy
at Danville, Vt. He then went to Michigan City, joined a party of
friends on a hunting and hshing tour, remained with them about
eighteen months anil returned to his native place, where he resided
one year. He then went to Beverly, Mass., where, in the office of
(). S. Swasey, M.D.. he first commenced the study of dental sur-
gery. In the latter part of 1858, he went to Ipswich, Mass., and
opened an office, where he practiced five years. From there he wen!
to Gloucester, Mass., practiced four years, and then retired from
business for one year, coming to Chicago in 1869. lie first opened
his office in the Shepard Block, corner of Monroe and Dear-
born streets, and was burnt out in the great fire of 1871. Dr.
Swasey has invented some very useful as well as practical ap-
paratus for dentists' use, and is an expert dentist. On May i,
iS02, he was married to Miss Tuck, of Beverly, Mass. They
have had three children; two of whom died in infancy; the
other son, Joseph Atwood, is completing his education.
I Mis 1'. II. \SKKI. I., the well known dentist, was born
at Bangor, Maine, on April 25, 1826, where he went to school
until he was twelve years of age. In 1838, he moved with his
parents to Salem, Mass., where he attended school two years.
In 1840, he went to Boston and entered the printing office of
William S. Damrell, remaining five years. In his nineteenth
year, he began the study of dental surgery in Boston, in the
office of Dr. M. 1'. Hanson, where he remained three years.
In 1848, he first opened his office as a dentist in Boston, where
he practiced eight years. He then moved to Milwaukee, with
a view of settling permanently, but, only remained one year,
when he came to Chicago and, in 1857, associated himself
with the well known and highly respected dentist, \V. \V.
Allport, which connection lasted eleven years. Since 1868,
however, he has been in practice for himself. During the.
thirty-seven years of the doctor's practice, he has made a spe-
cialty of prosthetic dentistry, and is recogni/.ed as an expert
and high authority among the fraternity. He is likewise the
professor of prostheticsat the Chicago College of Dental Sur-
gery, as well as one of the clinical instructors at the Baltimore
College. Dr. Haskell is a well known writer for various den-
tal journals, having the power to express his own ideas as
well as the ability to conceive them. In 1848, Dr. Haskell
was married to Miss Sarah I'',. \Vasson, of Chelsea, Mass. They
have had six children, all girls, two of whom are deceased.
THE NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE OF DENTAL
SURGERY. — This college is incorporated under the
general law of the State, and was organized in
September, 1885. The directors, in their first an-
nouncement, say: " The hearty co-operation which
the founders have met with from the leading prac-
titioners in dentistry and medi-
cine throughout the Northwest,
is an earnest of confidence in the
future of the institution, which
their best efforts will be put for
ward to deserve." Thirteen stu-
dents have already been entered
for matriculation. The college is located on the corner
of Wabash Avenue and Twelfth Street.
Directors: — Dr. I. Clendenen, president; Dr. H. C. Magnus-
son, treasurer; F. H. B. McDowell, secretary.
faculty: — G. C. Paoli, emeritus professor of materia medica;
X. I'. Pearson, emeritus professor of pathology; J. F. Austin, pro-
fessor of operative dentistry; Byron I). Palmer, professor of pros-
thetic dentistry; Eugene Vigneron, professor of dental pathology;
I. D. Sperling, professor of clinical dentistry; Dr. C. B. Gibson,
professor of chemistry; J. E. Hequembourg, professor of anatomy;
F. C. Caldwell, professor of materia medica; G. Frank Lydston,
professor of principles and practice of general surgery; Norman W.
Roberts, professor of oral deformities; J. Haven, professor of phy-
siology; I. Clendenen, surgeon and physician to the oral clinic, and
dean to the faculty; J. D. Lydston, professor of pathology.
11,-iiisiistrntors: — F. C. Marshall, demonstrator of prosthetic-
dentistry; T. S. Huffaker, demonstrator of anatomy; T. C. Rivera,
demonstrator of chemistry and materia medica.
CHICAGO DENTAL SOCIETY. — Officers since 1871:
Presidents:—}. N. Grouse, 1873; M. S. Dean, 1874; E. D.
Swain, 1874; C. R. E. Koch, 1876; D. B. Freeman, 1877; G. H.
Cushing, 1881; T. W. Brophy, 1882; E. S. Talbot, 1883; C. P.
I'ruyne, 1884; A. W. Harlan, 1885.
544
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
AV, «>/•,//«- *,rr,-/,in>: — K. I). Swain, 1*71-74: I >. I'-. I''"
76; I-:. Noyes, 1-7; 78; C. I'. Pro to; I >. M Cattell,
. K. S. Tail,,,!, i^j; R. \V. Kimball, KSS5-S4; |. G. Reid,
1885.
R. K. Koch. iS;;; |. F. Thompson. 1874;
G. 11. dishing, I.-7?; M. S. Dean, i>7i>:" K. 1>. Swain, I-;
• — C. 1- . MaUcson. president; G. \V. Nichols,
first vice-president; \V. A. Stevens, second vice-president; A. \V.
lloyi, recording 1'. J. Kcsicr, corresponding secretary;
1 . I >. Swain, !:. H. WooUey, librarian; |. S. Marshall,
1 •> I f!'"i \. \\ I-!, rin. in, directors; J. W. Wassail, G. A.
Christmann, K. II. Kimball, board of ccn^
THK < >no\ TOI.<H;H:AI, S<« IBTV <>K Cnii \<;o. — This
i-ty was orsjani/.ed oil Niivcnihrr 19, 1883, and has
for its object the invest Ration of subjects included in
science of medicine, surgery, chemistry and dental
surgery; and to elevate and sustain the professional cliar-
r of dental surgeons, and to stimulate them to the
acquirement of scientific knowledge.
'.•• tititf (V//.-vr> .- T. \\'. Brophy, president; K. Noyes,
cm; I'. I. Kcsti-r, secretary and treasurer; \V. I!. Ames,
i-nralor; F. I >. Swain.
; KK, dentist, son of Matthias and Martha
Deschauer, "i Lgcr. Austria, was born on February IS, 1822. < )n
the paternal side his ancestors for many yean have been engaged
in the manufacture of eloth and clothing, and are highly re-
s|H-ctcd as prominent citi/ens. A notable e\c-e])tion to the familv's
\ot-.ition occurs with his father's brother, Sebastian Deschauer, who
is surge. >n -general of the Austrian army. His early years, until he
reached the age of foutlccn, were spent ill the public schools of
Fgcr. and after pissing through the high school, he entered the
I'ohtei -hnic I niversity, from which he graduated in his seventeenth
year, lie then began the study of dentistry under the direction of
Dr. Carabeli. of Vienna, with whom lie remained three years.
After spending several years in travel through Germany and Switz-
erland, perfecting himself in his profession, he returned to Vienna,
and was associated with Dr. Carabeli until the agitation incident
upon the revolution in i*4S compelled him to leave that city. Re-
turning home, he practiced until 1856, when became to Chicago,
where he has since resided. Dr. Deschauer was married on No-
vember 24, 1850, to Miss Barbara llradil, of Prague, Bohemia,
and has one daughter, Mary, who was married in July, 1878, to Dr.
• • A. ( 'hristmann, a graduate of Missouri Dental College, who
is now in co-partnership with Dr. Deschauer. Dr. Christmann has
hildren, Arthur and Walter. The doctors are both members
of the Chicago and Illinois State Dental societies.
KMAXCEL H«>\SIN.,I.K. — In connection with the history of the
dental profession it is but just to mention some of the adjuncts to
the practice of the science which have been invented by this gentle-
man. He commenced practice as a dentist in 1852, and about
April, 1853, invented an automatic sign, by which a set of false
teeth are made to perform a masticating motion for twenty-four
without re-winding the machinery. I le also invented an ad-
lustable tile-carrier, rotating spitoon, and other instruments and
niences, none of which he patented, freely allowing the pro-
fession to adopt such improvements. For twenty years, Dr. Hon-
singer has never used other than crystal gold in crown-filling, and
he is, therefore, known to many as "the crystal gold man " who
would not recognize him by his proper cognomen.
1I.\N\ \M.\II \V. IlKMiMiUAY was born at Dryden, Tompkins
Co., X. V., on March 2O, 1841. His early education was received
in the old log school-house at his native town. He came to Chi-
cago in 1858, arriving here on his seventeenth birthday. He com-
menced his business career as a student in dental surgery, in the
of Dr. Honsinger, where he remained three years. In 1861,
he enlisted in Battery "G," 2d Illinois Light Artillery, remaining
in the service three years, when he was honorably discharged, lie
returned to Chicago in the early part of 1865, and re-commenced
practice on the North Side, where he remained until burned out in
the great tire. He then went on the West Side, where he remained
until January. 1873, when he moved on the South Side to the Bry-
:ock, corner of Randolph and Dearborn streets. He remained
four years at the Bryant Block, and then removed to his present
On. Dr. Hemingway is a member of Covenant Lodge No
.F..V \.M. In June, iS67, he was married to Missjai
Thompson, of Orion, Mich. They have had two children, one boy
and one girl. The boy died in infancy ; their daughter, Martha
Maselia, is still living.
GEOROB A. SIIKKWOC >i> was born in Morristown, N. Y.,on
February II, iS4o, and came to Chicago with his parents in 1844.
They remained here until i •ijt,, an. I then moved to Napcrville, where
his father practiced medicine. In iS5i, he moved to Downer's
Grove, remaining until 1854, and then he went to Ottawa, 111.,
where lie attended school, and worked in a machine shop for tlncc
years, learned his trade, and there lemained in charge of a depail
ineiit, with ten employes under him, until |S(><>. lie then went lo
New Orleans and began working at his trade. When the War
broke out, he leli there on the last boat that went up the river and
went to Tcrrc Haute, Ind., where he enlisted for three years, in the
I4th Indiana Infantry, in April, isin.asa private in Co. "(i."
The regiment, on July 5, left Indianapolis, and went lo Western
Virginia, where they fought under the command of General
MeClellan. They were in the battles ol Rich Mountain, Laurel
Hill, I'hilippi and Green Briar. In the latter battle he received a
tlesh wound. The following November they went to the Shenan-
doah Valley, under General Shields's command. Their lirst en,
men! under this command was at the battle of Winchester: after-
ward they were marched to Alexandria, Va., where they embarked
for the peninsula and fought in all those battles and in the seven-
days' light before Richmond, Va. They then were ordered to
Vorklown, and there re-embarked for Alexandria, from where they
were engaged in the second battle of liull Run, South Mountain
and Anlietam. In the latter, Dr. Sherwood received a bad wound
in the leg. and lay on the field eleven davs, owing to the large
number of wounded. He was then sent to Frederick City, Mel., and
from there to the Convent Hospital, where he was from Septem-
ber jS, 1862, until December 13, and where his leg was amputated.
lie was then carried on a cot to his home, where he lav eleven
months before he was able to get up. Not being strong enough to
return to his trade, he studied dentistry for six months at Ansora,
with Dr. J. J. Wilson. He then came to Chicago, where for one
year he was with Dr. lloyt, during which time he also attended
Bryant & Stratum's Commercial College. In iSi>d. he started in
business for himself. Since last May he has been located at his
present commodious and finely appointed dental parlors. On
November 6, i sdy, he married Miss Nora T. Crowley, a daughter
of one of Chicago's very early settlers. They have four children:
Camillus Homer, Maude M., George A., |r.,and Maple (I. S.
CH LKLES II. TilAVr.it, one of the leading dentists of this city,
was born at Franklin, Ma-s.,on December 24, 1841. Me received
his education at Providence, R. I., at a private Ouaker academy on
Westminster Street. In 1861, he joined the 1st Rhode Island
Infantry, and was present at the battle of Bull Run. lie then joined
the 1st (Rhode Island) Cavalry as second lieutenant. In their
charge on March 17, 1863, at the engagement at Kelley's Ford, he-
was wounded and taken a prisoner of war. He was sent tempo-
rarily to the hospital at Gordonsvillc, and atterward to the hospital at
I.ibby Prison, Richmond, Va., where he remained three months.
Then being exchanged, he joined his regiment, and was with it
at the battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill, and all through the
Shenamloah Valley campaign under command of General Sheridan.
For meritorious conduct he was promoted to captain, and was mus-
tered out of the service on December 31, 1864. Selecting the pro-
fession of dentistry, he went to Baltimore, Md., in 1866, as a
student in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, graduating,
with his diploma of D.D.S., in 1869. He came to Chicago in 1870,
first opening his office on the corner of Madison and State streets,
where he remained until he was burned out in the great fire of 1871!
Ib- i hen opened an office on the corner of Wabash Avenue and
Twenty-second Street, where he remained until, in 1883, he removed
to his present location. Dr. Thayer is a very genial gentleman
as well as a practical and efficient operator. He is a member of
Home Lodge, No. 508, A.F. & A.M. In 1871, he was married in
this city to Miss Juliet E. Read, now deceased, who left him one
daughter, Aline.
F.nwAKii II. HAMILTON- was born in London, England, on
January u, 1857, in which city he attended school until the age of
twelve. He then came to America, and locating at Erie, Penn., en-
he high school there, and graduated. During his boyhood
he became familiar in dental offices with the practical workings of
dentistry. In 1878, he came to Chicago and started in the office of
Dr. I-.. M. S. Fernandez, studying the speciality of crown-work.
He remained there six months, and then opened a laboratory at
No. 70 State Street, but only remained there a short time, when
lie removed to No. 126 State Street. Mis long familiarity with
dentistry enables him to do first-class work in that line to-day,
but he maintains his studies at the Chicago College of Dental
Chicago, on December 7, 1882, he married Miss Caroline Rye, of
Fail-field, Wis. ; they have two children,— Martha and Edward
( 'hades.
PMII.II- A. PALMER was born in Bradford County, Penn.,
June 13, 1831. He attended the district school summer and wir
until hlieen years old, then winters only during school age. Me fol-
lowed fanning until July, 1861, when he enlisted as a private in an
independent cavalry regiment and was mustered into the service in
August, 1861, in Philadelphia. This regiment was the first cavalry
on
inter
MEDICAL HISTORY.
545
regiment in the United States that enlisted for three years, or during
the War, and was first named Harlan's Cavalry. When the States
demanded credit from the General Government for the number of
troops furnished, this regiment having more companies from Penn-
sylvania than from any other one State, was credited to Pennsylvania.
His regiment was then numbered nth Pennsylvania Cavalry. He
acted as quartermaster for the regiment while in Washington, al-
though a private, and was the first man in the company put in the
guard house. He was under the command, at different times, of the
following generals: McDowell, Howard, Wool, Burnside, McClellan,
and all through the Peninsular campaign was under General Stone-
man, and later served under Generals Kilpatrick, Wilson, Mansfield,
Getty, \Veitzel, Butler, and last under General Grant. He was com-
missioned second lieutenant of Co. " F," nth Pennsylvania Cavalry
on March 13. 1862; was mustered as such, April 2, 1862; was made
first lieutenant on June 30, 1864. He was honorably discharged on
July 23, 1864. He was obliged togive up farming on account of poor
health, and studied dentistry two years under preceptors in the City of
New York. Commenced the practice of dentistry in Youngstown,
Ohio; practiced there and in Marietta, Ohio, until 1880, when he came
to Chicago; has practiced here since. He was a member of the Ohio
State Dental Society from 1 869 until he left the State ; was licensed by
theOhio State Board of Dental Examinersin 1869. He has two dental
patents, one for saving all natural teeth and roots, and one for in-
serting teeth artificially without the use of plates. The Doctor is a
member in good standing of the oldest Masonic lodge in the United
States, called American Union, No. I, constituted on February 20,
1776. General George Washington was the first master. General
Israel Putnam and others who constituted the first settlers of Ohio,
brought this masonic charter and organized a lodge at Marietta,
Ohio, where the lodge is now located. The doctor is also an Odd
Fellow. His great paternal grandmother was a sister of Ethan
Allen, the hero of Ticonderoga.
H. K. EDWARD POSSEL was born in Grossbruechter, Thuerin-
gia, Germany, on October 16, 1850, where he attended school until
he was fourteen years of age. He then went to Gandersheim,
Brunswick, Germany, where he remained five years, to study music,
his favorite instrument being the cornet. He then joined the band
of the 7gth Infantry German regiment as cornet player, and was
with them in the field through the entire campaign of the late
Franco-Prussian war. After the conclusion of that, he came to
Chicago. He first began here with his music, playing in the vari-
ous orchestras of the theaters until 1875, when he secured the per-
manent position of cornet soloist in the orchestra of McVicker's
Theater, where he remained five years. During that period he be-
gan the study of dentistry with Dr. N. R. Phillips, with whom he
was a student three years. In 1880, he left Chicago and attended
for two years the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, gradu-
ating in 1882, with his diploma of D.D.S. Dr. Possel has received
the S. S. White prize of a dental engine for the best evidence of
skill in dental laboratory processes, also honorable mention for the
best anatomical preparation. In April, 1882, he returned to Chi-
cago, and opened an office. On October 4, 1873, he was married
to Miss Mary Strueh, of Hildesheim ; they have four children, —
Arthur, Mary, Johanna and Annie.
MAURITZ SCHUCKER was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on
March 6, 1855, where he attended the public schools until he
was eighteen years of age. On leaving school he entered the den-
tal office of Dr. Forberg, in Stockholm, who was one of the lead-
ing dentists of that city, and studied dentistry under this preceptor
four years. In 1877, he began practicing for himself in the smaller
cities of Sweden. In 1880, he went to Germany, then France,
visiting the dental colleges with the view of taking further tuition,
and to better perfect himself in his profession; but, not being satis-
fied, he came to America, in 1881, and entered the Philadelphia
Dental College. Owing to his previous knowledge, it was only
requisite to take a one year's course there, and in 1882 he gradu-
ated. He then came direct to Chicago and opened an office at
his present location.
IRA B. CRISSMAN was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 3,
1863. He attended the usual course at the public schools of that
city, and is a graduate of the high school. In 1880, he went to
Freeport, 111., and there, under the preceptorship of Dr. W. H.
Taggert, he studied dental surgery for thirteen months. He then
went to Philadelphia as a student at the University of Pennsylvania,
where he remained two years, graduating with his diploma of
D.D.S. He came to Chicago in 1885, and located at his present
address, where he is building up a fine practice through the effi-
ciency of his workmanship.
WILLIAM T. JOHNSON was born in Chicago, on April 28,
1842, receiving his education at the public schools. He then went
to the Chicago University, being one of its early students, where
he remained until 1862. lie then entered the office of Dr. N. S.
Davis, studying medicine under his preceptorship for two years.
At the same time he attended the lectures and course at the Chi-
cago Medical College. He afterward moved to Thornton, 111.,
35
where, up to 1867, he practiced his profession. In the latter part
of that year, he returned to Chicago, re-entered the same college,
and, in March, 1868, graduated with his degree of M.D. He then
began practice here, and remained in constant business up to
1882, when he began the study of dentistry at the Chicago Dental
College, graduating in March, 1885, with his diploma of D.D.S.
He was first located as a dentist on the corner of Thirty-first and
Butterfield streets, whence he moved to No. 3037 State Street.
Dr. Johnson is a member of one of the pioneer families of Chicago.
He is a member of Landmark Lodge, No. 422, A.F. ..V A.M., and of
Fairview Chapter, No. 161, R.A.M. In April, 1865, he was mar-
ried to Miss Laura L. Wright, of Chicago. They had four children,
one deceased, three boys living, — William Henry, John Albert and
Thomas Wright.
ECLECTIC DENTISTRY.
J. E. Low. — In the list of distinguished men, made noticea-
ble by their achievements, we find those that have attracted the
most public attention have had not only superior natural endowments,
but they are those who have found that not alone the most arduous
training and exhaustive application is necessary, but they also must
traverse the rugged path in life's desperate conflict to reach the
acme of success. For a young man to be thrown into an ocean of
matured intellectual giants, and, through his own frugal resources,
rise above the level, is an example well worthy of imitation, more
especially in the professions of to-day. The subject of our sketch,
Dr. James E. Low, was born in Otsego County, N. Y., in 1837,
and is the son of Rinald and Susan (Hayward) Low. His early life
was devoid of the educational advantages that surround the majority
of American boys, as the death of his father (when he was six years
of age) compelled him to assist in the maintenance of the large
family left fatherless. But he possessed indomitable resolution and
perseverance, and early discerning the advantages to be derived
from a thorough and liberal education, he determined that such an
education he would have, and he achieved the object of his ambi-
tion by working nights and mornings, and studying in the interim.
Exercising the utmost economy, he was enabled to enter the
Cooperstown Seminary, Otsego Co., N. Y., and upon leaving the
institution, he commenced, in 1857, the study of medicine and den-
tistry. After various effectual courses of study in the liberal arts
and sciences and their utilization in dental practice, Dr. Low came
to Chicago in 1865, and entered upon his successful dental practice
here. In 1870, he became a member of the Illinois State Dental
Society, and, in 1873, joined the American Dental Society, also
having become a member of the Chicago Dental Society. But the
principal cause for special mention in the narration of the progress
of dental science in this city, is the successful development of his
innovations in that science, by the insertion of teeth by what he
terms the no-plate method ; known in the profession as bridge
and crown-work. This consists in attaching the artificial teeth to
the natural teeth or roots, by immovable gold bands or crowns.
The various methods employed to accomplish this desirable condi-
tion are too long to describe here, in detail, but the desideratum is
achieved, the unsightly and inconvenient plate dispensed with, the
artificial teeth made to resemble exactly the natural ones, and the
wearer enabled to keep them as clean and free from the insiduous
tartar as though they were natural. It took Dr. Low a long time
to overcome prejudice and bigoted opposition, but by the same
apparently inexhaustible determination that has made his life's
labors a success, he has overcome all obstacles. A company repre-
senting a large capital has been established, with headquarters in
New York and Chicago, where instruction in the various methods
will be given. The doctor is giving his life's labors to perfecting
the principles by which all may preserve their teeth and natural
conditions of the mouth, as, after his long experience, he considers
that to lose one's teeth is to become an invalid. The doctor's orig-
inative and inventive genius could more fully be understood and
appreciated, had we space to incorporate here a description in
detail of some of his progressive achievements. His last invention
seems to be, indeed, the crowning success of his life's ambition.
To prevent the extraction of teeth has been his study for years, the
custom of which the doctor claims is ancient and barbarous, origin-
ating in ignorance, and not worthy of a great inventive, progressive
and civilized age. This late effort, a peerless tooth-crown, does
away utterly with the sacrifice of decayed and broken roots. By
the use of this crown all roots firm in the jaw can be restored to
their original usefulness and beauty. The crown resembles and
has all the strength of the natural tooth for mastication — a condi-
tion long sought for and a boon to humanity at large, for it has
been systematized to such simplicity that it is within the reach of
all. The use of this crown is being rapidly adopted by all the
leading men of the profession, and is declared to be superior to
anything of its kind ever before introduced. Besides his wide prac-
tice in Chicago with a large number of assistants, much of the doc-
546
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
lor's time is consumed in teaching and licensing dentists. He also
generously gives a large portion of his time to lecturing and dem-
onstrating his various methods before the different institutions and
societies all over the country. In 1856, Dr. Low was married al
Mill'ortl. N. V., to koenu Knapp, a lady of varied endowments
and attainments. Two daughters, Maud, born on July 24, 1858,
and Mabel, born on September 20, 1861, have blessed this union,
anil complete a most charming family circle.
IHUHIOISTS.
WHOLESALE. — While the drug trade of Chicago
does not form one of the city's leading branches of
commerce, it lias kept pace with the city's growth and
is not an unimportant factor in its commercial pros-
perity. The volume of wholesale business lias gradually
increased, until the sales of 1885 are estimated at about
§6,000,000, the capital invested not greatly varying
from §2,000,000. The wholesale trade is mainly con-
trolled (1886) by eight firms ; the number of retailers is
legion.
Since 1870, the manufacture of drugs and chemicals
in Chicago has advanced with rapid strides, as appears
from the following statement, showing the manufacture
of drugs, patent medicines, druggists' materials and
baking and yeast powders in Chicago, in 1870 and 1880:
of 1882, and remained unchanged until June, 1885, when H. W.
Kuller retired and the present company became an incorporation.
Mr. Fuller was mart in I mi November q, 1857,10 Miss I'lurbe A.
Shipley. They have three children, llcnry.M. Frank R. and Charlie.
L"ORI>. i Hvi.s \ Co. — The history of this leading drug house.
like that of a great many other commercial institutions of Chicago,
is one of self-creation, of early struggles and trials, and of the final
triumph of pluck and honesty over many difficulties. The present
house is the direct successor of one of the very oldest wholesale
drug establishments in Chicago. In 1836, L. M. Uoycc was en-
gaged in this business at No. 121 Lake Street. He was ranked
aim nig the prominent merchants of those days, until his deatli by
cholera in 1849. Then Edwin K. Bay and John Sears, Jr., who
had been clerks in his employ, succeeded to the business, conduct-
ing it at No. 113 Lake Street until in 1852, when Mr. Hay and
William A. Baldwin formed a partnership under the firm name of
l!ay & Baldwin, at No. 139 Lake, Mr. Sears continuing alone at
the old stand until in 1856. In 1857, Thomas Lord, the founder
and present head of the firm of Lord, Owen \ Co., came to Chi-
and purchased the business of Bay tV Baldwin. Two years
later, Dr. LaFayette II. Smith became a partner, the firm name
and style then becoming Lord & Smith. The place of business in
1857, was at No. 139 Lake Street, then at No. 43, where they
slaved live years; then at No. 23, where they remained until, in
1868, they removed to No. 86 Wabash Avenue. Here they had
erected a handsome live-story stone-front building. In that year,
(i. W. Stoutenburgh was admitted as a partner, and the firm name
was then changed to Lord, Smith iV Co. At the time of the great
fire this lirm was burned out, sustaining net losses on building and
stock amounting to $150,000. Notwithstanding the immense loss
Year.
I>f script ton of manufacture.
No. of
rsiuMish-
ments.
Capital.
' Hands.
Wage..
.Material.
Value ,,f
product.
1870
I )rugs
3
4
4
14
12
3
3
$ 55,000
88,000
21,500
408,500
176,050
11,000
135.000
33
36
33
221
128
23
"3
$18,000
8,430
8,079
93,400
45,878
11,300
44,134
$ 74,500
5L377
Il8,20O
617,830
516,500
I2.OOO
465,000
$102,800
225,598
153,027
959,850
674,280
46,000
635,000
l88o
Patent medicines
Baking and yeast powders ._
Drugs .
Patent medicines
Druggists' materials
Baking and yeast powders
THE FULLER & FULLER COMPANY was established in this city
by O. F. Fuller in 1851, at which time Mr. Fuller was connected
with M. P. Roberts under the firm name of Fuller & Roberts. In
1855, the firm was composed of Mr. Fuller, E. B. Finch and
Charles Perkins, and, in 1858, was known as Fuller & Finch. The
style of the firm was F'uller, F'inch & Fuller in 1862, and since 1871
has been Fuller & Fuller. The present company was incorporated on
June 15, 1885, of which O. F. Fuller is president, Joseph G. Peters
and W. H. Rockwood, vice-presidents; J. Walker Scofield, secre-
tary; and Jacob M. Shipley is treasurer. They occupy a six-story
business block, at the corner of Randolph and Franklin streets.
Their establishment is the largest wholesale drug-house west of
New York. It is well and favorably known throughout the Middle
and Western States.
Oliver Frank Full,;-, president of the Fuller & Fuller Company,
druggists and importers, son of Revilo and Caroline E. Fuller, was
born at Sherman, Conn., on October 19, 1829. His early educa-
tion was that obtained in the district schools of his neighborhood
and at the age of fourteen years he began business life in the retail
drug trade in the employ of Dr. James Brewer, of Peek-skill N Y
with whom he remained five years. At the end of that time, in
connection with Nathaniel Dain, he established himself as a drug-
it in Peekskill, under the firm name of Dain & Fuller In the
ollowing year he purchased his partner's interest and conducted
the business personally one year, when his health failed. He sold
Dr. Brewer and came to this city in 1851. Forming a part-
nership with Myron P. Roberts, under the firm name of Fuller &
Roberts, he entered the wholesale and retail drug trade at No 105
Street, and shortly afterward purchased the business, which
he conducted until 1855, when he associated himself with E B
I; inch and Charles Perkins, the lirm being known as O. F. Fuller
K Co. In 1856, Mr. Perkins retired. During 1857, the firm moved
to No. 244 Lake Street; in the fall of the next year, removed to
*. 44 and 46 Franklin Street, where they were burned out within
thirty days. After occupying their former' quarters on Lake Street
.short time, they leased Nos. 22, 24 and 26 Market Street, where
the firm became Fuller & Finch, by the retirement of Mr. Perkins
.62, the style was changed to Fuller, Finch & Fuller, through
the accession of II. W. Fuller, and continued such until 1871, when
Fuller purchased the interest of Mr. Finch. The firm of
t Oiler & Fuller removed to their present establishment in the spring
they had sustained, they immediately resumed business in a shanty
erected on old Dearborn Park, and also began re -building on the
site of their former location. The new building, which was a sub-
stantial six-story brick and stone structure, was completed and
occupied in the spring of 1872. In 1876, Dr. Smith sold his in-
terest in the business to Messrs. Lord and Stoutenburgh, at which
time, also, G. S. Lord, son of Thomas Lord, and James R. Owen
were admitted as partners, the firm name and style then changing
to Lord, Stoutenburgh & Co. Each year now showed a rapidly
increasing trade, which, by 1880, had reached proportions making
it necessary to seek larger quarters ; these were accordingly found
at their present location, Nos. 72 and 74 Wabash Avenue. Here
they occupy six large floors, having an aggregate area of fifty thou-
sand square feet, while in their immense business, which' yearly
amounts to considerably more than one million dollars and extends
over the entire Western and Northern States and Territories, nearly
one hundred assistants are required. In February, 1884, Mr.
Stoutenburgh retired from the firm, which then changed to its
present style of Lord, Owen & Co., being composed of Thomas
Lord, George S. Lord, and James R. Owen.
Thomas Lonl, who may be regarded as the founder of the
house whose history has just been given, was born in Newark, N.
J., in 1824. His parents were Joshua and Sally Lord. Mr. Lord
began the study of the drug business at Bridgeport, Conn., in 1839,
and, in 1857, as has already been stated, he came West, and locat-
ing in Chicago founded the house of which he is still the head.
There are few, if indeed any, older druggists in the city than .Mr.
Lord, or who have been longer in the business, he having made it
the one occupation of his life for forty-six years.
MORRISSON, PLUMMF.R & Co. — This wholesale drug house
dates its origin back to a time in the history of Chicago when it was
a mere village in size, and when its total population did not exceed a
thousand souls. In 1836, L. M. Boyce established himself in the
retail drug trade in Chicago. Some years later he was succeeded
by Sawyer & Paige, and they in turn by Sears & Smith, and they by
Burnham & Smith; then came Burnham & Van Schaack, then E.
Burnham \ Son, then Burnham, Son & Co., and, in 1877, the firm
assumed its present style of Morrisson, Plummer & Co. The present
members of the firm are Robert Morrisson, resident in Chicago since
1875, Jonathan W. Plummer since 1874, and Leonard A. Lange
since 1860. The present business premises of the firm, Nos. 52 and
MEDICAL HISTORY.
547
54 Lake Street, are amply commodious, and consist of a large five-
story brick building, with a frontage of thirty-five by one hundred
and forty-five feet in depth, with one floor in an adjoining building,
thus giving thirty thousand square feet of floor surface, all of which
is utili/.ed in the prosecution of their business. The departments
arc numerous and embrace every article pertaining to their trade.
They have also a laboratory, occupying a large building, and situ-
ated on South Canal Street.
/. //". riitmnici- was born at Richmond, Ind., in March, 1836.
When twenty years of age he began business life in the retail drug
trade, at his native town, which he continued until 1868, when he
formed a partnership with Robert Morrisson, his present partner.
In 1875, he came to Chicago and entered the employ of E. Burn-
ham, Son & Co., where he remained until he and his present part-
ner succeeded to the business of that house. .Mr. Hummer married
Hannah A. Ballard, daughter of Thomas Ballard, of Richmond,
Ind. They have six children, — Mary W., Elizabeth, Joseph, John
T., Fanny R. and Addison.
CHICAGO COLLEGE OF PHARMACY. — The object of
this college is to provide a sound theoretical and prac-
tical education for pharmacists. It suffered severely
by the great fire, and was not able to resume the regu-
lar course of instruction until 1873. At this period it
was largely indebted for assistance obtained from Great
Britain, where an appeal was made in its behalf, which
resulted in donations amounting in value to over
$10,000. It was variously located until 1883, when it
permanently occupied its new building at Nos. 465-67
State Street. This was erected by Hon. J. H. Clough
expressly for the purposes of a pharmaceutical educa-
tion, and a lorrg-time lease of the same secured to this
institution. Attfield Hall, named after the celebrated
English chemist and pharmacist, its lecture theater, is
three stories in height, and will seat six hundred per-
sons. The laboratories are unequalled in capacity and
equipment by those of any other similar college. They
afford accommodations for three hundred and eighty-
four students, one hundred and seventy-six of whom
can work together at one time. It contains also a valu-
able library, and furnishes an ample outfit of apparatus
and models for the purposes of instruction.
The Illinois State Board of Pharmacy refers, in its
annual reports, to this college and its increasing growth,
in highly commendatory terms. There were two hun-
dred and eighteen students in 1885, and the average
number for the last five years was one hundred and
fifty-five, being an increase over the previous five years
of over fifty per cent. The number of graduates, each
year since 1872, has been as follows :
1873, 3; 1874, 10; 1875, 9; 1876, 10; 1877, 4; 1878, 13;
1879, 14; 1880, 18; 1881, 21; 1882, 20; 1883, 27; 1884, 56;
1885, 62.
The members of the faculty have been as follows :
Emeritus professor of chemistry: N. Gray Bartlett, 1871-85.
Professor of physic and chemistry: David Tremble, 1871-74; H.
1). Harrison, 1874-86. Professor of botany, materia medica and
microscopy : J. H. Babcock, 1871-76 ; E. S. Bastin, 1881-86.
Professor of pharmacy and director of the laboratory: Oscar Old-
berg, 1884-86. Professor of analytical chemistry: J. II. Blaney,
1878-80; Plymmon Hayes, 1880-84; J°nn H. Long, 1885-86.
Officers' and Trustees. — I. H. Patterson, president; 1). R.
Dyche and William M. Dale, vice-presidents; Fred. M. Schmidt,
secretary; Judson S. Jacobson, treasurer ; Henry Biroth, William
Dcideman, Albert E. Ebert, E. F. W. Henkle, August Jacobson,
H. S. Maynard, E. H. Sargent, Andrew Scherer, George Buck,
Henry W. Fuller, B. Uhlendorf (term expired), Thomas \Vhitfield
(term expired). Francis A. Sundberg, actuary.
CHARLES HEYLMANN, the oldest German druggist doing busi-
ness in Chicago, was born at Atona, Holstein, Germany, on De-
cember 25, 1820, the son of Frederick Christian and Anna (Von
Pein) Heylmann. He was educated in the schools of his native
town, and afterward attended the University at Kiel Holstein, from
which he graduated in 1845. He determined upon the study of
pharmacy, and, from 1835 to 1840, was an apprentice to the drug
business. In 1848, he came to America, and first engaged in
farming in Wisconsin, after which, in the fall of 1850, he came to
Chicago, and, in 1851, entered the drug business on his own account,
and has since been identified with the trade. At the old settlers'
picnic in 1884, he was awarded a gold medal as the oldest Ger-
man druggist in the City of Chicago. In 1856, Mr. Heylmann
returned to Europe, and there married Miss Angelica Weidner, of
Berncastle, in Kheinprovinz. It may be mentioned in connection
with this gentleman, that many of the prominent druggists now in
business in our city served their apprenticeship under him, and
from him learned the art which they have successfully practiced.
CHARLES BILLINGS ALLEN, son of Nelson and Jane P. Allen,
was born at Oswego, N. Y., on May 16, 1834. Eighteen months
after his birth his parents moved to Kenosha, then known as Pike's
Creek, Wis. There he attended the public schools. After acquir-
ing something of a business training, he secured a position in a drug
store for the purpose of familiarizing himself with the business.
When in his thirteenth year he went to Port Washington, Wis., and
at the expiration of a year returned to Kenosha, from which place
(after a short stay) he went to Waukegan, 111., securing a position
as clerk, which he occupied for two years. Returning to Kenosha.
in 1852, he engaged in business until 1854. In the latter part of
that year he concluded to visit Minnesota; with no definite idea of
the business he would follow, but with the determination to sue-
ceed, he located at Chatfield. While there he acted in the capacity
of clerk and surveyor, and became interested in the sale of land
warrants. Having acquired something of success he decided, in
1859, to come to Chicago and establish a business of his own. Ar-
riving in this city, he secured a position as drug clerk, serving as
such one year. In 1860, he became the proprietor of an establish-
ment of his own, which he maintained until the beginning of hos-
tilities between the North and the South. Disposing of his business,
which the contingencies rendered necessary, he obtained employ-
ment in a wholesale drug house. Two years later, he entered the
employ of the American Express Company, continuing with that
corporation two years. An advantageous opening occurring about
that time in the wholesale drug house of Tollman & King, he be-
came connected with that firm, a connection that continued until
1880. On September 15, of that year, he again established a busi-
ness of his own, at his present location. On April 25, 1861, at
Grafton, Wis., Air. Allen was married to Laetitia Godfrey.
CHARLES CHRISTIAN FREDIGKE, druggist, was born at Cassel,
Germany, on March 14, 1839, and is the son of Michael and Doro-
thea Elizabeth (Von Lingen) Fredigke. He received his education
at his native place, and after finishing his studies, served an appren-
ticeship to the drug business for about three and a half years. On
August II, 1857, he came to Chicago with his parents, where his
father opened a boot and shoe store, employing Charles as salesman
for two years. At the expiration of that time, he commenced to
act as drug clerk in various stores in the city, and on May I, 1862,
he and his brother went into the drug business on their own account.
On July 14, 1874, their establishment was destroyed by fire, but
shortly afterward Mr. Fredigke resumed business at his present
location. He was married at Chicago, in 1876, to Miss Marie Clo-
tilda Riebe, who also came from Cassel, Germany.
JUDSON SHARDLOW JACOBUS, son of David and Eliza (Mason)
Jacobus, natives of the State of New York, was born September 20,
1847, at Chicago. His early education was acquired at the Wash-
ington School. In 1862, he entered the Chicago University, re-
maining in that institution two years. At the close of his university
course, he determined to become self-supporting. In accordance
with that resolution he secured employment with E. H. Sargent, the
druggist, and entered upon an apprenticeship. During the ensuing
six years, he applied himself faithfully to the business he had de-
cided upon following. He next secured a clerkship with T. C. Bor-
den, remaining with that gentleman until 1874, when he again
associated himself with his former employer, continuing in his ser-
vice until the following year. Inducements being offered him to
establish a business of his own, he became proprietor of an establish-
ment on the South Side, where he conducted business until the fall
of 1875, when he moved to the quarters at present occupied by him.
Mr. Jacobus is a representative Chicagoan, having been a resident
of this city for the past, thirty-eight years and identified with its
business interests since 1874. In 1875, he was married to Miss W.
Kate Curry and has two children living, — Milton Palm and Percy
Arthur.
LUCIAN PRENTISS CHENEY, son of Dr. Lucian Prentiss and
Mary Louisa (Stone) Cheney, who were married in Addison County,
Vt., in 1837, was born in Port Henry, N. Y., on September 23,
1848. When he was but a little less than three years of age, his
parents moved to this city, where he subsequently attended public
schools. Several years later he passed examination for admission
into the high school, and remained in that institution until he en-
tered Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College, where he obtained a
thorough business education. Desiring to lay the foundations upon
which to build his future business career, he secured a situation in
the wholesale drug house of J. H. Reed & Co., and on June I,
1865, he entered the employ of that firm, a business connection that
remained unbroken for fifteen years. During his continuance with
54«
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
the house, he became one of the trusted employes of the firm. Hav-
ing strict principles of integrity and the qualifications of a business
man, he managed to secure something of a competence during the
years of his service with the firm that first employed him. In
hee-- business of his own at the location now occupied by
him. His father, who was a practicing physician in New York
State and later in Chicago, died in thi^ "4. His mother,
who is still living, is a resident of Chicago. < In April 18, 1876,
Mr. Cheney married Miss Marion I.. Egan of Chi
l.nris Wni iTKsimur was born near lierlin. Prussia, on May
6, 1841, and is the son of Frederick and l-'redericka (Ohnesorge)
Woltersdorf. He received his education at his native place and ter-
minated his studies in 1857, after which he served an apprenticeship
to the dm. nl with his parents to this country
in 1860 and settled in Chicago, lie immediately obtained a situ-
ation as drug clerk, which he retained until 1864, when he entered
into business on his own account. In iS66, he returned to Germany
on a pleasure tour and married Miss Emma Haeger, daughter of
Rev. Frederick Haeger. After which he returned to Chicago and
resumed the drug business, in which he has since been uninter-
rupu d. Mr. Woltersdorf belongs to Hesperia Lodge,
No. 411, A.F.& A.M.
(AMIS CR \\vioRii WHITKFOKI), one of the best known and
most prominent pharmacists of Chicago, was born at Dairy, Ayr-
shire, Scotland, on September 8, 1835. He received a common
school education in Scotland, and when he became of age came to
lie lirst located at Columbus, ( >., but remained therefor
only a few months, going thence to Upper Alton, 111. He desired
to obtain a better education and entered Shurtleff College at Upper
Alton, taking a course in chemistry. When the War broke out, the
college declined in membership and Mr. Whiteford came to Chicago
in iSdt. He went into the employ of the Chicago & Rock Island
Railroad Company, and first introduced the " tool department " of
railroads in the city. He had charge of that department and held
his position one year; he then went abroad, travelling through Eng-
land and Scotland, returning with his mother, brother and sister.
Upon his return he entered the Government service. He was com-
missioned as special engineer, with headquarters at Nashville, Tenn.,
and was detailed to go through the Southern States, particularly
Tennessee, and confiscate machinery of all kinds for the use of the
Government. While engaged in his work in the Southern States,
toward the close of the War, Mr. Whiteford was attacked by ma-
larial fever and returned to Chicago. After his recovery from a long
illness, he went into the drug business at No. 231 West Randolph
Street. This store he still owns. In 1871, just after the great fire,
Mr. Whiteford started on a tour around the world, visiting many
countries. In Scotland he discovered a nephew, whom he took with
him and visited New Zealand, St. Helena, Africa, Europe and then
came to America. The nephew, Mr. Ralston, remained here,
learned the plumbing business, and then went West, and is now a
prominent business man of San Francisco. Mr. Whiteford was
never married. When leaving Scotland in September, 1873, he
brought with him to Chicago a niece, ten years of age. She is now
married to Mr. McMillan of this city. In April, 1884, Mr. White-
ford bought the drug store at No. 192 North Clark Street, which he
ill owns. A few years ago he went into business with Mr. Mc-
Millan, as a silent partner. McMillan & Co. are proprietors of a
large general store on North Clark Street. David Whiteford,
plumber, at No. 346 West Randolph Street, is his brother.
CHARI.KS Win. JAM CRASSLY is the son of Jacob Frederick and
Sophia Christiana Crassly, and was born at Herrenalb, Wiirtem-
berg, Germany, on December 5, 1847, and received his education at
his native place. In October, 1863, he came to Chicago, and after
a short stay here went to Jacksonville, where for three years he
devoted himself to acquiring a practical knowledge of the drug busi-
In 1866, he went to St. Louis, and there entered the College
of Pharmacy, from which he graduated in 1868, when he returned to
Chicago and became, successively, clerk for J. W. Ehrman and
lenry Biroth, druggists. In 1872, he entered into business as a
on his own account, in which he has since continued In
1873, he was married to Miss Mary Houck of Joliet
.'""N • ' '•'«•••'• FKAXCK was born in Hamburg, Ger-
many, on February 24, 1838, and is the son of Albert August
>rge and Lisette Wilhelmina (Cave) Franck. He received his
i in Hamburg, and on the completion of his studies in 1854
-!"-?:re_d L'he ,dru? business in that city, where he served an
present location, on April i, 1868. His commercial integrity and
ndustry have borne the usual fruit, and he now ranks among the
leading druggists of this city. He was married on November 22
Sarah Justrow. He is a member of Robm ^
Kige No. ,/,. A o.i W.; Goethe Lodge, No. 26, Sons of Her-
mann; Columbia Building Association; Schurr Murr Association-
Eintracht Liederkranz; Alle Nuem Bowling Club; and is one of the
leading members of the old Hamburg Club.
JUNlL-s J. SMITH, member of the drug firm of Junius J. Smith
& Co., was born at Glasgow, Ky., on November 3, 1847, where he
lived during the greater part of his youth, and attended the com-
mon schools, subsequently graduating from Urania College of Glas-
gow. After his school days were over, he entered a drug store, but
remained only a few months — long enough, however, to make up
his mind that he wanted to follow that line of business. In 1868,
he came to Chicago and commenced working for Tolman, Crosby
& Co., wholesale druggists. He was with that firm for three years
and then took a position with E. Burnham, Son & Co., wholesale
druggists. While in their employ the great fire occurred, and while
awaiting their decision in regard to resuming business, he made a
visit to his former home. He was called back by the firm, and re-
mained with them until 1872, in which year, with Henry Rogers,
under the lirm name of Rogers & Smith, he opened a drug store at
No. 205 Clark Street. The firm met with some reverses in the
panic of 1873, but in 1875 they removed to the corner of Clark and
Adams streets. In May, 1879, they removed to their present hand-
some quarters in the Grand Pacific Hotel, and there the lirm has
been very successful. The management of the firm's interests have
devolved entirely upon Mr. Smith, and, owing to this fact, he has
been obliged to forego taking any interest in the medical societies
of the city and State. The firm employ four first-class clerks, and
as their location is unsurpassed, their chances for greatly increasing
business are very flattering. Mr. Smith was married on April 15,
1880, to Miss Laura Gorin Oshby, of Glasgow, Ky.
Hi NRY ROGERS was born at Glasgow, Ky., on October 24,
1847. He conies from a family -whose genealogy can be traced
as far back as the time of the settlement of the Old Dominion.
Upon the paternal side, an ancestor was Giles Rogers, an English-
man, who emigrated to Virginia in the latter part of the seventeenth
century. Hon. John Gorin Rogers, who has for'the past eighteen
years been judge of the Circuit Court of this city, and is known to
the entire Bar of the country, is the father of Mr. Rogers. The
family resided in Kentucky for ten years after the birth of Henry
Rogers, but since 1857 they have lived in Chicago. During his
boyhood he attended the public schools of this city, also the Uni-
versity of Chicago, and finally took a business course in Bryant &
Stratton's College, from which institution he graduated. After
completing his education he took a position in the insurance office
of Davis, James & Co., where he remained some time. He was
afterwards cashier and bookkeeper for the Queen Insurance Com-
pany at their general agency here, and remained with them for
about eighteen months. Mr.' Rogers's health during the past ten or
fifteen years has been far from the best, and he has passed much of
his time travelling, visiting Europe and various portions of America
in the hope of recruiting his physical strength. He was actively
engaged in insurance up to the time of the great fire. In 1873, he
went into partnership with Junius J. Smith, under the firm name of
Rogers & Smith, and they opened an elegant drug house. Later on,
the firm was changed to J. J. Smith & Co., Mr. Rogers continuing
as a partner, but owing to poor health he was not active in looking
after the affairs of the firm. In March, 1874, he took a position
with Fred. S. James, insurance agent, and remained with him some
time. Since concluding his relations with Mr. James, Mr. Rogers
has only been identified with the firm of J. J. Smith & Co. Mr.
Rogers is a most affable, courteous and intelligent gentleman, and
were he enabled to take an interest in the commercial transactions
of to-day, his worth as a man of ability and sterling integrity would
instantly become known and recognized.
HENRY REUTER was born in the Province of Aix-la-Chapelle,
Germany, in May, 1829. He resided in his native land until he
was eighteen years old, attending the common schools and taking a
course in the Gymnasium School, where Latin and chemistry were
taught. In 1850, his family came to America and bought land in
Wisconsin, where they located permanently. In about two years
thereafter Henry Reuter returned to Germany to attend to some
family business, and, upon coming back to this country, went to
Monroe, Mich., where he had a "friend who was a physician and
owned a drug store. Mr. Reuter went to work there and remained
three years. In 1857, he moved to Quincy, 111., and clerked with
Flacks & Sommer. Three years after, he' went to St. Louis, and
entered the employ of O. W. Heyer, one of the oldest druggists of
that place. After a stay of about eighteen months, he accepted an
offer to open a new drug store for Dr. Miles, at Peoria, 111. He
had the management of that establishment for about three years, and
then, in company with Mr. Keen, under the firm name of ^en &
Reuter, bought out the interest of Dr. Miles. It was at this time
the finest drug house in Peoria, and the new proprietors claimed
$6,000 therefor. Thev kept up the standard of excellence and did
a lucrative business. In 1868, Mr. Reuter sold out to his partner
and came to Chicago. lie purchased the drug store owned by Mr.
Karst, and conducted it for about ten months. He then sold out
to Thomas Brewn, and opened a new store at the corner of Clinton
MEDICAL HISTORY.
549
and Van Buren streets, where he remained until his business was
burned in the great fire. He lost everything, and at the time was
heavily in debt. He took courage, and re-opened in a small way on
Clinton Street, near Jefferson Sireet. He prospered, and, in 1875,
he moved to No. 168 South Halsted Street, where he is now located.
In November, 1883, he took into partnership Mr. Murphy, his
clerk, and they opened another store on Western Avenue. In 1884,
Mr. Reuter sold out to his young partner his interest in that store,
and in April, of the same year, established another clerk in business
at No. log Blue Island Avenue, under the firm name of Reuter &
Wernicke. Mr. Reuter was married to Miss Bertha Furst, of
Peoria, on February II, 1864. Their oldest son, Louis II., is a
graduate of the Chicago College of Pharmacy, and is now chief
clerk in the South Halsted Street store. The other children are
Minnie, Ernest, Robert, William and Bertha.
JAMES JAY HARRINGTON, son of James and Anna Harrington,
was born at Kingston, Canada, on August 18, 1848, at which place
he acquired his education, attending, in 1859, the Regiopolis Col-
lege, graduating in 1866. At that period he began the contempla-
tion of the method by which he should make his future life a suc-
cess and a self-sustaining one. After mature deliberation he came
to this city. Shortly thereafter he entered the service of J. H.
Hooper, a business relation that remained unbroken for three years.
In 1869, he established a business of his own. He was burned out in
the great fire and lost all he had, and then located at the corner of
Randolph and May streets, where he remained four years, in the
meanwhile opening a branch store at the corner of Rush and Mich-
igan streets. He afterward removed to the corner of State Street
and Michigan Avenue, which establishment he subsequently sold
out, and built his present premises, where he has remained ever
since. He is a member of the Illinois State Pharmaceutical Asso-
ciation. On May 19, iSSi, at Chicago, he was married to Miss
Carrie Walker. They have two children, James Jay and Anna.
BODO UHLENDORF, pharmacist, was born in Gandersheim,
Germany, on April 25, 1850. He resided and attended the Gym-
nasium School in his native town until he was nineteen years old,
and then came to America, locating in Chicago in 1869. He had
commenced the study of medicine in Germany, and on arriving here
went into the employ of Thomas Whitfield, druggist. He remained
with him only about three months, and then worked for various firms,
among them J. \V. Ehrman, George Mueller, Mr. Bluthardt, the
Northwestern Homeopathic Pharmacy, Mr. Spannoggel, and others,
changing often while clerking, in order, as he says, " that he might
learn the whole business." With his experience with the best phar-
macists of Chicago, in 1874 he deemed himself competent to go
into business on his own account. In company with F. List, he
opened a store at No. 2724 State Street in 1874, and three years
later sold out to his partner. Mr. Uhlendorf bought the drug store
at No. 2501 State Street in 1878, and in 1884 bought another
store facing Twenty-sixth, at the intersection where Cottage Grove
and South Park avenues diverge. This store has been established
for about twenty-five years, being formerly owned by a debtor of
Morrisson, Plummer& Co. Mr. Uhlendorf employs two clerksand
an apprentice and does a lucrative business, being located in one of
the best business portions of the South Side. He has been a mem-
ber of the Chicago College of Pharmacy for two years, and in April,
1885, was elected trustee. He has been a moving spirit in many
of the secret societies of the city, taking an active interest in the
Knights of Pythias. He is a charter member and assisted in the
inauguration of Schiller, Washington and Prince Edward lodges,
K. of P., of this city. He belongs to Chevalier Bayard Com-
mandery, No. 52, K.T., and is a member of the A.O.U.W. and
the Order of Foresters. Mr. Uhlendorf was married on November
29, 1876, to Miss Josephine Isabella Stuart, of Milwaukee.
EDWARD J. FISCHER, M.D., is the son of Theodore and Au-
gusta Fischer, of Breslau, Prussia, and was born on April 19, 1847.
His early education was received under the instruction of private
tutors, and at the age of fourteen he was sent to a preparatory Latin
School for two years. In his sixteenth year, he entered the Gym-
nasium of Breslau, graduating, in 1867, with the degree of Bachelor
of Arts. He then matriculated in the medical department of the
University of Breslau, and while there was notified by the military
authorities that he was obliged to serve one year in an artillery
regiment. His military education enabled him to pass the examina-
tion necessary for the rank of second lieutenant, and he was duly
commissioned. After serving the stipulated time as an artillery
officer, he resumed his studies, but the opening of the Franco-Prus-
sian war was the cause of a call to join the army. The horrors of
war having no charms for him, he came to this country in 1870, and
matriculated in the Rush Medical College of this city, where he
continued his studies until 1871 ; in the meantime, however, he was
associated with Theodore Koch, druggist. In 1872, he went to
New York, and passed his examination at the College of Pharmacy,
and afterward to Batavia, and was engaged with Hall & Emore,
druggists, one year. After a stay of two years with William Smith,
druggist, Buffalo, N. Y., he was connected with Charles O. Rano,
druggist, of that city, four years. Returning to Chicago in 1879,
he finished the regular course at the Rush College, and took his
degree as M.D. in 1880. Becoming dissatisfied with practice, he
entered the drug business with Fred Lensman, at Indiana and Wells
streets, which partnership was dissolved in 1883. He then resumed
business at No. 570 Sedgwick Street, removing to his present loca-
tion in 1884. Dr. Fischer was married on May 27, 1881, to Miss
Caroline P. Smith, of North Point, Wis. , and has one daughter,
Elsa. He is a member of the United States American Pharma-
ceutical Association, the Illinois State Pharmaceutical Association,
and the College of Pharmacy of Chicago.
CI.EON BRUCE WILSON, son of David W. and Elizabeth H.
Wilson, was born at Fairmount, Va., on September 25, 1844. In
a private school, at his native place, he obtained the rudiments
of an English education, and prepared himself for a collegiate
course, which he entered upon in Monongalia Academy, in 1858,
where he remained until the latter part of April, 1861. He then
returned to Fairmount. Having acquired a knowledge of tele-
graphy he, at the breaking out of the Rebellion, entered the Army
in that capacity, and was assigned to duty under Colonel Wilkinson,
of the 6th West Virginia Infantry. Shortly after the surrender of
Lee, he returned home and secured employment in a general store
there. In 1867, he went to Baltimore, Md., and entered the ser-
vice of W. H. Homer & Co., wholesale notions and sundries. In
1870, after a residence of two years in the interior of Illinois, where
he was engaged in the drug trade, he came to Chicago and estab-
lished a business of his own. Mr. Wilson is a gentleman of
exceptional educational abilities and business qualifications. He
stands high in the estimation of those with whom he is brought into
contact, both in social and business circles. He is spoken of as a
man of strict integrity and good judgment. He is a member of
Ilesperia Lodge, No. 411, A.F. & A.M.; York Chapter, No. 148,
R.A.M.; Chicago Commandery, No. 19, K.T.; Oriental Con-
sistory, S.P.R.S., 32°; of the Knightsof Rome and the Red Cross
of Constantine, E.J.; of Oriental Lodge, No. 97, A.O.U.W., and of
Home Council, No. 400, Royal Arcanum. On October 12, 1876,
at Morgantown, W. Va., he was married to Frances Xavier Chad-
wick, and has one child, Watson Carr.
EMIL OTTO was born in Chicago, on November 25, 1860, the
son of Dr. Joseph Otto, who came to Chicago in 1856, and is still
practicing his profession. The son when a boy attended one of the
German schools, then the Scammon School, and finished his studies at
the Clarke School. At the age of fourteen, he went into the drug store
of F. Liese, on Larrabee Street, remaining there between two and
three years, and having by that time obtained a very fair knowledge
of drugs, decided to make pharmacy his profession. He accord-
ingly entered the Chicago College of Pharmacy, and, after taking
the complete course in that institution, graduating in the spring of
1880. In the fall of the same year he decided to go into business on
his own account, and he opened a store at No. 649 West Twenty-
first Street. In November, 1882, he opened a branch establishment
on the same street, which was managed by a competent assistant
under his supervision. Desiring to devote more attention to the
trade of his original store, he sold out the other to Henry Sherman,
in 1883. The present store occupied by Mr. Otto is well stocked '
with a complete line of drugs, and he does a very flourishing busi-
ness. He is a member of the Chicago College of Pharmacy and of
the Illinois Pharmaceutical Association. Mr. Otto was married on
September 25, 1883, to Miss Lizzie Schulz, of this city. They have
one child, Agnes.
H. W. BUCHMAN, druggist, at the corner of Twenty-fourth
Street and Indiana Avenue, although a young man, has been a res-
ident of Chicago for thirty-one years. He was born at Syracuse,
N. Y., on March 30, 1853, and when but a year old came to this
city with his parents. He attended the public schools until May
25, 1870, when he engaged in the drug trade, working for A. E.
Ebert, Thomas Whitfield and other well known druggists. During
his leisure hours he attended the Chicago College of Pharmacy, and
graduated from that institution in 1874, when he engaged in the
drug business on his own account. He married on November 21,
1878, Miss Katie Ebert, who died on November 20, 1880, leaving
one child, a boy named W. N. B. On May 20, 1884, he was mar-
ried to Miss Annie Steuer, of Toledo, Ohio, who has borne him a
daughter. Mr. Buchman commenced life without a dollar and no aid
except his integrity and ability. He is a member of Lakeside
Lodge, No. 739, A.F. & A.M.; Fairview Chapter, No. 161, R.A.
M.; St. Bernard Commandery, No. 35, K.T.; and Oriental Con-
sistory, S. P. R. S., 32°.
JOHN W. TRIMKN was born in Chelsea, England, in 1839. He
was brought up, attended the schools, and was apprenticed to a
druggist there, and thoroughly learned his profession before coming
to America, which was in Slay, 1866. He located in Brooklyn, N.
Y., and remained there for five years, going to Baltimore at the end
of that time. In 1872, he came to Chicago, and was engaged as
pharmacist in several of the prominent stores of this city. Immedi-
ately after the great fire of 1871, Mr. Israel erected and opened
550
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
" The Spa," at the corner of Wabash Avenue and Harmon Court,
which attained great popularity. In iSSo, Mr. Trimen bought this
establishment ami has since been its proprietor. Mr. Trimeii i-. a
non-commissioned olliccr mi the staff < if the 1st Regiment of this
city, being hospital steward.
Aixii .I'll K.XKI'I N, son of Moritz and Johanna (Cohn) Karpen,
was born in the Province of 1'osen, Prussia, on October 5, 1860,
where he lived up to his tenth year and acquired the rudiments of
his education in a school near his birthplace. In the early part
of lS~i, his parents emigrated to this country. In the spring of
1^7.!. he came t'> Chicago and entered the employ of Gustave
Mueller, druggist, with a view to learning the business. After sew-
ing an apprenticeship of live ve.irs, he secured a position as clerk
with I. d. Schaar, continuing with that gentleman three years. At
the expiration of that lime, he went with C. M. Weinberger. A
year later he secured employment in the store of P. 1.. Milleman.
A short time prior to which he entered the Chicago College of
Pharmacy, and graduated in lS8l. Constant application to his
studies and to business, impaired his health and necessitated a tem-
porary withdrawal from the confinement his calling demanded,
i c|iiently, in iSSa, he associated himself with his brother, in
the furniture manufacturing business, which he followed until Jan-
uary i, I*.*?. Having regained his health, he determined to
embark in the drug business again, but in an establishment of his
own. Accordingly, in 1885, he located at his present quarters.
He is a member of the Chicago College of Pharmacy and the inde-
pendent order of li'nai IJ'rith. lie is unmarried.
s i VAN HIKKN was born at Waldron, Orange Co., X. Y.,
March S, 1840, but was reared in Ghent, Columbia Co., N. V.,
where he was educated in the common schools. He is a member of
the noted family of Van liurens, being a second cousin of Ex-presi-
dent Martin Van Iluren, and a nephew of the late Hon. Everett
\an liuren. When about eighteen or nineteen years old, Mr. Van
Buren went to New York City to study medicine. He accepted a
position with Stephen Paul &Co., wholesale druggists, of Chambers
Street, and entered Cooper Institute, where he studied under Pro-
tcs-or Vanderweid. He finished the pharmaceutical course and
remained with Mr. Paul for a number of years, subsequently being
engaged with Pyle & liro., retail druggists, of Brooklyn, where he
remained until the breaking out of the War. In 1861, he enlisted
in Co. "A," I02d New York Infantry Volunteers, as a private.
He was successively promoted to the rank of second lieutenant,
first lieutenant and captain. When his three years' term of service
had expired, he was mustered out, and went back to New York,
where he raised the igzd New York Infantry Volunteers, and
returned to the scenes of war. He was then made lieutenant-
colonel, and, in 1865, near the close of the Rebellion, was mustered
out as colonel, the continuous promotions being made solely upon
his merits. He distinguished himself on the field, and participated
in thirty-five of the most important battles. He was fortunate in
being only once wounded,— at the battle of Cedar Mountain.
When Colonel Van Buren was with his last regiment, he was in
command of the District of Western Virginia, with headquarters at
\\ heeling. After the War closed he returned to New York City
and opened a drug store at the corner of Sixth Avenue and Twenty-
eighth Street, where he remained until the fall of 1867. He then
located at Lemont, Cook Co., III., where he was engaged in the
drug business. He was also postmaster of that village from 1867
to 1872. In the last named year he came to Chicago, and for two
years was engaged in the hardwood lumber business. In Novem-
ber, 1874, he returned to the drug business, and opened a store at
!J4S West Madison Street. Mr. Van Buren has been very
successful in business in this city, and it has induced him to erect a
handsome brick structure of his own, at the corner of Madison
Street and California Avenue. He employs two first-class chemists
does a business of over $1,000 a month, and carries a large stock
of drugs, paints, oils and sundries. He is a member of Lemont
Lodge, No. 708, A.F. & A.M., of Washington Chapter, No 43
K.A.M of Chicago Commandery, No. 19, K.T., also of the
Army of the Potomac, Army of the Cumberland, Chicago Union
Veteran Club, and of the Godfrey Weitzel Post, No 425 G \ R
I'RANK Pv.vrr was born at Brooklyn, N. Y., on October 2'
is parents resided in that city until he was four years of
age, and then removed to Wayne County, N. Y. Here the subject
this sketch remained until he was about eighteen years of aze
and receive.! his education at the Union Free School of Newark'
In 1872, Mr. Pyatt came to Chicago to make his home. He found
employment in the drug store of A. C. Bell. Here he commenced
his pharmaceutical studies, and also attended lectures delivered bv
Professor Haines, of Rush Medical College. He completed his
studies in pharmacy and was granted a license by the State Board
Pharmacy. He remained with Mr. Bell six years and in 1878
opened his present drug store, at No. 438 West Madison Street'
By "instant attention to his interests and by his genial and court'
nanncrs, he has won and retained an enviable trade on the
\\ <M Sule. I le has one of the handsomest stores and largest stocks
in the retail trade of the city, and manufactures and prepares sev-
eral lines of goods that have won for themselves a merited reputa-
tion. Mr. Pyatt was married in March, 1877,10 Miss Ella Pyatt,
at Rochester, N. Y.
MAX 1'ii.iiKKNS, son of William and Emma (Schieger) liehrens,
natives of Mecklenburg, Germany, was born at Leppin, Germany.
on April 16, 1855. When he was but little more than six years o|
age, his parents moved to Zaatskc, a tew miles distant from their
native place. He was subsequently sent to Wiltstock, where he
attended college, taking a thorough classical and scientific course
from 1864 to 1871. At the close of his academic career, possessed
somewhat by the spirit of adventure, he embarked for America.
Arriving in New York in the latter part of 1871, he came direct to
Chicago, and secured, shortly after, a position with Louis Wolters-
dorf, a druggist, in whose employment he remained for two years.
In the latter part of 1873, he became associated, in the capacity of
clerk, with William L. Ilarcourt. druggist. Six years later he
brought this business relation to a close, and accepted a similar posi-
tion in the drug establishment of K. A. Morrell, with whom he con-
tinued during the ensuing three years. In the meantime he
planned the establishing of a business of his own, a project which
he carried into effect by the occupancy of the store, in that year.
where he is at present located. Mr. Behrens is a member of the
Illinois State Pharmaceutical Society.
SMITH & HOC.K.Y. — This firm is composed of William C. Smith
and Julius H. Ilogey. They first established themselves in this city
in 1873, by opening the drug store on State Street at the corner of
Harmon Court. They remained there until 1875, and then sold
out, opening again at' the corner of Peck Court and State Street, in
1877. In 1882, they started another store at No. 349 Clark Street,
at the corner of Harrison. In November, 1884, they opened a
handsome establishment at the corner of Cottage Grove Avenue and
Thirty-first Street. Messrs. Smith and Hogey are both practical
druggists, and have been very successful. The former has charge
of the Clark-street store, and Mr. Hogey has charge of the other
two pharmacies. They employ nine chemists and do a business of
$25,000 a year.
WILLIAM C. SMITH was born in this city, on August 17,
1849. His father was William Smith, a carpenter by trade, who
then resided and owned property just south of Twelfth Street. He
died in 1853, and the property he had accumulated was lost in the
memorable panic of 1857. William C. Smith attended the Mosely
School in 1856, then the Haven School. In 1863, he went to work
for Dr. Hitchcock, who owned a drug store at the corner of Har-
mon Court and State Street. He completed his business course in
Eastman's Business College in 1866. During this period, Dr.
Hitchcock had sold out to N. T. Curth, and the former opened
another store one door south of the old stand. In 1872, Mr. Smith
made an arrangement with Dr. Hitchcock by which he was taken
into partnership and worked on shares. In May, 1873, Mr. Smith
and his present partner, Mr. Hogey, went into partnership, bought
out Dr. Hitchcock's interest and moved the store to the old stand,
as stated above. Mr. Smith has always been greatly interested iii
the pharmaceutical profession, and was detailed as one of a com-
mittee to go to Springfield, in the winter of 1878-79, to introduce
the pharmacy bill. His large acquaintance among the State's rep-
resentatives enabled him to be of much value to the pharmacists.
The bill was introduced by Benjamin M. Wilson, Representative
of the Second District, and passed the third reading, but the assem-
bly adjourned before the bill was made a law. When the assembly
again convened, a new bill was substituted by the State Pharma-
ceutical Association, which was passed and became a State law.
Mr. Smith is a member of the Pharmaceutical Association of the
State of Illinois, of the order of Knights of Honor, of the Com-
mercial Republican Club, and is vice-president of the Second Ward
Republican Club. He has always held a prominent place in local
politics; was a candidate for coroner in 1878, on the republican
ticket; and was a candidate for nomination for city clerk. His
name was not mentioned for the nomination until the convention
was called, and it was done without his knowledge or consent. He
however, came within one vote of receiving the nomination on the
ticket on which Monroe Heath received the nomination for mayor.
Mr. Smith was married to Miss Matilda Watson, of South Engle-
wood, on December 25, 1879.
Julius It. J/vp-y was born in Germany, on October 20 1847
and, at the age of six years, came to America with his parents and
located in New York City. Here he was brought up, and, when
but a youth, commenced the study of pharmacy in 1860 with
George \\enck, the Gilsey House druggist. He remained with
him for five years, and then went to Hannibal, Mo., where he
worked for two years. After a residence of some years in Wis-
consin Mr. Hogey came to Chicago in 1873, and went into busi-
ness. He is a member of the American Pharmaceutical Association
a licentiate of the city, county, and State board of pharmacy of
New 1 ork, and a member of the Illinois Pharmaceutical \ssocia-
on; is also a licentiate of the State of Illinois. Mr. Hogey was
MEDICAL HISTORY.
married in New York City, on August 13, 1879, to Miss Mamie A.
Mertage. They have one child, Sarah Irene, who was born on
April i, 1884.
\Vn.i.i.\M HENRY THORN was born at Burlington, Iowa, on
fune 22, 1858, but when a child his parents removed to Kalamazoo,
Mich. He there attended the public schools, until 1871, when he
went to Ottawa, 111., and entered the drug store of \V. C. Smith &
Co., to learn the trade, remaining about three years. In 1874, II.
G. Cotton bought out W. C. Smith & Co. , ami moved the store to
this city, locating it at the corner Clark Street and Chicago Avenue.
Mr. Thorn came to Chicago at the same time, and took the position
of chief clerk, which place he occupied until May I, 1883. He
then bought the store at No. 208 North Clark, which had been
established for thirty years, and was owned at the time by C. S.
Tirrell & Co. Mr. Thorn has a line pharmacy, a large and elegant
stock, and requires the aid of two first-class chemists in his busi-
ness. He manufactures for the trade several specialties, which are
well known, among them being Thorn's Compound Syrup of Hy-
pophosphites, being owned by a stock company known as Thorn
Pharmaceutical Company, of which Mr. Thorn is secretary and
treasurer ; Whitfield's Tooth Powder, and Hogan's Rheumatic
Remedy. Mr. Thorn is a young man of fine ability and pays close
attention to business, to which attribute is undoubtedly due his
success in business life. He is a member of the Masonic order,
of the Royal Arcanum, the National Union and the Order of Elks,
and is well known in the social circles of this city.
ELYVYN ASHWORTH HOLROYD, senior member of the firm of
Holroyd & Livesy, son of Mark and Cordelia (Knickerbocker) Hol-
royd, was born at Lincolntown, Chenango Co., N. Y., on March
19, 1850. When he was in the second year of his age his parents
passed through Chicago on their way to Bureau County, where
they located within a few miles of the town of \Vyanet. Having
mastered the branches of the county-school education, he went to
Princeton, 111. When he was about fifteen years of age, he at-
tended a private school at that place for about one year, after which
he went to Dover Academy, where he pursued his studies for
twelve months. Shortly after finishing his academic course he
went to Xew York, where he remained for several months. Re-
turning home he began life as a country school-teacher, in con-
junction with which he continued his studies. At the age of
twenty-three he began his medical readings and followed the pro-
fession of druggist's clerk. On August 24, 1874, he came to this
city and engaged in the drug business. He continued his medical
studies, and, in 1877, entered Rush Medical College, from which
he graduated in 1879. Following his graduation, finding that his
constantly increasing business would preclude the possibility of
devoting any particular attention to his profession as a practicing
physician, he determined to forego his calling as a doctor of medi-
cine and give his entire attention to his business. In May of 1884,
he took in as partner his head clerk, Rupert J. Livesy. Dr. E.
A. Holroyd is a brother of Dr. E. E. Holroyd, professor in the
College of Physicians and Surgeons of this city. Dr. E. A. Hol-
royd is a gentleman of exceptional educational abilities, who, dur-
ing his residence in Chicago, has acquired an excellent standing in
business and social circles. He is a member of Fort Dearborn
Lodge, No. 204, I.O.O.F., and of Court Prospect, No. 54, I.
O.F. On June 20, 1878, at Keokuk, Iowa, he was married to
Effie Janette Harvey, by whom he has had two children, girls, aged
respectively four and six years.
RUPERT JAMES LIVESY, junior member of the firm of Holroyd
& Livesy, son of Thomas H. and Janet Mallach, was born at Gales-
burg, 111., on November n, 1859. When he was in his fourth year
his parents moved to Chicago. He began the acquirement of an
education in the local public schools, which he attended for about
four years, after which he went to Englewood, where he remained
a year attending the Normal School at that place. Proving an apt
scholar he obtained, during the short period of his school days, a
sufficient education to enable him to undertake a business experi-
ence. While prospecting for a business venture that would prove
profitable, he concluded to learn the drug business. Accordingly,
he apprenticed himself to R. D. lioyd, in the early part of 1874,
with whom he remained until the latter portion of the following
year, at which time he entered the service of E. A. Holroyd, in the
capacity of clerk. He applied himself faithfully to the duties that
devolved upon him, giving evidence of business qualifications of
more than ordinary excellence, and by so doing established himself
in the esteem of his employer, which resulted, in May, 1884, in the *
formation of a co-partnership under the firm name of Holroyd <V-
Livesy. Mr. Livesy stands high in the estimation of those with
whom he is brought into contact, both in social and business circles.
On February 16, 1885, at Milwaukee, Wis., he married Emily
Wilson. He is a member of Court Prospect, No. 54, I.O.F.;
Camp Eden, high order of I.O.F.; and Lincoln Park Lodge, No.
611, A.F. & A.M.
WALTER M. SEMHILI. was born in Kinrosswood, Kinross-
shire, Scotland, in 1851, and is a son of the late Hagart Sempill,
a prominent surgeon of that county. After receiving what educa-
tion the parish could afford, under Simon Forrest, he was appren-
ticed, at the age of fourteen, to a druggist at Kinross, where he
remained four years; then took charge of Dr. Clarkson Cuthbert's
drug house, at Edinburg, where the next five years were spent. lie
w:t- next engaged by the Canadian Copper Pyrites Company to
visit Canada, and came to Montreal. A misunderstanding between
the superintendent of the company and the directors in England
threw a hundred of the men out of employment, among whom was
Mr. Sempill. He was immediately engaged by a wholesale drug
house, and, after serving them eight months, accepted an offer from
W. M. Dale, whom he had known in Scotland, and came to Chicago
in February, 1874. He has been with this house ever since, being
now manager of the firm's store on State Street, and is probably
one of the best prescription compounders in the drug trade.
CHARLES FERDINAND HARTWIG, son of G. J. and Amelia
(Werkhaueser) Hartwig, who were married in the province of Bran-
denberg, Germany, was born at Oconomowoc, Wis., on April 2,
1853, where he resided up to his twelfth year, obtaining in the pub-
lic schools of that place his early education. In 1865, he went to
Watertown, Wis., where he remained two years in attendance at
school. He then went to Mayville, \Vis. , and apprenticed himself
to the drug business. Three years later he moved to Milwaukee,
Wis., and took one course in the Spencerian Business College in
that city, during which time he acted as bookkeeper for a cigar
manufacturer for four months and as a druggist's clerk for six
months. He returned to Oconomowoc, and, in the latter part of
1869, he went to Baraboo, Wis., and, securing a position as drug
clerk, remained there until the spring of 1872. Returning to Mil-
waukee, he engaged in the drug business until the summer of 1873,
when he came to Chicago and took charge of the establishment
owned by C. H. Plautz. Several changes ensued until, in the win-
ter of 1874-75, he went to Philadelphia and entered the College of
Pharmacy at that place, graduating in the latter year. Returning
to Chicago, he accepted a position with A. E. Ebert, druggist, and
in the following year established a business of his own. In 1878,
he opened a store at his present location, shortly after which he dis-
posed of his interest in the business he had established two years
previously, and gave his entire attention to his newly acquired quar-
ters. He is a member of the Chicago College of Pharmacy, the
Illinois State Pharmaceutical Association, and the American Phar-
maceutical Association. On March 12, 1885, he was married in
this city, to Miss Mamie Meyer.
MILLETT N. PORTER, a member of the firm of M. N. Porter &
Co., dealers in drugs, medicines, etc., was born in Maine, in 1853.
He was educated in the public schools of his native town. After
completing his business education, he entered Bowdoin Medical
College, from which he graduated in 1879. In that year he located
in Chicago. Although a physician by education, Mr. Porter has
always been identified with pharmacy, and when he came to this
city he purchased the drug business at No. 3858 State Street, which
store had already been established eight or nine years. His brother
became interested with him at the time of this purchase, and sub-
sequently they opened another pharmacy, at the corner of Thirty-
ninth Street and Indiana Avenue, of which F. L. Porter now has
charge. They carry at both stores a very large stock of fine drug-
gists' goods and have been very successful in their business. Dr.
Porter is a member of the Pharmaceutical Association, of the State
Board of Pharmacy, and also of the Masonic and Odd Fellows fra-
ternities. Dr. Porter was married on April 17, 1882, to Miss Nellie
Durfee, daughter of Dr. Durfee, of this city.
FRANK L. PORTER, pharmacist and member of the firm of M.
N. Porter & Co., druggists, was born at South Parish, Maine, on
June 29, 1855. He attended the schools in his native place until
he was eighteen years of age, and then he went to Boston, where
he finished his collegiate education. He then located in Chicago.
Deciding upon the medical profession as his future vocation, he en-
tered the Chicago College of Physicians, and ultimately graduated
therefrom with high honors. In 1879, he, with his brother formed
a copartnership and went into the drug business, subsequently open-
ing another pharmacy over which F'rank L. Porter now presides.
Mr. Porter is thoroughly acquainted with his business, and enjoys
the patronage. and esteem of a fine class of customers. Mr. Porter
was married on September 4, 1883, to Miss Marion F. Adams, of
Boston. They have one son, Lester W.
EDWIN J. PAINTER, druggist, was born in Morgan County,
Ind., on November 10, 1855, where he attended school until fifteen
years of age. He then, with his parents, moved to Iowa, where he
lived for ten years. In 1876, he commenced to learn the drug trade,
and a few years later was granted a license as a pharmacist by the
Illinois Board of Pharmacy. In 1879, he came to Chicago and
bought of Dr. Dayton Painter the drug business which the latter
gentleman had established twelve years before. Edwin J. Painter
has closely applied himself to his interests and has retained an old-
established as well as a new line of custom. He was married to
Miss Nellie Gilmore, of Chicago, on April 22, 1885.
HISTORY ()K CHICAGO.
HKNRY C. PILGRIM, druggist, was horn in this city, cm June
29, 1857, ami i~ Henry Pilgrim, one the oldest residents
MI ( in, igo, having located herein 1848. He received his education
at the Jesuit College, from which he graduated at an early age.
Upon the completion of his business studies, he entered the< ':
College of Pharmacy, and while pursuing his studies there, he was
m the drug store of F. M. Goodman, with whom he re-
mained alioul six vc.ii-.. In [880, having completed his pharma-
ceutical education at the college and having been granted a license,
lie advanced to the position of pharmacist for Mr. (ioodman. In
April iSS_(, he went into business for himself, at his present loca-
tion, where he carries a large and complete stock of drugs, medi-
cines, paints, oils, etc. lie has been quite successful and has won
a very handsome patronage. Mr. Pilgrim is a member of the Chi-
cago College of Pharmacy, in which lie takes an active interest.
llriai FRANKLIN HAIR, son of Fidel and Mary (Rauser)
li.itir, natives of \\ iirtemberg, Ciermany. was born at Milwaukee,
\\is., on July 20, I!-?4, where, at the German-American High
:il, he obtained his education. lleing of a studious disposition
and with a predilection for scientific study, a considerable portion of
his time was devoted to the study of drugs and their uses. Event-
ually he determined to perfect himself in the knowledge, into which
he had gained an insight sufficiently to awaken a desire for a more
comprehensive study of it. In 1874, he went to Philadelphia, and
entered the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, graduating in 1876.
Following his graduation, he travelled extensively, came to Chicago,
secured a position as drug clerk, remained a few months, and then
resumed his travels, lie continued his wanderings until 1880, in
which year he returned to this city and located permanently. In the
spring of 1883, severing his connection with the firm with which he
had been associated up to that time, he became the proprietor of the
Mshment which he now conducts and which occupies a promi-
nent place among the establishments of its character. On May 17,
1885, Bt ' bicago, he was married to Marguerite H. Craig.
MARIIN M. PRIVM, pharmacist and chemist, was born in Bu-
charia, llohemia, on December II, 1859. He only resided in his
native land until he was ten years of age, and then with his parents
came to America, locating at Winona, Minn. He there attended
the public schools. In January, 1872, he came to Chicago and
commenced to obtain his own living and educate himself. He went
to the Foster School for awhile, working during the vacations and
after school hours to pay his expenses. By hard and honest labor
and saving of his money, he was finally enabled to enter the College
of Pharmacy. By persistent effort and constant exertion, he com-
pleted his studies, graduating on March II, 1881. He then went
into a drug store as chief clerk, and, in 1882, in company with his
brother, opened a drug store on South Halsted Street. The firm
prospered, and a year or two later opened another store at No. 573
Blue Island Avenue. In 1884, the brothers divided their interests,
and Martin M. Prince assumed control of the last named place of
business. He has one of the finest stores on the West Side, employs
two first-class clerks, and has an excellent trade. His success from
boyhood has been truly gratifying, and his is only one of the in-
stances where persistent effort wins a place in the business world.
Mr. Prince was married on July it, 1884, to Miss Emma Penshorn,
who was born and reared in this city.
BERN-HARD L. Roos, JR., pharmacist and chemist, was born in
1856, in Germany. His parents came to America, locating in Chi-
cago in 1867. Bernhard attended the First German High School
during the first three years of his residence, and when fourteen en-
tered the drug store of J. H. Wilson to learn the business. He was
employed there and at one other store for some time, and then en-
tered the College of Pharmacy to complete his studies, and graduated
with honors in 1878. From 1878 to 1881, he was employed as a
drug clerk, and in 1881 started in business for himself. He first
opened at the corner of Wells and Ohio streets, and the next year he
opened another store at No. I Lincoln Avenue. Six months later '
he discontinued business at his first stand and continued his business
at the Lincoln Avenue Pharmacy. Here he has a splendid location
being at the entrance to Lincoln Park and at the head of several
streets diverging in different directions. He carries a fine stock of
all kinds of druggists' goods and has the assistance of a competent
clerk m his business. Mr. Roos was married on April II 1882 to
Miss Anna Friedrich, of Chicago. They have one son,— John
Frank Bernhard.
i TERSON MARTIN, son of Seymour Boughton and
Mary L. J. (Patterson) Martin, was born in Monroeville, Huron*
Co., O., on August 7, 1859, When he was in his sixteenth year
he went to Oberlm, O., and became a druggist's apprentice for one
year. In March, 1877, he went to Flyria. Ohio, and engaged in the
same business until 1881, a short time prior to which he purchased
a half-interest in the business into which he had entered but a few
previonriy as clerk. In April of that year, disposing of his
eaa interest, he came to Chicago. After a short sojourn here
he went South for the purpose of prospecting, remaining there dur-
ing the greater part of the winter of 1881-82. So favorably was he
impressed with the Garden City at the time of his visit, that he
concluded to return and make Chicago his place of permanent resi-
dence. Accordingly, in January, 1882, he made good his resolu-
tion, and, on his arrival, he secured employment with C. li. Allen,
i >n April I, he became proprietor of the store which he now con-
trols. Mr. Martin is a self-made man. Reverses of fortune de-
pri\cd him, at an early age, of paternal assistance. When he was
in his ninth year, the fame of Chicago enticed him here; in order to
procure the necessary hinds to defray his expenses, he sold peanuts
and became a vendor of newspapers; the business tact which he
displayed was inherent, and it stood him in good stead from that
time on. His first experience as a druggist's apprentice was not
calculated to impress him favorably, $84 and board being his
remuneration for his first year's services; in 1879, while at Klyria,
he received $160 and board for that year. I!y dint of strict econ-
omy he laid by a little sum, which, judiciously invested, brought him
ample returns. It was thus he laid the foundation of his present
success. On June 2, 1885, at Chicago, he was married to Miss
Anne Cary.
JOHN ALIIF.RT MAYER was born in New York City, on June
15, 1847. When he was still in his infancy his parents moved toMil-
waukee, Wis. When he was sixteen years old, having acquired a
common-school education, he determined to learn a trade. Ac-
cordingly he apprenticed himself to Albert Loehr, druggist, where
he remained five years. He continued in the drug business until
he joined his father in the grocery and provision trade for a short
time. In 1872, he decided to locate in this city and follow the
business to which he had devoted the earlier years of his life.
Accordingly in the spring of the above year he came to Chicago and
entered the employ of Dr. H. H. Sloan, physician and druggist,
with whom he remained one year. At the end of that time, he
established a business of his own, which he has successfully con-
ducted. While associated with Dr. Sloan, he gave considerable
attention to the study of medicine. In 1873, he entered the Chicago
Medical College, graduating therefrom in 1876. Dr. Mayer is a
gentleman of more than ordinary intellectual capabilities and pro-
fessional education. He devotes his entire attention to his business,
officiating as a practitioner of medicine only when necessity requires
such service.
RUDOLPH E. RHODE, druggist and pharmacist, was born in
Friedland, Germany, on December 6, 1858. He was brought up
in his native town and received his education at the Gymnasium of
that place. When fifteen years old, he came to America with his
parents, and they located in Chicago. A few years later he entered
the Chicago College of Pharmacy, and, in 1879, graduated with
high honors. Mr. Rhode has been employed in some of the largest
and finest houses in this city, and has always been held in high
esteem for his fine qualities as a gentleman and for his ability and
worth as a pharmacist. He was first employed as prescription clerk
by Mr. Woltersdorf; then with Arend, the well-known chemist; and
afterward by Moench & Reinhold. By his industry and economy,
Clark Street; and though he has only been in business about eighteen
months, he commands a most lucrative trade. Mr. Rhode is a
young man of sterling qualities, and his future bids fair to be most
successful. He is a member of the Chicago College of Pharmacy
and the State Association, and is prominent in the Germania Club'.
JAMES ROBERT COZINE, M.D., son of Samuel and Elizabeth
(Holloway) Cozine, who were married in the State of Indiana in
1845, was born in 1857, in Johnson County, Iowa, at which place
he obtained his early schooling. In the fall of 1878, he went to
Iowa City and entered the Medical Department of the State Uni-
versity, having previously read medicine under a preceptor, gradu-
ating in the spring of 1881. Shortly afterward, he came to this
city and secured a position as clerk under L. K. Waldron, druggist.
At the end of ten months he returned to Iowa and began the prac-
tice of medicine, a profession to which he had intended to devote
his life. Nine months later, he located for the second time in Chi-
cago. Prior to his return to this city he concluded to abandon the
calling of a physician and give his attention to a pharmaceutical
education. Immediately after his arrival here, he entered the Chi-
cago College of Pharmacy, in October, 1883, and prosecuted his
studies during one school year. At the termination of his college-
course, he recreated for several months at his home in Englewood,
111 In October, 1884, he began preparations for the establishment
of a business of his own, which he eventually located at his present
quarters. Dr. Cozine has retired from the active practice of medi-
cine; occasionally in a case of emergency, he officiates in his former
capacity of physician. His entire attention he devotes to his busi-
ness as a druggist. On January 2, 1883, at Morse, Iowa, he was
married to Miss Lydia Morse.
JOHN M. BAKER, member of the firm of Gale & Blocki drug-
gists, was born at Cleveland, Ohio, on June 8, 1848. He attended
the schools in that city, and when he had finished the common
MEDICAL HISTORY.
553
studies there he entered Oberlin University, which at that time re-
ceived pupils for instruction in the higher scientific and classical
courses. Mr. Baker paid particular attention to the study of chem-
istry and botany, and found his practical as well as theoretical edu-
cation in these branches to be a great aid in the profession which he
adopted. Upon completing the course at Oberlin, he went back to
Cleveland, and entered Gaylord's wholesale and retail drug house,
and devoted his time and study to pharmacy. He went there in
1865, or 1866, and served a regular apprenticeship, upon the con-
clusion of which he came to Chicago, and took charge of the pre-
scription department in Gale & Blocki's drug store. He remained
in that capacity for about ten years, and, in 1878, he was admitted
as a partner in the firm. Mr. Baker is very active in the manage-
ment of the business of the house, and his thorough education and
long experience as a pharmacist places him among the best drug-
gists of Chicago. Mr, Baker was married on July 24, 1873, to
Miss Mary E. Britton, in this, city — the lady's former home, how-
ever, was at Boston, Erie Co., N. Y.
MEDICAL SUPPLIES.
CHARLES TRUAX & Co. — This firm is the successor of the
firm of G. Truax & Son, which was established in 1878,31 Maquo-
keta, Iowa. The idea as at first conceived, and which has since
been so successfully carried out, was to start a physicians' supply
store, to furnish practicing physicians everything needed in their
profession at wholesale prices, whether in the line of the purest and
most carefully compounded drugs, or anything in the way of surgi-
cal instruments, electric apparatus, etc. After a stay of two years
in Maquoketa, the business had increased to such proportions that
it was thought advisable to remove to a larger and more central
point, and accordingly a change was made to Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
At that time Charles Truax succeeded to the business, conducting
it alone for two years. He then associated with him, as a partner,
C. \V. Bassett, who is still connected with the firm, the name and
style of which has since been Charles Truax & Co. In 1884, it
was again found necessary to remove, and this time the change was
made to Chicago, and No. Si Randolph Street, from which they are
better able to meet the demands of a trade which, in five years, has
increased nearly twenty-fold. This statement is verified by Mr.
Truax, who says, that he and one clerk, during his first year in
business, easily attended to all the transactions of the house, while
the firm now employs twenty-two persons, and has five salesmen
on the road. Thus it will be seen that, though new-comers here,
they have brought to Chicago an establishment of great commer-
cial importance.
Charles Truax was born at Milton, Wis., in 1852. His father,
Galloway Truax, came to Illinois in 1857, and settled in Genoa,
DrKatb Co., and, in 1867, removed to Maquoketa, Iowa. Here
his son Charles, at the age of sixteen, entered the retail drug store
of his father as a clerk, continuing in that position up to 1873,
when, on account of ill-health, he went to Colorado, spending there
two years in the study of geology, having collected what is now one
of the finest private collections of minerals and fossils in this coun-
try. In 1875, returning to Maquoketa, Iowa, he became associated
as a partner with his father, under the firm name of G. Truax &
Son, and, in 1878, established the present business. Mr. Truax
was married to Mary C. Wolff, daughter of P. A. Wolff, of Ma-
quoketa, Iowa. They have two children, Edith and Ruth.
C. IT. Kassett was born at Three Rivers, Mich., in 1844.
At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he entered the Army as hos-
pital steward of the 25th Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and served
as such until the close of the War. He then became employed as
a clerk in a general merchandise store in Mattawan, Mich., and
two years afterward engaged in that business on his own account,
which he continued up to 1877. He then went to Saguache, Colo.,
and established a general merchandise business, under the firm
name of Peyton & liassett, which continued up to 1879, when Mr.
Bassett sold out his interest, and went to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, as
cashier of the Star Wagon Company, a position he held up to
1882, when he became a member of the firm of Charles Truax
& Co. He married Mary A. Ayres, daughter of J. S. Ayres, M.D.,
of Kalamazoo, Mich.
FRANK ANDREWS was born in Knox County, Ohio, on Sep-
tember 20, 1850, the son of Loren and Sarah R. (Gates) Andrews.
His father was a teacher most of his life ; was elected superin-
tendent of public instruction, for one term, in his State, and after-
ward was president of Kenyon College for nine years. At the
breaking out of the Rebellipn, he resigned and went into the Army,
being the first man to enlist in the State of Ohio. He was colonel
of the 4th Ohio Volunteer Infantry of the time of his death, which
occurred at home, nine months after enlistment, of camp fever. His
widow now lives at Hinsdale, Cook Co.; 111. Frank Andrews was
educated in the public schools in Ohio, and at the Military School at
Sing Sing, N. Y., from which he graduated. After completing
his schooling, he engaged as a salesman in a wholesale notion house
in New York City, where he worked five years. He then went to
Green Brier County, Va., and sold goods for stock for about five
years. After this he moved to Crystal Lake, 111., and remained
about one year settling upon his estate. In 1878, he went to
Europe, and remained abroad about five and a half years, he then
returned to Chicago and bought out the proprietory business of
C. II. Strong, deceased. He took Charles T. Pearson, Mr.
Strong's bookkeeper, into partnership, and they are now manufac-
turing medicated toilet preparations and druggists' specialties. In
January, 1882, Mr. Andrews married in London, England, Miss
Mary Agnes Munson, a native of Boston, Mass. , although reared
and educated in California, who, since her school days, has travelled
considerably.
ARTIFICIAL LIMBS.
WILLIAM H. MONTGOMERY was born at Rochester, N. Y., in
1830, and was educated in the common schools of that place. Pre-
vious to engaging in his present business, he had been employed
for years as a joiner, pattern-maker, and a builder of railway pas-
senger railway coaches for the Rochester & Buffalo Railroad Com-
pany. On account of his skill shown in working wood, he was
induced by Dr. Douglas Bly, the great artificial limb manufacturer
of Rochester, to enter his employ. After working for fourteen
months in this manufactory, he was placed at the head of Dr. Bly's
next largest factory at Cincinnati, and afterward went South to fill
contracts made by different States to supply limbs to the wounded
soldiers. After an engagement with his employer of over six years,
Mr. Foster employed him to take charge of his Detroit office for
nearly three years; then sent him to Chicago, in March, 1876, to
manage his interests here. Mr. Foster died in July, 1881, and
Mr. Montgomery succeeded him in business, and has continued to
make the Foster Patent Union Limbs. His experience, he says,
has taught him to simplify the construction of limbs, and a great
deal of falsely constructed inside machinery has been abandoned in
first-class work. The main object at present to be attained, seems
to be symmetry and, at the same time, mechanism sufficiently strong
to answer the demand of severe every-day use; and this Mr. Mont-
gomery seems able to furnish to the unfortunate losers of limbs,
and he has many testimonials that bear evidence of his superior
skill as a manufacturer. He is at present located in the same
quarters formerly occupied by his predecessor. He was married
at Rochester, N. Y., in 1857, to Miss Mary J. Neil, who died
in Cincinnati, in 1866, leaving two children, — Milton W. and
William H.
IRVIN R. FENNER was born at West Henrietta, Monroe Co.,
N. Y., in 1847, and was educated at Rochester, N. Y. After com-
pleting his studies, he entered the employ of the celebrated Dr.
Bly, manufacturer of artificial limbs, and thoroughly entered into
the details of that industry. He was thus engaged when the War
closed, and he went to Macon, Ga., for Dr. Bly, who had a Gov-
ernment contract for furnishing artificial limbs to the soldiers.
Returning to Rochester, in 1882, he soon after came to Chicago,
and went into the employ of Sharp & Smith, where he remained
until 1884, when he opened an office for himself, manufacturing
artificial limbs and surgical appliances. He has lately invented a
new flexible rubber foot, which he is inclined to believe will revo-
lutionize the business of artificial feet, as it gives a perfect natural
action. He is so successful in supplying the losses of natural
limbs, that a customer wearing one of his manufacture took a prize
as an expert roller-skater at a contest. Mr. Fenner also uses a
new brace-joint which, instead of being supported by one straight
metal piece, has two pieces attached, spreading out on each side,
making the limb stronger and much less liable to split. Mr. Fen-
ner was married at Rochester, N. Y., in 1866, to Miss Cora A.
Brown, and has one son, William D.
DRUGGISTS' SCALES.
LAWRENCE AMBS was born on August 15, 1855, in Baden,
Germany, and is a son of George and Anna Marie (Brenner)
Ambs, a native of Baden. His mother died there on December
23, 1870, and his father is still living in Baden. Mr. Ambs was
educated in Germany, and learned the trade of a locksmith and
scale-maker. He then spent one year in travelling, making a trip
to the West Indies and returning to Germany. In 1877, he came
to Chicago, and worked two years at Grand Crossing. He then
formed a partnership with Louis Flory in the manufacture of drug-
gists' scales, and, on January 31, 1885, bought the interest of Mr.
Flory, the firm being now Lawrence Ambs & Co. On December
23, 1883, he married Miss Katie, daughter of Jacob and Christina
(Gross) Enderlin, natives of Baden, where they now live. Mr.
554
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Ambs belongs to the Catholic Church and his wife to the Protestant
Lutheran. Mr. Ambs is a member of the A.O.l'.W.
MEDICAL WORKS.
\V. T. KKKM K was born on February 21, 1843, at Jackson-
ville, III., where he lived with his parents until eight years old,
when the family moved to I'eoria. There Mr. Keener was edu-
and employed until is(r_'. At this time he enlisted in Co.
"II."Sdth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. His military service was
in the South and Southwest. He was with General Sheridan at
the battle of Perry ville, Ky., also in the battles of Chickamauga
and Kenesaw Mountain. In this last battle, he received a flesh
wound in his leg which necessitated his going to the hospital.
I Ie was discharged from the service in July, 1865, when he came to
this city, where he has lived ever since. His first engagement in
this city was with Clark, \Vliitehouse tV Co., with whom he remained
four years as a clerk. In 1869, he commenced the business of sell-
ing hooks by subscription, and, in 1874, he established his present
. where he carries on a large subscription-book business in
medical works, and also deals largely with the general trade. He
has published the following medical works: " Cradle Bacteria and
the Cerm Theory of Disease"; the "Chicago Medical Directory,"
published annually; and " J.yman's Insomnia and other Disorder-,
of Sleep." lie also represents the publishing house of William
Wood & Co. , of New Vork. lie was married on October 15,
1872, to Miss Lizzie Warner, at Dixon, 111. She was born in
\Vilkesbarre, Penn., on March 26, 1843. They have three chil-
dren,— Alice E., Charles E. and Mary E.
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
After many years' experience with the vexations of
cramped quarters, the various officials of the Federal
service in Chicago finally, on Monday, May 3, 1880,
n-, u-lied a haven of rest in the new Custom House and
Post-office. The interior of the building was not com-
pleted until three months later. The total amount
expended on the building was $4, 125,000, and to this
should be added the $1,250,000 paid for the site. The
building is a sample of many put up for the Govern-
ment during this period. The foundations were laid
insecurely, the stone of which the walls were con-
structed of a poor quality, and the workmanship was
indifferent. In 1875. it was reported that the founda-
tions were settling and that it would be unsafe to pro-
ceed with the erection of the building. Mayor Colvin
appointed a committee of five architects to examine
the building. . They pronounced the foundations safe,
and the Government proceeded with the construction.
A dispute arose between the City and the Government
over the payment of these experts for their services.
In 1879, another commission of local experts ex-
amined into the condition of the walls of the building,
and they reported that the stone, besides being badly
chipped and cracked almost all over the building, was
of an inferior character and would ultimately disinte-
grate in our rigorous climate. The frosts of recurring
winters have continued the work of disfiguration of
the building. Wide seams and fissures have appeared
in the inside as well as in the outside walls, and the build-
ing is settling badly, the southeast corner being several
inches below the level of the rest of the structure.
Supervising Architect Bell, in the summer of 1885, said
there was no way of strengthening and repairing the
building permanently, and that it was only a question
of time when the whole structure would have to be
torn down. The site has appreciated in
value since its purchase by the Govern-
ment over fifty per cent.
In this volume, there is no necessity
of specifying in detail the especial impor-
tance of each Federal Department, as was
done in Vol. II., but an effort will be made
made to present the more important work-
ing features briefly, and to condense into facts and fig-
ures whatever is necessary to show the gradual increase
of the service, in all branches, to its present magnitude.
THE POST-OFFICE.
In 1871, the Chicago Post-office became the second
in the United States in respect to the volume of busi-
ness transacted. In 1879, the business showed an in-
crease of nearly twenty-five per cent, over that of the
preceding year, and as the average yearly increase is
nearly as great, it is fair to presume, now that extra
working facilities have been perfected and the force of
clerks and carriers is larger than ever before, that the
Chicago Post-office will keep steadily on the progressive
inarch until it outstrips its only rival, New York.
When the great lire of 1871 occurred, Colonel Frank
A. Eastman was postmaster, and he served until De-
cember 20, 1873, when General John McArthur suc-
ceeded him.
The removal of the Post-office, after the fire of 1871,
to Burlington Hall, and thence to the Wabash-avenue
Methodist Church, have already been chronicled. The
Post-office has passed through more ordeals by fire than
any other of the Federal Departments. It was burned out
in the July fire of 1874, and the business was removed to
the West-side Station, at the corner of Halsted and Wash-
ington streets, where it remained forty days. On
August 23, 1874, it was established in new quarters in
the basement of the Honore Building, at the corner of
Dearborn and Adams streets. On January 4, 1879, it
was again burned out, and working quarters were then
secured in the basement of the Singer Building, now Mar-
shall Field & Co.'s retail store, at the corner of State and
Washington streets. There was but one entrance to the
basement, and the quarters were cramped, unhealthful,
and inadequate for the needs of 'the service. On April
12, 1879, it was removed to the basement floor of the
new Government building, which had hastily been put in
readiness. Here the Post-office enjoyed the compara-
tively long rest from its travels of eighteen months, when
its belongings were transferred up stairs to the main
floor of the building, and it formally took possession of
the present quarters which had been provided for in the
original plans of the building. During the period of the
Honore Block fire and the subsequent removals, Frank
W. Palmer was postmaster, he having succeeded General
McArthur on February 26, 1877.
The business of the office for 1871, was quite phe-
nomenal. There were 1,113,113 foreign letters received
and 2.231,896 foreign letters sent, and over 500,000
newspapers were received and quite as many sent. The
total number of letters delivered and collected by car-
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
555
riers was 3 1, 1 13,284; box and general delivery, 3, 134,87 1 ;
pieces of mail matter received for distribution, 61,51 0,000 ;
total number of pieces sent out from the office, 92,434,770;
circulars mailed, 7,175,000; bags of newspapers mailed
and distributed, 256,500, making 669,500 bushels; lock-
pouches and mail-boxes dispatched, 129,575.
The Postal Record of January, 1872, had the fol-
lowing regarding'the business of the Chicago Post-office
during the preceding year:
against General McArthur's bondsmen, John Allston
and James Steele, to recover the amount of the shortage,
and proceedings were brought against General Me Arthur
in the United States District Court. He retired from
the office and C. L. Squiers, for many years assistant
postmaster, conducted the office for the bondsmen, with
the consent of the Post-office Department. General
McArthur was paroled on bail, and was pardoned by
President Hayes, and subsequently settled up his indebt-
edness to the Government dollar for dollar. Only about
$18,000 was recovered from the defunct Cook County
National Bank. Postmaster McArthur's misfortunes
were mainly attributed to his generous impulses and
liberality.
The volume and importance of the business trans-
acted in 1874, will be shown by the following table,
which will serve also as a basis for comparison for sub-
sequent years:
" The Chicago Post-office now ranks second, upon the books
of the Department at Washington, in regard to-business transacted.
By this is meant the business which shows a revenue — but the facts
are, more work is done at the Chicago office at this time than at
any other Post-office on this continent. Chicago is a point that
catches mails from every point of the compass. For the East, West,
North and South a great portion touches here and is handled by
this office. During the past few months, on several occasions a
hundred tons of mail matter have been handled a day in this city.
Nearly twenty large wagons are required to transport these great
mails between the Post-office and the various depots."
r STAMP DEPARTMENT.
Ihe perfecting of the Railway Mail service greatly Received for the sale of postage stamps $579,35147
loooonorl i-lio ,rr,li,r o nf Kno; nooc n r>A 1 -i II/M- !n tlio n-onofi 1 Received for the sale of stamped envelopes 211,13801
lessened tne volume ot business and labor in tne general Received for the sale of postal cards.... . 49.90500
office after this date. In 1872, after the ravages of the — $840,38848
fire had been repaired, the number of post-boxes in use M°^™°«"i^d°"iMu«i!!'T°
was 375; number of mail letters delivered during the AtMainotace 88,881 ' *538,83oo5
ir^if , -» * T f T -. r- . iiumKor. ^.f ^i*-i7 l«tf»,-c *l«li\T»ro^l At West Division Station 7,195 127.208 53
year, 13,715,135, number ot city letters delivered, At North Division station 1,005 (8 mos. only) ijisiSp
vnivrRy rmrnhpr nf npwcnanpt-K Hplivprprl 7ftCTf>->- At Northwestern Station 368 (6 mos. only) 7,250 92
2,012,507, number or newspapeis delivered, 2,053,523, At southwestern station 250 (6 mos. only) 4.70831
number of letters collected hv carriers ic 06' COT At south station 451 (6 mos. only) 7,366 70
.is, l5,uu.,5U/, At Stock-Yards Station 838 (6 mos. only) 4,863 93
number of newspapers collected, 2,279,438; total rev- .»no^»»«
Total number Issued 38,358 $708,04776
Domestic Orders Paid.
AtMalnOfflce 430.424 $5,149,483 09
At West Division Station 973 13.81963
At North Division Station 160 (6 moe. only) 2,2til 97
At Northwestern Station 28 (6 mos. only) 48122
^\ At Southwestern Station 80 (H mos. only) 38845
£'.SJ At South Station 72 (6 mos. only) 1,08925
I/* At Stock -Yards Station 35 (6 mos. only) 63340
Total number paid 431,712 $5,168,09701
Ilritish International.
Amount received from depositing postmasters $6,554,127 90
enue collected from city matter alone, $57,65872. Amou!!^n;!t^
Postal cards were introduced on May i, 1873, and they Or(lerslssueuatmai,lofflcellml 9ta,io,,s....8,456 »43.26740
immediately sprang into such popularity as to greatly orders paid at main office ami stations sea 17.07530 ,6034g70
increase the work of the post-office. Postmaster Me- German international.
Arthur created somewhat of a breeze among the busi- orders issued at main office and stations....!, 894 $34,09575
ness houses by prohibiting the depositing of circulars orders Paia at mam office and stations.. JWWTBJ mi34l2
and newspapers- in the street letter-boxes and requiring Swiss international.
them all to be mailed at the general office. The order gSSSBf^MSWlT::::::::::::::: *!? _^K
was overruled by the Postmaster-General, and became a $5.480 34
dead letter. $14,507,43188
.... , ,. „ REGISTRY DEPARTMENT.
Ihe first sub-stations were established as follows: No.pac1(ages of registered man received 238.700
West Division Station West Washington and Halsted No. packages of registered inallln transit received 67,919
J"> No. registered packages of stamps and stamped envelopes re-
strppts on Anril 22 1877 • North Division station eelvectfordlBtrlButloii 39,450
;IS» e l5> TT 7,r ' ' No. letters received for distribution 2S9.B29
Clark-Street Furrier Hall, on December 13, 1873; No. letters received for delivery in the city ltjH,K.;9
„. . . „ . „,. . °.' No. letters registered at this office 24.465
South Division Station, State and I hirty-second Streets, No. registered package envelopes used 102,558
on December 15, 1873. Postmaster McArthur tried the BOX AND GENERAL DELIVERY DEPARTMENT.
experiment of placing permanent Collection boxes Oil the go. of letter, dcliveredjrom boxes and through general delivery. 330.170
cross-town cars, and a collector was stationed at the feJSfiS^'ffK^S&SEiiE::: Ji'fs
Clark-street terminus to receive the contents. There NO. of letters returned to writers 62.498
was no appropriation for this, and General McArthur CARRIERS DEPARTMENT.
defrayed the expense himself. The innovation was a Bffi8^a^r^":::::::::::::::::::::r:::::::;:::::::::::::::." spsss
failure and was soon abandoned. S^Sr^Sd^iv^^"-.::::::::""::.:::::::::.:::":"::" ti&i&j
rri-i*a colorw f\( th*» tii^ctiviaci-^r nf tViic titn*» «7ac Local postal cards delivered 718,680
i ne salary ot tne postmaster at tins time was {SSewcoiwctwJ 25,315.080
$4,000 per annum and the bond required was $50,000. ££™^ *TJ?$t
Postmaster McArthur deposited the funds of the Post- Newspapers. etc., collected 5.054,010
office in the Cook County National Bank There Nurabero{lettersmalle(Uo to™$ZZ™. 3,149.998
Were about $40,OOO of the funds 111 the bank when Number of newspapers, etc.. mailed to foreign countries H5°'2V9
.. , .. . . , , Number of letters received from foreign countries 2,061.011
It failed. A special agent was Sent OUt from VVash- Number of newspapers received from foreign countries 1,150,105
ington to inquire into rumors of a shortage in the MISCELLANEOUS.
accounts of the postmaster. It was charged that NTfflTe.te,n^!'suffl^^^^^
Postmaster McArthur had no right to deposit in the K^^S^^6i^^^-&^^iMiu^U^^0jm
Cook County Bank, but he showed that it had been and paid less than one full rate, which were sent to the Dead
Letter Office 18,374
the regular Post-office depOSltOrv and that he had 111- Number of letters collected and deposited at this and received
, . ,„. . . in ,in cither offices improperly addressed and sent to the Dead
structions to make deposits therein. Ihe special agent Letteromce 8,363
reported a shortage of $52,000, and suit was brought
556
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Number of postal cards collected and deposited at this office, and
received from other offlces.whii'ii were Improperly addressed
ami <|. --tun i-il after liemg held for sixty d.ivs
Nantbar of poatal canl8 ei.ileete<i uddeixmtaaftl i Ins office, with
out ilililrrsH. etc.. ilest I o\ eil
Nu 111 her of lock pouches repulred at this once
N uml.er of canvas sacks repaired at this i.tlice
DiiMKSTir MAILS.
N inn her of letters collected from street Imxes for distribution and
X iii 'niie'rilr letters' deposited iii'poM-ottir,. tordiitrlbb'tlon ami dis-
NiiNi'ii'r'i.f ' ii ii'tnmoOm'ioiaen I.T iiwiihiiui.n
:iii.l th-<pal'-li ;••.',••,'
NinniHT "f letlers made up hy railway post-office and sent to tills
dtfli-e for dispatch •
Niimlierof circulars deposited In office and collected from street
boxes
59,349
LOW
18.003
Nuinhe
Niimlie
Numl.e
of bags of newspapers received for distribution and dis-
,.r iook'niaiii dis'pUeiied from this offloe.,
uf lock malls received UtblSOfBce
of letters, postal cards and newspapers collected from
a2,59B,765
3.649.997
8.713.415
16.187.810
5.476.878
¥6.624.255
255.500
114.504
133.588
street railway boxes 1,857,858
Postmaster Palmer introduced many improvements
in the manner of handling the mails and facilitating
their delivery. He caused the van-system of delivery
and collection to and from sub-stations to be adopted,
and established new sub-stations in important districts.
These were the Union Stock- Yards Station; the North-
west Station, at Milwaukee and Chicago avenues; the
Cottage Grove Station, Cottage Grove Avenue and
Twenty-seventh Street: the Southwest Station, at Blue
Island Avenue and Eighteenth Street; and the West
Madison Street Station, at the corner of West Madison
and Robey streets. The force of office-clerks and car-
riers was increased until there are now (1885) eight
hundred and ninety-three employed. The clerical force
in the general office has been increased by the addition
of from two to five or more clerks as their services were
needed. During 1884, the interior working force was
increased by the employment of fifty-two new clerks.
The largest number of carriers employed at once was
on October i, 1881, twelve; on September i, 1882,
twenty-five; on November 15, 1883, twenty-five; on
September 16, 1884, forty. There is a substitute force
of carriers and clerks numbering sixty-five men. The
clerks properly number four hundred and eighty-two and
the carriers three hundred and twenty-one. Thirty-five
vans are employed in carrying the mails to and from
the various railway depots.
The salary of the postmaster was increased to
$6,000 per annum in 1883. At the beginning of 1885,
the number of Chicago publications alone sent through
the orifice under the second-class rate was three hundred
and ninety-five.
The following statement fmade by Postmaster Pal-
mer upon his retirement shows the postal receipts for
each fiscal year and the parts of years from July i,
1877, to June i, 1885:
To June 30, 1877 $ 301,235 68
To June 30, 1878 975,50065
To June 30, 1879 1,094,807 77
To June 30, 1880 1,254,921 65
To June 30, 1881 1,450,690 70
To June 30, 1882 1,794,690 88
To June 30, 1883 1,959,902 41
To June 30, 2884 1,892.241 66
To May 31, 1885 1,765,000 oo
Total $12,443,991 40
The exhibit of the receipts in the money-order divis-
ion during the same period is as follows:
Up to Tune 30, 1878 $ 7,000,000 oo
Up to [une 30, 1879 -. 7,808.571 99
Up to "[tine 30, 1880 8,791,871 14
Up to June 30, 1881 - 9,059.473 84
Up to'lune 30, 1882 --- 10,076,012 86
Up to "[tine 30, 1883 9,630,93640
Up to'lune 30, J 884 10,446,400 13
Up to May 31, 1885 4,151,190 10
All the stations 44,000,000 oo
Total .- - $110,964,456 46
Hon. S. Corning Judd received his appointment
from President Cleveland, to succeed Mr. Palmer as
postmaster, on June i, 1885, and one of his first official
acts was to re-appoint C. L. Squiers assistant post-
master. The appointment of Mr. Judd did not change
the complexion of the carrier and clerical force of the
office to any considerable extent, the clerks and car-
riers being protected by the Civil Service rules, and
only the heads of divisions and those who handled
money, and were under bonds, were removed. Since
1871, the postmasters, with their dates of. appointment,
have been as follows: John Me Art bur, to succeed
Francis A. Eastman, December 20, 1873; Frank W.
Palmer, February 26, 1877; re-appointed, February 26,
1881; S. Corning Judd, June i, 1885.
In making up the subjoined tables showing the
annual volume of business of the important departments
of the Chicago Post-office for the years 1871 to 1885,
inclusive, the figures for the various years, when not
obtainable from the office records, were secured from
the Department records at Washington.
SALE OK STAMPS, STAMPED KNVKI.OPKS AND POSTAL CARDS, 1871
TO 1885, INCLUSIVE.
1871 $ 709,328 68
1872 716,876 44
1873 - 788,006 29
1874 840.388 48
1875 970,886 47
1876 971,682 43
1877 985.370 87
1878 1,090,835 53
1879 1,251,218 83
1880 1,446,01407
1881 , 1,744,234 21
1882 1,954.075 44
1883 1,885,961 86
1884 1,885,962 26
1885 1,923,158 24
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OK THE MONEY-ORDER DIVISION,
1871 TO 1884, INCLUSIVE.
Year.
Receipts.
Disbursements.
1871
$-5 Q2^ "^4. OO
jfc'i QIC aj. 1 6l
1872
1873
c J.-27 6^O 7O
1874
1875
1876
6 890 411 oo
1877 ...
1878...
7 884 j._m ^7
7 88-1 4-1^ ^7
1879 -
7 826 698 38
7 826 698 38
1880
8 813 025 58
8 813 025 58
1881...
9 062 982 65
1882. .
1883
1884 ...
10 448 406 86
1885
TO OO^ 1O2 7O
The following is the annual report of mail delivered
and collected by letter-carriers for the year ending De-
cember 31, 1885:
Carriers employed, 332; delivery trips daily, 977; collection
trips daily, 875; registered letters delivered, 448,370; mail letters
delivered, 56,074,126; mail postal cards delivered, 11,312,072;
local letters delivered, 18,194,964; local postal cards delivered,
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
557
7,103,358: newspapers delivered, 22,238,719; letters returned to
office, 154,894; letters collected, 57,558,050; postal cards collected,
22,225,809; newspapers collected, 21,763,933; total postage on
local matter, $469,194.11.
STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF POUNDS AND PIECES OF MAIL-
MATTER DEPOSITED AT THE CHICAGO POST-OFFICE FOR DIS-
PATCH, DURING THE YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1879 TO 1885,
INCLUSIVE.
Years.
Class.
Pounds.
Pieces.
1870 (
Letters
to •<
Second-class matter _.
c 777 7Q-}
isso. (
Third and fourth-class
1,841,502
9,407,510
Total
8 484 200
1880 i
Letters
1,064 O98
63 845 8So
to \
1881. (
Second-class matter
Third and fourth-class
7,004 567
2.318,061
28,018,268
11,590,305
Total
1881 I
I 2^° 4OQ
to -!
Second-class matter
7 261 696
1882. (
Third and fourth-class
2,912,316
I4,56l,580
Total
II 406 421
1882 (
Letters ._- . .
I 321 QOO
to \
1883. /
Second-class matter .
Third and fourth-class
7.134,851
3,811,45!
28,539,404
19.057,255
Total..
12.268.202-
I26.oio.6=;o
Years.
Class.
Pounds.
Pieces.
1883 (
to I
1884. (
Letters
1.442,639
8,887,105
3,982,582
86,558,370
35,548,420
19,912,910
Second-class matter..
Third and fourth-class
Total
14,312,326
142,019,700
1884 (
to i
1885. (
Letters -
1.706,137
10,311,186
3,879,226
101 821,650
41,244,744
19,396,130
Second-class matter
Total
15,896,549
162,462.524
Total le
Total se
Total tli
tters .
7,632,088
46,377,198
I8,745,I3S
457.378,770
185,508,792
93,925,690
ird and fourth-class matter.
Grand total ..
72. 7=;.!. 42-1
"716.811. 2*2
COLLINS S. SQUIERS, assistant postmaster, was born at Leb-
anon, Madison Co., N. Y., on May 30, 1832, and is a son of Ira
and Lucy (Frink) Squiers. He was brought up on his father's
farm during his boyhood, and attended school at Hamilton, in the
same county. After completing his studies he secured a position
as clerk in the Hamilton post-office, in May, 1849. This was
during Mr. Pierce's administration as president, and young Squiers
continued in the post-office during his term and the succeeding one,
until June, 1855, when he became employed in a book store at
Hamilton. He was occupied until the spring of 1857, when he
decided to come West, which he accordingly did, locating in Chi-
cago. During 1857-58 he was empolyed in the Engineer's De-
partment of the city, which was then under the charge of N. S.
Bouton, superintendent of public works. Mr. Squiers continued
there until April I, 1861, when he took a position with Chapin &
REPORT OF MAIL MATTER DELIVERED AT THE POST OFFICE, CHICAGO, ILL., DURING THE FISCAL YEARS 1881-85. INCLUSIVE.
Years.
Average
number of
carriers.
Number of
deliveries.
Number of
collections.
Registered
letters
delivered.
Mail letters
delivered.
Mail postal
cards
delivered.
Local letters
delivered.
Local postal
cards
delivered.
Newspapers,
etc.,
delivered.
Local postage.
1881 ..
1882
1883....
1884
1885....
187
208
241
270
312
7,138
7.352
8,732
9.621
10,896
6,358
6,550
7,451
7,970
10,020
261,109
305,250
320,438
352,799
435,655
26,376,858
30,916,259
37,365,585
44,416,292
52,354,007
5,307,469
6,585,501
8,492,350
9.332,918
11,009,086
5,449.388
6,793,935
7,824,553
10,108,859
12,026,130
3,464,241
4,269,868
5,342,706
7,152,810
9,303,487
9,r53.53i
11.226,471
14,022,686
14,865,011
19,613,197
$183,618 75
283,716 43
336,690 50
383.139 65
469,194 II
Total..
249
43,739
38,349
1,675,251
191,429,001
40,727,324
42,202,865
29,533,112
68,880,896
$1,666,359 70
REGISTERED LETTERS AND PARCELS RECEIVED AND DISPATCHED, FROM 1871 TO 1885, INCLUSIVE.
Year.
Letters registered.
Received for
delivery.
Received for
distribution.
Parcels registered
3d and 4th class.
Parcels for delivery
3d and 4th class.
Registered package
envelopes addressed
to Chicago,
Registered package
envelopes received
in transit.
Registered packages
made up and mailed.
1
Through regular
pouches addressed
to Chicago.
Through regular
pouches received
in transit.
Through regular
pouches made up
and dispatched.
1871
16,742
187,598
I72,OOO
25 872
1872
18,438
1 88 497
174 8o_l
7e ROI
1873
17,721
185,857
124,585
83 28O
1874
24,465
166 859
238 700
166 859
67 QlQ
IO2 558
1875
27 476
197 830
26o 004
1876
30,490
228,326
287,110
1IQ 860
IdO ^2O
127 112
1877
33,6So
249 616
20=; t;t;o
1878
40,361
270 1 70
308 885
1870
48 542
280 272
8 c8o
1880
c 8 41
1881
78 018
8 ofie
1882
Q7 J.25
AZ& 7/18
23 866
I 08 1
1883
j Q eS i
1884
12^ JOG
T5 iSl
62 658
28 171
1885
TIC TQI
66 284
938 830
55»
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
fo\, bridge and dock i-ontracloi-. \\itliin a month after. In- was
gratified by receiving a notice of appointment to a position in the
I 'hicago j .mtl being desirous of returning to his hrst
love — a work for which he had a natural aptitude and considerable
experience — lie resigned his position, and on April 24, iSdi, he
took the position of clerk in the mailing department. In 1^64,
Mr. Squiers was appointed superintendent of the stamp division,
and in ist>;-o<> his duties were increased by the work of the cash-
ier devolving upon him. In the latter part of !&(:(>. he w.
pointed general chief clerk of the post-office, and in October, 1867,
General Frank T. Sherman made him assistant postmaster. Mr.
Squiers entered the office tinder the administration of John L.
Scripp-, postmaster, and continued an employe through the terms
of >amurl Hoard, Robert A. (iilmore, Frank T. Sherman, K. A.
Kastman, John McArthnr, I1. \V. Palmer, and, on the advent of
ornhlg Iiidd, was retained in the position which he has held
for the past nineteen years. During this long term of service,
Mi. Squicrs has been the postmaster de facto, and he has conducted
the Government's postal affairs in such a business-like manner
that has earned for him the good-will and support of every business
man in Chicago. No one is better posted regarding the details of
a post-otiicc than he; and were he to be changed from his present
position, the postmaster-in-chief would have great trouble in find-
ing a suitable person to till the office of assistant. Mr. Squiers is
a member of ISIair Lodge, No. 393. A.]1'. \ A.M., LaFayette Chap-
ter, No. 2. K.A.M., and Apollo Commandery. No. I, K.T. He
married on February to, 1854. to Miss Elizabeth J. Henton,
of Earlville, Madison Co., N. V. They have two daughters, Klla
Louise, now the wife of I". E. Kingman, of Chicago, and Clara
M., now Mrs. L. J. West, of Rockford.
JOHN 11. Rr.\, auditor of the post-office, was born at Rock-
ville, I'arke Co., Ind., in 1828. His parents were Wallace and
Eliza (Huntington) Rea, and his father was the tirst clerk of Parke
Count), holding the office continuously until his death. When
the deatli of the senior Rea occurred, the family returned to New
York State, the old home, and at an academy in Otsego. County
John II. Rea finished his education. After completing his com-
mon school studies, he commenced reading law, and in 1845 he
went to Rochester, N. Y., and entered a lawyer's office, where he
studied for another year. In 1846, he decided to return West,
and on arriving at Indianapolis he was appointed to a position in
the United States clerk's office. He continued as deputy to Clerk
Bassett until 1853, when, owing to the age and infirmity of Mr.
Bassett, he received the appointment of clerk to the United States
District Court, and also performed the clerical work of the Circuit
Court for Mr. Bassett. Mr. Rea was about that time admitted to
the liar and practiced before the courts. In 1860, his chief, Mr.
it, died, and Judge McLean appointed him clerk of the
Circuit^Courtalso. From about 1853, Mr. Rea held the appoint-
ment of United .States commissioner for Indiana and also of
master in chancery of the Circuit Court. Wiih all these various
offices the reader can easily understand that Mr. Rea performed a
vast amount of hard work. In the winter of 1859-60, the com-
mittee on finance of the State Legislature selected Mr. Rea as their
representative logo to New York and examine into the accounts of
Court by the appointment of a son of the judge then on the Bench,
and two years later resigned the same office in the Circuit Court'
much against the desire of the Bench and Bar. His resignation
was not accepted until nine months after giving the court formal
notice. Prior to resigning the clerkship, Mr. Rea had become
largely interested in coal lands near Springfield, III., and on leav-
ing the Circuit Court of Indiana, he located at Springfield. He
continued as secretary at that point for a period of two years when
he disposed of his interests and located in Chicago in the spring of
1867. He became identified with the commission trade, in which
he remained for two years, and then turned his attention to real-
estate. In 1876, when Charles Kern became sheriff, Mr. Rea was
offered the position of deputy, but declined; he, however had
charge of the grand jury during the term of Sheriff Kern. Dur-
ing these years he was one of the originators and became largely
interested in the Brighton Cotton Mills, near this city but owing
to the fire and the panic of 1873 it was run for some time at a
and did not prove to be remunerative to its promoters Mr
Rea suffering heavy losses. During Mayor Harrison's second
term, Mr. Rea was appointed to a position in the Water Depart-
ment of the city, and he filled that place until in May, 1885, at
which time he received a note requesting him to call on the new
postmaster, S. Corning Judd. This proved to be a tender of the
position of auditor of the post-office to Mr. Rea; which he accepted
and entered upon his new duties on June I, 1885. The office was
wholly unsolicited and it was the highest compliment to Mr. Rea
whose abilities, integrity and uprightness have never been im-
peached. Mr. Rea has been a staunch democrat all his life and
is promineniU known as an able advocate of the principles of his
party. lie was married on May 15, 1861, to Miss Julia Ridgelv,
of Springfield, 111. They have live children, — Ridgely, now with
the house of Mark-ley, Ailing & Co.; I.illie, Mary, Wallace and
Kdwanl Lawrence.
I'im.ir R. FOKKI.ST, cashier of the post-office, was born at
Cork, Ireland, on March 18, 1826, and is a son of John and Lydia
M. (Lawrence) Forrest. He was reared in his native city until
attaining the age of fourteen, and then, in company with the family,
emigrated to America, coming to Chicago in July, 1840. He went
to New York in 1844, and learned the art of lithography, remaining
there four years. ( >n returning to Chicago at the end of that time,
he became engaged with Dr. Franklin Scammon, so continuing
until 1852. In that year, the firm of Forrest Bros. & Co. estab-
lished their private bank, which was soon afterward changed into
the 1'nion Hank. In 1854, he was in the employ of I. II. Burch
& Co., remaining there until 1855, when he was appointed secre-
tary of the Water Works Department. He so continued until May,
1857, when he resigned to enter into the banking business again
with his brothers. The memorable panic of that year was disastrous
to the firm, and they went down with many others. In 1860, he
became paying teller for E. I. Tinkham cV Co., and so remained
until they went out of business. The house of Chapin, Wheeler &
Co. then began business, and Mr. Forrest was their receiving teller
until they wound up the business some time later. In 1862, he
took a position with J. Young Scammon, private banker, and when
the latter's business was merged into the Mechanics' National Dank.
Mr. Forrest became chief clerk. In 1874, he was appointed cashier,
and continued with the bank until its business was wound up in 1876.
On March 10, 1877, he was tendered the position of cashier of the
Chicago I'ost-office, and he accepted the same. His long experience
in financial institutions was such as gave him every qualification
for the duties of his office, and by his faithfulness, ' integrity and
ability, he has retained the position of trust up to the present time.
He is a member of Garden City Lodge, No. 141, A.F. it A.M.
KmvAKD 13. ESIIKK, general superintendent of the stamp
department of the post-office, is a son of Bishop K slier, of the
Methodist Church, and was born at Desplaines, Cook Co., Ill, on
May 4, 1857. His whole life has been passed in this vicinity,
chiefly in the city, where, during his boyhood, he attended the city
schools. After finishing his preliminary studies he entered the
Chicago University, and graduated therefrom in 1879. Deciding
upon the profession of law, he entered the Union Law College,
where he studied for nearly two years. 1 1 is examination for ad-
mission to the Bar was made before the Appellate Court of the
First Illinois District, and he passed the rigorous test with the
greatest credit. He read law in the office of Judd & Whitehouse
for some time prior to admission to the Bar, and continued with
that firm, in regular practice, until July, 1885, when he formed a
partnership with William Ritchie and Edward S. [udd, under the
style of Ritchie, Esher & Judd. When Mr. Judd entered upon his
duties as postmaster of Chicago, he tendered Mr. Esher the
position of superintendent of the stamp division, which was accep-
ted, Mr. Esher entering the office on July I, 1885. He is one of
Chicago's most ambitious and progressive young men, and in his
position as superintendent he has a large circle of friends, while
his law clientage is constantly increasing. Mr. Esher was married
on May 30, 1882, to Miss Lillie, daughter of Bishop Bowman, of
Allentown, Penn. They have one child, a son named Bowman.
Mr. Esher is a member of the Royal Arcanum.
JOHN MATTKR, assistant general superintendent of city deliv-
ery, was born at Muhlbach, Alsace, on May 4, 1853, when that
province was under the dominion of the French Government.
During his youth he received a liberal education, but at the age of
fourteen he entered active business life by taking a position in one
of the banks at Milhausen, Alsace, where he remained a year. In
1868, he came to America, direct to Chicago, where he has since
permanently resided. During his first year of residence he at-
tended a private school, perfected himself in English studies, and
in the latter part of 1869 he entered the old Marine Bank, of
which J. Y. Scammon was then president, taking the position of
draft clerk. When the panic of 1874 occurred, Mr. Matter was
the bookkeeper of general accounts, and he continued his identifi-
cation with the bank through its liquidation, and afterward with
Mr. Scammon, aiding him in his private business until May i,
1877. Mr. Matter then applied for and was appointed to a posi-
tion as clerk in the post-office, and on May 23 entered the depart-
ment as cancelling clerk in the mailing division. After one month
he was promoted to record entry clerk in the registry division
•here he continued until November 28, 1879. Postmaster Palmer
then appointed him superintendent of the Stock-Yards Station, and
he held that office until June I, 1883. He was then returned to
the main office and made assistant general superintendent of the
city delivery, vice Captain Buckley, resigned. Mr. Matter is one
of the popular men of the post-office, and is a favorite among the
employes. Courteous, agreeable, and at all times energetic in the
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
559
discharge of his duties, he has won his present office through strict
devotion to business. He is a member of the National Union
Society. He was married, on November 13, 1879, to Miss Eliza-
beth C. Thauer, of Waukesha, Wis. They have two children, —
Laura Elizabeth and Edwin John.
HENRY F. DONOVAN, general superintendent of free postal
delivery, is one of the youngest men who has made a decided public
record in Chicago. He is a native of Canada, the son of Christopher
!•'. and Mary L. Donovan, having been born at YVhitby, Ontario,
on August 8, 1858, and came to tins city with his parents when an
infant. He received his primary education in the public schools,
but when only thirteen years of age became connected with the
Chicago Evening Journal. For ten years he remained with that
newspaper, making numerous friends and winning many laurels in
his profession. He was one of the organizers of the Chicago 1'rr^s
Club in iSSo, serving for two years on the Board of Directors.
Mr. Donovan was also one of the originators of the Irish-American
Second Regiment. In 1882, he was unanimously elected a mem-
ber of the Board of Education and, in 1883. was chosen president
of that body. So well did he discharge the duties of this office,
that he was re-elected to the presidency in 1884. In October,
1884, Mr. Donovan was nominated by acclamation in the Demo-
cratic County Convention for clerk of the Superior Court, but,
although he ran far ahead of his ticket, the tide which swamped
his party in the county carried him with it. In June, 1885, he was
appointed to his present position, and in September of the same
year he was elected president of the Young Democracy of Cook
County, a political organization ten thousand strong. In the same
month he was also re-elected to the Board of Education for three
years. He is secretary of the local board of civil-service examiners,
and upon all occasions has shown wonderful executive ability and a
commendable public spirit. Mr. Donovan was married, in Septem-
ber, 1876, to Miss Cornelia E. Cassleman, daughter of Christian
Cassleman, one of the oldest and best known citizens of Chicago.
Several children have been born to them, of whom Michael J. and
Mary Frances survive.
ELECTUS BACKUS WARD, superintendent of the mail-bag re-
pair department of the post-office was born on Governor's Island,
New York Harbor, on December 25, 1856. His grandfather,
Colonel Electus Backus, U. S. A., in whose honor he was named,
was then officer in charge of Governor's Island, and Captain James
N. Ward, U. S. A., the father, was aide to the commanding officer.
Young Ward was reared and received his preliminary education' in
Detroit. He was a pupil in and graduated from the Patterson
Grammar School. He then became a pupil of Professor Isaac M.
Wellington, civil engineer, of Detroit, under whom he took a
thorough course in civil engineering. In 1873, after completing
his studies under Professor Wellington, he went to Europe, where
he passed a year in perfecting his professional education. On re-
turning to America he made up his mind to adopt the profession of
medicine, and accordingly entered the Long Island Medical Col-
lege, Brooklyn, N. V., where he took a four years' course of study;
graduating in 1878, he carried off the highest honors of his class.
He was then appointed assistant to the chair of the practice of
medicine at the Long Island Medical College, and held that in
connection with his regular practice for a period of two years. Dr.
Ward then located at Grand Rapids, Mich., where he estab-
lished a country seat, one of the most beautiful retreats imag-
inable. His property consists of three hundred acres of land,
beautifully situated, and his vacations and leisure days are
passed at this beautiful home. In 1882, he abandoned the
practice of medicine, and engaged in the wholesale and retail
hardware trade at Fargo, Dakota. lie continued there with
splendid success; but a favorable opportunity occurring foi
closing out his interests, he sold out and came to Chicago in
the fall of 1885. On November I of that year, he received
the appointment of superintendent of the mail-bag repair
department of the Chicago post-office, and he entered upon
his duties. Dr. Ward was married on December 26, 1876, at
Detroit, Mich., to Miss Mary Louise Armor, daughter of
Professor Samuel G. Armor, LL.D., dean of the Long Island
Medical College. They have two children, — Hugh Armor
and Welker Holcomb.
JOHN HOWARD JONES, superintendent of the West Di-
vision Postal Station, was born in Pike County, 111., on
December 23, 1837, and resided in that vicinity until he at-
tained manhood's years. During his youth he attended the
common schools and afterward studied at Shurtleff College.
After completing his education, he engaged in business in
Pike county, continuing there until 1862, when he disposed
of his mercantile interests and located in Springfield, 111.
There he took a position in the office of Alexander Starne,
state treasurer, with whom he remained two years. While
at the capital Mr. Jones became somewhat identified with the
press, reporting the proceedings of several conventions and
assemblies. In October, 1868, he was tendered the position
of agent for the Northwestern Associated Press in Chicago,
and he resigned his post in the treasurer's office to accept the
same. For seven years he was agent of Western Associated
Press here, and during a greater part of that time he also
acted as agent for the Western and California Press Asso-
ciation, fulfilling his duties in such a manner as to win great
credit to himself. When the fire of 1871 occurred, Mr. Jones
was conspicuous in the eyes of the press of America for the
prompt and accurate reports he made concerning the great
conflagration, and during that famous night and the few days
following, he worked almost incessantly, and, notwithstanding
•the great confusion and many disadvantages, he succeeded in
giving to the world the most authentic description of the
ravages of the flames. In 1875, he resigned his office, owing
to the then too burdensome duties of the office, and took the
position of chief clerk to the chief grain inspector of Illinois,
where he continued until July, 1885, when he received his
appointment to the office of superintendent of the West Divis-
ion Postal Station. Mr. Jones has been twice married, and the
children of his first wife are Harry P., now with the house of
Armour & Co., and Francke L. Mr. Jones was married on Decem-
ber 25, 1878, to Miss D. C. Higgins, of Griggsville, 111. They
have one daughter, Mary.
THE RAILWAY MAIL SERVICE. — The history of the
Sixth, or Chicago, Division of the Railway Mail Service,
it would seem, might properly come under the head of
post-office business, but the Railway post-office business is
so distinct and important in itself as to demand separate
mention. Considering the magnitude which this service
has reached, it is but fair to place on record all claims to
the credit of its origination. The records of the Post-
Office Department show that from reports made to the
Department antecedent to 1860, by Messrs. Pitt
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
and Hobble the matter of travelling post-offices was no
new tiling in 1862, when William A. Davis, of St. Joseph,
Mo., first suggested to the Department, and attempted
in a small way to distribute the California overland
mails on the Hannibal & Saint Joseph Railroad ; and
certainly not in 1864, when Mr. Armstrong inadi-
his. first suggestions. In the report of Postmaster-Gen-
eral Hatton, made to Congress in January, 1885, based
on records, documents, and letters compiled by John
Jameson, general superintendent of Railway Mail ser-
vice, the following summary is given, based upon data
in the possession of the Department:
" For years previous to i Sf>o, I here hail been some distribution of
mails on railways, but the handling of through-mail on the cars,
without turning it into distributing offices, began, as has been shown,
in a small way with respect to the overland mails only, under the
superintendence of William A. Havis, in July, 1862. It was urged
upon the Department, and elaborated into a more general scheme
by Mr. Armstrong in 1864. It was conducted at lirst as a doubtful,
and afterward a successful, experiment, under the double superin-
tendence of Mr. Park from 1865 to 1869. It widened into greater
usefulness under Mr. Armstrong from 1869 to 1871, and made
manv new and valuable improvements under Mr. Hangs from 1871
-76."
It seems reasonably certain that if Colonel Ann-
strong was not the real founder, his services were of
such a character as to have warranted the erection in
his honor of the monumental bust that now stands
within the Post-office enclosure in Chicago. At any
rate, since its inception the Chicago Division has grown
to be the greatest in the service. This service has
made it possible to expedite mails, do away with a large
number of distributing offices, dispense with the services
of hundreds of office-clerks, and save to the Post-office
Department something like $3,000,000 per annum. In
none of the divisions was the development of the
business more rapid than in this. Colonel George S.
Bangs, who succeeded Colonel Armstrong as superin-
tendent after the latter's death, had been postmaster at
Aurora, III., but he developed a wonderful capacity to
manage the work, and systematized and expedited it as
rapidly as it increased.
The Toledo and Chicago night line was commenced on Janu-
ary 23, 1871; the Buffalo and Toledo on June 18, 1871 ; the old
Quincy and Saint Joseph route was changed to the Quincy and
Kansas City, on November 15, 1871; Burlington and Council Bluffs
commenced on February 10, 1871; Milwaukee and LaCrosse on
January, 1872; Freeport and Bloomington and Bloomington and
Centralia were consolidated on August 7, 1873; Chicago and Cin-
cinnati commenced on August I, 1874; on October I, 1876, Chicago
and Portage established, soon after changed to Chicago and Sparta;
Chicago, Forreston and Dubuque, on February I, 1877.
New routes followed quickly, until, at this writing
their name is legion. Captain James E. White, who
had been gradually promoted in the service in the
West, succeeded Colonel Bangs as superintendent of
the Chicago division in November, 1871, and he has
ably continued the improvements begun by his pre-
decessors. At the beginning of 1885, there were 201
railway post-office lines in operation in this division;
526 crews of men ; 776 railway postal clerks at work on
the lines, or a whole number of 827, including extra
men; the number of miles run by clerks from register
to register was 29,262,31x1 they ran over 26,915 miles
of railroad, each man averaging 21,186 miles of travel
per annum; and the annual pay for transportation of
railway mails in this division was $3,235,612.65.
JAMES E. WHITE, superintendent of the railway mail service
of the Western Division, was born in New Scotland, Albany Co.,
. Y., on April II, 1842, and is a son of David and Catharine
(Walley) White. When he was eleven years of age he went, with
an uncle, to Iowa, and located at Davenport, and soon after at
Vinton, where he was educated in the common school. When the
War broke out, he enlisted in Co. " I " of the 3d Iowa Infantry on
\I:n 20, [86l. 11 is company was engaged in the southern campaign
at first, and on September 17, 1861, he was wounded in an engage-
ment at Blue Mills, Mo. He was transferred to Co. " G. " of the
I3th Iowa, on January I, 1862 ; promoted from the ranks to fourth
sergeant on April lo, 1862 ; third sergeant on April 30, 1862 ;
first sergeant on May I, 1863; and commissioned second lieutenant
on April 29, 1863. 'At the battle of Atlanta, he was wounded on
July 21, 1864. On October 5, following, he was made first
lieutenant, and on January I, 1865, he was commissioned captain
of his company. lie was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., on July
21, 1865. On returning home he re-entered school, and commenced
the study of law. In March, 1866, he was appointed postal clerk,
and entered the railway mail service. He first ran between
Council Bluffs and lioone, Iowa ; then was transferred to the
line between Chicago and Cedar Rapids ; afterward between
Chicago and Iowa City; and, after about five years' service
as route agent, he was promoted to the position of chief clerk of
the railway mail service west of the Missouri River, with head-
quarters at Omaha. He continued in that capacity for about
two years, and on November 21, 1871, was elevated to the office of
superintendent of the railway mail service for the Western Division,
with headquarters in this city. The railway mail service has made
wonderful progress since Captain White became superintendent,
and his work in this department has been such as to redound
greatly to his credit as an enterprising, energetic official. He has
worked earnestly to secure the greatest rapidity in delivery of the
mails, and the splendid service now enjoyed by the western people
is due in a great measure to his zeal and energy. Captain White
is a member of Post No. 28, G.A.R., of the Union Veteran
League, Veteran Club, and Englewood Lodge, A.F. & A.M. He
has been married twice, his last marriage occurring on April II,
1875, to Mrs. George B. Armstrong, of Englewood. He has two
children, — Marion C. and Thaddeus B.
THE CUSTOM HOUSE.
An account of the business and operations of the
Chicago Custom House involves, to a great extent, a
history of the port of Chicago. The Custom House is
undoubtedly the most important of all the Federal in-
stitutions, on account of its direct connection with the
commercial interests of the city. While the Govern-
ment obtains a greater net revenue through the internal
revenue collectorship, the collectorship of the port re-
turns the next largest revenue, and is the machine
through which the National tariff is levied upon impor-
tations made by the great mercantile houses which have
gone far toward making Chicago the Metropolis of the
West.
The history of the Custom House in the preced-
ing volume is a fair record of the growth of the com-
merce of Chicago from the time the city was declared a
port of entry up to 1871. Of the collectors named here-
tofore, William B. Snowhook, Jacob Fry, Luther Haven,
Bolton F. Strother, Jacob Russell, and Norman B. Judd
died in Chicago. The only survivors of the earlier col-
lectors are Philip Conleyand General Julius White. J.
E. McLean, who was collector in 1869, and prior to that
a partner of Orville Grant, brother of General Grant, in
the leather business, now resides at Shippensburg, Penn.
Thomas J. Kinsella, still a resident of Chicago, was
deputy collector of the port from 1853 to 1866; and
Charles M. Pullman, a brother of George M. Pullman,
was deputy collector under Judge W. H. Scales in 1868.
John Hitt, the present deputy collector, has held the
position for over eighteen years. Collector J. E. Mc-
Lean, who succeeded Judge "Scales in July, 1869, served
until July, 1872, when Norman B. Judd assumed charge.
Mr. Judd held the office until October, 1875, when J.
Russell Jones succeeded him. Mr. Jones resigned in
October, 1877, to accept the mission to Brussels, Bel-
gium, and William Henry Smith was appointed his suc-
cessor. When Mr. Smith's term expired in October,
1881, a lively party contest ensued for the succession.
Mr. Smith was a candidate for re-appointment, with
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
Deputy-Collector Hitt a good second. Daniel Shep-
herd, secretary of the Republican State Central Com-
mittee, and William Penn Nixon, editor of the Inter
( ><van, were also candidates for the office. Chester A.
Arthur had succeeded to the presidency, and he settled
the contest by appointing Jesse Spalding, whose chances
had not entered into the calculations of the rival claim-
ants. Mr. Spalding conducted the office very accept-
ably to the commercial interests. He was succeeded
by A. F. Seeberger on October i, 1885, who was
appointed by President Cleveland on September 24.
During the year ending June 30, 1871, the number
of employes in the Custom House was forty-seven, and
their compensation aggregated $54,431.66. The col-
lector's compensation at this time, including fees,
amounted to §4.648.79. The collections for the year
amounted to upwards of $1,500,000, and the fines, pen-
alties, and forfeitures collected, to $4,159.80. In 1880,
the working force had increased to fifty-five men, and
the aggregate expense of collecting, including rents and
contingent expenses was $80,000 a year.
For the year ending June 30, 1885, the employes
numbered ninety-five, and the expenses of collection
amounted to $144,000. In 1883, the compensation of
the collector was increased to $7,000 salary, and the
system of fees was done away with.
For fifteen years the collector has had charge of all of
the buildings and property in the district, built and con-
trolled by the Treasury Department. The collector's dis-
trict extends from Michigan City to Waukegan, and in-
cludes the ports of these places, as well as Calumet harbor
and the port of Chicago proper. There is an assistant cus-
todian of the Chicago Government building under the
collector. The United States Marine Hospital was taken
from his control, in 1881, and placed in the custodian-
ship of the surgeon in charge of the hospital. The ap-
praiser's office, which is an annex of the Custom House,
is in charge of Charles Ham, who has served contin-
uously since 1871, with the exception of two years.
This department has been located, since 1871, in a part
of Wadsworth's bonded warehouse, at the corner of
Market and Jackson streets, for which the Government
pays a rental of $3,500 a year. In the winter of 1884
Congress passed an appropriation of $50,000 for a new
appraiser's store-building at Chicago. Another import-
ant adjunct of the Custom House is the barge office,
located at the west side of the south approach to Rush-
street bridge. Here all vessels that arrive or clear are
supposed to be stopped and boarded by inspectors, the
same as is done at ocean ports, but this custom has never
been literally followed. Every vessel, however, that
passes in or out is registered, with the hour of entry and
clearance, and a manifest of cargo is made out. Before
1871, the merchants and shippers of the city sustained
the barge office, but after the great fire the Government
built and equipped a substantial building on the present
site for the purpose for which it is sustained. This
building was destroyed in the fall of 1884 by a cave-in
of the river bank, caused by the excavations made by
the city for a new bridge abutment. A new three-story
brick structure was erected by the Government at a cost
of ,-vS,995, which was turned over to the collector on
August 7, 1885. Quarters were provided in the new
building for the barge office inspectors, and also for the
inspectors of steam boilers and the Marine Hospital dis-
pensary for transient patients.
The business of the Custom House constantly in-
creased in volume. During the month of May, 1885,
there were 9,028,313 pounds of merchandise weighed,
divided as follows:
36
Salt, 940,430 pounds; tin plate, 5,874,517 pounds; tobacco,
22,030 pounds; miscellaneous, 2,191,336 pounds. The quantity of
spirits gauged was 21,300 gallons, and of cigars received 23,556
boxes. Two vessels were measured, tive discharged, and over 250
given clearance papers. The discharged vessels contained 51,149
packages. The number of cars transferred on the railroads was 169,
containing 17.015 packages, and the number of cars inspected for
export was 195, containing 25,803 packages. There" were 456 cars
discharged at depots, containing 46,993 packages, which were de-
livered as follows: To consignee, 40,263; to appraiser, 810; to
warehouse, 5,920. The total number of consignments was 460,
and the total number of packages handled was 164,516.
Since 1877, the value of exports by the lake to Can-
ada has been as follows:
Year.
Value
1877 $3,009,300
1878 3,266,261
1879 2,962,260
1880 3,875,279
Year.
Value.
1882 $3,973,834
1883-... 3.193,850
1884 2,493,297
1885 1,682,057
iSSi 2,883,238
The accompanying table shows the amount of col-
lections and the value of imports, which covers the en-
tire list of almost every article known to commerce, for
the past fifteen years :
Year.
Amount of collections.
Value of imports.
1871
$i 985,370 10
$3,989,860 oo
1872
2,155,927 33
4,880,370 oo
l871
1,535,631 63
3,740,766 oo
I 358,496 62
3,410,695 oo
iS?^
1,609,157 21
3,844,384 oo
1876
I 454,725 85
3,407,899 oo
1877
1,448,70"; 01
3,264,971 oo
1878 . .-
1,451,535 87
2,857,493 oo
1870
1,891,357 10
4,021,543 oo
iSSo
2,548,406 87
6,955,234 oo
1881
2,931,030 61
7,784,317 oo
1882
3,696,711 09
8,210,152 oo
1883
4,075,166 85
10,453,701 oo
1884
4,071,188 78
10,704,360 oo
1885 -
4,164,154 29
10,372,146 oo
The growth of Chicago as a port of entry is cer-
tainly marvelous. The amended Act of Congress,
passed on June 10, 1880, making this city a final port
of entry did much to stimulate imports, as will be seen
by the preceding statement. The new law relieved our
importers from giving bonds at New York, and they
gladly availed themselves of a privilege long unjustly
denied them.
The following is a comparative statement of arrivals,
clearances and tonnage at the port of Chicago since
1871 :
Year.
ARRIVALS.
CLEARANCES.
Vessels.
Tonnage.
Vessels.
Tonnage.
1871
12,320
12,824
11,858
IO,827
10,488
9,621
10,233
10,490
11,859
I3,2l8
13,048
13.351
11,967
n,354
io,744
3,096,10!
3,059,752
3,225,911
3,195,633
3,122,004
3,089,072
3,274,332
3,608,534
3,887,095
4,616,969
4,533,558
4,849,950
3,812,464
3,756,973
3,653,936
12,312
12,531
11,876
10,720
10,607
9,628
10,284
10,494
12,014
13,302
12,957
13,626
12,015
11,472
10,798
3,082,235
3,017,790
3,338,803
3,134,078
3,157,051
3,078,264
3,311,083
3,631,139
3,870,300
4,537,382
4,228,689
4,904,999
3,980,873
3,751,723
3,652,286
1872
l87T
lS74
IS??
1876
1877
1878
I87Q
l88o
1881 . . .
1882 . -
1883
1884
1885
The exports by lake to Canada from the port of Chi-
cago, for the year 1885, were as follows:
56'
HISTORY OF CHICACO
Art;<
IN CMTEM 1 LS.
IN FOREIGN VESSELS.
TOTAL.
Quantity.
V.,!n...
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Wheat, bushels
606,213
1.'" 13, 509
34. i»9
63
95°
$4</'.535 22
784.428 78
8,537 21
303 oo
2,793 75
158,378
465,984
$I37,9T9 58
224,052 25
764,591
2,159,493
34,199
76
1,140
I,28o
1,572
51
6,250
7,352
40
91,266
16
528
$634,454 So
1,008,481 03
8,537 21
381 oo
3,338 75
55 oo
14,930 oo
4i8 75
568 75
602 54
440 oo
3.506 oo
2,000 oo
4,343 25
('urn. bushels
Oats, bushels .
Flour, barrels _.
13
190
1,280
422
26
4,750
2,380
78 oo
545 oo
55 oo
4,168 oo
175 oo
460 oo
227 oo
Corn meal, barrels
Hroom corn, pounds.
Pork, barrels
1,150
25
1,500
4,')72
4°
10,762 oo
243 75
108 75
375 54
440 oo
Beet barrels
1 .anl, pounds. .
Cured meat, pounds
llav, tons
91,266
3,506 oo
1 1< >r--e<, number
16
412
2,000 oo
3,464 25
Miscellaneous merchandise, packages
Totals
116
879 oo
$1,309,992 25
$372,064 83
$1,682,057 08
The number, class and tonnage of vessels owned in
the District of Chicago on December 31, 1885, were —
Number.
tillage.
Steamers (paddle) .
oc i cR
Tiiijs ..
$7
Steam canal-boats
Schooners
Sailing vachts
6
Steam yachts
Total
During the year, four vessels were built in Chicago, having a
gross tonnage of 107.35.
There were 5,878,512 bushels of grain shipped by
lake, in transit and export, during the year, to Canadian
ports. Of this, the wheat in transit amounted to 43,212
bushels; export, 764,591; total, 807,803. Corn in tran-
sit, 2,589,062; export, 2,158,893; total, 4,747,955. Oats
in transit, 292,454; export, 30,300; total, -322,754
bushels.
The following is a list of collectors, together with
the dates of their commissions and terms of service :
Name of Collector.
Date of com-
mission.
TERM OF SERVICE.
From
To
i. Russell Jones.
. Russell Jones
William H. Smith.
William H. Smith.
Jesse Spalding .
A. F. Seeberger..
Sept. 21, 1875
Jan. 15, 1876
Sept. 6, 1877
Dec. 3, 1877
Dec. 22, 1881
Sept. 24, 1885
Oct. i, 1875
Sept. 14, 1877
Jan. 9, 1882
Oct. i, 1885
Sept. 13, 1877
Jan. 8, 1882
Oct. i, 1885
In office.
, J ,,"N iTT,' SpeClal dePut-v collect°<- of customs, was born
at Madison. Ind., on October 18, 1832. His family removed to
Mount Morns. Ogle Co.. 111., in 1837, and it was there that his
Tf w v°eyarS T^T^ • "« attended the Common *»* fo
e^Sem^;^6", I';"? MS P"*«'in«y studies he entered
reencastle (Ind ) Asbury I mversity, from which he graduated in
1853. After residmg at home for a few years, Mr. Ilitt came
d 'n
i- , •
. I eabody, with who,,, he read law for about three years
10 the Bar in ,S6r. He devoted himself to Kenerai
tice until January ,o. ,863, ui,,,, be w:,s called to the faw de
partment of the ihnois Central Railroad Company, and as assist-
;"" '« Dougl**, who afterward became president of
the corporation Mr. Hitt continued his identification with the
Illinois ,.,n,ral un.il June ,, ,867, when Judge Sea,,., is old
friend and former prm-ptor, levered him a position in his new
office, that of collector of customs for this port. Mr. Hitt entered
into the service of the department, in whose history he has been
closely identified for eighteen years. He first assumed the duties
of chief entry clerk, and in July, 1869, was promoted to the office
of deputy collector and entry clerk with an increase of salary. After
the great fire, he was retained in the office at a still larger salary
and, on November I, 1872, he was made general and special deputy
collector. He so continued until the advent of Jesse Spalding to
the collector's office, in March, 1882, when he was promoted in
salary, stili retaining the office of first deputy to the collector.
Mr. Ilitt has served under seven different administrations— those
of Judge Scales, J. K. McLean, Norman B. Judd, J. Russell Jones
William Henry Smith, Jesse Spalding and A. F. Seeberger— and
upon the advent of each he has been promoted either in rank or
salary, until he now holds an office of high rank and receives a
salary commensurate with the difficult and responsible duties de-
volving upon him. His law education, combined with his natural
ability, keen perception, and energy, together with his many years
of experience, have served to make him an officer thoroughly ac-
quainted with every detail of the customs department. His services
are naturally very requisite to incoming collectors, and it is prob-
able that Mr. Hitt will continue in his office for some time to come.
Mr. Hitt is a member of Oriental Lodge, No. 33, A.F. & A M
LaFayette Chapter, No. 2, R.A.M., and Apollo' Commandery,'
No. i, K.T., of Chicago. He was married on June 24 1868 to
Miss Harriet S. Robe, of Chicago.
JAMES R. B. VANCLEAVE, confidential secretary to the collector
of customs, was born at Knoxville, 111., on October 9, 1853 He
there attended the public schools during his boyhood, afterward
entering Knox College, at Galesburg, where he completed his edu-
cation. In 1874, he secured a position as Southern correspondent
of the New York Herald. He remained with that journal' for
about two years, during that time establishing a news bureau at
Havana, Cuba, and the City of Mexico. In 1876, he terminated
his engagement with the Herald and came to Chicago enterin-r
the law office of Plummer & Bradford, with whom he 'read law
for about four years. In 1879, he became identified with politics,
and in the Garfield campaign was a conspicuous figure in local
and State work. He was secretary of the Central Garfield-
Arthur Club, and was very active in the field until the election
occurred. In January, iSSi, he went to the State capital and
served through two sessions as enrolling and engrossing clerk of
the Senate, in addition to his duties as confidential secretary to the
collector of customs, William Henry Smith, by whom he was ap-
pointed on July i, 1881. During the session of the Legislature in
1883-84, he was clerk of the Congressional and Senatorial appor-
tionment committee, and rendered valuable service in the work
performed by that body. He is gifted with a bright, intelligent
mind is vigorous and energetic in whatever work he undertakes
and these qualities, together with his genial nature serve to make
him esteemed and popular with all who know him. He is a mem-
Kllwinmng Lodge, No. 311, A.F. & A.M.; Corinthian
Chapter, No. 69, R.A.M.; and Apollo Commandery, No i K T
For several years he was W.M. of Kilwinning Lodge, and takes a
hearty interest in almost all Masonic work. He belongs to the
Union League Club. Mr. Vancleave was married on November
«2, to Miss Josephine Helen Schweich, of Richmond Mo
I hey have one child, who was named Helen Farwell by Mr
Vancleave s friend, Hon. Charles H. Farwell.
H. MAM I. JKWKM, deputy collector of customs, is among
the oldest employes in the custom house service, having entered
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
563
the department in July, 1867, and remained connected with the
same continuously since. Mr. Jewell was born in Phippsburg Centre,
Maine, on November 6, 1851, and resided there till 1859, when his
family removed to Chicago. He attended the common schools
here during his youth, and at the age of sixteen took a position as
messenger in the custom house, during the administration of Col-
lector Walter B. Scales, by whom he was appointed. When James
]•'.. McLean entered upon his duties as collector of the port, he
promoted Mr. Jewell to a clerkship, and the latter retained his
position, working in different departments of the service, until
January I, 1872. On that date he was promoted to deputy col-
lector in charge of the entry and warehousing division. This posi-
tion he has retained to the present time, and his long term of service
in the department and in that particular capacity fully shows how
highly esteemed are his services by the various superior officers
who have had charge of the custom house. Mr. Jewell is a mem-
ber of the Royal Arcanum. He was married on April 29. 1871, to
Miss Annie Marie Smith, of Chicago. They have two children, —
the eldest named Richard I,., and the youngest, John Hitt, after
an old time friend of Mr. Jewell.
KOHERT REID, cashier of the custom house, was born in
Drumoak, Scotland, on April 25, 1831. His education was at-
tained in schools of his native borough, and at the age of fifteen he
entered one of the banking institutions of Aberdeen, with which he
had thoroughly learned the duties of a general bank clerk. In 1852,
he got a position in the banking house of George Smith, of this
city, and came hither to fill the same. He continued his identifi-
cation with Mr. Smith until that gentleman wound up his banking
business here. Mr. Reid was then cashier for W. r. Coolbaugh
»\: Co., bankers, and afterward agent of the bank of Montreal, in
this city, and he served the corporation in that capacity for about
three years, at the end of which time (1866) he became manager of
the Marine Hank. He continued in that responsible office until
the spring of 1871, when he resigned and made a visit to his old
home over the water, where he spent one summer. Since the great
Chicago fire, Mr. Reid has been one of the representatives and
agents of George Smith, who. though residing in London, has
large and valuable interests in this city. He continued to act as
agent for that gentleman, and was also himself identified with the
real-estate trade, up to 1877, when William Henry Smith, collector
of customs, appointed him to the position of cashier in the custom
house, which he still holds. His long experience in banking and
as a fiduciary has served to qualify him for just such an office as he
now holds, and as cashier of customs he has ever been held high in
regard for his ability and integrity by the various collectors under
whom he has served. Mr. Reid is a member of the St. Andrew's
Society and the Chicago Historical Society, in both of which he has
ever taken an active and hearty interest. He was married on Octo-
ber 29, 1869, to Miss Sarah R. Robinson, of Albany, N. Y. They
have one child, Mary M.
EDWARD P. HARRIS, auditor of the United States customs
department, was born in Connecticut, on December 21, 1836. lie
was reared in the " Nutmeg " State, and after taking a preparatory
course of study, entered Oberlin (O.) College, where he completed
his education. In 1863, he came to Chicago and was employed in
a clerical capacity with different mercantile firms until May 9, 1866,
on which date he entered into the Government's service, as an
employe in the custom house. Acting Collector Kinsella appointed
him to an inspectorship, and he filled the position during the rest of
that season. In the winter of 1866-67, the custom house clerical
force was re-organized, and the department made several changes
in the management of the work. Mr. Harris received a clerkship
then, and retained the position until 1872. when the force was again
re-organized, and he was appointed assistant auditor. Three years
later Mr. Harris was promoted to auditor. In the past eleven
years he has held the post, and his retainment by the different col-
lectors has been solely on account of his able and careful manage-
ment of the affairs of his division. Mr. Harris was married in
July, 1868, to Miss Mannie Williamson, of Milwaukee. They
have two children, — James Edward and Mannie Belle.
FRANK C. GREENE, deputy collector of customs, was born at
Lancaster, Worcester Co., Mass., on January 25, 1838. He was
reared and educated in Clinton, an adjoining town, completing his
studies at the high school in his seventeenth year. Delicate health
and a desire for travel and adventure induced young Greene to
take a sea voyage. A few months later found him in London,
England, where he shipped in the British Navy. On receiving
his discharge therefrom at the close of the Russian war, he
re-entered the merchant service, and after several years of travel in
foreign countries, afloat and ashore, he landed in New Orleans in
the fall of 1860, to find his country on the brink of Civil War. He
remained there until April, 1861, when the demand of the Lou-
isiana State authorities for his services became so pressing and un-
comfortable that he took passage on a steamer bound North, and
in due time arrived in Chicago. He shortly afterward enlisted as
seaman in the Navy, and was assigned to the Mississippi Squadron.
He was early promoted to gunner, and participated in most of the
engagements of that squadron, serving much of the time on the
U. S. steamer" Pittsburgh." Upon the cessation of hostilities, Mr.
Greene returned to Chicago, and, in 1867, he was appointed
inspector of customs. He worked through the various grades of
clerical promotions until January I, 1873, when he was appointed
by Collector Judd a deputy collector in charge of the entrance and
clearance of vessels, which position he has held since that time.
For the past twenty-five years Mr. Greene has been in the marine
service of the United States Government almost continually, either
in the capacity of sailor, gunner, or custom-house official, and it is
but just to him to say that, in whatever position he has been
engaged, he has always ably and properly performed his duties.
He is a member of Geo. H. Thomas Post, No. 5, G.A.R., William
B. Warren Lodge, No. 209, A.F. & A. M., and Lafayette Chapter,
No. 2, R.A.M. He was married on January 17, 1869, to Miss
Carrie E. Frye, of Chicago. They have four children, — Fannie
S., Harry S., Fred R. and Roscoe M.
WILLIAM T. HUGHES, chief entry clerk of the custom house,
was born in Zanesville, Ohio, on August 31, 1828. It was in that
city that he was reared, given a thorough common-school educa-
tion, and taken into his father's store to learn the mercantile busi-
ness. At the age of twenty he went to Philadelphia, where he
became a salesman in the house of Tingley, Burton & Co., one of
the leading dry goods houses, for two years. In the following
season he went to Cape May, and took charge of Congress Hall,
then the leading caravansary of the famous summer resort. In
1850, Mr. Hughes located at Peoria, 111., engaged in mercantile
trade there, and was also largely interested as a contractor in
building the railroad which now runs east and west through that
city. In 1860, he came to Chicago and opened the Sherman
House as general manager. His capital paid for the entire
furnishings of the new house, and he thus became largely inter-
ested in his new venture. He only continued there as manager for
1860 and 1861, and then withdrew to form a partnership with Mr.
MeCabe, under the style1 of McCabe & Hughes, packers and pro-
vision dealers. Their houses were located at the corner of Grove
Street and Archer Avenue. The business was not quite suitable to
Mr. Hughes, and he withdrew from the firm in 1863. Shortly
afterward the firm of Gregg & Hughes, composed of Richard
Gregg and W. T. Hughes, commenced business as commission
merchants, dealing in highwines, provisions, grain and flour.
Their office was first at No. 20 LaSalle Street, but afterward
in the Union Bank Building, where they were burned out in
the fire of 1871. From 1865, the house was considered the
largest of the kind in the entire West, their sales in highwines
alone sometimes amounting to two and a half million dollars
a year. Just prior to the great fire, the Bigelow House, which
stood on the ground now known as Government Square, was
about completed and ready for occupancy. To this Mr. Hughes
held the exclusive lease, and was to enter the premises on the 2Oth
of that fateful month. After the fire he became quite largely
interested in the building of the Chicago & Pacific Railroad, and
was secretary of that corporation. He was actively engaged
in the construction of the line from Chicago to Savannah for a
number of years, upon the completion of which he travelled exten-
sively over the western country, returning to Chicago in 1879. On
May I, 1882, he was tendered the position of chief entry clerk in
the custom house by Collector Spalding, which he accepted and
has retained up to the present time. Mr. Hughes was married on
July 18, 1861, to Annie E. Stratton, of Chicago. They have
three daughters, — Mary C., Carrie A. and Ella S.
PETER KIOLBASSA, license clerk and assistant to the deputy
inspector in the marine department of the custom house, is of
Polish parentage, and was born at Schwieben, Upper Silesia, Prus-
sia, on October 13, 1838. He was there reared and educated,
studying at the Gymnasium until sixteen years old, and attaining a
proficiency in leading studies. His family emigrated to America
in 1855, and settled in Texas, at the town of Pana Maria, the first
Polish settlement in this country. He studied at one of our com-
mercial schools for a year, and taught school in the village of Pana
Maria for some time. When the Civil War came on, he and two
of his brothers came North. On February 9, 1863, he enlisted in
Co. " D," of the i6th Illinois Cavalry, which was mustered in at
Camp Butler. He went in as a private, ten days after was created
a corporal, and ten days thereafter was made first sergeant. When
he had about completed his first year of service he was commissioned
second lieutenant, and shortly thereafter, in recognition of his valiant
and faithful services, he was elevated to a captaincy and placed in
command of Co. " E," of the 6th U. S. Colored Cavalry. Captain
Kiolbassa remained on duty with his command until after the War
had ceased, being mustered out on April 19, 1866. He then
returned to Chicago and engaged in the grocery business, but that
was too inactive work for him, and disposing of his interests in
1867, he went into the service of the city as a member of the Police
Department, He only served as patrolman six months, when he
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
was given charge of one of the stations, and within a short time his
abilities .imi efficiency w< -i - 1 by Chief F.lmcr \\ashburn
anil he was called to police headquarters, where he served Mr.
U'a^hhurn as chief clerk for some time. In 1873, the captain was
tendered a clerkship in the marine department of the custom house,
by Collector Judd, and he accepted. In the fall of 1876, his con-
stituents elected him to the Legislature from the old Fifth (now
Thirteenth) Senatorial District, and while a member of that Assem-
bly he represented the people of his district in a most able and
competent manner, lie served on several very important commit-
chairman of the committee on the enrollment
and of bills. When lie completed his senatorial term,
he returned to the customs department, then under the administra-
tion of |. Ku-sel! Jones, and was made assistant to the deputy
clerk of the marine division, which positions
he h.is tilled with complete satisfaction to his superior officers.
Captain Kiolb.issu has been a staunch republican since coming to
this country, and has shown marked ability in every position of
trust to which he li.is been appointed or elected. lie was married
to Miss Paulina I >/iewior. of Chicago, on October 5, 1865. They
three children, — Paulina, now Mrs. William Dobrowalski, of
San ^tanislans and K •
CIIAKI.I-S II. HAM, appraiser of customs for the port of Chi-
. was born at Canterbury, X. II., on lanuary 22, 1831. He
reared in the Granite State, and during his youth he was
afforded ou]y such advantages of education as the common schools
could give, but that furnished a well grounded basis for the subse-
quent acquisition of knowledge; and the habit of close application
student which has characterized Mr. Ham throughout his life
was formed at so early a period, that in general culture he has at-
tained a mental growth which more liberal advantages could not
have enabled him to exceed. While employed as a clerk at Con-
. Mr. Ham pursued the study of law, but before completing
the p , he removed, in 1856, to Chicago, and took a.
«ii in K. K. Swift's banking house. When the panic of 1857
rred, that institution was compelled1 to close its doors. Mr.
I lam then resumed the study of law in the office of Shumway,
Waite & Towne, and, in iSfio, was admitted to practice. Shortly
afterward he formed a business connection with Hon. Melville \V.
Fuller, ami this introduced him into an active participation in the
labors of his profession. In 1866, he was induced to embark in
mercantile life, but after a few years he withdrew from the enter-
prise. It was at this time that the Inter Ocean was founded, and
Mr. llam then became connected with that paper as a leading
editorial writer, which relation continued to exist up to about 1876,
when he became connected with the Tribune as an editorial writer
on special subjects, which connection lasted till 1882. He then
ceased his editorial labors in order to devote his leisure hours to a
work, the particulars of which are mentioned hereinafter. Mr.
Ham has always taken an active interest in politics and won a high
reputation in that regard, using the word in its better sense. He
has been remarkably successful in his advocacy of the principles of
the republican party, but he has not been so successful so far as his
personal advancement is concerned. On March i, 1871, he was
appointed by President Grant to the appraisership of customs at
this port. He was removed in August, 1875, by procurement of
the then secretary of the treasury, Mr. Bristow. whose policy he
antagonized in the Inter Ocean, but was re-appointed by General
Grant in February. 1877, since which time he has held the office
uninterruptedly. It has been during his administration that the
customs department in this city has made its greatest progress, and
the labors of Mr. Ham during his first year of service were as
nothing compared to the work now required. The aggregate duty
on customs in 1871 amounted to only a few hundred thousands a
year, whereas it now figures into millions of dollars annually.
Appraiser Ham has kept steady pace with the development of his
work, and he has performed his duties in such a manner as to win
the highest regard and esteem of the several executives of the Gov-
ernment since the administration of General Grant. Mr Ham is
eminently social, and his fine conversational powers render him an
attractive companion among men. During all his busy life he has
been greatly absorbed in literary pursuits, and a well selected
library at his office gives evidence of his love for this diversion.
I- or the past two years, since retiring from editorial work on the
Inter Ocean, Mr. Ham has devoted himself to the preparation of a
volume about to be issued from the press of Harper & Bros Since
the establishment of the Chicago Manual Training School, he has
iken a most earnest interest in its development, his pen has often
-itch institutions over the country, and he has been the
ardent champion of this now popular mode of educating the young
ri Monthly for February, 1886, contains an article from his
pen on the subject of "Manual Training," which shows to a
the scope of his new book of the same title soon to be
d by the Harpers. He has handled the subject in a masterly
manner, and it will no doubt be productive of great good Mr
llam was married on December 17, 1857,10 Miss K incline \',
Hines, of Le Roy, N. Y. They have only one child, a daughter,
named Alice. From the fact that Mr. Ham is in the very prime
of his manhood, and that it is only within a few years that he has
obtained the opportunity of giving free scope to his talents, it may
be fairly presumed that he has entered upon the threshold of a
brilliant career, and that his friends may yc-t witness greater suc-
cesses in the literary field, in which he will certainly always remain
a distinctive figure.
THE INTERNAL REVENUE DEPARTMENT.
The Internal Revenue Bureau is probably the source
of a larger revenue to the Government than any other
Federal I >epartment in Chicago, and more taxes on dis-
tilled spirits are collected in the First, or Chicago, Dis-
trict, than in any other district except one in the United
States. For the fiscal year ending on June 30, 1871,
the assessments amounted to $9,246,060.63, and the
collections $7,269,582.65. The total cost of assessing
the revenue for the same period was $68,122.96, and of
collecting it $29,165.24. In the fall of 1872, the
assessor's and collector's offices were consolidated, and
in July, 1873, assessors and assistant assessors ceased to
exist. Collector Samuel A. Irwin, who succeeded Col-
lector Hermann Raster in May, 1872, served until his
death in October, 1874. The remainder of his term,
until November 30, 1874, was assigned to I. F. Hoyt,
who was then succeeded by Philip Wadsworth, who in
turn served until June, 1875, when Joseph I). Webster
became collector. The latter served until March 12,
1876, when the office again became vacant by his death,
and the remaining one month of his term was filled by
F. H. Battershall. Joel D. Harvey was appointed col-
lector in March, 1876, and served continuously for nine
years. He was succeeded by Rensselaer Stone on
October i, 1885. The abolishment of the income tax
was primarily the cause of the doing away with the
office of assessor, and since then gaugers and store-
keepers in charge of the various distilleries keep track
of the amount of spirits produced. The distillers are
required to pay all taxes on liquor before it is withdrawn
from the distillery. The law allows them to keep it in
bond for three years, and taxes may not be paid until it
is withdrawn from bond. The officers in charge are
required to keep a correct record of all liquor in bond.
During the time the tax on whisky was two dollars a
gallon, the rules and regulations governing its collec-
tions were decidedly lax, and great frauds upon the
revenue were practiced all over the country. In Illinois
the frauds were mainly committed in the First, Chicago,
and the Sixth, Springfield, Districts. Special agents
Tutton, Matthews and Somerville were sent on from
Washington to investigate the frauds in Chicago. The
first seizures were made in the spring of 1875, and
those implicated were known as the " first batch."
The distilleries seized in the first batch were those
of R. C. Merserau, the Union Copper Distilling Com-
pany, the Lake Shore Distilling Company, Gholson G.
Russell & Co., William Cooper cS: Co., and B. M. Ford
& Co., rectifiers. Among the prominent people impli-
cated were Roswell C. Merserau, William S. Golson,
Francis A. Eastman, Parker R. Mason, Gholson G.
Russell, B. M. Ford, William Oliver and George (Bum-
mel) Mueller. The "first batch" engaged Leonard
Swett for counsel and proposed to fight the Govern-
ment, but finding that the great conspiracy was in a fair
way of being completely broken up, they proposed that
if the Government would grant them immunity they
would turn State's evidence on their co-conspirators,
known subsequently as the "second batch." At this
time Jasper D. Ward was district attorney, he having
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
565
succeeded Judge J. O. Glover in the spring of 1875.
Mr. Ward was removed in December following and was
one of the officials indicted. Judge Mark Bangs was
appointed district attorney on December 15, 1875, and
the first matter he had to consider was whether the
Government would be justified in granting immunity to
the " first batch " in return for their evidence. Their
proposition was finally accepted, and the prosecutions
then commenced. Aside from the " first batch " dis-
tilleries which were confiscated, there were the Black
Hawk Distillery, the Chicago Alcohol Works, the South
Branch Distilling Company, Dickinson, Leach & Co.,
Singer & Co., and in fact every distillery in the city
except H. H. Shufeldt's, besides a great many rectifying
houses. All of the whisky in the country produced by
these distilleries was also seized and confiscated. Among
the more prominent " second batch " members who
were apprehended and placed in the Cook County Jail
were A. C. Hesing, Jake Rehm, O. B. Dickinson, H. B.
(Buffalo) Miller, Dr. Rush, George Burroughs and " old
man " Powell. The supervisors, gangers and other
officials, as well as employes of the distilleries, who were
indicted were legion. Collector Philip AVadsworth,
Deputy Collector Chester L. Root, District Attorney
Jasper D. Ward, William Minty, stamp clerk, Super-
visor Dan Munn, gangers Cullerton, Hildreth, '• Bum-
mel " Mueller, and others equally well known were
indicted. Some of the indicted went to Canada, and
after the trials were closed, returned and compromised
with the Government by paying light fines. Stamp
Clerk Minty was the only one who escaped entirely.
He went to Scotland and has never been heard of
since. Dan Munn, who had Robert G. Ingersoll for
his attorney, was tried before a jury and acquitted. It
was charged that spite entered largely into his prosecu-
tion. Collector S. A. Irwin died of paralysis, brought
on in a great measure, his friends claimed, by the worry
and excitement attending the exposures. General J. D.
Webster, who was universally esteemed to be an honor-
able man, retained Chester L. Root as his deputy, and
the exposure of Root's connection with the frauds
is said to have hastened General Webster's death. The
distillers had been on each other's bonds, and the Gov-
ernment brought suit against them to recover damages.
A. C. Hesing did not settle the judgment thus obtained
against him until 1883, when he finally effected a com-
promise.
Another celebrated case growing out of frauds upon
the revenue, was the " Straw bond" conspiracy in 1877.
The Government allowed manufacturers of matches to
have practically unlimited credit for revenue stamps
upon the filing of a sufficient indemnifying bond.
James Baxter, a real-estate broker, organized a con-
spiracy, and by means of filing worthless bonds defrauded
the Government out of nearly $150,000, with which he
escaped to Canada.
J. D. Webster was the last assessor, he having been
appointed on April 9, 1869, and his term expiring on
May 20, 1873. The following is the list of collectors
since 1871, with the date of their appointment and of
the expiration of their terms of service :
Samuel A. Irwin, appointed on April 15, 1872, service expired,
October n, 1874 ; Isaiah F. Hoyt, appointed on October 12, 1874,
term expired, November 30, 1874, re-appointed November 9, 1874,
and appointment canceled ; Philip Wadsworth, appointed on
November 12, 1874, service expired, June 30, 1875 ; Joseph D.
Webster, appointed on June 9, 1875, service expired, March 12,
1876 ; F. II. Battershall, acting collector from March 12, 1876, to
March 31, 1876; Joel D. Harvey, appointed on March 26, 1876.
The chief deputy-collectors with their terms of service were as fol-
lows : Isaiah ¥. Hoyt, May 18, 1872, acting collector from October
12, to November 30, 1874 ; Chester L. Root, July I, 1875, to Feb-
ruary 28, 1876 ; Joseph Kirkland, February 28, 1876, to April 30,
1876 ; William Somerville, May I, 1876, to November 30, 1878 ;
M. C. Springer, appointed on December I, 1878, and serving at
this date.
The following table shows the annual and gross
collections of the district since 1871, for the fiscal years
ending June 30:
Year. Collections.
1872 .................................. $ 6,155,659 12
1873 ................... . .............. 6,798,288 II
1874 .......... . ....................... 6,606,125 82
1875 ............................. - ---- 7,839.298 64
1876 .................................. 8,971,565 O8
1877 ................ _ ................. 8,448,186 99
1878 .................................. 8,185,225 67
1879 --------- ......................... 8,270,947 97
1880 .............................. ____ 8,936,614 85
1881 ........... ..... . ................. 9,905,157 69
1882 ................. . ................ 10,466,026 54
1883 ..... ___ ...... ___ ..... ____________ 9,119,191 79
1884 .................................. 8,447,053 So
1885 ...................... _- ........ .. 7,452,592 95
Total ____ ....... . ............... $114,601,935 02
The grand total of collections since the establishment
of the district in 1862 is $163,157,723.03.
The falling off of nearly a million dollars in the col-
lections of 1885, as compared with 1884, is accounted for
by the fact that one of the largest distilleries, the
Phoenix, which paid the Government $500,000 annually,
was destroyed by fire in August ; and another, the Gar-
den City, was inactive during the whole of the year,
under the regulations of the whisky pool.
RENSSELAER STONE, collector of internal revenue, was born
in Oneida County, N. Y., on August 14, 1830. His father,
George Stone, was for many years superintendent of the New
York and Erie Canal, and is now living, at the age of eighty-six
years, in the City of Janesville, Wis. Mr. Stone's mother was a
Miss Hinman before marriage, and came with the original Van
Rensselaer colony to America. Mr. .Stone received his early edu-
cation at the country school near his home, but when a boy assisted
his father in his business. At an early age he launched out into
business on his own account, and bought and sold butter and
cheese in small amounts, until his capital had increased. He con-
tinued in the same business on a more extended scale in the interior
of New York, and his efforts were so successful that he removed to
New York City, where he engaged in the regular produce commis-
sion trade. In 1858, Mr. Stone deemed it a wise course to remove
to the West, and in 1859 he located in Chicago. He opened up
in the produce commission trade, and became a member of the
Hoard of Trade. He continued in the produce trade until the
great fire of 1871, after which he went into grain receiving and
shipping on the Board. He was for some time a member of the
Board of Directors of the Board of Trade, and since 1859, has
retained his membership in that association. Mr. Stone has been
a democrat "from the cradle" and has always taken a hearty
interest in local and National politics. In 1874 and 1875, he was
alderman from the old Fourth (now Third) Ward, and in local mat-
ters has been conspicuous as an advocate of democratic nominees
for official honors. For years he was a member of the South
Town, City and Congressional Democratic Central Committees,
and in the fall of 1885 he resigned the chairmanship of the several
committees, which position he had occupied for several years. In
September, 1885, President Cleveland tendered him the office of
collector of internal revenue for this district, and on October I,
Mr. Stone entered upon his duties. Mr. Stone was married to
Miss Zenana H. Joslin, of New York, who died on January 25,
1885, leaving a loving, devoted husband and three children to
mourn her death. The eldest son, George N., is a leading young
attorney of the city, and Carrie C., the eldest daughter, is the
wife of Byron L. Smith, of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com-
pany. The youngest daughter, Fannie E., resides at her father's
palatial home in the South Division. Mr. Stone, though not
prominent in Masonry, has held the office of Worshipful Master
of Waubansia Lodge, No 160, A.F. &A.M., of which he has
been a member for many years.
MILTON C. SPRINGER, chief deputy collector of internal
revenue, has held his present position for the past eight years,
being appointed thereto by Collector Joel D. Harvey, and his
retention in the service and in this particular capacity has Been
due to his perfect knowledge and thorough acquaintance with all the
details of the work in the revenue department. Mr. Springer was
5 66
HISTORY' OK CHICAGO.
born at Hennepin, II!., on May 3, lS3<). UN early life was p
mostly in Marshall Counjy, on his father's farm. The father died
when the son Milton \vast\\ . ami the latter assumed
the burdens of carrying on the farm and assisting his mother, from
that time on to the year istto, \vhen, having accrued some tn
hew !o complete his long neglected i-ilneaiion. lie
entered the Northwestern in 1860, and by hard and
-:.uit study 51 i finishing the course and graduated with
high honors four years later. lie then enlisted in the Army for a
year, joining the 1341!] Illinois with a eommissi.m as first lieutenant.
Within a few months he was promoted to the rank of captain, in
command oi Co, "!'" ol the same regiment. On receiving his
discharge he returned home, and was soon tendered the principal-
ship of Hcddi: . one of the Methodist institutions, at
Abingdon, 111. Ile|. ol the college, ami was so identified
unti: _•, when he resigned and came to Chicago to make
his home. lie engaged in the real-estate business, but, owing to
the depression in all business, he found the trade dull and unin-
viting. He hail become somewhat identified with politics, and this
led to his being appointed deputy collector in charge of the North
Division of the eit\ by Collector \Vadsworth. For such work
Captain Springer seemed particularly well qualified, and after filling
the ottice two and a half years he was promoted to general deputy,
having in c :iies of the revenue service in this
district, lie sened then- one year and live months, when Collector
Harvey, recognizing his splendid abilities and the efficiency of his
past ilU-d him into his olliee as chief deputy collector.
This responsible ottice Mr. Springer has held up to the present
time, performing his duties in a manner most creditable to himself
and highly gratify ing to his superior officers, lie is a member of the
(I.A.K.. the t'i'iou Veteran Club, of Kvanston Lodge. A.I-'. & A.M.,
-ton Chapter. R.A.M., Apollo Commander), No. 1, K.T,
and Oriental Consistory, S.P. K.S. 32°, of this city. He also belongs
to the Order of the Mystic Shrine and to the Royal Arcanum. Mr.
Springer was married 'on March 25, 1866, to Miss Mary K. Ward,
of Harvard, 111. They have had six children : Louis 111, now with
Kdwh Hunt's Sons; George \V., with the Garden City Type
Foundry; and Frank V., Mary C. and Nora I', reside at the family
home in Evanston. Another son, J. Milton, died on |une 7, 1885,
aged nine and a half years.
CIIAKI.IS DUFFIELD, in charge of the bonded accounts of
the internal revenue office in this city, was born in Philadelphia,
on September 10, 1808. He was brought up in the Quaker City
until he attained the age of sixteen, when he went to Cincinnati,
then the metropolis of the West. He became employed as a clerk in
a dry goods store there, and was so occupied for a number of years.
He then became interested in the provision trade, and during his
residence in Cincinnati he became one of the largest provision
dealers in the West. In 1849, he removed to Louisville, Ky., an
engaged in business as a general packer of provisions, makin<>-
specialty of curing hams. The " Duffield Ham" was for years
one of the most popular brands in the country, and Mr. Duffield
carried on a very extensive business until the War, which latter
event caused such a depression in business circles in the South
that Mr. Duffield removed his business to this city in September,
1862. The firm of Duffield & Hilton afterward became Duffield &
Co., and they were succeeded by the Duffield Ham and Provision
'any. Their packing houses were located at the corner of
Eighteenth and Canal streets, and business was carried on suc-
cessfully until July, 1875, when Mr. Duffield withdrew his inter-
He then accepted an appointment in the internal revenue
service, tendered by General J. D. Webster, and in 1877 he look-
charge of the bonded accounts, which work includes the charge of
all transactions and business correspondence of department work
between the collector of Chicago and the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue at Washington. Mr. Duffield has been twice married, the
second marriage occurring on March 24, 1842, to Miss Sarah K.
and
a
i. t II i '•*•»! .nciui, me wile Ol l\eV
K. L. Halsey, of Freeport, III.; Howard, with Reid, Murdoch &
Fischer; I I,, i, -nee ami Grace.
CKRISTOPHKB W. HAI.I., until recently well-known as a rail-
d representative in this city, but now an official of the internal
revenue department, is a descendant of the Halls of Baltimore his
father being the late Dr. Robert C. Hall, an old and distinguished
s.dent of the Monumental City. Mr. Hall was born at Rush-
VI lie 111 on March 10, 1841, but he was reared and educated in
he South. Daring the Civil War, while not in the regular Army
ie rendered valuable aid and was engaged in many skirmishes with
: Confederate forces. Shortly before the close of the War he
came to Chicago and went into the employ of W. R Stone & Co
with whom he remained until 1865, when he formed business con-
nections with two Baltimore friends, under the name and style of
Graffm llros. \ Hall. They carried on a wholesale cotton trade
here until iSoi), when he withdrew and became a member of the
firm of Singer & Hall, distillers and rectifiers. Their distillery
was located at Troy, Ohio, and Mr. Hall represented the linn's
interests in this city until the dissolution of partnership, about
1874. I Ie then became contracting freight agent for the Chicago
\ Eastern Illinois Railroad, and after one year's service, terminal! d
his engagement to take the important position of general agent
for the ( Ire. it Western Dispatch Line of the Erie road, lie held
that office for some time, and then became general northern freight
and passenger agent of the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas
Pacific Railroad, which office he held until the company withdrew
from business herein the fall of 1885. On October j, 1885, Col-
lector Stone appointed him to a responsible position in the internal
revenue service, and he now has the charge and issuance of all im-
porting and rectified spirits stamps. I Ie is a member of William
11. \\arren Lodge, No. 209, A.I". & A.M., LaFayette Chapter,
No. 2, R.A.M., and Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T. lie was
married at Troy, Ohio, on October 9, 1867, to Miss Elizabeth J.
Harter. They have one daughter, — Grace Marcella.
WILLIAM BIUDLK KKRNKY, United States ganger, was born
at West Alexandria, Washington Co., Penn., on June 15, 1830.
He was reared in his native town and attended West Alexandria
Academy until his sixteenth year. His family being in Ohio, he
then entered the academy of the Western Reserve, where he
studied for a year. He then engaged as a clerk in a general store,
but soon after went to New York City, where he pursued a course
of higher academical and collegiate study for two or three years.
He returned West, coming to Illinois at about the commencement
of the Civil War, and while at Monmouth was active in raising and
organizing the 83d Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He accompanied
the command of General A. C. Harding to Fort Donelson. and
while there was in charge of the sanitary stores. He was not an
enlisted soldier, but rendered valuable service to the 83d Regiment
at Fort Donelson. He then returned to Cairo and became the
agent of the New York Associated Press, a position for which he-
was eminently qualified. He continued as its agent until the
Western Press Association was formed, and remained as their rep-
resenialive at Cairo for several years, at the same time being a
special correspondent to several leading western dailies. In No-
vember, 1871, Mr. Kerney came to Chicago and took a position
with the Daily Sun, upon which he was engaged two years. lie
then entered the Government service, being appointed United
Stales ganger in the fall of 1876, during the early part of J. D.
Harvey's administration as collector. He has held 'his office up to
the present time without interruplion, and his competency and
ability have been recognized by his superior officers. He is a
member of Englewood Lodge, No. 690, A.E. Ov A.M., and Elwood
M. Jarrett Chapter, No. 176, R.A.M., and is a Knight Templar;
he also belongs to the Royal Arcanum. Mr. Kerney was married
on September 24, 1854, to Miss Sarah B. Wheeler, of Brookfield,
Trumbull Co., Ohio. They have two children,— Lysle Wiley and
Nona Winona.
JAMKS M. MUNN, United States ganger, was born in West
Fairlee, Orange Co., Vt., on April 21, 1840. He was there reared
and educated in the common schools, but when the Civil War
broke out he enlisted for the great cause in the Qth Illinois, and
served in the regular Army until 1863, when he was assigned to
duty in the shot and shell navy yard at Boston. lie remained
there for some time, and then came West. In 1874, he was
appointed deputy collector in charge of the West Division of the
city, by Collector S. A. Irwin, and filled that position for three
years. In 1877, he was in charge of the South Division for only a
short time, when he was elevated to the office of United States
gauger, which position he has retained, with credit to himself, up
to the present time. Mr. Munn comes from one of the oldest
families of the Green Mountain State, and is a member of the
Society of Vermonters of this city, which contains in its member-
ship men who have been conspicuous in the history of our city
since its organization. He is also a member of Evans Lodge, A.
F. &A.M., and of Boston Consistory, S.P.R.S., 32°.
THE CHICAGO PENSION AGENCY.
_ The Chicago Pension Agency, in 1871, had upon
its rolls about the same number of pensioners as it had
almost immediately after its establishment, and there
had been but a very slight increase in the amount dis-
bursed. In April, 1874, the pension office was removed
to the Marine Building, at the corner of Lake and La-
Salle streets, where it remained until transferred to its
new quarters in the Government Building. In July, 1877
the Pension Agencies at Springfield, Salem and Quincy
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
567
were discontinued and the business of the four Illinois
agencies consolidated at Chicago. Prior to the con-
solidation the annual payments at the Chicago Agency
amounted to about $700,000. In 1878, the disburse-
ments were $2,258,805, and in 1879 the office disbursed
$4,697,311. The great increase in payments during
1879 was caused by the act of Congress passed on
January 25, 1879, granting arrears of pension from
date of death or discharge of soldier on whose account
the claim is due. Congress, under act of July 8, 1870,
changed the mode of paying pensions, and authorized
payments to be made quarterly instead of annually, as
had been the custom. The amount of clerical labor of
the Bureau was thereby nearly doubled. An act passed
on February 27, 1871, granted pensions to the widows
of soldiers of the War of 1812. In 1871, the number
of pensioners paid by the Chicago agent was about six
thousand, and this number was not materially increased
until 1877, when, by the consolidation of four Illinois
agencies at Chicago, the number was increased to
eighteen thousand. The annual additions to the roll
have continued to far outnumber the losses by death
and other causes. Prior to December, 1882, all Navy
pensioners in Illinois were paid at the Chicago agency,
and the annual disbursements on the Navy account
averaged $30,000. The total disbursements for 1871,
were $782,278.72, distributed as follows : Invalid roll,
$368,217.53; artificial limb account. $14,610.38; widows
and others, $398,450.81. Beginning on December 4,
1882, the Chicago agency paid all Navy pensioners
residing in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Iowa and Kansas, and the annual Navy dis-
bursements increased to $84,000. There had also been
a rapid increase of names on the Army pension rolls,
until in June, 1884, there were 28,193 names on the
rolls, and in June, 1885, 30,000.
Miss Ada C. Sweet was appointed pension agent
in April, 1874, succeeding David Blakely, who had
served three years. Miss Sweet is the daughter of
General Benjamin J. Sweet, deceased, who served as
pension agent in 1869-70. She was re-appointed
in 1878 and again in 1882. In April, 1885, after
General John C. Black, of Illinois, was appointed
commissioner of pensions under the administra-
tion of President Cleveland, he notified Miss Sweet
that he would expect to receive her resignation, to take
effect on June 30, following, that date being the end of
the fiscal year. Miss Sweet immediately telegraphed
the President the substance of Commissioner Black's
notification, and with some show of spirit declared that
as no charges had been preferred against her, and
removal under the circumstances would be a plain
violation of the spirit of the civil-service rules, she
proposed to retain the office until the expiration of her
term in April, 1886. Subsequently, Miss Sweet recon-
sidered her determination and resigned, and Mrs.
Marian Mulligan, widow of the noted Colonel Mulligan,
was appointed in her stead. In 1879, the Arrears of
Pensions Act was passed by Congress, and the disburse-
ments at the Chicago pension office were increased
thereby nearly $3,000,000 annually.
The following is a statement of the disbursements
for Army pensions for the fiscal years ending June 30,
from 1871 to 1885, inclusive:
Year.
Amount Disbursed.
1871 .................................. $ 781,278 72
1872 .................................. 747,810 81
1873 .................................. 769,744 73
1874 .................................. 844,445 15
1875 ----- ............................. 822,132 82
1876 .................................. 779,802 16
1877 787,511 49
1878 2,287,858 99
1879 - - 2,388,843 29
'880 5,153,359 57
1881 4,677,826 86
1882 5,292,489 81
1883 5,858.195 05
1884 ... 5,176,4x867
1885 5,820,893 91
THE SUB-TREASURY.
The United States Sub-Treasury was originally
established in this city simply as a local depository of
public funds. It did not become a working branch of
the National Treasury until March, 1874, and General J.
D. Webster was appointed assistant treasurer, with W.
C. Nichols as cashier. Prior to this the depository was
under the control of the collector of the port, with II.
B. Nash in charge. General Webster's successor was
W. C. Nichols, who served one year, with John E. Fry
as cashier. George S. Bangs, of Aurora, with W. H.
Miller as cashier followed, serving two years. He was
succeeded, in 1877, by Frank Gilbert, and T. M. Bradley
was again made cashier.
The Sub-Treasury, like all other Federal depart-
ments in Chicago, made rapid strides toward becom-
ing second only to the New York branch of the
Treasury in the importance and extent of its busi-
ness. Subsequent to the fire it labored under many
disadvantages from the lack of proper vault and storage
accommodations. The task of moving the vast accu-
mulations of coin to the new quarters in the Chicago
Custom House building was successfully accomplished
on Friday, April 30, 1880, and the following Monday
business was resumed at the present location. The
present apartments, on the second floor of the Govern-
ment building, are ample to meet any ordinary require-
ments of the future, although, on account of the phe-
nomenal increase of coined silver in Government vaults,
some fears of the strength of the floors and the capacity
of the silver vaults are entertained. The main business
room is 27x58 feet in area; height to ceiling, 26 feet;
and the room is lighted by seven large windows. The
vaults are two in number at the east end of the room,
an upper and a lower one. The latter is used for the
storage of silver, and the upper one for gold. The
vaults are 16x21 feet in area, and 12 feet in height,
built of six courses of brick and lined with two inches
of chilled steel plates in three thicknesses, welded and
bolted together. Notes, certificates and valuable records
are kept in large interior safes. Connecting with the
main room the assistant treasurer has a private room,
17 x 24 feet in size, which is appropriately furnished for
the purpose for which it is designed.
On October 27, 1881, General John L. Beveridge
succeeded Frank Gilbert as sub-treasurer, and was suc-
ceeded by James G. Healy on October i, 1885.
The following excerpts from the Treasury regula-
tions governing the issue and redemption of the cur-
rency of the United States and the redemption of
National bank notes, will show the uses and operations
of the Sub-Treasury:
The treasurer will forward new United States notes to assist-
ant treasurers of the United States upon their making requisitions,
which are to be approved by him, for such denominations as may
be needed in the current business of their offices. Upon receipt of
currency or gold coin, the treasurer or assistant treasurer will cause
to be paid to applicants in cities where their respective offices may
be situated, standard silver dollars in any desired amout.
The treasurer will issue transfer-checks, in payment for re-
demptions, on such assistant treasurer as may suit the convenience
568
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
of the Treasury, p:iy;il>le to the order of the sender or his corre-
spondent.
For United Stales notes sent to the treasurer, with the express
charges prepaid at private rates, or by mail, in sums of $501- more,
For National bank notes sent to the treasurer. For notes
sent from a city where there is an assistant ireasiuer. checks will be
i-Micd onlt on the assistant treasurer in that eitv.
For fractional silver coin sent in multiples of $20 to the treas-
urer anil for minor coin sent to the treasurer or an assistant treasurer.
1'rovisiuii is made for the redemption of fractional currency at
its face value.
Fractional silver coin and minor coin may be presented, in
separate- packages, in sums or multiples of $20, assorted by denom-
inations, to the treasurer or any assistant treasurer, for exchange
into lawful money.
in will be redeemed. Reduction by natural
abrasion is not considered mutilation.
•aal bank notes are redeemable by the treasurer of the
I States, in sums of $i,ix» or any multiple thereof.
.Notes equalling or exceeding three-tilths of their original
proportions, ami bearing the name of the bank and the signature
of one of its officers, are redeemable at their full face value.
of which less than tliree-lifths remain, or from which
both signatures are lacking, are not redeemed by the treasurer, but
should be presented for redemption to the bank of issue.
The Act of June 30, 1876 (19 Statutes, 64), requires
"That all United States officers charged with the receipt or
disbursement of public moneys, and all officers of National banks,
shall stamp or write in plain letters the word ' counterfeit,' ' altered,'
or 'worthless' upon all fraudulent notes issued in the form of, and
intended to circulate as money, which shall be presented at their
places of business; and if such officers shall wrongfully stamp any
tiled Slates, or of the National 'banks, they
upon presentation, redeem such notes at the face value thereof."
'The Sub-Treasury is of immense value to the banks
in the transaction of their daily volume of business.
There has been a steady annual increase in the
receipts and disbursements of the Chicago Sub-Treasury,
as will be seen by the annexed table:
Fiscal
rmlinK June 30.
Receipts.
Disbursements.
Total.
1874
$40,278,921 70
41,968,650 12
43,362,831 83
44,134.719 28
35,005,242 88
,592 58
,'156 70
35,275,900 63
38,925,604 31
43,129,876 48
45,773.800 40
71,084,616 05
$39,760,520 60
40,875,111 40
41,512,512 38
44,888,280 oo
34,O26,62O 31
35,537,790 43
36,226,863 56
33,850,630 63
34,206,139 40
.r-V>f'7,64i 54
41,013,713 76
55,610,893 14
$80,039,442 30
82,843,761 32
84,875,344 21
89,022,999 28
69,031,863 19
71,828,383 oi
74,363.520 26
69,126,531 26
73,131,743 71
85,797,518 02
86,787,514 16
126,695,509 19
1875 ---
1876..
1877
IS;S
1879
1880
iSSi
1882
1883
1884..
1885
Cash on hand December 31, 1885 $15,473,722.91
x J. SCHWKISTHAL, acting sub-treasurer of the United
States, is one of the many Chicago-born young men who have won
their own way in the business world and reached a. height in a
position of responsibility that few rarely attain. He is a son of
John I', and Anna (Marx) Schweisthal, who settled here in 1847
Mr. Schweisthal is of German descent and comes from a lineage
noted for longevity, his grandfather on the maternal side living to
the rare old age of ninety-eight years. Felix was born on August
19, 1851, and was educated in the public schools and at the
Ycadcmy of St. Mary's of the Lake, in this city, and finished his
Francis' Seminary, an institution near Milwaukee.
On entering into business life he took a position in the insurance
ce of S. M. Moore & Co. He only remained there a short time
now' -""It connected with the Second National Hank
He remained with that concern for over six years, at the time of
ilding the position of receiving teller. After the fire he
Jtant cashier in the Department of Public Worlci and
Idled various other important and responsible positions duriiv- the
following years. When William M. Devine became citv treasurer
Mr. Schweisthal was called to hit office as assistant cashier and
continued there until October 22. 1885, when lames T. Healy on
'img assistant sub-treasurer, tendered him the position of
cashier in the Treasury office. He entered upon his new duties
and has performed his work with highest satisfaction to his superior
officers. Although virtually the sub-treasurer, the work and
responsibilities of the office devolving almost wholly upon him
and handling daily hundreds of thousands and often millions of
money, he has had no request lor protection bonds from the
Government. This is a high compliment to Mr. Schweislhal, but
his spotless record and high standing among the business men of
Chicago is sufficient guarantee ol the faithful performance of the
duties and trusts imposed upon him. Mr. Schweisthal is musically
inclined, and devotes much of his leisure moments to the study of
the art. In times past he has been identified with the Oratorio and
I.iederkran/ societies, and for several years he has been, and is at
present, organist in the Alexian I'.rolhers' Chapel. He was mar-
ried on August 21, 1877, to Miss Hermina, daughter of lion.
Henry Helmholz, a retired manufacturer of Milwa
\Vis. They have two children, — Henry J. and August C.
Mr. Schweisthal resides upon the site originally purchased by his
father, nearly forty years ago. No. 51)7 Wells Street, and which has
been in possession of the family ever since, being the birth-site of
himself and his own children.
THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY.
Among the departments of the Federal service that
found domicile in the new Government building in
April, 1880, are the United States Circuit and District
Courts, the United States District Attorney, United
States Commissioner, Masters in Chancery, Register in
Bankruptcy and United States Marshal, all coming
properly under the head of the Federal Judiciary.
After the fire of 1871, the courts and attaches took
refuge in Congress Hall, on Congress Street, near Mich-
igan Avenue, where many other Government offices
were temporarily located. They were driven thence
by the July fire of 1874, and were next located in the
Republic Life Building until their removal to the quar-
ters prepared for their reception in the new Govern-
ment building.
Judge Henry W. Blodgett still officiated over
the District Court, and Judge Thomas Driimmond
over the Circuit Court, and it was not until September,
1884, that this personnel was changed by the retire-
ment of Judge Drummond and the elevation to his
place of Judge Walter Q. Gresham, of Indiana. Judge
Drummond, full of years and honors, took advantage
of his privilege of retiring on pay, and yet occupies his
old chambers in the Government building. Occasion-
ally, Justice Harlan, presiding judge of the Circuit, sits
upon the bench to hear cases in this part of the district.
Philip A. Hoyne, who was first appointed United States
commissioner in 1855, still retains the function of act-
ing as commissioner for all the States and Territories
and presides in the preliminary hearing of cases
wherein the laws of Congress are infracted. Judge J.
O. Glover was succeeded as district attorney in the
spring of 1875, by Jasper D. Ward, whose official ca-
reer came to an untimely end by his removal some six
months afterward on account of " whisky ring" com-
plications. Judge Mark Bangs was his successor and
he served until the fall of 1879, when General J. B.
Leake was appointed in his stead. In May, 1884, Gen-
eral Leake resigned, and Richard S. Tuthill was ap-
pointed his successor. Hon. William H. Bradley, who
was made clerk of the Circuit and District courts in
1855, still holds that position. B. H. Campbell, who
was appointed United States marshal for the Northern
District of Illinois in 1869, was succeded on April 15,
1877, by Jesse S. Hildrup, of Belvidere, who in turn
served until the memorable contest over the marshal-
ship arose, in 1880. Mr. Hildrup was a candidate for
re-appointment and his chief deputy, John Stilwell, at-
tempted to supplant him. As a compromise, and at the
instigation of United States Senator Logan, the Presi-
dent appointed A. M. Jones, of Warren, Jo Daviess
County. Mr. Jones was an active partisan, but he
served efficiently until June i, 1884, when he was super-
FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS.
569
great fire. lie engaged in
ie occupation until 1876,
when Sheriff Frank Agnew appointed him his deputy, lie so
officiated to the expiration of term of office and, in 1878, lu- wa--
elected assistant sergeant-at-arms of the I louse of Representatives,
serving through two sessions of the Legislature. Krom 1879 to
1883 he was bailiff of the police courts, and on May 7, 1885, he
received the appointment of special inspector of the treasury
department for this district. Inspector \Vhalen has had years of
service in criminal work, and is well fitted for the service in which
he is now engaged. Me is a hard worker, thoroughly devoted lo
his duties, and has a genial, courteous way that wins scores of true
and devoted friends. He has one son, John Andrew, now with
the house of E. Haggot & Co., and a daughter named Nellie.
JEREMIAH J. CROWLEY, special agent of the treasury depart-
Seded by Frank M. Marsh, who had been sheriff of business opportunities caused by the greal
Ogle County. The remaining officials connected with the same line ^of business and f<,llowe,l th,
the courts remain the same as set forth in Vol. II., the
masters in chancery being Henry \V. Bishop, E. B.
Sherman and John I. Bennett, and the register in bank-
ruptcy, Homer N. Hibbard.
SPECIAL AGENTS OF THE TREASURY.
Connected with the Custom House are a number of
special agents of the Treasury Department, who are on
the staff of the Secretary of the Treasury. In 1871-72,
the agent at Chicago was Mr.
Campbell, of Washington, D.
C., who served three years and
then relinquished the office to
William Church, of Illinois,
who, after two years of service,
was succeeded by B. H. Hines,
of Maine. Mr. Hines served
three years and was succeeded
by John Douglas in March,
1880. The business of the port
had grown to such an extent,
that during Mr. Douglas's term
of service he employed from
three to seven special agents
under him, who were appointed
at Washington. Mr. Douglas
was superseded by George B.
Swift, of Chicago, who served
nine months, until May, 1885,
when he was removed by Sec-
retary Manning, and T. H.
Keefe, who had served under
Special Agent LeFevre, at De-
troit, when the latter was in
charge of this district, and sub-
sequently as a special inspector
of customs at Chicago, was ap-
pointed in his stead. At this
time also Secretary Manning
made the discovery that the spe-
cial agents' service was full of
political agents of senators and
congressmen, and he made a
wholesale reduction of the force,
leaving at Chicago, besides the
agent in charge, only two men,
and these newly appointed, — •
LeGrand Phoenix, a special
agent, and William Whalen, a
special inspector of customs.
WILLIAM WIIAI.KN, special in-
spector of the Treasury Department,
was born in County Tipperary, Ire-
land, on May 10, 1844. When he was
four years of age his family emigra-
ted to America and settled in Rhode
Island. They only remained there five
years, removing thence to the State of
Michigan, where William was reared
to manhood, obtaining his education
in the public schools during the intervals in farm work. In
April, 1861, he became imbued with the war spirit, and went
South to aid in the protection of the Union. He did not
enlist with any regiment or regular troops, but was engaged
from the beginning until the close of the War with the
Mississippi flotilla, following the fortunes and suffering the
miseries which thousands of brave soldiers did. In 1866,
he returned to Detroit, and married Miss Josephine Shaughnessy,
of that city. He engaged in the grocery business and so con-
tinued until 1871, when he came to Chicago to avail himself of the
UNITED STATES BUILDING.
ment, was born in Boston, Mass., on June 18. 1847. He attended
the public schools of his native city until twelve years of age and
then entered St. Charles College of Maryland, afterward studying
at Holy Cross College, Worcester, Mass. In 1864, he received the
degree of Bachelor of Arts from Georgetown College, I). C.
Upon completing his education Mr. Crowley's health was not of
the best, and he did not engage in any business calling until com-
ing to Chicago in 1866. He then took a position with the Western
News Company, with whom he remained about three years. In
1869, he became assistant cashier in the city collector's office, and
570
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
served as such until the close of Collector Onahan's term. For
three or four years thereafter, Mr. Crowley was engaged in respon-
sible work in' the offices of the West and North Town ass< -
and collector's offices, and was chief clerk in the West Town
BSMMOr*! oitice under live different administrations. In 1875, he
wa- elected chief clerk of the House of Representatives of the
\\l\lh Ccncr.d Assembly, and in the following year was the
.i.ite for the office of tirst assistant secretary of the
Senate of the \.\\th Ceiieral Assembly. After finishing his
duties as an officer of the Legislature, he returned to Chicago and
me again employed ill the citv assessor's offices, remaining so
occupied until iSSo, when \V. J. Onahan was again appointed city
collector, and he entered his o'ttice as chief clerk, lie remained
thereuntil September 25, 1885, when he was appointed by Secre-
tary Manning as special agent of the Treasury Department for the
Twelfth Special Agency 'District, which includes the customs cot
lectors' ports of Chicago, Milwaukee. I .a CfOSSe, St. Paul, St. Vin-
Dululh, Minn., and the territories of Dakota, Montana and
Idaho. Mr. Crowley is gifted with a splendid education, the char-
aclerislics of courtesy and politeness, and is a gentleman whose
acquaintance is well worth seeking, at least liy those who have not
transgressed the nation's laws, lie is a member of the Knights of
Honor, Order of Foresters, and Ancient Order of Hibernians.
lie was married on September 2O, 1870, to Miss Kleanor C. Sul-
livan, of Chicago. They have three children, — William Ignatius,
Jerome J., and Klla C.
IMTKI) STATES MARINE HOSPITAL.
The history of the Chicago Marine Hospital from
the date of its establishment to the year 1871, together
with a description of the new hospital-building at
Lake View, lias already been traced in the pages of the
preceding volume of this work. Dr. Truman W. Mil-
ler, the able successor of several well-known physicians
who had been in charge of the Hospital, continued as
surgeon-in-charge until February, 1885, when he was
succeeded by Dr. William H. Long, who had already
been in the service fourteen years at Eastern hospitals
prior to his transfer to the Chicago hospital.
From 1880, a dispensing office was conducted on the
second floor of the Government Building, where office
patients having vessel-masters' cards received treatment.
These transient patients vary in number from one hun-
dred to three hundred each month. Dr. Long's assistant
as dispensing physician is Dr. John A. Benson, formerly
in the Mississippi River marine service and stationed
at Cairo, 111. The record of a single month, July, 1885,
will convey a fair idea of the services rendered sailors.
Dr. Benson treated three hundred for slight injuries
and minor complaints common to sailors. There were
sixty regular patients in the hospital wards under the
direct care of Dr. Long, and one hundred and fifty-six
were treated in hospital altogether. Three deaths oc-
curred and seventy patients were discharged as cured.
The principal ailments of these patients were fevers.
Great complaint was raised from time to time by other
occupants of the Government building, about the pres-
ence of the dispensing office in their midst, created by
the occasional presence of sailors having the small-pox
or contagious fevers, and in 1885, when it became
necessary to build a new barge office, at Rush-street
bridge, it was decided to provide quarters therein for
the Marine Hospital dispensing physician. This build-
ing, a three-story brick structure, containing quarters
for the dispensary on the second floor, was completed
and turned over to the collector of the port on August
7, 1885, but it was found not to contain room enough
for the dispensary.
In December, 1885, Dr. C. B. Goldsborough was
appointed surgeon-in-charge of the Marine Hospital
and Dr. I. A. Rowles in charge of the Government
building dispensary. During the year 1885, eight hun-
dred and thirty-four patients were admitted to the hos-
pital for treatment, and three thousand six hundred and
five received treatment at the dispensary. There were
twenty-five deaths in the hospital during the year. The
surgeons examined one hundred and ninety-two pilots
fnr color-blindness, and all except one passed the test.
The physical qualifications of the life-saving crews at
Chicago, Evanston and St. Joseph were also examined
into and were found to be first-class in all respects.
LIFE-SAVING SERVICE.
A brief account of the crude and inadequate ap-
pliances at the port of Chicago for life-saving purposes
is given in the preceding volume.
The present life-saving station was established in
April, 1876, Captain John Taylor in charge. There
was no regular crew, and volunteers were depended
upon to man the one life-boat in case of emergency.
The house built to contain the life-boat was a story and
a half frame structure, located near the end of the
south pier.
C'aptain Telesford St. Peter was appointed to the
charge of the station on July 22, 1878. He immediately
set himself to work to improve the service. A month after
his appointment he received a fine surf-boat, and a short
time subsequently a covered life-car, which is rigged to
float attached to .a rope, and in which shipwrecked
persons may be hermetically sealed while being brought
to shore. In 1882, he secured what is called a Long
Branch life-boat. It is a large boat capable of carry-
ing a crew of eight men and a dozen passengers. It
is built of bent cedar, with cork fenders on the sides;
has air bulkheads, is water tight, and is a self-righter
and bailer. The station is provided with perfected
beach apparatus, including mortars, life-lines, a small
gun and a variety of life-preservers. A crew of nine
men are attached to the station. The house was en-
larged to two full stories in 1878, so as to accommodate
Captain St. Peter's family and the crew. The original
cost of the station was $1,700, and the enlargement in
1878 necessitated an outlay of $2,200. The improved
life-boat cost about $2,000 and the other equipments
about $3,000. The life-saving crew have been instru-
mental in saving many small boats and many lives, and
in great storms have been of inestimable assistance to
disabled ships and wrecked crews. On October 8, 1884,
a storm overtook fifteen workmen on the Hyde Park
crib. Ten were swept away and drowned during the
night. At daylight the predicament of the unfortunates
was discovered, and the life-boat went out and rescued
the four survivors, one man having intrusted himself
to a plank and safely drifted ashore.
During the storms prevalent in spring and fall, the
crew of the life-saving service keep a constant look out
for wrecks and distress signals, and never fail to respond,
no matter what the stress of weather, inclemency of the
season, or danger involved to themselves.
DISTILLING AND BREWING INTERESTS.
DISTILLERIES.
At the time of the great fire, the number of distil-
leries in the First Illinois District, which embraces
Chicago, exceeded that of the present time, and the
production of distilled spirits averaged well with that of
the years intervening until 1885. The liquor interest
suffered comparatively small loss by the conflagration,
the Dickinson & Leach, Union Copper Distilling Co.
and the Kirchoff distilleries and the Northwestern rec-
tifying house, on Fifth Avenue, comprising the main
establishments destroyed.
The report of the ensuing year in the production of
distilled spirits showed a falling-off of about half a million
gallons from 187 1, being 50,000 gallons less than the aver-
age of the fourteen years ending with 1884, which shows
an annual production of 7,253,286^ gallons. In 1876
and 1884, the same low standard of production prevailed,
which is not attributable to a low price for high wines, which
in those years ruled three and one-half and seven and
six-sevenths cents, respectively, above the fourteen years'
average, which was about §1.09!. The revenue collec-
tions of 1871, as compared with those of 1884, indicate
an increase of $1,773.957.18, the highest intervening
year being 1881, when the revenue ran beyond $8,000,000.
The highest rate of production was in 1879, when, with
eight registered and operated distilleries in the district,
10,952,799 gallons of distilled spirits were produced.
The following table gives a comprehensive annual show-
ing of the gallons of distilled spirits manufactured, and
the total revenue collections on the same, for a period
of fourteen years :
Year.
Gallons of distilled
spirits manufactured.
Total revenue collections
on distilled spirits.
1871
1872
7 209 347
4 461 849 31
1873
C -5Q2 SOI 2^
IS?.!
8 016 082
1875
8 .187 <;o6
*; 86.1 o^ 04
1876
6 450 456
6 734,432 45
1877...
8 871 906
6 451 058 91
1878
10,262,155
6,380,414 01
1870 .
IO (K2 7QO
6 558,907 73
iSSo
IO,SoS,2I2
7,341,329 24
1881
IO,5OO 972
8,057,784 55
1882
8 170 018
7 987 552 62
1883
7,256,268
6,804,642 19
1884
7 248 125
6 739 756 88
The rating on high wines from 1871 until 1885
shows a variation in price from the highest to the lowest
of as much as 38 cents. The year succeeding the fire
high wines ruled at the minimum, 82 cents, reaching the
highest price in 1882. The average of fourteen years,
$i 09^ per gallon, was maintained since and inclusive of
1875, except during 1878. A record of prices is given
below :
Year.
1 li^'hrst price.
Lowest price.
lS7I
$ 95
$ 85
1872 -
gl
82
05
86
1874 .
°3'/4
92
1875 -
In'A
93
1876 - ..
IO%
04
l877
IO
04
1878
08
03
I87Q
12
OI
1880
13
06
iSSl
17
07
1882
20
i 14
1883
17
i 15
1884
I 17
I IO
iSSs..
I 15
I IO
In 1878, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
authorized the collection of data and statistics regarding
the distilling interest which would facilitate the annual
compilation of detailed statements and tables. For the
seven years ending with 1884, the results of this work
enable the preparation of an exhaustive report of opera-
tions in the First Illinois District, which is summarized
in the subjoined table. The aggregate amount of grain
consumed in the production of spirits only is given. In
detail, this amount, 16,884,364 bushels of grain, includes
13,222,937 bushels of corn, 2,315,362 bushels of rye,
1,102,912 bushels of malt, 216,889 bushels of oats,
10,930 bushels of wheat, 3,141 bushels of barley, and
2,193 bushels of mill-feed.
The variations in price from 1871 until 1873 will
readily be noted; and, of late years, it has come to be
a necessary portion of the distilling interests, to form
and maintain a " pool," whereby production, and con-
sequent sales and thereby prices, can be regulated. By
this means, over-production is avoided; the various dis-
tilleries forming the pool having a proportion of the
anticipated demand assigned to them, and thereby the
integral parts of the pool become harmonious (and some-
times, inharmonious) workers for the common benefit.
C
^
.5 a
*
.4|
i*|
t
£J.2 M
sis
'=1-5 2
1 =
E
<G «
c '3
y
f«J
Q. C °
Q. O
« Cjn
&i^
•S.-S8 S
!/. •* "OtC
V
'~ u"
Year.
i'C
rt v
"3 S
*° A °
** "a
"o-o §
"°'c S
"Q'O ^ Q
IB
n: .3
*fr «
C "B *^
g'E S
C * *
c "S 3 "
<*- o *°
6.1
H
. V-
fj
_o eg >.
o g >,
"3 & i"
"rt 2 w
^^^"^
d.l-s
°
IB
O ?
O >-^
o-Ss
O^5
ejl
z
*
1878
3 501 962 76
2 IQI 787
263,812
8,552,421
9,IO9,IO5
353,591
1870
8
4,071,124.08
2,953,044
4,228,227
395,975
11,469,929
n,337,OI7
384,862
46
54
1880
7
1,120,139.50
2,822,351
2,405,131
885,893
10,878,844
10,367,201
383,055
68
''4
1881
7
4 3°6 595 72
2 788 1 06
I 414 O2I
1,273,324
10,654,853
10,196,540
515,348
59
63
1882
7
4*655,653.67
2,439,272
I,257,5OO
9,300,388
9,240,821
1,529,069
93
73
1883
7
4,970 460.99
1,796 845
43>639
985,711
7,202,269
7,361,321
528,345
148
73
1884
5
4,500,415.61
1,882,959
241,333
920,680
7,580,555
7,340,410
516,002
67
71
571
572
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Tin- exportation of distilled spirits did not enter
largely into commercial transactions prior to 1871. as
the following table relative to high wines will manifest:
Uc ceipO.
Shipmeifts,
18;
1? 111,654
38,644
28,007
i -^o
29.431
29,529
I.Stxi
62,12(1
65,223
1-itil
89,915
in, 240
i86a
61,703
100,170
1863
137,974
159,112
102,033
138,644
1865 . -.
32,435
66,053
60,202
65,995
30,812
49,250
I N.S
61,933
69,535
iSln)
129. 4-8
156.404
165,689
[76,508
The importations, however, have largely increased
since 1871. A comparative showing of exports to
Europe direct comprises --
Seven thousand two hundred gallons in 1876, 16,475 gallons
in 1877, 29,231 gallons in 1878, 2(1,774 gallons in 1879, 18,035
gallons in iSSo, 6,559 gallons '" '^'' '"jo gallons in 1882, and
1,225 gallons in i
The registered export by lake to Canada of spirits
and liquors shows —
Twenty-six barrels of liquor in 1873. value $828; 300 barrels
of alcohol in [880, value 85,325; and 32,269 gallons of alcohol in
1883, value $18,824. In the importation of wines and liquors for
the ten years ending with 1884. there passed through- the custom
house 44,117 cases, 18,781 packages, 5,074 casks, and 8 baskets.
The aggregate value of imports from 1872 to 1885 was $1,244,070,
and the duties collected on the same amounted to $10, 168 571.
The articles specified were distributed as follows: 15 tters, 443
; champaign, 8 baskets, 17,557 cases; liquors. 155 casks, 207
cases, 648 packages; wine., 14,372 cases, 709 casks, 10,913 pack-
ages; cordials, 613 cases; Swedish punch, 1,901 cases; rum, 127
cases, 513 casks, 28 packages; gin, 4,332 cases, 1,508 casks, 3,348
packages; brandy, 3.563 cases, 1,500 casks, 2,129 packages;
whisky. 1,102 cases, 689 casks, 1,715 packages.
The subjoined table gives the quantities, value and
duties on wines and liquors imported at Chicago since
1871:
Year.
Pack-
age*,
Casks.
Value.
Duties
collected.
1872
1873 ---
1874
4.963
5,213
1,557
.- ..
.. _-
t 57,173
J.Q OQJ.
$ 84,621 69
59.233 90
187;
1,465
^o 68=;
1876 ..
984
872
611
lS77
2 2Q1*
812
1878
I 2O
8.11
46 683
1879.-
5 (M)7
i 461
i860
a 817
J SQJ.
iSSi
8 (U7
2 8n
118 688 27
1882
3 °°4
..
1884
4,721
166,446
128,069 92
In the inspection of wines and liquors by the custom
house officials in 1883, 180,730 gallons passed for duty.
In 1884 the amount gauged was 159,344 gallons, of
which 121, 5281-2 gallons were in wine.
Of minor matters relating to the distilling interest,
not mentioned in the preceding statements and tables,
A reference may be made to the destruction of the Cmcago
and 1'hu-nix distilleries by lire; to losses of spirits in the district
distilleries by leakage or theft, which amounted to 51,575 gallons
in 1882, 5i,Si,() in 1-83. and 42,872 in 1884. During the same
. respectively, 4,593 gallons and 2,389 gallons of spirits were
employed for scientific purposes; in 1879, there were forfeited to
the Government 36,930 gallons; and there were fed at the distille-
ries in iS8i, (1.742 cattle, increased weight, 1,348,4110 pounds;
^,424 cattle, increased weight, 2,378,900 pounds; 1883, 6,070
cattle, increased weight, 1,538,050 pounds; 1884, 7,376 cattle, in-
creased weight, 1,457,068 pounds.
From 1871 to 1882 the entire liquor revenue of the
country had increased from $46,000,000 to $69,000,000.
In 1886, there were eight registered distilleries loca-
ted in the First Illinois District, nearly all of which
were in continuous operation, and all of which were
grain distilleries with a daily capacity exceeding five
hundred bushels per day. They were operated by the
Phoenix Distilling Co., H. H. Shufeldt & Co., Chicago
Distilling Co., United States Distilling Co., Empire
Distilling Co., Riverdale Distilling Co., Garden City
Distilling Co., and Northwestern Distilling Co., and
employed, in the aggregate, about 350 men.
The report for the year ending June 30, 1885,
showed no fruit distilleries in the district, but seven
»rain distilleries registered and operated, all with a
daily capacity of over five hundred bushels of grain.
During the year 1,666,514 bushels of grain had been
used in these distilleries, distributed as follows :
Corn, 1,308,192 bushels; rye, 214,743 bushels; malt, 131,681
bushels; oats, 11,898 bushels; with 6,100 cattle fed, increase in
weight, 1,640,000 pounds. There had been rectified in the district
4,198,583.02 gallons of spirits. The loss by leakage and theft
was 39,993 gallons, and by casualty 47 gallons; 3,235 gallons had
been withdrawn from warehouses for scientific purposes, and 18,350
transferred to manufacturing warehouses, During the year the
record was: Deposited in distillery warehouses, 6,927,110 gallons;
withdrawn, 6,739,794 gallons; withdrawn for export, 179,265 gal-
lons; remaining in distillery warehouses at the end of the Govern-
ment fiscal year, 867,106 gallons; in the hands of wholesale liquor
dealers and rectifiers, 605,502 gallons; number of wholesale liquor
dealers in the district, 63; rectifiers, 67. The total revenue collec-
tions on distilled spirits for the year was $6,226,777.73.
The following table exhibits the figures from the
census reports for the years designated, and gives the
amounts involved in the manufacture of malt liquors,
whiskies, alcohol, etc.:
Year.
J> c
2.1
a-g
Capital.
m
I1!
Total \vaj,rt:s
paid.
Cost of
ruu- material.
Value of pro-
duct.
—
V
1860..
26
$ 620,000
289
$ 82,476
$ 793,482
$2,982,667
1870..
3i
3,639,000
611
421,920
2,074,374
5,275,166
1880..
25
4,570,500
I 642
775,391
3,847,446
7,806,920
SAMIKL MYERS & Co. — This house was founded, in 1847, by
Samuel Myers, who established himself on Wabash Avenue, at the
corner of South Water Street. At that time there was but one
other wholesale establishment of the kind in the city, and that was
conducted by Stiles Burton, who is now dead. In 1849, two
nephews, Jerome Myers and James E. S. Fuller, were admitted as
partners, the tirm name becoming E. S. Fuller & Co. In 1851,
Mr. Myers removed to the present location of the house, Nos. 268
and 270 Madison Street. At that time there stood on the banks of
the river, near the Madison-street bridge, a somewhat ancient struc-
ture known as the "old red oil mill," owned by 1'eck & Boise; this
building Mr. Myers purchased, and, removing it to the numbers
already mentioned, converted it into a store. In 1855, this building
was destroyed by fire; he then purchased the ground, forty-four
feet front, paying therefor $225 per front foot — it would be a bar-
gain now at four times that sum — and erected a four-story brick
building, occupying the full width of the lot, and ninety feet deep.
Two years later the tirm became S. Myers & Son, his son, Samuel
Groot Myers, the present head of the house, becoming a partner.
It was about this time that the elder Myers entered city politics,
being elerted a member of the Board of Aldermen, and for several
years thereafter the management of his private business devolved
largely upon the son. In 1863, Henry Wilkinson, connected with
the house, became a partner, and the style of the firm was then
changed to its present form, that of S. Myers ii Co. In the great
lire of 1871, this house was among the many that went down in
that terrible scourge of flame. But nothwithstanding their losses
DISTILLING AND BREWING INTERESTS.
573
on both stock and building aggregated some $90,000, they immedi-
ately resumed business, temporarily at the residence of Mr. Myers,
on West Washington, near May Street. At the same time they
began re-building on the old site, and the following February saw
the structure completed, and the firm occupying their old quarters.
From then until now the career of the house has been prosperous.
Siiiini<-l }fycrs, who was long and favorably known as one
among Chicago's early settlers, and later as a prominent and useful
citizen, was born in Dutchess County, N. V., on December 25,
1800. His parents were Jonas Myers and Phebe (Curtis) Myers,
lu 1824, Samuel began business for himself as a contractor on the
Erie Canal ; following this, Mr. Myers engaged in the wholesale
liquor business in Schenectady, N. Y., and, in 1847, he came to
Chicago, where he founded the present house. His death occurred,
at the ripe old age of eighty-two, on November 5, 1882. Mr.
Myers was married, in 1834, to Hester Groot, daughter of Simon
A. Groot, of Schenectady, N. V. Three children were born to
them, all of whom are still living, — Samuel Groot Myers; Mary E.,
now the wife of Henry Wilkinson, a member of the firm of S.
Myers & Co.; and Helen, wife of Jacob 11. Swart, of this city.
S. G. Myers was born at Schenectady, X. \ ,, in 1837. At the
age of sixteen he became connected with his father in the above
business, and continued with him up to his succession as head of
the firm in 1857. Mr. Myers married l.ucy Morgan, daughter of
Nathan Morgan, of Victor, N. V. He has one son, Samuel M.
11,-nry ll'i/tiiist>n was born at Albany, N. Y., in 1832. In
1847, he commenced his business life in the Bank of Albany, and
Tilled different positions up to that of teller in that institution. In
1855, he connected himself with his father, in the distilling busi-
ness, under the firm name of Jacob Wilkinson cS: Son, which con-
tinued up to 1863, when he came to Chicago, and became a mem-
ber of the present firm. Mr. Wilkinson married Mary E. Myers,
daughter of Samuel Myers, founder of the house, in 1859. They
have one child, a daughter, Lillie.
M. P. FAKKKI.I., of the firm of Farrell, Coleman & Co., was
born in the celebrated belligerent county of Tipperary, Ireland, on
Nmnnber 4, 1841. Notwithstanding this fact Mr. Farrell is a
quiet, gentlemanly citizen of the proverbial Celtic hospitality and
geniality, but with his own uprightness of life and commercial and
social integrity. He received his education in his native place,
after which he engaged in the dry goods business for thirteen years.
In 1870, he came to Chicago anil engaged in business with the firm
of Roche & Farrell, and, in 1880, formed his present partnership
with Mr. Coleman in the importing and dealing in teas, wines,
cigars, tobacco and liquors.
THOMAS DANIEL COLEMAN, member of the firm of Farrell,
Coleman & Co., wholesale liquors, etc., son of John and Bridget
L. Coleman, was born at Sligo, County Sligo, Ireland, on December
24, 1841. He received a thorough education in his youth and be-
gan business life as manager for Madden & Wall, liquor dealers,
Sligo. In July, 1863, he came to this country and, after short stay
in New York, engaged as clerk with Siegbert & Steinam, promi-
nent dry-goods dealers of Prairie du Chien, Wis., with whom he
remained two years. After an engagement with James Wiley, at
McGregor, Iowa, he began business on his own account at Bridge-
port, Wis., where he established a general store, in connection with
his brother Martin Coleman, under the firm name of Coleman Bros.
At the end of five years he disposed of his interest in the business
and came to Chicago, in 1871, and became a travelling salesman
for the house of Schwab, McQuaid & Co , which vocation he contin-
ued four years. He then became a partner of the firm of Enright,
Kelly & Coleman, Nos. 30-32 South Water Street, wholesale liquors,
from which he retired in May, 1880. In January, 1881, he formed
a co-partnership with M. P. Farrell, his present associate, and has
since been extensively engaged in the wholesale liquor trade, the
firm also carrying a full line of teas, etc. Mr. Coleman was mar-
ried to Miss Mary E. Quinn, of New Orleans, on April 17, 1879.
They have three children, — Thomas P., Katharine M. and James S.
IAMKS M. CLEARY, of the firm of Weadley & Cleary, whole-
sale dealers in wines and liquors, was born in the Parish of Mullin-
ahone, County of Tipperary, Ireland, a son of Timothy and Mary
(Mansfield) Cleary. He was educated in his native country and fol-
lowed the hardware business for about thirteen years, after which
he went into the wholesale wine and liquor business, which he car-
ried on some thirteen years in Clonmel, Tipperary County. Selling
out his business, he came to the United States, locating in Chicago,
and entered the wholesale wine and liquor business, taking John \\'.
Enright into partnership in 1866. This partnership continued until
1873, the firm name, however, changing several times; from Cleary &
Enright, it became Cleary, Enright & Weadley, and afterward
Smith, Cleary, Enright & Co. In 1870-73 when the partnership
expired by limitation, the firm became Weadley, Dennehy & Cleary,
and so remained until 1883; since which time the style has been
\Veadley & Cleary. In 1851, Mr. Cleary married Ann O'Neill
White, who died in May, 1852. In 1854, he married Miss Mar-
garet White, who died in March, 1858; and in 1859, Mr. Cleary
married Marie, daughter of John and Ann (O'Mahony) Kickhom.
By the first marriage there was one child, since deceased. By the
second marriage there were three children — two living and one de-
ceased.— Michael T. and Mary, wife of Edward E. Downey of
Chicago. liy the last marriage there are six children, — Annie Mary;
Johanna Mary, wife of John Templeton, residing in Nebraska;
John Joseph Patrick; Fannie, wife of William Templeton, of this
city; Bessie Frances and Kathleen Christina. Mrs. CTeary died in
June, 1 88 1.
CHARLES DENNEHY was born at Castle Island, County of
Kerry, Ireland, on March 23, 1833, the son of Thomas and Eleanor
(Morris) Dennehy. His father died there; his mother came to the
United States in 1855, and is now a resident of this city. Mr.
Dennehy left his home in 1849, coming to this country and settling
in Alabama, where he remained five years, being employed as a
clerk. Leaving Alabama he came to Chicago and engaged in the
grocery business. In 1869 he sold out his business and embarked
in the wholesale liquor trade, which he has continued since. The
fire of 1871 burned him out, but he opened again the next day after
the lire. He is doing a large and profitable trade, and has taken his
son into partnership under the firm name, however, of Charles
Dennehy. Mr. Dennehy was married, in 1857, to Miss Ann M.
Cogan; they have three children living, — Eleanor, wife of W. 11.
O'Brien, of this city; Thomas C., and Annie M. Mr. Dennehy has
twice been appointed by the mayor and city council assessor of the
North Division of the city, which position he held four years, when
he was elected city assessor, and for three years filled this office until
it was abolished by the Legislature. Mr. Dennehy and family are
members of the congregation of the Cathedral of the Holy Name.
JOHN A. I. UMAX is a native of England, born in the town of
Bury, on July 15, 1825. He received his early schooling in his
native place, and as a young man worked in the print works of
liury for a number of years. In 1851 he came to this country,
locating at Haverstraw, N. Y., where he remained for nearly a
year. In 1852 he came to Chicago where he worked for three
years in Hall i Winch's planing-mill at the corner of Twelfth and
Clark streets. During this period his earnings were only one dol-
lar per day, but out of that he, by close economy, managed to save
enough to purchase a small house and lot, valued at $450. In 1855,
he traded this property for a one-half interest in the soda water
business of Joseph Entwistle, which was then located at No. 39
West Lake Street. The firm of Entwistle & Lomax continued
for about three years, when Mr. Lomax purchased his partner's in-
terest and has since been the sole proprietor of the business. He
remained at No. 39 West Lake Street until 1859, when occurred
the big fire, known as the " big fire on West Lake Street"; in this
conflagation he lost all he had accumulated by his years of hard
work. Not disheartened, however, by his misfortune he at once
returned to business at his present location, No. 16 Charles Place,
in a small house, 20 x 30 feet and only one story high. This house
he rented, but two years later purchased on four years' time.
Scarcely had he got fairly started, however, when he was visited a
second time by a fire which burned all his property to the ground,
and of course entailed upon him a loss which he could ill afford to
bear. lie immediately re-built, but one year later, by the explosion
of a kerosene lamp, it was again laid in ashes; this time his loss
were not quite so heavy, as he was partially insured. In 1870, his
business having wonderfully increased, he set about building new
works on an enlarged scale, his main factory being a brick structure
no by 40 feet and five stories in height. He moved into his new
quarters just three months before the great fire of October, 1871.
This was the heaviest blow of all, and, for a time, so deeply did he
feel his losses that he almost gave up in despair. In a short time,
however, he recovered himself, and with his old-time energy set
about once more to retrieve the fortune which the fire had destroyed.
He rented a small place on Cottage Grove Avenue, near Douglas
Place, and within twenty-four hours was manufacturing and deliver-
ing gofxls to such of his customers as had not, like himself, been
burned out. As soon as was practicable he also re-built, on the
site of his former premises, a three-story brick structure, where he
has since succeeded in building up his trade to its present important
proportions. In 1874, finding his works too small, he erected an
additional building on the adjoining lot, 20 by 105 feet; and, in
1879, needing still more rodfn, he purchased from thetity 200 by
1 20 feet of ground in the rear of his old factory, and on this he
has erected a new building, five stories high and 120 by loo feet in
size, his works now being the largest of their kind in the world.
Notwithstanding the many misfortunes which Mr. Lomax has
met with in his long and eventful business career, he is to-day a
wealthy man. His vast business in this city is in the charge of his
son, George Lomax, a young man of fine ability and of great prom-
ise as a business man. Mr. Lomax has also a fine farm of six hun-
dred acres, beautifully located on the Desplaines River, also a fine
stock farm near I, a Porte, I ml., of two thousand four hundred acres,
and on this he has fine and blooded stock valued at $50,000. He
lias also considerable valuable property in this city and owns a sil-
574
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ver mine in Colorado. Mr. I.omax marrieii, in 1845, Miss Duck-
worth, of Bury, F.ngland. They have had live children, — the son
already mentioned, and four daughters.
1'Aii SfiirsTKK. proprietor and editor of the The Champion
Of Freedom and Right, the National organ of the liquor interest of
the United States, is of French descent, lie was horn at Stras-
II is mother, Madeleine \Verly.
:ihiest families among the landed pro-
prietors of tin- old " free imperial city "; and hisfatlivr, Captain An-
Schuster, after an active and brilliant military career during
the wars of the Consulate and the Fmpirc, on his retirement to pri-
vate life, was appointed I M'rectcur I ieneral des Messageriei impe-
rialcs. sutise(|iiently roy.des, a position of high honor and substantial
imcuts, w'nicli lie occupied until the railroads supplanted the
old methods of travel. Paul received his earlier mental and physi-
cal training uiulc. * d private tutors, and at the aye of thir-
teen,was sent, to complete his education, to the celebrated I'ensionnat
which at that time was the most cele-
brated and exclusive educational institution in Kurope. At eighteen
he graduated with highest honors, and finding himself precluded,
-h sudden , fortune, from reaching the goal of his
ambition, which was to lit himself for the practice at the French
and with the sole view and object of becoming a prominent
cined the order of the Jesuits. I'mler such masters of
the oratorical art his natural abilities soon developed to such a marked
e that, in 1-47, lie was appointed as one of the two representa-
tives of hi- pro\ hue at the Roman College at Koine. Driven thence
bv the popular uprising of is.p, IK- was lirst appointed professor of
( lieek, Latin and French literature and rhetoric, for a class of theo-
logical students at llrugelctte, in Belgium. Hut, before he entered
upon his duties lie was ordered to the I'nitcd States, where he was
> the college of lianlstown, Ky. Here, after one year,
Iced for and was most reluctantly granted a release of his re-
ligious vows, in the fall of 1^41). he settled at Cincinnati, where
^ht years he taught successfully the (ireek. Latin, French, (Jer-
man. Italian and Spanish languages to private pupils and in several
of the leading private educational institutions of the Oueen City. In
his leisure hours he studied law. There he lirst married in 1850;
but in less than five years buried his wife and t\vo children. In
is:;, as Agent of the Swiss Coloni/ation Society, he took a promi-
nent part in the foundation of Tell City, 1'erry Co., Ind. Thither
he went with the lirst settlers, and at once entered into the practice
of law. lu iS;S, he married Miss Amanda K. ISrazee, daughter of
Squire. T. II. Hra/ee, one of the three oldest settlersof that county.
Although successful in his practice, he felt cramped and hemmed in
by the slow-going people around him, and in April, 1860, moved to
Memphis, Tenn., where he secured, in a short time, a very extensive
and lucrative law practice. The breaking out of the War stopped
his career. He was the last but one speaker at Odd Fellows' Hall
on the eve of the election upon which depended the fate of Ten-
nessee, and strongly advocated her remaining in the Union. But
after the die was cast he joined hands with his friends and neigh-
bors, and was elected captain of Co. "A," 1st Memphis Volunteers.
Owing to his having temporal) command of the regiment he was
called colonel, which title has adhered to him ever since. He, how-
ever, resigned, and went into the Held with the Memphis Independent
Hiagoons. After the disbanding of the company, he returned to
ibis, and after a few months left with his family for Cincinnati,
where he resumed the practice of law. Having been accidently
drawn into the prosecution of claims before the departments at
Washington, he devoted his whole energies to this new field of action.
Through his attention to business, strict and unswerving honesty,
and uniformly courteous demeanor to clients in all ranks of society,
he achieved not only professional but considerable financial success.
He became a. large property holder, and founded and built up the
beautiful suburban village of Oakley, on the Marietta Railroad, be-
i F.ast Walnut Hills and Madisonville. There, for a number
of years he was tin- leader of all business enterprises, and the life of
:tainments. The panic of 1873, followed by four or live
of depression in real-estale values, re-acted so disastrously
him that he gradually lost the accumulation of years. After
one year's complete retirement from business he went to Indianapo-
lis, where he again entered the practice of law. In 1877, he brought
le and thoroughly organi/cd throughout the State the Associa-
tion ,,f Freedom and Right, of which he was the first president. In
July. isjS. he purchased the official organ of the Association, the
Ion and Right, and, in October, 1880, moved the
puhii to Chicago. Here it was changed to the Cham-
i and Right, under which name it is known as the
anti-prohibition organ in the United States and
ni/ed as the National representative of the Liquor trade. As
11 and publisher, Colonel I'aul Schuster has succeeded in circu-
lating his paper among the wholesale and retail liquor-dealers and
brewers in twenty-seven States and Territories of the Union, and,
although now past sixty, he bids fair to do yet valiant and faithful
service in the cause of personal liberty.
BREWERIES.
The great fire of 1871 found Chicago in possession
of twelve large breweries. Of these five were destroyed,
lu-ing the I. ill, Sands, Brandt, Met/, and Huck estab-
lishments, all of which were located in the North
Division of the city.
The production of beer and ale in 1872 was about
one-half of 1885, although the price at that time was
two dollars per barrel in excess of the present price.
By 1884, there were thirty-one breweries in Chi-
cago, and in 1885 two more were added to the list.
In these years Chicago ranked sixth as a beer-pro-
ducing center in the United States, over ten mil-
lions of dollars being invested in the interest in this
city, the breweries employing some two thousand work-
men, whose aggregate wages amounted to a million and a
half of dollars. The brewing interest more than doub-
led in the fourteen years anterior to 1885, reaching an
annual production exceeding 800,000 barrels. The
manufacture of this amount of beer required over five
million bushels of malt, or 4,347,826 bushels of barley,
valued at some four millions of dollars, and 1,600,000
pounds of hops, the grain coming from Iowa, Nebraska,
California, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the hops
from New York, California and Washington Territory.
The annual increase of production is shown by the
amount of beer made in 1883, 1884 and 1885, being,
respectively, 676,553 barrels, 743,458 barrels, and,
approximately, 900,000 barrels. The yearly amount of
taxes paid to the Internal Revenue Department was
nearly $800,000, as against §276,587.87 in 1871. In
1884, there were twenty private malt houses in Chicago,
besides those connected with breweries.
The report of custom house inspection on ale and
beer shows 1,773/2 gallons of beer gauged in 1884 and
13,174 gallons of ale gauged in 1883. In the way of
imports in this line, since 1875, the showing is as fol-
lows :
In 1876, 2,236 packages of ale, beer and porter ; 1877, 2,059
packages; 1878, 2,717 packages; 1879, 3,709 packages; 1880,
4,669 casks, 656 cases ; iSSl, 6,912 casks ; 1882, 4,335 casks ;
1883, 4,589 packages ; 1884, 4,520 packages ; 1885, 4,147 packages.
The value and revenue duties of imports of ale,
beer and porter for a period of fourteen years are
shown in the subjoined table :
Year.
Value.
Duties collected.
1872
1873 '
1874
C2 2J.7
1875
42 88 1
1876
1877
2O 814
6 781 38
1 878
28 984
1 8 79
1 1 885 82
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
38 "66
1885
d7 nS
In addition to the detailed report of packages
imported, registered for the four years preceding 1876
as being imported from and via Canada, 4,820 packages
of porter and ale are given for 1872 ; 6,316 packages of
ale, beer and porter for 1873 ; 3,003 packages for 1874;
and 2,272 packages for 1875.
The total revenue collections on fermented liquors
from 1871 to 1884 were as follows:
DISTILLING AND BREWING INTERESTS.
575
Year.
Amount.
1871 $276,587 87
1872 282,939 37
1873. 293,161 35
iS74__ _- 312,061 27
1875 - 300,293 88
1876-., 3!5-735 24
1877... 309,323 85
1*78 - 33-M64 95
1879 373,&S9 47
1880 458,178 61
ISM 5",385 56
i88a. 618,380 10
1883 666,317 13
1884 .-_ 786,171 28
1885.. . 813,433 47
TIIK BK.MIS ,v CCKTIS M.U.TIM; COMPANY, on the corner of
Bliss Street ami Hickory Avenue, is the successor of the Bemis &
(.'union Malting; Company, which was organized and incorporated
under the laws of Illinois in iSSi. The origin of the business
dates to 1879, when it was started by John Carden and his son,
John Carden, Jr. In 1880, D. L. liemis became a partner with
this firm, and the name adopted was the liemis & Garden Island
Malt House. When it became a stock company in 1881, it had a
paid-up capital of $50,000, and II. V. liemis and Charles II. Curtis
became largely interested in it. The management was then — H.
V. liemis, president , Charles H. Curtis, vice-president ; IX L.
liemis, secretary and treasurer; John Carden, superintendent; and
John Carden, Jr., assistant superintendent. On December I, 1884,
the Cardens sold out their interest to their partners, and the company
was re -organized under its present name, and the capital stock in-
creased to $75,000. The officers are now — II. V. liemis, president
and treasurer; Charles II. Curtis, vice-president; 1). L. liemis,
superintendent; and W. I). Hillabrant, secretary. The directors
are the above officers and U. K. Hales. The grounds occupied by
the company have a frontage of three hundred feet on liliss, and
one hundred and twenty-nine feet on Hickory Avenue. The tracks
of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company adjoin their prop-
erty, affording them excellent facilities for shipping goods. Their
building is seventy-five by one hundred and twenty-nine feet, is five
stories in height, with four malt floors, each seventy-five by one
hundred feet. The kilns are double, each twenty-six by thirty-four
feet. The store-room is forty by fifty-five feet. They have two
malt elevators and two barley elevators, with a joint storage capacity
of one hundred thousand bushels, and the malting capacity is two
hundred thousand bushels. The malting floors are provided with
steam scrapers, and the whole establishment is a model of its kind.
The six iron steeping-tanks are situated at the top of the building,
which is a great saving of labor. The company employ eighteen
men, eight horses, and run four wagons.
J). I.. Bfmis, of the Bemis & Curtis Malting Company, was
born at Ellington Village, on Clear Creek, Chautauqua Co., N. Y.,
on October 17, 1851. His father, II. V. liemis, was a Baptist min-
ister, and died when Dwight L. was four years old. Soon after, his
widowed mother moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he was educated
until the age of fifteen. 1 1 is brother, H. V. liemis, was already a
successful brewer in Chicago when D. I.. Bemis came, in 1868, and
he secured employment of him, remaining eighteen months, when
he engaged with the Illinois Central Railroad Company as fireman,
then became an engineer, and worked for the company three years
and six months. He was next in the employ of the Texas Central
Railroad for a year, after which he returned to Chicago, and en-
gaged in the bottling business under the old Tivoli Garden. He
had a partner by the name of Dickinson, and the firm of Dickinson
..V liemis did a thriving business for a long time; but, in 1876, Mr.
liemis sold out and invested his capital in the cigar business, in the
Tivoli Garden, having his step-brother, B. F. Hales, as partner.
In 1880, he became a partner with John Carden & Son, in the malt-
ing business, ou (loose Island, and when the business was thrown
into a stock company in iSSi, he became its secretary, treasurer and
general business manager. When John Carden and son withdrew
from the company, it was re-organized, and its name changed to the
liemis & Curtis Malting Company, in December, 1884, Mr. liemis
becoming superintendent and manager, which position he still re-
tains, conducting it in a most thorough and practical manner. Mr.
Hemis is very much interested in man's noblest servant — the horse.
In June, 1884, he became infatuated with the noted mare, Belle F.,
who made in that month 2:2O 1-4 time at Rochester, N. V., and he
Invested S5.0*30 in her. She has since sustained his judgment, and
bids fair to become one of the most remarkable trotters in America.
On December 31, 1883, Mr. Bemis was married to Miss Lizzie
Woodruff, daughter of H. W. Woodruff, of Sandwich, 111. They
have one child, Rosa Archer.
CI|-:OKI;K lln.i. EN. maltster, was born at Delaware, Middlesex
County, Province of Upper Canada, on April 23, 1846. His father,
William F. liullen, was an Englishman who came to Canada about
1823. lie was a gentleman farmer of some property and conse-
quence in County Middlesex, and clerk of the county court. He
married Ann Mullen, of Irish descent, before coming to America.
George inherited the independence and self-reliance of both, and
when but twelve years old left home and went to Ontonagon in the
Lake Superior copper region, and has "paddled his own canoe"
ever since. During the War he went to Cleveland, Ohio, and
joined the quartermaster's department under General Meigs of the
Army of the Tennessee, and spent the closing two years of the War
in the Army. He then went to Wheeling, W. Va., and apprenticed
himself to George W. Smith, a brewer and maltster of that city, to
learn the business. He spent some years with him, staid his time
out, mastered the business, and came to Chicago in 1868. He
immediately found a good position as foreman in the malt house of
the old Crosby Distillery, where he remained one season. The next
malting season he worked in Joliet, and then came to Chicago. I lere
he spent two seasons with the Wyeth & Vandervoort Malting Com-
pany, and then took a trip to the Missouri River to find a good loca-
tion for business for himself. He did not succeed to his liking how-
ever, and getting a good offer from the Union Pacific Railway he
entered their employ and worked on the construction of the road from
[ulesburg to Promontory, where they made connection with the Cen-
tral Pacific. Returning at once to Chicago, he entered into business
partnership with William Lill, and rented a malt house at Kcnosha,
Wis. , running the business under the firm name of Geo. liullen &Co.
for three years. Afterward they removed to Chicago and erected their
present large establishment on Illinois and Pine streets. In 1881,
.Mr. Lill, who was a silent partner in the concern, died, and Mr.
liullen is now sole proprietor. He has the present season added a
new malt house to his already immense establishment, which makes
it the largest concern of the kind in this country. The value of the
plant is estimated, at a moderate rate, at $350,000, and the daily
consumption of barley during the season is 5,000 bushels. It is
not only the largest malting establishment in the country, but
experts pronounce it the most complete in all of its appointments
and arrangements. Mr. liullen is a member of the Board of Trade
and buys his supplies in the open market at the ruling figure; his
transactions are always large, and do much toward fixing the quota-
tions in this market. As liullen goes, so goes barley. In politics
Mr. liullen is a moderate and somewhat independent democrat; he
is one of the founders of the Iroquois Club and a member of its
finance committee. He belongs also to the Chicago Club and is a
member and large stockholder in the Washington Park Driving Club.
He has been a member of the Board of Trade twelve years. He is
fond of travel and has made the tour of Europe three or four times,
the last time visiting Algiers and many of the principal towns in the
French possessions in Africa. In our own country he has explored
nearly every State and Territory including the Pacific coast. Last
year he went to the coast by the Northern Pacific in company with
the well-known Harry Fox, and was with him when he died at Salt
Lake City on their return. He is warm and steadfast in his friend-
ships and popular where he is known.
LEOPOLD J. KADISH is a commission merchant at No. 9 La-
Salle Street, and also proprietor of the North Branch Malt House,
and of the malt house at the foot of Pier Street. He was born in
Bohemia, on July 13, 1821, and is the son of Philip and Theresa
(Deitsch) Radish. He was educated at the polytechnic school in
Vienna, from which he graduated, and then engaged in superin-
tending railroad work, until the insurrection of 1848, in Vienna,
when he joined the Academic Legion. After the surrender of the
insurgents, he, being an officer, came to America for safety, arriv-
ing at Chicago in 1849. In 1852, he moved to Watertown, Wis.,
and engaged in the general merchandise, grain and lumber busi-
ness until 1861, when he lost his store and stock by fire, and had
no insurance. After his loss he took his remaining capital and
came to Chicago, where he has since resided. In 1868, Mr. Kadish
introduced compressed yeast into America. In 1876, he gave Chi-
cago a National reputation by the establishment of the Vienna
Model Bakery at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. Such
bread as he there sold surpassed in quality any known before, and
it was not long before every town had its Vienna Bakery. After
the Centennial, he established his bakery at No. 36 Washington
Street, Chicago, where it still flourishes. In 1877, Mr. Kadish
again became the pioneer in another public enterprise, which has
since assumed the proportions of a National benefit. In that year
he established the Natatorium, where swimming is taught by compe-
tent teachers and where pure water and all necessary appliances are
found. This was an experiment, requiring the outlay of a large
sum of money; but with Mr. Kadish there was no such word as
fail, and, through his indomitable energy, these public bathing-places
have become so popular that they are now regarded as one of the
necessities of our civilization. Other cities having desired to erect
them and applied for their design, a company has been organized to
build these natatoria, of which Mr. Kadish is president. He is a
member of the Board of Trade, and is president of the Pilsen
Brewing and Malting Company, at Blue Island, 111. He has
576
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
been a member of the l.iiu-oln 1'ark Hoard for seven years, and
much of the improvement in that beautiful park is due to his
ite. The unique structures of the bear-pits, seal-
1*111.1-, wolf-den-, -mil other stone work, are mostly due to him.
'I'm • WEISS MALTtNO AND EI.KV.M-OK COMI-ANY
was incorporated iu May, 18-4, with a capital stock of i*2oo,<x>o, the
ident and general manager being George \. Weiss. The prop-
panj i- located at the intersection oi the Chicago,
Milwaukee .V St. I'aiil ami Chicago A: North-Wc-tcrn railroad--, at
the corner of North Ashland Avenue and Bloomingdale Road, and
consist-o! n and malt house. The clr\.it..r is fifty by
. et, with 1'ins sixty feet deep, ami has g
two hundred and fifty thousand bushels. The first story is
••red with brick, ami the balance covered with corrugated iron.
The in. ill -. nty (eel by one hundred and thirty feet, is
six st,.rirs high with a mansard roof, and is substantially built of
brie!. i iron. The sleeping-tanks are under the mansard
in the highest part of the building, so that the grain can be
directed to the growing il,,,,rs through spouts, thus saving one
ling. It has a malting capacity of four hundred thousand
bushels. The power for both buildings is furnished by a sixty
horse-power engine, built by the American Steam Engine Woi k-,
Chicago. The whole plant was erected, in iSs;, l.\ Mr. Weiss.
. maltster, is a native of (Germany, bom at
l-'rankenthal, Rhine li.u.uia, oil ( >i -tober 15, 1852. He was edu-
cated at the Government college in his native place, from which he
graduated in i>i"i. lie came to Chicago iu October, 1875, and
worked for George I'.uilcn.V Co. for about a year. lie then en-
tered into co-partnership with ("imr.nl Seipp, under the firm name of
\. Weiss vV ' o. tor the bottling of the Conrad Seipp Com-
pany's export beer. In iSs.i, he formed a partnership with August
Kin.- in the malt business, under the linn name of Binz \ Weiss, lo-
catingat Eighteenth and ( Irove streets. In the fall of 1882, the firm
was dissolved, and Mr. Weiss established hinise f in his present lo-
cation. On January 22, 1871), he was united in marriage to Miss
Martha 11. Schneider, daughter of the well-known banker, George
Schneider. They have two children. — Hilda and Theodore.
J. II. I'ANK iv COMPANY are maltsters at Clybourn-place bridge.
The business of malting has been carried on at this point about
twenty years. Charles W. Boynton, Rehin & \Vacker first put tip
the buildings and started the business over twenty years ago, when,
in 1875, a stock company was formed and called the Northwestern
Malt Company, with a capital of $100,000. About 1876, Mr.
l.oynton bought the interests of the other stockholders, and con-
ducted the business, alone, until September, 1884, when he was
succeeded by the present owners. The elevator and warehouse has
• :agc capacity of two hundred thousand bushels, and the malt
house a malting capacity of three hundred thousand bushels. Al-
though conducted under a distinct name and doing a separate busi-
ness, this establishment and the Kentucky Malting Company, at
Louisville, are operated by the same parties. The Louisville house
has a malting capacity of five hundred thousand bushels, and is one
of the largest and best in the United States. The Kentucky linn
is a joint stock company with a capital of §130,000. E. W. Her-
man is its president and J. II. I'ank is secretary and treasurer. It
was originally formed in 1874, by the consolidation of the old house of
Stein vV Doern, of which Colonel I'ank was manager, and the Ken-
tucky Malt House, owned by E. W. Herman & Co. Colonel I'ank
does the buying for both houses in the Chicago markets.
/. //. l\ink, of J. H. I'ank & Co., maltsters, was born in
Hanover, Germany, on July 15, 1853. When an infant he was
brought to America by his parents, who settled in Louisville, Ky.,
where he was educated in the public schools. After leaving school]
he first found employment as bookkeeper in a wholesale liquor
house. In 1873, he became manager for Stein \- Doern, maltsters.
He soon after in 1873, married Ophelia S., daughter of his em-
ployer, Colonel Philip Doern. In 1874, he and Mr. Herman or-
ganized the Kentucky Malting Company: Colonel Doern was a
wealthy capitalist of Louisville and a stockholder in the new com-
pany, lie published two papers, one in German, The An/eiger, and
one in English, The Evening News. He was for many years
prominent in the politics of his State, and died in 1870. The Ken-
tucky Malting Company began with a capacity of one hundred and
fifty thousand bushels, but in 1881 put up the new building with a
iy of half a million bushels. As secretary and treasurer of
the corporation, Colonel Tank continued in active management of
the business until the fall of 1884, when he came to Chicago, and
purchasing tlle Northwestern Malting Company's works from c!
in, took entire charge of the business liere, still retaining
••> retary and treasurer of the Louisville Company.
' , I'ank was appointed colonel on the Governor's staff in Keii-
tuckv, by the famous Luke I'. lilackburn. He has three children,
I.oulie. Edgar and Henry.
II. \V. Mi MI ING, maltster, at Nos. 112-14 Ohio Street is a
of Hamburg, Germany, where he was born on September 9,
1850. He came to Chicago in 1869, and went to work at first for
L. C. Huck, as a maltster, and afterward was employed a short
time by John Wheeler, now the president of John Wheeler's Bank,
but then also in the malting business. In 1875, he formed a co-
partnership with William Danell, and they set up a malting estab-
lishment on I.arrabee Street, where they did a thriving business
under the linn name of Mestling \ Danell. In 1876, Sir. Danell
in the business to Charles Drewes, and the firm of Mcsu
ling ,V Drewes lasted until 1879, when it was dissolved, and Mr.
Mestling bought out Mr. I )rewes's interest and continued the busi-
ness on Ohio Street, where he has since conducted the business
alone. The building is forty by one hundred feet, is four stories
high on < )hio Street and two stories higher in the rear on Eranklin
Street. Its storage capacity is forty thousand bushels, and the
malting capacity is seventy-five thousand bushels. Mr. Mestling
was married, on September iS, 1875, to Miss Ik-tta Drewes, the
daughter of Charles Drewes, by whom he has had three children, —
Heinrich, Alida and Edward.
HKMIS \ McAvoY BREWING COMPANY. — This is one of the
most substantial incorporated companies in Chicago, and is the
outcome of the partnership formed in 1865 by H. V. Bemis and
John 11. McAvoy. The firm established their business of brewing
lager beer in a small three-story brick building near the corner of
South I 'ark Avenue and Twenty-third Street, fronting the Lake.
This now includes the main entrance of the imposing array of three
and live story buildings on the west side of the avenue. ' On De-
cember 17, 1866, a stock company was formed, and since that time
the establishment has continued to increase its manufacture from
three thousand five hundred barrels of beer annually to over one
hundred thousand. A large malt-house was erected adjacent to
the original building in 1870-71, and four spacious ice-houses were
also built on the western side of the avenue in 1872, 1874, 1875 and
l&-(). In 1871-72 a large addition was made to the brewery proper,
while in 1878 and 1879 two additional ice-houses were erected on
the east side of South Park Avenue. The large brick barn was
built in 1878, and the office building was put up in 1879. During
the building season of 1883, a magnificent brew-house, cne of the
most complete in the world, was added to this already immense
establishment. The buildings occupied and owned by the com-
pany are thirteen in number, ranging from two to six stories in
height, and covering an area of nearly two hundred and fifty thou-
sand square feet. The frontage on South Park Avenue is 1,200
feet, the average depth being 200 feet. The establishment is pro-
vided with every known modern appliance for manufacturing, not
only the very best grades of lager beer, but also malt ; indeed,
some of the machinery for brewing and mashing is remarkable for
its ingenious construction and immense power, requiring the use of
a battery of boilers of 832 horse-power and a 100 horse-power
engine. The company gives employment to over one hundred men,
and none but skillful workmen are among the number, the chief
brewer, I-'ritz 1 lieronimus, having learned his trade in Germany,
where he was considered among the most skillful in his line. lie
received his practical education at Erankfort-on-the-Main, the best
school for brewers in the world. To the south of the brew-house
is the office building, a substantial two-story brick structure. A
general air of solidity, elegance and even luxury pervades all the
surroundings here. The main office is large and neatly furnished,
and Mr. McAvoy 's headquarters are fitted out until they seem to
glow with comfort and hospitality. Above are the billiard rooms
for the entertainment of visitors and friends. In fact, the general
impression given is that business and sociability are happily and
judiciously combined. On January :, 1882, the company was re-
organized, changing the name from the Downer & Bemis' Brewing
Company to the Bemis & McAvoy Brewing Company and increas-
ing the capital stock from $600,000 to $1,000,000. The officers
who have the management of the company are as follows : John H.
McAvoy, president; Albert Crosby, vice-president and superin-
tendent; George Dickinson, secretary; Thomas S. Robinson,
treasurer ; John Summerfield, assistant superintendent ; F. C. Hier-
onimus, brewer. II. V. Bemis withdrew on April 14, 1884.
JOHN H. McAvov was born in the city of Newry, in north of
Ireland, on November 2, 1830, and was the' eldest of four children,
three brothers and one sister. When only two years of age his
parents came to the I'nited States and lived several years in New
York City. Removingto llulTaloin 1838, he attended public school
and afterward took the full academic course in the Gowanda Acad-
emy. Upon finishing his course at that institution he entered the
law office of Judge Howe and took a two-years' course in both read-
ing and practicing. In 1851, he turned his face toward the West,
that section which was offering so many inducements to young men,
and especially to young lawyers. He stopped several months in
Chicago, with the intention of settling here; but the site of the
town was then so low and swampy, and reported unhealthy, and
covered mostly with small wooden buildings, that he determined to
go to Wisconsin, which was then the most inviting section of the
West. After travelling all over the State in stages, for there was
then no other better mode of conveyance, he finally located in Osh-
DISTILLING AND BREWING INTERESTS.
577
kosh, which was then an enterprising and growing village of one
thousand people. He first went into the office of R. 1'. Kighme, a
prominent lawyer of that place, and, in the spring of 1852, with the
assistance of his party friends, he established the Oshkosh Courier,
the pioneer democratic newspaper of that part of the State. His
success was immediate and marked, the Presidential year enabling
him to secure such patronage that he not only paid his friends the
money he had borrowed from them, but, when he sold out his estab-
lishment in 1853, he had a clear $5,000, a fair capital with which
to start out into the world again. Mr. McAvoy then removed to
Madison, and was elected chief clerk of the Legislature. After its
adjournment he made a tour of the new territories of Iowa and
\1 innesota, and finally brought up in Chicago, where he passed part
of the summer and winter of 1853-54. In l855, ne returned to
Madison, and lived there until 1860, practicing law, and filling with
credit such offices as clerk of the Board of Supervisors, deputy
county treasurer and assistant chief clerk of the Supreme Court.
In 1861, he became interested in a large tannery near South Haven,
Mich., which he conducted for several years during the War with
great profit. Selling his tannery in 1864, he removed to Chicago,
and, after making some profitable investments in real-estate, he en-
gaged in his present business. In 1865, Mr. McAvoy entered into
a partnership with H. V. Bemis in the manufacture of lager beer,
the brewery being on the site of the present mammoth establishment
on South Park Avenue. From a small beginning their business
grew rapidly as their manufacture became famous for its purity and
excellence. The establishment is now known all over the country
as the " model brewery." Mr. McAvoy was elected alderman of
the Third Ward in 1869, being appointed chairman of the Finance
Committee over many older and more experienced members. He
discharged his duties so satisfactorily that he was again returned by
one thousand eight hundred majority, his opponent being Colonel
Moses Thayer, a prominent republican. As the Ward usually re-
turned a strong republican majority, he might well have felt proud
of this endorsement by one of the most aristocratic wards of the
city. During his second term he served as president of the Common
Council. He took no insignificant part during the trying times
precipitated upon the city by the great fire of 1871. His career
was so straightforward, and marked with such ability, that the
mayoralty was twice offered him, but, having resolved to withdraw
himself from politics and attend strictly to his business, Jie declined
the honor, and has now the satisfaction of being at the head of one
of the most prosperous brewing companies in the world. Mr.
McAvoy has been three times married, his first wife being Miss
Harriet E. Pond, of Utica, X. V. The two children born to them
were Cornelia and Charles McAvoy. His first wife died in 1865,
and, in 1867, he married Miss ilarriet Robinson, of Norwich,
Conn., daughter of Thomas Robinson; she died in 1879. On Jan-
uary 16, 1884, he married Mrs. Sara (Dyer) Henderson, of Whites-
boro', Oneida Co., N. Y., she being the widow of Dr. Henderson.
ALBERT CROSHV, vice-president and superintendent of the
Bemis <S: McAvoy P>re\\"ing Company, and connected with that in-
stitution in various capacities since 1866, was born at Cape Cod,
Mass., in 1823. There he received his education, and, imbibing the
fresh and invigorating breezes of the Atlantic, became filled with a
longing for ocean travel and adventure. Accordingly he spent many
of his earlier years in the mercantile marine service, plying chiefly
between Boston and the West Indies. Mr. Crosby came to Chicago
in May, 1848, and established an extensive wholesale house for the
sale of teas, liquors, etc. , his education and experience having pe-
culiarly fitted him for the successful prosecution of such an enter-
prise. In 1851, he was enabled to enter heavily into the business
of distilling alcohol for druggists, his location being on the corner of
Chicago Avenue and Larrabee Street, on the North Branch of the
Chicago River. It was the largest establishment of the kind in the
West, and coined money for its proprietor until it was destroyed in
the great fire of 1871. Although one of the heaviest losers in the
city, Mr. Crosby set to work with his accustomed vigor to re-build,
but shortly afterward sold his establishment to H. H. Shufeldt &
Co. It may be mentioned, incidentally, that while engaged in dis-
tilling Mr. Crosby took the first coal vessel up the North Branch above
Kinzie-street bridge. In the meantime (December 17, 1866), he
became connected with the Downer & Bemis Brewing Company,
being president of that corporation for ten years. Although always
a large stockholder he did not take an active part in its management,
until chosen vice-president of the company in April, 1884. In 1867,
he became connected with the Chicago City Railway company, be-
ing director of it for about seven years and president for one year.
He went abroad, in 1874, travelling with his family for ten years,
having previously (in 1867) purchased the well-known Crosby Opera
House, Art Gallery and Music Hall, of U. H. Crosby, his cousin.
Under the new manager it continued until the time of the great
fire, when it was destroyed. During the summer previous, he spent
$80,000 in re-furnishing and decorating the Opera House, making
it a model of elegance and convenience. It was to have been opened
with great eclat by the Thomas Grand Orchestra Concert upon the
37
night of the great fire. His insurance was only $75,000. The Chi-
cago calamity destroyed property possessed by Mr. Crosby valued
at $1,500,000. Such reverses would have crushed a less courageous
nature, but he was one of that grand class of Chicago's business
men who could not be kept down and who made the new and the
grander city possible. As has been stated, he retained his moneyed
connection with the Bemis & McAvoy Brewing Company, and, in
April 1884, upon the withdrawal of H. V. Bemis, he btfcame its vice-
president and superintendent.
BARTIIOI.OMAY & UURUWECER BREWING COMPANY. — This
wiH'k. to be a comprehensive reflection of the trade, commerce and
industries of Chicago, would be incomplete without mention of this
house. The brewery was established in 1865, by J. L. Iloerber.
In May, 1882, a stock company was formed and chartered under
the above name, with a capital stock of $50,000. The company is
now controlled by the following named officers: William Kiu-lil.
president; Leonard Burgweger, vice-president and superintendent;
Fdward F. A. Thielepape, secretary; and Phillippe Bartholomay,
treasurer. The building occupied by the company is 140 x 175 feet
in dimension, and three stories in height, giving them thirty-four
thousand five hundred feet of floor surface. Underneath the build-
ing are capacious cellars for storage purposes. The establishment
is provided with every known appliance for manufacturing, not only
the best grades of lager beer, but also malt. The company gives
employment to over forty men, and in those branches requiring
thorough knowledge of brewing none but the most skilled are en-
gaged. The sales will reach thirty thousand barrels annually, the
value of which is $160,000. The business of the company is in-
creasing each year, necessitating large additions and improvements.
The capital stock, as stated above, is $50,000, but the actual invest-
ment is over $100,000. The trade, though chiefly a local one,
reaches many neighboring cities.
Leonora Jittiyxvger was born at Heidelberg, Germany, on
December 23, 1851, the son of Jacob and Elenora (Holzmann)
Burgweger. He was educated in Germany, and there learned the
trades of cooper and brewer. In 1870, he came to the United
States, and worked at his trade at Toledo, Cincinnati and Chicago
until 1874, when he went into the employ of the Bartholomay Brew-
ing Company, at Rochester, N. Y., with which he remained until
1882. In the latter year he returned to Chicago, and soon became
connected with the brewing interest above mentioned. Mr. Burg-
weger was married at Rochester, N. Y., in 1878, to Miss Lena
Bartholomay. They have one child, Henry.
THE ERNST BROTHERS' BREWING COMPANY is a chartered
corporation under the laws of the State of Illinois, the charter be-
ing granted in 1884. The brothers built their commodious brick
brewery in 1884.
Leo Ernst, the president of the company, was born on Novem-
ber 6, 1855, in Baden, Germany, and is a son of Matthias and
Victoria (Huck) Ernst. He was educated in Germany, and finished
his education with a course in Dyhrenfurth's Business College here.
After leaving school, he became a clerk in Henry Greenebaum's
bank, where he remained about three years. He then became a
bookkeeper with Bartholomae & Leicht, in their brewery, where he
continued eight years, and there learned the brewing business. He
then went to Philadelphia, and was a foreman in a brewery two
years, and, returning, started the present business.
Charles Emil Ernst, secretary and treasurer of the Ernst
Brothers' Brewing Company, was born at Baden Baden, Germany,
on October 13, 1845, and is a son of Matthias and Victoria (Huck)
Ernst. He was educated in Germany, and was there engaged in
the mercantile business five years. In 1864, he came to the United
States, located in Chicago, and here engaged in the grocery busi-
ness, which he continued four years and four nionths. He then
started a billiard hall, restaurant and saloon, which he ran until the
fire of 1871, when he was burned out. He soon again started the
same business, which he continued one year, and then engaged in
the grocery trade a short time. After serving as salesman in a
wholesale wine house one year, he became cashier for the same
business two years. He was then a clerk in the office of the county
treasurer five years, after which he engaged in the manufacture of
passementerie two and a quarter years, and then, with his brothers,
Leo and Otto, commenced the brewing business, building the pres-
ent house at Nos. 59-65 Larrabee Street. In 1884, the present
company was organized, and Mr. Ernst was made secretary and
treasurer. In 1872, he married Angelica Gebel, a native of New
York. There are five children by this marriage, — Clara, Julia,
Leo, Amanda and Blanche. Mr. Ernst is a member of the Legion
of Honor and of the Foresters.
WACKER & BIRK. — Conspicuous among the malting and brew-
ing interests of the Garden City is the establishment of Wacker &
Birk. This enterprise was incorporated in 1882, with Frederick
Wacker as president, Charles H. Wacker as secretary, and Jacob
Birk as treasurer. The buildings occupied by the company cover a
large area, and have a capacity of 11011150,000 to 55,000 barrels
per annum, the capacity having to be increased almost yearly on
578
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
account of the constantly increasing trade. The fact that the com-
pany has built up this extensive business since the fall of 1882, is
something unprecedented in the history of malting ami brewing,
even in a city that makes such rapi<! strides in gigantic enterprises
:is Chicago, and it is due to the untiring energy, perseverance and
enterprise of the lirm.
Frtdtruk M'licki'r (deceased) was born at \Viirtemburg, Ger-
in.iny, in 1830. At the age of sixteen he commenced the brewer's
trade. After completing his apprenticeship he travelled exten-
sive!) throughout the different countries of Europe, lie came to
America in 1851, and first located in New Jersey, and there
remained until 1854, when he came to Chicago. Immediately
after coining to the citv he went into the hotel business in a small
way, which he soon afterward gave up, and rented a farm near the
city. On September 20, 1855, lie was married to Miss Cathrine
Hummel, in this city. They had one child, Charles II., who suc-
ceeded his father in his business. Frederick afterward became an
employe in the brewery of I. ill iV Diverse)', but soon became fore-
man in Louis Kodemeycr's brewery. In 1857, he purchased the
brewing interest of Blattner & Co., on Ilinsdale Street, between
Ku-h and Pine streets. In 1858, he started a new brewery at
Franklin Street near Asylum Place, now Webster Avenue, where
he took C. Seidenschwanz in as a partner, hut early in the 'bo's he
purchased his partner's interest ami continued the business alone.
In 1867, the brewery was burned, and he was induced by his phy-
sicians to make a trip to Germany in 1868, for his health, and he
took a second one, in 1869, for the same purpose. Upon his
return to the city, in 1869, he started a malt house in connection
with L. J. Radish, at the foot of Elm Street. The building, how-
ever, was soon found to be too small for the business, and grounds
and buildings were purchased at Clybourn-place bridge, when
Jacob Kehm was taken in as a partner. Mr. Radish's interest
was soon after purchased, and the business ran under the style of
!•'. Wacker >V Co., up to its incorporation as the Northwestern Malt-
ing Company in 1875. The business steadily grew under Mr.
\\ acker's management from year to year, until, in the fall of 1875,
on account of ill-health, he sold his interest. In 1876, he, with
his family, took his third trip to Europe, and returned to Chicago in
The following year he made a second trip to Carlsbad,
returning in the fall. He then purchased the old Burton Malt
House, at the corner of Jefferson and Indiana streets, carrying on
the business under the firm name of F. Wacker ..V Son. The fol-
lowing year a large elevator was built. In 1882, in connection with
Jacob Birk, the Wacker \ Hirk Malting and Brewing Company
was incorporated, and the large brewery building at the corner of
West Indiana and Desplaines streets, on the same block with the
malt house and elevators, was erected. In January, 1884, he was
taken with an illness from which he never recovered. He had
overcome many obstacles and endured terrible sufferings resignedly;
but when, in April of the same year, he lost his beloved wife, who
had stood so nobly by him through misfortune and success, he was
unable to rally from the shock, and died on July 8, 1884. Mr.
Wacker was one of the early members of the Board of Trade. A
man of pure life and inflexible integrity, his death created a void
in the hearts of his numberless friends not easily filled.
Charles H. Wacker, secretary and treasurer of the Wacker &
Birk Company, was born in Chicago, on August 29, 1856. He
received his education in the graded and high schools of the city also
studying one year at Lake Forest Academy. His first active business
was with C. C. Moeller in the grain commission business, at No.
East Washington Street, whose office he entered in 1872. He
hjiuugoi L, vjci many, ana ai Vieneva
Switzerland. He also made a trip to Egypt and two visits to Italy'
it some time at the Paris Exposition, visited Holland, Belgium'
Vienna, Germany, and on his return trip visited London, coming
home, by way of Antwerp, in 1879. He immediately went back to
his old position with C. C. Moeller, where he remained until the
summer of 1880. He was then taken into partnership in the malt-
ing business by his father, and the firm of F. Wacker & Son was
formed. When the firm became a stock company, in 1882 he
became its secretary and treasurer, which position he still retains
T Wacker has travelled extensively in all parts of our country
1 is a thoroughly well-informed and cultivated man. He be-
longs to various German and English societies, among which we
mention the Germania Ma-nnerchor, Chicago Turn-Gemeinde
Schweitzer Maennerchor, Schwaben Verein and others
R ASI.KR GEORGE S.-HMII.T, president of the K. G. Schmidt
;wmg Company, incorporated, a son of John and Elizabeth
Schmidt, was born at Vickenhausen, near Weisbaden, Germany on
urv 20, 1833. He attended school until his fourteenth year
the trade of machinist in Main/.-on-the-Rhine where he
remained five years, in the meantime finishing his education in a
commercial institute of that city. After working at his trade two
years in Frankfort-on-the-Main he came to the United States, leav-
ing Havre, France, on February 10, 1854, and landing at New
York after a voyage of eight weeks. A few weeks later he left New
York for Chicago. lie secured employment at a small machine-
shop on Franklin Street, between Randolph and Lake streets,
owned by Trub & Huchmann, but soon afterward engaged with Mr.
Moses, whose establishment was located at the Polk-street bridge,
with whom he continued six months. His health failing he was
advised by his physician to seek country air and quiet, accordingly
he went to Sterling, 111., and remained one year on I.evi \\\-
farm. On his returning to Chicago he resumed work with Mr
Moses, and, upon the failure of his employer, he purchased a horse
and wagon and delivered beer for a Milwaukee brewery on com-
mission. The business being quite profitable he contracted with I, ill
tY Diverse)- to sell their product for three years. At the end of that
time, in connection with William Siebert, he began brewing beer,
in a small way, on North Clark Street, between Chicago Avenue and
Superior Street. Four years later the firm dissolved, Mr. Schmidt
purchasing the business and the brewery which they had erected at
the corner of North Clark Street and Cane Street (now Grant Place),
wh'-re he was burned out by the fire of 1871. Shortly afterward he
resumed business with Herman O. Glade as a partner, which lirm
continued until February, 1882, since which time it has been oper-
ating in the form of a stock company. Their main building is brick
and covers an area of 125 x 325 feet, is five stories high, and their
force of seventy-five men produce about 48,000 barrels of malt
liquor annually. Mr. Schmidt takes an active interest in the politi-
cal affairs of his section of the city, and, in 1868, was elected alder-
man from the old Thirteenth Ward (since the Fifteenth), serving
two and a half terms. He was also elected county commissioner
from the North Side district in 1874, serving three years. Mr.
Schmidt was married to Miss Barbara Wagener, of Chicago, formerly
of Germany. They have five children, — Barbara E., Katie, August
K., George C. and Edna Pauline.
THE GOTTFRIED J'.KKU IM; COMPANY was organized and char-
tered in June, 1882, with Mathieu Gottfried, president; Ferdinand
Gundrum, vice-president ; Charles L. Reifschneider, secretary ;
and John H. Weiss, treasurer. In 1870, Mr. Gottfried bought
out a small establishment at his present location, on the corner of
Archer and Stewart avenues, at an outlay of $30,000, and com-
menced the manufacture of beer. In 1872, he built an ice house,
and in l87g'added another. In 1884-85, he erected a new brewing
establishment, with refrigerators and engine-room, and an addition
to his ice-houses, and now has five beer cellars with a storage
capacity of about twenty-five thousand barrels. This brewery is
in every respect supplied with the latest improvements — of which
many are his own inventions — in beer manufacturing, and the sales
of the company average now fifty thousand barrels annually.
Matliicn Cfltlfried was born at Hofheim, Nassau, in Germany,
on December n, 1822, and is a son of Mathieu and Elizabeth
(Messer) Gottfried. He was educated in his native country, and
then learned the trade of a cooper and brewer, which he followed in
Germany until 1857. In June of the latter year, he came to the
United States, locating in Chicago, and found work in different
breweries for one and a half years, and then became foreman for
Seipp& Lehman one year. In 1860, he formed a partnership with
Peter Schoenhofen in the brewing business, which he continued
seven years and then went to Europe for some eight months. Return-
ing to Chicago in 1868, in 1870 he commenced his present business.
In 1857, before leaving Germany, he married Marie Gundrum, his
present wife ; they have six children,— Febronia, Ida, Marguerite
Matilda, Charlie and Maud. Mr. Gottfried is a member of Less-
ing Lodge, No. 557, A.F. & A.M., of Chicago Chapter, No. 127,
R.A.M., and of Apollo Commandery, No. i, K.T. also of Hoff-
nung Lodge, No. 353, I.O.O.F.
MICHAEL BRAND AM. COMPANY.— This company was organ-
ized and chartered in 1876. Michael Brand, president ; Rudolph
Brand, vice-president; and Virgil M. Brand, secretary and treasurer
1 he business done by the company is large, the sales averaging over
$i,poo, ooo annually. Michael Brand commenced business in the
spring of 1853, on Cedar Street, in company with Valentine Busch
and was organized £s Busch & Brand Brewery Company in 1864
and continued with him until Mr. Busch's death, which occurred in
1872. 1 hey had succeeded in building up a large trade, when the
fire of 1871 came and entirely destroyed the business. Mr Brand
soon re-built on a much larger scale, but finding his business
increasing so rapidly that more room became a necessity he pur-
chased several tracts of land on Elston Road near Fullerton Ave-
nue. In 1876-77, he erected and placed the best machinery in a
very large substantial brick brewery at an expense of $300,000,
ml in 1877, moved his business there, and was very successful up
o May 13, 1885, when a disastrous fire consumed his valuable prop-
erty again, leaving nothing but blackened walls. Mr. Brand re-
doubled his usual energy, and the company, in about six weeks'
tune, were again ready to do business. M'r. Brand is the oldest
DISTILLING AND BREWING INTERESTS.
579
brewer now doing business in the city, and is a large land owner at
Brandsville, Howell Co., Mo., where he has a flourishing mill, saw-
mill and store on his farm of eighteen thousand acres.
Michael Brand was born in Germany, near Hesse Darmstadt,
on March, 1826, and is a son of John and Sybilla (Bauer) Brand.
Michael was educated by a private tutor, and then learned the brew-
ing business. He established himself in that line and conducted it
for several years. In the rebellion of 1848 he commanded a com-
pany, and when his service was completed he returned to business
life. In 1852, he left his native land, and after a short stay in To-
ledo, Ohio, came to Chicago. In 1859, he married Phillipena
Darmstadler, a native of Germany, at Detroit, Mich. Mr. Brand
and wife are the parents of three living children, — Virgil, Horace
and Armin.
Rudolph Brand was born at Odernheim, near Mainz-on-the-
Rhine, Germany, on April 10, 1851. He received his education at
Darmstadt and also learned the brewing trade there. He came to
this country in 1868, coming direct to Chicago, where he became
connected with the present brewery, then situated on Cedar Street,
where he remained until 1874. He then bought a brewery at Blue
Island, continuing there until 1878. He afterward sold it and became
a partner with his uncle in this brewery and has the management of
the interests here as vice-president and superintendent. He has an
interest in the brewery of Brand & Hummel, at South Chicago. In
1875, Mr. Brand married Miss Clara Uhlich, of this city, daughter
of Ernest Uhlich, one of Chicago's early settlers. They have three
children, — Hedwig, Philip Rudolph and Alfred.
I'irgil M. BranJ, treasurer of M. Brand & Co., was born at
Blue Island, 111., on January 16, 1862. He is a son of the senior
member of that corporation, and was brought up in this city. Dur-
ing his boyhood he attended Bryant & Stratton's Business College,
and finished his education at Racine (Wis.) College, in 1877.
After a six months' tour through Germany and Switzerland Mr.
Brand returned to Chicago, and entered into the office of Brand &
Co. in the fall of 1878. In the autumn of iSSi, he was elected
treasurer of the company and has since held that responsible posi-
tion. He is a member of Court Weidner, No. 39, Order of Forest-
ers, and of Lakeview Lodge, No. 228, of United Workmen.
FRANCIS J. DEWES, proprietor of Dewes Brewery, established
this business in 1882, erecting a fine brick structure and placing in
it all the latest improvements for the manufacture of beer. The
annual capacity of this plant is fifty thousand barrels. Mr. Dewes
was born at Losheim, Rhenish Prussia, on April 8, 1845, and is the
son of Peter and Marguerite (Zengerle) Dewes. His father, who
was a brewer, was a member of the first German Parliament of
1848, held at Frankfort. He died in February, 1876. Francis J.
was educated at Cologne, Germany, graduating from the Realschule,
First Ordnung, in 1861. After leaving school he learned the trade
of a brewer, and, in February, 1868, came to Chicago and engaged
as a bookkeeper for Rehm & Bartholomae, where he remained until
1870, and then accepted the same position with Busch & Brand, the
firm changing, in 1873, to Busch & Brand's Brewery Company.
Mr. Uewes, taking stock in the new organization, was elected secre-
tary and treasurer, and remained in that capacity until May I, 1881,
when he sold his stock and made a trip to Germany with the inten-
tion of remaining there. In 1882, however, he returned to Chicago
and built the brewery which he now so successfully manages. In
1876, he married Hattie Busch, of Detroit, Mich. They have three
children, — Irma, Edwin and Arthur. Mr. Dewes is a member of
Waubansia Lodge, No. 160, A.F. & A.M.
\VM.I.IAM BESLEY, president of the Besley Waukegan Brewing
Company, is one of the pioneer brewers of' the West. He fol-
lowed the business for several years and was afterward a miller, and
then became proprietor of the City Hotel, at Abbington, England.
In 1835, he came to Oakland County, Mich., and, in company with
others, conducted a flouring-mill, hotel, store, distillery and'farm.
In 1851, he bought his brother's brewery near Pontiac, Mich.,
and remained there till 1853, when he moved to Waukegan, 111.,
where he has since resided, buying the old Plank-road Brewery
and starting what has since proved the business of his life, manu-
facturing Besley's Waukegan Ale. In 1854, he purchased the
Woodstock Brewery, which was destroyed by fire in 1855, and since
that time Mr. Besley has confined himself to supplying, from Wau-
kegan, 111., the extensive demands for his ales and porter, which,
at the Centennial Exposition were among the few brands recom-
mended for award. Physicians frequently recommend this ale
because of its absolute purity ; spring water being used in its man-
ufacture and no adulteration being permitted. In 1870, the pres-
ent company was incorporated, a son, E. D. Besley. being the
secretary, and when the company established an agency at Chicago
he was made its manager.
E. D. Besley was born in Oakland County, Mich., on July I,
1838, and is a son of William anil Mary W. (Windiate) Besley.
He received his education in Michigan, Waukegan and Chicago,
graduating in the latter place from Bryant & Stratton's Commer-
cial College. In 1862, he formed a partnership with his father and
brother, W. Bryant Besley, in the brewery at Waukegan, and the
firm was known as William Besley & Sons until the present com-
pany was chartered. W. Bryant Besley is still with the firm as
assistant superintendent. In 1869, E. I). Besley came to this city.
Under his able management the sales of the Chicago establishment
average ten thousand barrels annually.
VALENTINE BLATZ is a manufacturer of lager beer at Milwau-
kee, Wis., and has an agency in this city, located at the corner of
Erie and Union streets. It was established in 1870, and for the
last eight years Henry Leeb has been the manager. This house is
doing a very large trade in Chicago, averaging about fifty thousand
barrels annually.
//tv//T /.(•<•/> was born in Bavaria, and educated in the military
school at Munich, from which he graduated in 1864. He then
entered the Bavarian army and served ten years, holding the posi-
tion of first lieutenant. He was in the Bavarian war against Prus-
sia of 1866. After leaving the army, in 1869 he came to Chicago
and engaged in the wholesale liquor business, in partnership with
Hugo C. Slauenberg, which he continued six years. He then dis-
posed of his interests and soon thereafter became manager for Mr.
lilatz's Chicago house for the sale of his popular lager beer. When
Mr. Leeb assumed his present position, the sales of this branch of
the company were about fourteen thousand barrels, but by his in-
dustry and energy the sales now reach three times that amount.
In 1883, Mr. Leeb organized a stock company under the laws of
the State, and established the Union Riding Academy on North
Clark Street, between Schiller and Goethe streets. In 1870, Mr.
Leeb was united in marriage with Laura Koch, of Gothenburg,
Sweden, a sister of Christine Nilsson. Mr. Leeb is a member of
Accordia Lodge, No. 277, A.F. & A.M.
JUNG & BORCHERT are manufacturers of lager beer on Ogden
and Milwaukee streets, Milwaukee, Wis. The business was estab-
lished in 1870, by F. Borchert & Sons, who continued until 1879,
when the firm changed to Jung & Borchert. The capacity of the
house is seventy-five thousand barrels, and the sales average sixty
thousand barrels annually. A branch house has been opened in
Chicago on the corner of Union and Ohio streets, and Mr. Schmidt
appointed agent.
Robert Schmidt was born in Mecklenburg, Germany, on Feb-
ruary 24, 1856, and is the son of Albert and Augusta (Kulow)
Schmidt, natives of Germany, who came to .Milwaukee in 1873.
Robert was educated in Germany, graduating from the Gymnasium
of his native place in 1872. He came to Milwaukee in 1873, and
engaged in the cigar trade, which he continued seven years, and
then learned the brewing business. He came to Chicago in 1883,
and took charge of the agency of Jung & Borchert. In Decem-
ber, 1882, he married Lena Bach, a native of Milwaukee. They
have two children, Herbert and Elsa. Mr. Schmidt is a member
of the Foresters.
JOSEPH JERUSALEM was born in Prussia, Germany, on June 19,
1836, and is a son of Nicholas and Elizabeth (Wrode) Jerusalem,
who died in their native country. Joseph was educated in Ger-
many, and, after leaving school, learned the trade of a brewer,
working at it until he came to the United States in 1865. He
worked one year in New York City at his trade, and then came to
Chicago and was employed four years as a journeyman brewer. In
1870, he commenced business for himself, near the lake, on Elm
Street, and was burned out by the fire of 1871. After the fire he
commenced business at No. 365 Rush Street, and remained there
nine years. He then sold out and built his present commodious
three-story and basement brewery at Nos. 562-64 North Halsted
Street, where he manufactures the celebrated Weiss beer, which
contains only about one-quarter the amount of alcohol that is in
lager beer. The capacity of the brewery is about ten thousand
barrels. In 1871, Mr. Jerusalem married Ulrike J. Giese, a native
of Germany. By this marriage there are six children, — Lena,
Minna, Clara, Henrietta, Joseph and Alma.
FRED MILLER'S Milwaukee Lager Beer is represented in this
city by Robert Nicholson, who has been the agent of the house
since 1867, with the exception of two years. The agency was
managed for one year previously by Charles Mueller, who has since
died. Mr. Nicholson, by his energy and good management, has
increased the volume of the business to nearly ten thousand barrels
annually.
Robert Nicholson was born on the island of Fohr, Schleswig,
Germany, on September 8, 1830, and is the son of Robert and Doro-
thea (Rorden) Nicholson. He was educated in the common schools
of Germany, after which he became a sailor for ten years. He
came to this city in 1851, and, during four summers, was employed
as a sailor on our lakes. He then worked as a peddler of ice and
beer five years, after which he engaged in the beer trade exclusively,
and has since been connected with that business, taking the agency
of Miller's Milwaukee Beer in 1867. In 1856, he married Theresa
Schwingschlagl, a native of Austria, and has three children, —
S8o
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
MV,,, Saniti"! and Henry. Mr. Nicholson is n member of the
' western Lodge, No. ;i>s, and I lumboldl F.ucampment, No.
101, l.t). O.I., also of Hermann Lodge. No. 758, K. & 1.. of II.
TIIK. losii'it Sciiut/. |!KE\VI.\I; I'HMI'\NY, of Milwaukee,
was established in that city in 1848, by August Km;;, who contin-
ued it until 1856, when he died. Joseph Schlit/ afterward married
Mr. Ki ug's widow, and gave the business his own name, continuing
it until 1874, when the present stock company was organized by-
Mr. Schlit/, and the four brothers Uihlein, who. were nephews of
Mr. King, and also employed in the brewery, took stock in the
new company and assumed the management of the business with
Mr. Schlit/ as president, lie was drowned in the Schiller River,
in 1875, when Henry I'ihlein was elected president ; August Uih-
lein, secretary and treasurer; Alfred I'ihlein. superintendent ; and
I'.dward G. Uihlein (who came to Chicago in 1867) took charge of
the Chicago agency. The latter gentleman was continued in that
]K>silion. When he lirst assumed the agency the sales were small,
but, by his energy and attention to business, there is now a. trade of
about forty-live thousand barrels annually. The Milwaukee house
i business of three hundred and tifty thousand barrels annually ;
in i>S3, it amounted to three hundred and thirty thousand five hun-
dred and ninety-seven and three-fourths barrels, which is the largest
number of barrels of beer ever sold by any one house in the United
States. Its capacity is now six hundred thousand barrels. The
( hii ago office and warehouse are located at the corner of Ohio and
Union streets.
A</r,'i//v/ (t. dfilt'in was born at Wertheim, on the river Main,
lladen, Germany, and is a son of Benedict and Katherina (Krug)
I'ihleim', he was educated in Wertheim, graduating from the Gym-
nasium there in 1862. After leaving school he learned the mercan-
tile business. In June, 1864, he came to the United States and
was employed in the grocery business at St. Louis, Mo., and also as
a bookkeeper, remaining about three years. He then came to Chi-
! in the manufacture of oils, supplying the house of
( hase & llanford & Co. until 1872, when he took charge of the
ih Schlit/. Brewing Company's agency here. In January.
lie married Augusta Manns, a native of St. I.ouis, Mo. They
have three children, — Clara, F.dgar and ( )|ga. Mr. I'ihleim is a
member of the Masonic fraternity, belonging to Oriental Consistory,
S.P.R.S., 32°.
TIIK FKAN/, FALK BKKXVIXI; <'<>Mr\NY, of Milwaukee, \Vis.,
was chartered in 1882, and Franz Falk was elected president; 1..
\Y. Falk, vice-president; and Frank R. Falk, secretary and treas-
urer. This business was established in 1850. The brewery has a
capacity of one hundred and fifty thousand barrels, and the sales
average one hundred thousand barrels annually. The house opened
a branch house in this city some years ago, and, in 1871, Henry
Barrenschein became the agent. The office is located at Nos. 91
and 93 North Union Street.
Henry Banvnuhcin was born in Brunswick, Germany, on Octo-
ber II, 1838, and is a son of Henry and Katharine (Hopp) Barren-
shein. Henry was a manufacturer of furniture, and died in
Germany. Henry, Jr., was educated in Germany, after xvhich he
became a travelling salesman several years, and in 1866 came to
the United States, locating at Milwaukee, \Vis., where, for four
years, he xvas engaged with the Philip Best Brewing Company. In
1871, he came to Chicago and took charge of the Franz Falk Brew-
ing Agency, in which situation he has since continued. In 1869,
he married Eliza Brand, a native of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany.
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES.
This interest suffered very heavily in the general
conflagration of 1871, but was speedily revived during
the period of re-building of the city. Just previous to
the fire there wefe engaged in every branch of cigars
and tobacco, including snuff and cigar-box manufacture,
115 establishments, employing 1,001 men, involving a
capital of $1,248,950, xvages paid $242,845, material con-
sumed $1,157,817, and products $2,187,986. Ten years
later the industry in many particulars shoxved a growth
of one hundred per cent., and the figures in Chicago
were — Establishments, 302 ; employe's, 2,088 ; capital
employed, $887,350; wages paid, $817,941, value of
materials consumed, $2,382,218; value of products,
$3,896,393 The subjoined table enables a ready com-
parison of the census figures on this industry, for the
years of 1870 and 1880:
In addition to this, there were five establishments
engaged in the manufacture of tobacco pipes, employing
The total internal revenue collections on cigars and
tobacco* since the time of the fire is given by years
in the following table:
1871 $1,131,857 34
1872... 864,90483
1873 989,214 98
1874 1,268,359 °6
J«75 1,472,948 35
1876-.. .. 1,664,619 22
1877 -- 1,537,571 16
l«?8 - -- 1,382,975 58
1879,- - 1,290,046 87
1880 1,058,381 88
l88i__ __ 1,206,648 17
1882... 1,579,053 74
1883... 1,548,837 82
1884 960,441 44
'885 _ _ 960,441 44
* Includes tobacco, cigars and snuff.
In the manufacture of tobacco, as in innumerable
Business.
Year.
Number of
establishm'nts.
Number of
employe's
Capital invested.
Wages paid.
Value of material con-
sumed.
Value of products.
Tobacco ..
1870
1880
1870
1880
1870
1880
IO
4
IOI
287
4
6
57°
254
394
1,724
37
105
$438,000
287,500
796,950
538,350
7,300
54,800
$170,700
77,o6o
164,507
701,573
7,648
36,268
$ 870,888
1,206,187
268,439
1,058,916
18,490
II4,OOX)
Si, 534,374
1,387,598
621,722
2,315,174
31,890
179,4"
Tobacco
Cigars
Cigars
Cigar boxes -,
Cigar boxes
five workmen, $6,700 capital, $3,050 wages, $3,025 mate-
rials consumed, $14,200 value of products. In 1882,
the total number of cigar and tobacco establishments
was 476; employes, 3,305; capital invested, $1,860,000;
wages paid, $1,600,000 and value of products, $7,605,000.
As early as 1875, the trade of Chicago in tobacco and
cigars with the bullion-producing States and Territories
alone aggregated over half a million of dollars, while
the outside and local sales of 1881, were $8,750,000 and
those of 1882, $7,250,000
other branches of trade and commerce, Chicago enter-
prise has developed the possibilities and augmented the
natural resources, until this Northern city successfully
competes with some of the oldest manufacturing cities
in that business in the South. The figures given in the
various tables testify to this material progress, and are
thus an indisputable testimony to the victory achieved
by energy and ability over local disadvantages.
The imports of tobacco and cigars,as to value and
duties imposed since 1871, have been as follows:
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES.
Year.
Value.
Duties.
1872
$ 75,803 55
1871
$ 76,898
74,575 01
1874
69,286
55,787 52
187^
73,132
58,870 07
1876
62,368
55,639 57
lS77
IOI,8l8
83,662 02
1878
73,111
96,246 07
1870
158,520
146,412 52
1880
272,241
231,310 59
1881 .
258,498
221,536 84
1882
505,310
415,211 75
1883
607,975
458,567 89
1884
593,016
500,742 32
1885 .
614,781
568,630 78
a year for this salary, but from that time on, his promotion was
steady until he was given an interest in the business, and later
became the head of the house. In 1883, he was elected collector
of taxes of South Chicago, furnishing a bond of $7,250,000, the
largest ever given in the West; this office he filled until 1884. On
Itemized in detail, these imports for a period of
seven years were as follows :
have lost one daughter — Grace L., who died at the age of thirteen.
IV. //. Rus sc II was born in Oneida County, N. Y., in 1838, the
son of Benjamin F. and Harriet (Kriggs) Russell, natives of Rut-
land, Vt. lie came to Chicago in 1857, and took service as a book-
keeper in the house of John C. Partridge & Co. A few years later,
he was admitted as an interest partner, and at the time of the
death of the founder of the house, became a member of its suc-
ceeding firm. In 1863, Mr. Russell married Miss Jessie, daughter
of William White, of Kenosha, Wis. They have two children, —
Nellie C. and Lizzie C.
Lorin Palmer, the non-resident member of the firm, lives in
Brooklyn, N. Y., in retirement. He was formerly in the wholesale
leaf trade, and manufacture of cigars. His last business venture
before his retirement was as the sole proprietor of the Brooklyn
Year.
CIGARS.
TOBACCO.
SMOKERS* ARTICLES.
Value.
Duties.
Value
Duties.
Value.
Duties.
1878
$ 39,802
122,804
140,798
150,289
250,394
266,736
316,298
378,035
$ 72,363 10
121,329 21
139,959 63
150,883 66
248,412 68
262,447 33
334,473 83
407.745 53
$ 20,969
7,405
91,426
7b,I53
223,454
306,742
222,156
236,746
$ 14,792 05
4,697 2Q
59,072 76
45,703 84
142,218 29
171,779 29
142,339 41
160,885 25
$12,340
28,311
40,017
32,056
31,562
34,497
54,562
13,516
$ 9,090 92
20,386 O2
32,278 20
24,949 34
24,580 78
24,341 29
23,930 08
8,152 90
1879
1880
iSSl .
1882
1883
1884
1885
Minor items of interest in this line show some
large shipments of tobacco direct to Europe, notably in
1881, 128,931 pounds; in 1882, 317,415 pounds; and in
1884, 283,334 pounds. From 1873 to 1885, the imports
of clay pipes were quite an item, embracing 20,387 boxes
and 9,990 cases. The number of packages of imported
articles since 1873 was 47,061, as noted at the Chicago
Custom House.
BEST, RUSSELL & Co., wholesale tobacco merchants and
importers of Havana -cigars, rank as one of the largest houses in
the West in this branch of trade, and is among the oldest in Chi-
cago. It was founded here in 1857, by John C. Partridge, backed
by I.orin Palmer, a wealthy New York merchant. The style of the
firm was John C. Partridge & Co. and the place of business at No.
87 Randolph Street. At the time of the fire they were located at
Nos. 48-50 Dearborn Street, where they burned out; but in less than
two weeks thereafter they resumed business on the Lake front, and
a little later removed to Nos. 48-50 Lake Street. The year follow-
ing they occupied their present quarters at No. 57 Lake and No.
41 State Street. In 1857, Mr. Partridge died, at which time, Wil-
liam Best and W. H. Russell, who were until then junior, or inter-
est, partners in the firm, succeeded to the business, under the firm
name of Best, Russell & Co., Mr. Palmer, who has already been
mentioned as having been a partner in the house from the first, still
retaining his interest. In 1857, the total sales of the house
amounted to $52,000 — and it must be remembered these were good
figures for those days — while now the total amount of business done
will not fall short of $1,500,000 per annum. The territory covered
by their trade extends to California on the West, including a goodly
portion of the Northwest, and also embracing Texas, Missouri and
the Southwest. An idea of the extent and volume of the Best,
Russell & Co. trade may also be gleaned from the fact, that they
are the Western agents of the large manufacturing firm of Straiton
& Storm of New York, to whom alone they pay $500,000 annually
for their goods. Of the individual members of the firm, it may be
said that they are old residents here, and that they stand high both
in the social and business walks of life.
William Best was born at Canterbury, England, in 1841. His
parents were William and Mary Ann (Whitehead) Best; his father
being a native of Canterbury and his mother of Sussex, England.
1 Ie came to this country in 1852, and in the same year to Chicago,
where, as a youth, he finished his education in the schools of this
city. In 1857, he entered the employ of Mr. Partridge as a clerk,
or rather office-boy, at a salary of five dollars a week. He worked
Argus, a paper which he owned and conducted for many years.
He has established many retail stores in this city, among which
may be mentioned those at the Palmer House, Tremont House,
Sherman House, and at other prominent places.
M. E. McDowF.l.L & Co. — The business of this firm was es-
tablished in 1862, by M. E. McDowell and J. M. Duncan, at Phil-
adelphia, and was conducted by them with great success till 1870,
when Mr. Duncan retired, and the present firm was constituted as
follows: M. E. McDowell, S. H. Austin, Jr., and J. A. McDow-
ell, all of whom have had great practical experience in the tobacco
business, and are thoroughly conversant with every detail of its
manufacture and the requirements of the trade. M. E. McDowell
& Co., with their principal house at Nos. 603-605 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, have, besides their Chicago offices at No. 8 Wabash
Avenue, established the following branches : No. 9 Warren Street,
New York ; No. 416 North Second Street, St. Louis ; No. 70 Gra-
vier Street, New Orleans ; No. 9 West Alabama Street, Atlanta.
Aside from being large stockholders in the famous Blackwell's Dur-
ham Tobacco Company, Durham, N. C., and the individual mem-
bers of the firm active officers of the same, they are the sole agents
for the sale of the entire product of the factory, which is the largest
and most complete factory in the world devoted exclusively to the
manufacturing of smoking tobacco. Their principal brand, known
as Blackwell's Genuine Durham, or by many called " Bull" Dur-
ham, from the representation of a Durham bull used as a trade-
mark, is so well known throughout the length and breadth of this
country, as well as in Europe, Asia, Africa and the islands of the
sea, that comment as to quality and popularity is unnecessary. In
1877, Samuel H. Austin, Jr., one of the partners of the house,
assisted by J. M. Duncan, established the Chicago branch, but the
business of the firm with all parts of the world having increased so
rapidly, Mr. Austin was required, in 1881, to return to the main
house in Philadelphia, to assist M. E. McDowell, the senior partner,
in the management of the general business. Mr. Duncan then be-
came and is now the manager of the Chicago branch. J. Lewis
Cochran is also connected with the house, and attends to the busi-
ness in adjacent States.
R. W. TANSILL is a type of the active American whose faith
in himself and what he undertakes enables him to surmount difficul-
ties. He is one of Chicago's successful business men, and is the
only representive of the firm of R. W. Tansill & Co., manufac-
turers of the " Tansill's Punch " cigar, the sales of which are made
all over the United States without the aid of travelling salesmen,
solely by the superiority of the goods. Mr. Tansill was born in
Prince William County, Va., on August 20, 1844, and is the only
child of Robert and Fannie (Weems) Tansill. On his mother's side
5*2
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
he is a direct descendant of Mason Locke W'cems, the well-known
hi-torian of the Revolution', and an Episcopalian clergyman at I'o
Hick c'reek. near Mt. Vernon. where George Washington used to
worship. He w. is the author of \\ "eeins's " Washington," " Frank-
lin," " Marion " and "William 1'enn." and, it is said, is the author
of the "Hatchet" story, and several other literary articles. \lr.
Tansill's father served in the Seminole War in Florida and in the
Mexican War, where he was brevetted captain for bravery. He
afterward accompanied Commodore I'errv on his Chinese expedi-
tion, ami was i tie hi si American < itliccr to drill American soldiers on
Chinese soil. K. W. Tansill was educated in Georgetown College,
own, \>. i'., and at Alexandria, Va. In the spring of
I sM, he accompanied his grandparents W eems to Illinois, and re-
mained here. On January I, 1867, he married Miss Mary E. Mot-
' l.'layton, II!., where he engaged in the manufacture of con-
•nery and jobbing of cigars. In 1868, he came to Chicago
'intinned the cigar and confectionery business until the fire of
is 7 1 swept away his capital, but his energy soon caused him to re-
lish himself, having paid all his liabilities in full, this time in the
cigar trade exclusively, and for a number of years he operated one
of the largest cigar factories in the city. He now has his manu-
facturing done in New York, and his sales are made from both
points, which now average over one million cigars a month of the
"Tansill's I'unch " brand alone. Mr. Tansill has built an elegant
house on I icai born Avenue, near Oak Street, which is one of the
ntistic in design in the city.
J. T. EMKRII ii established his business in October, 1882, at
No, 7'- Wabash Avenue. Mr. Emerich was born in Terry County,
I'enn., on November <). 1*40, and is a son of Jacob and Elizabeth
Kmerich. The Kmerich family came from Germany in 1/46, lo-
cated in Montgomery County. I'enn., and have lived in that State
ever since. The son of whom we write was educated in Millers-
town, I'enn. He comrm iced business in the same town by estab-
lishing a general store, which he continued three years, and then,
selling out, became a travelling salesman in the tobacco trade, from
Philadelphia for four years. In January, 1875, he located in Chi-
cago and became a manager of the cigar and tobacco business of the
wholesale house of Sprague, Warner & Co., which position he con-
tinued for eight years. He then established his present business.
In i si,,,, he married Miss Mary A. Rhinehart, a native of Pennsyl-
vania, who died in 1870, leaving three children, George Edgar,
Kirk Ilainesand Anna Elizabeth. In 1876, Mr. Emerich married
Miss I ittic Sawyer, a native of New York. His wife is possessed
of a decided artistic taste, which she has utilized, for some years
past, in the painting of gems in oil and on china designed for house-
hold decoration. One of her productions on china, " The Three
Connoisseurs," was placed on exhibition at the New Orleans Expo-
sition, and elicited most favorable comments from the press. "The
Old Monk," a painting in oil, is also mirth-provoking and shows
strong lines. Mrs. Emerich's largest piece, and one for which there
is the greatest family affection, is a reproduction on canvas of a
room in her home which was built and furnished so as to represent
the surroundings among which Mr. Emerich first saw the light of
day. There is his cradle, in which he was rocked as an infant, and
the generous fireplace of his old Pennsylvania home. During the
War, Mr. Emerich was a member of the Pennsylvania State Militia
and was first orderly sergeant of Co. " B," 36th Regiment, which he
misled in organizing, doing his part in the battle of Gettysburg.
He is a member of Thompsontown Lodge, A.F. & A.M., and
Apollo Commandery, No. I, of Chicago.
W FUCHS, cigar broker, is the general agent for the
United States for McCoy & Co., of New York City, and has held
that position for the past eight years, his commissions on sales of
this house yielding him an income equal to the salary formerly re-
ceived by the president of the United States. He is one of the
comparatively few successful cigar brokers in the city He is a
nized patron of the art of music in Chicago, and in 1883 pre-
sented Arngo lloito, the Italian poet and composer, whose famous
opera of Melistofele has been sung the world over with a nrignifi
cent specimen of the jeweler's skill. The gift was a large inkstand
composed of gold, silver and ebony, the design symbolizing poetry
and music. 1 he artist acknowledged the compliment by sending to
Fuchs one of the three palm leaves conferred upon' him by the
city of Padua as a mark of honor for having set Goethe's Faust to
., employ 01 a silk-importintr
house, with whom he remained eight years. In 1864, he came to
New York City, where he became a travelling salesman for the
cigar house of L. Ilirschhorn it Co. He then took the general
agencv lor \Ic< oy ,V Co., and opened an office in Chicago. \Yhilc
still retaining this agency, he at present represents several other
eastern firms. In 1879, Mr. Fuchs married Miss Betty Loeb, of
Abcnheim, Hesse, Germany. Mr. Fuchs is a. member of IJirigo
Lodge, No. 30, A.F. iV A.M., of New York.
I \\IKS p. hwiKR, dealer in foreign and domestic cigars, en-
gaged in that trade in 1873. He was born at Syracuse, N. Y., on
March 31, 1853, and received his preliminary education at the pub-
lic schools of his native place, afterward removing with his parents
to Kalamazoo, Mich., where he completed his scholastic education
and subsequently commenced business with William Y. Daniels, in
the cigar trade, where he remained until the fire of 1871, when he
engaged with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in their freight
department, and remained two years. He then engaged in the
cigar business, and has since continued it, and it is a matter of
commercial pride with him that he controls one of the most exclu-
sive trades in the city. In 1877, he married Anna V. Minnis, a
native of Chicago, the daughter of an old settler of this city, and a
graduate of the Chicago high school. They have four children, —
Mamie, Alice, John C. and Anna Irene.
J. D. OKES, jobber of cigars and tobacco, at No. 40 Clark
City..
born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on October 31, 1857, and is the son of
David and Mary (Rothschild) Okes, natives of Germany. They
came to the United States in 1830, and lived in New York ten
years. They then moved to Cincinnati, where, on July 4, 1883, David
Okes died. J. D. Okes was educated in the public schools of his
native city. He came to Chicago in 1882, and commenced, in a
small way, dealing in cigars. His business rapidly increased and
he now has a large trade. In 1880, he married Miss Edith lleil-
man, a native of New York City. They have two children, —
David and Sidney. Mr. Okes is a member of the Knights of
Honor.
MoMi'Acio GARCIA, manufacturer of cigars at No. 52 Madi-
son Street, established his business in 1879, and is now doing a
large trade, employing fifty men, who produce from one to two
million cigars annually. His goods are of the finest quality. Mr.
Garcia was born in Spain, on April 14, 1853, and is a son of Man-
uel and Genara (Rodriguez) Garcia. He was educated in Spain,
and came in 1874 to the United States. He lived three years in
New York City, and was engaged in the tobacco business as an
employe. He then moved to St. Louis, where he worked one year
at cigar-making. In 1878, he came to Chicago and was employed
one year at manufacturing cigars, and then commenced business
for himself, which he has since continued. Mr. Garcia is a
member of Landmark Lodge, No. 422, A.F. & A.M., of Fair-
view Chapter, No. 161, R. A. M., and of Apollo Commandery
No. i, K.T.
ANGEL Cosio is a manufacturer of cigars at No. 142 Lake
Street, in company with Francisco Fernandez. He began his busi-
ness in May, 1878, in partnership with V. Guerra. They continued
together one year, when Mr. Cosio sold out and went to New York
City, where he remained four years, and then again came to ( hi-
cago. In July, 1884, he formed his present partnership with Mr.
Fernandez, and commenced the manufacture of cigars. They
employ twenty-five hands, and import all of their tobacco from
Cuba, and make only high-priced goods. Mr. Cosio was born in
the northern part of Spain, on March I, 1854, and was educated
in his native country. He moved to New York in 1876, and
remained two years, when he came to Chicago. In 1884, he
married Leonora Pearson, a native of this country. Mr. Cosio
belongs to La Universal Lodge, A.F. & A.M., of Brooklyn, N. Y.
FRANCISCO FERNANDEZ, manufacturer of cigars, established
the business on May 8, 1880, in partnership with his brother
Antonio. They continued the business two years, when his brother
retired and Antonio Garcia was admitted to a partnership. At
the end of seven months, Mr. Fernandez bought him out, and then
admitted Antonio Rodriguez to a copartnership. They continued
the business until July 13, 1884, when Mr. Cosio became a partner.
Francisco Fernandez was born in Asturias, Spain, on September
29, 1848, where he was educated, being reared on a farm until
he was seventeen years of age. On January 21, 1866, he moved
Havana, Cuba, where he learned the trade of a cigar-maker.
He came to the United States on May i, 1880, and locating in Chi-
No. 121, A.F. & A.M.
MILITARY HISTORY.
MILITARY DIVISION OF THE MISSOURI.
The headquarters of the Military Division of the
Missouri, since their establishment in Chicago, have,
from fire and other causes, been subject to frequent
changes of location. In the latter part of 1873, they
were removed to the Union Building, corner of LaSalle
and Washington streets. In 1878, the Government leased
an entire floor in the Honore Building, and the rooms
were fitted up for permanent headquarters.
They were burned out in January, 1879,
and for the succeeding six months the
headquarters were in the Palmer House,
pending the restoration of the Honore"
Block. No provision was made for mili-
tary headquarters in -the new Government
Building, and the Department continued
to occupy the Honore Block until May,
1884, when it moved to the Pullman Build-
ing, at the corner of Michigan Avenue and
Adams Street. From the time of General
Sheridan's arrival and the establishment
of the headquarters in Chicago, the adjutant-generals
assigned to the Military Division of the Missouri were :
Colonel W. A. Nichols, A.A.G., April 9, 1869.* From April
13, 1869, to July I, 1871, Lieutenant-Colonel George L. Hartsuff,
A.A.G.; from July 24, 1871, to November 28, 1873, Lieutenant-
Colonel James 15. Fry, A.A.G.; from November 28, 1873, to May
I, 1878, Colonel Richard C. Drum, A.A.G.; from May I, 1878, to
October 7, iSSi, Lieutenant-Colonel William IX Whipple, A.A.G.;
from October 7, 1881, to date, Colonel Robert Williams, A.A.G.
On November i, 1883, General Sheridan became
commander-in-chief of the United States Army, and
Major-General J. M. Schofield succeeded to the com-
mand of the Division of the Missouri, being succeeded
early in 1886 by Major-General Alfred H. Terry. The
division at this date comprises four military depart-
ments, viz.:
Dakota, embracing the State of Minnesota and territories of
Montana and Dakota ; the Platte, embracing the States of Iowa
and Nebraska, the territories of Wyoming and Utah, and so much
of Idaho as lies east of the H4th meridian ; the Missouri, embra-
cing the States of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and Colorado, the
territory of New Mexico, and Fort Bliss, Texas, the Indian Terri-
tory and Fort Elliott, Texas ; and Texas, embracing the State of
Texas, excluding Forts Elliott and Bliss.
The list of staff officers at Division Headquarters is
as follows:
Personal. — Captain William M. Wherry, 6th Infantry, aide-de-
camp ; Captain Joseph P. Sanger, 1st Artillery, aide-de-camp ;
First Lieutenant Charles 1). Scholiekl, 2d Cavalry, aide-de-camp.
l)i;'ifii>n. — Colonel Robert Williams, assistant-adjutant-general;
Major Henry C. Corbin, assistant-adjutant-general ; Colonel Absa-
lom Baird, inspector-general , Lieutenant-Colonel J. W. Forsyth,
i -4 ( 'avalry, inspector of cavalry, and in temporary charge of in-
spector-general's offices; Colonel Charles IL Tompkins, chief
quartermaster ; Colonel Marcus D. L. Simpson, chief commissary
of subsistence; Major Thomas II. Handbury, chief engineer;
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles G. Bartlett, 1st Infantry, inspector of
of rifle-practice ; Lieutenant-Colonel Amos Beckwith, purchasing
and depot commissary of subsistence, St. Louis, Mo. ; Major George
\V. Candee, paymaster, Chicago, 111.; Major John W. Barriger,
purchasing and depot commissary of subsistence, Chicago, 111.;
Major William II. Forwood, attending surgeon, Chicago, 111.; Cap-
tain John V. Furey, purchasing and disbursing quartermaster,
* Died on eve of departure.
Chicago, 111. ; Captain George E. Pond, purchasing quartermaster
in connection with Board inspecting and receiving cavalry and artil-
lery horses for the Division ; station, Chicago, 111.
The general service detachment consists of one ser-
geant, two corporals, eleven privates and one hospital-
steward.
MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN MCALLISTER SCHOFIELD was born
on November 29, 1831, in Chautauqua County, N. Y. His father,
Rev. James Schofield, is a minister of the Baptist Church. In
1843, the Schofield family removed to Bristol, Kendall Co., 111.,
and resided there until 1845, when they removed to Freeport, 111.,
and, in July, 1849, J- M. Schofield entered the Military Academy,
and was graduated on July I, 1853, in the class with James B. Mc-
1'herson, Craighill, Sill, P. II. Sheridan, of the Union Army, and
with Hood and Bowen, who joined in the Rebellion. Upon graduat-
ing, he was appointed, and commissioned, Brevet Second Lieuten-
ant of Artillery in the United States Army; and, on August 31,
1853, was promoted to be second lieutenant, 1st U. S. Artillery ;
and served in Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor, S. C., and in Flor-
ida, until November, 1855, when he was assigned to duty at West
Point as assistant professor of Natural and Experimental Philoso-
phy. He was promoted to be first lieutenant, 1st Artillery, on
August 31, 1855, and was principal assistant professor of Philoso-
phy at West Point until August 28, 1860. On the outbreak of the
Civil War, Lieutenant Schofield was appointed mustering officer
for the State of Missouri, on April 20, 861, and served in that
capacity until May 20, 1861. Meanwhile, April 26, he was elected
major of the 1st Missouri Volunteer Infantry, raised and com-
manded by Colonel (afterward Major-General) Frank P. Blair,
which, in August, 1861, was converted into an artillery regiment.
On May 14, 1861, he was offered a captaincy in the I4th U. S.
Infantry, — one of the new regular regiments organized by Act of
Congress, — but declined it, being promoted to be captain in his
own regiment, the 1st U. S. Artillery, of the same date. Major
Schofield participated in the capture of Camp Jackson on May 10,
1861 ; and on May 25, was appointed assistant adjutant-general
and chief-of -staff to General Lyon ; taking part in the affairs at
Dug Spring, August 2, and Curran Post-office, August 3-4, and
the battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10, where he greatly distin-
guished himself for coolness, bravery and wise counsel. He ac-
companied the army on its retreat to Rolla ; and, until October,
was engaged at St. Louis in re-organizing his regiment, the 1st Mis-
souri, as an artillery regiment. In October, a large force of the Con-
federates, under Jeff. Thompson, assembled about Fredericktown,
Mo., and Major Schofield hastily put upon the cars a battery of
artillery, and joined the forces opposed to Thompson. He organ-
ized his command after reaching its destination, and with raw
recruits, untrained horses, and untried material of war, fought the
battle of Fredericktown, on October 21, in which Thompson's
forces were routed. He was made a brigadier-general of volun-
teers on November 21, 1861 ; and by the Governor of Missouri,
was appointed brigadier-general of Missouri militia of same date ;
and under these commissions organized and commanded the mili-
tia of Missouri from November 27, 1861, and the District of St.
Louis, Mo., from February 15, 1862, to September 26, 1862.
While on this duty he was detailed, as a member of the Army and
Navy Board, to examine the condition and fitness of the Missis-
sippi gun and mortar-boat flotilla, on December 9-31, 1861. He
also commanded the District of Missouri from June 5 to September
583
534
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
26, 1802. In September, 1862, General Schoficld organi/ed the
Army of the Frontier in Southwestern .Missouri anil Northwestern
Arkansas, with whieh he drove the Confederates, under General
Himlman, out of Southwest Missouri and south of the Arkansas
River. The Army of the Frontier having been broken up, to fur-
nish reinforcementl to the Army under General ( Irani in front of
VickslMirg, General Scholield was, at his own request, relieved
from duty in Missouri on April 2O, 1863, and ordered to report to
General Thomas's old division, the Third, of the Fourteenth Army
Corps; General G. II. Thomas being the corps eommauder. On
-May 12, 1863, President I.inc-oln ap|x>inted Cieneral Scholield a
major-general of volunteers, with rank from November 29, 1862,
assigned him to eommand of the Department of the Missouri.
This eommand he held until January 31, 1864, during which time
he operated with success in Arkansas as far south as Little Rock,
and cleared the State of Missouri of armed bands of partisans and
guerillas. From January 31, 1864, to January 29, iS<>5, C.eneral
the Department and Army of the Ohio — •
forming the left wing of General \V. T. Sherman's Army — and
opposing C.eneral Joseph ]•",. Johnston. During the long and bril-
liant :hat followed, terminating in the capture of At-
lanta, C.eneral Schofield was a trusted adviser of General \V. T.
•nan, and possessed his utmost confidence. He participated
with his command, and was personally conspicuous, in all the
operations, movements and battles of the Atlanta campaign, in-
cluding the demonstrations on lin/xard's Roost, May S-io ; Battle
of Kesaca, May 14-15; liattleof Dallas, May 25-28 ; movement
nst Lost Mountain, with numerous severe engagements, May
2^ to June is ; action at Kulp's farm, June 22 ; battle of Kenesaw
Mountain, June 27 to July 2 ; passage of the Chattahoochie River,
Jnb E :is and battles in front of Atlanta, July 19-22 : and
of Atlanta. July 22 to September 2, 1864. When General
Sherman started on his march to the sea, he left General Schofield
ncrai Thomas "take care of Hood," and in October,
he reported with his eommand, the Twenty-third Corps, to
General 'Thomas at Nashville, and immediately thereafter joined
the Fourth Corps and some cavalry at 1'nlaski,' and assumed com-
mand of all troops there in the field. About November 13, Hood
crossed the 'Tennessee River with his army, and advanced toward
Nashville, and ( leneral Schofield, with a' greatly inferior force,
retarded his advanceby skillful maneuvering and constant fighting,
including the affairs at Columbia, November 24-29, Spring Hill,
niber 29, and the battle of Franklin, on November 30, whicli
resulted in the repulse of Hood with a loss of 1,750 killed, 3,800
wounded, and about 700 prisoners; while General Schofield's en-
tire loss was 2,300 men. On December 15-16, General Scholield
commanded his corps in the Battle of Nashville, and in the subse-
quent pursuit of the shattered Confederate Army, under General
Hood, which lasted until January 14, 1865. At his own sugges-
tion, believing the war at the West virtually ended with the destruc-
tion of Hood's army, and that all that remained to be done to crush
the Rebellion was to destroy Lee's army also, his corps was trans-
ferred to the Atlantic sea-board. The Twenty-third Army Corps,
increased from 2,500 men in February, 1864, to 17,000 men in Jan-
ary, 1865, notwithstanding all the casualties of service in the in-
terim, was embarked on transports at Clinton, Tenn., on January
25, 1865, and in the almost incredibly short space of eleven days
was in Washington, D. C., having traversed a distance of about
thirteen hundred miles. From Washington, D. C., the corps was
sent to the Neuse and Cape Fear rivers in North Carolina and
General Schofield assumed command of the Department of North
Carolina ; the designation of the Army of the Ohio being retained
for the troops in the field, which consisted of the Twenty-third
Corps under Major-General J. D. Cox, the Tenth Corps under
Major-General Alfred H. Terry, and a small body of cavalry
Operations were at once begun, resulting in the capture of Fort
Anderson, February 19, and Wilmington, February 22 ; the battle
of Kingston, March 8-10 ; and march to Goldsborough N C
where he united with General Sherman, March 22. He was pres-
ent with General Sherman in his second interview with the Con-
federate leader, General Joseph K. Johnston, when he surrendered
at Durham Station, N. C., on April 26, 1865; and was intrusted
cntton of the military convention of capitulation He
then commanded the Department of North Carolina until Tune 21
1865. when he undertook a delicate and secret mission to France'
which terminated in the peaceful evacuation of Mexico by the
French. Returning, in July, tS66, General Schofield was sent on
August lo. 1866, to Richmond, Va., to command the Department
the Potomac, where he remained until June I, 1868 when he
was called lo \\.ishington and appointed Secretary of War in Mr
Johnson s Cabinet. This important office he held until March 14'
made a brigadier-general, U. S. Army, early in
65, for his services in the battles of Franklin, with rank from the
date of that battle. November 30. 1864; and was brevet ted major-
general U. S. Army on March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious
services in the same battle. When General Grant became presi-
deni, thus promoting Lieutenant-General Sherman and Major-
General Sheridan, Brigadier-Genera] Schofield was appointed inajor-
ial U. S. Army, with rank from March 4, 1869, and was
assigned to the command of the Department of the Missouri. This
he retained until May 3, 1870, when he became commander of the
Military Division of the Pacific, with headquarters at San Francisco,
which he held until July, 1876. While on duty there he was sent
on a special mission to the Hawaiian Islands, which occupied him
from December 30, 1872, to April, 1873. In 1876, the Govern-
ment instituted a radical change in the administration of affairs at
the Military Academy at West Point. Theretofore it had been gov-
erned much like any other military post, the superintendent of the
Military Academy exercising also the functions of post commander.
In that year, however, the Military Academy was erected into a
department called the Department of West Point, and Major-Gen-
eral Scholield was appointed superintendent of the Military Aca-
demy and Commander of the Department of West Point. This
position he held from March 2, 1877, until January 21, 1881. It
was while on this duty that General Schofield was detailed as presi-
dent of a Board of Officers, consisting of himself, Brigadier-Gen-
eral A. H. Terry, and Brevet Major-General George W. Getty,
colonel 3d U. S. Artillery, to examine into the merits of the famous
Fitz-John Porter case. The proceedings lasted nearly a year, the
sessions of the Board being held part of the time at West Point and
part of the time at Fort Columbus, Governor's Island. New York-
Harbor. The deliberations of the Board ended in a complete vin-
dication of General Porter, the report of the Board closing as fol-
lows : " We believe that not one among all the gallant
soldiers on that bloody field was less deserving of such condemna-
tion than he." * * On January 21, 1881, Major-General Scho-
lield was relieved from duty at West Point and ordered to command
the Military Division of the Gulf, where he served until that Divi-
sion was discontinued on May 9, iSSl, when he spent about a year
in travel in Europe. On his returning he was placed in command
of the Military Division of the Pacific, which he commanded from
October 15, 1882, until November I, 1883, when he succeeded
I.icutenant-Genend Sheridan in the command of the Military Divi-
sion of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chicago. In 1857,
General (then Lieutenant) Schofield married Miss Bartlett, the
daughter of Professor W. H. C. Bartlett, professor of Natural and
Experimental Philosophy at the Military Academy at West Point,
and one of the early graduates of that institution.
STATE MILITIA.
ILLINOIS STATE GUARD. — After the close of the
Civil War, a spirit of apathy pervaded military matters
in Chicago and throughout the State. The State had
no adequate militia system, and the Legislature did not
pass the law creating such system until 1876. A few
independent militia organizations, however, were kept
up in this city, which, in 1874, had dwindled down to
the Clan-na-Gael and Emmet Guards, the Mulligan and
Ellsworth Zouaves, and the Alpine Hunters, an Italian
company.
FIRST REGIMENT, I. S. G.— In August, 1874, a regi-
mental organization was first successfully thought of,
Charles S. Diehl, now lieutenant-colonel in the staff of
the First Brigade, being its prime suggester and promo-
ter. The first meeting was held on August 28, 1874,
at the Grand Pacific Hotel, when the following names
were placed upon the list of charter members:
Charles S. Diehl, Louis F. Wade, Charles N. Bishop, Edward
R. Chumasero, Walter D. Gregory, W. E. Davis, J. C. King N
B. Drant, W. H. Leavitt, Elliot Durand, J. A. Peppard John F
Brine, R. W. Rathburn, Jr., W. H. Love, Graeme Stewart, E.'
M. Hough, W. S. Carpenter, Charles W. Parker, F. E. Fenderson
W. J. Hamilton, W. F. Mills, S. C. Anderson, E. W. Westfall
C. C. Starkweather, F. H. Starkweather, F. A. Bishop C Mead
A. F. Chatterson, S. Brown, Jr., G. W. Hough, C. W. Rand J.
G. Goodrich, E. Archibald, Arthur J. Howe, Henry S. Bowler G
H. \\orthington, C. M. Bickford, F. B. Reed, F. Morrill H S
Dean, C. W. Butler, W. G. Sherer, H. P. Mitchell, G. P. Bar-
talott, J. B. Thompson, W. W. Bishop, Grange Farwell II D
Gilbert, David J. Kennedy, C. A. Brainerd, Edward S. Magill
and A. C. Hutchinson.
At the next meeting, held on September 8, one hun-
dred and fifty men were enrolled, and were divided into
MILITARY HISTORY.
585
companies " A," " B " and " C." Within three months
six full companies had been formed, and a permanent
organization was effected by the election of Frank T.
Sherman (who had been a brigadier-general in the vol-
unteer army) as major. The officers of the three origi-
nal companies were as follows :
Co. " A " — Graeme Stewart, captain ; Julius T. Goodrich, first
lieutenant ; Charles S. Diehl, second lieutenant.
Co. "B" — Edward B. Knox, captain; W. W. Bishop, first
lieutenant ; Arthur T. Howe, second lieutenant.
Co. "C" — Mason I>. Carpenter, captain; J. C. Fisher, first
lieutenant ; L. C. Brown, second lieutenant.
The upper halls of Nos. 77-79 State Street were
engaged as armory and drill-rooms.
There was no law on the statute-books of Illinois
authorizing the enrollment of militia, beyond a clause in
the Constitution permitting the organization of a State
military force. Application was made, however, to the
State Adjutant -General for guns to equip the command,
when it was ascertained that there were no military
stores, equipments, or arms available. The governor
dispatched Adjutant-General E. L. Higgins to make a
personal inspection of the battalion ; a committee of the
Citizens' Association, composed of General A. L. Chet-
lain, Walter Kimball, C. B. Nelson, General Alexander
C. McClurg and R. P. Derrickson, was also present
by request. The adjutant-gene"al found six companies,
aggregating three hundred men, in civilian dress, on
the floor of the armory, and promised to procure from
the Federal Government, if possible, a supply of Spring-
field breech-loading rifles. This he succeeded in accom-
plishing under the provisions of an old law, which
enacted that each State should receive a certain quota
of arms each year, and the regiment shortly afterward
received three hundred stand of arms.
The regiment, which had adopted the name of First
Regiment, Illinois State Guard, appealed to the com-
munity for money with which to procure uniforms, the
fund to be expended by a committee named by the
Citizens' Association. Nearly $17,000 was subscribed,
$5,000 being contributed by members of the regiment,
which the Citizens'. Association placed in the hands of
General McClurg, on his consenting to take command
of the regiment. A gray dress uniform was purchased,
very similar to that worn by the New York 7th Regi-
ment, and also a service-dress, consisting of gray trous-
ers, blue blouse, and gray forage-cap, for working drill.
Early in December, 1874, the regiment moved into
a new armory at Nos. 112-16 Lake Street. About this
time, also, two new companies (Ellsworth Zouaves)
" G " and " H " being added, entitling the regiment to
a colonel, General A. C. McClurg was elected to that
position ; Gurdon S. Hubbard, Jr., becoming lieutenant-
colonel (in place of Lieutenant-Colonel Sherman, re-
signed) and Edward B. Knox major.
In March, 1875, the regiment was called to arms
for the first time, through fears of an attack by the
Socialists upon the office of the Chicago Relief and Aid
Society. It services, however, were not brought into
requisition, and it was under arms only two nights.
On May 14, 1875, tne regiment made its first appear-
ance upon the streets of Chicago, four hundred strong,
the occasion being a re-union of the veteran soldiers of
the War, and was presented with a stand of colors by
the ladies of the city, the late General J. D. Webster
delivering the presentation speech.
In January, 1876, Colonel McClurg resigning on
account of personal business, George R. Davis was
elected to the colonelcy. During its existence it had
the following field officers:
Colonels — Alexander C. McClurg, George R. Davis.
Lieutenant-Colonels — Frank T. Sherman, Gurdon S. Hub-
bard, Jr.. Samuel B. Sherer.
Majors — Frank T. Sherman, Gurdon S. Hubbard, Jr., Samuel
B. Sherer, Edward B. Knox.
Shortly after the passage of the Illinois National
Guard Act this regiment disbanded.
SECOND REGIMENT, I. S. G. — Early in 1875, tne mi''-
tary enthusiasm created by the successful organization
of the First Regiment led to the getting up of a Second
Regiment the following Irish companies forming the
nucleus: Irish Rifles, Mulligan Zouaves, Montgomery
Guards, Clan-na-Gael Guards, and the Irish Legion.
A battalion of six companies was organized, and James
Quirk, who had served during the War as lieutenant-
colonel of the 23d Illinois Infantry, was elected major.
The company officers were as follows:
Co. "A" — E. J. Cuniffe, captain; J. Heaney, first lientenant;
D. Toley, second lieutenant.
Co. "B" — J. J. Higgins, captain; P. J. O'Connor, first lieu-
tenant.
Co. "C" — John Murphy, captain; Thomas Meaner, first lieu-
tenant; John McCaffery, second lieutenant.
Co. "I)" — Joseph A. Eagle, captain; William Marsh, first
lieutenant; William Whalen, second lientenant.
Co. " E" — Daniel Quirk, captain; John Lanigan, first lieuten-
ant; J. E. Bourke, second lieutenant.
Co. "F" — D. Ryan, captain.
Considerable difficulty was experienced in obtaining
from the State an allotment of arms; but after much de-
lay they were finally procured. The greatest embar-
rassment arose, however, when the question of providing
the command with uniforms and equipments had to be
met, and only for the public-spirited action of several
gentlemen who had been largely accessory to its organ-
ization, it is doubtful whether the regiment could have
been held together for any considerable period. Wil-
liam J. Onahan assumed personal responsibility for the
payment of the debt incurred for uniforms and equip-
ments, aggregating some $15,000, besides the rent of
the large building leased as an Armory, on West Jack-
son Street, known as the Market Building.
In consequence largely of the embarrassments arising
from this heavy debt, and the apathy and lack of support
manifested by citizens generally, the progress of the
regiment for several years was rendered difficult. At
the outset, however, considerable enthusiasm was mani-
fested; and on the occasion of the formal opening of
the Second Regiment Armory, many leading citizens
took part in the exercises. An introductory address by
Mr. Onahan was followed by speeches from General John
A. Logan, Hon. Thomas Hoyne, Colonel A. C. McClurg
and Rev. Dr. Butler, chaplain of the 23d Illinois Infan-
try during the War. A notable feature of the occasion
was the reading of a poem, written for the dedication
by John Boyle O'Reilly.
The management of the non-military affairs of the reg-
iment was now vested in a board of civil administration,
consisting of twenty-one citizens, and of which William
J. Onahan was made president and treasurer. Early in
1878, and about the time of the consolidation with the
Sixth Battalion, Mr. Onahan, then regimental quarter-
master, resigned. On the occasion of his retirement, a
general order from Governor Cullom,as commander-in-
chief of the Illinois National Guard, highly compli-
mentary of Mr. Onahan 's services as a civilian and offi-
cer, was read at the head of the regiment.
About the time the Illinois National Guard Act of
1876 took effect, the regiment had been increased to
eight companies, and a re-organization of the field and
staff officers was effected as follows:
5 86
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Lieutenant-Colonel, lames Ouirk; Major, John Murphy; Ail-
jutant, lolui I.anigan; Quartermaster, William J. Onahan; Chap-
lain, Rev. Thomas !•'. < 'ashman; Surgeon, \V. 1'. Dunne, M.D.;
ant-major, Henry K. Donovan.
II.I.INOIS NATIONAL GUARD. — In the winter of
1876, the State Legislature adopted a code providing
for the enrollment and arming of militia, and for an
annual appropriation of i-!75,ooo for the rental of armo-
ries and the expenses of annual encampments.
This military code, which went into effect on July i,
1X76, fixed the term of service at five years, and com-
pelled members to take the oath of allegiance. By
general orders issued the same month, Major-General
A. C. Ducat was named commander-in-
chief of the Illinois National Guard, as the
new organization was styled. The com-
panies which had, from time to time, been
organized throughout the State were con-
solidated into seventeen regiments and
battalions of infantry and four batteries of
artillery, grouped into three brigades, un-
der command of Brigadier-Generals Jo-
seph T. Torrence, Jasper N. Reece and ('.
\V. 1'avcy, with headquarters at Chicago,
Springfield and Mount Vernon, respect-
ively.
The division organization was abol-
ished in 1X78, by the Legislature, and the
numberof troops re-enrolled was restricted
to five thousand men. Under an order of
Governor Culloin, commander- in - chief,
the Third Brigade was abolished in 1880,
and the State forces were consolidated
into eight regiments of Infantry, one regi-
ment of cavalry, and three batteries of ar-
tillery, forming two brigades. In 1885,
one of the batteries of artillery was dis-
banded.
By enactment of the Legislature of
1884-85, the number of troops was re-
duced to four thousand men, and an ap-
propriation of $80,000 in addition to the
regular annual appropriation of $70,000,
was voted to uniform the troops and pro-
vide fora permanent camp-ground and rifle
ranges. The uniforms issued in conse-
quence of this action are similar to the fatigue uniforms
worn in the regular army.
FIRST BRIGADE, ILLINOIS NATIONAL GUARD.— As
now organized this brigade is officered as follows:
Brigadier-General, Charles Fitz Simons commanding; ist In-
fantry, Colonel Kdward D. Knox; 2d Infantry, Colonel Harris
A. Wheeler; 3d Infantry, Colonel C. M. Brazee; 4th Infantry,
Colonel l-'red Hennoit; First Cavalry, Lieutenant-Colonel William
V. Jacobs; Battery " D," Major Edgar P. Tobey.
FIRST REGIMENT, I. N. G.— This regiment was in
progress of organization, but had enlisted only one hun-
dred and twenty men, at the time of the breaking out of
the labor riots of 1877. When, however, a call for
troops was made, over six hundred men responded, and,
with scarcely an exception, every active member of the
old organization enlisted, and bore arms during the
troubles. Colonel McClurg was in Europe at the time,
and the command devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel
Samuel . Sherer. The regiment was stationed on
Twelfth Street and in the lumber district. Several of
the companies were stoned by the rioters and three men
were badly hurt by the flying missiles, but the troops
behaved with coolness and good sense, and not a shot
was returned. After its duty here, the regiment was
ordered to Braid wood, Will Co., 111., for two days' ser-
vice, thus making its entire time under arms about two
weeks. Immediately after, and as a salutary result of
the riots, Cos. " H," " I " and " K " were recruited, thus
making full ten companies. Colonel McClurg retained
the colonelcy until in December, 1877, when he resigned.
A degree of more than usual prosperity seems to
have followed this regiment since its organization in
1877. Most of its officers and men are young in years,
but are enthusiastic, under strict discipline, and well
drilled; make a creditable display in peace, and, under
the lead and control of the regiment's veteran leaders,
would make a good showing in a time of difficulty and
danger. The present armory of this regiment is at Nos.
FIRST REGIMENT ARMORY.
22-26 Jackson Street, in a building especially erected
for its uses by the Union Mutual Life Insurance Com-
pany of Maine, and occupied under a ten-year lease.
Although Cos. " H " and " K " have been disbanded, the
regiment feels cramped for room, and is making vigor-
ous efforts to secure more commodious quarters.
Since its organization, in 1877, its field officers have
been as follows:
Colonels: Alexander C. McClurg, Edgar D. Swain, Charles
Fitz Simons, Edward 1>. Knox.
Lieutenant-Colonels: Edgar D. Swain, Edward 1!. Knox, f.
Henry Truman, Charles S. Diehl, Henry S. Bowler Frank B
Davis.
Majors: Edward B. Knox, Edgar D. Swain, J. Henry Tru-
man, John 1). liangs, Charles S. Diehl, Henry S. Bowler, William
L. Lindsey, Shea Smith.
The present field and staff-officers are —
Colonel, Edward B. Knox: Lieutenant-Colonel, Frank B
Davis; Major, (vacant); Surgeons, Charles Adams and Frank II
-"' Newman; Chaplain, Rev. II. W. Thomas; Adjutant, Shea Smith;
Inspector of Rifle Practice, H. T. Lock-wood; (Quartermaster, A L
Bell.
SIIKA SMITH, senior partner of the well-known blank-book
and printing firm of Shea Smith & Co., was born at Sandusky,
Ohio, on July 26, 1850. His family removed to Canada when he
was quite young, and resided there until 1863, when they came to
I iii« ago. Mr. Smith attended the common schools during his boy-
MILITARY HISTORY.
587
hood, but early in life he began an apprenticeship to the printing
business, in which he continued as a journeyman until 1871, when
the firm of Shea Smith iV Co. was formed. This concern, which
was founded at an opportune time, has kept pace with the growth
and progress of Chicago, and now ranks as one of the leading
blank-book and printing establishments in the city. Mr. Smith has
always taken a lively interest in military affairs in Chicago, and in
point of service he is one of the oldest members of the First Regi-
ment. He entered the regiment as a private in Co. "F,"in Sep-
tember, 1875, and, in January, 1876, he became a corporal, but left
the company the next year. He organized a company in 1877, that
was to have been Co. " I," but on the disbanding of Co.
"E," his organization went into the service, taking the lat-
ter's letter in the regimental roster. During the riots of 1877,
he served as second lieutenant attached to Cos. "H" and
" B." He was commissioned second lieutenant of Co. "E"
on June 27, 1877, and first lieutenant on September 4. He
was promoted to the captaincy of the company on February
14, 1879, and while under his command Co. " E" won many
a laurel. Captain Smith is thoroughly grounded in discipline
and brought his company up to an enviable state of excel-
lence, his work in that company bringing him into such prom-
inence in the regiment that he was elected major on October
4, 1884. He resigned in June, 1885, but after a few months'
absence, on the invitation of Colonel Knox, he returned on
December 7, and became adjutant of the regiment, with the
rank of captain. He was married, on September 17, 1874,
t<> Miss Eunice M. Clark, daughter of Jonathan Clark, a well-
known and old resident of Chicago. Mr. and Mrs Smith
have two children, — Arthur Clark and Eunice Gwendolen.
CAPTAIN AKTIUK H. SCHAKFI', although a recent ac-
quisition to the militia of Chicago, has had long experience in
military matters. He was born at Newark, N. J., on October
22, 1859, and resided there until eight years of age. His
family then removed to Baltimore, where they remained three
years, thence returning to Newark. lie was educated in the
private schools of those cities, and for a time attended a select
school at Norwalk, Conn., with the intention of entering \Vest
Point, but his designs in that direction were frustrated by the
removal of himself and family to this city. His identifica-
tion with the militia dates from 1876, when he entered the
ranks of Co. "C," 1st Infantry, N.S.G., of New Jersey. He
was promoted to color-sergeant of the regiment anil afterward
elected second lieutenant of Co. " B," of the same regiment.
During the labor riots of 1877, he served on the staff of Ma-
jor-General Sewell, at 1'hillipsburg, N. J. On December
3, 1883, he joined Co. " B," of the First Regiment of this
city, as a private, but his commanding appearance and gen-
ial manners soon won the favorand good-will of the regi
ment, and he was rapidly promoted. On April 14, 1884, he
was made corporal ; in the following month he was appointed
color-sergeant; and, on 'November 20, 1884, was elected first
lieutenant. He was elected captain of Co. " B " on Novem-
ber 21, 1885, which position he now holds. Captain Scharff
is undoubtedly the tallest man in the Illinois National Guards,
standing six feet, four and one-half inches in height. He is as
" straight as an arrow," of splendid proportion, and in every way
the beau-ideal of a soldier. With officers and men he is a favorite,
and it is only a question of time when he will be elevated to a still
higher position in military office. He is a member of Commercial
Council of the National Union.
GORDON H. QUINN, general western agent of the Detroit Steel
and Spring Works, is one of the veteran members of the First Reg-
iment of this city, and is at present captain of Co. " D." Captain
Quinn was born at I'rescott, Canada, on March 6, 1850, and was
brought up in the Dominion until eighteen years of age. His edu-
cation was obtained in the schools of Canada, and on coming to
Chicago in 1868, he entered into the dry goods business with J. 1!.
Shay, as clerk. He was engaged there until January I, 1872, when
he took a position with the Pullman Palace Car Company, as
bookkeeper in the storekeeper's office. Mr. Quinn remained in that
position for about a year, and was then made secretary to the sec-
ond vice-president of the company, which situation he held for ten
consecutive years. On August I, 1883, he was tendered the posi-
tion of general western agent of the Detroit Steel and Spring
Works, which he accepted. This corporation is one of the largest
of its kind in the West, and it has an able and worthy representa-
tive in the person of Mr. Quinn. The military career of this gen-
tleman dates back to November 10, 1874, when he became a private
in Co. " C," of the First Regiment. He was promoted to corporal
on March 13, 1875, and was made sergeant four months later.
When his company attended the prize-drill competition at St. Louis
in 1878, he was acting sergeant and chief of platoon, and had the
pleasure of seeing his company carry off the first prize. He was
elected and commissioned second lieutenant on October 17, 1878,
and made first lieutenant on July 10, of the following year. He
held that office until October, 1878, when he tendered his resigna-
tion. The regiment could illy afford the loss of such an efficient
and hard-working officer as Lieutenant Quinn, and his resignation
was not accepted, but he was promoted to acting adjutant of the
regiment. He tilled that position until February 6, 1880, when his
resignation was finally accepted. One week later, he was chosen
first lieutenant of Co. " E," and on July 16, he was elected captain
of Co. " K," and served as such until July 16, 1884. In June, he
resigned his command and withdrew from the regiment, but when,
on March 24, 1885, he was elected to the command of Co. " D," he
returned to the service, and has since been actively identified with
the regiment. Captain Quinn has been one of the most faithful,
hard-working officers in the city, and has taken great pride in pro-
moting the interests and working for the success of every company
with which he has been identified. He was married on April 26,
1883, to Miss Jennie W. Harris, of Chicago.
SECOND REGIMENT, I.N.G. — This regiment came
over in almost its entirety (eight companies) from the
State Guard. The steadiness and faithful services of
the Second Regiment during the riots of 1877, were
the theme of general comment at the time. The men
were on duty nine days and nights, camped most of the
time in the open street (Halsted-street viaduct) or in
the railway depot. It was thought that the services of
the regiment in this crisis would be remembered by the
wealthy citizens and business men of Chicago, so that
the incubus of the regimental debt would no longer re-
main as a burden. But the responses to appeals for
subscriptions were far from being general.
Under the command of Colonel James Quirk, the
Second Regiment attained a high degree of efficiency
in drill and discipline. Its appearance on every public
occasion was invariably creditable, but as the rank and
file was drawn chiefly from young men employed in
shops and factories, who had no bank account to draw
on, it was difficult to keep up the life and spirits of the
5 88
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
organization. To maintain a position in the volunteer
military organization. costs money, and the men of the
Second" could :!ly stand the drafts on both time and
pocket. In consequence of this, and other causes not
necessary to detail, the membership fell away, so that
the command was greatly reduced, and, finally, the regi-
ment was consolidated with the Sixth Battalion, consist-
ing of four companies, which had been raised on the
South Side immediately after the riots of 1877, and
placed under the command of Major Powell, but which
at the time of the consolidation was commanded by
Major \V. H. Thompson. The roster of the old Sec-
ond Regiment, at this period, was
lames Quirk, colonel; 1'. 1. Hennessy, lieutenant-colonel;
John !•'.. Doyle, major; John McKeough, adjutant; William Mar-
tin. .M.D., surgeon ; Thomas 11. Keefe, quartermaster; Rev.
Thomas F. Cashman, chaplain.
There was a long struggle to secure the colonelcy of
the re-organized regiment. The officers of the old
nid Regiment were anxious to place their commander
at its head, while those who had belonged to the Sixth
Battalion were equally zealous in the advocacy of theirs.
After a spirited contest, Major Thompson was elected
by a majority of one vote. On account of the excited
and bitter feeling engendered by this election there was
but little congeniality in the command, and, by the fall
of 1883, the Irish companies had dropped out, leaving
the old Sixth Battalion and a portion of the enlistments
made subsequent to the consolidation.
In 1884, Colonel Thompson resigned, and on July
n, 1884, Harris A. Wheeler, who had had a colonelcy
on the Governor's staff since July i, 1881, was commis-
sioned as colonel. Since Colonel Wheeler has been in
command, the Second has made wonderful and com-
mendable progress. Quite recently the regiment has
been made more compact by disbanding the South Chi-
cago and Pullman companies, and now consists of seven
companies, which have been re-lettered " A " to " G,"
inclusive.
The exigent demand of this " crack corps " is
a new armory. Its first quarters after the riots of
1877 were in an abandoned church-building on Indiana
Avenue, near Thirty-fifth Street, and, since 1878, have
been in rough barracks, Nos. 179-181 Randolph Street,
which it will, without doubt, soon abandon for a more
suitable home.
The present field and staff officers of the Second
Regiment are as follows:
Colonel, Harris A. Wheeler ; Lieutenant-Colonel, Warren G.
Purdy; Majors, George M. Moulton and Edward A. Blodgett ;
Surgeon, James F. Todd, M.D. ; Chaplain, Rt. Rev. Charles K.
Cheney; Adjutant, Samuel M. Henderson; Quartermaster, James
Hitchcock.
It may be here stated, as a remarkable and note-
worthy fact, that all of the Second's field and staff are
connected with the Masonic fraternity. Colonel Wheeler
is eminent commander of Apollo Commandery, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Purdy is past commander of Montjoie
Commandery, Major Moulton is past commander of St.
Bernard Commandery, Adjutant Henderson is recorder
of Apollo Commandery and Quartermaster Hitchcock
has served Apollo Commandery in the same capacity
for the past six years.
KnwAitn AUGUSTUS BLODGETT, major of the Second Regi-
ment, I.N.i;., was born in Dtil'agc County, 111., on September i,
1838. His education, in addition to that of the common schools,
was obtained at Wheaton College. Upon the breaking out of the
War, he entered the service as quartermaster-sergeant of the 37th
* The Irish companies now constitute the independent organizations styled
the Hibernian Rifles, a regiment of ei«ht companies, and the Clan-na-(";-icI
Guards. I he only other indepeml. m . ompany in the city is the Chicago
Illinois Volunteers on August I, 1861. He continued in the service
in thai i-.tpacity, doinn faithful work until after the battle of Tea
Ridyr, and was tlnn. on August 14, lS62, commissioned first lieu-
tenant and adjutant, and transferred to the 74th Illinois Volunteer
Infantry, [n the following September, he was transferred to the
<)6th Illinois Kc'gimcnt, with which he remained until the close of
the War. He was engaged in all the battles of the Army of the
Cumberland. At the battle of Lookout Mountain he did brave and
efficient work, and received special mention in the report of the
brigade commander. He was mustered out on June 10, 1865, and
was romim-Moiii'd, during that month, a brevet captain " for faith-
ful and meritorious services." Upon the close of the War he located
in Johnson County, Mo., where he became engaged in the agricul-
tural implement bii-iiu -ss and also in the drug trade. I le continued
his residence there until 1875, when he removed to Chicago, and
went into the employ of the West Division Railway Company. He
became the purchasing agent of that corporation, and has retained
the position up to the present time. In September, 1885, he be-
came identified with militia matters in this city, and was elected
major of the Second Regiment. Mr. Blodgett is personally a genial,
whole-souled gentleman, popular with his comrades and acquaint-
ances, and has taken a hearty interest in the welfare of his regiment.
He is a demitted member of Warrensburg Lodge, No. 135, A.F. &
A.M., of Missouri ; is a member of Washington Chapter, No. 43,
R.A.M., of this city, and was king during 1885. He belongs to
Chicago Commandery, No. 19, K. '!',.; is past post commander of
Geo. II. Thomas Post, No. 5, G. A. R., and a member of the
Loyal Legion of Illinois. He was married, on July 20, 1865, to
Miss |nlia 10. Wygant, of Chicago. They have four daughters, —
Avis, Caroline, Mary and Amy.
FIRST CAVALRY, I. N. G. — During the riots of 1877,
Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel B. Sherer, of the First Reg-
iment, who was also at the head of the cavalry arm of
the State Militia, hastily called together a number of old
cavalrymen, and placed them on duty under the com-
mand of Colonel Montgomerie T. Agramonte, an ex-
officer of the French army, and the late Lieutenant-
Colonel Dominick Welter. Their services during these
local troubles were invaluable. Quite promptly after
the riots, four companies were organized. Colonel
Agramonte accepted a subordinate rank, and subse-
quently removed to Salt Lake City, and Dominick Wel-
ter was elected major. A fifth company was added in
1879, and Major Welter became lieutenant-colonel.
Colonel Welter died in 1885, and Captain William V.
Jacobs was elected to succeed him.
An armory was fitted up in the building known as
Reed's Temple of Music, at the corner of Van Buren
Street and Third Avenue. In 1882, through the efforts
of Colonel Welter, Captains Jacobs and Maxwell and
other officers of the regiment, were granted the privilege
of erecting an armory on the Lake Front, near Madison
Street. This building cost $40,000, of which $35,000 is
in the shape of six per cent, bonds, which were sold to
citizens. In it is a drill-room 125x150 feet.
In uniforms (service) and arms the regiment is well
supplied, but it is deficient as to horses, horse-equip-
ments, and dress uniforms. A promise has been made,
however, that if the command will provide the horses
(no small undertaking) the State will promptly supply the
equipments. Great care is taken in enlistments, every
recruit being compelled to pass as rigid a physical ex-
amination as if he were joining the regular army.
The present field and staff-officers of the First Cav-
alry are as follows:
Lieutenant-Colonel, William V. Jacobs; Major, Henry B.
Maxwell; Assistant Surgeon, Arthur P>" Hosmer, M.I).; Chaplain,
Rev. \V. II. Vibbert; Adjutant, C. P. Wickersham; Inspector of
Rifle Practice, B. F. Nourse; Quartermaster, Charles S. Cleaver;
Commissary, George O. Clinton.
WILLIAM V. JACOBS is the son of Thomas B. and Mary (Elliott)
Jacobs, and was born at West Chester, Chester Co., Penn., on June
'9> r&53- His father's ancestors were English Quakers, and one
of them, Samuel Jacobs, came to Pennsylvania, with John Penn,
who preceded his brother William to that colony. His grandfather,
Samuel Jacobs, was a large owner of iron works in Lancaster
County, Penn., which he operated, and which subsequently came
MILITARY HISTORY.
589
into the posession of his son, Thomas B. Jacobs, the father of
William V., and furnished him with a comfortable fortune and an
ample income during his life. His mother, Mary Kiliott, was the
daughter of Commodore Jesse Duncan Elliott, of the United States
Navy. His father, also Jesse Duncan Elliott, the great grand-
father of William, was quartermaster-genera! of the Army, under
Washington, at Valley Forge, and was killed by the Indians. When
sixteen years old, William V. was attending school at the West Ches-
ter Military Academy, with a view to entering the U. S. Navy, but
the death of the principal broke up the school, and at the age of
eighteen he became teller in the bank of Kirk, MacVeagh & Co. at
West Chester. lion. Wayne MacVeagh of that firm afterward
became attorney-general under President Garlic-Id. After about
three and one-half years, the bank was changed to the State Hank
of Brandywine, and changed hands somewhat, so that Mr. Jacobs
closed his connection with it and came to Chicago on Apr.il 5, 1873.
Here he at once obtained a position as clearing-house clerk in the
bank of Lunt, Preston & Kean, remaining with them only until the
following August. He then became secretary of the Cornell Watch
Company, at Grand Crossing, until August 13, 1876, when the fac-
tory was sold and removed to California. He then went into the
mortgage loan business, and has since handled large sums of money
for eastern and home capitalists. He represents the Provident Life
and Trust Company, of Philadelphia, Penn., in its Chicago loans.
He was also agent for a couple of years of the Penn Mutual Life
Insurance Company of Philadelphia, Penn. lie is a member of
St. lames's Episcopal Church; was treasurer of the Union League
Clui), in 1884; belongs to the Washington Park Club and the Tol-
leston Shooting and Fishing Club. He is at present lieutenant-col-
onel and commands the First Regiment of Cavalry, I.N.G., and
has been connected with that military organization for seven years.
CHARLES I. WICKERSHAM, adjutant of the First Regiment of
Cavalry, I.X.G., was born, reared and educated at Pittsburgh, Penn.
When -but a young man, he entered the wholesale notion trade as a
buyer for a large Philadelphia house. Upon the breaking out of
the Civil War, he was tendered a commission as major of a West
Virginia Regiment, but he declined this, and enlisted as a private in
the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry, then commanded by Colonel D.
McM. Gregg, afterward major-general of cavalry. In January,
1862, Mr. Wickersham was assigned to duty in the signal corps,
and on March I, following, he was made a captain, and, at his own
request, was relieved from duty with the signal corps, and joined
his regiment, taking command of Co. " K." He saw some hard
fighting in the battles of Fair Oaks and the " seven days " engage-
ment, his command forming a part of the rear guard of the Army
of the Potomac on its march to the peninsula. His command
joined General Pope in time to participate in three heavy engage-
ments, the last of which was at Chantilly, \V. Va. Then the 8th
Pennsylvania formed a part of the advance guard of the Army of
the Potomac on its march and battles through Maryland — at South
Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg. In May, 1862, Captain
Wickersham participated in the desperate engagement at Chancel-
lorsville. His cavalry regiment and the 6th New York Cavalry,
both being in the advance, successfully received the attack of the
enemy, while the Federal forces came up and formed for their de-
fense. On the following day, when Stonewall Jackson's corps
turned the right flank of the Federal Army, driving in the Eleventh
Corps, the regiment was ordered to make a charge, Captain Wick-
ersham being in command of the second battalion. The orders
were promptly obeyed, and that famous charge was spoken of by
Generals Pleasanton and Sickles as one of the most brilliant cav-
alry charges made in the War, and military historians give due and
just credit to Captain Wickersham for his bravery and loyalty in
leading his command to victory. He afterward fought in the bat-
tles of Gettysburg, Boonsboro', Hagerstown, Williamsport, and,
nearing Falling Waters, he was wounded quite seriously He was
in the engagement at Shepherdstown before giving up, and then
went to the hospital at Frederick City. On again reporting for
duty, he was assigned by General Stoneman, chief of cavalry, as
inspector-general of Cavalry Division, Department of Washington,
and remained on duty there until August, 1864, when he was ap-
pointed assistant adjutant-general by President Lincoln, and re-as-
signed to the post of inspector of cavalry, in which he served until
the following November. He was then ordered to Fairfax Court
House a^ adjutant-general and chief-of-staff of a command num-
bering over 6,000 men, composed of cavalry and artillery regi-
ments. In August, 1865, he was ordered to report for duty at
Wilmington, N. C., where he relieved General Ames in command
of the Southern District. He was mustered out and honorably dis-
charged in January, 1867, with the rank of major, having been
offered the command of a regiment of cavalry in the regular service.
Since the War, he has been identified with mining, steel manufac-
turing and railway enterprises, and is at present the Western repre-
sentative of the Dickson Locomotive Company and the Pennsylva-
nia Steel Company, being the purchasing agent for two railroads
operating in the Northwest. In military affairs, since the War, he
has always taken a lively interest, being at one time adjutant-gen-
eral of the 6th Pennsylvania Brigade P.N.G. He held the posi-
tion one year. In 1875, he was captain in the First Regiment at
Philadelphia, serving only a few months. During the riots of
1877, a regiment of ex-soldiers was formed in Philadelphia, anil of
this he was captain, doing service for about two" months. He
came to Chicago in 1881, but not until September, 1885, did he
become interested in the militia here, at which time he was ap-
pointed adjutant of the First Regiment, I.N.G. Major Wicker-
sham is one of the original members of the military order of the
Loyal Legion, being the twenty-first man enrolled in the member-
ship. This is indicative in itself of his standing as a soldier, and
no one is more enthusiastically interested in the operations of the
militia than he. Courteous, agreeable, of a dignified bearing, he
has hosts of warm friends all over the country by whom he is held
in the highest esteem.
BATTERY " D," I. N. G. — At the time of the riots of
1877, the city owned two four-pounders, and at the re-
quest of Mayor Heath, Edgar P. Tobey, who had been
senior second lieutenant of old Battery " A " during the
War, took command of them. As there were many
veteran artillerymen residing in the city, the guns were
soon manned. Though active use was, fortunately, not
needed, the artillery had a dismaying effect upon the
rioters, and thus subserved an excellent purpose. Sooji
after the riots, the Citizens' Association purchased four
twelve-pound Napoleons and one Galling gun, and the
taste of their former life at the front inspired the veter-
ans to enter upon quasi-military service, and one hun-
dred men were soon enlisted. The battery continued
as an independent organization and was known as
Tobey's Battery until the passage of the Illinois Na-
tional Guard Act, when it was mustered into State ser-
vice, and became Battery " D." In 1880, Battery "D"
armory was erected on the Lake Front, at the corner of
Monroe Street, mainly through Major Tobey's liberality
and unaided efforts. It is a commodious structure, and
has often been used for the benefit of the amusement-
loving public. There are now seventy men in the bat-
tery, and its armament consists of four twelve-pound
Napoleons, two six-pounders, and a Galling gun. It is
officered as follows:
Major, Edgar P. Tobey; First Lieutenant, F. S. Allen; Senior
Second Lieutenant, Stephen Athy; Junior Second Lieutenant, Alfred
Russell.
FRANK S. ALLEN, lieutenant of Battery " D," was born at
Providence, R. I., on April 4, 1836, and received his education in
the high school of that city. In October, 1856, he came to Chi-
cago, but afterward went to McHenry County, where he clerked in
a general store for two or three years. He then returned to Chi-
cago. In April, 1861, he enlisted in Co. "B" of Barker's Dra-
goons, a cavalry regiment, and after the three months' term of
service was completed, he resigned and enlisted in Battery "A" of
the Chicago Light Artillery. He served in that famous battery
for about two and a half years, and was then promoted to lieuten-
ant. He again resigned, and with Captain M. Pratt, organized a
company of colored light artillery, which was mustered into service as
Battery "D, "of the 2d United States Light Artillery At Vicksburg,
Lieutenant Allen was detached from regular service to act as pro-
vost-marshal of the city, and he continued in that and other capaci-
ties till after the War closed, being mustered out on December 28,
1865. He then returned to Chicago, and became interested in the
Chicago Scale Company, of which he has been treasurer ever since.
In 1877, Lieutenant Allen, in company with Major E. P. Tobey, or-
ganized what was known as the " Police Battery," which rendered
very effective service in quelling the railroad riots during the sum-
mer of that year. Upon the permanent organization of Battery
" D," the outgrowth of the Police Battery, he was elected first
lieutenant, and has held that office ever since, greatly to the satis-
faction of the members of the organization. Lieutenant Allen is a
member and past master of Ashlar Lodge, No. 308, A.F. & A.M.;
Lafayette Chapter, No. 2, R.A.M.; Apollo Commandery, No. I,
K.T.; and Oriental Consistory, S.P.R.S., 32°. He also belongs
to Medinah Temple, A. A. O.N. M.S.; the Veteran Club, Union
Veteran League, and U. S. Grant Post, No. 28, G.A.R,
59°
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC.
At the close of the War, upward of 1,500,000 sol-
diers resumed tin- vocations of peace. It was natural
that they who had fought together on so many fields
should desire to renew, in social life, the associations of
of war. This was Major Stephenson's primary object
in establishing the drain! Army of the Republic. Its
cardinal principles were — " Fraternity to our comrades;
Charity to our fellowmen; and Loyalty to our country."
Cicneral John A. Logan, in his National Encampment
address in 1871, thus expressed the objects and pur-
poses of the Grand Army:
" It was to keep constantly before the mind the cost of Liberty,
the price paid for the suppression of rebellion, and the preservation
of a free and independent government; to keep forever green the
hallowed memory of the heroic dead, who had fallen to save their
country from disunion and dishonor; and as far as possible to bring
comfort and relief to the bereaved families they left behind them."
Illinois enjoys the distinction of being the birth-
place of the Grand Army of the Republic. In Decem-
ber, 1865, Major G. V. Stephenson, of Springfield, handed
the manuscript of an address, asking for admission to a
secret society, to Dr. Allen, of the Surgeon-General's
staff, and to Dr. Hamilton, ex-surgeon of the i7th Illi-
nois Volunteers. The organization of the Grand Army
of the Republic had its inception in this. Lieutenant
John S. Plielps, of this city, quartermaster of the 32(1
Illinois Volunteers during the War, was requested by
Major Stephenson to frame a ritual for the new organi-
zation. With the assistance of the ritual of the Soldiers'
and Sailors' League, of St. Louis, Lieutenant Phelps
framed a ritual which is substantially that used by the
National organization to-day. Colonel J. R. Flood, of
the Veteran Reserve Corps, Lieutenant-Colonel Prince,
of the 7th Illinois Cavalry, Colonel John M. Snyder, of
Oglesby's staff, and the gentlemen already mentioned,
took the oath, but did not organize themselves into a Post.
The difficulty of setting out upon the actual work of or-
ganization, from the fact that the ritual was not printed,
disappeared when it was discovered that the editor, pro-
prietor and compositors of the Decatur Tribune were
ex-soldiers. Lieutenant Phelps was immediately dis-
patched to Decatur, and having administered the oath
to the entire staff and corps of compositors of the Tri-
bune, had four hundred copies of the ritual struck off.
On April 6, 1866, was established, at Decatur, the first
Post of the Grand Army of the Republic.
Lieutenant Phelps at once engaged actively in or-
ganization, establishing posts at Carlinville, Bunker Hill,
Hillsboro', Pana, Jerseyville, Carrollton, and Whitehall.
At the same time, Major Stephenson and Colonel Snyder
came to Chicago and organized Ransom and Sheridan
Posts, the charters of which were subsequently surren-
dered.
For years, the inadequacy of the quarters in the Ad-
jutant-General's Department at Springfield, in which the
flags, war relics and trophies of the Illinois regiments
were stored, had been matter of public comment. Touch-
ing this subject, at the Encampment of 1880, a resolution
was adopted providing for the appointment of a com-
mittee to present the matter properly to the Legislature.
The Commander appointed Comrades H. Hilliard, E. B.
Sherman and J. N. Reece, and their efforts resulted in
an appropriation of $10,000 for the erection of a Memo-
rial Hall, in which the flags, relics and trophies were de-
posited in 1883.
For some years the ex-soldiers and sailors were apa-
thetic to the interests of the Grand Army in this city,
but this has been surmounted, and the Posts now in ex-
istence are in a nourishing condition. A list of the
Chicago Posts, with particulars concerning them, is ap-
pended.
GKO. II. THOMAS POST, No. 5, was established in 1873.
II. C. Cooke was the first commander, and his successors, in order,
were Henry I >. Fields, K. I >. Swain, II. II. Thomas, K. A. Blodgctt,
II. P. Thompson, \V. II. Chenoweth, C. F. Matteson, Freeman
Conner.
\\HII TIKK POST, No. 7, founded in November, 1873, was tin-
only Post named after a private. Private Whittier, of Battery " A,"
1st Illinois Artillery, was shot through the body, while on horse-
back, at the siege of Vicksburg. In his fall he was caught by
Lewis J. Jacobs, who secured the bullet which pierced Whittier.
It is now mounted in gold, and held in the beak of an eagle which
surmounts the rostrum of the Post. L. S. Hudson was the first
commander of this Post, and he was succeeded by C. K. K. Koch
P. L. W. Jussen, M. A. Thayer, J. R. Van Slyke. II. B. Comp
son, K. IS. Howard, I). L. Carmichael, \V. C. Arnot, and F. A.
MacDonald. This Post was subsequently merged in Post No. 91.
I. vi IN POST, No. g, was established in April, 1874, Arthur
Krbe being the commander. Felix LaBaume, Anthon O. Ayen,
William II. Schwartz and James Donohue are the only members
who have since occupied the position.
[U. S. GRAM'] POST, No. 28, the banner post of the West,
was founded in November, 1875, with Stephen F. Brown as com-
mander. E. W. Chamberlain, L. W. Perce, Robert W. Smith, J.
L. Bennett, A. W. Gray, S. M. Randolph and A. J. Miksch have
been his successors.
GKOKOK A. CUSTER POST, No. 40, was established in June,
1876, the first commander being F. C. Vierling, and his successors
L. S. Hudson, George L. Meserve, James L Danenhower, D. B.
Kenyon, J. A. Cole and F. W. Spink.
JOHN BROWN POST, No. 50, was organized in April, 1879. It
surrendered its charter in September, 1880, but a few months after-
ward re-organized. Its members are all colored. The first com-
mander was William II. Smith, and his successors Moffit Hulitt,
Enos Bond, M. Gibson, and T. M. Read.
AHKAIIAM LINCOLN POST, No. 91, rose from the ashes of
Whittier Post in March, 1881, and claims to be the best uniformed
Post in the city. Commanders, in order of succession, have been
— E. B. Howard, A. W. Allyn, W. H. Reyburn, C. E. Vaughan.
COLONEL JAMES A. MULLIGAN POST, No. 306, was organized
on July 7, 1883, the first commander being Thomas Corcoran, who
was succeeded by John Moran in 1884, and H. R. Sandes in 1885.
The membership on January I, 1885, was seven hundred and thirty.
BLENKER POST, No. 376, was organized on December 10,
1883. Marcus Schack and D. Ackerman have been commanders.
GODFREY WKITZEL POST, No. 425, was instituted on March
29, 1884. Its commanders have been O. M. Brady and John L.
Taylor. Its membership is five hundred and seventy.
The numerical growth of the order in the United
States can be perceived from the following figures :
1872, 28,774 ; 1873, 26,037 ; i874, 25,333 ; 1875, 27,362;
1876, 28,123 ; 1877, 25,546 ; 1878, 26,902 ; 1879, 32,777;
1880,* 49.099; i88o,f 60,678; 1881, 85,556; 1882,
131,890; 1883, 215,283; 1884, 273,168. Chicago, in
1885, had 1,950 members on the roster of its Posts.
VETERAN UNION LEAGUE.
The Veteran Union League is an organization of a
social and political character It is social, so far as cul-
tivating, promoting and strengthening the soldierly and
brotherly instincts which banded together comrades of
the Army and Navy during the late War are concerned;
and political, inasmuch as its members believe in, and
agree, by their constitution, to uphold, aid and defend
the principles of the Republican party. As its consti-
tution rehearses, the League was formed to encourage
the spirit of universal liberty, equal rights, and justice
to all men, regardless of nationality or color, and to aid
in the enforcement of all laws enacted to preserve the
purity of the ballot-box.
The League was organized in the summer of 1880,
the charter members being —
Marshall B. Allen, James \V. Hrockway, Frank H. Battershall,
F.. F. I'.rooks, William H. liolton, F. Q. Ball, William H. Coul-
ston, George K. Cannon, K. I,. Church, A. L. Chetlain, Lewis II,
* These dates are up to and imlusivi- of March 31.
t Frum this year the dates comprise December 31.
MILITARY HISTORY.
591
Drury, Charles A. Dibble, John R. Floyd, Samuel Fallows, Jacob
Cross, Srih [•'. Hanchett, D. E. Hall, James J. Healy, John J.
Hualy. < >. E. Hogan, L. F. Jacobs, 1). 1'. Livermore, Joseph S.
Lane, Ransom Lewis, Simon F. Mann, O. L. Mann, J. W. Mor-
gan, <'. \V. Matson, ]. B. Nordheim, L. \V. I'erce, R." W. Smith,
Wiley S. Scribner, C. F. Smale, C. F. Shoreck, H. A. Starr, Owen
Stuart, lames A. Sexton, James T. Torrence, M. Umbdenstock,
Charles W. I'ickery, James E. White, A. H. Wyant, J. T. Weber,
and James J. Wilson.
The officers elected for the first term of one year
were —
I.. W. Perce, president; A. L. Chetlain, \V. S. Scribner, vice-
presidents; Seth F. Hanchett, treasurer; William II. Coulston,
secretary ; fames A. Sexton, marshal ; Bishop Samuel Fallows,
chaplain.
M r. Perce was elected president during two terms following,
and was succc-etlrd in the chair, in 1883, by Wiley S. Scribner, who
gave place to Robert W. Smith in 1884.
Tin: League held its meetings for the first year of
its existence at the Grand Pacific Hotel. The second
floor at No. 185 South Clark Street was then rented,
and fitted up both for business meetings and use as
a social club. No person is considered eligible to mem-
bership unless possessed of a perfect War-record as well
as in good standing, at home, which facts were required
to be carefully certified-to before an executive commit-
tee. The League was never organized as a marching
or uniformed body, and never participated in that
manner in political contests, preferring to exercise its
influence through individual members, supplemented
by organized action as deemed expedient in the various
campaigns through which they have passed. The social
feature, however, predominates. The present active
membership in this city is about one hundred and sev-
enty-five. The acting officers (who are elected in August
of each year) are —
John J. Healy, president ; Robert F. Wilson, vice-president ;
A. J. Burkert, secretary ; William H. King, treasurer ; Nelson Pat-
terson, marshal.
THE CHICAGO UNION VETERAN CLUB.
The basis of organization of the Union Veteran
Club, the largest society of veterans in the city, was
Company "A " of the Boys in Blue, a marching society,
formed largely of ex-soldiers, for service during the
presidential campaign of the centennial year. On Sep-
tember 21-23, J^yti, Company "A " attended in a body
the grand re-union of ex-soldiers held at Indianapolis.
This was a very large and enthusiastic gathering, and
one of its results was a strong feeling in the ranks of
the Chicago company for the organization of a perman-
ent veterans' club at home. In order to obtain the full
expression of the members, a meeting was held on Sep-
tember 26, 1877, the results of which was the organiza-
tion of the Chicago Veteran Club, with L. F. Jacobs as
temporary presiding officer and J. G. Smith as secretary.
While yet a temporary organization, this club was se-
lected to act as escort to Hon. Robert G. Ingersoll and
Hon. James G. Blaine, then in the city.
On December 21, a meeting was held in the club-
room of the Grand Pacific Hotel, and the committee on
constitution and by-laws submitted their report, which
was adopted. The title of the organization was made
the Chicago Union Veteran Club, instead of Union
Veterans' Benevolent Association, as at first proposed.
A motion was unanimously carried, admitting as mem-
bers all whose names were enrolled in the roster of
Company " A," Boys in Blue. At an adjourned meet-
ing on January 2, 1877, officers for the first year were
elected as follows :
Martin Beem, president ; Joseph Stockton, C. R. E. Koch,
vice-presidents; W, II. Lower, recording secretary; John E.
Vreeland, coresponding secretary ; Lyman Bridges, treasurer ;
Owen Stuart, marshal.
The original members numbered nearly three hun-
dred, and by January 2, 1878, the membership had
increased to four hundred and three.
On December 17, 1880, the association received its
charter from the Secretary of State. To this document
are affixed more than four hundred signatures, among
them being those of Generals U. S. Grant and John A.
Logan.
The objects of the organization, as set forth in the
charter, are :
"first. The upholding of the principles of the Republican
party, based upon a paramount respect for and fidelity to the Na-
tional constitution and by-laws.
" Second, The procuring of employment for unemployed
ex-Union soldiers.
" Third. The cultivation and strengthening of the social ties
which had their origin in the common privations of the camp, the
battle-field, and the prison-pen."
The Board of Directors for the first year of incor-
poration was composed of
George W. Cook, John L. Manning, Martin Beem, J. S. Cur-
tis, and Henry F. Hawkes.
The officers of the Club from the original organiza-
tion have been as follows :
i8j8. — Martin Beem, president; A. L. Chetlain, Owen Stuart,
vice-presidents; J. S. Curtiss, recording secretary; J. T. Pratt,
corresponding secretary; William H. Bolton, treasurer; James A.
Sexton, marshal.
iSjg. — A. L. Chetlain, president; W. S. Scribner, L. F. Jacobs,
vice-presidents; J. S. Curtiss, recording secretary; Wr. C. Carroll,
corresponding secretary; George W. Cook, treasurer; James J.
Healy, marshal.
iSSo — Martin Beem, president; James A. Sexton, L. F. Jacobs,
vice-presidents; J. S. Curtiss, recording secretary; John C. Barker,
corresponding secretary; George \V. Cook, treasurer; James J.
Healy, marshal.
iSSi. — Wiley S. Scribner, president; L. F. Jacobs, James H.
Weaver, vice-presidents; J. S. Curtiss, recording secretary; H. S.
Vail, corresponding secretary; William H. Bolton, treasurer; Rob-
ert W. Cross, marshal.
1882. — James A. Sexton, president; L. F. Jacobs, M. J. Mc-
Grath, vice-presidents; John L. Manning, recording secretary;
William H. Reed, corresponding secretary; William H. Bolton,
treasurer; Leander Bander, marshal.
iSSj.— James A. Sexton, president; Charles A. Dibble, John
J. Healy, vice-presidents; John L. Manning, secretary (the duties
of corresponding and recording secretary were at this election
merged); William H. Bolton, treasurer; John A. Cleghorn, marshal.
1884. — James A. Sexton, president; Charles A. Dibble, J. S.
Curtiss, vice-presidents; John L. Manning, secretary; William H.
Bolton, treasurer; Daniel D. Tompkins, marshal.
iSSj. — Julius White, president; Charles A. Dibble, J. S. Cur-
tiss, vice-presidents; John L. Manning, secretary; William H. Bol-
ton, treasurer; Daniel D. Tompkins, marshal.
When General Grant passed through Chicago in
1879, on his tour around the world, the Veteran Club,
as was fitting, took charge of all military demonstrations.
The organization has manned, by its members to the
number of nearly one hundred, all inside house positions
during the last two National Conventions of the Repub-
lican party held in Chicago, Comrade James A. Sexton,
the president of the club, acting as sergeant-at-arms,
during the Convention of 1884.
The roster now exhibits a membership of two thou-
sand veterans, one thousand six hundred of whom were
reported in good standing at the last annual meeting on
January 12, 1885.
THE MEXICAN VETERAN ASSOCIATION OF
CHICAGO.
This association is composed of surviving soldiers of
the Mexican War, who organized themselves under this
name in 1868, having for their object mutual aid, the
592
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
keeping alive of fraternal feeling, and promoting in-
tciests in common. Meetings have been held quarterly
through the seventeen years the Association has existed.
at which old-time army reminiscences are revived. The
society has from time to time interested itself in move-
ments looking to a governmental recognition of the vet-
erans of the Mexican War. in the shape of pensions, which
acknowledgment has just been accorded them. The
Chicago society to-day numbers sixteen veterans of the
Army and Navy, and its officers are — Parmena T.
Tuniley, president; John F. Corgan, vice-president;
James R. Hiignnin, secretary; John L. Kimberly, trea-
surer. The association has rarely participated in cele-
brations as a body, but every member volunteered to
march in society organization on the occasion of the
obsequies of General Grant.
TIIK EX-UNION PRISONKRS-OF-WAR ASSOCI-
ATION.
This association was organized as a National assem-
bly in Chicago, in 1873, and has for its object the
strengthening of ties of fellowship and sympathy formed
by companionship in the Federal army during the \Var
of the Rebellion, and by joint action of its members, in
.my direction, to secure justice to their living comrades
and honor to the dead. The membership embraces
only such Federal soldiers as were incarcerated in South-
ern military prisons. The State organization was char-
tered by the National Association in 1873, and its present
officers are —
K. A. Cleveland, president; L. B. Gessmer, secretary; C. D.
Ramsey, first vice-president; O. I). Noble, second vice-president;
I). W. Howe, treasurer, — all of Chicago.
The Chicago association, chartered by the State
society in 1874, is officered as follows:
J. \V. Artley, president; C. D. Ramsey, vice-president; F. A.
Cleveland, secretary; O. D. Noble, treasurer; J. R. Hewlett, chap-
lain.
The society holds business meetings twice each
month, and is represented perpetually by its secretary
as actuary. The government at Washington furnishes
the association with blank record cards of prisoners-of-
war, which are filled out and transmitted to the Pension
Office, as the basis for an official Government enrollment,
with a view to probable future benefits which Congress
is likely to bestow upon them.
THE LOYAL LEGION.
The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the
United States is a society composed of commissioned
officers of the Army and Navy, both regular and volun-
teer, who served during the War, constituting the first
class; the eldest sons of the members of the first class,
on attaining their majority, constituting the second class;
and the third class being composed of citizens who dis-
tinguished themselves especially for loyalty during the
War,—- one for every thirty-three members of the first
class.
The Loyal Legion was founded by a number of
officers of the Pennsylvania Cavalry, United States Vol-
unteers, during the winter of 1864-65, the first com-
mandery being established at. Philadelphia, on April 15,
1865, with a roll of ten members. There are now four-
teen commanderies, or State organizations.
The Illinois Commandery was instituted in May,
1879, Captain Richard Robins, then of the Massachu-
setts Commandery, being the main mover. The charter
members are. the following:
Lieutcnunt-General Philip H. Sheridan, U.S.A.; lirevet
Major-General Delos li. Sackett, U.S.A. (since deceased); Mu -\ci
.•ral Augustus I.. Chetlain, late U.S. Volunteers; Bicu-t
I!ri;;adiir-General Arthur C. Ducat, late U.S. Volunteers; Brevet
Brigadier-General I.uther P. Bradley, U.S. A.; Colonel John Ma-.,n
l.ooinis, Luc U.S. Volunteers, from the Pennsylvania Commandery;
Brevet Major-General Rufus Ingalls, U.S.A.; Brevet .Major-Gen-
eral |ohn M. Corse, late U.S. Volunteers; lirevet Lieutenant-*-
lames |. 1 luyt, late I'.S. Volunteers; Brevet Major Taylor I'. Kund-
jett. hue U.S. Volunteers, from the New York Commandery; Bre-
vet Lieutenant-Colonel Henry \V. l-'arrar, late U.S. Volunteers (since
ed); Bre\et Major George T. Burroughs, late U.S. Volunteers;
Captain lames C. White, late U.S. Volunteers; Captain Richard
Koliins, late U.S.A., from the Massachusetts Commandery.
The past officers of the Illinois Commandery are
the following :
Commander — Lieutenant-General Philip II. Sheridan, U.S.A.
(187910 1883); Colonel John Mason l.ooinis, late U. S. Volunteers
(1884). Senior Vice-Commander — Brevet Major-Genera! Rufus
Ingalls, U.S.A. (1879); Colonel John Mason Loomis, late U. S.
Volunteers (1880 to 1883); Brevet Brigadier-General William K.
Strong, late U. S. Volunteers (1884). Junior Vice-Commander — Bre-
vet Brigadier-General Arthur C. Ducat, late U. S. Volunteers (1879);
Brevet Brigadier-General John L. Thompson, late U. S. Volunteers
( i "o); Brevet Brigadier-General William E. Strong, late U. S. Vol-
unteers (i8Si to 1883); Brevet Brigadier-General Arthur C. Ducat,
late U. S. Volunteers (1884). Recorder — Captain Richard Robins,
late U.S.A. (187910 1884). Registrar — Brevet Major-General D.
B. Sackett, U.S.A. (1879); Brevet Major Henry A. Huntington,
late U.S.A. (iSSo); Major Kliot Twiness, late U. S. Volunteers
(iSSi to 1884). Treasurer — Colonel John Mason Loomis, late U.
S. Volunteers (1879); First Lieutenant Thomas C. Edwards, late
U. S. Volunteers (1880 to 1883); Brevet Captain Amos J. Hard-
ing, late U. S. Volunteers (1884). Chancellor — Brevet Major
Taylor 1'. Rundlett, late U. S. Volunteers (1879 to 1884). Chap-
lain— Arthur Edwards, late U. S. Volunteers (1880 to 1884).
Council — Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Henry W. Farrar, late U. S.
Volunteers ; Brevet Major-General Augustus L. Chetlain, late U.S.
Volunteers; Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel James J. Hoyt, late U. S.
Volunteers: Brevet Major George T. Burroughs, late U. S. Volun-
teers ; Brevet Brigadier-General William E. Strong, late U. S.
Volunteers; Brevet Brigadier-General 1. N. Stiles, late U. S. Vol-
unteers (1879-80); Captain John C. Neely, late U. S. Volunteers;
Colonel Charles W. Davis, late U. S. Volunteers; Paymaster Hor-
atio L. Wait, late U. S. Navy; Captain Francis Morgan, late U.
S. Volunteers; Captain David H. Gile, late U. S. Volunteers;
Brevet Brigadier-General James W. Forsyth, late U. S. Volunteers
(1881-82); Brevet Major Henry A. Huntington, late U.S.A.;
Brevet Brigadier-General James B. Leake, late U. S. Volunteers;
Post Assistant Surgeon James Nevins Hyde, late U.S.N.; Cap-
tain Eugene Gary, late U. S. Volunteers; Brevet Lieutenant-Col-
onel Huntington W. Jackson, Brevet Brigadier-General Charles W.
Drew, Captain Simeon II . Crane, Captain Charles F. Matheson,
First Lieutenant Benjamin W. Underwood (1884).
The Commandery now has a membership of about
two hundred and fifty. Meetings are held on the first
Wednesday of each month, at the Grand Pacific Hotel.
After the transaction of routine_business a paper is read,
by a member, on some battle, campaign or incident of
the War.
The main objects of the Order are to strengthen the
ties of fraternal fellowship and sympathy formed by
companionship in arms ; to enforce unqualified alle-
giance to the General Government ; to protect the
rights and liberties of American citizenship ; and to
maintain national honor, union and independence.
The present officers of the Commandery are —
Commander, Brevet Brigadier-General William E. Strong,
late U. S. Volunteers ; Senior Vice-Commander, Brevet Brigadier-
General Arthur C. Ducat, late U. S. Volunteers: Junior Vice-
Commander, Brevet Brigadier-General I. N. Stiles, late U. S. Vol-
unteers ; Recorder, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles W. Davis, late U.
S. Volunteers ; Registrar, Brevet Major Sartell Prentice, late U.S.
A.; Treasurer, First Lieutenant Albert L. Coe, late U. S. Volun-
teers; Chancellor, Brevet Major C. H. Dyer, late U. S. Volun-
teers; Chaplain, Brevet Brigadier-General Samuel Fallows, late U.
S. Volunteers; Council, Lieutenant-Colonel John S. Cooper, late
U. S. Volunteers; Major and Surgeon O. W. Nixon, late U. S.
Volunteers; Captain John T. McAuley, late U. S. Volunteers ;
First Lieutenant David C. Bradley, late U. S. Volunteers; Second
Lieutenant Albert L. Adams, late'U. S. Volunteers.
TELEGRAPH AND EXPRESS.
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH, TELEPHONE AND
LIGHTS.
J he electric telegraph, since its introduction in Chi-
cago in 1848, has kept pace with every other important
commercial interest of the city. That this has been the
case is testified by the magnificent Western Union
Building, at the southwest corner of LaSalle and Wash-
ington streets, the many convenient sub-stations through-
Mile..
Chicago Telephone Co .................... . ...... 28
Western Indiana Railroad Co ............. ___ ..... 50
City Fire-Alarm Telegraph.. 60
7'8
In addition to these, preparations are being made
by wmch' as soon as Posslble. there will be placed by
th^ Western Unlon Telegraph Company five hundred
s' and by the 1]altimore & Ohio Telegraph Com-
, - -
out the city, and the vast network of wires stretching pan>' two hundred alld f'fty miles, approximately.
away on poles to every point of the compass Early
in the history of telegraphy, Chicago became the second
city in the United States in point of business trans-
l HE CHICAGO UNDERGROUND CONDUIT COMPANY
has been of matmal assistance in furthering the gen-
Eral ?nder°Und s>'stem- Tlle mcorporators, Henry
- , ,
acted. The volume of the Western Union business at £orwith, \\ . ( . Grant, L. S. Dreyer, W. H. Bradley and
dr koch
this point now exceeds one million messages a year,
and the total of messages handled exceeds one million
five hundred thousand per annum.
Among other companies established here since 1871,
were the Mutual Union and the Baltimore & Ohio, in
i.S.So; the Traders', in 1882; the Chicago and Milwau-
kee, the Board of Trade, the Bankers' and Merchants',
and the Postal Telegraph Company, in 1883. These
companies all continue to do business, with the excep-
tion of the Mutual I'nion, which was absorbed by the
Western Union in 1883, and the Bankers' and Mer-
chants', which failed in July, 1885. The Mutual Union
offices have always been kept distinct from the Western
Union, however, and that corporation has the advantage
of maintaining two distinct trunk lines.
A. great part of the time of the City Council for the
past five years has been taken up with questions of
telegraph rights and franchises, and the " underground "
problem. The fight in the Council against the Mutual
I'nion was prolonged and bitter, and the Baltimore &
Ohio met with similar opposition. In his annual mes-
sage to the Council, on May 10, 1880, Mayor Harrison
directed attention to the fact, that the City Fire Depart-
ment was hampered in its efforts to use ladders in
reaching fires in high buildings by the masses of tele-
graph wires strung along the streets on poles, and he
recommended that the nuisance be abated by requiring
the telegraph companies to place their wi'res under-
ground. The Council subsequently passed an under-
ground ordinance, yet but few of the companies showed
any inclination to comply with its provisions — notably,
the Mutual Union, which was operating under only a
temporary-pole ordinance. The city made a determined
light to compel the companies to observe the ordinance,
Edward Koch, were granted a franchise by the City
Council on July 31, 1882. They were given the right
to construct and maintain in the streets, alleys and tun-
nels of the city an underground conduit for the trans-
mission of electricity and for furnishing light and power
and for the transmission of sound. Professor Elisha
Gray, of Chicago, owns the controlling stock-interest in
this conduit.
ELISHA GRAY. — Among those who have achieved prominence
as men of marked genius and substantial worth in Chicago, Pro-
fessor Elisha Gray, inventor, occupies an enviable position. He is
of Quaker origin, and in his person bears the distinguishing
evidences of his descent in a certain placidity and directness of
manner indicative of his temperament and character. lie was
born at Harnesville, Belmont Co., Ohio, on August 2, 1835. In
early life he was a carpenter's apprentice, and it was then said of
him that he was somewhat of a social nuisance because of his pro-
clivity to acids and laboratory stuffs. At the age of twenty-one he
entered Oberlin College, where he studied diligently for five years.
His mental bent then was strongest in the study of natural philoso-
phy, and to this he devoted all his spare hours. After finishing
his collegiate education his health became very poor, so that it was
not until he reached his thirtieth year that his attention was wholly
devoted to electrical mechanism. This science fascinated him and
monopolized his time, and he began to invent, his first attempt
being to seek, by internal mechanism, a relief from the difficulties
then embarrassing all telegraph lines arising from defective insula-
tion. He constructed a self-adjusting relay, and it was a success.
It was not largely used, however, as there was soon no necessity for
the demand. In 1870, he invented (and two years later perfected
the patent) the needle annunciator for hotels, which are now so
largely used. The electrical annunciator for elevators was also
invented by him about the same time. His next invention was an
instrument for private telegraph lines, so constructed that any per-
son who could read and spell was enabled to transmit messages
upon it, by merely fingering keys similar to those on the type-
writer machine of to-day. During the years 1873-75, Professor
Gray's attention was devoted to developing a system of " Electro-
Harmonic Telegraphy" for the transmission of sounds over the
wires of a telegraph. lie finally succeeded in sending over a wire
,
and proceeded to arrest all employes of the companies of five hundred miles in length, nine different messages at the
found stringing wires. The Baltimore & Ohio Com- same moment eacl1 messae havi.i a distinctive no
innv wi= t'hf '(n-cf tn A -i
the lust to see the inevitable, and, in April,
84, asl I tor and received a permit to place its wires
underground. In May, 1884, the Mutual Union took
out a permit to lay its wires underground On January semi-tones as the range of the gamut will permit. Professor Gray
23, 1885, Superintendent Barrett of the Citv Teleeraoh as ledto se mvstitions bya domestic incident, and amon
le&rclljn'
reported to the corporation counsel that all of the
various companies were willing to put their wires under-
ground, and were doing so as fast as possible
The following figures approximate the miles of wires
already placed beneath the's'treets and alleys of the city:
Miles.
Bankers & Merchants Telegraph Co ---- .......... 400
elegraph Co ........... . 180
3s 593
same moment.- eacl1 message havi.ig a distinctive note, and each
capable of being taken off at any number of intermediate points
by simply tunhlg the receiver to7the k te on which eaclh was
transmitted. Theoretically, the number of messages that can be
sent over a single wire may be increased to as many notes and
semi-tones as the range of the gamut will permit. Professor Gray
Tas led,-to ^-se mv?stiPtions by.a domestic incident, and among
the earliest discoveries in connection with the experiments was the
fact that not only simple but composite tones could be sent
through the wire and received, either on a metal plate or a magnet.
^ his method, different messages may be sent simultaneously, and
h a!| its p?.r,\*' maf be scnt' hundreds of miles by wire,
£?,£ J
did proof of Professor Gray's right to priority of the invention.
On February 14, 1876, Professor Bell filed an application for a
patent, and described his new invention in general terms as " new
594
and useful improvements in telegraphy." In it he nowhere claims
as an invention that it will transmit articulate vocal sounds or
words. On the same (lay Klisha ( Iray hied a caveat describing his
invention as an "art of transmitting vocal sounds telegraphically.
That was the earliest application of the kind in the world. .Mr.
(Jrav thus specified his invention: " It is the object of my mven
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
in 1881, he was again honored with the gold mec al for his mven-
ons Professor Gray was conferred the degree of A.M. at Ober-
n College Ph.D. ai Ripon (Wis.) College, and is a professor of
electrical science in .hose institutions at the present tune. IK- was
conferred the degree of Sc.D., and from Blackman Univer-
sty the degree of LL.D. He is a member of the American
X Phi osophical Society, the Society of Electrical Engineer, ol
England, and the Society of Telegraph Engineers o Lon-
,1,,,, He belongs to the Calumet and Union League clubs of
this'citv He is a frequent contributor to the press, and has
prepared several pamphlets, essays, etc , and issued a small
,,1 me entitled •'Electrical Researches." Professor , r:,y
£as married on January I, 1862, to Miss Delia M. shepherd,
of Oberlin, Ohio. They have four children,— Minnie, Annie,
Edward and David.
|)WH;IIT K. Tiiirr, attorney-at-law and vice-president
of the Chica-'o Sectional Electric Underground Company, was
born at Sheboygan, Wis., on June 27, 1849, and is a son of
Ezekiel and Eliza J. (Ellis) Tripp. Il.s family removed to
Chicago in 1857. and the father embarked in the mercantlll
„.!„ !„ I^.-nmlipr. 18^8. Mr. Tripp and Daniel II. Hale
tion to transmit the tones of the human voice through a telegraphic
circuit and reproduce them at the receiving end of the line, so that
actual conversation can be carried on by persons at long distances
apart." Mr. Bell secured this information, and the Department of
Patents afterward improperly issued him a patent to which he was
in no manner entitled. Mr. Gray brought the matter to the
attention of the Interior Department, and the United States
brought suit against Mr. Bell to vacate his telephone patent. The
case is still in the superior courts, but there is no question but
that right and justice will eventually place Mr. Gray in full posses-
sion of the privileges and benefits of his invention. In 1869, Mr.
Gray formed the firm of Gray & Barton, at Cleveland, Ohio, deal-
ing in electrical supplies. They removed to Chicago soon after,
and continued their business until shortly after the great fire of
1871. The firm was then consolidated in the corporation known
as the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Mr. Gray held
the official position of general superintendent and electrician with
the company until 1874, when he withdrew, in order to devote his
whole time to the protection of his patents on the telephone. He
has made several improvements on the telephone, and when the
great controversy is settled, and Mr. Gray secures his just right, he
will doubtless give to the public an instrument vastly superior to
that now in general use. Mr. Gray is president of the Chicago
Electric Underground Company, but pays almost undivided atten-
tion to the litigation now in the United States Courts. Mr. Gray's
characteristic as an inventor is in avoiding mere mechanical devices
to^ accomplish results. Intricacy, in his mind, is a failure. He
seeks to make electricity do his work direct, and therefore endeavors
in his devices to train and harness it for that purpose. In 1878, he
received the grand prize at the Paris Exposition and was conferred
the degree of Chevalier and the decorations of the Legion of Honor
by the French Government. At the Electrical Exhibition at Paris
trade In December, 1858, Mr. Tripp
became proprietors of the Sherman House, and continued in
its management until May, 1861. Dwight K. Tripp passed
his boyhood in this city, attending the common schools until
his eighteenth year, when he went to Berlin, Germany, and
entered the famous university of that city. He took the law
course and spent three years studying law, political econo-
my the science of government, history and literature. Al
th'e'breaking out of the \Var between France and Prussia, he
became war correspondent for the Chicago Republican and
Sail Francisco Call, attaching himself to the newspaper corps
attending the operations between France and Germany.
continued in this vocation until the siege of Metz, and then
sailed for home, lie at once located in San Francisco and
commenced the practice of law. He was highly successful
and rapidly came to be regarded as one of the foremost law-
yers of the Golden State. He achieved considerable reputa-
tion in the celebrated case of Edith O'Gorman, the escaped
nun and also in the civil suit, yet pending, between the State
of California and the City of San Francisco et al. Mr. Tripp
achieved no little reputation over the United States in the
case of fraud which involved Surveyor-General Rollins and
several other Government and State officials. Mr. Tripp is a
firm believer in the principles of republicanism, but when
men commit acts of fraud tinder the guise of staunch and
honest republicans, his convictions are decided. To him is
due the credit of bringing before the Interior Department,
evidence of the corruption of Surveyor-General Rollins and
others, which resulted in the dismissal of Rollins from the
Government's service and the complete overthrow of the cor-
rupt republican ring in California. Mr. Tripp, while in Cal-
ifornia, confined his legal practice to such cases as come before
the United States Courts and the Interior Department. In
1879, he came to this city and made his home, although prac-
ticing his profession in the City of Washington, as well as retaining
legal connections in San Francisco. He was, in 1882, appointed by
President Arthur one of the commissioners to examine the sections
of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, and approve of the land grants
made to that corporation. Upon the organization of the Chicago
Sectional Electric Underground Company, Mr. Tripp was elected
vice-president, Klisha Gray becoming president. These gentlemen
have been associated for a number of years, their intimate relations
having brought about Mr. Tripp's remarkable discovery of the
rights of Elisha Gray as inventor of the telephone. To Mr. Tripp
is"undoubtedly due the whole credit for this important discovery,
and in aiding Mr. Gray in the recovery of his rights to that won-
derful invention he has already displayed ability that marks him as
a most learned and aggressive lawyer, lie is devoting his whole
attention to the case, which involves not only a great financial con-
sideration, but the credit and honor of the inventor. Mr. Tripp
was married on January 20, 1881, to Miss Corinue Williamson,
daughter of General J. A. Williams n, United States land com-
missioner under Presidents Grant and Hayes, and now general
solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Atlantic &
Pacific railroads. Mr. Tripp is a member of the Union League and
Chicago clubs, and of Chevalier Bayard Commandery, No. 52, K.T.
WESTERN UNION. — At the time of the fire the offices
of the Western Union Telegraph Company were located
at the corner of Washington and LaSalle streets, and
on Monday, October 13, 1871, its force was re-organ-
ized, headquarters made at Burlington Hall, on State
street, and half its wires replaced. Great difficulty in
the delivery of messages was experienced for some time,
but within two weeks offices were established at the
''ELEGRAPH AND EXPRESS.
595
hotels and depots, and the routine of the service was
restored, with main office at the corner of Washington
and Canal streets and at No. 554 Wabash Avenue.
Later the offices were consolidated at the Central Hotel,
corner Washington and Market streets, in the summer
of 1872, and removed to the Union Building in May,
1873, the present quarters of the company. There the
service continued until September, 1883, when a fire,
involving a Joss of $20,000, and the removal to the
Mutual Union office occurred. The offices were then
enlarged, and two thousand instruments put in, thirty-
five bookkeepers employed, and one thousand eight
hundred and sixty-eight miles of wire in the new system,
one hundred and seventy-five offices and two hundred
miles of wires in Chicago and suburbs were in use.
The Western Union has absorbed the Pacific &
Atlantic, Atlantic & Pacific, American Union and
Mutual Union Telegraph companies.
In 1871, Anson Stager was the general superintend-
ent of this division, and in 1879 was made vice-presi-
dent of the company; later succeeded by R. C. Clowry.
This division now embraces all the territory west of
Pennsylvania, north of the Ohio River, and west of the
Mississippi River, to the Pacific Ocean. Mr. Clowry is
now vice-president of the company and general superin-
tendent of this territory, and F. H. Tubbs is superin-
tendent of this district, succeeding J. J. S. Wilson, who
was manager of the Caton line and, in the consolidation
of that line with the Western Union, managed its
interests.
ROIIKKT C. CLOWRY. — The old Illinois and Mississippi Tele-
graph Company developed many men who have given character to
the telegraphic administration of the country. Colonel Robert C.
Clowry, now a director, member of the executive committee, vice-
president and general superintendent of the Western Union Tele-
graph Company, entered the service of the Illinois and Mississippi
Telegraph Company at Joliet, 111., on April 4, 1852, under an ar-
rangement with the manager of the office at that place to give him
six months' free service as messenger to deliver telegrams, in return
for the manager's services in teaching him telegraphy. He was
fourteen years old then, and prior to entering on his new life had
resided on his mother's farm near Joliet and attended school. So
rapidly did he become proficient in the art of telegraphy, that in
October, 1852, he was made manager of the office of the same com-
pany at Lockport, 111., and in December, 1853, he was transferred
to Springfield, 111., as manager of that office, and in November, 1854,
he was transferred to St. Louis as chief operator of the company.
In March, 1859, he was appointed superintendent of the St. Louis
& Missouri River Telegraph Company, with headquarters at Leaven-
worth. Kas. In April, 1860, he was appointed superintendent and
secretary of the Missouri and Western and Kansas companies, with
headquarters at St. Louis, and afterward at Omaha, Neb. After
the War broke out, in 1862, he was appointed assistant superin-
tendent of United States military telegraph lines, with headquarters
at St. Louis, Mo. In October, 1863, he was commissioned by
President Abraham Lincoln as captain and assistant quartermaster
in the United States Army, on the recommendation of General
John M. Schofield, commanding the Department of the Missouri,
and he was assigned to duty by the (juartermaster-General in charge
of the United States military telegraph lines, in the Department of
Arkansas, with headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. One year later
the United States military telegraph lines in the departments of
Mi.ivmri and Kansas were added to his charge, with headquarters
at St. Louis. On March 13, 1865, brevet commissions as major
and lieutenant-colonel, were issued to him by President Andrew
Johnson, for "meritorious services and devoted application to
duty." At his own request, Colonel Clowry was mustered out of
the Government's service on May 31, 1866, and was immediately
appointed district superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph
Company's territory in the Southwest, with headquarters at St.
Louis. In January, 1875, he was promoted to the office of assis-
tant general superintendent, with a large increase of territory, and
from that date he rapidly worked up to the highest active position
in the company's service. In December, 1878, he was appointed
assistant general superintendent of the Central 1 )ivision of the Com-
pany, with headquarters at Chicago. This division embraced the
territory west of Buffalo and Pittsburgh and east of the Sierra Ne-
vada Mountains, of which General Anson Stager was then general
superintendent. In May, 1880, Colonel Clowry was appointed
general superintendent, vice General Stager, who had resigned the
position to accept the office of vice-president. In July, 1881, the
telegraphic territory under the charge of Colonel Clowry embraced
the country west of Pennsylvania to the Pacific Ocean, and from the
British possessions to the Gulf of Mexico, north of the Ohio and
west of the Mississippi rivers. In October, 1885, he was elected a
director, member of the executive committee and vice-president of
the Western Union Company, retaining the position of general
superintendent of the territory mentioned. Such is the career of a
truly self-made man. From the lowest round of the ladder he has
worked upward, until he is now within a step of the chief office of
one of the greatest corporations of America. No one familiar with
the energetic spirit of the man will even question the merit and
success which has attended Colonel dowry's efforts. He has for
years stood at the very head of the telegraphic forces of the country,
and in commercial and financial circles he is respected and honored.
Mr. Clowry was married on August 29, 1865, to Miss Augusta
Estabrook, of Omaha, Neb., daughter of Hon. Experience Esta-
brook, a prominent lawyer of that city, who was formerly attorney-
general of Wisconsin and United States attorney for Nebraska.
THE MUTUAL UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY was
brought to Chicago in 1880, and for three years was op-
erated as an independent company, with offices at the
corner of Washington and LaSalle streets. The first
general superintendent in this city was E. R. Chapman,
now of New York, who filled that position until the
company was consolidated with the Western Union. In
August, 1885, John McRobie, the present superin-
tendent, assumed charge, and is now the company's
manager at this point. Originally the company had
seventy-five operators at the Chicago office. Up to
1883, the Mutual Union was an independent corpora-
tion, but in that year it was merged with the Western
Union, although it still retains a distinctive organization.
There are two principal offices in Chicago, — at the cor-
ner of Washington and LaSalle streets and at the Grand
Pacific Hotel. The company has about fifty points of
direct telegraphic communication and twelve branch
offices in Chicago.
JOHN MrRoiHK, general superintendent at Chicago of the
Mutual Union Telegraph Company, has been identified with the
telegraph interests of the United States and Canada for over
eighteen years, and a resident of Chicago since 1874. Mr. Mc-
Robie is a representative of the great Scotch family of McRobie,
or Robertson, and was born at Montreal, Canada, on February 15,
1856, the son of John and Catherine McRobie. He received his
early education in his native city, and there, in 1868, began his
business life as general utility boy in the office of the Montreal
Telegraph Company, where he remained for four years, during that
time having become an operator. He then went to Toronto, and
became an operator for the Dominion Telegraph Company, and
the following year came to the United States. He located first at
Grand Rapids, Mich. .where, for eight months, he was operator for
the Western Union Telegraph Company, and, later, at Detroit, in a
similar capacity. In March, 1874, Mr. McRobie came to Chicago
and was two months in the Western Union and eight months
in the Atlantic & Pacific offices. He then returned to the employ
of the Western Union, with which company and the Mutual
Union he has since been connected. In 1880, he was sent to
Peoria, 111., as manager of the Western Union office at that place,
a position he filled for three years; previous to which time he was
chief operator at the company's Chicago office. In 1883, Mr.
McRobie returned to this city, and entered the general offices of
the company as cashier and money-order agent, which position he
rilled for eighteen months. In August, 1885, he was given charge
of the Mutual Union, and became superintendent of that company.
In the 'varied offices of responsibility and trust he has filled, Mr.
McRobie has evinced fine executive ability, intelligence and in-
tegrity. He was married, in 1880, to Miss Susan I. Musgrove,
of this city. They have four children, — -Isabella, Bessie, Susan
and John.
THE POSTAL TELEGRAPH AND CABLE COMPANY
opened business in Chicago on August i, 1883, at No.
94 LaSalle Street, its present office, L. D. Parker being
manager and general superintendent of the Western
Division. This company was the first in the city to es-
tablish cheap and uniform tariff rates to different points,
596
HISTORY OF CHICAC-O.
giving about double the word allowance that had pre-
viously prevailed. The lines of the company were
constructed of large copper wires, anil its equipment
was among the finest in America. In June, 1884, the
Bankers' and Merchants' Telegraph Company opened
at No. 144 Madison Street. It \vent into a receiver's
hands, was rc-or^ani/.ed as the United Lines Telegraph
Company, and is now being operated by the Postal
Company at its office. Among the owners of stock in
the Postal are John W. Maekey and other wealthy capi-
talists, who control the Commercial Cable Company,
with which the Postal has direct connection. The
1'ostal has five branch offices in Chicago. Its present
superintendent is Leander 1). Parker, its assistant su-
perintendent is Edgar S. Patten, and its cashier is Wil-
liam H. McMillan.
K 1). I'ARKKR, general superintendent of the Postal
_;raph Cable Company, lias been prominently identified with
the telegraph interests of the country for over a quarter of a cen-
tury, and in all its varied branches has tilled many positions of im-
portance and responsibility during that time. Mr. Parker was
born at Montreal, Canada, in 1837. When he was two years old
his parents removed to Medina County, Ohio. In 1849. he located
at .\-hland, in that State. There he received a common-school
education and became a student of telegraphy on the old Wade
line, later consolidated with the Western Union. In 1851, he be-
gan a service- will) the latter company which was continuous for
nearly thirty years. In January, 1862, Mr. Parker removed to
Quincy, 111., and for seven years was manager at that place for the
Western Union. He was also in the military telegraph service,
connected with the Army of the Tennessee, for some time, and in
1869, came to Chicago where he was engaged in the general office
of the Western Union. Here he tilled various lines of service,
being promoted to the assistant superintendency in iSSo. In iSSr,
he left this position, and for a year was assistant general superin-
tendent of the Mutual Union. In 1882, he went to New York,
where he became connected with the Postal from its inception, and
built the western end of the line in the fall of 1882. After its
completion, lie was made general superintendent of the Western
Division, not only of the original line but of all lines since incor-
porated into the system. His long experience in telegraphy,
practically and in a managerial capacity, has entitled him to dis-
tinction in the service, and at his present post of duty he is re-
garded as a progressive representative of its interests.
EDGAR S. PATTKN, assistant superintendent of the Western
Division of the Postal Telegraph Cable Company, lias been a rep-
resentative of the interests of telegraphy for over twenty years,
and a resident of Chicago since 1875. He was born at Lowell,
Wis., on September 18, 1847, the son of Jonathan S. and Srlina
M . Patten. When he was quite young, his parents removed to La-
Crosse, Wis., and there he practically made his home until he had
attained his majority, receiving his early education at that place.
In 1867, he entered the service of the Western Union Telegraph
Company, and made remarkably rapid and effective advancement.
In 1870, he was made manager at LaCrosse of the Northwestern
and also of the Mississippi Valley Telegraph companies, which
were later consolidated with the Western Union. After a long and
faithful service in various capacities of responsibility with this
company, he was made manager of the Postal in March, 1884,
and later manager and assistant superintendent, having charge of
one hundred and seventy different offices in his branch of the
his ability in the field he occupies, and by the community in which
he resides for his personal worth, intelligence and integrity.
THE BAI.TIMORK & OHIO TELEGRAPH COMPANY
of Illinois was organized on September 20, 1880, with
the following incorporators: C. H. Hudson, Frank Har-
riott, Samuel Powell, Frank W. Tracy, and Charles A.
Tinker. Its officers are— I). H. Rates, president; J E
Xeublin, vice-president; J. 1). Clarke, treasurer; Colonel
Dtirvee, secretary; C. C. Clarke, general counsel.
I his company first performed a commercial telegraph
service in Chicago through its connection with the
American Union Telegraph Company, building its own
line from the line of the llaltimore \- ( )hio Railroad, at
its junction with the Illinois Central Railroad at Lake
Side, and entering its general office near I, a Salle Street,
under an ordinance that passed the City Council on
October 27, 1879. After the consolidation of the
American Union Company with the Western Union
Company, the Baltimore cc Ohio established its first
general office in Chicago at No. 83 Clark Street, its first
manager being J. K. McCabe. After remaining in this
location for a few months, a general office was secured
in the Potwin litiilding, No. u6 Washington Street, on
May i, 1882, and was retained until May i, 1885, when
the executive office and the general office were removed
to the new Hoard of Trade Building. Manager Mc-
Cabe was succeeded after a few months by K. B. Mey-
ers, until relieved by Manager McCtilloch, who, in the
summer of 1884, was succeeded by D. J. McLoraine.
This company now has quite an extensive underground
system, which is being rapidly extended. The Balti-
more & Ohio was the pioneer in adopting cheap tele-
graph rates, and is now (March, 1886) transmitting
telegrams to New York City at the rate of fifteen cents
for ten words, to other leading Eastern cities at the rate
of twenty cents for ten words, 'and night telegrams to
all its offices at the rate of fifteen cents for fifteen
words. This company, through its magnificent railway
telegraph lines, via the Baltimore cc Ohio Railroad
proper and the line over the Nickel Plate and \Vest Shore
railroads, supplies the only thoroughly reliable compet-
itive telegraph service that the country has ever seen.
IU.NIKI. J. MCLORAINE, manager of the Baltimore ^ Ohio
Telegraph Company at Chicago, was born at West Chester, Pi mi.,
on May 17, 1858, and learned telegraphy at No. 121 North Front
Street, Philadelphia, with the Franklin Telegraph Company, in
1874. He remained in the service of the Franklin Company until
its amalgamation with the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Com-
pany, and continued with the latter until January, 1878, when he
left to go to Savannah, Ga., for the Western Union Company,
returning to Philadelphia for that company in September, 1879.
In October, iSSi, Mr. McLoraine was appointed Western wire-
chief in the Philadelphia Western Union office, which position he
resigned on March I, 1884, to accept the chief operatorship in the
Baltimore & Ohio Telegraph Company's office at Chicago. He
was appointed city manager for this company on June I, 1885.
THE GOLD AND STOCK TELEGRAPH COMPANY, of
New York, was organized in that city with $10,000,000
capital. In the summer of 1871, a branch office was
meditated in Chicago, and the necessary instruments of
the line for furnishing printed, instead of tissue-paper
written reports were brought here about the time of the
great fire. These were saved from the general con-
flagration, being stored away in the vaults of the Mer-
chants' Insurance Building on I.aSalle Street. The line
was re-built immediately after the fire, and an office
opened at the corner of Washington and Canal streets.
In 1872, the offices were removed to the Central Hotel
on Market Street, where they were located for a year,
when they were removed to the present quarters of the
company, in the Union National Bank Building. Since
1882, the wires of the company have been controlled
by the Western Union and are now considered a depart-
ment of that system. There are one hundred and
seventy-three instruments in the circuit, which employ
eleven people and furnishes two branches of reports,
the quotations of the Chicago grain markets and those
of the produce of the country, and the reports of the
New York Stock Exchange.
ADKI.I:KRT C. WOOD, agent of the Cold and Stock Telegraph
Company at Chicago, is a veteran in the telegraph service, having
been a prominent representative of that interest for nearly a quar-
ter of a century. Mr. Wood was born at Parma, near Rochester,
N. Y., on August 4, 1839, the son of Calvin and Cordelia M.
Wood of that place. There he received his early education, after-
ward graduating at the State Normal School in 1858. He subse-
quently engaged in the lumber business, in which he accumulated
TELEGRAPH AND EXPRESS.
597
quite a large fortune. Tn 1863, Mr. Wood sold out his business,
deposited the bulk of his means with Ward I!ros.' bank in Roches-
ter, and \veni to Iowa to invest in lands. ( )n the eve of purchasing,
and after making a $1,000 deposit on some real-estate, a telegram
from his brother in the East informed him that he was a pauper,
the bank at Rochester having failed totally. He immediately came
to Chicago, and, undaunted by his tinandal losses, went to work
for the Western Union, entering a service which has lasted twenty-
three years, during which time he has never missed a day's work.
Ih- was first put on line- work, and in iSSi was made agent of the
(iuld and Stock Telegraph Company, as inspector in charge of
lines and all work from the inception of the enterprise, being the
first agent appointed who devoted his time exclusively to the ottice
of the company. Mr. Wood is regarded as a man of high personal
integrity and business ability. He was married in Wyoming
County, N. Y., in 1861, his wife dying in 1871. lie was married
again, in 1874, to Miss Annie K. Thoreson, of Racine, Wis.
TKI.KPHONE. — In April, 1881, the Chicago Tele-
phone Company bought out the Bell Telephone Com-
pany of Illinois and the American District Telegraph
Company, and consolidated the Bell and Edison systems
in one. The business was started in July or August,
1878, by the Bell Telephone Company of Boston,
Mass., of which H. H. Eldred was the agent. About
the same date, the American District Telegraph Com-
pany began to put out telephones under the Edison
patents. General Anson Stager was president and L.
II. Kirman the general manager of this company. On
January, 1879, the Bell Telephone Company of Illinois
was organized to buy the business created by the Boston
company.
The first president of the Chicago Telephone Com-
pany was General Anson Stager, the first vice-presi-
dent Norman Williams, and the general manager C. N.
Eay. At the present time, April, i.S86, there are about
five thousand telephones in operation on exchange
lines, private lines and municipal lines. The Bell,
Edison, Blake and Berliner patents are used. The
president, General Anson Stager, died in 1885, and the
officers for 1886 were Norman Williams, first vice-
president; C. N. Fay, second vice-president and general
manager; and R. C. Wetmore, treasurer.
THE INTKR-STATK TKLKPHONF, COMPANY was
organized in Chicago in 1883, by Charles Whitlock,
under the patent of George M. Hopkins, of Brooklyn,
N. Y. Messrs. Blake, Edison, Bell and others, have
invented and perfected instruments which have, to some
extent, been commercially successful, but the full meas-
ure of public expectancy has been fully realized by
Mr. Hopkins's invention, as it is a loud speaker and
is capable of transmitting speech over as great dis-
tances as the telegraph instrument. The Bell patent
drsr.ribes an apparatus, the object of which is the trans-
mission, simultaneously, of two or more musical notes or
telegraphic signals, along a single wire, in either or both
directions, with a single main battery for the whole cir-
cuit, by means of an undulatory current of electricity,
in contradistinction to an intermittent or pulsatory cur-
rent. This theory has been exploded by Sir. Hopkins's
patent, which conclusively proves that articulate speech
can be transmitted by intermittent and pulsatory cur-
rents, and that clearer and better enunciation can be
obtained without the serious annoyances of induction.
The Hopkins instrument is vastly superior to all others
now in use, and the practical demonstration of its
effectiveness has done away with all controversy. Its
simplicity of construction, superior advantages in being
adapted to long or short distances, small number of
calls to overcome induction, sensitiveness, extreme
cheapness, perfection in switching and general effective-
ness, place the Inter-State Telephone Company beyond
all rivals, and makes it one of the best systems in the
world.
CHARLES WHITLOCK, general manager of the Inter-State
Telephone Company, son of Zalmon and Sarah G. Whitlock, was
born at Plymouth, Conn., on September 12, 1826. He received a
liberal education in the schools of his birthplace and remained at
home assisting his father in the manufacture of agricultural imple-
ments and machinery until he reached his majority. lie then
engaged in the same line of business on his own account at 1'urdy
Station, which he continued four years, and went into the real-
estate business in Brooklyn, N. Y., with which he combined build-
ing, buying and selling, etc., where he remained until the War
began. During the Rebellion he was in the Government service,
and, at the cessation of hostilities, returned to Brooklyn and
resumed business. Since 1880, he has been interested in electrical
inventions, devoting much of his time to the telephone. In April,
1883, he came to this city in the interest of the celebrated Hopkins
telephone patent, and has since been engaged in the development
and organization of the company of which he is now manager.
The innovation which Mr. Whitlock has been instrumental in
placing before the public is another step forward and beyond any
electrical invention yet produced, and it is undoubtedly destined to
prove of greater benefit to the world than the telegraph. Mr.
Whitlock was married on May 18, 1850, to Miss Emma Osborn of
New York. They have three children, — Albert E., Belle and
Charles, Jr.
FRANK GODINE Moss, secretary of the Inter-State Tele-
phone Company, was born at New York City on March 14, 1841.
He passed through the public schools of his birthplace, afterward
finishing by a collegiate course. He then engaged in the hardware
business, subsequently entering the employ of Carter, Ouinan &
DeForest, dry goods, with whom lie remained three years. At the
end of that time he went on Wall Street, but in the following
year (1802) came to this city and engaged with Hart, Aston & Co.,
bag manufacturers, which firm afterward became Hart, Bradley &
Co., with whom he continued twenty-four years. His connection
with that firm was at first in the capacity of assistant bookkeeper,
from which position he was advanced to the responsible duties of
cashier. In 1885, he became secretary of the Inter-State Tele-
phone Company, and since has been identified with its interests.
He is well known in financial and business circles, is regarded
as a thoroughly reliable business man in every respect, and is
especially fitted for his present position. Mr. Moss was married
on May 12, 1868, to Miss Laura Hazelett, daughter of Robert M.
Ila/.elelt, of Philadelphia; she has since deceased, leaving him a son,
Frank II. His marriage to Miss Cora F., a daughter of Marvin
C. Sherman, one of the old outside settlers of Chicago, occurred
on June 14, 1871. They have four children, — Emma B. , Marvin
S., Grace 1). and May Belle J.
ELECTRIC LIGHTS. — Since the application of elec-
tricity for illuminating purposes and the successful
operation of the electric light, many companies have
been formed in Chicago to introduce the electric light-
ing system under various patents. The first electric
lights introduced were of the Edison patent, and were
put in use in 1880, by Willoughby, Hill & Co., Pptter
Palmer and John B. Drake; in 1881, by J. A. Hamlin;
and since that time all of the principal hotels, theaters
and public institutions have adopted electric lights.
The County Court House and City Hall were fitted up
with electric light plants in 1885.
One of the first local companies to apply for a char-
ter and permission to extend their wires through the city
was the Brush Light Company, using the Brush patents.
The entrance of electric light companies was opposed
by the old gas light companies, and it was charged that
the electric light wires were dangerous to human life,
and were, besides, a fruitful source of fires. The Coun-
cil finally granted the Brush Light Company, the chief
promoters of which were Jesse Spalding and Robert
Law, the right to suspend their wires from buildings.
This privilege was afterward withdrawn, and the com-
pany directed to place its wires underground. About
this time the Western Edison Electric Light Company
applied to the Council and received a. charter to intro-
duce its system. Charges of bribery in connection with
the action of the Council in reference to electric light
and telegraph franchises were made by the press, and
much ill-feeling between rival companies was created.
The Brush Light Company has not been able up to date
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
(January, 1 886) to secure a franchise under which they
could operate, and while the company is still in exist-
ence it has not carried on business. The parent Brush
Light Company of Cleveland has a branch here, Alex-
ander Kemp being the manager.
Tin- Van Depoele Electric Light Company was
organized in 1880, and in 1884 was re-organized, be-
coming the Van Depoele Klectrie Manufacturing Com-
pany. The officers are Joseph A. Sleeper, president;
\V. j. Durham, secretary;" Aaron K. Stiles, manager;
Charles |. Van Depoele, electrician. There are about
live hundred arc-lights of the Van Depoele system in
operation in Chicago, and upward of one thousand in
other towns, principally in the \Vest.
On the evening of December 31, 1885, the tower of
the new Hoard of Trade was illuminated by one of the
most powerful lights ever devised. The corona, or
circle, to which the lamps are attached is twenty-nine
feet in diameter; there are twenty lamps, each of 2,000-
caiulle power, giving the light a total intensity of 40,000-
candle power and a radiating center of over thirty feet,
at a height of three hundred feet above the earth. The
lights are of the double carbon pattern, and burn for
fifteen hours. The electric current is supplied by a
twenty-light dynamo of twenty-nine ampheres, which
requires for its motor about one-third of the 6o-horse
power Board of Trade engine, which gives a speed to
the dynamo of 725 revolutions a minute. This great
light illuminates a large area of the city, and can be
seen at a distance of sixty miles. The light is the con-
ception of Rimer A. Sperry, and is of the Sperry pat-
tern. Its erection and maintenance was the joint
project of Mr. Sperry, George J. Brine, fidmond Nor-
ton and K. N'elson Blake, of the Board of Trade Di-
rectory, and R. S. Worthington, then secretary of the
Real-Estate Board. The Sperry Rlectric Light and
Motor Company furnish the light, the Board of Trade
the power, and the balance of the cost of maintenance
is made up by contributions from surrounding prop-
erty-owners.
THE WESTERN RDISON LIGHT COMPANY OF CHI-
CAGO was incorporated on June i, 1882, under the laws
of Illinois, with a paid-up capital stock of half a million
dollars. The president of the company, until his death
in 1885, was General Anson Stager. The other officers
were John M. Clark, vice-president; F. S. Gorton,
treasurer; I). H. Louderback, secretary; George H.
Bliss, general superintendent; and P. D. Johnston,
engineer. The organization owns territorial rights in
the States of Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa, under the
various Edison patents for electric lighting. The busi-
ness, which is extensive and increasing, consists in
building plants and establishing local companies to
furnish electric lights. Among others, prominent
central station plants have been introduced in Des
Moines, Iowa, Appleton, Wis., and Rlgin, 111. Of
isolated plants some twenty-five thousand lights have
been placed since the organization of the company;
among those in Chicago, may be mentioned the retail
stores of Marshall Field & Co. and Mandel Bros., the
First National Bank, Columbia Theater, Pullman Build-
ing, McVicker's Theater, the County Hospital and the
New Board of Trade. In Milwaukee, Wis., isolated
plants have been established at Best's brewery, the
Plankinton House.. the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway
shops, and Sanderson's flouring mills. At Elgin, 111., a
similar lighting system has been provided at the Asylum
for the Insane, also at the Penitentiary at Anamosa,
Iowa, and at the Iowa State Agricultural College.
Also three large Pillsbury flouring mills, at Minneap-
olis, Minn., have been provided for.
CM.KCIK HAKKISIIN lii.iss, general superintendent of the
Western Edison Light Company of Chicago, was born at Wmvrs-
iri. Ma-s., on May 12, 1840. In early youth he attended the
\\.-irester schools. Coming to Chicago in 1854, he went to the
public schools, finally entering the high school, where he pursued
his studies until the spring of 1858, when, a few months before the
dale he should have graduated, he was taken sick and compelled to
the school. In 1859, he became a telegraph operator, and
during that year and the two following he pursued this vocation at
llixiin and Aurora, III., and at Muscatine, Iowa. In 1862, he
returned to Chicago to engage as a telegraph operator in the office
of the Illinois & Mississippi Telegraph Company. H-ere he
remained some six months, when he entered the office of the gen-
eral superintendent of the Chicago <.V North-Western Railway. He
continued in this service, and jointly in that of the Western Union
and North-Western Telegraph companies, until the spring of 1873,
acting most of the time as the superintendent of all the telegraph
lines on the Chicago & North-Western Railway, and as superin-
tendent of the North-Western Telegraph Company's lines to Lake
Sn]>crior. In the meantime he had established the firm of Bliss,
Tillottson & Co , for the manufacture and sale of electric goods
and apparatus in Chicago, the first important establishment of the
kind in the city. In 1873, he resign.ed his position in connection
with the railroad and telegraph companies, in order to look more
closely after his private interests, and for several years following
was identified with the firm of George H. Bliss & Co., the Western
Electric Manufacturing Company, and with the manufacture and
sale of the various inventions made by Thomas A. Edison. In
1878, being out of health, he spent much of the following three
years in the mountains. In the fall of 1881, he became the general
western agent of the Edison Electric Light Company; and when
tlu: Western Edison Light Company was organized in 1882, he
became the general superintendent, continuing as such ever since.
Mr. llliss v.as married on December 19, 1864, at Worcester, Mass.,
to Miss Mary M. Gilbert, of that city. They have four children, —
Grace Ethel, Julian Perrin, Gilbert Ames, and George Edison.
Mr. Bliss is a. member and deacon of the Plymouth Church and
superintendent of the Home Sunday-school.
P. D. JOHNSTON, chief engineer of the Western Edison Light
Company, was born at Alexandria, Va., on July 3, 1855, and is
a son of Reuben and Mary (LeGrand) Johnston. His mother was
a daughter of Colonel LeGrand of the United States Army. He
attended school at Alexandria and received his technical education
under a special tutor, devoting most of his study to scientific engi-
neering. In order to perfect himself in the mechanical department
of his studies, he spent three and one-half years in a railway repair-
shop, in a blacksmith shop and in the pattern department of a
foundry, thus acquiring a practical knowledge of the theories to
which he had given a large amount of application and study. After
leaving the machine shops, he sailed on the steamship " Georgia,"
one of the vessels of the Clyde line, as oiler and assistant, and
served in that capacity for six months, when his ability received
substantial recognition from the company, and he was appointed
assistant superintending engineer of the boats of this company.
They at that time possessed seventeen ships in the fleet. He
occupied the position of assistant engineer for five years. He then
entered the employment of the Yale Lock Manufacturing Com-
pany, and was employed in the drafting department, making plans
of their heavy hoisting machinery, remaining with them for fifteen
months. He then joined George B. Mallory, consulting engineer
of New York City, and assisted him in the construction and erec-
tion of the large grain elevator in Brooklyn, the largest in the
world, and which is known as Dow's Stores. After the completion
of this work, he joined the Edison Company, and as agent of the
New York company was associated with Mr. Bliss; shortly after
that, the present company was formed, and he accepted his present
position. Mr. Johnston was married on November 20, 1883, to
Miss Jessie Elliott, of New York City, a daughter of Dr. A. G.
Elliott.
THE WESTERN ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY has
made an enviable reputation by the excellence of its
manufactures and the superiority of the light generated
by its machines. Its business is augmenting year by
year, and its output creates a satisfactory advertisement
for the company wherever it is introduced.
JOHN Ross GUNN, of the Western Electric Light Company,
Nos. 227-51 South Clinton Street, Chicago, was born at Bradford,
Ont., on September 4, 1857. His parents, Alexander J. and Jane
(Sutherland) Gunn, were of Scotch descent, his father having been
born in Helmsdale, Caithness, and although his mother was a
TELEGRAPH AND EXPRESS.
599
native of Bradford, Out., her ancestors were of Scotch origin. Mr.
Gunn's grandparents on his mother's side came through the terri-
tory of Manitoba with the celebrated "Selkirk Expedition" in
1825, and crossing Lake Superior in open boats, with an Indian for
guide, ultimately settled in Canada. His grandfather Sutherland
died at Bradford on November 23, 1883, at the remarkable age of
one hundred and one years. Mr. C.unn's grandfather on his
father's side came direct from Scotland, and settled in West \Vil-
liamsburg, near Bradford, with only live sovereigns in his pocket
and an ax on his shoulder, but, by industry, perseverance and good
luck, he afterward became quite wealthy. He died in August,
1883, at the age of eighty-wen years. Mr. Gunu in his youthful
days attended the public schools of Toronto, Canada, receiving an
ordinary education. After leaving school, he went to Michigan,
and engaged in the steam-fitting business for two' years. He then
went to Buffalo, N. V., where he resumed the steam-fitting trade
for three years. He came to Chicago in September, iSSo, and
engaged with the firm of Barker it Co., steam-fitters on Jackson
Street, with whom he remained for two years. In September,
1883, he entered the employ of the Western Electric Light Com-
pany, where he is now engaged in the manufacture of electric light
armatures. Mr. Gunn was married, in 1882, at Geneva, 111., to
Miss Ella Imogene Vandeventer, of New Jersey. Mrs. Gunn is
of Holland extraction, her ancestors springing from noble lineage.
Her grandparents took a very prominent part in this country in the
Revolutionary War. Mr. and Mrs. Gunn have one son, Bruce,
named after Robert Bruce of Scotch renown. Mr. Gunn devotes
all his spare time to the perusal of scientific works, and is possessed
of refined literary taste. Although not a long resident of Chicago,
still he intends to identify himself with all its interests and improve-
ments, and by his courteous and liberal disposition, is rapidly se-
curing many warm friends and acquaintances.
THE MILWAUKEE ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING COM-
PANY, of Milwaukee, Wis., was organized in 1882, under
the corporate laws of the State of Wisconsin, and with
a paid-up capital stock of $250,000. The officers are
William Plankinton, of Milwaukee, president and
treasurer, and Warren S. Johnson secretary. The Chi-
cago branch was established on January i, 1885, and is
located at No. 53 Wabash Avenue, in charge of W. C.
Temple. There are other branches in Minneapolis,
Detroit, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and New York, all under the
direct control of the Milwaukee house. The company
make recording voltameters, current regulators, tele-
thermoscopes, electro-plating machines and other elect-
trie supplies. Their specialty is the manufacture of an
electro-pneumatic valve, the invention of Professor W.
S. Johnson. This device has numerous applications,
the most important of which is in regulating the modern
steam-heating apparatus. It is also applicable to heat-
ing systems by hot water and hot air, and for the regu-
lation of ice machines. By its use, dry-kilns may be kept
at any desired temperature; steam whistles may be blown
at any distance, by touching a press button; inaccessible
windows, ventilators and traps opened and closed at will;
tank pumps arranged so that the pump will either slow
or stop when the tank is full, and start when the water
subsides a few inches; and many other applications where
it is undesirable to leave the regulation of valves to the
volition of any one. The force required to operate a
valve is received from the stored energy of compressed
air operating directly upon a piston or its equivalent.
The electricity employed has only the duty of admitting
or releasing the compressed air from the chamber that
operates the piston. The compressed-air storage tank
is re-charged by a small air-pump working automatically
by water pressure. Having determined the degree of
temperature required, it is only necessary to set to a
corresponding figure a little wall instrument known as
the thermostat. When the apartment reaches this tem-
perature, the electric current passing through the ther-
mostat is closed, and the electro-pneumatic valve allows
the compressed air to enter the diaphram valve, and
shut off the steam, hot air, circulation of hot water, or
whatever may be the source of heat. The temperature
begins to fall, and by the time it has gone down less
than one degree Fahrenheit, the electric circuit is
broken and the valve opens.
WILLIAM CHASE TEMPLE, the manager of the Chicago branch
of the Milwaukee Electric Manufacturing Company, was born at
Starke, Fla. , on December 28, 1860. He received his education in
the Delaware State Normal School at Wilmington, where he was
graduated in 1878. From school he went to Milwaukee, Wis.,
where, for a short time he was employed in the packing house of
Plankinton & Armour. Thence, he went into Mitchell's Bank of
that city, remaining there as assistant bookkeeper until 1881, when
he returned to Florida, and in the town of Temple, founded by his
family, engaged in general mercantile business on his own account.
In 1883, his place of business and stock were destroyed by fire. He
then became manager for the extensive Florida estates of Alexander
Mitchell of Milwaukee, with his offices at Jacksonville. When the
Milwaukee Electric Manufacturing Company, late in 1884, de-
cided to open a branch in Chicago, Mr. Temple was invited to as-
sume its management, and in January, 1885, he came to Chicago
for that purpose. Mr. Temple was married, on April 13, 1883, to
Miss Carrie Lee Wood, of Chicago. He is a member of Bradford
Lodge, No. 42, A.F. & A.M., of May Lodge, No. 10, I.O. of O.F.,
of Osceola Tribe, I. O.R.M., all of Florida, and of Washington
Camp, No. I, P.O.S. of A., also of Florida, — being the first presi-
dent of the first camp of that order established south of Mason and
Dixon's line.
THE ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY OF ANSONIA,
CONN., has an extensive branch establishment at Nos
175 and 177 Lake Street. The company was incorpor-
ated under the laws of Connecticut, on April 5, 1880,
the original officers being Thomas Wallace president,
and J. B. Wallace secretary and treasurer, the 'original
capital stock being only $5,000. This was soon in-
creased, however, to $48,000, and Thomas Wallace, Jr.,
became general agent and Thomas W. Bryant superin-
tendent, the works and main office being at Ansonia.
Although a stock company, the concern possesses the
advantage of being practically a branch of the extensive
house of Wallace & Sons, of Ansonia, Conn., manufac-
turers of brass and copper goods. Hence, the company
are able to carry a larger stock of goods and do a larger
business than the real capital stock of the company
would warrant. They make and sell all sorts of elec-
trical supplies, both for telephonic and telegraphic pur-
poses, together with all the electric appliances for busi-
ness and domestic purposes. The Chicago branch was
established, on January i, 1885, in charge of Franklin
S. Terry as manager. There is also a branch at No. 17
Dey Street, New York.
FRANKLIN SILAS TERRY, the manager of the Chicago branch
of the Electric Supply Company of Ansonia, Conn , was born in
that place on May 8, 1862. He received his education in the
graded schools and the high school of his native city, where he
was graduated in 1880. He at once entered the service of the
Electric Supply Company. When it was determined to open a
branch in Chicago to supply the western market, Mr. Terry,
although a young man, had made himself so valuable to the com-
pany in his four years' service, that he was selected for this respon-
sible position.
THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC COMPANY, of Chicago,
was organized in 1879, under the corporate laws of the
State of Illinois, with a capital stock of $10,000. The
officers are W. G. Foster, president, and J. C. Cushman,
secretary, treasurer and general manager. The com-
pany's main office is at No. 205 Clark Street, and
its factory at Evanston. They make a peculiar variety
of electro-magnetic pads and plasters for curative pur-
poses. The electro-magnetic action claimed is said to
be due, not, as is usual, to any arrangement of metallic
discs, but to a certain metallic compound forming the
body of the pad in which the electric action is set up,
the formula for which is not made public. These
appliances, it is claimed, possess valuable remedial
properties, and have a large sale. The company has
6oo
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
agencies in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, New York and New
England.
I'HIN Cl.ARK CrsiiMAN, secretary, treasurer and general
manager of the Electro-Magnetic Company of Chicago, was born
• n Covington, N. V., i'.n August 21, 1833, He is tin- son of
it X.Cushinan of that town, and grandson of Silas Cushman,
who settled in Northern New York in 1799. Mr. Cushman is a
lineal descendant of Rev. Robert Cushman, one of the pilgrims of
the " Mayflower." On his mother's side he is the great-grandson
i .1 I >r. Clark, an eminent surgeon in the English navy. As a youth
he went to the school and the academy in iiis native town, and at
the age of sixteen went to work in a country store. At nineteen he
went to( Kwego, N. V., and commenced business for himself in the
book and newspaper trade. After a year lie sold out and engaged
in the "Yankee notion" line in Oswego, until 1855, when he
rem.> -o and entered tin- service of the Galena & Chi-
a Railroad. At the end of the year he was induced to
Tvner City, Ind., when he entered into a copartnership with
his uncle in the lumber business. This proved a good move, and
Mr. Cushman continued in the business until 1863, when, having
been elected clerk of the Circuit Court of Marshall Connl\
moved to Plymouth, the county seat, and held the oliice until 1871.
In the meantime, in 1870, he had been elected secretary and direc-
tor of the Plymouth, Kankakee & Pacilii Railroad, a position he
held until 1873, when the road went into receiver's hands. In
Mr. Cushman purchased the road at master's sale, as trustee
for the bond-holders. It was afterward re-organixed as the Indiana,
Illinois \ Iowa Railroad, and Mr. Cushman was secretary of that
company until 1883, when the office of the company was removed
lo New York. lie is now secretary of the Illinois, Iowa & North-
in Railroad. In 1871, just after the lire, he entered into
partnership with Cameron, Amberg t\; Co., stationers of Chicago.
Tin'-, partnership expired in 1878. In 1875, Mr. Cushman found
hi-. Chicago interests necessitated his presence here, so he removed
his family to Highland Park, which lias since been his home. lie
is one of the directors and stockholders of the Chicago Anderson
Pressed llrick Company. He is also a director in the Chicago
Underground Sectional Telegraph Company, of which Professor
Klisha Cray is president. Mr. Cushman was married, in 1856, to
Miss Kllen S. Bissel, of Franklin County, Mass. They have one
child, Lillian S. He is a member of A. O. Fay Lodge, No. 676,
A. F. iV A.M., of Highland Park, and has been master of it for
live years. I le belongs to Evans Chapter, R.A.M., of Evanston;
was Prelate of Apollo Commandery, K.T.; and isIll.Gd. Prior of
Oriental Consistory, S.P.R.S., 32°.
EXPRESS.
AMERICAN EXPRESS COMPANY. — At the time of
the great fire, the American had its headquarters at the
corner of Lake and Dearborn streets. Charles Fargo
was at that time vice-president and general manager of
the Western Department, and Oliver W. Barrett was
its Chicago Agent. The building destroyed was re-
built for the company, but was not suited to its aug-
mented requirements. After the fire, temporary quar-
ters were secured at Twenty-second Street and W abash
Avenue, and a little later at the corner of the latter
thoroughfare and Harmon Court. In 1873, the com-
pany occupied a portion of the new building at the
corner of Washington and Clark streets, and the en-
suing year moved into the elegant and commodious
structure they have since occupied, at Nos. 72-78 Mon-
roe Street. This edifice is of stone, is the finest of its
class in the West, and cost over half a million of dol-
lars. In 1885, the company erected a new freight
warehouse, at the corner of Van Buren and Market
streets.
The official ensemble of the Chicago branch of the
enterprise is now the same as in 1871, the Western man-
ager being Charles Fargo, and the Chicago manager is
Oliver \V. Barrett. The company controls and operates
seventeen branch offices in Chicago.
CHAKI.KS FAUGO, vice-president of the American Express
Company and general manager of all its business west of Buffalo,
N. Y., is a member of the celebrated Fargo family of Onondaga
County, N. Y., which has given to the country three of its repre-
sentative business men, William G., James C., and Charles Fargo,
whose labors and successes in the field of express transit read like
a romance, and yet were prolific of the most abundant practical
results of profit and bum-lit to the community. Through pioneer
davs, through the War, business disasters, panic and competitive
opposition, each member of the family lias in turn arisen from the
ranks to the proudest positions in the gift of the company. Charles
> is the son of William (.'. Fargo, and was born in Onondaga
County, N. Y., in 1831. He received his early education at his
native place, and when only fifteen years of age, imbued with the
spirit of adventure and enterprise, went to Buffalo, N. Y., and,
entering the offices of the American Express Company, inaugu-
rated a service of nearly half a century's duration. In 1851, he
was sent to Detroit, Mich., remaining there two years, removed to
Toledo, Ohio, to establish the iirst agency of the company in that
city, and in 1856 returned to Detroit, where his ability was recog-
nixed by his being made superintendent of the offices in that dis-
trict. In this capacity Mr. Fargo served for twelve years, and his
experience and progress is collateral with the history of the State.
Personally he established the Lake Superior Express, an enter-
prise which reached an isolated district, and, in behalf of the com-
pany he represented, did for Michigan what Wells, Fargo & Co.
have done for California, — encouraged producers to ship at reduced
rates; employed railroad, marine and stage-coach facilities to reach
all available points; and so economically and advantageously furth-
ered the interests of the company that, even after his transfer to
Chicago, Mr. Fargo retained active control of the Detroit offices.
After twelve years' service in Michigan, he came to Chicago, and
succeeded his brother, James C. F'argo, as general superintendent
of the Northwestern Division, the latter going to New York to as-
sume the Eastern general superintendency of the business of the
company. Mr. Fargo here manifested the same energy and activ-
ity which had signalized his Detroit experience. In August, iSSi,
when James C. Fargo succeeded his brother, William G. Fargo, as
president of the company, Charles Fargo was made vice-president
and general western manager of all business west of Buffalo. Mr.
Fargo, in the prime of a useful and honorable career, enjoys the
respect and esteem of his business associates and a large circle of
friends. He was married at Cooperstown, Otsego Co., N. Y. , in
1856,10 Miss Mary J. Bradford. They have one son, Livingston
Wells, and three daughters, Irene, Adelaide and Florence.
OI.IYKK \Y. BARRETT, agent of the American Express Com-
pany at Chicago, has been connected with this corporation in an
important and progressive capacity for nearly a quarter of a cen-
tury. There are few men occupying the same line of responsibili-
ties who have had as long and varied experience. Aside from
serving the routine interests of his company, Mr. liarrett has been
the first to introduce new features of advantage in the express
traffic to the company and the public. lie was born at Kings-
ville, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, on November 20, 1832, and there lie
received his early education. When sixteen years of age, after
clerking in a store for some time, he left his native place for lames-
town, N. Y., and was engaged in mercantile pursuits for four
years. In 1852, he became incidentally acquainted with E. I).
Lathrop, a prominent merchant and manufacturer of Conway,
Mass. Mr. Lathrop witnessed a commercial transaction in which
Mr. Barrett evidenced a rare degree of intelligence and ability, and
engaged him to aid him in his business enterprise in New England.
With him he remained for one year, and then, at Beloit, Wis.,
entered the employ of the American Express Company as a clerk
for E. I). Murray, the agent at that place. Shortly afterward,
John A. Mott, superintendent of the company, becoming impressed
with his business talents, transferred him to the Chicago office,
under the general superintendency of fames C. Fargo. In the
spring of 1854, Mr. Barrett began a service in the local interests of
the company which continued for eighteen years. He was clerk in
the main office, but in 1861 was appointed superintendent of the
Illinois Division. Two years later he was made agent at Chicago
for the company, a position he filled for nine years. In 1872, he
engaged in the wholesale grocery business at the corner of Wabash
Avenue and Lake Street, operating the firm of Kellogg & Barrett,
his partner being William F. Kellogg, of this city. In March,
1882, he abandoned commercial life, and returned to the service of
the express company. Here he at once made his enterprise con-
spicuous by being connected with the money-order express system
in the West. In January, 1884, he was made general agent of the
company, which position he still holds. Mr. Barrett was married
in 1870, to Miss Osborn, daughter of Hon. S. S. Osborn, of
Painesville, Ohio. Mr. Barrett is well known in the community in
which he has been a representative resident for so many years, and
where he is highly esteemed for his business integrity and his social
characteristics. A veteran in the service of the great company of
which he is the manager at this place, its remarkable growth and
marvellous development of the city's resources have been con-
tributed by his individual effort, culminating in a position of rare
honor and responsibility.
BERNARD WVGANT, assistant agent of the Americrn Express
TELEGRAPH AND EXPRESS.
60 1
Company at Chicago, is one of the pioneers in western express
business, having entered service in this line almost at its first estab-
lishment in this city. He was born at Stone Ridge, Ulster Co.,
N. Y., in 1836. In June, 1849, he came West with his parents,
who located on a farm near Ilinsdale, Conk Co., III. In the ensu-
ing year his father, Thomas Wygant, went to California, and died
then- in November, 1850, and in 1854, the family took up a perma-
nent residence in Chicago, the son completing his education here.
In 1855. Mr. Wygant entered the employ of the American Express
Company as money deliverer. In those nursling days of the
express interest, money packages were delivered from a bag car-
rie.l by the messenger from store to store, and for eight years Mr.
' pursued this line of service. In 1863, he was advanced to
the position of money-delivery clerk in the office of the company.
Later he became an employe of the Western Union Telegraph
Company and of the Merchants' Union Express Company. In
[SdS, when the latter company consolidated with the American, lie
returned to his old post of duty. In 1884, he was made assistant
agent of the company, a position he now fills. This record of long
service is shared by but few employes of the company, and Mr.
Wygant's experience in the express business has eminently qualified
him for the important position he now holds. Although a young
man, he is a veteran in the service of the American, like the Fargos
themselves. He is esteemed as a most valuable and reliable busi-
ness man by his associates, and ranks high for personal integrity
and pleasant social attainments. Mr. Wygant was married, in
1863, to Miss Apphia 13. Frost, of this city. They have one child,
named lielle.
IIIIIN R. FI.OYD, cashier of the American Express Company,
has occupied all important and responsible position in the employ
of that company since 1864, and has been a resident of Chicago for
over thirty six years. For a long time anterior to the War his
name was a household word in this community, and as the origina-
tor of Floyd's Penny Post he probably did more to suggest a
valuable collection auxiliary to the postal service than any man of
his time. Mr. Floyd was born on September 3, 1837, near Pitts-
bin -gh, IVnn., where he received the rudiments of a practical educa-
tion. When twelve years of age, he accompanied his father,
Thomas Floyd, to Chicago, and here completed his studies. He
began business in the iron and hardware establishment which his
father founded; upon the decease of the latter, in 1857, heabandoned
it to develop a plan he had formed for the cheap delivery of letters
on a new stamp system. The scheme involved the prompt delivery
of all letters intrusted to the care of his carriers, in any part of the
city, for one cent, and was a popular and convenient means of mail
transmission at that time. In 1861, Mr. Floyd sold out the enter-
prise, to enter the Army. He was a member of the famous Ells-
worth United States Zouave Cadets, being one of the first nine to
join the company, which consisted of seventy-five members, and
was commanded by the heroic Colonel Elmer Ellsworth, of Chi-
cago, who was killed at Alexandria, Va., while attempting to pull
down a Confederate flag at that place. Of the original company,
only twenty-two members are now living. Mr. Floyd continued
with the company until it was disbanded and merged into the regu-
lar service when the War broke out. He was then employed by
the State, and sent to Camp Butler, near Springfield, III., which
was then the rendezvous of organization for all State regiments.
There he was engaged in drilling infantry troops, but being anxious
for active service, in the fall of 1861 he enlisted in the 651)1 Illinois
Infantry, and began a military career which was continuous until
the fall of 1864. He was with both the Army of the Potomac and
that of the West, and was captured at I larper's Ferry in 1862,
pl.-uvd on parole for four months, and then exchanged. He
returned to the service in the Army of the Ohio, and went through
the Atlanta campaign with General Sherman. He entered the ser-
vice as lieutenant, and when mustered out was captain of Co. "E."
After the close of the War, Captain Floyd returned to Chicago,
and in I lecember, 1864, entered the service of the American Express
Company as corresponding clerk. On January I, 1868, he was
advanced to his present post of duty. Mr. Floyd was married, in
1867, to Miss Nettie Kelly, of this city. They have one child, a
daughter, named Laura. Mr. Floyd is a man of high personal
integrity and business qualifications, and enjoys the confidence and
esteem of his employers and associates, as of the community where
he has been a useful and representative citizen.
ADAMS EXPRESS COMPANY. — The Chicago depart-
ment of this company has no history as an important
branch of the express service anterior to 1870. At
that time, Anson Gorton was general agent of the'
Western division, with headquarters at Columbus, Ohio,
controlling business over the Pittsburgh & Fort Wayne
Railroad. Chicago was in his district, and on March i,
1870, he appointed John L. Hopkins as the first manager
of the company in Chicago. In 1872, Mr. Hopkins
resigned, and, by special request, Mr. Gorton assumed
charge of the office in this city on September i. This
position he filled for eleven years, resigning on Septem-
ber i, 1883, and being succeeded by Francis X. Dona-
hue. In 1884, William W. Chandler, Jr., was appointed
agent of the company, the business increasing materi-
ally under his supervision. At the time of the fire of
1871, the Adams had its office on Dearborn, near Ran-
dolph Street, and immediately after that event secured
the building No. 57 West Washington Street, at an
annual rental of $7,000. Fourteen months later the
offices were transferred to No. 121 Dearborn Street.
In 1878, a removal was made to Madison and State
streets, five years later to Fifth Avenue and Madison
Street, and in 1884 to the old Dearborn Street location.
In July, 1885, the present building, No. 189 Dearborn
Street, was ready for occupancy, and the Chicago offices
of the company are now there located.
WILLIAM W. CHANDLER, JR., agent of the Adams Express
Company, in this city, has been identified with Chicago since
1868. The youngest representative of the express companies filling
so important a position, Mr. Chandler possesses the entire confi-
dence and esteem of the community and the company he has so
acceptably served, and lacks nothing in experience, enterprise or
intelligence to enable him to continue an honorable career, which
has been signalized by unspotted integrity and an ability that has
been sought for instead of seeking. lie is the son of William W.
and l.ydia I )e Kalb (Pease) Chandler, and was born on November
21, 1856, at Cleveland, Ohio, whence his parents removed six years
later to this city, permanently locating here in 1862. The son
received his initial education in a seminary at Hyde Park and at
other schools there and at Riverside, at which suburban towns the
family resided at various times, and for a period he attended the
University of Chicago. His first venture in business was at the
age of thirteen years, when he entered the employ of the Star
Union Line as clerk, an enterprise of which his father was general
agent. The first three years of his service here he attended school
a portion of the time, but later devoted his attention solely to the
duties of the clerkship until 1878. He then entered the service of
the lialtimore & Ohio Express Company as express messenger, in
chai ye of a car running from Chicago to Chicago Junction, Ohio,
a position he filled for one year. In 1880, at the solicitation of H.
M. Kinsley, he became the buyer for that gentleman's catering
establishment, but its endless details of management made the
business distasteful to him, and Mr. Chandler went West, pros-
pecting a year in the Rocky Mountains. Returning to Chicago,
he assumed the travelling agency of the Baltimore & Ohio Express
Company, taking charge of the route he had formerly covered as
messenger, and for some months was acting agent of the company
at this point. Being sent for by Mr. Zimmerman, his old superin-
tendent of the Baltimore & Ohio, and then occupying the same
position with the Adams Express Company, Mr. Chandler trans-
ferred his services to the latter company, in September, 1883, act-
ing in the same capacity as with the Baltimore & Ohio Company. In
October, 1884, he was appointed acting agent of the Adams at
Chicago, a trust made permanent in March of the following year,
and an appointment which met with the warm approval of the
business men of the city. Mr. Chandler was married, on Decem-
ber 3, 1883, to Mrs. Marianne Bishop Redington, of this city.
Their only child, a boy, died on October 7, 1884. Mr. Chandler
for five years was sergeant of Co. " C," 1st Regiment, I.N.G., of
which he is still an honorary member. He comes of a family
tracing its genealogy back to the days of the Puritans. His
brother, Frederick B. Chandler, is private secretary of Lloyd
Tevis, president for Wells, Fargo & Co., in California.
JOHN A. C. ROBERTS, cashier of the Adams Express Com-
pany in Chicago, has been connected with that company for over
twenty-one years, and has filled many important positions in its
service during that time. Mr. Roberts was born at Waynesville, War-
ren Co., Ohio, on April 19, 1841. There he received a practical
common school education, and in 1862 enlisted in the 34th Ohio
Zouaves. For a time he was in the Kanawha Valley with General
Crook, and later in the Shenandoah Valley under General Sheridan.
Most of the time Mr. Roberts was on detached service as clerk, and
was in the offices of the adjutant and quartermaster two years. He
was mustered out of service in 1865, and located at Cincinnati. In
July of that year, he entered the employ of the Adams Express
Company in that city, in the capacity of money clerk. After fif-
teen years' experience in the Cincinnati office, he was transferred to
Pueblo, Colo., where for nearly a year he was the company's agent.
602
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
In iSSi, he returned to Cincinnati and took the cashier's desk. In
• ei. 1884, hi' resigned th:it position, and engaged ill fanning,
but in SepicniU I i vice of li;
being assigned to liis present pi ist of duty. IK- was marriril at
('iru-iunali, in 1869,111 Miss Helen A. Kinncy, of that city. They
liavi' four chililri-n. ••\Iaiton, Hannah, Harry and Ullii'. Mr.
Ixobcris is esteemed as a representative man iu Ins line of official
.nl has made an honoialilr reciird for progressive- useful-
ness in the Kxpress iiitcn a citizen of high integrity in
the i-omnuinity where lie resides.
ANUKKAV' |. Ml icm I.I., depot agent of th. i xprcss
Company at Chicago, is a native "I \ew Jersev, born on Decem-
ber 25, 1841. There he received his early education, ami when
only thirteen \- ed the employ of the Adams \-~.\-
pn-ss Company as paster. Advancing rapidly, as his abilities
superiors, in 1859 he was given
full management of the freight department of the company in
Mr. Mitchell then organi/cd the department
:its at IcrsryCity that gave to the company an entire
rail-connection with the South and West, business previous to that
time having been conducted by both boat and rail. \Vheii the Re-
bellion broke out, he was detailed by the company to effect ar-
. -incuts for the conduct of the express business in the Army,
lor about a year and a half he was with ( leueral McClellan's
command, in the Army of the 1'otomac. The closing of all other
outlets to ami from the South except by way of Cincinnati and
made the former point the great express center during
the War, and there Mr. Mitchell was linally stationed, being placed
in charge of the height business of the companv. When the War
was over, he was scut in a travelling capacity to the South, being
located in Central Kentucky, with headquarters at Lexington, lie
was given charge of various routes, which soon developed from a
few In many ollices. There he remained for fourteen years. In
the company's business at Chicago having largely increased,
he was assigned to duty in this city, anil appointed depot agent,
with charge of all affairs pertaining to that important position.
M:. Mitchell's career in the express service has been remarkable
for the steady, progressive ability he has displayed, and in the ex-
ecution of important trusts he has evinced a high degree of intel-
ligence, judgment and integrity, lie was married, in Jersey City,
in is?<), to Miss Jean A. Archibald. They have four children, —
Andrew I., James ]•'.., Jean A. and John II. One son is engaged
in the service of the Adams Kxpress Company.
L \i i KI> S i A i KS Kxi'Ki.ss ( 'oMi'ANY. — In !&•; i, this
company had its offices at the corner of Lake and Clark
siivi'ts, and immediately after that event found quarters
at No. 6 1 Washington Street. H. D. Colvin was at
that time the Chicago agent, a position he had filled for
fifteen years. On December 28, 1872, the offices were
removed to the building erected by the company on
Washington, near Clark Street. Since then the business
of the company has largely increased, and it has six
important branches in this city. On September i, 1885,
Mr. Colvin retired from the office he had filled for
over a quarter of a century, and became superintendent,
Alonzo Wygant becoming the Chicago agent of the
company.
A.LOMZO WYCANT, agent of the United States Express Com-
pany at Chicago, has been in the continuous employ of that com-
pany for almost a quarter of a century, and a resident of this city
since it was scarcely more than a village. His long and varied
business career, remarkable promotion to a high and honorable
position of trust and responsibility at an early age, and his close
.ation with progressive express interests, so far form a portion
of important express development and history that a brief sketch
of his life is interesting. Mr. Wygant is the son of Thomas and
Hannah W. Wygant, and was born at Stone Ridge, Ulster Co.,
N. V., onjuly 31, 1846. When he was three yearsof age, his parents
removed to Hinsdale, Cook Co., 111., and in 1850, his father went
ifornia where he died in November of the same year. In
the family removed to Chicago, and here the son received
his early education, for many years being a student at the old
Washington School, whence he went to the high school iu 1862. In
Mr. Wygant entered the employ of the United States Express
• my. His lirst position was that of money deliverer, from
which he was advanced to the desk of chief clerk in 1867. After
four > e iu this capacity, he was made assistant cashier,
in is; i, and immediately after the great lire was given charge of
the othce of the company at the comer of Wahash Avenue and
Harmon Court, as agent at that place. In 1872, Mr. Wygant
led to his original duties as assistant cashier at the "main
office, and, in 1873, was made cashier of the company. Eight
years later he was appointed assistant agent of the United States
ami I'acilic Kxpress companies. In September, 1885, Hon. Har-
I i. Colvin became general superintendent of the company at
this point, anil Mr. \\vgant succeeded him as agent, his long
experience and faithful service entitling him to a promotion which
was a high token of appreciation of his abilities and integrity. Mr.
Wygaiit is regarded ill the community when- he has resided for so
many years as a progressive and representative citi/en. lie was
married, in 1869, to Miss Caroline S. Aspiuwall, of this city.
They have one child, a daughter, Elsie Amy.
I'.i .\IAMIN M. JKKOMK, cashier of the United States Express
Company at Chicago, was born at 1'helps, Ontario Co., N. V., in
1845. There lie lived until he was four years of age, and for tin-
succeeding thirteen years resided and received his early education
at various places in Madison County, where his father, Rev. Walter
Jerome, a well known Methodist preacher of that diitrict, was
stationed. On November I, 1862, his father died in the county
that had been his field of useful service for so many years, and in
January, 1863, the son came to Chicago to enter the employ of the
American Kxpress Company. His lirst position was that of sta-
tionery clerk, he having entire charge of the stationery supplies.
lie then became settlement clerk, later delivery clerk in the freight
department, and in 1866 was appointed assistant cashier of the
company. In the fall of that year .Mr. Jerome left the American
Express Company, and became chief bookkeeper of the Merchants'
Union Express Company. There he remained until the latter com-
pany was consolidated with the American, in 1868. In March,
1869, he went West with J. W. Davis and associates, who were
contractors for ties and building materials on all of the Union I'a-
cilic Railroad west of Cheyenne, Mr. Jerome being in their employ,
and for several months being stationed in Wyoming Territory and
I'tah. In August, he returned to Chicago, and, in October,
entered the service of the Union Pacific Railway Express, at
Omaha, which commenced operations at that time, and which is
now known as the Pacific Express. After six years' service with
the company. Mr. Jerome returned to Chicago, and, in 1875,
entered the employ of the United States Express Company, first' as
way-bill clerk, then as extra clerk, later as assistant cashier, and,
in July, 1885, as cashier of the companv. Mr. Jerome's long and
varied experience has made him authority in express matters, and
he is esteemed a valuable man in his especial line of duty. He was
married in Chicago, in 1870, to Miss Helen M. Johnson, daughter
of C. lx. Johnson, formerly superintendent of the United States
Express Company, and now assistant general superintendent of the
Merchants' Union Kxpress Company.
BAI.TIMORK & (dim EXPKKSS. — This express is a
very valuable auxiliary of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
road, and its Chicago agency was one of the first estab-
lished after the enterprise was organi/.ed, and being the
western terminus of the line is one of the most import-
ant offices of the road. The first agent of the company
in this city was John L. Cherry, who opened its offices
in the summer of 1877, at No. 83 Clark Street. In the
spring of 1882, a removal was made to No. 83 Wash-
ington Street, the present offices of the company. Robert
Sloan was the second agent, and was succeeded by J.
W. Dinsmore. In the summer of 1883, Mr. Cherry was
re-appointed, and was succeeded by H. E. Witherspoon,
who, on January 23, 1884, gave way to Anson Gorton,
the present manager, and one of the oldest express
agents in Chicago.
STAR UNION FRKKJIIT LINK. — WILLIAM W. CHANDLER,
general agent of the Star Union Freight Line, was born at Ran-
dolph, Orange Co., Vt., on January 7, 1821. He is one of a family
of thirteen children, and the success of some of these in the world
of business is indeed noteworthy. Hon. I. A. Chandler is general
agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway at St. Paul;
Albert B. is prominently connected with the Bennett-Si ackay Cable
Company, in New York; Frank I), is a large dealer in music and
musical instruments in Brooklyn; and Henry II is now living in
the old homestead in Vermont, where the entire family was born.
William W. Chandler was educated at the Norwich Mil'itary Acade-
my, attending the institution in the summer and teaching school in
the winter. Away back in the " forties," he was offered a position
as advance agent for a concert troupe of the Baker family. He
•accepted it against the entreaties of his family, who feared that the
results of his venture might prove of little benefit to his moral
nature. He started out. and continued at the business for eight
consecutive years with different troupes. In early days, the temp-
tations which surrounded the showman were far greater than now
but Mr. Chandler proved faithful to his heritage and never once
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
603
lost his own respect, while everywhere he went he proved Napo-
leonic in the conquest of the friendship of men. As early as 1850,
he visited Chicago, and advertised the Baker Concert Troupe,
which appeared in Tremont Mall on January 2, 1851. In 1853,
he left "the road," a-nd located at Cleveland, Ohio, where, on the
lyth of March, he became fourth clerk in the freight office of the
Cleveland, Pittsburgh iV Wheeling Railroad, which then had but
one hundred miles of road in operation. Within three months he
held the position of first clerk, and at the end of two and a half
years he was made general freight agent of I lie company, which
then operated two hundred and forty miles of road. Mr. Chandler
lu- Id the position until June, 1864, when he came to Chicago as
general agent of the Star Union Freight Line, the pioneer of
through-freight business as now carried on. Shortly after com-
ing here Mr. Chandler secured permission from the Pennsylvania
Company (which established the new freight auxiliary) to prepare
thirty c.us after a plan of his own, which lie believed would prove
very valuable in the shipment of butter, cheese, eggs and other
perishable goods. lie called these cars " ice-houses on wheels,"
and he is unquestionably the pioneer of the refrigerator-car system.
Mr. Chandler had not the foresight to patent his idea, which was
at once eagerly seized upon by others. Since 1864, Mr. Chandler
has been continuously in the service of the Pennsylvania Company
as its representative of their Star Union Line, and has charge of
the "high-class freight" business between Chicago and Eastern
cities in both directions. He is a man of untiring energy, in whom
is felt an interest at first sight; in his office the. soul of method;
listens to the dictate of the millionaire or the complaint of the
humblest worker with the same respectful civility and interest, and
answers with a frankness that commands respect from all. He is
thoroughly conscientious, and during his long career has ever
maintained an honorable and spotless record. Mr. Chandler has
been married three times, the last marriage occurring on August
18, 1881, to Miss Lavinia B. Pendleton, of Boston. He has two
sons by his second wife, — William W., Jr., agent of the Adams
Express Company of this city, and Fred B., secretary of the Wells-
Fargo Company, at San Francisco.
EDWAKD K. ALI.EX, the originator of Allen's City Despatch,
came to Chicago on July 12, 1881, and on the first day of October
of the same year, established an original enterprise, known as
Allen's City Despatch. This recent business venture, as it now
exists, consists of the delivery to all parts of the city, by carrier,
of printed matter. As it was originally established, it included all
mail matter, the charges being one cent for each piece of mail.
When introducing into Chicago this expeditious and highly bene-
ficial system, Mr. Allen issued a private postage stamp, which was
affixed to each piece of mail before it was deposited in a convenient
mail box, and all mail and packages bearing this stamp were col-
lected and delivered by carriers to any part of the city. The value
of each stamp was one cent, and the revenue of the business con-
sisted in selling these stamps to patrons, who, upon the purchase
of a number of them were included among the subscribers to the
enterprise, and were called upon regularly by carriers twice each
day. Scarcely had the business been started when bankers and
merchants saw the advantage of a delivery which was in advance
of the United States mail fully twelve hours in distant parts ol
the city, and which was done for one-half the price charged by the
Government. Mr. Allen continued the business until February 5,
1882, when he received official notice from Postmaster-General
Howe, declaring his business wholly illegal, and citing the statute
which made the carrying of mail over established post routes, a
direct violation of the Federal law. As it was not the intention of
Mr. Allen to violate the law in any manner, he discontinued the
carrying of mail, and was engaged by the Chicago Telephone
Company as manager of the circular delivery service of the A.D.T.
department, and was with them until January I, 1884, a short time
afterward establishing what was known as Allen's Circular Deliv-
ery, continuing until May I, 1885, when, upon the removal of his
office to the Chicago Opera House l.lock, he took the original
name of the enterprise, Allen's City Despatch, conlining the busi-
ness exclusively to the carrying of printed matter. Mr. Allen was
born at North Adams, Mass., on October 24, 1845. His father,
John E. Allen, was a cotton manufacturer, ami crime to Chicago
in 1876, where he died on May 10, 1885. Mr. Allen received his
early education in the common schools, afterward attending the
academy. At the age of nineteen, he went to Poughkeepsie, N.
V., where he entered Eastman's Business College, graduating from
that institution in the spring of 1865. After leaving college, he
engaged in the manufacture of woolen goods at Westfield, Mass.,
and the following year was forced to close out his business, owing
to the depression m trade incident to the ending of the Civil War.
He then went to East Saginaw, Mich., and engaged in the lumber
business in the employ of his father, who was one of the firm of
Hitchcock & Co. Later on, he went to Jackson and became chief
clerk of the Marion House, working in that capacity until the
house burned, in 1870. For some months afterward he was em-
ployed by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, leaving
his position with that company to take the management of the
Renson House, at Jonesville, Mich. After some years of diversi-
fied business undertakings, he went to Philadelphia, and started in
the manufacture of dress trimmings, selling out two years later to
establish a similar business in New York City. While there he
received a patent upon a hose-supporter. A company was formed,
of which he was a prominent stockholder, for the manufacture of the
patented article, and he left New York City to travel and establish
general agents to handle the same throughout the United States.
While working in that capacity he came to Chicago, partly on
business and partly to visit his parents who were residents of this
city. Finding them in very poor health, he was obliged to remain
here for over three months, and during this stay established his
City Despatch, which has grown under his careful management to
be the largest of any in the country.
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS
Organized society, in forbidding the strong man to
take from the weak that which lie needs to supply his
necessities, assumes the obligation of caring for him
when accident renders him unable to provide for him-
self In pursuance of this trust, the State furnishes
reformatories, asylums and almshouses, and the varied
machinery by which the vicious and the unfortunate are
cared for. There will still remain classes of misfortune
in which it is neither practicable nor desirable that a
popular Government should interfere, and at this point
systematized private benevolence steps in and supple-
ments the State. As is natural, the societies established
for this purpose cluster about that institution which
teaches the common brotherhood of man; and we find
the Church, or its tenets, the center of organized chari-
ties. The numberless aid societies, orphan asylums,
homes and what not, are direct outgrowths of Church
work; and its principles are exemplified in the wide-
spread brotherhoods which in misfortune or distress
watch with a careful solicitude over their members. Of
such associations Chicago has a large number, both as
adjuncts to the ordinary work of her churches, as inde-
pendent organizations having for their object the alle-
viation of the woes of the general poor, and as societies
whose specific design is to help the needy of some par-
ticular class or nationality.
Of a kindred nature are the mutual aid societies,
and the insurance orders which have had such a marvel-
ous extension in the past decade. They have their
origin in the sturdy intuitions of independence and
self-help which repel the idea of interference by any
authorities, and are fostered by the careful economy
which seeks to provide in health for the inevitable
misfortunes of sickness and death. These organiza-
tions have an especially strong hold among the foreign
population, who, in a long struggle with an ever-haunt-
ing poverty, have learned the most prudent husbanding
of their resources. Almost every Church, every class,
has its society, which for a small periodical payment
provides sick-benefits and funeral expenses, besides
binding its members in a closer union. The insurance
orders, too, while by no means confined to the foreign
population, find among them their widest extension;
the plan of operations according more closely with the
6o4
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
habits of this class. These institutions, while benefi-
cent in their result, are not "b it " within tlie
meaning of the term as employed in this article; and to
follow their ramifications is beyond the scope of this
work, as would be a dissertation on each benevolent
enterprise; hence, only some typical organizations are
referred to.
Of the benevolent institutions of Chicago, the more
prominent are noted in the following pages. I!y the
magnitude of its operations, and its especial Connection
with the decade immediately succeeding the fire, the
Chicago Relief and Aid Society is naturally entitled to
the lirst consideration, and its distribution of this
immense trusts confided to its care are fully chronicled.
Till'. CHICAGO RKLILK AM) All) SOCIETY.
(In October i :;. 1X71, by proclamation of Mayor R.
I !. Mason, the relief work at the time of the great lire
was transferred from the general relief committee to
the Chicago Relief and Aid Society; and on the same
day the latter organization took full charge of the work,
to which it was thus assigned. In meeting the great
question of relief, the Society found a valuable and
indispensable auxiliary in the tide of contributions
of money, clothing, and other supplies that (lowed in
from every quarter. The Relief and Aid Society was
thoroughly organi/.ed, the executive committee taking
full charge and direction, and every department of its
work was systematized. The general headquarters were
ai Standard Hall, corner of Michigan Avenue and
Thirteenth Street. The city was divided into six dis-
tricts, made as nearly equal as possible with regard
to population, which were again divided into sub-
districts. Kach general district was in charge of a
superintendent, the whole being under the direction of
O. C. Ciibbs, general superintendent, The district
superintendents were — L. T. Chamberlain, F. M. Rock-
well, K. F. Williams, T. T. Prosser, T. C. Hill and
C. Cr. Pusheck. These gentlemen were aided by volun-
teers, each superintendent having from seventy to ninety
men and women assisting him.
Depots for distribution were located in each district,
where applications for relief were received, and supplies
issued. The subjoined table is a summary of the work
of the six districts and four barracks, for the weeks
ending November n, 18 and 25, and will indicate
about the average number of families upon the books of
the Society, at any one date during the time of the
largest distribution of supplies.
Dutrl
No. of families.
Nov n.
No. of families.
Nov. 1 8.
Xo of families.
Nov. 25.
No. i..
3,305
1,876
3,543
',995
1.740
306
3.693
2,450
3.568
2,048
2,073
306
3,356
2,826
3,494
2,086
2,264
306
140
137
137
137
No. 2
...
.
Washington liar-racks
Madison-strcri I'.arracks
1 lam'son-street Barracks
Clybourn avenue 1.
Total
12,765
14,137
15,122
The total number of families aided by the Chicago
Relief and Aid Society from October 18, 1871, to May
i, i.S;,;, was thirty-nine thousand two hundred and
forty-two; and. placing the average number of persons
in each family at four, aid was given to one hundred
and fifty-six thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight
persons. The nationalities of the families aided during
the above period were: as follows :
Irish, 11,623; German, 14,816; American, 4,823; English.
[,406; Scandinavian, 3,624; French, 382; Canadian, 333; Scotch,
526; Italian, 207; Welsh, 35; Polish, 143; Swiss, 55; Holland, 60;
Bohemian, 565; Negro, 600, l.elgian, 54.
The following ration for a family of two adults and
three children was found to be sufficient for one week,
and was so dealt out by the supply department:
3 pounds D| pork at 5^ cents — $ .16^
6 pounds of beef at 5 cents 30
14 pounds of flour at 3 cents 42
i '4 pecks of potatoes at 20 cents .25
,'4 pound of tea at So cents — 20
I J2 pounds of rice at 8 cents (or 3% Ibs. beans
at 3^+ cents) 12
I1/! pounds of sugar at It cents .ld'/2
I, '4 pounds of soap at 7 cents _. _. .1.9
l'/i pounds of dried apples at 8 cents 12
3 pounds of fresh beef a t 5 cents 15
Total. $1.98
To the weekly ration of food was added the allow-
ance of a quarter of a ton of coal a week, which cost
$1.12^2. The total expense for sustaining a family of
live' persons for one week was thus §3.10^. The
demand for clothing was very great, as the larger pro-
portion of the sufferers had lost all their wearing ap-
parel in the fire. Of the clothing supplies sent in from
abroad much was of light summer goods, and proved
inadequate for the demand. Piece-goods were given
out in quantities, to be made up by the applicants, and
great assistance in this work was given by associations
of ladies. The Ladies' Relief and Aid Society, the
Ladies' Industrial Aid Society of St. John's Church, the
Ladies' Christian Union, the Ladies' Society of Park-
avenue Church, and the Ladies' Society of the Home of
the Friendless, gave work to a large number of sewing
women who had been thrown out of employment, in
making up garments, bed-clothing, etc., from piece-
goods supplied by the society. Of the actual quantity
of clothing received by gift from abroad it would be
impossible to make a statement, as much was given out
in the early days to all or any who asked.
The distribution of several articles of prime neces-
sity, for the week ending November 25, and the number
previously reported is shown in the following table:
District
Mattresses.
Elankels
Tons
coal.
Stoves.
Shoes.
Men's
VI . i : .
Women's
wear.
No. i
No 2
700
628
667
,S0 1
414
190
i6e
5,882
1,266
3.75S
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
270
93
394
37
1,242
605
1,172
35
433
152
244
28
42
51
199
17
7,046
1,700
4.257
60
3,399
293
1,454
457
2,430
760
1,767
Si
Previously
reported
2,131
8,606
4,615
20,724
1,522
2,131
664
3,795
22,531
8,846
45,883
11,219
Total ...
io,737
25,339
4,653
4,459
22,531
54,729
68,310
The above table does not include the stoves and
mattresses given out by the Shelter Committee, who
furnished both articles to a large proportion of their
houses and the barracks, nor the goods given out by
the Special Relief Committee. Neither does it include
furniture and crockery, both large items of expenditure.
The following table will show the aggregate distri-
bution of supplies during the period when the greatest
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
605
aid was given, and from May i, 1872, to April 20, 1873,
upon which latter date the Society closed its " October
Fire- Relief Report," it having been occupied up to that
date principally in giving aid to sufferers by the great
fire :
Description.
From Oct. is,
1871, to
May I, 1872.
]• rnin May i,
1872, to
April ao, 1873.
Total.
$23 899 45
534 195 96
¥58. Oil) 41
39.083K
8 662'..'
47.74K
68K
76J4
145
1,440.098
854.704
2.294.802
63.585
1,028><;
(14.613M
404 840
404.840
629 710
629,710
703.441
19,799
723,240
17T.964
7i«77
185.641
24.751
21.751
218,220
36,511
254.731
75.729
54.783
130.512
4 189
38
4 227
T 'a noun (Is
3« 813
44 040
70 43K
1.601
72 037
276.168X
36,843
313011)4
7;j ^-,03
7:! r)0:-i
6 988
6,988
652
435K
1.087K
178.-3IHI
627H
178.896K
7 318
7,818
54 410
6 3B2X
65 772X
819 155
364,919
1,184 074
1 643
1 643
10 lit)
10.116
442
442
17
352
369
56,328
7.702X
64,030V
7,805
IK
7.806)4
8 615
8615
32
32
22
22
825
825
1 391
1 341
' 27
72
99
125
125
126
126
28 324
577
28 901
1 464
48
1 512
73 41>7
2 331
76 758
2 333
8
2 241
10,498
10 498
3 120
3 120
14.655
367
15,022
51 430
1 004
52 434
Tables
9 OH3
269
9 332
Iti 299
477
16 776
30 652
934
31 586
68 121
28
tiS 144
27
27
9 538
195
9 733
6
|
l''lilS
3 942
129
4 071
6242
144
6 386
1
1
74
20
94
34
34
104
104
274
274
29
29
69 397
7847
77 244
18 142
18
18 160
Women's hose, pairs
39.137
126 389
5
4 943
39,142
131 332
146 819
7,372
154,191
100.653
6.691
107.344
195 911
9 468
205 379
201 955
B.087
208 042
172 873
6,278
179 151K
86 951
86 951
430
430
4,054
4,054
3 184
3 184
286
286
During the first weeks following the fire the com-
mittee of transportation, which was under the superin-
tendency of Colonel C. G. Hammond, had an enormous
work upon its hands, and the expenditure was very
heavy. Thousands of persons wished to leave Chicago,
but had not the means to do so. From October 13 to
December 30, inclusive, three thousand and twenty-
seven passes were issued, which carried six thousand
four hundred and forty-five persons out of town.
RECEIPT AND STORAGE OF GOODS. — Up to October
16, three hundred and thirty car loads of ''relief" goods
of all kinds were received over the various lines of rail-
way. These came without way-bills or invoices, and
free of charges, and on their arrival, owing to the de-
struction of the principal railroad depots by fire, had to
be unloaded from side-tracks at remote points. The
packages were at once opened, and their contents dis-
posed of, or sent without record or count wherever
most needed.
Thousands of dollars' worth of such goods as meat
and vegetables perished, owing to the impossibility of
properly caring for them. General P. H. Sheridan, in
charge of the military, was occupying the warehouse of
Tobey & Booth, and Shaw's warehouse. These, with a
full complement of workmen and guards, heiurned over
to the committee on receiving and storing supplies.
Shortly afterward the skating-rink, on the West Side, a
store-room at No. 48 West Randolph Street, another
large building, Nos. 50-52 Canal Street, and the Chun h
of the Messiah, on the South Side, were converted into
store-houses and made points of distribution. These1
were finally reduced to two, — the skating-rink and tin-
church continuing in the use of the Society. A large
frost-proof building, for the storage of vegetables, was
erected, and two large cellars were also used for the
same purpose.
SHELTER FOR THE HOMELESS. — The first necessities
of the people, food and clothing, having been provided,
the next requirement was shelter. The churches and
school-houses were at first thrown open to those who
had no better place of refuge, and a few rude structures
were put up; but these only answered for immediate
protection. The larger proportion of those who suffered
by the fire were mechanics and the better classes of la-
boring people, thrifty, domestic and respectable, whose
skill and labor were indispensable in re-building the city,
and most of whom had accumulated enough means to
become owners of their own homesteads, either as pro-
prietors or lessees of the lots. To restore them to these
homes would be to raise them at once from depression
and anxiety — to hope and renewed energy and compara-
tive prosperity. The Society then placed in the barracks
already erected the minimum number, who could not
otherwise be cared for, and set about to provide houses
for the rest, — much the larger proportion— who had
families and who had owned the homes where they had
previously resided. T. M. Avery and T. W. Harvey
were put at the head of a shelter committee. The com-
mittee used fully thirty-five million feet of lumber, which
cost about six hundred thousand dollars. The majority
of the applicants were mechanics, who, after receiving
the material, put up the houses themselves; but for the
large class of widows, infirm or other helpless persons,
the houses were built and put in complete readiness for
the tenants by the committee. The houses given were
of two sizes: one, of 20x16 feet, for families of more
than three persons; the other, of 12x16 feet, for fam-
ilies of three only. Each house was provided with a
cook stove and utensils, several chairs, table, bedstead,
bedding and crockery. The total cost of the house thus
built and furnished was one hundred and twenty-five
dollars. The shelter committee began its work on Oc-
tober 1 8, and on November 17 they had finished and
given to applicants five thousand two hundred and
twenty-six houses. This provided, at an estimate of
five to a family, comfortable houses for from twenty-
five to twenty-seven thousand persons. There were also
four barracks, which the shelter committee suitably ar-
ranged, and which provided for about one thousand
more families. These were mainly of the class who had
not hitherto lived in houses of their own, but in rooms
in tenement buildings. Each family in the barracks had
two rooms. Only one thousand two hundred and fifty-
people were gathered in one community, and these being
under medical and police supervision, their moral and
sanitary condition was carefully guarded. Only one
death occurred in the barracks during the first month.
Si'KciAL RELIEF COMMITTEE. — A suitable agency
soon became necessary for relieving the wants and
6o6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
employment to those sufferers by the fire whose
needs eould not he properly met by the District Relief
Department. The Society, with the aid of the pastors of
the various churches and representative^ of several
charitable institutions, organized a Special Relief Com-
mittee to attend to the needs of the classes just named,
and this committee's work bewail on November 6, 1X71.
A lar^e proportion of this special work consisted in
dim; aid to destitute sewing-women toward -et-
tin-- new machines. Money was uranted in various
amounts to assist applicants in re-establishing some
kind of businos, and mechanics, tradesmen and pro-
onal mm were supplied with tools and instruments
of their respective callings. The following figures will
show the disbursements on this account from Novem-
ber 6, 1X71. to May i, 187,?:
Special reliei - $281,48903
s-uini; machines - 13s. S55 -(>
Ki-ut paid -- 6.37i 8o
Tools bun-lit.. _ - 10.742 oo
Total - -$437,458«9
The total number of persons who applied for aid
from the special committee, between November 6, 1871,
and May i. iS;;. was sixteen thousand two hundred
and ninety-nine! of which nine thousand nine hundred
and sixty-two applications were approved. The com
mittee paid, in full, for two thousand three hundred and
fifty-three sewing machines; paid twenty dollars each
on two thousand and sixty-five machines; and paid tl •
balance due on seven hundred and ninety-one ma-
chines. The total number of machine orders was five
thousand two hundred and ninety-nine.
HURKAIT OF KMi'i.ovMKNT. — As soon as the general
relief work was systematized, the Society inaugurated
an employment bureau. N. K. Fairbank was chairman
of the committee, and headquarters were established
in a temporary building in the Court-house yard. This
bureau only undertook to find work for men, the women
being provided for by another organization. The
number given employment by the committee from ( )c-
tober 1 6, 1871,10 May i, 1873, together with the occu-
pations, are given below:
OlftM.
-si
sS
CO""1
"°l
«s
1-30
-/:,-•
- rt
%2
Total.
Class.
if
*t
^2
-M
?»^
i~n
oo—
5i
*H
Total.
I,almn-i>
-Mi74
Hit 5
<U37
» D4r)
11.811
•' ; in
Marhmists
19
41
51
28
70
t)9
Brick-masons...
Teamsters
143
88
39
175
880
318
871
869
Kn^im-crs
Shoemakers
Gihlers
a
87
3
8
11
11
88
Clerks
S3
K7
110
3
2
5
Painters
5
•'73
278
1
25
M
Tailors
14
1
15
IK
828
g4ti
9
2
11
1
16
17
i^iiarrvineii
9
85
176
94
177
I'oll.vlors
4
B
4
DruKKiMts
1
135
1
880
y
370
Steam-fltters
b
1
tf
fi
A
1
3
4
4
2
g
48
3
1
82
y
9
44
1
B8
•M
$
2
•'
g
194
I'M
18
nMi
8
,M;Litrcss-maker.s
4
4
1
3
1
180
180
Canvassers
4
29
29
33
locksmiths
5
2
5
\v.tir.-rs
103
103
^
3
Gardeners
138
%
138
2
Brick-setters
4
4
Collar- makers...
Plasterers
.Toiiirrs
3
253
44
:;l
253
44
34
N ni'M'S
Photographers..
Opholsterera. ..
'"•i
25
2
7
44
88
9
Kircnifii
6
g
i
8
Yard-men
'"i
1-J
12
Brlek-mi
Book-keepers...
aa
25
ri
25
Bonk-liiiiilci's. . .
Miscellaneous..
B
6
41
Total
20 288
The nationalities of those seeking employment were
\Mhviruns 3.443: Irish, 4,247; German*, 3.598; Swedes,
2 566- Norwegians, 1,684; Danes, 1,000; English, 2,098; Scotch,
400- Canadians, 400; Welsh, 40; Colored, 227; Bohemians, 97;
Swiss, 41; Dutch, 114; Italians, 178; Poles, 88; Austnans, 36;
Hungarians, 8; other nationalities, 113; total, 20,288.
Piom November i, 1871, to March i, 1872, the
total amount expended for tools given out by the
employment bureau was §19,734.
SICK, SANITARY AND HOSPITAL MEASURES, — When
the Society took charge of the general relief work it
assigned to Dr. H. A. Johnson the special duty of
organizing and directing the medical department, with
authority to associate with himself such members of the
profession as he thought best. The committee man-
aged their work by districts and sub-districts, medical
superintendents, and visiting physicians. Every appli-
cant for medical aid was visited at home, if necessary,
and was examined and provided for at the hospitals, or
dispensaries which were established. The reports of
the committee, on patients at the hospitals, persons
treated at the dispensaries, and patients visited and
treated at their homes, during' the period between Oc-
tober 17, 1871, and May i, 1873, are given below:
Hospitals.
<>«
•a ." •
v ** o "
o ~ ~<&
!°lr
Total.
Died.
124
245
"-69
23
2Q
162
19!
2O
25
194
2Ig
29
Women's and Children's Hos-
27
225
8
12
86
98
2
5
3<l
44
Total -
222
924
1,146
82
The record during the same period at the various
dispensaries established was as follows :
Ih^pcnsaries.
Patients
treated.
Pre-
scriptions
filled.
Vac-
cinations
per-
formed.
Medical directors.
14,448
2O,l68
4.^27
1'. Adolpluis.
14,335
23,174
2. 3=54
lohn Reid.
I (avis Free ...._.
11,809
9,171
13,133
12,270
916
1,438
D. T. Nelson.
I. W. Hutchins.
Hahnemann
Women's and ChiU
1,288
103
1, 860
194
235
4S
T. S. Hoyne.
M. A. Thompson.
744
860
E, L. Holmes.
Total . ...
51,898
76,659
9,515
The patients treated and visits made by the visiting
physicians were —
.
n
•r. in
OJ V
o ^
Districts.
*« £
!*l
R"fl
." -
|l||
Medical
Superintendents.
cB
>
> * £
No. i
13.313
17,470
334
12,074
|nhn Reiil.
2
6,611
10,598
1,016
21,386
William Wagner.
3- ••
4,661
7,230
561
4.I91
K. G. Bogue.
4---
6,494
7.550
313
3,924
Edwin I'owell.
5
5,601
8,530
1,070
9,549
J. \V. Freer.
Total . . .
36,680
51,378
3,294
51,124
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
607
The results of the entire work may be summarized
as follows:
Patients treated - §9724
Prescriptions filled - 76,660
Vaccinations performed - 63,933
Visits made. 51, 378
Deaths - ----- S'9
Per cent, of deaths to patients 0.58
CoMMlTTKE ON CHARITAI'.I.K INSTITUTIONS. — Tile
support which had hitherto been given to the prominent
charitable institutions had been swallowed up in the
greater calamity, and on October 20, 1871,1116 Relief
and Aid Society appointed a committee to attend to
their requirements. The various institutions were
promptly given temporary aid, but the committee early
took steps to place £.11 upon a permanent basis. They
were visited and examined by the committee, who
recommended the following disbursements and appro-
priations, which were ultimately made:
Chicago Nursery and Half-Orphan Asylum. .$ 29,400 oo
St. Joseph's Hospital 31.135 93
St. Luke's Hospital -. 28,000 oo
Chicago Protestant Orphan Asylum 10,000 oo
Mercy Hospital. 40,00000
House of the Good Shepherd -. 16,046 56
Scammon Hospital .. .. 15,000 oo
Western Seamen's Friend Society — 8,000 oo
Alexian lirothers' Hospital 18200 oo
St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum .. — 33,228 14
Newsboys' and liootblacks' Home 1,935 04
Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home (appro-
priated) _ 12,000 <x>
Home for the Friendless 36,40000
Home for the Friendless (appropriated) 1,20000
Deaconess Hospital — 25,000 oo
Chicago Foundlings' Home 10,000 oo
Eye and Ear Infirmary 20,000 oo
Women's and Children's Hospital 25,50000
Western Seamen's Bethel Union .. 15,00000
Uhlich Orphan Asylum 20,375 oo
Old People's Home 50,000 oo
Protestant Orphan Asylum _._ 2,400 oo
Foundlings' Home 900 oo
Old Ladies' Home ., 1,05000
Total cash and appropriations. $472,670 67
Together with the above appropriations, the sum of
$36,247.50 was paid out for temporary supplies given
to the charitable institutions during the period immedi-
ately following the fire. The total cash disbursements
of this committee, from May i, 1873, to May i, 1874,
the time during which most of the cash payments of
appropriations were made, was $366,316.76.
THE A. T. STEWART FUND. — Among the largest
individual donations was that of $50,000 by the late
A. T. Stewart, of New York. It was desired by Mr.
Stewart that the fund should be wholly under the charge
of Mayor Mason, Messrs. Field & Leiter, and John
V. Farvvell. To these were added the names of Henry
\V. King and N. S. Bouton, and these gentlemen con-
stituted the "A. T. Stewart Fund Committee." It was
also further expressed by the donor that the fund be
mainly used for the relief and aid of women who were
dependent for support upon their own exertions, and
also widows and children without means or protection.
This wish was carried out by Mr. Bouton, who distrib-
uted the fund. In March, 1872, the Relief and Aid
Society directed the continuance of the disbursement
to these classes, and added $45,100 to the fund. The
following abstract shows the disbursement of these
funds:
A.T.Stewart
fund.
Additional
ordered by
special relief
committee.
Total.
Persons aided--
330
321
K51
826
1 1U3
1 'IS'I
Children.
1,495
1 92'l
3 2 1 :"]
379
475
HT>I
779
1,010
1.789
739
487
1 220
Number sewing machines
'MS
302
680
Applications—
"Approved
915
808
1.723
Rejected
23
^3
4(1
49
47
96
18
97
110
4
4
Paid on order of A. T. Stewart. . . .
1
1
Total number of applications..
1,164
1,515
2,679
Nationalities-
413
392
805
aat>
377
608
Irish
425
693
1.117
i
1
8
21
2
23
Italian
2
1
3
5
i
11
i
i
4
9
g
11
Appropriations
* 5 494 55
«1 1 338 fi4
Jlti.833 19
44 505 15
33 761 36
78 26B 81
*50,000 00
$45,100 00
$95.100 00
The cash contributions received by the Chicago
Relief and Aid Society are shown by States and coun-
tries in the following table :
UNITED STATES.
$ 21.043 47
22.727 15
5 789 43
A 46 751 62
Illinois
66 736 83
27 769 20
629,672 41
59,507 33
107.183 92
1.358.451 50
158,397 75
482,976 72
8.070 70
182.122 30
11,370 66
15.596 40
94,470 48
115 00
1.117 55
2.065 75
1,049 23
5 00
65 00
28.933 96
8.110 11
75.882 25
FOR
$153 462 78
23 856 70
Rhode Island
38414 64
422 90
.. . 24 417 90
N ew J ersey
Iowa
17,648 60
67,504 25
.... 2.725 85
21,231 85
Virginia
West Virginia
District or Colombia....
17 470 32
12 835 85
1 505 83
168 512 43
South Carolina
Oregon
13.883 52
90 00
Florida
1 509 83
Utah Ter
15 381 11
Wyoming Ter. . .
800 00
1.4J95 50
561 56
Ohio
SIGN.
India.
$2 325 32
6 707 63
.. . 435023 18
1 090 00
Wales
3 163 46
74 161 36
640 70
75 •}! 5 (j->
Cuba
. 16.393 37
2 272 2*1
France
62.782 80
131 00
402 125
Holland
241 35
295 63
81 393 2*)
10677 21
3 801 50
A rgentine Republic ....
868 45
1.441 05
Switzerland
15,740 95
145 91
Peru.
. 10,311 41
1 635 00
847 71
317 28
China
2897 70
,...53.846.250 36
Total United States
973,897 80
*4. 820. 148 16
The following is the financial statement of the Chi-
cago Relief and Aid Society at the closing of their books
on April 30, 18.74:
Total amount cash donations $4,820,148 16
Amount collected from banks for interest on de-
posits 126,63458
Amount A. T. Stewart Fund, special .. 50,000 oo
+,996,782 46
6o8
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
EXPENDITURES.
Orders of and returned to donors.. . sji 41,59060
I!y Slu-hcr CummitUv 919,68089
I'.y I lo-pll.d I 'innmittrr 74.
rail of Special Relief .;;<', 3I1' ')7
L. T. Stewart Fund " Committee 50,00000
Cadi distributions. 17s. <)<>'- 44
irhasr of sllpplirs- 1,171,;'') t-
Kor fuel distributed 303189771
I 'in • H-nt <>t ptvinisrs occupied 1>> tin-
Society 21,11633
Km • otiiiv tiiniitiirr — 5.58734
For printing ;nul stati"iK-ry 21,89327
For expenses — (p. iv i"lls, insurance,
tnuispori.un.il, postage, etc.) 490,22267
Kor niylit loilyiiiy-lniiisi's anil small-
pox hospital 3,70618
Charitable institutions and hospitals
on account of appropriations 456,58708
Balance
581,328 66
$4,996,782 64
Tin. (hi ii I.K> <>K i UK SOCIKTY. — Tlie board of
directors at the time of the fire was composed of the
following:
Henry \V. Kim;, president; \Virt Dexter, E. C. Larned, T.
M. Avery, T. \V. Harvey, Marshall Ki'.-ld. John V. Farwell, N.
S. I'.outon, Murry Nelson, J. T. Kyerson, N. K. Kairbank, George
M. 1'nllman, Dr. II. A. loiinson, 11. K. Sargent, Julius Kosenthal,
C. II. S. Mixer, A. I;'. Mei-ker, I!. G. Caullield, J. McGregor
Adams, <_'. G. Hammond, and Mayor K. 1!. Mason, ex officio
(In November 7, 1*71, Joseph Mrdill was elected mayor of the
city and became a member e\ oliicio, ex-Mayor Mason continuing
ireetor aKo. On January I, 1873, George M. Pullman, E.
C. 1. ained, John V. Kanvcli, II. K. Sargent and K. I!. Mason had
withdrawn from the board of directors, and their places were ("died
!>y Rev. Uobert Laird Collier, J. Mason I ,oomis, I1'. 1!. McCagg
and Abijah Keith.
Thi Executive Committee, during the latter part of 1871, was
composed of \Virt I lexter, chairman ; George M . I'ullman, treas-
urer: Charles 1.. Allen, secretary; C. G. Hammond, Henry \V.
King, T. M. Avery, T. \V. Harvey, \. K. Kairbank, Dr. II. A.
Johnson, E. C. Larned, N. S. lionion, George M. Pullman and
j. McGregor Adams.
Department t'f Distribution .'/' /•'<'<',/, I-'nel tun/ Clothing. —
General Superintendent, <>. C. Gibbs. The district superintend-
ents have been given ill a preceding paragraph. In 1872. Mr.
Gibbs resigned his office, and C. G. Trusdell was elected general
superintendent.
Special Kelief Committee.— E. C. Larned, chairman; Rev.
Robert Laird Collier, secretary! George R. Chittenden, Rev. E. P.
Goodwin, Mrs. D. A. Gage, Louis \\ahl, 1!. G. Caullield, Mrs. J.
Mason Loomis, Mrs. Joseph Medill. and Mrs. J. E. Tyler were
the original members. < >n l-'ebruary 20. 1872, the active members
of this committee were E. C. Larned, Kcv. Robert Laird Collier,
George K. Chilteiiden, Louis \Vahl, Orrington I. tint, Elijah K .
Ilubbard and Abijah Keith. (Ill February 13, E. C. Larned
resigned his position as chairman of the committee, and Rev. Rob-
ert Laird Collier was appointed to the vacancy on the 2o|h. E. K.
Ilubbard was then made secretary, and William E. Doggett and
N. S. llonton were made members of the special committee.
( 'oinniillee i'ii Shcl/cr, — T. M. Avery ami T. \V. Harvey.
Ci>Himi/t,Y i»i /•'.iiif.:n\'meiil. — N. K. Fairbank, chairman; J.
M. Hitchcock, superintendent. Female Department, — Miss Mil-
ler, superintendent.
/'iirc/iasin:;- Committee. — J. McGregor Adams, chairman.
Com in ill,-,- iin Transportation, — Colonel C. G. Hammond and
George M. I'ullman.
Cmnniiltei nn Charitable Institutions.- — N. S. Bouton, chair-
man; R. 11. Mason, Marshall Field, John V. Farwell and Henry
\V. King.
Cuiniiiiltee on Sick, Hospital and Sanitary Measures. — Dr.
II. A. Johnson, chairman; Dr. J. E. Gilman, secretary; Rev. II.
N. IVnvers, Drs. 1!. McVickcr, Reuben Ludlam, M. J. Asch, J.
II. Ranch, M. Manuheimer, Ernst Schmidt and R. C. Miller.
District No. I. — Medical superintendent, Dr. John Reid;
visiting physicians, I >rs. J. F. \Villiamsand C. T. Parkes.
District Xo. j. — Medical superintendent, Dr. \Villiam \\ 'ag.
ner; visiting physicians, Drs. N. T. Ouales, R. Thibodo, Henry
Hooper.
District Xo. j. — Medical superintendent, Dr. R. G. Hogue;
visiting physicians, Drs. A. J. Baxter, \\ . C. Hunt, J. A. Stilts,
C. J. Adams, \V. J. Maynard.
District .\\>. ./.. — Medical superintendent, Dr. Edwin Powell;
visiting physicians, Drs. Fernand I lenrotin, Jr., Charles A. Ilel-
muth, J. \V. Dysart.
District No. J. — Medical superintendent, Dr. J. \V. Freer;
visiting physicians. Drs. T. 1). \\adsworth, M. O. Heydock, H.
13. Fellows, J. E. Gilman.
The work accomplished by the Chicago Relief and
Aid Society is shown in the following tables, compiled
from their annual reports from January i, 1873, to date:
NUMIIKR AND NATIONALITIES OF FAMILIES AIDED FROM JANUARY i, 1873, T<> OCTOBER 31, 1884.
Nationalities.
1873-
1874
1875-
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883
1884.
Irish
2 S=;o
I 658
698
9OI
873
810
6ia
436
457
397
German
I -3-2Q
21^=;
I 2J.Q
ci6
Q7C
708
717
75°
574
375
420
380
I O7J
I 308
850
QS8
6^2
c8=;
463
206
315
354
486
76c
380
17J.
112
205
275
220
Kn<rlish
J.IO
221
T 1 1
270
112
2OO
204
1QO
165
9°
Polish
22
268
26
12
42
36
31
22
eg
.3
6c
70
82
C 1
Canadian
87
118
•\c
2J.
e6
36
JO
Holland
s?
18
IS
28
i°
Hohemian
26
2O
68
1C
31
Welsh
8
1 6
16
Colored
176
Belgian __
Austrian
1 1 un^arian ,..„ ,
i
I'russian
Portuguese
Scotch
122
16-5
loS
161
86
06
78
Russian
62
20
•i
o
o
Other nationalities _
•^6
Unknown
fin
Total
C 08 1
,
i 688
3.1. )
1,939
BENKYOLRNT INSTITUTIONS.
fioy
CONSOLIDATE!! Kl.NAM I\I M kTEMENT, FROM ' \M AKV I, 1873,
TCI NOVEMBER i, 1684.
»
Receipts.
Expenditures,
Balance.
1873
l-il 0,3 170 96
1874
-^1 p r)<)3 (J2
429 621 78
702,543 10
"
1875- --
28,334 38
383,678 (,4
347,198 54
"
[876 .
1^,647 69
149, 196 20
213 650 03
November
1. 1876.
7,974 88
151,886 31
* *
1877...
59,604 2(|
72,47<> °8
139,011 52
' *
[878
4,305 17
45,620 91
97.U95 78
44
1879. .
83.74= 93
35,193 48
146,248 23
4 *
[880...
7,722 11
32,749 96
121,220 38
1 '
ISSi. .
2,963 91
40.251 1s
83,933 II
* *
3,727 63
31,352 04
^6,308 70
11
1883...
3,290 17
36,334 ''4
23.264 23
"
1884...
5,702 45
19,666 43
9,300 25
Total .
$372 OI2 5S
*i 31)5,883 -24
In July and August, 1^74, the Society's work was
largely increased, owing to the destructive fire 01 July
14, which threw thousands of the poorer classes out of
employment, and left them without food and shelter.
The aid given was of short duration, owing to the sea-
son, and there being plenty or work for the laborers.
In 1874, after the |uly fire occurred, the Society decided
to give no aid to any able-bodied single men or women,
and only the sick, aged, infirm, or widows with families,
were thereafter considered as proper subjects for assist-
ance. The large fund contributed after the great fire of
1871, is now practically exhausted.
In 1872, the Society having found it necessary to
secure permanent quarters, decided to put up a structure
of its own. A lot was purchased at No. 51 LaSalle
Street, and a building erected, 30 x 70 feet, five stories in
height, built of brick and stone. The Society occupies
a considerable portion of the building and receives a
large revenue from the rental of offices.
The Society is still able to render extensive and valu-
able aid, through the medium of the hospitals and chari-
table institutions which it has aided. It is at liberty to
send applicants for relief to the Chicago Home for the
Friendless, the Old .People's Home, the Bethel Home,
the Chicago Orphan Asylum, the Uhlich ( >rphan Asylum,
the Nursery and Half-Orphan Asylum, the St. Joseph
Orphan Asylum, the Women's and Children's Hospital,
the Alexian Brothers' Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital,
St. Luke's Hospital, Mercy Hospital and Hahnemann
Hospital. By contract with each hospital that has been
;iided by the Society, it has the right, at all times, to call
upon such hospital to care for one person for each
fifteen hundred dollars given to it. The Relief and
Aid Society has granted money to hospitals and kin-
dred institutions and associations, to the amount of
$663,600.22 since the great fire to the present time.
From October, 1871, to October 31, 1884, the Society
received $5,368,795.17,311(1 disbursed the whole amount
in various ways, with the exception of a balance of cash
now on hand amounting to between eight thousand and
nine thousand dollars. Besides this cash expenditure it
has performed an amount of incidental service to
applicants for aid which can not be represented by
figures. A few of the articles issued by the Society up
to the present time may be thus enumerated:
Pieces of men's wear 150,000
Pieces of women's and children's wear 280,000
Pairs of blankets 82,000
c 'om forts — _ I2.OOO
Shoes and boots 102,000
Railroad tickets issued - 20,000
Interments 2,ooo
39
Yards of wool and canton flannel 217,000
Yards of muslin 180,000
Yards of dress goods 15,000
Yards of calico. . -- 210,000
Lodgings for single men. _. 75,000
Meals for single men 35,000
The officers of the Society have been as- follows:
/V.W.v;/— 1873, Ilt-nry \V. King; 1874-75, C. ('.. Hammond;
1*76-77. \Virt Dexter: 1878-81, K. 1!. McCagg; 1882, II. A. (ohn-
son; 1883, William II. Bradley; 1884, T. \V. Harvey.
7'ivasinvr — 1873, George M. Pullman; 1874-84, Henry \V,
King.
Chairman <>f K.\\-c itt'nv Ct'iiimittce— 1873-75, Wirt Dexter;
18/6-77, K. 15. .McCagg; 1878-80, E. C. Lamed; 1881, O. \V.
Potter; 1882-83, A. Keith.
Auditor — 1873, J. Mason Loomiij.
Scfiritirv of I:.\,-fiith'e <.\>iiiiiiilt,\ 1873-81, Charles L. Allen;
1882-83, C'.'G. Trusdell; 1884, \V. C. Lamed.
General Superintendent — 1875-84. C. G. Trusdell.
I1ir,;-l<irs — 1873-84, Henry W. King, \Virt Dexter, J. Mason
I.oomis, C. II. S. Mixer, Dr. II. A. Johnson, T. W. Harvey, K.
I'.. MrCagg, Julius Kosenthal ; 1873-83, C. G. Hammond; 1873-
82, X. K. Fail-bank; 1873-80, E. C. Lamed; 1873-77, N. S.
llouton; 1873-75, K- G. C'aullield; 1873, George M. Pullman,
Robert Laird (/oilier, T. M. A very, J. McGregor Adams, T. 'I'.
Kyerson; 1873 and 1884, Murry Nelson; 1873 and 1875-84,
Abijah Keith, II. I). C'olvin; 1874-84, A. A. Sprajjm-, R. 'I'.
Ci-aiie; 1874-80, L. Z. Leiter; 1874-76, C. E. Culver; 1874, II. II.
Taylor; 1875-84, O. W. Potter; 1875, Nelson Morris; 1876-78,
Monroe Heath, mayor, ex officio; 1877-84, C. !•'. Gates; 1879-84,
Carter II. Harrison, mayor, ex oliicio; 1881-84, W. C. Lamed, C.
L. Hutchinson; 1881, II. Webster (ones M.I)., Henry N. llolden;
1883-84, C. II. Casel, T. Hurley 'liradley, A. C. liurtlett, Henry
Field; 1884, W. II. Hubbard, K. G. Keith, D. V. Purington.
A.i-,r;///rr Ci'iinnitli'i — 1873-84, Julius Rosenthal; 1873-83, T.
W. Harvey; 1873-75, wirt Dexter, N. S. Ikmton; 1873-74, C. G.
Hammond; 1873, Henry \V. King, T. M. Avery, N. K. Kuirbank,
Dr. II. A. (ohnson, Robert Laird Collier, f. McGregor Adams;
1874-77. E. B. McCagg; 1875-76 and 1881-84, R. T. Crane;
1876-80, L. Z. Leiter; 1876-79, W. H. Bradley; 1878-80, E. C.
Larned; 1880-82, O. W. Potter; 1881 and 1883-84, A. A. Sprague;
1882-84, Abijah Keith; 1884, Henry Field.
Auditing Committee — 1874-84, J. Mason Loomis; 1874-81 and
1883-84, C. H. S Mixer; 1874, T. W. Harvey; 1875-76, A. A.
Sprague; 1877-84, C. F. Gates; 1882-83, E. C. Larned.
REV. CHARI.KS G. TRUSDELL, general superintendent of the
Chicago Relief and Aid Society, was born on May I, 1826, at
Montgomery, Orange Co., N. Y. His parents were Stephen and
Mary (Gregory) Trusdell, his father being a skilled mechanic.
His mother was a woman of deep religious convictions, anj to her
care he was left upon the death of his father in 1834. After re-
reiving a common-school and academic education, he served his
time with a silversmith and afterward went to New York, engaging
for a number of years as a salesman and commercial traveller for
a dry goods house. In 1855, he removed to Iowa City, and as the
senior member of the firm of Trusdell & Gary carried on a profit-
able trade for two years. He then sold out his business, and, in
deference to his mother's wishes and his own inclinations, entered
the ministry, serving in Marshalltown, Davenport and Clinton,
Iowa; acting during one year of the War as chaplain of the 2d
Iowa Cavalry, which he helped to raise. In 1868, he was ap-
pointed presiding elder of the Iowa City district. During his res-
idence in Iowa he was elected representative for Clinton County in
the General Assembly of the State. Subsequently he was ap-
pointed pastor of the Grant Place Methodist Church of Chicago,
and remained there until the great fire of 1871. Since then he has
devoted himself to the work of relieving the deserving poor of the
city, being appointed to his present position in the spring of 1872.
In October, 1885, he was appointed presiding elder of the Chicago
1 listrict, and resigned his position as superintendent of the Relief
Society.
ILLINOIS HUMANF: SOCIETY.
On March 25, 1869, the Illinois Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals, was incorporated by the
State Legislature. The original incorporators were
George C. Walker, Thomas B. Bryan, Julian S. Rum-
sey, Belden F. Culver, S. N. Wilcox and T. D. Brown.
The first law for the prevention of cruelty to animals
was passed March 31, 1869, and the first case prosecuted
under this law was handled on behalf of the society by
6io
IIISTOKV ()K CHICAGO.
Albert w. Landon, in the following May, Mr. Landon
w.i'- afterward secretary of the society, a position which
hi- Iii-Itl for seven consecutive years. lie lias continued
a member of the board of directors up to the pn-seni
year, and is the publisher of the Humane Journal, the
organ of the association. The first meeting to perfect
an organization and elect officers was held in March,
1870, at which were present
ft I'. Angi-ll, of F.oston, P>. \V. Raymond, Kdwiu I .re
drown, |olin C. l>ore, |. Vomit; Scanmmn, llelilen 1''. i'ulvt-r,
William H. Sharp, John" (',. Shortall, ('. Gilbert Wheeler, K. I'.
I>errirkM>n, I'erkins li.tss. I.. 1'. Wright, Carlile Mason. S. T.
Atw.itcr, II. C. ( locidneh, Samuel Slum-. M. M. Graves, and others.
The officers elected were as follows:
Edwin I .iv Brown, president; 1'erkins liass and R. I'. Der-
rickson, vice-presidents; S. T. Atwalcr, treasurer; William II.
Sharp, secretary. The officers were re-elected at the first regular
annual rneetini; to a second term of one year. John C. Dore then
IK i aine the chief executive officer for two years, followed by K. I'.
Derrickson for a like term. In 1876, John G. Shortall was elected
president, and has continued in office since.
The present officers are
John G. Shortall, president; Ferdinand \V. I'eck and Thomas
K. Hill, vice-presidents; George- Schneider, treasurer; Henry \Y.
Clarke, secretary; I.. Dudley, chief agent; Joseph Wright, at-
torney. The executive committee comprises John ( •. Shortall,
(ohnC. More. Kdwin Lee Ilrown. 11. I'. Mnulton, Kerd. \V. Peck,
Henry N. Hart, J. I. Gleaner, Thomas 1C. Hill and George
Schneider; who, with twenty-one others, make up the board of
directors.
In the latter part of 1881, the society, which had
up to this time existed as the Society for the Preven-
tion of Cruelty to Animals, was called upon to investi-
gate several cases of cruelty to children, the perpetra-
tors of which were prosecuted and brought to justice.
The publicity given to these cases so increased the
number of complaints of this character, that a meeting
of directors was held May 20, 1882, at which a resolu-
tion was adopted extending the scope of the work to
the protection of children, and recommending a change
in the name of the association to the Illinois Humane
Society. A petition was filed with the Secretary of
State, and the name of the incorporation legally
changed to that which it now bears.
The following is a detailed statement of the work
done by the society during the three years past, ending
on April 30 of the years named:
1882.
1883.
1884.
Total.
Complaints investigated.
Children rescued
Children placed in chari-
1,465
178
1,626
955
2,632
1.467
5,723
2,6OO
table institutions
30
121
251
402
Horses rescued
Persons prosecuted for
979
cruelty to animals
Persons prosecuted for
1 66
171
181
518
cruelty to children
55
5°
70
175
The society has, since beginning its work, investi-
gated some twenty-five thousand cases.
The workings of the society include an educational
department, through which bands of mercy have been
organized during the past two years in all of the pub-
lic-schools of the city, and in many of the private and
Sabbath-schools. These bands now number one thou-
sand and sixty-five with a total membership of sixty-
seven thousand one hundred and twenty. It has
erected many drinking fountains in our public streets
and parks, and is annually adding to their number.
Membership fees to the society are $10, life member-
ship $100. The association has thus far been main-
tained entirely by voluntary contributions. The last
Legislature, however, enacted a law by which all lines
imposed through the agency of any Humane Society in
the State, and paid in money, revert to the treasury of
such society. As but about, twenty per cent, of these
lines is paid in money, the revenue from this source is
not expected to add much to its treasury Two objects
sought were accomplished by the act; first, the com-
mitment of the- State to the protection of its children
and animals from unnecessary cruelty; second, the
stimulus thereby given to the founding of branch soci-
eties, which it is hoped will be instituted in every
county of the State by the present society.
The society has at present a permanent fund of
$16,000, the gifts of Nancy H. Foster ,$10,000 and
Mary A. Talcott ($6,000).
THE CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY.
This society was started in this city in November,
1883, with the object of promoting the co-operation of
all charitable activities, giving to each the knowledge of
others, preventing imposture, and making sure that re-
lief was adapted to lift the worthy into self-support.
It soon became known for the practical importance of
its wise and orderly charities, and it now includes a
large number of the most influential members of the
community. Among its original founders, Messis.
Gtirteen, Rogers, Sherwood, Mercer, J'axton ami Mrs.
Stone are prominently known. The establishing of the
Provident Wood-yard, to furnish employment to the
idle and unfortunate, was a move on the part of the
society which won popular recognition and encourage-
ment. A partial report of the organization gives the
following details as showing the result of the operations
of the main and branch offices:
Number of applications, 2,673; employment given, 1,525;
assisted, 704; homes for children, 12; families made self-support-
ing, 41. The Provident Wood-yard, up to January. 1885, em-
ployed 9,061 men, and found work outside of the yard for 1,307,
and furnished 5,607 meals and 3,424 lodgings.
The society operates on a basis of contributions
amounting annually to $5,000. The officers of the
organization are
lion John G. Rogers, president; Joseph Sears, vice president;
Rev. I. I'. Mercer, secretary; Leander Stone, Charles A. Street,
H. L. Frank, E. G. Keith, E. T. Galvin, William R. Stirling, M.
A. Ryerson, H. L. Wait, H. M. Sherwood, directors.
HOME FOR THE FRIENDLESS.
The Home for the Friendless was not destroyed by
the fire of 1871, and was one of the first charitable in-
stitutions to offer its hospitality to those who suffered
in the great conflagration. For three weeks the Home
was thrown open to the shelterless, and large numbers
were received and fed until permanent relief had been
provided for them. The institution was a loser in the
fire, however,— a block of stores on Randolph Street,
from which it had received quite a large income, being
destroyed. For some time after the disaster, employ-
ment was given at the Home to sewing girls and
women, under the auspices of the Relief and Aid
Society. At the time of the issuing of the thirteenth
annual report January 8, 1872), the affairs of the insti-
tution had resumed their wonted system. There were
one hundred and three inmates at the beginning of that
year, some fifty-seven churches were represented in the
work of the Home, and the Burr Industrial School and
Free Mission were in full operation, with an average
BKXEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
61 T
school-room attendance of forty-eight, and in the indus-
trial department twenty-five girls were employed. The
corporators selected the following officers for 1872:
President, K.I). Gray; Vice-president, Mancel Talcolt ; Sec-
retary. K. M. Uoring; Recording Secretary, Mrs. F. D. Gray;
Treasurer, U. B. Kidder; Matron, Mrs. J. Grant.
During 1872, the average family included one hun-
dred and thirty-two persons a month, besides which
three hundred and eighty meals were given to appli-
cants. The sum of $10,900.25 was set apart to pay the
principal and interest of the indebtedness on the Home ;
and the Home Industrial School progressed satisfac-
torily, $ 18,810 having been received from the Jonathan
Burr fund, for that purpose, to date, — the total fund for
the school and the Free Mission being $37,620. The
stores on Randolph Street were re-built during the year,
the disbursements for 187 2 exceeding the receipts by only
few dollars. From 1872 to 1885, the financial progress
of the institution was most satisfactory, in 1874 the last
Home mortgage ($10,000) being liquidated.
Following is a table showing the deaths, admissions,
dismissals, receipts and disbursements of the Home for
a period of thirteen years, the year 1880 not being
obtainable:
ADMISSIONS.
DISMISSALS,
Year.
•i
ja
i
C
K
|
Receipts.
Disburse-
ments.
n
"7:
—
3
•6
'£
—
*-
:j
*'
-,
1871..
31
t,oo8
574
980
460
$14,378 55
§13,445 18
1872.-
10
953
524
1,011
451
22,375 83
22,444 35
I873--
12
1,247
648
1,259
597
21,057 24
13,903 71
1874
8
i,455
672
1,435
672
16,007 58
12,056 65
1875 .
10
,806
683
1.664
7<>4
14,823 83
13,161 88
1876..
15
898
712
1,782
657
13,087 68
10,793 91
1*77-
27
,810
1,707
548
10,988 II
9,666 oo
1878 .
12
,283
f'39
1,258
532
16,052 98
8,830 64
I879--
1')
,056
563
1,070
526
10,113 39
9,049 46
1881..
47
,432
906
1,295
797
27,475 02
16,359 08
1882
123
,069
I. (XX)
i, 216
855
21,750 79
17,538 39
1883..
107
1,072
730
868
388
17,043 55
15,518 74
1884..
60
1,227
912
1,160
777
18,002 30
15,483 29
OFFICERS. — In 1881, Mr. Hammond was again elected, hold-
ing the office until 1884, with Mrs. F. W. Wheeler as matron and
superintendent in iSSi, Mrs. Louisa C. Holman, in 1882. and
Mrs. M. 11. Mouldy in 1883. In 1884. Henry Field was elected
president and Mrs. Mouldy re-appointed, the remaining officers of
the institution being F. I). Gray, vice-president ; Mrs. \V. S.
Smith, secretary ; Mrs. Thomas A. Hill, corresponding secretary ;
\V. C. Nichols, treasurer; and Miss Dell D. Mouldy, assistant
matron and superintendent.
Twelve managers from the city at large were also
appointed. Twelve denominations were practically
represented by committees from twenty city and subur-
ban churches. At the end of its twenty-sixth year
(January i, 1885), the Home had one hundred and
sixty-eight inmates, fifty-six of whom were adults and
one hundred and twelve children, the number of admis-
sions for the previous year being three hundred and
thirty-seven in excess of 1883.
FOUNDLINGS' HOME.
The Foundlings' Home was first opened, on Jan-
uary 30, 1871, as a private charity, by Dr. George E.
Shipman, at No. 54 Green Street, with only his own in-
defatigable zeal and less than $200 in contributions to
support it. From that date, through fifteen years of
hardship, discouragement and earnest labor, the founder
of the noble institution has lived a record that for per-
severance, self-denial and honest endeavor is not
equalled by that of any other philanthropist of the age.
On March 27, 1871, with a household of twenty infants,
new quarters were secured at the corner of Sangamon
and Randolph streets. There the charity prospered
and languished by turns, as public benevolence was
prompted, and was $1,500 in debt, with twenty- five
infants to care for, at the time of the fire of 1871. Ap-
plication was made for assistance to the Relief and Aid
Society, and, in November, $150 a month was appro-
FOUNDLINGS' HOME.
priated. Later, the Grand Duke Alexis, of Russia,
donated $500. This was followed, in May, 1872, by a
proposition from the Society to give $10,000 towards
the building of a permanent Foundlings' Home, pro-
vided a board of incorporators should be appointed.
On May 28, 1872, this was done under a general legis-
lative act, and Thomas C. Dickenson, John Dillingham,
Rev. C. I). Helmer, William G. Hibbard, S. A. Kean,
Rev. A. E. Kittredge, J. L. Pickard, Rev. H. N. Pow-
ers and Dr. George E. Shipman were made trustees.
In July of the same year, the lot now occupied by the
Home, on South Wood Street, was purchased for $8,000,
and in October the present building was begun. Fur-
ther private contributions, and an additional $10,000
from the Relief and Aid Society, were received in 1873.
In February, 1874, $5,000 more were raised, and the
commodious home was ready for occupancy on May 9,
1874. On January i, 1875, there was a debt of $12,000
on the Home. Thi» was paid off two years later, and
the financial affairs of the Home were placed on a
solid basis.
A second building was erected in 1884, and an ap-
propriate dedication of the institution took place on
February 5, 1884. The receipts up to that date had
amounted to $156,470.83, of which $88,690.89 had
been put into the two buildings, the last one erected
costing $25,000. Up to that date, also, there had been
received 4,978 inmates, and of these 889 had been
given away, 1,097 returned to parents, and 2,992 had
died. During these- years the following matrons had
officiated: Mrs. Sarah Delos, Mrs. L. E. Bookstaver,
Mrs. L. P. Fox and Miss E. A. Peck. Up to 1877,
when J. L. Pickard was elected president, S. A. Kean
treasurer, and Dr. Shipman secretary and superinten-
dent, there had been received for the general expenses
of the Home $28,869.07 and $46,321.58 for the build-
ing fund, a total of $75,19065; $3,701.67 was received
in 1877. In 1878, the average number of inmates a
week was seventy-eight; in 1879, the receipts were
$3,837.91, and in 1881 $9,370.61, $8,746.62 being do-
nated; in 1882, with an average family of ninety-two
612
HISTORY OK cmc.uio.
persons, the receipts were $5,951.36. In 1885, the
record was one hundred and sixty-four infants with,
and eighty-four received without, mothers, the year's
receipts being about $5,100.
The trustees of the Home, for 1885, were
\VilIiani G. Ilibburd. president; George ). Dorr, Thom.is i .
Duncan, Daniel l-'orln-s, II. M. I looker, Rev. A. E. Kittredge, S.
A. Kean and George E. Sliipman,
01,1) I'KOI'I.K'S HOME.
In 1873, an agreement was entered into between the
Old Ladies' Home and the Chicago Relief and Aid
Society, by which the latter, in consideration of certain
assistance, should have a voice in the management in
the Home's affairs. The name was to be changed to
that of the Old People's Home, and its functions en-
larged so that, when deemed fea-
sible, aged and needy men should
be admitted as well as women.
The control of the Home was to be
placed in the hands of business
men, who should be approved of
by the Relief Society ; and for ev-
ery $2,500 paid by the latter soci-
ety, one inmate, to be designated
by it. should be maintained at the
Home. Under this agreement the
Relief Society advanced §50,000.
A new site was purchased, on the
northwest corner of Indiana Ave-
nue and Thirty-ninth Street, and
a commodious building erected,
which was ready for occupancy on
November 25, 1874, when the nine-
teen inmates were removed to it.
The lot cost $17,000; the building,
complete, cost $51,007.25; furni-
ture and carpets, $1,950.66. From
March to October, 1874, the Relief
Society contributed $59,760.31,
and the donations amounted to
$10,527.60. The building contains
eighty single rooms for inmates, and is amply supplied
with large public rooms. At present (1885) there are
about seventy inmates. As soon as the finances of the
Home will permit, it is intended to erect a similar
building for the accommodation of men, who have, not
yet been admitted to the institution.
The cost of maintaining the Home during 1884 was
$15,206.13. The assets were
Lot and buildings occupied by the Home,
including furniture $70,000 oo
House and lot on Harrison Street 5,000-00
Money in bonds, mortgages, etc 37,000 oo
Cash in treasury 600 18
and without any means of heating. Here they not only
cared for their own family of eighty children, but, in
addition, over fifty children, who had become separated
from their friends during the confusion of the fire, were
brought to them, all but one of whom were subsequtntly
restored to their friends. They also provided tem-
porary shelter and food to over forty needy adults.
Since then there has been a steady increase in mem-
bers, the number averaging during 1884 one hundred
and thirty-eight children, one hundred and six of whom
were old enough to attend the school. Tliecost of main-
taining the institution is now about $1,000 a month. In
1884, Mrs. Mancel Talcott added to her previous gifts,
which had been constant and generous, $13,000 for the
purpose of constructing an addition to the building,
which was completed during the year.
The present officers are —
OLD PEOPLES' HOME.
George L. Dunlap, president; Henry W. King, vice-president;
Joseph II. Stockton, secretary; F. B. Peabody, treasurer; assisted
by a board of ten directors. The officers of the Ladies' Board of
Managers are — Mrs. W. C. Goudy, president; Mrs. Simeon II.
Crane, vice-president; Miss Ellen Rogers, second vice-president;
Mrs. Edwin Black-man, treasurer; Mrs. F. H. Beckwith, secretary;
Mrs Richard Robins, assistant secretary; the Board numbering
twenty-eight.
$112,600 18
CHICAGO
NURSERY AND
ASYLUM.
HALF-ORPHAN
The new building on Halsted and Hurling streets,
near Center Street, had, in the latter part of September,
1871, so far approached completion that the managers
hoped to have it ready for occupancy within a few
weeks, and the ladies were busy in collecting bedding
and furniture with which to equip the house. Their
old home was destroyed in the great fire, and they
were compelled to take refuge in the unfinished build-
ing, which was still without doors, only partially glazed,
CRECHES.
THE CRECHES, or Day Nurseries, of Chicago are
institutions of recent date in this city; but, since the
establishment of the first nursery on 'State Street, they
have become noted for their practical charity and use-
fulness. The work has enabled working mothers to
leave their babies during the day with the certainty that
they will have the best of care. The Creches are under
the charge of kind, motherly matrons, are airy and com-
fortable, and have a regular medical attendant; each
child is bathed and provided daily with clean clothing
and suitable food, and the mothers, returning to theiV
children at night, find them clean, sweet and happy.
The Creche is an institution that has been eminently
successful in other cities, and the three in operation in
Chicago, on Adams, State and Twenty-fifth streets, are
conveniently located as to the divisions of districts.
The last named, at No. 223 East Twenty-fifth Street,
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
613
is the largest in its scope, and was established on South
Clark Street on August 3, 1885, under the auspices of a
committee from the Charity Organization Society. It
depends on voluntary contributions for support, al-
though a small fee is charged for the care of infants.
Parents of all denominations are admitted to the privi-
leges of the institution. The Creche named cares for
an average of fifteen to eighteen children daily, in
summer, and about ten in winter. Mrs. A. C. Stedman,
the matron in charge, has done much to insure the
success of the enterprise.
The officers of the Creche committee are
Mrs. Leander Stone, president; Mrs. Charles G. Thomas,
vice-president; Mrs. E. I. Galvin, treasurer; and Mrs. S. A.
Moody, secretary.
It is designed to operate a free kindergarten in con-
junction with the Creche.
FLOWER MISSION.
This Mission was first established in 1873. The
primary object of the association, composed of the
leading ladies of the city, was to place flowers at the
sick-beds of hospital patients and in the rooms of in-
mates of various charitable and reformatory institu-
tions. Its scope of operations, however, was enlarged
as the years went by, and various kindred projects
were added to the distribution of flowers, such as the
donation of fruit and reading- matter to the sick and
worthy, and the providing of a fund to give long and
pleasant carriage-drives to needy invalids. By 1880,
after a successful establishment of seven years' duration,
the Mission had secured an active membership of one
hundred and forty-three persons, mostly ladies, with
average annual donations, besides flowers and books,
amounting to $115. The organization had become
known throughout the West, and generous donations
of flowers in their season were regularly received from
this State, Wisconsin, Iowa, Indiana, Michigan and
Ohio, over fifty cities and towns being represented. In
the year named, and during 1881, Miss C. P. Tilton,
who was secretary and one of the original founders of
the enterprise, held the presidencv, being succeeded
in 1882 by Mrs. O. I). Randall, in '1883 by Mrs. L. W.
Tyler, and in 1884 by Miss May Buckingham. In
1884, there was a membership of one hundred and one
persons, with yearly receipts amounting to $60.01.
From May 14 to October 15, there were distributed
eleven thousand eight hundred bouquets, besides baskets
of loose flowers and ward bouquets.
The Mission includes in its visitations the following
institutions:
Cook County Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital, Newsboys'
Home, Rehobath Home, Home for Incurables, Maurice Porter
Hospital, Marine Hospital, Women's and Children's Hospital,
Alexon Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital, Eye and Ear Infirmary,
Unity Industrial School, Sheltering Arms, Burr Mission School,
Little Sisters of the Poor, and Home for the Friendless.
During the past few years the work of the Mission
lias been divided, a new society, known as the South
End Flower Mission, being organized at the South
Congregational Church, with large donations from the
South Park. This organization distributes nearly five
thousand bouquets annually, its special field of labor
including the Protestant Orphan Asylum, Mercy Hos-
pital, Old Ladies' Home, Erring Women's Refuge, and
Hahnemann Hospital. The benefit and pleasure con-
ferred by these joint charities are inestimable. The
officers of the main Mission, for 1885, were
Miss May Buckingham, president; Mrs. J. K. Edsall, vice-
president; Miss Harriet dishing, secretary; Mrs. J. C. Grundy,
assistant secretary, and Mrs. John Buckingham, treasurer.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS.
ST. GEORGE'S BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION.— At the
time of the great fire of 1871, the St. George's Benevo-
lent Association of Chicago had been in existence four-
teen years as an incorporated body The society was
in a very flourishing condition, having a membership of
some four hundred and twenty-five persons. The fire
swept away the beautiful lodge-rooms in the Lombard
Building, entailing a loss in regalias and other property
of $2,000. St. George's was one of the few benevolent
associations of the city which did not apply for, or
receive, relief from the general relief fund, and the
disbursements made to the nationality it represented
were made from the society fund or personally by char-
ritably disposed members. The officers at that time
were James John, president; W. W. Street, Dr. Snow-
den, vice-presidents ; C. J. Burroughs, recording sec-
retary. For the years following, up to the present time,
the presidents have been
1872, Richard Barnard; 1873, A. Booth; 1874-77, George E.
Gooch; 1878, Alexander Cook; 1879-80, George E. Gooch; 1881,
C. J. Burroughs; 1882, Joseph E. Wright; 1883, William Barag-
wanath.
During the past fourteen years the society has be-
stowed its benefits liberally, over $2,000 a year being
distributed, derived mainly from dues, picnics and ban-
quets. The society has a burial lot at Rosehill Ceme-
tery, in which some one hundred interments have been
made. Aside from its relief fund, the society has a
reserve or permanent building fund amounting to
$6,000, with which it is designed to build a hall. On
August 20, 1884, a three-days' session or convention of
representative lodges of the Order was held in this city,
at which delegates were present from the various large
cities of the United States and Canada. The present
membership roll of the society includes about three
hundred persons, and the officers are as follows :
John Dunn, president; James Pittaway, vice-president; John
Berry, treasurer; David Roberts, financial secretary; Charles P.
Cnrtiss, recording secretary; Messrs. Landsey, Morgan and Childs,
visiting committee; Messrs. Gooch, Cardew and Wright, trustees;
Rev. Canon Street, chaplain.
THK ILLINOIS ST. ANDREW'S SOCIETY, at the time
of the fire, lost its entire records and lodge-room prop-
erty, including a large edition of the constitution and
by-laws and several historic pictures, to re-produce
which efforts have since been made. The enrollment
lists prior to 1871 were also destroyed, but by Novem-
ber 14, 1872, a movement was on foot to restore the
same, and the society had a list of two hundred and
seventy-one regular members. The organization was then
twenty-seven years old, although it was not incorpor-
ated until 1853. The officers at the time of the fire
were — John Me Arthur, president; William Stewart,
Alexander M. Thomson, vice-presidents ; William M.
Dale, secretary; John Stewart, treasurer. The society
had numerous applications for relief from Scotch-
American citizens, rendered homeless by the great fire,
and, through the recommendation of the managers, the
Relief and Aid Society and the Chicago Christian
Union donated $1,585 to the society, besides which
$5,000, or a total of $7,686.08, was disbursed by the
relief committee of the organization. A new burial-lot
at Rosehill Cemetery was purchased, comprising five
thousand square feet, at a cost of $1,750. The society,
from its banquets, entertainments, dues and donations,
made a prosperous financial showing for succeeding
614
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
years. In 1873, the receipts were $3,870.79; disburse-
ments. $-,353.39: and the annual receipts avn
about $3,000, and disbursements $1,800, up to i.ScSo,
when the ii]einhershi|) was two hundred anil ninety-
four. The disbursements in iSSo were Si. 191. 30;
receipts $3.492.22. In 1X84, the membership was three
hundred, and one hundred and three persons had been
buried in the society's lots at Rosehill Cemetery.
The presidents, from the lire to the present time,
have been as follows :
John McArthur, Robert Clark, Robert Ilervey, Godfrey \I:ic-
Donald, Daniel R. Cameron, Alexander Kirkluml anil Robert
Clark.
The present officers of the society are —
:t U.irk. president; William M. Hale, treasurer, an
office he has filled for eleven years; and John Kerry, secretary.
ST. I'A i KICK'S SOCIETY. — Following the great fire,
no eltort seems to have been made to revive this society
until 1878. In October of that year, a meeting of the
old members was called in the Tremont House, and so
a was the interest aroused by the re-union that it
was decided to reorganize the society. The following
officers were chosen under the reorganization:
William J. Onahan, president; Charles McDonnell, first vice-
president; John Naghten, second vice-president; 1'. H. Rice,
treasurer; Charles J. White, recording secretary; M. ]. Dunne,
corresponding secretary. P. Mcliugh, W. H. Condon," Austin |.
Doyle, M. W. Kelly. Charles Walsh, executive committee.
The society takes a lively interest in the question of
Irish colonization and in caring for the Irish immigrant;
and it took the lead in the important colonization move-
ment which was set on foot during the winter of
1878-79. A call for a National conference of repre-
sentative Irishmen was issued by the society in the
early part of 1879. The call specified St. Patrick's
Day, March 17, as the time, and the Grand Pacific
Hotel, Chicago, as the place of meeting. A number
of delegates, mainly from the West and South, assem-
bled. Among those in attendance were Right Rev.
Bishop Ireland, St. Paul; Right Rev. Bishop O'Connor,
Omaha; Right Rev. Bishop Spalding, Peoria; General
Lawler, Wisconsin; John A. Creighton, John Fitz-
gerald, Nebraska; P. H. Kelly, Michael Doran, St.
Paul. The result of the conference was the establish-
ment of the Irish Catholic Colonization Association of
the United States.
On May 28, 1879, the centennial of the poet Moore,
the society gave a notable musical and literary celebra-
tion in honor of the event at Hershey Music Hall.
The president, Mr. Onahan, delivered an address on
the "poetry and genius of Moore."
The first money raised in Chicago in aid of the Irish
famine sufferers was forwarded by the St. Patrick's
Society, and was transmitted to Archbishop McHale.
Members of the society were likewise active and prom-
inent in the public demonstration held in Chicago to
express sympathy with the Irish people in their efforts
to secure a change in the land laws and a wider meas-
ure of home rule for that country. The controlling in-
fluence in the society being more conservative on Irish
national questions than suited the more enthusiastic
elements led to the formation of a new and independent
society, known as the Irish- American Club, which rap-
idly sprang into prominence.
The memorable temperance demonstration in Cen-
tral Music Hall, January 17, 1883, at which Bishop
eland delivered his great appeal in behalf of temper-
ance, was the result of the initiative taken by the St
Patrick's Society. The eloquent and convincing argu-
ment by Bishop Ireland on that occasion was widely
commented on by the press of the city, and attracted
general attention throughout the country. The re-
unions given by the St. Patrick's Society, on St. Pat-
rick's Day, have been uniformly brilliant and notable
gatherings, while the literary character and ability dis-
played in the post-prandial addresses never fail to com-
mand public attention.
The present officers are
William J. Onahan, president; W. P. Rend, first vice-presi-
dent; John Xaghten, second vice-president; P. J. Healy, treas-
urer; M. W. Kelly, recording secretary; and John Gaynor, the
corresponding secretary.
THK SOCIKTK FRAN<;AISE JIK BIKXFAISANCE UE
I.TIJ.INOIS, which has been in existence for a quarter of
a century, was organized and incorporated in Chicago,
February 23, 1863. The original charter members of
the society, who were among the most prominent French
residents of the city, were —
F. G. Itertean, A. r'redin, A. Ravin d'Elpeux, A. Penguet, I
Dinet, < ). Kavenot, George Deloynes, A. Spink, J. Leduc, T.
Colne, J. Colne, A. Coignard, A. lioiirnique, I,, Lassire, E. Aze,
I.. Sterling, P. Roffinot, A. l!e.ngley, S. E. Pinta, D. Franchere,
A. Andre, A. Schall, II. Freand, J. Schwartz, F. Canda, A. Gagne
and M. Laguische.
The object of the association was to help French-
speaking residents of the State when in distress ; and
its officers have relieved numerous cases of extreme
suffering, and supplied a large number of persons with
transportation to friends. After the fire, some three
thousand dollars of contributions passed through the
society's hands, and was distributed to sufferers by the
conflagration. The average membership of the organi/.a-
tion is about one hundred; and from their dues, and
entertainments given from time to time, is derived the
revenue for a relief fund. The presidents, since the
organization of the society, have been as follows:
F. G. Berteau, George Deloynes, Ambrose Gagne, Victor
Gerardin, E. Marguerat, P. Roffinot, Theofilus Gueronlt, M.
Crepin,.E. Engel, Charles Henrotin.
The present officers are —
W. B. Laparle, president; A. Marguerat, G. Sauret, F. X.
Lambert, vice-presidents; Theolilus Gueroult, secretary and finan-
cial agent; Leon Dupuy, treasurer; and six directors.
THE UNITED HEBREW RELIEF ASSOCIATION, of
Chicago, was organized in 1859, the first regular meet-
ing of its executive board taking place November 20
of that year, and its first report being dated October 4,
1860. The organization had its inception in a conven-
tion of delegates from different Jewish lodges, congre-
gations and benevolent societies, called by Ramah
Lodge, B'nai B'rith, for the purpose of forming one
common Jewish charity society. Previous to that time
there had been indiscriminate and duplicated almsgiv- •
ing. Henry Greenebaum was elected president; and
the general good-will of the Jewish population, and the
action of circumspect and practical officers, soon placed
the association on a basis of beneficial operation. The
society maintains an established relief department and
a well-appointed hospital. The providing of an asy-
lum for indigent Jewish widows and orphans is now
contemplated, Mrs. Eliese Frank having already con-
tributed $30,000 for that purpose.
In 1884, there were three thousand eight hundred
and sixty applications, and one thousand two hundred
and twenty-five persons provided for; $9,466.08 being
expended, a large amount of which was contributed by
the congregations of Jewish churches. The sum of
$1,050 was contributed toward the maintenance of the
employment bureau, a notable feature of the society.
The hospital branch of the work, operating the Michael
Reese Hospital, provided for four hundred and sixty-
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
four patients, of whom two hundred and sixty-four were
admitted free, and two hundred and sixty-five were not
of the Jewish faith. The hospital income from paying
patients was $8,536, while the entire hospital expendi-
tures amounted to $25,319.98. The report of the soci-
ety shows relief work done embracing one thousand
visitations, one thousand five hundred letters written,
one thousand one hundred and sixteen families assisted,
and one hundred and fifty-seven persons provided with
employment. The receipts for the relief fund were
$13,442.88; hospital fund, $29,288.05; hospital sinking
fund, $847.85; employment bureau fund, $1,050; library
fund, $207.02. The investments for the hospital sink-
ing fund amount to $52,300, and for the relief sinking
fund, $5,800. The ladies' sewing societies connected
with the association disbursed, during 1884, $2,914.44,
while the Young Ladies' Aid Society, an auxiliary asso-
ciation, did much good work in providing flowers for
the hospital. The executive board of the association is
composed of
Isaac Greensfelder, president; Abraham Hart, vice-president;
Herman Schuffner, treasurer; Joseph Polluk, financial secretary;
Charles \V. Holzheimer, recording secretary; Herman Felsenthal,
Henry L. Frank Max M. Gerstley, Herman F. Hahn, Nathan
Mayer, Jacob Newman, Jacob Rosenberg, Julius Rosenthal, Jo-
seph Schaffner, Charles II. Schwab, trustees; F. Kiss, superin-
tendent.
THE SOCIETA CRISTOFORO COLOMBO, the largest
Italian benevolent association in Chicago, was organized
on October 12, 1879, and incorporated on March 25,1880,
with the object of extending mutual help and benefit to
members. Aside from the provision for death and sick-
ness to those connected with the society, relief has been
extended to the few Italians who have have appealed
for help. The society had a membership of ninety-
eight at the end of the first year, which in 1885 had
increased to two hundred and fifty. The original
founders and first officers of the society were
G. R. Ratio, president ; G. D. Kazzio, vice-president ; G. La-
vezzi, secretary ; G. I.. 1'ieroni, treasurer; M. DeGilio, L. Ghiselli,
V. Galli, G. 15. Lagomarsino, directors; G. R. Ratio, G. I.avezzi,
G. I). Raggio, G. L. I'ieroni and M. DeGilio, commitlee on rules.
G. K. Ratio was the first president of the society, and was re-
elected in 1881, 1882, and 1884. G. I.avezzi was president in 1883.
The officers elected in 1885 were
Charles Ginocchio, president ; G. D. Raggio, vice-president ;
E. G. Meli, secretary; G. K. Ratio, treasurer; G. M. Lavezzi,
financial secretary ; A. liorreli, A. Andrencelti, L. liartoli and
G. Arata, directors.
The receipts of the society have amounted to over
$1,000 and the disbursements to $700 in a single year.
THE SOCIETA ITALIANA DI UNIONK K FKATELLANZA
was organized May 8, 1866, the original founders being
A. Querolli, G. Riboni and G. Raggio. Its primary
object was of a benevolent character, and its charities
have been large outside of membership awards. A cer-
tain exclusiveness has been observed in its formation,
no one being admitted as a member until he is known
in a business and social sense. At the end of 1866, the
society had a membership of one hundred and five
persons. The first officers were as follows :
A. Querolli, president ; G. Riboni, secretary ; and G. Raggio,
treasurer. The presidents since then have been: G. Riboni,
li. Borreti, A. Molinelli, R. Valentine, A. Caproni, A. Arata and
G. Cella.
On July 18, 1872, the society was incorporated by
A. Molinelli, A. Caproni and A. Arata. In the fire of
1871, the lodge-room of the society was destroyed, with
a loss in regalias and other property amounting to
$1,000. To those who were rendered homeless by the
conflagration a similar amount was donated by the
society. Since that time the organization has increased
its benefits, and now operates on an average annual
income of $2,500, of which $2,000 is disbursed to the
various benefit funds, $150 being awarded for funeral
expenses to members, and smaller amounts to the sick
and unemployed. The society made liberal donations
to the yellow-fever sufferers of the South, and to those
impoverished by earthquakes and floods in Italy. As
the oldest and most prominent Italian association in
Chicago, it was represented at the National conventions
of the Order; in 1870, at Philadelphia; in 1871, at New
York; and in 1873, at St. Louis.
The present membership of the society is two hun-
dred. Its officers are
G. Cella, president ; G. Arado, vice-president ; A. Valestra,
recording secretary ; L. 1'inocei, financial secretary ; A. Arata,
treasurer ; A. Querolli, 1". I'ucetti, J. Leone, Iruslees ; G. Guiocchio,
G. I'ieroni, A. 1'rato, committee of finance; G. Segale, F. Cavag-
naro, G. Cavagnaro, relief committee.
THE GERMAN MUTUAL BENEFIT ASSOCIATION
was organized August 16, 1875, and duly incorporated,
for the purpose of providing for the heirs of its mem-
bers. The original founders were mainly members of
the German Methodist and Evangelical churches, and
the society's scope of operations embraced the entire
State of Illinois. The first list of executive officers
included Rev. C. A. Loeber, president; Rev. G. W.
Lechler, vice-president; S. Wuest, secretary; Henry
Rieke, treasurer. The record of the association for
ten years shows a membership of two thousand five
hundred and four persons, representing three thousand
and twenty-two certificates, and seventy-three deaths.
The amount of insurance granted a member averages
$1,000, and since the formation of the society,
$84,884.40 has been disbursed. The total membership
up to 1885 exceeded three thousand. The present list
of officers is as follows:
Rev. C. A. Loeber, president; Rev. John Schneider, vice-
president; S. Wuest, secretary, John York, treasurer; Rev. I'.
Hinners, general agent; Rev. G. \V. Lechler, special agent; John
Jacobsen, city agent; Rev. C. A. Loeber, Rev. John Schneider,
Rev. Y. L. Mulfinger, Rev. J. J. Keller, Henry Rieke, Martin G.
Good, Frederick Ebersold, Charles L. Gamer, John York, Adolph
Umhof, Charles H. Duensing, Albert Rauch, Rev. J. Schnell,
directors.
THE MUTUAL BENEFIT AND AID SOCIETY of Chi-
cago was organized as a charter association in 1874,
and is the outgrowth of the Bismarck Bund and the
Teutonia Life Insurance Company, many members of
which associations were founders of the present society.
The object of the organization is to provide immediate
relief for the families of its members in case of sick-
ness and death, and it restricts its life policies to $250,
seeking mainly to provide for funeral expenses. Of
this amount $100 is paid the day of death to the family
of the deceased. Its first president was Ernst I.
Knobelsdorff, and its present secretary, J. H. Kraemer,
was one of the original charter members. The present
officers are
II. Kohlmann, president; A. D. Willmanns, M. Busch, vice- t
presidents; P. Mueller, treasurer; J. Schoch, recording secretary;
J. II. Kraemer, financial secretary; A. I). Willmanns, Herman
Kohlmann, J. Schmidt, C. Michaelis, Frank Braun, finance
committee.
The society operates outside of the city, although
the majority of its members are residents of Chicago.
Since January i, 1875, the annual disbursements have
been as follows:
1875, $10.039.12; 1876, $2,977.15; 1877, $1,969.14: 1878,
$1,244.99; 1879, $720.17; 1880, 11,786.04; 1881, $2,286.06;
1882, $1,600.68; 1883, 1,954.97; 1884,2,222.82; 1885, $2,519.66;
a total of $29,320.80.
6i6
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
MASONIC FRATERNITY.
l!y the fire of 1871, eighteen lodges, two chapters,
one council, two comnianderics and the four co-ordi-
n.i <• bodies of the A. \ A. Scottish Kite suffered a total
of their charters, records, jewels and paraphernalia,
and were deprived of their places of meeting. Eight
Masonic Halls, with all their accessories, were reduced
to ashes, and the former occupants compelled to seek
temporary quarters.
That the practical lesson of ready charity taught by
the spontaneous outpouring of gifts from sister lodges
all over the land has not been forgotten by the Mason it:
bodies of Chicago, has since been repeatedly demon-
\V U II VNSI \ 1.01 )iil':, NO. 1HO. — For ii time Wanliansia held Its ineet-
Inirs after the flre in Pleiades Hall, on Twelfth Street. wJieucelJ went tothc
II ,,f v noil, i I odire "ear H"' corner of Stale and Twenty-eighth streets, re-
m, ,«V<" )ri,'i,t'fl Hail ou its c ....... letlon In February' J8?8. 1" 187-1, it
in, .veil lot he Masonic Hall 111 the Ameiican Express P.inldmg. returning t(.
Orlen" il Hall ils present limne. in the fall of 1883. WauUailSla Lodge counts
•iinontr its tne'iiHicrs inaiiv of the most prominent citizens "f Chicago ami has
well maintained its reputation for benevolence. When ihu lioston fire of 1872
occurred mindful of the aiil H bad received from Its Eastern fraters. w,-m-
li'insi-i responded In the call for aid. It sent substantial relief to the families
of the Masons during the yellow fever epidemics of 1873 and 1879. at Mem-
phis and Shrevcsporl. The masters, since 1HTI. have heen: .1. Ii. Church,
1ST-' "l C Unwell. 1873-74: T. . I. Tilstln, 1875-76: E. St. .lohu. 1S77; .1. A.
HtndJard 1878; F. W. Porter. 18711; T. .1. Tnstin. 1880; John C. Darker.
1881-83; H. II. Hill, 1883 84; George Catlln, 1885.
—
1-83; . II. , ; eorge an, .
UERMANIA LODGE. NO. 18:!.— This lodge, after the lire, held its meet-
ings at the hall of Les-i"g Lodge. on the West Side, until its own hall, at No.
62 North Clark street, was re-imilt. The following have been the master.-:
F \V llild 1S72-73; A. Handler. 1874; — - .1875:.!. U'either. 1876-78;
F A. Feder, 1879; Fred Meyer, 1880; J. H. Kraemer, 1881-82; John DeWald,
^'WI'LLIA'M'I!. WA&REN LODGE. NO. 209.— The first meetings (.f this
lodge after the flre were hehl In Lessing Hall, at No. 13 North Clint. in street ;
soon after moving to Masonic Temple, on the corner of Randolph and Halsted
streets- in 1877 the lodge removed to Masonic Hall at No. 76 Monroe Street;
and, In 1883 returned to Oriental Hall. The masters, since 1871, have heen:
Permission of Inland Architect and lUiilder.
IXTKRIOR ORIENTAL MASONIC HALL.
strated. When the great fire of 1872 occurred in Bos-
ton; during the yellow fever epidemics of 1873 and
1879 in the South; after the floods on the Ohio River
and its tributaries in February, 1883, and on many other
occasions, the lodges of Chicago have freely recipro-
cated the fraternal bounty extended to them in their
hour of need.
A. F. \- A M.
ORIENTAL LODGE, NO. 33.-After the loss of its flne hall In the fire of
1871. Oriental found a temporary home in the West Side Masonic Hall corner
of Randolph ami Halsted streets. Since February 1. 1873, the lodge lias met
^ 'GARDEN CITY MililiK. N( i. lll.-fn'is 'lodged wii'en driven from Orien-
tal Hal I on LaSalleStreel by the fire, fonnd quarters first In the hall of Pleiades
Lodge, on Twelfth Street, and aftei ward with I.es.sing Lodge, on North Clin-
ton street, until t lie carl \ the part of 1873. when it re-occupied Its old location
In the re-built Oriental Hall. The masters since the fire have heen: Georee
If. MeClellan. 1872; Joseph Hntler. 1873: A.C. (ileason, 1874; II. F. Holeomh
?! -i: '» .lolin, 1878: Alfred Knssell, 1879-80; L. L. Wadsworth
1881-82; T. K. Talinagc. 1883-84: George McWIIIiams. 1885. The lodge has
attained to a large membership and has enjoyed uniform prosperity.
('. II. Shattnck, 1872-73; E. B. Hornemann, 1874-76; 3'. Y Younglove. 1877
Albert .lack, 1878; George M. Aykroyd. 1879; Eugene F. DoLuce, 1880-81;
Cass F. Maurer, 1882-83; George M. Avkroyd. 1884; Henry Lesch, 1885.
CLEVELAND LODGE. NO. 21 1.— The organization of'the West Chicago
Masonic Benevolent Association, for the purpose of building a West Side Ma-
sonic Temple, originated with Cleveland Lodge. The building on ths corner
of Halsted and Randolph streets was erected at a cost of over S86.000, and
dedicated in December, 1870, Cleveland Lodge, or its members, being the
principal owners and having a long lease from the Association. In the spring
of 1880. the Association bought the furniture and fixtures belonging to the
lodge for So. 400, to be re-paid to the lodge by the occupancy of the hall by
tile latter for a term of years. In November. 1881, the Association before
named was dissolved, and the WestChicago Masonic Association organized in
its place, the members of Cleveland Lodge still holding a majority of the stock
and the lodge having a permanent home under an arrangement with the
Association. Nearly all the masters and many of the members of Cleveland
Lodge have been prominently known to the people of Chicago. Since the lire
the masters have been: John \Vhltley, 1872-73; T. I). Fitch, 1874: Reuben
Cleveland, 1875; George F. Sinclair. 1876-77: Malcolm McDonald, 1878;
FredS. James. 1879; Robert L. Tathain. 1880-81 ; F A. Muncy, 188;!; O. H.
Cheney. 1883-84; Thomas G. Morris. 1885.
HLANEY LODGE. NO. 371.— After the fire of 1871, this lodge met in
the West Side Masonic Temple until 1874. when it removed to the Masonic
Hall at No. 76 Monroe Street, its present home. Its masters have been: Ed-
Hall at No. 76 Monroe street, Its present home. Its masters have been: Ed-
ward Cook, 1872; Charles W. Day. 1873: D. C. Cregier, 1874; Ira . W. Buell,
1875; Edward Cook. 1S7H-77; George Gardner, 1878-79: E. J. Low, 1880-81;
Edward Cook. 1882; Alfred Kirk, 1883: 1). C. Cregier, 1884-85. Theniiances
of this lodge have been so well managed, that it has accumulated a very con-
siderable sum.
ACCORDIA LODGE, NO. 277.— Accordia found a home, after the fire,
with Lessing Lodg^. on the West Side, where it remained until the completion
of Accordia Hall, its present home, at No. 114 Randolph Siren, early in
1874. Its masters have been: II. C. Felilkamp. 1872-73; Herman Peters,
1874-75; F. y.legfeld. 187K-77; H. Rnchrr, H78-79; Herman Peters, 1880-82;
Gustav Wlttmeyer, 1883-84; H. Scholl, 1885.
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
6,7
ASHLAR LODGE, NO. 308.— After the fire Ashlar Lodge HUM fir a time
at Leasing Hall, and later In tin- West Side Masonic Temple, remaining there
until 1874. when it removed to Masonic Hall in the American Express Build-
ing In 1883. it occupied oiicntal Hall, where it now meets. The masters
have been: Enos Brown, 1873-74; Frank S. Allen, 1875-7S; William Borner,
1879-80; William II. Thompson. 1881; .lames K. Hardy. 1882-83; Edgar
Isbell. 1884; C. K. Kreysler. 1885.
DEARBORN LODGE. N". 310.— Tin' flrst temporary home of tins 'odge
after the tire was in the hall "I Cash man Lodge, corner of Robey an-.' Madison
streets. Then it met in the West Sine Masonic- Temple. On II ..... ompletion of
the
p
h
John Sutton. 187h-77:W. K. Fors.uh. 1878-79: . . ,
Korsyth. 1881; K. C. Grittitb. 1XX2-S3; John T. Richards, 1884 -85.
'KILWINM-NG LODGE. Mi. :) 11. —When burned out In 1871. this lodge
met In the West side Masonic Temple until the completion of Corinthian Hall
at No 187 East Kin/ii- Street, In 1874. where it has since remained. The mas
ters have been: A. M. Tl ..... ison, 1873-73; K. P. Chatiield, 1874; A. H. Robin-
son 1875; J. 1'. Mohr, 1876-77; Dr. R. Thibado. 1878-79; J. K. B. VanCleave,
1880: Thomas Middletou, 1881-82; Thomas Ryan. 1883; Giles A.Stanley,
1884; Giles Remlell. 1885.
BLAIR LODGE. NO. 393.— After the fire. Blair Lodge met In the West
Side Masonic Temple until 1874, when it occupied the lodge-rooms in the
. .
the lodge-moms in the American Express Building, it met there until the
present ouartivs \v. re si-rnred at No. 14' Twenty -second Strret. Its masters
have been: H. S. T ..... -v. 1872-73; C. 8. Moody, 1874; \v. K. Korsyth, 1875;
John Sutton. 187h-77:'W. K. Fors.uh. 1878-79: «!. M . Filzhnali, 1880; W. K.
American Express Building, where it has since remained. The masters have
been: J. O'Nell, 1872; 11. Schofleld. 1873; Joseph Gallagher. 1874-75: C. M.
White. 1876; J. M. Terwilliger, 1877; I). H. Hickinson. 1878; O. R. Malson.
1879; S. K. Blaisdcll. 188!) ; C. W. O'Donnell. 1881; . 1882; L.L.Dick-
inson, 1883; C. 11. Matsnn, 1884; Benjamin Stelngardt, 1885.
THOMAS .1. TURNER. No. 41)9.— For three years after the fire this
lodge met in tlie West side Masonic Temple, but in 1874 took up its quarters
in the hall at No. 76 Monroe Street. Its masters have been: G. C. Smith.
1872-73; .1. K. Murphy, 1874-75: William Lowe. 1876; .lohn E. Petti bone.
1877; William Lowe. 1878; .lohn E. Pcttibone, 1879-80; P. M. Nichols,
1881-83; C. E. Becker, 1SS4; P. M. Nichols, 1885.
MITIIKA LOIK-JH. NO. 410.— When burned out. in 1871. Mithra Lodge
met in tiie West Side Masonic Temple until 1N74. when it removed to the
North Side Turner Hall. Us masters have been: O Brlnkmeler, 1872-73;
John C. Meyer, 1X71 7S; A. Koblitz. 1879; K. (i. Solunidt. 1880-83; K. W.
Baesiaw. 18s:i: I'. Reese. 1XX4; Charles Canisins. 1885.
HESPERIA LODGE. NO. 411.— Unusually prosperous itself, Hesperia
has ever been mindful of ItB obligation to aid the unfortunate, and has contrib-
uted liiierall vat various times for the relief of Its suffering brethren. Its mas-
ters have been: D. J. Aveiy. 1873-73: A. H. Van/.woll. 1874; C. H. Brenan,
1875-79: James Smith. 1880-81; (.'. H. Brenan. 1883-8:1; Warren M. Brown.
1884: Charles Lichtenlierger, 1885. This lodge meets in tlie West Side Ma-
sonle. Temple.
L \NDMARK LODGE. NO. 433.— Since the change of name and local ion
from Hyde Park to the city, at Cottage Grove Avenue and Thirty-seventh
Street. Landmark Lodge liasen|oyed aferood degree of prosperity. Its masters,
since 1871. have been: II. K. Beeeham. 1872; Dwlght Klinck. 1873; T. F. Gil-
liland. 1874; W. S. Culver, 1875; W. (;. Purrty. 1876; James E. chadwick.
1877; Peter Daggy. 1X78; Charles M. Clark. 1879; I). M. Cool, 1880; W. W.
Chamberlain. 1881; II. K. Rothwell, 1888-83; George C. Fry, 1884; John R.
Hodson, 1885.
CHICAGO LODGE, NO. 437.— After the fire this lodge met in the hall of
Apollo Lodge, at the corner of State and Thirtieth streets until 1884, when it
removed lo Accord. la Hall, at No. 114 Randolph Street. In the following year
it returned to Oriental Hall, its present place of meeting. The masters have
been: Joseph Spiegel. 1872-73; Adolph Shire. 1874-77; Charles Cohen, 1878;
Edward Rnbovitz, 1879-80: Adolph Shire, 1881; Charles Cohen, 1882; Joseph
Spiegel, 1883; Adolph Shire. 1884-85.
H. W. BIGELOW LODGE. NO. 438.— From the time of the fire until
1874. this lodge metat Lessing Hall, No. 12 North Clinton Street. In the lat-
ter year it removed to No. 76 Monroe Street. It did not prosper, however,
and during that year surrendered Its charter, most of its members uniting
with Ashlar Lodge. Its masters were: B. T. Smith, 1872-73: Hiram Barber.
Jr.. 1874.
PLEIADES LODGE, NO. 478.-For several years this lodge met at the
corner of Clinton and Twelfth streets, but, in 1880, removed to No. 220 South
Ihilsted Slreel. its present home, The masters have been; W. G. God man.
1872-74; O. Nickerson, 1875; A, I). Bascom, 1876-77; William Fennlmore.
1878; W. G. Godman, 1879; Robert H. Jenkins, 1880; Daniel M. BOM.IOII.
1881; George W. Mackenzie, 1882-83; William Baxter, 1884; Charles A.
W.ill. 18H5.
HOME LODGE. NO. 508. -This lodge has enjoyed a steady growth, and
from lite lii st lias counted among its members many of the prom I nent citixe us
of the Son' h Side. It has a commodious hall on Twenty-second street. Its
masters have been: Amos Grannis. 1872-75 ; E. I'. Tobey. 1876; R. T. Pet-
tengill, 1877; D. U. Hamilton, 1878: G. M. Holmes. 1879-80; B.
F. Paine, 1881; E. M. Horton. 1882; William P. Premiss, 1883-84;
I,. B. Dixon. 1885.
COVENANT LODGE. NO. 526.-When driven from its North
Side home by the fire. Covenant Lodge first met in the hall of Union
Park Lodge on West Lake Street. In February, 187-1. this hall \v:is
burned ami the lodge removed to the hall at the corner of Roney
and Madison streets, where it remained until May following, when
it took up permanent quarters in the new Corinthian Hall, at No.
187 East Kinzie Street. The lodge has a large membership, [is
masters have been: William Kerr, 1872; S. M. Henderson. 1873;
J. W. Lawrence, 1874; J. A. Crawford. 1875; A. Warrfngton,
1876-77; H. W. Wolseley, 1878; William Hamllln. 1879; George
A. Waite, 1880; Hugh Mason. 1881; II. M. Packham. 1882; George
L. Ward. 1883; R. S. Leonard, 1884; R. W. S. Cuyler. 1885.
LESSING LODGE. NO. 557.— This lodge was foremost among
those which escaped the ravages of the fire in offering to the
burned-out lodges an asylum at Its hall. No. 12 North Clinton
Street. Its masters have been: Julius Ulrich, 1872-73; John Felde-
kamp, 1874; William Swissler. 1875-76: William Helnemann.
1877-79; M. Keil, 1880; Julius Ulrich, 1881 : Franz Amberg, 1882;
F. W. Cletlenberg, 1883-84; Daniel noerr. 1885.
NATIONAL LODGE. NO. 596.— This lodge has met for four-
teen years in the West side Masonic Temple. Its masters have
been: Andrew J. Oullford, 1872-74: A. C. Wood. 1875-76; A. G.
Stevens. 1877-78; J. W. Ostrander, 1879-82; J. D. Adney, 1883-84;
J. W. Ostrander, 1885.
I'NION PARK LODGE, NO. 610,-This lodge lost Its hall at
No. 679 West Lake Stieet in February. 1873. together with much of
its furniture and parapliei nalia. It met in tlie hall of D. A. Cash-
man Lodge, corner of Robey and Madison streets, until Its old
borne waa re-built. The masters have been: G. P. Randall. 1873-73;
A. D. O'Neil. 1874 77: J. C. Bailey, 1878; John C. duett, 1879-80;
O. O. Pratt, 1881-82; J. J. Secoinu. 1883; E. L. Crank. 1884; James
R. Lewis, 1885.
LINCOLN PARK LODGE. NO. 611.— After the fire this lodge
found a temporary borne in Knightsof Pythias hall, at the corner
of North Clark Street and I)iver«ey Avenue, in Lake View. In
.. May, 1873. it removed to the new hall of Olympia Lodge. I.O.O.F..
at the corner of Clark and Michigan streets; in the spring of 1874.
Itagain removed to the hall of ilei mania Lodge, at No. 62 North
Clark Street; ami on October 1, 1875. entered a home of its own,
furnished at an expense of abotu S3. 500. at the corner of Clark and
Center streets. Its masters have been: L. A. Beetle. 1872: H. E.
Hamilton, 1873;L. A. Beebe, 1874; M. B. Cleveland, 1875; Thomas
Cormlish, 1876: Charles E. Simmons, 1877; H. E. Hamilton.
1878-79; M.Buscliwah. 1880; D. Haworth. 1881-82; W. H. C. Am-
brose. 1883: Charles Osb.irn, 1884-85.
KEYSTONE LODGE, NO. 639.— The flrst resting-place of
Keyslone Lodge after the fire was at No. 280 Milwaukee Avenue,
with D.C. Cregier Lodge. In 1872, it removed to Odd Kellows Hall,
corner of Clark and Michigan streets; and in the spring of 1874
went into the new hall of Germanla Lodge, at No. 62 North Clark
Street, The masters have been : E. Homayne, 1872-73; J. H Dlx-
on, 1874-76; M. Pflaum, 1877-78; Charles King. 1879-81: M.
Ptiaum, 1882; Andrew Lindstrom. 1883-84; Simon Fiscll, 1885.
APOLLO LODUE. NO. 642.— This lodge has met continuously
at Its hall, at the corner of State and Twenty-eighth streets. Its
masters, since 1871, have been: George Howisou, 1872; G. N.
Honghton. 1873; C. S. Hartley, 1874; George Howlson. 1875: M.
6. Fair. 1876; Moses A. Tha.\ er. 1877; Thomas Neill. 1873; H. R.
Thomas. 1879; C. W. Chatfee. 1880; Stamlish Acres. 1881; William
H. Elliott. 1882-84; Frank W. Pierce. 1885.
D. C. CREOIER LODGE. NO. 643.— This lodge met at No. 280
Milwaukee Avenue until 1878. when it removed to its present
quarters at No. 406 Milwaukee Avenue. The masters have been:
C. H. Plantz. 1873-73; Henry Mnnsterman. 1874-77; .lames Keats,
1878-79; George II. Rittmiller. 1880; James Keats. 1881 ; Fred F.
Handrnp, 1883; C. I'. Slltig, 1883-85.
HERDER LODGE, NO. 669,-This lodge has bad a fair pros-
perity. The masters have been : 11. L. Roes. 1872-73; Jacob Haln-
mel, '1874: Paul X.lemsen, 1875-78; David W. Braun. 1879; Paul
/iemsen. 1880; Frank Wenter, 1881-83; M. Kettner, 1884-85.
WALDECK LODGE, NO. 674 -This lodge is located at the
corner of South Park Avenue and Twenty-seventh Street and since
1871, when its charter was received, has had the fallowing masters:
Frederick Lehrkamp, 1872-74; L. Gollliardt. 1875-78; William Buschman.
1879; Henry Ulroth. 1880; L.Gollhardt. 1881; Henry Wink. 1882; M.Scnmltz,
1883-84: C.'E. Mueller. 1885.
GARFIELD LODGE. NO. 686.— This lodge was originally organized,
under dispensation granted on August 15. 1870. as D. A. Cashman Lodge,
with D. A. Casliman as W.M. On October 29. 1872. the lodge was duly con-
stituted bv Grand Master D. C. Cregier, at which time its new hall, at the cor-
ner of Robey and Madison streets, was dedicated. In October. 1881, the nani'
was changed, by the authority of the Grand Lodge, to Garfield Lodge. No.
686. The masters have been: D A. Casliman. 1872-73; J. S. McFarland.
1874; R. J. Danphlny. 1875; H. G. Thompson, 1876-77; J. H. Frees. 1878-79;
G. W. Smith, 1880-81; D. L. Evans, 1882; G. W. Smith, 1883; B. F. Wright,
1884; J. H. Matlack. 1885.
RICHARD COLE LODGE, NO. 697.— On May 31. 1871, a dispensation
for this lodge was granted by D. C. Cregier. Grand Master, the flrst three offi-
cers lo be: C. F. Babcock, W.M.; W. .1. Gram, S.W.: David Johnston, J.W.
On October 24, 1872. the lodge was duly constituted by D. H. K 11 more, acting
li.(;.M. The lodge mer at No. 770 Archer Avenue. The masters have been:
diaries K. Babcock. 1873: David Johnston. 1874; John Bonlield, 1875; Wil-
liam Clucas, l,x7l'i-77; C. A.Mathay, 1878-80; , 1881; William Brew,
1882-83; II. H. Brown, 1884; C. J. Trotter. 1885.
ST. ANDREWS LODGE, NO. 703.— Ill August. 1871. GrandMaster D.
C. Cregier granted a dispensation for tlie formation of Prince Edwin Lodge,
with D. C. Cregier as W.M.; V. L. Hnrlbut, S.W.; and G. R. Smith, J.W. Tile
name was afterwards changed to si. Andrew's, and by this name constituted
as No. 7113, on Novemb-r 3, 1873. by D. C. Cregier. P.G.M. This lodge was the
outgrow! ti -if a feeling among some prominent .Masons, thata lodge could be
successfully maintained by selected few as a somewhat exclusive body. The
initiation fees and animal dues wei e made unusually large, and tbe member-
ship kept within narrow limits as to number. The project did not prove very
successful, however, and, in May, 1885, the charter was surrendered and the
6i8
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
, ,ang.-d by III.- Grand l.o'lL" I" Ajcyna, retaining
.:n. 1874- .li;
llenrv ITalt 1S77; W. A. Writ-lit. 1878 f9; Karri I Tbe* 1--" 81; '< -s
(-1,11,1.. irv Pratt. 1884; John Strenliw. 1885.
GIII.I.KS RULKLOD01 ils hi'ig" wa»organl«ed under a
.llsiwiiutlobRntiite..) on Junelijfc I. i^ Brand NHirrJ»mM l;H«wley;to
Jo
il October H. is; h. b) |i. ('. Cregier. I'.G.M.
Its hall is ai the corner of Inill-
George Ho
name at the comer of siate ami Forty-seTenth street j where it now meets.
(i,,o,-t.,i,,.r27. isrs It was duly constituted by w. K . Stevens. >. >.<,.M. '"
rs h.-ne 1,,-,-n: .I'llin \V. M.iv. 1S78-80; George Marcliliank, 1881-82; A.
i. Oorej, i-s.'l: c. K. HIMWH. iss
The appended tabular statement shows the total
membership from 1X72 to 1885. inclusive, of all the Blue
Lodges in ( 'hicatjo:
w \SHISCTOS CHAPTER. NO. 43,-Tliis chapter has the largest mem-
herslllp .'•/ an\ Chapter in tin- Slate. II lias for many years had a permanent
homefu iheWestSlde Masonic Temple. In which li la a considerable stock-
, ,.,. ,),, |ta ,,,11 ,,t members are many men who have lieen prominent
"re the public, among w i an- ex-M»Tors. Congressmen a ,,m-d
SUtes Senator, members and ex-roe irsoJ ,tv government ami Male
' 'l . »•« .- . I..,..,,,,,., u T in ,1 cr h
W'riirn't s 1877; II. Munsterman, K.ll.l'.. Charles r.. «..., „ .
fames Keats E.k.P. Uharles n. Wright, s. 1880; -P. >lm Min-|,hy. K.H.I-..
c r DoolltHe S. 1881 88; <;. A. Williams. K.ll.l'.. C.O. I> ntle. s.. 1883;
|V V Wright K II I'., c. >•'. Doolittle, s.. 18SI: John O'Neill, K.ll.l'.. James
A. Wilson. S.. 1885.
HERMAN Sn:\ir.\l> was bom in \Viirtcmbery, ( le-rmany, on
l-'ebruan 3, i-+'i. :liu' is tlle son °f Jo'111 :1IK' Ma^ir ll.oetilerl
Sigmund. When lu- was fourteen years 1,1 am- In- learned the
in-i maker's trade in his native town, when- lit worked until t866,
U|H.,I hi- came to Vmerica. Hi- went to Nashville, Tenn., where
he was employed at his trade about tive years. In 1871, he came
to Chicago and worked at cabinet-making until 1876, when he en-
oao-ed in' the business of all undertaker with I'eier Mueller, under
the firm name of Sijfimiml cc Mueller. They continued together
live years when the firm was dissolved. Since then Mr. Sigmund
has carried on the business on his own account. He has a livery
stable which he manages in connection with the undertaking busi-
Ile was married on October 14. 1.^74, to Miss l.i/xie Schei-
ber, of Chicago; they have four children,— Anton, Herman, l.ixxie
and Clara. Mr. Sigmund is-a Mason and a member of I). C.
i Lodge, No. 043, A.I''. cV A.M., and of Washington Chap-
S\MI, \\1, \! MIIKK Of LOI,i;K.
MKiir.KlIsim' KOI: K \i-il VKAR.
urn.
1878.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
I87».
1 880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885."
37','
806
tot
168
aw
389
166
84
124
173
214
155
106
81
173
58
127
117
155
178
159
H
108
mi
ii
37
115
79
M
25
M
14
838
•Ml
^1(1
17'J
as-j
:wr,
148
79
ia»
178
219
181
10t>
81
185
70
188
87
185
192
177
117
106
97
78
50
151
8-'
44
47
57
37
lli
3 -'7
•Jill
195
184
197
389
151
80
138
171
•_>34
17«
99
87
178
93
155
98
238
lot
188
122
95
86
60
186
94
57
62
79
58
16
36
3'J
296
171
191
185
197
421
156
89
•J17
153
git
178
95
M
208
99
1C,.-,
MO
80S
201
78
102
96
89
|i
176
101
88
58
97
68
18
14
43
286
!??
179
183
I-JS
158
214
130
284
178
108
109
226
103
175
230
215
803
72
128
99
88
80
176
1118
69
63
128
78
19
62
57
n
280
is:,
1 511
178
183
427
157
84
2 22
135
227
173
!2.i
Kllj
2*8
109
17!
- 225
211
223
79
190
92
120
80
174
108
7!
73
152
81
19
«8
59
58
270
186
lh:,
175
161
402
150
78
880
131
318
172
125
113
221
115
176
227
234
848
70
104
70
111
79
149
117
74
83
147
85
19
Ii7
69
75
M
270
200
[58
Iti9
i:>b
378
145
7fl
21S
133
2 -.'3
181
124
116
216
121
186
288
252
29 1
ti'.l
106
78
120
147
115
80
89
148
!M
19
69
87
94
37
250
217
in:,
188
159
370
111
83
28(1
137
221
187
117
1119
254
128
200
281
2211
154
173
IS 8
864
142
85
252
138
220
194
119
116
25(i
138
210
263
236
151
171
159
332
145
8li
243
135
237
178
12K
114
289
159
209
235
289
i \:
170
182
312
'M
145
258
175
1 25
1 is
880
179
212
232
257
153
179
180
139
84
236
164
259
188
130
116
824
201
217
232
252
148
191
178
343
136
79
245
173
2BH
189
132
119
320
212
223
<;,-rman
Kilwinning \u 311
Blair No 343
Hesperia No 111
Chicago, No. 137
lllgelow. No. 438
Pleiades. So. 178.
V, 508
217
240
308
70
109
81
tig
82
138
127
79
81
163
:ni
•;D
71
72
109
48
.,.,.,
254
319
69
120
76
132
84
148
128
82
81
175
110
IS
84
84
112
55
217
264
352
128
80
142
91
143
139
SS
86
196
138
19
1115
s;
121
63
211
879
378
',2
123
92
151
91
140
158
' si
217
ii,t>
20
120
100
120
86
208
276
898
78
118
1115
17'.)
91)
141
161
94
82
259
175
IS
115
110
113
96
191
260
430
117
118
192
90
138
157
93
86
261
181
122
114
114
92
C'nveminl, No- 526
l,essing. No. 557
\o bi°
1> C Cregier S" lil'i ••
Herder So lili'l
Iln-liai-it Cole Su l,'*7
Arrana No 717
(iolilen Kiile. No. 726
Lakeside No 7. 14
....
"Total memliHrshlpin 1885, 6,382.
GRAMI I.<>I><;K MKKTIM.S IN CHICAC.O. — The times
and places of meeting of the Grand Lodge of Illinois
since 1871 have been as follows:
October 1. 1872, MeVieker's Theater; October 7. 1873, McCormlck's
Hall;0clol,eni. 1ST). Mel-ornilek's Hall; (>rtol,er 5. 1875, McCormiek's Hall;
October 3, 1876 M r.-imick's Hall; Oeloliei 2. 1S77. McCormick'a Hall;
iir-i.,l,,-i 1 is'.s. M.-roimiek's Hall; Oetoliel 7, 1879. not Riven; October 5,
1880, Central Mnsie Hall: Oember 4, 1881. Central Music Hall; Oelober 3,
1882. MeConniek's Hall: October •:, iss:i, .MeConnieks Hall; oeiolier 7,
1SS1, Karwell Hall ; (letol.er 6. 1SS5. Armory of liattery "D."
R. A. M.
LAFAYKTTK ell AI'TKK. NO. 2. -After the fire, LaFayette Chapter
lieeame a migratory Itrnly, meeting IQCCeaslTely in ttie hall of Union I'ark
Chapter. Corner of Madison and Kobey stieets, in Oriental Hall, at So. 122
<• SU.-«-[. am! ntlif, pl.uvs. until the completion of Apollo Commamlery
llall. in the American Kx press linililiiiK, in .lannary. 1874. where it took up
inent ipiarlers. The liiRh priests ami seeretariea have been as follows for
the permils nameil: Samuel lirown. K.H.I'.. K. N. Tucker. S.. 1872; R. E.
si, -vens, K.H.I'.. K N. Tneker. 8.. 1873; T. T. oviall. K.ll.l'.. K N. Tucker, s..
1*71: .lames H. M lies, E.H.P.. E. N. Tneker, S., 1875; I). C. rreitier. K.ll.r..
K. N. Tneker. S. 1S7«; «'. II. ll'-id, K.ILI'.. K. S. Tneker, S., 1877-78; U.S.
Iliitterworth. K.ll.r.. K. S. Tn.-ker. S.. 1879: W. K. Korsjih, K.ll.l'.. w. .1.
Brysr, S.. 1880-81; William K. PoulSOh, ll.ll.l'.. W. .1. l',rj-:ir, S., 1882-83;
.lohn II. llil>ek. K.H I'.. W. .1. lii-yar. S., 1SSI: William M. Thexlim, K.H.I'..
W. .1. |ir>ar. s.. ]8ST>. I.aKayelte Chapter, ihe oldest in Chicago, <-ounls
.ttiupiik' Its memh'-rs nian> win, have been noteil Hi 111,- M asm lie history of the
Cil\ ami State in the higher deKi -
ter, No. 43, K.A.M. lie is also a member ol (loclhe Lodge, No.
329, I.O.O.F.
COKINTIHAN CH Al'TKR. NO. 69.— After the Hre, this chapter inet in
the \Vest-Siile Masonic Temple until the completion of its new hall at No. 187
Kin/ie Street. In May, 1873. KollowinK is the record of its Hi^'h 1'riests (the
Sectetary, John O. picket-son, has held ottiee continuously for ttie whole per-
i,,.| here'ttlvein: John Woodman, 1872-73: William Kerr, 1874; Charles C.
I'hlllips, 1ST5; S. M. Henderson. 1876; John A. Crawford, 1877; Gil. W.
I'.arnanl. 1878; Samuel Ken. 1879; Robert Malcolm. 1880; A. WarriiiKton,
1881: Charles Reifsneiiler, 1882; George A. Wait. 1883-84; I1. O. Reifsnei-
der, 1885.
Wll.KY M. EGAN CHAPTER. NO. 126.-Since the hall of Pleiades
1. 1, due, A.I''. & A.M., was completed at No. 22(1 South llalsted Street, this
chapter has fonml a home there. The high priests and secretaries have been:
Charles Van Campen. K II. P., C. <i. Hi, well. S., 1872; .lohn Corcoran. E.H.P..
<;. O. Howell. S.. 187:!; C. G. Unwell. E.H.P.. \V. II. Snyder. S., 1874; J. H.
Paddock, E.H. P.. George o. Pratt. S., 1875: Edgar K. Nu*vell. E.H.P., O. Nick-
erson, S., 1876: C. <;. Howell. K.H. P.. E. K. Newell. S . 1877: John T. : Mat-
thews. K.ll.l', K. K. Newell. S.. 1878: Jonathan Hodges, K.H.I'., K.H. Newell.
S., 1879; Joseph K. Randall. K.ll.l'., K. K. Newell, s.. 1880; A. 11. Height,
K.ll.l'.K V. Newell, S.. 1881: Henry Pratt. K. 11 I'.. K. K. New ell. S.. 1882;
George McKen/.ic. K.ll.l'., 11. K. Jacobs, s.. 18S3; Frank Knight. K.H. P.. E.
I . Sewt-ll. S.. 188J; K. M. Ashley, K.ll.l'., K. F. Newell, s.. 1885.
CHICAGO CHAPTER. NO. 127.-This chapter, located in the residence
district of the South Side, lias acquired a large and active membership. Eli
Smith has been secretary continuously for the past fourteen \ ears. The high
i, nests have been: W. A. Stevens. 1872; E. Gr.mths, 1873; R. Z. Hernck,
1874; T. C. liorden. 1875; G. M. Holmes, 187B: E. P. Tobcy. 1877-78; F. T.
Crozon, 1879-80; !>.<:. Hamilton, 1881; Sylvester Gaunt, 1882-83; W. H.
Thompson. Jr.. 1884: M. IS. Wiley. 1885. Its place of meeting is at No. 144
Twrnt \ -second Si reel.
YOKK CHAPTER, NO. 148.— In February, 1872, tin- year after this
chapter was coiislituted. il lost its place of meeting at No. 679 West Lake
Street, by tire, when it removed to the hall of D. A. Casliman Lodge, A.F. &
I'.KNKVOI.KNT INSTITUTIONS.
619
A M corner of Robey and Ma.lis.rn streets, where it has since remained.
its hi'"ii priests and secretaries since 1871 have been: George K. Let/, E.H.P.,
Charles Perkins, S., 1872; W. U. Thwing. E.H.P.. W. M. Wright. S., 187:i: W.
•
S 1879; G. I!. Coniu. E.H.P.. C,. T. Go'il.l. S., 1880; Ka . . ....
Q. T Gould S 1881; J. R. Wilkins. 10.11. P.. (i. T. Gould. S.. 1882: A. W.
Schroeder, K.H.P.. G. T. Could. S.. 1883; W. E. Fisher, K II. P., .1. K. Wilkins,
S 1884-11. W. Smith. K.H.P.. D. I,. Evans, S.. 1885.
FAIRVIEW CHAPTEK. NO Itil.-On January 17. 1873. a dispensation
was granted hv G. K. Louiisbury. G.H.P., to Thomas c. Clarke as K.ll. P., II.
8. Tiffany as E.K. and JnhnS. McKeanas K.S.. with six others, to form Oakland
Chanter. On October 29, 1884, a charter was granted by the grand Chapter;
and on November 4, 1884. the chapter was constituted hy A. K. Atkins. G.S..
with the following charter members: Thomas C. Clarke, James !•:. Chad-
wick Mvnin S. ci-ego, Robert Craig. Daniel M. Cool, David R. Crego. Paul H.
Dennis. Charles W. Deane, Ama/iali Hayner, W. J. .lohnson, Theodore K
Ladue. William II. Launder. Joseph B. Lewis. Joseph T. Monlton, Jacob C.
Myers John C. Nc.-ly, llyron W.Shibley. Stephen [>. Savage. James l>. Sav-
age Harry S. Tiffany. Asa D. Waldron. Richard Williams, and 1,5 man Ware.
ie chapter was lo.-aicd in the extreme southern p.irt of tin- city, and its
Hayner E.H.P. Mvron Harris, S.. 1879; H. 8. Tiffany, E.H.P.. Mvron Harris,
S., 1880; George (•'. Fry. E.H.P.. Myron Harris. S.. 1881: 11. .1. Goodrich,
E.H.P.. Mvron Harris, S.. 1882; H. R Rothwell. K. II. P., Myron Hal ris. S.,
1883; F. G'. DeGolyer, E.H.P., Myron Harris, S.. 188-1; John llosburj, 1', II. P..
LINCOLN'PARK CHAPTER, NO. 177.— A dispensation for the forma-
tion of this chapter was granted, on June 15. 1876. by Grand High Priest
Haswell C. Clarke, to l.nthfr A. licehe, as K.ll. P , Charles A. Simmons as E.
K., and Stephen G. Pltkin as E. S. The date of charter was October. K, 1876,
and the charter members were: Luther A. Bet-be, Charles A. Simmons.
Stephen (J Pllkin C. S. G. Fuller. Archibald A. Stewart, John P. Farrar.
Alexander w. u>-.ln.-r, William Gardner, John Gee, James G. Holt. Harrison
S Streat Henry Spalholt. E. P. ChatfleM, Matthew Bllschwah. Andrew Mc-
Xaliy M. B. Cleveland. William J. Plows, William Plngree, Thomas Groin -
llsh, Joseph Brooks. Henry H.-melgai n, Magnus Andeis n. Hallow S. Pick-
ard, Frederick Halla, Albert Schultz. James D. Cook, Jacob C. Schegswohl,
James it. Mackintosh and William M. Martin. On October 31, 1876. the
chapter was duly constituted by the officers of the Grand Chapter. Its meet-
ing place has be, -n in, in ii, organization in the hall of the Lincoln Park
Lodge \.K. A- A.M.. at No. 869 North Clark Street. The high priests and
secretaries hav.- been: L. A. B»ebe. E.H.P.. E. P. Chatfield. S., 1876; L. A.
lieebe. K.H.I'.. II S. Streat. S.. 1877-78; S. G. Pitkin. K.ll. P.. H S. Streat. S..
1879; Thomas Cromlish, K.ll. P.. H. S. Sireat. S.. 18SO: Frederick Halla.
K.H.I'., S. G. Pitkin. S.. 1881: Frederick Halla. E.H.P., 11. Spat holt, S.. 1882;
Frederick Halla. 10.11. p., W. H. C. Ambrose, S., 1883; Dennis Haworth, E.H.P.,
C. F. Hermann, S., 1884-85.
The following table exhibits the membership of the
several chapters for each of the fourteen years from
1872 to 1885, inclusive:
and resumed by the Councils, under the direction of the
Grand Council.
CHICAGO COUNCIL, NO. 4.— After the flre of 1871, this council met in
various temporary <|iiarters unt'i the completion oj Corinthian Hall, on Kin-
/ie Street, since \\ inch time it has found a home t litre. TheT. I.G.M. and Re-
con I. -rs have been as follows: James II. Miles, T. I.G.M. ; K. N. Tocker. Rec.,
is;-.'; T. T. Oviatt. T.I.G.M.. E. N. Tucker. Kcc.. 1873-74; James H. Miles.
T.I.G.M...I. i). irickerson, Rec., 1875-76: C. C. Phillips. T.I.G.M.. J. O. Illek-
cisim Kcc., 1S77; George M. Moillton. T.I.G.M.. J. O. Dickerson. Rec.. 1884;
Gcorgi- W. Warvclle. T.I.G.M.. J. O. Dickerson. Rec., 1885. The membership
of this council was 175 In 1885.
SILOAM COITNCIL, NO. 53.— In February, 1871. a dispensation was
issued livthi- M.l'.G.M. of the Grand Council to J. J. French as T.I.G.M..
John Wliitlcy as D. [.G.M.. and A. R. H. Atkmsas P. C. of W.. to form a coun-
cil in the West Side Masonic Temple, under Ihc above name. On October 5,
1871, a chart. -r was granted, and soon after Siloaln Council was duly consti-
tuted by Hiram W. 11 nbbard. P. C.G. The i ci-itrd >incr sliow*lhc following:
J. J. Fi-ein-h. T.I.G.M., E. \V. Slnllll. Rec, 1872; J. J. French. T.I.G.M., J. A.
T. Hird. Hec.. 1873; A. R. II. Atkins. T.I.G.M., J. A. T. Bird, Rec.. 1874: John
ii \cill T.I.G.M., J. A. T. liird. Rec., 1875; diaries K. l/o.-i ster. T.I.G.M., J.
A. T. Mini. Kcc.. ISTti: E. P. Hall. T.I.G.M.. .1. A. T. liird. Rec.. 1877; James
Keats. T.I G.M.. C. C. Doolitlle. Kcc.. 18SI; F. F. Hiimlrup. T.I.G.M.. C. C.
Doo little. !{(•<•.. 1885. The membership was i3Min 1885.
Ti:MPI.Hc'iirNCIL, NO. BB.— Adlspennntlo-i for the formation of tills
council was granted Jnne28. 1883. with A. K. Matteson as T.I G.M. . Petei
llaggv as l>.f.<;.M., and George C. Fry as P.c. of W A charter was granted
on October $4 lHS3.and on November IS. 1888. the council was constituted
by M. P. G. .M. O'Neill. The T.I. G.M. and liccoidcrs have been asfollows: A.
. . . .. . .. .. .
K. Matteson, T.I G.M.. Myron Harris, Rec., 1883-H4; A.L.Corey, T.I. G.M. .
Peter Daggy. Kcc., 1885. This council mei-tsat Collage (irove Avenue and
Thirl. \-seven Hi stn-ct. Tin- number of members was 55 iii 1885.
. . .
PALESTINE COUNCIL, NO. 66. On August 9. 1883, a dispensation
\\ as issued for the torniation of this council, in the Asylum of Apollo Coni-
niaiidery. K.T. The first T.I. G.M. was William E. 1'oulson, the first D.I. G.M.
William K. Forsyth. and the first P.c. of W.. H. A. Hammond. The Grand
c ...... c-il granted a charter on October 24, 1883. and the i ..... ncil was duly con-
stituted mi November 17. 1883. The two principal officers have been: Wil-
liam E. Poulsou. T.I.G.M., W. J. liryar. Rec.. 1883-84; William K. Forsyth.
T.I.G.M.. W. J. Mrynr. Rec., 1885. The membership was 80 in 1885.
MEETINGS OF THE GRAND COUNCIL have been held
in Chicago from 1872 to 1877 inclusive, and from 1883
to 1885, the Grand Council surrendering its privileges
to the Grand Chapter, R.A.M., in the years between
1877 and 1883.
K. T.
The history of this order of Christian Masonry in
Chicago since 1871, has been characterized by many
Chapter.
1872.
1873-
,874.
1875-
1876.
1877.
1878.
1870.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.*
321
3->l
311
260
240
237
850
253
227
237
247
233
252
248
3 6 3
342
365
447
510
522
405
484
527
547
535
539
560
600
•'11
•Mil
iifj
857
254
•Jim
27fi
•.>«-'
:W8
.',:', \
362
389
411
429
Wiley M Egau No 126 . .. . .. .
118
134
125
137
139
156
159
164
183
201
221
235
233
88
95
103
110
111!)
116
139
147
165
178
218
224
330
8*0
York \o 148
45
56
71
90
11)5
110
109
121
1 3'.'
152
171
206
222
240
Fail-view No 161 .
53
64
78
83
87
100
116
189
142
150
174
171
30
57
66
80
85
93
127
138
155
164
* Ti-tal membership, 1885, 2,305.
MM riNGS O! TIIK. GRAND OIAPTF.R IN CHICAGO.
— The annual convocations of the Grand Chapter of
Illinois have been held at the following times and places
in Chicago:
Oclober24. 1872. West Side Masonic Temple; October 30,1873. same
place; n.-tob.-i • ^fi. 1S71. Asylum of Apollo Commandery. K.T.; October 28.
187.-I. New Chicago Theatre; October 26. 1876. Armory Hall of Apollo Com-
mandery • and at the same place each year since, on the dates following:
oclohcr'2.Y 1877: Oct. r 24. 1878; October 311. 1879: October 28. 1880: Oc-
tober 27. 18S1; October -J6, 1882; October 25. 1883; October 30, 1884; Octo-
ber-.'9. 1885.
R. & S. M.
The Cryptic Degrees in Masonry are conferred in
Councils, presided over by a Thrice Illustrious Grand
Master, the subordinate councils deriving their authority
from and reporting annually to a Grand Council exer-
cising jurisdiction over a certain territory, — usually a
State. In the jurisdiction of Illinois, in October, 1877,
the Grand Council voted to surrender to the Grand
Chapter, R. A.M., of the State, the right to confer the
Council degrees, which trust tne Grand Chapter accepted
at its annual session, in October, 1877, and authority
was conferred on subordinate Chapters to confer these
degrees. As a coiiM-quence the Councils of Chicago,
in common with Councils generally throughout the
State, were in a dormant condition until January i,
1883, when, by vote of the Grand Chapter at its previous
annual session in October, 1882, the work of conferring
the Council degrees was abandoned by the Chapters
events of more than ordinary importance to the craft.
The one conspicuous event in Templarism in this city,
during the last decade, was the Triennial Conclave of
the Grand Encampment of the United States, in August,
1880. The commanderies of the city resolved to com-
mence the preparations forthe entertainment of the army
of Sir Knights which it was expected would attend, more
than two years before the time for the meeting of the
Conclave. A committee of arrangements, consisting of
five members from each of the three commanderies, was
appointed in the spring of 1878, from which various
sub-committees were appointed from time to time. An
executive committee of seven was chosen, consisting of
Norman T. Cassette and Warren G. Ptirdy of Apollo
Commandery, Lester L. Bond and Malcolm McDonald
of Chicago Commandery, and John A. Crawford, Wil-
liam H. Thompson and George M. Moulton of St.
I.eruard Commandery. Of this committee, Norman T.
Gassette was made chairman and George M. Moulton
secretary.
The amount of labor required to raise the necessary
funds and to provide for the quartering and entertain-
ment of the vast body of Templars, — not far from
twenty-five thousand, — was enormous, but was success-
fully performed by the committee. The citizens of
Chicago, outside the ranks of the fraternity, responded
liberally to the call for money, over $93,000 being raised
by the general committee. Of this amount over $31,000
620
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
were contributed by the Sir Knights, members of the
Chicago commanderies, and over §20,000 were received
from visiting comrnanderies occupying Camp I>e Molay,
established on tin- Lake Kn nit, -also the headquarters
of tilt- Cirand Commandery, — and during the Conclave
under the command of R. K. Charles M. Morse, Grand
Coni'iiander of Illinois. 'J'lie chairmen of the various
sub-eommittces appointed by the general committee of
fifteen, were as follows :
John II. \Vitheck, Finance Committee- ; H. M. 1'oiul, Decora-
tion Committee; |i>hn Woodman, Competitive-Drill Committee;
An-."!! (inrtim, Transportation i ommitkv ; I'. C. < 'regier, Knter-
tainmeiH Committee ; O. \V. liarrett, Boat-Excursion Committee.
The attendance of Sir Knights when the Conclave
opened, on August 17, was fully ten thousand in excess
of the estimates previously made by the committee, and
the number of accompanying ladies correspondingly
large; consequently, the resources of the committee were
severely taxed. It was equal to the occasion, however;
and though inconvenience in a few cases was experi-
enced by the visitors, as an unavoidable consequence of
the unexpected press of numbers, the arrangements
were, on the whole, satisfactory. The influx of strangers
from the surrounding country to witness the grand
pageant on the iyth was immense, the railroad compa-
nies reporting that, two days prior to that of the grand
parade, they had brought to the city over one hundred
and twenty-one thousand persons.
Never before in the history of Knight Templar
Masonry in the world was seen such a grand spectacle as
that witnessed in Chicago on the iyth day of August,
1880, when the lines were formed to escort the officers
of the Grand Encampment of the United States to their
headquarters. The Templar army was composed of
three grand divisions, twenty sub-divisions, and two
hundred and sixty-live commanderies. Norman T.
Cassette, of Chicago, was in command of the lines, by
vote of the Triennial Committee and the order of the
Grand Commander. The First Grand Division was
tinder the command of Henry Turner, of Illinois ; the
Second under the command of Fayette F. Fletcher, of
Vermont; and the Third under the command of Benja-
min F. Haller, of Tennesee ; while eminent Sir Knights
from the several States commanded the various sub-
divisions. At ten o'clock the long line of more than
twenty-five thousand Knights began to move south on
\Vabash Avenue from Lake Street, while every window,
doorway and even house-top, and every inch of sidewalk,
was crowded with spectators. Reaching Twenty-first
Street, the line of march was east to Prairie Avenue,
north to Eighteenth Street, west to Michigan Avenue,
north to Lake Street, west to Clark, south to Washing-
ton, west to LaSalle, south to Madison, east to Wabasli,
south to Monroe, west to Clark, and south to the Cirand
Pacific Hotel, where the lines were dismissed.
On the evening of the lyth, a grand reception and
ball was given at the Exposition Building, which was
crowded to its utmost capacity. On Wednesday, the
i8th, a competitive drill, participated in by several
commanderies, took place at the West Division Park,
and was witnessed by a vast concourse of spectators. A
marked feature of the occasion was the evolutions of a
mounted commandery, De Molay, of Detroit, which
elicited much applause. The two days following were
spent in sight-seeing, excursions on the lake, attendance
at the theaters, etc., by the visiting Sir Knights and their
ladies, under the auspices of the entertainment commit-
tees. On the following day the tents in Camp De
Molay were struck, the various hotels vacated, anil,
under suitable escort by detachments of Chicago com-
manderies, the visiting Templars departed.
The growth of Knight Templar Masonry in Chicago
since 1871, has been considerable, two new command-
having been added to the three then in existence,
while in the near suburbs three others have recently been
organized, at Oak Park, Englewood, and Evanston.
APOLLO COMMANDERY, NO. 1.— For sunn- time after the tire Apollo
Cnmniamlei y iin-i in the hall of Home Lodge, at No. lob'ti I'rairie Avenue.
The commandery took Immediate st<-os io\v;inis securing :i permanent home.
...in i>i iitun i.,i Vi >v..tii In.)- O 1 1U?1 fitr r.h:i t. nil nil i-ii* Tlic ci ITII in i t -
rt, ..i, ,*.i. ...... ,. ...... ... «:...*.,„, -ver V9,uuu nac; already neen uonaieu
toward the fitting up of the apartment. At tbe meeting of the commandery
a week later, a committee, consisting of James H. Miles, E. 1!. Myers,
T. T. Gurney, I). C. Cregier and L. 11. Dixon, was appointed to raise tiunls
and furnish the rooms referred to. On March 18. 1873. the committee
n-|p in ted that the estimated cost of fitting up the apartments, including Blue
Lodge and Chapter rooms, was $20.000; that the annual running expenses
would he about 57,500; the estimated income §9.000. The work of raising
funds was not ;is successful as anticipated: ami at a staled conclave held on
November 4. 1873, it was voted to issue bonds to the amount of 515.000 to
complete the work ol titling up the rooms. On Decembers. 1873. the eom-
mamlery held its first meeting in the new asylum, at which time Walter A.
Stevens wal elected eminent commander. On February 12. 1874. the com-
hers took place. On June 24, 1884, the commander
of the corner-stone of the new Government "
landery assisted in the laying
01 tne corner-stone 01 me new government Building in Chicago, by the
Grand Lodge. A.F. A A.M., of Illino'S; and again on November £0, 1875. per-
formed ;i like service at the. lay NIK of the corner- stone of Hush Mr.ileal Col-
in iiir nuiviiiii "ii^f 11 u ics,
Following are the nameaof those comprising the co
mat'dery for the fourteen years past:
uncil of Apollo Coin-
Yt;ir.
Eminent Com-
mander.
Generalissimo.
Captain-General.
1872
James H. Miles,
James H. Miles,
W. A. Stevens.
E. II. Myers.
K. H. Myers.
N . T Gassette,
N. T. Gassette,
N. T. Gassette,
N. T. Cassette,
Amos Grannis,
N. T. G -ssette,
N. T. Gassette,
H. S. Tiffany,
H. S. Tiffany,
G. R. Chittenden,
W. A. Stevens.
T. T Ovlatt,
G. H. Lafiin,
X. T. Cassette,
A mos 11 ran li is.
K. T. l-ettingill.
A mos (irannis.
Amos (Irannis.
S. M. Henderson,
II. S. Tilfanv,
H. S. Tllfany,
1). R. Crego.
H. A. Wheeler.
C. M. Hrowcr.
T. T. Ovlatl.
E. P. Hall.
C. H. Brower.
C. H. Ilrotrer.
G. M. Holmes.
O. M. Holmes.
S. M. Henderson.
S. M. Henderson.
l>. U. frcjjo.
l>. It. Crego.
I). U. Crego.
H. A. Wheeler.
1). It. Crego.
1873
1874
1875.
18?t> .. .
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881 .
IJUM
1883
1884
1885
The Recorders have been: B. II. W. Locke. 1872-76:.!. R DuiiloD
1877-78; II. S. Tiffany. 1879-81; S. M. Henderson. 1882-86.
HI.NKY STANTON TIFFANY was born at Syracuse, N. V., on
January q, 1845, and is a son of Henry anil M'yra (Stanton) Tif-
fany. He was reared in his native town until nine years of age,
and then his parents removed to Jackson, Mich., where they re-
sided for a. number of years. Mr. Tiffany was educated in the
common schools and at Albion College. When about fifteen years
old he left school, applied for a teacher's certificate, and, on receiv-
ing the same, commenced the life of a pedagogue, greatly in oppo-
sition to the wishes of his mother and family. His father died
during his boyhood, and he determined to assist himself and aid his
mother by teaching school. Though but a mere lad, he was de-
termined and energetic, and taught school near Parma for about
two years. Shortly after closing that engagement, Mr. Tiffany
went to New York City, where he became treasurer of the American
M itsriim ( 'ompany. That was a consolidation of the several mena-
lilAEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
6ai
gerie and curio exhibitions of four of the greatest circuses in the
country, and was a widely known amusement feature in New York,
lie continued there for several years, and then engaged in the
brokerage business on \Vall Street, where he was well known and
prominently identified for a long time. In the latter part of 1867,
he came to Chicago, where he has since permanently resided. He
first engaged in the general insurance business, and became a mem-
ber of the Board of Trade. Mr. Tiffany has since become an
authority on questions pertaining to that particular branch of busi-
ness. In 1874, he became a member of the linn of H. C. Tiffany
& Co., general printers and publishers, and upon the incorporation
of the lirm in iS/S, he was elected president, treasurer and general
manager of the concern, and has since held those otiices. This
house, besides doing a general business in printing and publishing,
makes a specialty of the publication of insurance blanks and books,
which are very largely used all over the United States and Canada.
.Mr. Tiffany is the author of the work known as " Tiffany's Insur-
ance Book for Local Agents," now in its twentieth edition, which
is used extensively by companies all over the country ; and
"Tiffany's Special Agents' and Adjusters' Assistant," now in the
tenth edition, particularly adapted for the use of special agents and
adjusters ; and he has also issued a series of insurance blanks and
books, numbering over one thousand different forms. Mr. Tiffany
became first identified with the Masonic fraternity in 1866, when
he became a member of Manhattan Lodge, No. 62, A.F. & A.M.
He took the Royal Arch Degree in Manhattan Chapter, No. 184.
Upon coming to Chicago, he became identified first with Landmark
Lodge, No. 422, A.K. iV A.M., Chicago Chapter, No. 127, and
took the Templar degree in Apollo Commandery, No. I. When
Kairview Chapter, No. 161, K.A.M., was organized, Mr. Tiffany
was among its original members, and was elected its first high
priest under the charter. While in that otltce his term proved one
of the most successful years that was ever known in Capitular Ma-
sonry, so much so that it was highly complimented as doing the
best work in the State. lie also served as II. I', in 1880, having
declined the nominations in previous years, and being again urged to
accept tlie office after completing his second term. He was elected
recorder of Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T., in 1879, an<J served
three years. lie was elected generalissimo, serving during 1882—83,
and on the expiration of his term of office, was elected eminent
commander, which he continued to hold until end of 1885. While
generalissimo of the Commandery, owing to the absence of the
eminent commander, a large share of the work devolved upon Mr.
Tiffany, and during 1883, in which year the Triennial Conclave
was held at San Francisco, he was unanimously elected chairman
of the Triennial Conclave Committee of the Sir Knights of Chi-
cago, and he arranged for and received on behalf of the Knights
Templar of this city, a very large number of the visiting command-
cries and Sir Knights en route to the conclave in San Francisco.
He is an earnest and enthusiastic worker in Templarism, and his
colleagues have honored him with the highest offices within their
gift. Mr. Tiffany was married, on December 31, 1867, to Miss
Mary Culton, of Chicago. They have had three children, — Myra
and Kittie, who died in their childhood, and a son Harry. Mr.
Tiffany is a member of the Douglas Club.
HARRIS A. WHKELER, colonel of the Second Regiment, Illi-
nois National Guard, and the eminent commander of Apollo Com-
mandery, No. i, K.T., was born at Orrington, Me., on July 30,
1850. He was there reared, and his education was attained at
Orrington and in Bangor. Upon entering business life he became
connected with the First National Bank of Bangor, serving there
five years, chiefly in the capacity of teller. On March 4, 1872, he
was commissioned lieutenant in the Regular Army, and was assigned
for duty to Co. " H," 25th United States Infantry. His regiment
was stationed on the Mexican frontier, during the Indian troubles,
where he was engaged for two years, resigning at the end of that
time. He was for a time in Detroit, Mich., engaged in the dry
goods trade. In June, 1877, he was tendered the position of sec-
ond officer in command of the military academy at Orchard Lake,
Mich., and continued in that capacity until June, 1880, when he was
commissioned major of Michigan State troops. He then resigned
and came to Chicago to accept the post of private secretary to
N. K. F'airbank, which he still holds. On July I, iSSi, he was
appointed on the staff of Governor S.M. Cullom, and commissioned
a colonel. He continued to the end of Mr. Cullom's administra-
tion, and upon the advent of Governor Hamilton, was again tendered
and accepted the official honor. On July n, 1884, he was unani-
mously elected colonel of the Second Regiment, I.N.G., of this
city, and since assuming the command of that body has brought
about a re-organization of regiment and officers, which makes the
Second the peer of any military organization in the country. His
long acquaintance and practical experience in military matters have
combined to make him a splendid officer, and his regiment, whether
on private or public inspection, always shows the effects of his
superior skill as a military organizer and drill-master. Colonel
Wheeler became a member of Rising Virtue Lodge, No. 10,
A.F. ,S; A.M.; Mount Moriah Chapter, No. 6, R.A.M.; and St.
John Commandery, No. 3, K.T., all at Bangor, Me., in the year
1877. lie demitted from St. John Commandery to Detroit Com-
mandery, No. I, and at the time of the Triennial Conclave in this
city, in 1880, accompanied his Commandery to Chicago. From
Detroit Commandery, No. I, he demitted to Apollo Commandery
of this city, and was elected captain-general in 1883, generalissimo
in 1884, and in December of 1885 was elected eminent commander.
He was conferred the 32° in Oriental Consistory, S.]'. R.S., on
July 6, 1882. lie is also a member of the Knights of I'ythias,
Norombega Lodge, No. 5, of Bangor, Me. Colonel Wheeler was
married on June 2, 1884, to Miss Anna M. Ayer, of Chicago.
They have one son, — Malcolm Locke.
SAMUKI, M. 1 1 KMIKKSON, adjutant of the Second Regiment,
I.N.G., and recorder of Apollo Commandery, No. i, K.T., was
born at New York City on October 3, 1847. His family resided
there until he was eight years old and then removed to Bergen
County, N. J., opposite the city of Puterson. He there resided
until he attained the age of eighteen, receiving his education at the
public and district schools. In 1865, he came to Chicago and
entered the office of Chase Bros., abstract makers, where he con-
tinued in a clerical capacity until the firm of Handy iV Co. leased
the books of the old abstract linns. He remained with the latter
firm until October 15, 1885, when he resigned to accept the office
of cashier for Ferguson iV Winston, managing agents of the Mutual
Life Insurance Company of New York. Mr. Henderson was one
of the early members of Covenant Lodge, No. 526, A.F. & A.M.,
of this city, and became a master mason in February, 1869. He
filled the offices of senior deacon and junior and senior warden,
and, on December 20, 1873, was elected master of the lodge, being
then only twenty-five years of age. He is now a life-member of
Co\rnant Lodge. He received the degrees of Capitular Masonry in
Corinthian Chapter, No. 09, R.A.M., in November, 1869, and
seived as M.F.Y., I'.S., scribe and most excellent high priest. He
was knighted in Apollo Commandery on February 22, 1870, and held
the offices of warden, senior warden, and captain-general in 1879
and iSSo, serving as such at the Grand Triennial Conclave in this
city in iSSo. He was made generalissimo in 1881. In December,
1 88 1, he was elected recorder of the Commandery, which office he
still holds. So actively identified and interested has Mr. Hender-
son been, that for the past sixteen years he has held an official
position of some kind in the Masonic order — a record which cer-
tainly shows how devoted he is to the cause of Masonry. On July
28, 1884, he was commissioned adjutant of the Second Regiment,
I.N.G., and to this office he devotes much of his attention. Mr.
Henderson was married, on December 25, 1872, to Miss Esther
Stroud, of Windsor, Canada. They have two children, — Charles
Norwood and Mabel.
CHICAGO COMMANDERY, NO. 19.— This Commandery has long been
noted for the excellent management of its nuances and its loyalty to the reg-
ulations and forms of Templarism. It lias had a steiidy growth, its member-
ship having more than doubled since 1871. Its members are among the most
substantial citizens of Chicago, many of them prominent in the early history
of the city, and since called to places of public honor and trust. Its assets as
a Commandery are about $15, (100, with no liabilities. The Commandery has
been a pariicipant in most of the public ceremonials of the Order. In *ep-
tember, 1871, it attended, as the guest of Apollo, No. 1, the Triennial Con-
clave held at Baltimore: and on October 30, 1872, acted as escort to the
Grand Lodge, A.F. A A.M. of Illinois in the ceremony of laying the corner-
stone of the Fire Monument in Central (now Garfield) Park 'in this citv: and
performed a like service at the laying of the corner-srbne of the United
States Custom House in Chicago on June 24, 1874. In December of the same
year, it made a pilgrimage to New Orleans to attend the Triennial Conclave
of the Grand Encampment, and received honorable mention for the manner
in which it acquitted itself on that occasion, from the Grand Commander of
Illinois. It also participated in the laying of the corner-stone of Rush Medi-
cal College in this city on November 20. 1875. and in the laying of the cor-
ner-stone of the Court House at Rockford. on June 22, 1876. on the Invitation
of Crusader Commandery of that city. On several occasions this Command-
ery has participated in Ascension-day services, in the dedication of Masonic
halls, and in fraternal visits to sister commanderies. The part taken by Chi-
cago Commandery in the preparation for the Triennial Conclave of 1880, in
this city, was a very prominent one, and the duties performed by its mem-
bers who served on committees and as aides and escorts were most arduous
and helpful. It contributed 88,506 to the Triennial Fund, and in every way
co-operated with the other commanderies in making the occasion a success.
Its committee of five, appointed in the early"part ot 1878. to act in conjunc-
tion with similar committees from Apollo and St. Bernard, consisted of
John H. Wltbeck, H. H. Pond, Malcolm McDonald. L. L. Hum] and Alexan-
der White. The Commandery turned out in full force at the memorial pro-
cession on the day of the funeral of President Garfield. wbo was a Knight
Templar, on September 26, 1881. In June, 1884, the Commandery made a
pilgrimage to Minneapolis under the roinniami of Eminent Commander R. L.
Tathnm. to attend the session of the Grand Commandery of Minnesota.
The members of the council, since 1871. have been:
Year.
Eminent Commander.
Generalissimo.
Captain-General.
1872
A. R. H. Atkins.
W. H. Woodbury,
J. H. Witbeck.
1873
W. H. Woodlmry,
J. H. Witbeck,
J. G. Smeal.
1874
J. H. Witbeck.
J. G. Smeal,
!•:. M. liostwick.
1875
John McLaren,
J. H. Sanborn,
R. T. Flournoy.
1876
John McLaren,
J. H. Sanborn,
George R. Davis.
1877
J. H. Sanborn,
R. T. Flournoy,
Alexander White.
1878
L. L. Hond.
v Icxander White,
11. H. Pond.
1879
Alexander White,
H. II. Pond.
A. J. Guilford.
188(1
J. H. Witbeck.
H. H. Pond,
A. J. (inilford.
1881
H. H. Pund.
A. J. Guilford,
M. W. Borland.
1882
A. .}. Guilford,
L. I). Richardson,
K. (J. Hall.
1883
L. D. Richardson,
R L. Tatliam,
F. A. Muncey.
1884
K. L. Tatliam.
F. A. Mnncev,
F. McCntcheon.
188S
V. McCntcheon,
John Murphy,
JohnCorlles.
622
III>roKY OK CHICAGO.
eOOltlen h,i\. 1i.<«-n: John \Vhitlt-\. IS?'.': tH'.ii'^t' V. Sitir|;iir,
1^7:i-1l; Ueorge A. Williams. 1875; *'. ,1. TmwiTniK'f. !*'••>. .lum.'.s I'. Ma-
niiiii. 1877-78; C. r. \\nuiit. i^;1*, n. T Jacobs, 1880; i»;md (iimdman,
1->M > i; C I! [>o»!»tle, '- \. William*. IKS;,
> I". fiKKNAKD I'OM.M A.NDKKY. NO. 35, FOI H time alter I In- tlr»- »>!'
1871. >' K<-[ !,.n .1 ;ifivptrd tin- lHV]|;itlou tt'hdrivd 1 iv (' li ir;c_M. t 'mil lliaildfry
for Hi,- n>int u>.- .if tlirir Asylum in tti.- W.-t Sid.- Ma^mi.- 'IVmplf, but Mih-
'itlv tuaUe arranK6m6nt£ for UN ri-^Hhir incft n^s in tlit* lull of I rimn
Park Lodge, A. F. 4 A.M.. at Nu. ilsl West Lake Si i n-t. Urn- ihrromnuuidrn
u ;M 1 1 u rued cut in I'Vliruary, 1S?:J. \\ hen il u^-aiii anrptnl Che hospitalities Ol
Chicago OommanOen until .lun<.', is?;i, \\l\t-n u rcnim-rd 10 pcnnant'in nnai -
ten In I ta as \ in m at No. is.') Kast Kiii/ir sinvt. On that occasion the a.\\ imn
w:is > I i-i| !<•;(!••• I In Hi.- (li and t'oiMiiuindri > , am id fralt'nial rrjojriiitf1* and IVs-
j, parih'ipai.Mi m i>y A]i<>iiii and CUIcago commander les. on .imif 28,
1 lie rouiinaiKlfi > i,»ok [.art in flu1 laying of tin- mmcr—tcnr <>l Morgan
1'iii k M tiiUii \ Acadt'in v h> the (Jrand I.ud^t- <>t MUM>II-: »1 [HlDOlS. 1 11 June.
is1; I. u participated In t Tie l.iyuij; nf in,- oH'iirr-simie of Hie Guvernnirnt
Buiidiiitf In Chicago, and in November, 1875, tn tbe corner-stone laying of
Knsh Mi-dii-al College. The Commander) attended in full force the Triennial
rum-lave of Knitflit-. Templar, a I t'lr\ Haiid, on A iii^uM -,'S, I1-; T, \\ hei-e il iv-
cei\fd much attentnm ..n account nf [he pi-rfcr! hm m drill displayed. In
February, isrs =» p'""' *"<"' tin- formainm >.<\ a Ma-ionic i.Huan Association
«as pel tVcied. In April. 1S7S. a coin mi nee of li ve. to act con jointly with the
com mil tees liy the oilier t u o rcuimandei ies of I he city, was e'liosen prepara-
tory to the entertainment of the Triennial Conclave to meet in Chicago in
]S-Ml. I'll is i .MII mi nee consisted Of John A. Cia\\ ford, John Woodman, Alison
(ioiton, t;. M. Moiillon and .lohn S. White. The latier hein« nnaMe To -d v« ,
W. H. Thompson \\ a-, cho,»-ii instead. The summer of 1S80, found St. Hern a I'd
*' liianJ.Tv u iih full rank>. thoroughly drilled, and elliciently orKam/ed tor
Hie special \\ ork required i n connect ion with the Conclave. Us members were
on nut v wherever labor \\ as to lie per tormed. A hattalion of thirty men was
detailed, under command of 11. (.;. I'm niton, to meet incoming command-
: the various depot*, and for three days \\ en- a Irnosi constantly in the
saddle. Wltn commendable thought fulness. Eminent Commander can- also
provided carriages and a detail of Sir KnlghlS to patrol t lie line of march on
the day "t the parade, [o lake charge of and care tor such of the marching
Templars as mi^ht be overcome by t lie heat. The amount contributed by this
commander; toward the Triennial Fund was Sti.tilx!. On -luh •}. 1881, it ac-
cepted the invitation of ouawa Commandery, NO. 10, to participate in the
laying of the corner-stone of the Court -House at onaua, l.aSalle County.
Sine,- is?fj. u hen special attention to commandery drill was Inaugurated by
Eminent Commander Turner. St. I'.eniard has tfivf n much time to the perfec-
tton Of Its members In the tactics of ihc Templar manual. Its selccied and
specially organized "drill corps "has yiven several public exhibitions in this
cii \, showing its proficiency. A generous rivalry having sprung up between
st. Bernard and Kaper Commandery of Indianapolis (which won the prize
• at the competitive drill at the conclave in I'hie.ayo m 1M80K arrange-
ments were made lor a meeting and drill contest on September 5, ISS-J. at
Indianapolis. The commandery was escorted to its train on the evening of
the lib by Oriental Consis[or\. s.P.K.S.. and Chevalier Hayunl Commandcry
ot t his cjty. main Sir Knights and others from Chicago accompanying the
commander; as spectators. The attendance at the drill-grounds was very
large, and the display excellent on both sides, but the victory was won by St.
Hern. d-d. which proudly returned custodian of the prize ban tier. I taper Com-
mandery soon challenged St. Iternard for a second contest for the banner, and
it was arranged that the two bodies should meet on the Lake Front in Chi-
cago, on October <J. The result was another victory for St. Bernard Com-
mander y. A pleasant feature of this occasion was the reception tendered tin-
Sir Knights from Indianapolis at tlie Sherman Mouse, by the ladies of St Ber-
nard The proiieiency in drill attained by the commandery is largely due to
the Indefatigable labors of Major J. K. Overmeyer and Captain H. G. Purln-
ton, now both past commanders of iheeommandery. In the summer of 1883,
the commander] attended the Triennial Conclave of the Grand Encampment
of the [ ntted Slates, held at San Francisco, where, as the only Chicago com-
mandery present, it received a most cordial reception, being metatOgden by
representatives trom the California commanderles, and welcomed with much
eclat on their entrance to San Francisco, in the competitive drill which took
place at this conclave. Si. Hcrnard was a prominent iiartieipanl , I lie chain pi -
onsjiip. however, being awarded to l)e Molay Commamlery, of Louisville, Ky.
1 >»fl C mandcn is nuw only second to Apollo in numbers, is free from debt,
and counts among its members a large number of Influential citizens.
Year.
Eminent Com-
mander.
<;enrralissimo.
captain - Gene-
ial.
1881
\V. M. ]{nrbank,
J.C. Neely,
1>. H. L histed
I sv"
J. C. Neelv.
II. /.. Men-irk,
I). It. Linsted
J C \eel\
1 1. G. Hamilton
I) It LinMed
li C. Hamilton
1 > P. 1, Misled
1885
1) 11. Linsted
J. P. Sherwin,
Recorders: II. O. Hiinney. 1SSI-S:! ; and W. M. Itnrliank. ISKJ 85-
MoNl.lnll, COMMANPKKV. NO. .Vi. At tlie Unit- of lh«- Ti iennial
Con. 'lave held in Chicago in August, 1880, the idea of having a mounted com*
mandery in the city was first born. Tlie perfect drill and ItnpOBfUff appear-
ani'e of 'the two mounted communderies in the line I vanhur of St. Louis ami
1 reMolav of Detroit, suggested the formation of a similar organization in Chi-
cago. An application was made to the Grand Coiuiuamlt-r ill September,
IS-iii, fora dispensation to form a mounted body ol Templars, t o be known
as t he M out (.lie Com mandery. The request was referred to the Grand ( '11111 -
niamlery. w'lien tlie dispensation was ordered granted, and duly issued nn Xo-
\ en i tier xj, 1 ssu, hy John ('.Smith, Grand Commander. The" names on the
dispensation were : W. G. Purdy. (J. W. Miiir( Peter Lapp, T. S. Ktrkwood.
Stewart Marks. •'. li. .lellery, K. H. Uamlio. J. M. Korim-ll. S. S. Chapman., I.
\V. Stewart, c. W. A, lams. r,. R. Chambers, Archibald \Vinne. K. S. Alex-
ander. C. .1. Gilbert. C. H. Lane. II. J. Million, .!. S. liloomingston, .V T. Cas-
sette, E. St. .lohn, II. II. C. Miller. W. L. Ogdeu, A. E. Walker. L. G. Gaye. II.
F. Hillings. (>. II. Mann. H. Allen. Caleb Clapp and M.C. liullock. Tlie place of
meeting fixed upon was in the asylum (if Apollo Commandery. at No. 7(j
Monroe Street, where it still in eels. The first meeting for work was on May
13, 1881. when the order of the Red Cross was conferred, at the close of which
an elegant banquet was spread at the Palmer House, The office i s under i lie
dispensation were: W. G. Purdy. K. C. ; T. S. Kirk wood. Gen.; .1. M. lionnell,
C. O. In due time a charter was issued, dated October 25. 1881. and on No-
vember 4, 1881. tbe Commandery was constituted by L. L. Munn. Grand Com-
mander of Illinois. The first public appearance of the commandery in uni-
form, fully equipped and superbly mounted, was on the oi-casio'ii of the
memorial procession in Chicago, on September '2ti. 1SS1, tlie day of the fun-
eral of President Gartield. The growth of this commandery has been slow
but steady, its membership being of the highest character. The mounted
drill exercise, for a lime engaged in frequently, has not received so much at-
tention during the year or two p ist.
Since organization the- council of the commandery has been :
Year.
Eminent Com-
mander.
Generalissimo.
Captain-General.
1881
W. (i. Purdy
T S. Kirk wood
• i M Honnell
IHS^
U <i Pnrdv,
T. S. Kirkwood
j. M. r.oniu'M
1HS.3
\V. C I'nrd\
li, F. Hillings
H. J. Milligan
18SI
1 SS'j
J. M. S. Quick,
O. H Mann.
M MeKobertS
C W. Kirk.
C W Kirk
The recorders have heen : E. I!. Kainlio. 1881 ; Murtlmcr Mrltoberts,
1882 ; L. I.. Mimmui, 1883 ; J'. E. Stanley, 1884 ; II. O. Collins, 1885.
The membership of the several Chicago- comman-
deries, since 1871, has been as follows:
Commandery.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885."
A]. olio, No. 1 ..
347
377
471
tj-^t)
Chi. -ago, No. lil
] <JS
248
•"Mi
299
284
80S
'142
'J71
394
M. hernard. No. '.ft
Chevalier I'.ayard, No. 53. ,
' 57
82
99
Montjoie, No. 53
42
If,
54
53
•Total membership In 1885, 1.8TS.
St. !!i-riianr» council for the period named has been at, loiinws:
\ BIT.
Eminent Commander.
< M-mTiilkvini,..
( .tplain-Grnrral.
1872....
1873....
1874....
1875....
1878....
1877....
E. X. Edwards.
J. A. Crawford,
Hcim Turner,
till. W. Barnard.
John Woodman,
W. H. Itnrhank,
.1. A. Crau Toril,
Henrv Turner,
nil. W. Barnard,
John Woodman,
W. M. Hurbank,
J. S. White,
Henrv Turner.
Oil. W. Barnard.
John Woodman.
J. s. White.
J. S. White.
1878....
.1. S. White.
C. K. Miuirer,
•I. 1>. M. Carr,
.1. 1) M. Carr,
.1. B. Overmeyer,
George M. Moulton,
1.. Schuirner.
George M. -Moulton,
II. K. Shaffer
H. K. Shaffer,
(i. T. (ionld,
G. T. Gould.
George M. Moulton.
.1. H. Overmeyer.
.1. 11. Overmeyer.
.T. H. Overmeyer.
H. G. Purinton.
,885....
O. T. Mould.
H. <i. I'nrlnton,
II. li. Purtnton,
J. J. Hadenoch.
J. J. Hadenoch.
A. Warrington.
abort fiTenhMbeen^JohnO ni5«So? °OmBI*IMl9ry for the entire Period
CHEVALIER BAYARD OOMMANDBRT. NO. 52.-In the fall of 1880
anev\ ?nm^
leSs^^S^^SS^^^^^^^^^
19' »«<1 St. Bernard. No. 85. Tl"' llisl" -M-atiini was granted hv vote of the
LJ.a.,B0%'!iVil" 'i!|y "" SM"''' l'V(!''i""li;<J"""iu"lrrJulin <:.'Smlih onoo-
ton.1 W°M. ' ill, Sr .,"«"• Nlel^RT'SkklnT WCR&r%' \'i 'V
Z^^-^fs^^w^^^^^^^^
K'^y^l^'u;";;^^
llMirlikin. J. II. MrAv,,y..T. E. Cha/lwlok, c. .1. M,mvH li \v " oml s I An
KIIS S . M;ir|,,, •DdotheW Tl,,. lirst nu-flimt f".' w.,Vk \v ls , . u, u4 8
1, » Ilirli was follownl hy a I,;,,,,,,, | ilt the Wmvlrutf House. On . a ufirv
. the fi,iiini:iii(li-ry ivmovi-il to Ihc hall of Home Loilm? on Twenty
^hmer'rT.S'V"''';^!11':,"'1';'-';"''';'"''-'1- •n,,.,,,,!,;!";,,,!;.;"1-;.^;,!;,! , ' ,:
ill uteilon Octolic-raT. 1881. It lias lin-n from Hie lirsl unili-r i lie rout ml of
oh ami ex,,,., i, „,.,.<! Templars, who lia.l served IOIIK in other co nrnanderlefl
!"'to,v nnlllnpwltll this, an.l wh,. have 1 n less anxions for rai I i • ," h
than tor pronoleocy in tin- ritual of IVinplarlsm amlusele- ue her" i]
The Grand Commandery of Illinois lias met in Chi-
cago, as follows :
October 2S. 1872, West Side Masonic Temple; Oetoher 38. 1873. West
Side Masonic Temple; Oetoher 27, 1874, Asylum of Apollo Commandery;
October 86. 1875, Asylum of Apollo Commandery; October 24. 1876, Asylum
of Apollo Commandery; October 23, 1877. Asylum of Apollo Commandery;
October 22. 1878. Asylum of St. Hernard Commandery; October 28. 1879.
Asylum of St. Bernard Commandery; May 19, 1880 (special). Asylum of
Apollo Commandery; October 26, 1880. Asylum of Apollo Commandery;
September 2n, 1881 (special). Appellate Court' Kooms; October 25, 1881, Asy-
lum of Apnllo Com mandery. since which time the annual conclaves have been
held at the same place, on October 24, 1882; October 23, 1883; October 28,
1884; and October 27, 1885.
A. ,V A. S. R.
Scottish Rite Masonry in Chicago is represented by
four co-ordinate bodies, which, collectively, embrace
the working of all the degrees of that Rite from Master
Mason, as conferred in the Blue Lodge, to the thirty-
second degree, inclusive. These bodies are
Oriental Consistory. S.l'.K.S., 32°. (ionrgas Chapter Rose Croix de
H-R-D-M, Chicago Council Princes of Jerusalem, and Van Rensselaer Grand
Lodge of Perfection. Intracingtliehistoryofthe.se bodies from the time of the
flretothe present, all will be included in that of Oriental Consistory; for while
eacli Had its separate organization and is Independent to a great extent, they
are joint occupants of tlie sain,- I'reeeptory and other apartments, the work
and interests of each are vitally essential to the work and prosperity of tlie
whole, and whenever called upon to appear in public, they appear in the
ranks and uniform of the Consist on.
When, al'ler a brie! occupancy' subsequent to tlie fire of quarters at tlie
corner of Twenty-tli i nl street and Cottage Grove Avenue, the Consistory and
i he co-ordinate bodies found a home in the West Side Masonic Temple, they
began to recuperate llieir energies and were soon in good working or, lei,
equipped with tlie necessary paraphernalia for conferring tlie various degrees.
lU.NKYOI.ENT INSTITUTIONS.
623
This was largely owning to the generous rontrlhntions received from the Su-
preme Council. 88°. of tin- Northern Jurisdiction. V. S. A., and sister Scottish
Kite huilics. aggregating 18, 128, a part of which i S4llll came from the South-
ern Jurisdiction.
Sume accession in tlie strength of the Chicago hodies was received
ill 1873. by tin- absorption of the Consistory and Chapter of Rose Croix hicaleil
at Mouinouth, wliich at ttiis time surrendered their charters and turned their
membership over to the Chicago hodies
oriental Consistory and tlu- co-ordinate bodies continued to i>n-ct in
the West Side Masonic Temple until the early pan of 1874. when, upon
the completion of the asylum litted up hy Apollo Commandery. K.T.,
in the American Express Hnilding, they 'removed there as joint ten-
ants. In Novemher, 1873, the Supreme Council. 33°, held its annual
sessimi in Chicago. On this occasion Oriental ronsistury appeared In
puiiiic equipped with a complete uniform belonging to tlie 82°,— being
the titst Scottish Rite hody in the world to appear in this uniform, which
iras devised hy tins Consistory, and which at this time was adopted hy the
Supreme Council as the regulation equlpraentof the 32°. To Oriental was
assigned the posi of honor as escort to i he M.l'. Sovereign Grand Commander
of the Supreme Council. Josiah II. Drumniond, 33°. who, in behalf ot that
hody. spoke of its appearance in ttie most complimentary lerills. The Consis-
tory has heen called on several occasions to occupy the post of honor as escort
to the Supreme Council, the latest being at Cincinnati, in September, 1S.S3.
when it remained as the guest of Ohio Consistory nlitll the close of the session
of the Supreme Council. extending ils pilgrimage, hy special invitation,
to Louisville, where tlie Siihlime Princes and their ladies were entertained by
the Louisville Consistory ill every way that fraternal hospitality could de\ i .e.
In 1876. the Consistory also al tended tlie meeting of tlie Supreme Council in
New York, doing escort duty, and winning high praise from sister Con-
sistories, this time extending Its pilgrimage to Philadelphia to attend the
Centennial Ex position, where It received unbounded hospitality. In 1 878. i he,
Consistory attended the meeting of tlie Supreme Council, held al Milwaukee.
again acting as escort to that hody. Many pilgrimages have heeu made by the
Consistory on invitation of other Scottish Rite hodies, notable among \\hich
w;is that of June. 1882, to Peoria, to assist in th e lay ing of the comer -stone of
the Masonic Temple. In February. 1883, the Consistory visited lirand Itap-
iils. Mich., where, on invitation of "lie Grand Rapids Consistory, it conferred
the several grades of the Rite on a large class of candidates. Oriental Consis-
tory in the past six years has more than doubled iis membership. In 1882, the
members decided that more commodious quarters, under their exclusive con -
rrnl. had heron i e a necessity. Accordingly it voted, in December of that year,
to remove for a time to the West Side Masonic Temple, instructing Its trustees
to tind a suitable building where, on long lease, the necessary apartments
could be obtained. Arrangements were finally inaile \yith Apollo Comman-
clery for tlie exclusive occupancy and control of I he south half of the fifth
floor in the American Express Building, under a ten years' lease, at
an annual rental of SI, 000. On March 17. 1884, Ihe members of the Con-
sistory, with their wives and daughters, gathered tor the first time in the new
and elegant home of tlie Scoitisl) Rite and witnessed its formal dedication by
.lob n r. Smith, 33°. Illinois Deputy of the Supreme Council for Illinois. The
total cost of fitting up and furnishing these rooms. Including paraphernalia
since pnirureil. lias been, in round numbers, $15.000, of wliich at least$2,500
are for scenery and paraphernalia used in conferring the various grades.
The Preceptory rooms are owned and occupied in common by I lie fnur bodies
comprising the Scottish Rite. Oriental Consistory, from a membership in
1879 of 420. has grown to a total membership of 780 in 1885.
A list is appended of the first tiiree officers and secretary of the Scottish
Bite bodies since 1871.
ORIENTAL CONSISTORY. S.P.R.S.. 32°.— 1872— H. C. Ranney, III.
commander-ln-chlef ; T. T. Gnr"ev. first lieutenant commander; .1. li. Sllch-
ter. grand secretary. 1H73-75— T. T. Gimiey. III. colnmander-in-chief : Oil.
W. Din-nan!, first lieutenant commander; H. II, Pond, second lieutenant
commander; .1. H. Miles, grand secretary. 187b-78— Gil. W. Barnard. III.
couimander-in-chiet ; H. H. Pond, first lieutenant commander; John O'Neill,
second lleutei.Hiit commander; J. A. T. Bird, grand secretary. 1879-81—
John O'Neill. III. coinniander-in-chief ; Altred Kussell, first lieutenant com-
mander; E. P. Tobey. second lieutenant commander; Gil. W. Barnard, grand
se.-ietary. 18H-J-84-II. H. Pond, III. < mai r-ln-chief; .1. E. Church.
first lieutenant commander; Amos Pertibone. second lieutenant commander;
(111. \V. Barnard, grand secretary. 1885— Alfred Russell, III. conimander-in-
ehief; Amos 1'ettibone, first lieutenant commander: George M. Monlton,
second lieutenant commander; Gil. W. Barnard, grand secretary.
The elections in tlie Consistory are triennial; in the other hodies they
are annual.
WILLIAM I I. \UP.KON TI'KNKK, of the firm of Turner & Ray,
wholesale leather dealers, is the son of William and Maria (Morris)
Turner, anil was born at Cincinnati, ()., on October 2, 1828. His
parents were both of Knglish descent, and his father, who was a
merchant in Cincinnati in its earliest days, died in 1832. The son
iv-ided with his mother in his native town until he attained the age
of thirteen, when he removed to St. I.ouis. Upon arriving there,
Mr. Turner found employment in the leather house of How, Claf-
lin & Cook, and by his faithfulness and efficiency won the esteem
and confidence of his employers. About 1851, Mr. Turner went to
Alton, 111., and commenced business as a leather merchant, being
aided in his start by his former employers, who formed the company
of William II. Turner iV Co. 1 luring his residence in Alton he
was held in high esteem for his business qualifications, and not less
on account of his upright character and many social virtues. I lav-
ing become very prosperous in his business there, he decided to lo-
cate in a city which presented better prospects for future
greatness than Alton. Accordingly, in 1859, he came to ( 'hi-
cago and embarked in business with I.everett H. Sidway in
the leather trade, under the firm name of Turner >S: Sidway,
and his connection with that gentleman continued for many
years. Mr. Turner was at one time a member of three dif-
ferent firms — Turner, liristol & Co., leather findings; A.
Ortmayer & Co., saddlery hardware, and the Turner & Sidway
I. eal her Company, tanners. Consolidations and withdrawals
have since occurred, and he is now only connected with the
business of Turner & Ray. During his long business career
here, Mr. Turner has been successful, as might be expected
from the energy, promptness and good judgment that have
ever been his characteristics. Mr. Turner was initiated into
Freemasonry on June 17, 1851, in Piasa Lodge, No. 27, at
Alton, III., and made a Master Mason on July 17, 1851. He
was J. \V. of that lodge in 1853, S.W. in 1854, and W.M. in
1855; in 1858, he demitted from Piasa Lodge and was ap-
pointed W.M. of Alton Lodge, U.I)., which receiveil its
charter as No. 284; on December 8, 1859, he demitted from
Alton Lodge, and joined Oriental Lodge, No. 33, on March
16, 1860. He was J.G.W. of the Grand Lodge of Illinois in
1853. He was made a R.A.M. on December 12, 1851, in
Alton Chapter, No. 8, and was king thereof in 1854 and
1855, and high priest in 1856; he demitted therefrom on
October 21, 1859, and affiliated with LaFayette Chapter,
No. 2, on February 27, 1860. He was R.A.C. of the Grand
Chapter of Illinois in 1855. He received the Council degrees
in Alton Council, No. 3, and was D.I.G.M. of that council
in 1853, T.I. G.M. in 1854 and 1855, and is treasurer of Pal-
estine Council of Chicago. Of the Grand Council of Illinois
he was G.P.C. of W. in 1853, and G.T.I, in 1855. He was
made a K.T. in St. Louis Encampment, No. I, on February
7, 1853, and then became a charter member of Belvidere
Commandery, No. 2, Alton, III., and held offices therein as
follows: Appointed junior warden at date of dispensation on
March 25, 1853; elected generalissimo on November 14, 1853;
E.G., 1855; recorder, 1856; and junior warden, 1857 and
1858. He demitted therefrom on January 9, 1860, and affili-
ated with Apollo Commandery, No. I, on April 17, 1860.
He assisted in the organization of the State Grand Com-
mandery in 1857, and was grand recorder for 1857, 1858 and
1859; grand captain-general for 1860; grand generalissimo for
1861; deputy grand commander for 1862; and grand com-
mander for 1863. In the A. & A.S. Rite he received the 32°
on April 9, 1864, and the 33° was conferred at the session of the
-Supreme Council for the Northern Jurisdiction, held in Boston on
May 18, 1865. He was grand standard bearer of the Grand
Consistory in 1865, and lirst lieutenant commander in 1882;
and was president of the Council of Deliberation of Illinois in
1866. A beautiful portrait of Mr. Turner adorns the volumes
" History of Masonry of the World" and " History of Templarism
in Illinois." He has been prominent in advancing every interest
of the institution of Masonry and has gained the confidence and
respect of those with whom he has been associated in the order.
Mr. Turner was married in Syracuse, N. Y., on September 13,
1865, to Helen M. Wheaton, daughter of the late Hon. Horace
Wheaton, ex-Congressman from New York. Two children have
been born to them: Horace Wheaton Turner, who died at the age
of eight years and ten months, on January 16, 1876, and Daisy
Turner, ten years of age. Mr. Turner is a member of the Union
I cagtic Club; has been vice-president of the Western Manufac-
HISTORY OK CIIICAC.O.
Hirers' Mutual Insurance ( 'i.mpanv. since its oigani/atiim in ;
and is at pit-sent vice-president and . unlit. ir of the Kosehill Ceme-
tery . \ssuriat inn.
(HUN IbuiMAN, ex-shcril'f ul Cook r<mnty, was l)nrn in Hes-
sen barmsta.lt on February to. 1835. His linylinoil wag pa-scd
upon his father's farm, ami during his youth he became an appren-
tice to the blacksmithing trade, which he followed until his dcpart-
r Anirrica in iSj-j. I ' pon arriving in this country he came
direct to I i made this city his home, when- he has ever
since resided. He followed his trade here until ]>?>, when he
•op of hi- own at Blue Island. This he continued until
the call of Alirahain Lincoln for 75,000 troops was made on April
15. 18(11. Mr. Huffman at once laid down his hammer, covered
up the anvil, anil announced himself in readiness to accompany a
nil to the \Var. He enlisted in Co. " I!," 1st Illinois ( 'av-
al'ry. which was alu-rward called " Hoffman's DragOOHS," in lionor
of 'l-'rancis A. llolfman, lieutenant-governor of Illinois, who ac-
cepted their services. Co. "B'Meft this city on April I,s, tSdi,
loi ( '.imp Vales, where llu-y were mustered in. They then repaired
lo Hell. lire. Ohio, where they joined the Ohio regiments, and pro-
ceeded to (itafton, \ a. l-'rom there t'o. " I! " acted as escort to
C.eneial Uosecrans for two months, after which Mr. Hoffman was
transferred to the idth Illinois ( 'avalry. and commissioned first lieu-
tenant. Ilis company then moved Southwest, and at Knoxville,
Tenii., the captain ol Co. " I > " resigned, and Lieutenant Hoffman,
In-ill- commissioned captain, took command. Their campaign was
afterward through ( leorgia, and they accompanied ( leneral Stoneman
in his raid on Macon. As will lie remembered. Stoneman was there
captured, lint < 'aptain Hoffman and his company, with his regiment,
i nl ihningli the ranks of the enemy, escaped capture, and finally re-
ported at Marietta, (la. There they joined the command of ( leneral
|iihn-on. and participated in thebaltleof Atlanta. Returning, toward
the close ol the War, < !o. " I > " liginc.l conspicuously in several en-
nenls in Tennessee, Captain Hoffman being promoted to the
rank of major. In September, iSu;, Major Hoffman brought his
command back to Chicago, and they were mustered out at Camp
Douglas, l-'riim iSdf to 1-70. Mr. Hoffman was engaged in the
commission business and was a member of the Hoard of Trade. He-
then purchased a large livery stable and carried on that business
till 1-7- In isjd-y;, he was collector of the West Division; and
in 1878 he was elected sheriff of Cook County, serving in that ca-
pacity with credit for two years. Since 1880, he has devoted his
time to real-estate matters, the buying and selling of property on
his own account, and looking after his private interests. He was
married in Chicago, on April 18, 1859,10 Miss Mary Fischer. They
have had four children, only one of whom is now living, John L.
Mr. Hollman is a member of the Union League Club, (irand Army
of the Republic, Army of the Tennessee, l.essing Lodge, No. 557,
A.F. ix: A. M.; Washington Chapter, No. 43, K.A.M.; Chicago
Commandery, No. 19, K.T.;and Oriental Sovereign Consistory,
S.I'. U.S., 32°.
l'i-. ii-'.i; M. AI.MIM was born in the Province of Smoland, Swe-
den, in 1825, spending his early days on a farm. His father dying
while he was quite young, his mother had the responsibility of rais-
ing the family. His educational advantages were limited to the
common schools, but by close attention he became quite proficient.
At the age of fourteen he left his home for Ekesjo, Sweden, where
he regularly apprenticed himself to a painter, remaining live years.
He then spent one year at Norrkoping, and subsequently removed
to Stockholm, where he studied to perfect himself in his profession,
remaining six years. He devoted two years to assisting in the dec-
oration of the palace of the King of Sweden. He next went to
Russia, but not being pleased with the country, left for America in
1852, landing in New York City. He continued his journey to
Chicago, and in 1855 associated himself with Otto Jevne, the firm
being Jevne & Almini. This firm not only furnished Chicago with
an art gallery but published a journal devoted to art and architect-
ure, called Chicago Illustrated, from which many of the views pre-
sented in the second volume were taken. The fire of 1,871 checked
his ambition temporarily, as it became necessary to hasten the
erection and completion of buildings so rapidly that the beautiful
gave way to the temporary structure, and the 'years of labor that
were so valuable to him at this time were almost lost. He was
again a sufferer by the lire of 1874, and when he again started in
business at No. 2 Wabash Avenue, he concluded to confine himself
to the higher grade ol fresco work, and has left many traces of his
genius in the Masonic Halls of this city, among which are Oriental
Consistory ami Apollo Hall, in the American F.xpress Iluilding.
lie is a member of the following Masonic bodies: Kihvinniiig
Blue Lodge, Corinthian Chapter, Apollo Commandery, Oriental
n-ign Consistory, Medina Mystic Shrine. He was married in
Chicago in 1855, lo Miss Josephine lirookman, who died in
leaving one child, Josephine. lie married again, in iSdd, Miss
Mary YonAnic, of Chicago.
COI'IKiAS ClI.U'TKIi. KllSK CliOIV UK 11-K-H-M, 18°. -18^2- II.
F Holi-iiuili M XV. ,X KM.; .liinn-s 11. -Miles. K. ,X I'.Kl. .See. 1873-74-11. 11.
Pond M XV 'A I'.M.; T. T. oviatl. M.K. -v I'.Kt. Sen. XV.; James 11. Miles. K.
A !• K Sec is?:. -H. II. I'on.l. M.W. ,X P.M.; .1. K Church. M.K. ,X I'.Kl.
Sen XV'- .1 II. Dlx M.K. * I'.Kt. .Inn. XV.; .lames H. MUM. K. A P.Kt.
S,-.- 187H-'- K. Chim-h. M.W. A P.M.; .1. II. Ulxim, M.K. A P.Kt. Sen. XV.;
W K Mum* M.K. A P.Kt. .Inn. XV.; Kihvard (ioodale, K. ,V- I'.Kt. S.-.-.
1877-78-5. K.VlinrHi. M.XV. A P.M.; XV. K. Morris. M.K. A I'.Kt. Sen. \V.;
C K Miinivr M I :. A P. Kl. .Inn. XV. ; Kilwai il (i laic. It. A P. Kl. Si-e. 1879-
Xi Church M.XV. A P.M.; K. W. Chamberlain. M.K. A- I'.Kl. S,-n. XV. ; A.
M Th.nnson M K A- P.KI..IMN. W.: K. lioodal.-, I!. A I'.Kt. See. 1-
\\ Chanilii -1-1:1111 M.XV. A P.M.; A. M. Tlunu.s.iii. M. K. A P. Kl. Sell. \X . ; 1).
C. Round? M I-:. A P.Kt. .Inn. W.j K. (iiiodale. K. A P.Kt. See. 1881- K \V.
rhamlM-ilain. M.XX.A P.M .:.. n Smiimei-tleld, M.K. A P.Kt. Sen^XV.; h. c.
son M XV.' A P'.M '; A. 11. Hilling. M K. A P.Kt. S.-n. XV.; .1. XV. \Vain\M ii;l,l,
M I' A P Kl .Inn XV.; (ill. XV. llarnanl, K. A I'.Kl. See. 1880—1.. l>. Kieli-
lirdson M'XV' A I'M.; A. II. HllllllK. M.K. A I'.Kl. Sen. XV.; .1. \V. Wain-
wrlijhl' M 11 A P Kl .lull. W.; (ill. W. P.aniar.l. K. A I'.Kl. Sec.
('Mir Ulo l-OUNCIL, I'KIM KS .11 .1 KKl'SA l.K.M, Hi°.-1872-J» S
11 Paddock M K.S. IMi.M.; .lames II. Miles, Val.Gr.Sec. 1878-74— John
O'Neill M.E.8.P.O.M.; II. N. Hnilbnt. (ir. H.P. ; T. T. Oviatt. M.E. Sen. (;. XX . ;
.1 I, Itnirx-s M I-: .liin.(i.W.; .). II. Miles, Val.( ir.See. 1875-76— .Iiihn O'.N.-il.
MK.SIMJ.M.- II. N. llurllillt, (ir.lI.P.: Alli-ed Knssell, M. K.Seu.O. W.;
Amos Pellilione M. K..lun.(i. XV.; K. (ioodalc. X a I. (ir.See. 1877-78— All led
1,'il.ssell. .M.K S IMi.M.: 11. N. llurllillt. (Jr.H.P.: A.nos Pettilione, M.K. Sen.
O.W.; K. p. Toiiev. M K .iiin.ii.xv. ; E. Goodale Yal.Gr.8ec. 1879-80 K. P.
T.ibev M KSlMi'.M • 1 1. N. II in -Hint. (ir.II. P. : 1-'.. XV. Chamberlain. M. K Sen.
(i XX li M Midnies M. 1C.. Inn. (i. XV.; K. Gooda If, Val.Gr.Sec. 1881 — A. W.
Ilili-heoek M KS P.G.M.; H. N. Hurllillt, (il.H.I1 ; K. M. Johnson. M.K Sen.
(i XV.; XV. H. Mlackler. M.K..Iun.(i.\V. ; K. (ioodale, Val. (ir.See. 1882- W.E.
Piiiils.in M.K.S.lMi.M.; II. N. Mill-Unit. (ir.II. P.; ii. M. Johnson, M.K.Sen.li.
XV.; (i. XV. Kaki-r. M. K..lnii.(i.XV.; (ill. W. liarnard. Val. (ir.See. 188:1 -XV. K.
Ponlson M KSP.i 51 II. N. llurllillt, (jr. II. P.; 14. M. Johnson, M.ESen.ci.
XV- I. II. Pollard M.K .Inn. (i. XV.: (ill. \V. I'.arnard. Val. (ir.See. 1884—
(!coi-K>' M. Miinllon M. K.S. I'.li. 51. ;• II. N. Illirlliut. Gr.H.I'.; II. M. Johnson,
M K. Sen. (i.XV.; (ill. XV. liarnard X Hi. Or Se.-. 1885— George M. .Monli.ni. M.
K.S. I'.li. M.; II. X. 1 1 nrllint. (ir.II. P.; It. M. Johnson, M.E.Sen.G.XV. ; Donald
Murrav. M. K..lun.li.XV.; (ill. W. liarnanl. Val. (ir.See.
VAN RKNSSKI,AKl: liltAMl l.llllliK OF PKRKKCTION, 14°.— 1872
—Oil. XV liarnard. T.P.(i. 51.; .1. 1!. Sli'-hter, (ir.See. 1878-74-Gi]. XV. I'.ar-
nanl T.lMi.M II. II Pond. D.G.M.; Edward (iiiodale, V.S.U.W.: J.M.Ter-
wi Niger. V.J.fi XV.; .1. II. Miles. (ii.See. 1ST')— K. P. Hall. T.P.Ii M.; .1. K.
Church ll.liM ; Alexander Woleiitt, V.S.G.W.; O. II. Shattlieli. V.JIi.XV.;
1-;. (ioodale. lii-.s.-e. ISTti -E. P. Hall. T.P.(i.M.; .1 . K. Church. !).({. M.; Alex-
ander Wole.ilt, VS.II. XX.; \lnos PettillOlie. V.J.U.W.; K. (iiiodale. (ir.See.
1877-J. O'Neill. T.I'li.M.; Amos Peltiliolie, D.H.M.: Georw It. MeClellan,
V.S (i.\v.; K. liooilale. clr.S.'e. 1878-79— Amos Pettilione. T.l'.li.M.; George
H. MeClellan. Il.li.M.; K. K. Ilel.liee V.S.Ci.W.j E. Gnodllle, (ir.See. 1880-
(ii'ori;i' K 51.-ciellan T.lMi.M.; E. K. Del.ne.-. I >.G. M. ; .1. 1!. Hradwell. V S.
(i.XV.- It. M. Johnson. V.J.G.W.; !•'.. (inodalc. (ir.See. 1881— George It. Me-
Clellan, T.P.G. XI. ; K. K. Ilel.liee, IMi.M.; .1. 11. llra.lweli. V.S.H.W. ; William
Smilh, V..I.G.W.; K. (ioodale. (ir.See. 1883-J. H. llra.lweli, T.P.U. H.; I). O.
ltonii.lv. IMi.M. : .lames V. Slewart. VS. (i.XV.; I). Murray. V..1.G.W. ; Gil.
XV. llai -d. (ir.See. 1 S83- Ceorije |{. MeClellan. T.P.G. M.; L. C. Kings, D.G.
M.; H. K. Hand. V S.G.XV : .1. M. Anlierv. V.J.G.W.: Gil. XV Barnard. Gr.
See. 1SH4— (ieorge It. MeClellan. T.P.G. M.; L. C. Riu'KS. D.G.M.; E. R. Bliss.
V.S (i.XV.; K. ,1. I.i.we. V..I.G.XV.; Gil. XV. Barnard. Gr.Scc. 1885- L. C. RiBK».
T.P.G.SI.; I-:, li. Bliss. IMi.M.; K. XV. Parker, V.S.G.W. ; H. A. Hammond,
V.J.G. W. ; Gil. W. Kama ill. (ir.See.
Mr.KTiM'.s UK ClKAND BODIES, A. .S: A.S.R. — On
November 11, 1873, the Supreme Council, 33°, of the
Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, U. S., met in Oriental
Hall, on LaSalle Street. The Illinois Grand Council of
Deliberation has met in Chicago at the times and places
following :
June as. 1872. West side Masonic Temple; June 26, 1873. Oriental
Hall; May 88, 1874, Rooms of Oriental ConsistoM ; May 80,1875, May 10.
1877. May 28,1878, June 19, 1879, July 1,1880." May 25, 1882, the Coun-
cil met also In the same place. On June 21, 1883. it met in Oriental Hall on
LaSalle Street. On June 19. 188-1. and August 13, 1885, the Council has met
in the Preceptory of Oriental Consistory.
VOICE Of \l\siiNRV. — To the Masonic fraternity, not only of
the West, but throughout the length and breadth of the I'nited
States, n.i publication devoted to the interests of that order is more
widely knoxvn or more highly esteemed than the Voice of Masonry.
This periodical was published in Louisville, Ky., by Robert Mor-
ris, 1. 1,. I)., who is well knoxvn as one of the leading Masons in the
country, and a popular author of Masonic literature, having only
recently been crowned the poet laureate of the order in America.
In 1862, owing to the breaking out of the War, Mr. Morris re-
moved the paper to this city, which has since been its home, and
where for txvo years longer he continued its proprietor and pub-
lisher. On its removal hither it xvas changed to magazine form,
and xvas issued semi-monthly. In 1864, Mr. Morris sold the mag-
axine to John C'. \V. Bailey, xvho became its editor and proprietor,
until 1873, when John W. Broxvn became its oxvner, and under
whose management it has since been conducted. In taking control
Mr. lirown imnvdiately enlarged the size of the magazine, and
it noxv has eighty-eight pages of reading matter, and in other ways
added to its previous excellency. The Voice of Masonry is, also,
the leading Masonic monthly in the country, and is the second
oldest of the kind published in America. Aside from its intrinsic
worth, which has doubtless been the main cause of its long and
prosperous existence, it has been conducted alxvays on strict busi-
ness principles. Mr. I'nuvn's policy has been to depend on nothing
in the way .if patronage simply because he published a Masonic
journal, but has made a valuable and meritorious magazine, and
then trusted to the appreciation of the fraternity. His course has
been a wise one. for to-day the Voice of Masonry circulates through
the entire West, and in its power and influence in the order is not
equalled by any similar publication in the country.
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
625
JOHN W. BROWN was born in Warren County, Ohio, on
August 12, 1832. Completing his education in 1853, he became a
teacher in the public schools in his native State, and in 1854,
removed to Quincy, III., where lie established himself in the watch
ami jewelry business, ill which he continued nearly eighteen years.
There he was superintendent of schools for three years, and was
also for a much longer time secretary of the Hoard of Education of
I hat city. It should also be noted, that, through his untiring-
efforts, the educational interests of the city prospered and flourished
as they never had before ; he secured an increased rate of taxation
for educational purposes, and under his administration was built up
tin- Franklin High School, which has since ranked as the best
school in that portion of the State. It was at (Juincy, too, that
.Mr. Hrown was made a Mason in Luce Lodge, No. 439,
A.I-'. \ A.M., on February 13, 1868, and later became its master.
In 1^73, he removed to Chicago, and, purchasing the magazine he
still conducts, issued the first number in January, 1874. Mr.
liniwn is now a member of Golden Rule Lodge, No.' 726, Chicago,
and its Master under dispensation, and of Ouincy Chapter, No. 5,
R.A.M., of Quincy Council, No. 15, R. \- S.M.. Heauscant Com-
mamlery, No. ii, 1C. T., and of Quincy Consistory, S. I'.R.S., 32°.
He married in 1.^54, Miss I'hebe Jane Young, daughter of Moses
Young, of liutler County, Ohio They have five children, three
sons and two daughters, all living.
ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME.
For a number of years the question of establishing
a Home for the widows and orphans of Masons in Illi-
nois who might need the care of such an institution,
has been agitated and plans partially perfected more
than once looking to this end. In March, 1885, a num-
ber of well-known Masons perfected a preliminary or-
ganization for the purpose named, and, on March n,
obtained a charter from the State for the Illinois
Masonic Orphans' Home, under which the following
permanent organization was effected:
George M. Moulton, president; Henry Turner, vice-president; Gil. W.
Barnard, sf.-retarj ; Wiley M. Egan, treasurer; George W. Warvelle, counsel.
Trustees— Ilciisiin Robinson, Charles A. Moses. I). II. Mi-Daiield. H. W. Dry-
er. George M. Moultiin. Thomas E. Miller. S. T. Gunilerson, G. \V. Warvelie.
John J. Badenoch. G. II. Coffin, John A. Crawford and Henry Turner. Hoard
of Visitation— N'onna'i T. Gasselte. 1'. W. Barclay, James G. Elivood, W. A.
Stevens. L. L. Munu and W. L. Milligan.
At a general meeting, called for the purpose at the
Asylum of Apollo Commandery on April 17, 1885, the
above action was discussed, together with the plans
projected as provided in the constitution and by-laws of
the organization, and received a hearty endorsement.
The object of the Home, as expressed in the articles of
organization, is —
"to provide and maintain, at or near the City of Chicago, a Home for
the nurture anil intellectual, moral and physical culture of indigent children
of -h'r a^'d Freemasons of the State of Illinois; and a temimrary shelter and
asylum lor sick or indigent widows of such deceased Freemasons."
Provision is made for annual membership on the
payment of one dollar, and for life-membership on the
payment of fifty dollars, with the usual provisions for
bequests and donations. A large number of member-
ships, both annual and life, have been obtained through-
out the State, and a beginning will be made in the
erection of buildings as soon as a location shall have
been decided on.
ORDER OF THE EASTERN STAR.
MASONRY OF ADOPTION is the title given to a series
of degrees for women, arranged in France about 1765.
On October 6, 1866. I). \V. Thompson conferred the
Eastern Star degrees upon about thirty persons, at the
residence of Mrs. Cynthia Leonard, in this city, for the
purpose of organization, which was done, and named —
"MIRIAM FAMILY. NO. 111. "-The first officers were: D. W.Tllomp-
son, patron; Mrs. Myra Bradwell, patroness; J. H. Varuell, conductor; Mrs.
Lorraine J. 1'n kin. conductress; Walter A. Stevens, treasurer: Mrs. J. H.
Varnell, Helie; Simon Quinlan, secretary; Mrs. Cynthia Leonard. Thetis;
James 1!. Itradwcll. warder; Mrs. Charles T. Wilt, Areme; John 1'orter
Ferns, tyli-r.
At ttie first regular election of officers in January, 18fi7, Walter A.
Stevens was elected patron; Mrs. Myra Bradwell, patroness; George Sawin,
conductor; Mrs. Lorraine J. Pitkin,* OOBdOOtTMt. On March 4, 1869, the
* To Mrs. Lorraine J. Pitkin, the public are indebted for these particulars.
40
charter issued to Miriam Family, No. Ill, was surrendered, and a charter
Issued to Miriam Chapter, No. 1, ny the Supreme Grand Patron of New York.
The charter of Miriam Chapter with nearly all Us records was destroyed
by the fire of October 9, 1871, and was restored on January Hi, 1872, by the
original authority. Miriam Chapter took part in the organization of the
(Hand Chapter on November 6, 1875. Under a resolution adopted at that
time, the charter was indorsed by the Grand chapter on February 8, 1876,
aiul a new charter issued by the same body on September ^0 1877. The char-
ter members were; Mrs. Joseph llutlcr, Mrs. A. Ii. Height Mrs. Sarah Tar-
rant. Mrs. Charles T. Wilt, Mrs. John C. Howell, Mrs. A. Wright, Mrs. Joseph
Gallagher. Mrs. Mary Jane Ogden. Dr. S. A. McVVilllams.
Year.
Worthy Matron.
Worthy Patron.
Associate Matron.
1869....
Mrs. Kli/abeth liuller.
S. A. Mi-Williams,
Mrs. Charles T. Wilt
1870....
Mrs. ICIi/.aheth Butler,
S. A. McWilliams,
Mrs. Charles T. Wilt.
1871 ...
Mis. I.. V. Crocker,
II. F. Holcomb.
Mrs. John C. Howell.
1872....
Mrs. Klizaheth liutler,
G. K. Miriellan,
Miss Mary Peters.
1873 ....
Mis. !<;. <;. Harvey,
S. A. M. -Williams,
Miss K. G'leasou.
1874 ....
Mrs. L. V. Crocker,
S. A. McWilllams.
Miss K. Gleason.
1875 ....
Mrs. o. Nirkerson.
S. A. McWilliams,
M iss K. (ileason.
1876 ....
Mrs. W. II. Snyder,
T. T. ovlatt.
M is. W. K. Morris.
1877...
Mrs. J. A. Klcy,
J. E. 1'ettlboiir,
Miss Kate Held.
1878 ....
Mrs. L. V. ('rocker.
C. (i. 8. Fuller,
Mrs. Holtslander.
1H79 ....
Mrs. L. A. I'icrce,
W. M. llui-lia-ik,
Mrs. W. K. Morris.
1SSII ....
Mrs. G. H. lieale.
J. M. St. John.
Miss Inez IK'Luce.
1881 ...
Mrs. A. F. West.
S. A. McWilliams,
Miss K. Gleason.
1882 ....
Mrs. A. F. West,
s. A. McWilllams,
M iss K. Gleason.
1883 ....
Mrs. J. N. Beverly,
W. M. Bin-bank,
Miss E. Gleason.
1SMI ....
M i-s. .F. \. lieverlv,
W. M. llurbank,
Mrs. 1-:. 1). Peti-ie.
1885 ...
Mrs. A. II. Wright,
W. M. Bui-bank.
Mis. A. B. Kuss.
1886
Mrs. A. II. Wright,
W. M. llurbank,
Mrs. C. A. DeGroot.
LADY WASHINGTON CHAPTER, NO. 158, was constituted under
charter of October (i. 1873. which was indorsed by the Grand Chapter of
Illinois on February 81 1876. The charter was issued, and the chapter re-
numbered 28. mi September 20. 1877. This chapter also took part 111 the
organization of the Gran'l Chapter on Nnveinner 6. 1875. Like Miriam
Chapter, No. 1, it was chartered direct. Charter members: Mrs. Mary Buf-
linn. worthy matron; George Campbell, worthy patron; Nellie Bordwell. as-
sociate matron; Mrs. Caroline Squires, treasurer; Mar la Goodwin, secretary;
Mrs. Maggie Lantln, conductress; Ktara Didier. assistant conductress; Mrs.
Jennie Greenongh, warder; J. F. Greenongh. sentinel; and S. S. Buffalo.
rt
o
Worthy Matrou.
Worthy Patron.
Associate Matron.
1875
Mis. Mary llutlum.
Genr^r I 'aiii|iliell,
Nellie Bill-dwell.
187li
Mrs. .M. A. l-'lournoy.
P. W. Millard.
Mrs. O. A. Williams.
1877
Mrs. F.vaL. McHngh.
P. W. Millard.
Mrs. Maggie Lantln.
1878
Mrs. Eva L. McHngh,
0. J. Price, M.D..
Mrs. O. J Price.
1879
l.HSO
Mrs. Helen IVarson,
Mrs. Nellie IS. Campbell,
Mui-iloeh Campbell,
P. S. Hudson.
Mrs. Nettie B.Campbell.
Mrs. L. E. Patterson.
18S1
Mix. P. \v. Millard,
Philip Kasller,
M is. rath, olmstead.
18S-J
Mis. Carrie Hudson,
Philip Kastler,
Mrs. Werner.
1 883
Hi Bra I. Mi-Hugh,
J. H. Varnell,
ills. Isabel Siekles.
1SS1
M rs. ('.itln-rlne Ol instead
A. H. White.
MIS. Lottie Greenfield.
188.-I
Mrs. Lnc\ l<'i ffnian.
Alfred Latchiim,
Mrs. Annie Rallidge.
1886
Mrs. Annie Itatlidge,
A. H. White.
Mrs. Helen Pearson.
This rhupii-r mrets every Tuesday evening at the corner of Halsted and
Adams .streets.
BUTLER CHAPTER, NO. 36.-On January 35. 1876, a dispensation was
granted to this Obapter. and a charter issued on OeioUer 4. 1876. The first
officers were Mrs Elizabeth Boiler, worthy matron; Charles ,1. Burroughs,
worthy patron; Ellen Berry, associate matron.
Year.
Worthy Matron.
Worthy Patron.
Associate Matron.
1876
1877
Mrs. Hlizabeth Butler,
Mrs. Elizabeth liutler.
Thomas H. Gregoric,
George F1. Brown,
Mrs. L. M. Hathaway.
Mrs. M. Gregorle.
1878
Mrs. Mary A. Oi-ai.
John W. Ostrander.
Mrs. Nettle Shaw.
1879
Mrs. Elizabeth Hutler,
Alonzo Katon,
Miss Addie Young.
188U
Mrs. Maggie Gaskill,
John W. Ostrander.
Mrs. H. Tucker.
1881. ...
Mrs. L. M. Hathaway.
William Shaw,
Mrs. Helen Burpee.
1882. ...
Mrs. Helen Burpee,
H. J. Tucker.
Miss Annie liutler.
1883
Mrs. IdaH. Roby.
Alonzo Katon,
Miss Lena Gunderson.
issl. ...
Mrs. F.mina Katon,
George W. Clark.
Mrs. M. L. Ostrauder.
1885....
Miss Annie Hutler,
J. H. Crookshanks.
Miss Ida Tucker.
This chapter meets at Owsley Hall, corner Robey and Madison streets,
the first and third Friday evening! of earh month.
IJUEEN ESTHER CHAPTER was organized, under dispensation, on
July 18, 1877, with fie following officers ana charter members: Mrs. Lor-
raine J. Pitkin, worthy matron: John Hodges, worthy patron; Mrs. DeVVittC.
Jones, associate matron; Mr-. Mary A. Snyder, J. Ktihn, Funny Kuhn, Hen-
rietta Diamond. Sarah Assenheim, William H. Snyder, A. B. Height, M. A.
Height, Carrie Height, DeWitt C. Jones, W. H. Montgomery. Carrie O. Jones,
Frank Knight, Sarah A. Knight, Annie K. IiigersolJ, F. C. VIerling, Mar-
garet Vlerling, H. T. Jacobs and Mrs. J. A. Burns.
Year.
Worthy Matron.
Worthy Patron.
Associate Ma'ron.
1877...
Mrs. Lorraine J. Pitkin,
John Ho'lgi-s,
Mrs. J. A. liurns.
1878...
Mrs. S. M. r.artlett.
George Sawin,
Mrs. Sarah Assenheim.
1879...
Mrs. Sarah Assenheim,
Geori/e Sawin,
Mrs. Zalda M. Elton.
1880...
Mrs. Zaida M. Elton,
A. B. Height.
Mrs. Ada J. Farrar,
1881..
M rs. Annie ('. Anthony,
Louis F. Martin,
Mrs. Ada J. Farrar.
188*...
1SSH...
Mrs. Ada J. Farrar,
Mrs. Lizzie E. Cornell,
A. Ii. Height,
Millard F. Higgle,
Mrs.SylvIa J. Wardner.
Mrs. Sarah A. Bonuell.
1884...
Mrs. Sarah A. lionnell,
Millard F. Higgle,
Mrs. M. A. Height.
1885...
Mrs. M. .\. ll.-ighl.
William M. Orr,
Miss Mellle Bonnell.
ODD FELLOWSHIP.
The institution of Odd-Fellowship is avowedly pro-
gressive in character ; and, while it retains certain
fundamental characteristics as essential to its life and
6z6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
individuality, it admits of innovation in others. Changes
which taken as a whole, are considerable in degree,
have been made in the •• work " of the Order since
[871, the year which closes the period treated of in the
second volume of this work. lUisiness meetings are
now held in the highest, or Scarlet, degree, instead
of the lowest as formerly. The Order has returned to
its early rule in the number of degrees, having dropped
which were of American origin. It has also
added a parade degree, characterized by a uniform and
a special drill.
( Kid-Fellowship has been much extended in European
and South American countries during the past decade,
and has broadened and strengthened at home. In Chi-
it has grown greatly, as the details will show. In
[885, official statistics give the total membership in Illi-
nois, at about the beginning of the year, at 32,775
males.— an increase in fourteen years of i4,l85> or vel7
nearly double. In 1884, the Order in the United
States paid out in relief $2,111,926.86, an increase over
the year before of $96,094.34. Its revenues for the
former year amounted to $5,274,307.89. In Illinois the
local ('.rand Lodge took the important step of codifying
its law, in order to have a fixed, basis for future legisla-
tion. The code was prepared by Dr. Samuel Willard,
Past Grand Secretary.
Chicago has been honored by the selection of sev-
eral of its citizens to places of high authority in the
State and National organizations. E. B. Sherman has
been grand master and grand representative; William
11. Crocker, grand patriarch and grand representative ;
M. C. Eames, grand treasurer; and John C. Smith ("pres-
ent Lieutenant-Governor, grand scribe and grand rep-
resentative during the whole period covered in the
present volume.
The honorable part borne by the Order in the relief
work at the time of the great fire, gave it prestige as
well as strength.
The following lodges have all been opened in Chi-
cago since December i, 1871:
1871— I'alm, No. 487; instituted on December 7, 1871, by John Carson
I'STS— blympi*. No. 477; Instituted an February 9, 1878. by P. T. Ticde-
111:11111. P.G. Of No. 329. First Sweilisb. No. 479; instituted mi February 22.
1872. by .loliu C. Smith. (i.M. As its name implies, this was this first lodge of
Swedes in Chicago. Tlie event was notable from the large membership (60)
Initiated upon the evening of its installation. Southern German, No. 484; in -
siitnted on April ti, 1872, by John C. Smith. G.M. South Park Lodge, No.
488; instituted on May 3. 1872. by John C. Smith. (i.M. Rebekah Degree—
Emeka, No. 58; instituted on August 26, 1872. by John Kleinschmidt, P.G. of
1873— New Chicago (German) No. 508; instituted on January 8, 1873. by
Klijah II. Sherman, P.G. of No. 214. Silver Link. No. 521 ; instituted on July
10. 1873. by J. Ward Ellis. P.G.M. of Nn. 22. Progress, No. 524; instituted on
August 29. 1873. b\ .1. Ward Kills, P.G.M. Templar Lodge, No. 440, was re-
vived on May 14. 1873. bv J. Ward Ellis, P.G.M. This lodge was suspended
in June, 1871, by Thomas V. Needles, G.M., being charged with violation of
laws and ritual.
1874-Kintraent, No. 531; instituted on October 29, 1873, by J. Ward
Ellis PG.M. Roe-hambeau. No. 532; Instituted on November 12. 1873, by
E. B. Sherman. (i.M. This was I lie tirst French lodge, and is the only one. It
was lorme-d under petitions by Dr. Henry Venne and other of the Fivnrli
brethren prominent at the time. Northern Light, No. 544; instituted on
March 18, 1874, by Peter T. liurtis, P.G. of No. 55. Aceordia (German)
No. 55<i; instituted on October 1, 1874. by August R. Spate. P.O. of No. 388.
John (l. 1'otrs, No. 5t>l ; instituted on Decembers, 1874. by E. li. Sherman,
G.M.
1875— Perseverance, No. 587; instituted on September 14, 1875, by John
C. Smith. P. G.M.
187(i— But one lodge received its dispensation in 1876, it being Peabody,
No. 613; instituted on January 22. 1877, by J. Ward Ellis. P.I; M.
1877— Palaeky, No. H30; Instituted on January 22. 1877, by P. T. Tiede-
mann. P.ci. oi No 329. Krlglitou Park. No. li«!t : instituted on April 23, 1877,
by John I). Murphy, P.ll. of No. 11. Uebe-kah Degree— Sophia (German); in-
stituted 01, May 14. 1877.
1878— No lodges wen- instituted during this year.
1879— Washington. No. litir>; instituted oh September 10, 1879. by Alfred
Oreneloi tl. G.M . Hmnbolelt Park, No. 658; instituted on January 8, 1879. by
J. Wanl Ellis (i.M. South Park. No. 488. suspended on June 14, 1879. on a
technical it v; was re- instated on June 2ti, 1879. Hebekah Degree— Sarah. No.
'.IS: instituted on Dec-ember 11. 1878. by J. Ward Ellis. P.G.M. Lady Wash-
ington. No. 1113; instituted on July 14. 1879. by Andrew T. Sherman, D.Ci.M.
issi Ellis Lodge. No. 447 was revived on February 25, 1880. The
lodge was suspended on June 14. 1879. for refusing to pay an assessment. It
finally did sc». and, on appeal to liic Sup re me- Head of the Order, was adjudged
to have lii-c-n in the right in the first refusal.
1881— South Chicago, No. H'.lli; instituted cm September 15, 1881, by
J. Ward Kills, P. (i.M. .la s A. Gal-field. No. 1198; Instituted on October 22.
1881. by James s Ticknor, G. M. Norden, .No. »i99; instituted on November
12, 1881. by. I. c'. Smith. P.G.M.
1S82 -D.-ermg. No. 717; instituted on August 21. 1882. by W. H.Crocker.
G.R. Hyde Park (P.O. Chicago i. No. ',22; instituted on October 18, 1882, by
William Porteous. P.li. of No. 404.
1888— Stockholm, No. 745; Instituted on November 16, 1883, by John P.
Foss. P.D.G M liebekah Degree Flrsl Swedish. No. 184; instituted on June-
''''' 1Ts!sl''>l"l),'L<]i"l')cKi'ee''t';iiic-ago, No. I'M); instituted on January 28,
1884, by William Winterniejcr, P.O.
( (wing to the difficulty of getting at the original rec-
ords, no connected history of the various lodges in
Chicago can be given. Some of the more noteworthy
events in the history of the Order are narrated in the
accompanying sketches.
UNION LODGE. -The history of the first lodge organized In Chicago
begins as far back as the sn ic-r of 1843. whe , li. W. T las. a member of
Niagara Lodge-. No. 25. of lluffalo. N. Y.. asc',-i la I thai Edward Hurling
and Franels Marshall were odd- Fellows, and members of Highland Lodge-.
Nc, i;:, of Newbnr li. N. Y. After canvassing the town, lliey found several
other brothers and at once set about the- orgamy.au fa lodge. Grand Sire
Thomas Wilde-y. at Haiti -e. was written to for Instructions, and replied.
authorizing »n application to the Gram! Lodge- ejf Illinois for a dispensation.
Ill due course this was granted, and on February 28, 1844. Grand Master
Thomas, I. Hurras instituted the- lodge at the Southwell corner of State and
Lake streets, as Union Lodge. No. 9. Tin- fallowing were- elected the- hist otli-
cers- Francis Marshall. N.O.; Edward Hurling. V (!.; H. W. Thomas. U.S.;
4 L. Jacobus, treasurer. They were Installed In their respective ehaii s by
the Grand Master. At the evening meeting, the lodge elected and initiated P.
o'Doiiagllllc and he was therefore the Mist Odd-Fellow made in Chicago.
The Grand Master appointed A. L. Jacobus D.D.G. M. for Cook County, which
at that lime Included a large portion of Northern Illinois. Edward Hurling
was the- first representative sent to t lie- Grand Lodge. At that era the terms
were I 'lit thre-c- months. At tile- close of Its tirst lei ill, ending on May 15. 1844.
the lodge had attained a mbershlp of twenty-three, besides two rejections,
ami its total receipts were $133.19. Out of this had been paid one sick bene-
fit of five dollars, and a donation to B travelling hi other of one dollar. This
was its lirst praclle.il work. At the end of the second quarter, August 15. the
membership had increased to forty, wilh two more rejections; and at the
close of Ihe- third <iuarier, November 15. to seventy-two. As will tbns be
seen the initial lodge has prospered from Us Inception, while it discriminated
in tin- charae-tc-r of applicants fen- admission to its ranks. The lodge continued
to enjoy an unusual degree Of prosperity for the tirst four or live years of her
existence during which there were born of he-r Dunne Lodge1. No. 11, and Ex-
celsior Lodge. No. 22. At the end of five years she reported a membership of
over two hundred. At the time of the gu-at lire, over one hundred of the
members were burned out. in most cases losing theirall, but this lodge drew
less from the supplies of the Odd-Fellows' Relief Society than any other
in the city. The cash receipts of the lodge during its forty years' existence
have been about $65.000. and the charitable disbursements about S20.UOO.
There have been received into me:inbc-rsliip. by Initiation, about twelve hun-
dred, and admitted by card two hundred and ten members. The lodge Is al
present very cosmopolitan in its organization, owing partly to the fae-t ot its
being the oldest In the city, and embraces representatives of s e eight dil-
tcicni nationalities. But two of the charter members, Edward Burling anil
li. W. Thomas, still survive.
EXCELSIOU LODGE, NO. 22.— This lodge, one of the earliest, as well as
most Influential, ill Chicago, was instituted on January li. 1847. The charter
members were Samuel W. Orannis. James N. Hanks. Abel II. pilfer, William
E. Kimblock, Thomas Maualian. Horace Lamb. . I. Do la Croix Davis. Her-
man H. Benson, Elislia Lane, Franklin Campbell. William Henry. George W.
Kai ly and George R. Roberts. The; only survivor now in fellowship is Sam-
uel VV. v^ranuis, although one other charter member is thought to be still
living. Since the organization of this lodge, nine hundred and ten members
have joined it. It is notable for the number of oflle-ers of the Grand Lodge
selected from its ranks, among whom wen- Hon. John li. Rogers. P.G.M. and
P.O.R.; Allen Lewis (deceased). G. P. ; J. Ward Kills. P.G.M. (the only Odd-
Fellow in the State elected for two terms) and P.Ci.K. ; General J. H Leake.
G.K.- lion. Daniel L. Sliorey. P.G.K.; and William Aldrich. P.G.M. The
lodge now has a leading and influential membership, and Us cash assets and
Investments amount to a little mole- man S2U.OOO.
FORT DEARBORN LODGE. M) 214. -On October 14. 1851), a fe-w
members of the Order met in the hall of E\c-e-lsior Lodge, to perfect the or-
gani/.ation of a new lodge. There were then bill live lodges In the city: Union,
Diiaiie-, Excelsior Chicago and Robert Hlnm. George F. Crocker, of No. 22,
now longdecc»se-cl. was D.G. M. at this Institution; Albert G. Lull was G.M.,
James F. Jllson, G.S., and Andrew Tanher. of No. 58. now deceased, G.T.
The charter members were Past Grands Allen C. Lewis, Thomas Manalian
and J. G. Fuller, and J. K. Thompson. Peter li. Lamb, Pleasant Amick. E. li.
Kingslc valid George W. Noble. In addition lo the above-, who were all pres-
ent, N. W. Oondlt and J. P. Cook ami Past Grands A. (i. Warner and Reuben
Cleveland, who had sent cards to the- Grand Secretary, were included in the
e-harle-r. I;. -lore- the election of officers. Hamilton J. Large, J. H. Mellinger,
H. F. Kent and B. F. Walker were admitted by cam. The tirst officers of Hie
lodge were: Thomas Maualian. N.G.; K. H. kiugsle-v, V. <:.; J. II. Mellinge-r.
S.; Allen C. Lewis. P.S.; G. W. Noble, T., and Hamilton Large. W. The tirsl
meetings of the lodge were held in a hall at the corner of Randolph and elm-
ton streets. New members began to come in Immediately. The initiates of
the first term were six. E. B. Kingsley was Noble- Grand during the second
term, and fourteen new members were added, eight being initiates. In the
the third term J. H. Mellinger acted as Noble Grand, and the membership in-
creased to fifty-one. J. K. Thompson was Noble Grand during the fourth
term, and the membership rose to sixty-seven, without the loss, thus far, of
a single member. One-seventh of the members al this period were Past
Grands. The lodge now removed to a hall at the corner of Clinton and Fulton
streets. Isaac Preston (deceased) pre-sided during tin- liftb te-rni, and the
lodge experienced a remarkable growth, twenty-four new members being
added, no less than twenty-one being initiate's. Tin- total membership was
then ninety-one. The following term James A. Collins was Noble Grand, ami
the membership Increased to one hundred and two. Theseventn term, Frank
J. Ryan being Noble Grand, twe>lve members were initiated and three joined
by card. On September 15. 1859, the- loeige was burned out. Tbc loss was
small, being ehielly in regalia, the- fittings of the hall being the- property Of
Cleveland Lodge, A.F. & A.M.. w lib whom they afterward joined in the rental
of a hall at No. 80 West Randolph Street. The eiglilh term opened wilh
George Sills as Noble Grand, who resigned in April and Dr. J. C. Fuller took
the chair. The lirst suspension occurred during this term, the offending
member being William Swinburne. M.C. Eames was Noble Grand during
the ninth term. During this and the preceding terms the lodge lost fifteen
members, closing with a membership of eighty-seven. The political exc-ite-
ment of die time was mainly responsible for the dropping otil of members.
The successive Noble Grands from this date were: H. F. Silts, Elijah Shaw.
Andrew G. Bowker, G. W. Bohanon. William Sharp. Alexander Hepburn.
Walter T.-tt. F. 11. Sleeper. William Small, John Wilson, R. H. Jordan, John
Campbell, Dr. T. I). Fitch. Andrew T. Sherman, O. E. Entiles. W. L. Tidd. E.
B. Sherman, J. K. Thompson. F. W. Mattern. Henry H. Coats, W. H. Crocker,
J. W. Newbnrii. Henry Thompson James Connors, No. 1. Thomas Sntton
(two terms), I). H. Lamberson. J. P. Vidal, B. F. Dudley, Edwin Andrews, s.
L. Hurst. Stephen F. Brown, Richard Ward. William II. Crocker. D. H. Lam-
berson. W. W. Fithian. L. H. Main ilwo terms). John M. Oliver. Thomas Sut-
tou, A. c. Wools! n. The War drew a large quota of the active members to the
ranks of the Army, and the lortunes of this lodge fluctuated during the
troubled period through which it was then passing. The twenty-first term
(close of 1866) added ten new members, making a total of seventy-eight, and
from this time the lodge entered on an era of re-vived prosperity. In the be-
ginning of 1868, the membership had risen to one; hundred and one, and in
the twenty-sixth term had increased to one hundred ami fifteen. During
the thirteen years preceding, this lodge bad lost but three members by disci-
pline-. In the twenty-ninth term (close of 1869) their ten years' lease in the
Homer Building having expired.the lodge decided to continue with Cleveland
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
627
Lodge, A. K. A A.M., and they jointly rented Parker Hall, on the northeast
corner M| HalMcd and Madison streets. On February 21. 1870, the new hall
\vi.s opened Id tin1 public ami nearly one thousand visitors were received. On
the 24th it was dedicated. Grand Master J. Ward Ellis officiating. E. B. Sher-
man IMi wax Hie orator. The deeorations cost upward of S3, 000. and have
been largely added to since. The membership during the term was increased
by twenty-six, making a total of one hundred and thirty- two. The Immediate
effect of the Ore of October, 1871. was a falling oir of membership, Hie fol-
lowing year howevei, it was increased laigely by accessions from lodges
which had been in the burned district, as also by new member! attracted to
the Order by its noble work of relief. The hit-host number of act I re members
at any one time was two.humlred and thirty-one, reported at the close of 1876.
Up to the close of 1877, the lodge had initiated three hundred and fifty-four
members and admitted one hundred and fifty by card. During the same
period two had resigned, two were expelled, twelve died, and sixty-six had
withdrawn by card. Dr. Samuel Willard. P.O. It . from whose address deliv-
ered at the twenty-first anniversary of the lodge we have extracted many of
the foregoing details, dwells with special pleasure on the services of James
K. Thompson and Melville C. Eames. i-aeh of whom served the lodge as offi-
cers during twenty-three terms; of George VV. liohanan, then in his four-
teenth term as treasurer; and Thomas Manahan, first Noble Grand and long
time treasurer of the lodge. The twenty-first anniversary of the lodge, cele-
brated on October 21, 1877, was made nolewonhy i>\ tbe presence of C. A.
Logan, I'.G. Sire, and a number of distinguished past otheers of the Grand
Lodge and Grand Encampment of Illinois. Important Improvements have
been made from time to time in Parker Hall, where the lodge still holds Its
meetings. A library numbering upward of seven hundred volumes Is one of
the possessions in which it takes pride. As its history shows, it is one of the
oldest :tnil sl;i uncbcst lodges ill Chicago.
<;u:i>EN CITY LODGK. NO. 389.— This lodge was Instituted on May
9, 186D, by Grand Master .1. Ward Ellis, the charter members being John
Snit/er. Louis Kuhart, Louis Morlin, Ernst Flasse. John Short, Christ. Hel-
der. Julius Winter, Christian Goodman. Joseph Heimbrodt. and Abram Levi.
They were all members of the American Protestant Association, an organi-
/.ation similar to the Orangemen. The first officers were; John Snitzer. N.G. ;
Louis Moihn, V.G : Louis Kuhart, R.S.; Joseph Heimbrodt. P.S.; Julius
Winter, treasurer. The lodge first met in a hall over Nos. 112 and 114 Kan-
dolph Street. At tin? time of the fire the membership had increased to one
hundred, and the lodge participated actively In the relief work, although
burned out and suffering the loss of everything but its funds. The members
met for re-organi/.ation on the day succeeding tile rlisaster, at No. 54 West
Lake Street. After two years, they returned to rehabilitated quarters at
their old location, whence they removed, in 1883, to No. 155 Randolph Street,
where they now meet. This lodge has always been active and thorough in
its workings, and has enjoyed an evenly prosperous career. Its present
membership of one hundrid includes many ot the most prominent German
brethren. In conjunction with live other German lodges, it built a monu-
ment at Waldheim Cemetery, at a cost of 53,500, where a burial-place was
provided for transient and poor Odd-Fellows. The present officers of the
lodge are Augustus Hrechback, N.G.; Jacob Sblll. V.G.; Louis Kuhart, R.S.;
Herman Henschel. P.S.; John Snitzer. treasurer and rep.
El. I. IS LODGE, NO. 447.— This lodge was instituted on February 13,
1871. by I'ast Orai id Master -I. Ward EM is. Its name was derived from Ellis
subdivision of Chicago, a majority of the charter members being residents of
tliiit sei i ion. The charter members and first officers were W. W. Winter,
P.D.G.M.: William White, P.G.U.; Calvin Dett'olf. N.ti.; C. H. Willett. V.G.;
W. .1. N. Goldrlgg. R. Sec.; W. McKarland. treasurer; T. N. Jameson, P. Sec.;
W. H. Wilson, R.S. to N.G.; S. Muir. I..S. to N.G.; I. Milord, Warden; A.
Sackrider. R.S.S. ; L. Morse. L.S.S. The first meetings were held at the cor-
ner of Thirty-fifth Street ami Cottage Grove Avenue. In November, 1876,
the lodge moved to the corner of Thirty-ninth Street and Cottage Grove
Avemie. Kills was the first lodge to inaugurate the idea of visitation to sister
lodges in a body, now so popular, and productive of so much practical bene-
tit IM t lie Order. It has initiated four hundred members, its present active
membership being eighty-five. The attendance is large, considering the
scattered membership. This lodge aspires to be second to none in the work-
ing of its degrees, its motto being "Ever onward to good deeds " The present
officers are .!. R. Henley. X.G.; -I. H. Kennedy, V.G.; J. M. Watt, R. Sec.; H.
C. Stacy. 1'. Sec. ; William Wilson, treasurer; William H. Underwood, R. to
G.L.; Thomas Hopkinson. D.R. to G L. The present Past Grands of Rills
I.M.lgi-. are Thomas Hopkiuson, J. M. Darling, J. T. Turner, James B. Hunt,
J. K. Fleming. J. P. Mallison. W. H. Underwood, Francisco Blair, H. J.
Fisher, J. W. Brown and J. L. S. Hall.
(IRANI) LODGE MEETINGS. — The Grand Lodge of
Illinois, convened for regular annual session in Chicago
on Tuesday, October 13, 1874. The Past Noble Grands
of the city lodges acted as an escort to the Grand
Lodge in procession to McCormick Hall, where Grand
Master Thomas F. Mitchell opened the session with an
address. The Grand Secretary's report showed a total
of four hundred and ninety-two State lodges at work;
the membership of all male orders on June 30, preced-
ing, being 24,660. A gain of five hundred and fifty-
tlin-c members in the Rebekah degree was reported,
with a total membership of 1,824. At this session of
the Grand Lodge a law was passed providing that no
new charter should be granted in any city where ten or
more lodges exist, on the petition of less than twenty
persons, or without the approval of at least one-fourth
of the working lodges in the city. The number of
representatives to the Grand Lodge present at this ses-
sion was four hundred and forty-three; of Grand officers,
twelve; about one thousand I'ast Grands and represent-
atives were in attendance during the session. P.G.R.
Dr. Samuel Willard, of Chicago, was appointed historio-
grapher forthis section, a post he still fills. E. B. Sher-
man, of Chicago, was elected Grand Master by an
almost unanimous vote.
After a lapse of more than eight years, the Grand
Lodge again met in Chicago, at McCormick Hall, on
November 21, 1882. The session continued through
four days, and much important business was transacted.
Alonzo Elwood, G.M., of Sycamore, was the presiding
officer. M. C. Eames, of Fort Dearborn Lodge, Chi-
cago, who was appointed just previous to the convening
of the Grand Lodge, acted as Grand Treasurer. The
Grand Lodge at this session consisted of five hundred
and ninety-five representatives and twelve officers. The
report of the Grand Secretary showed an. acquisition to
the Order, throughout the State, of 5,827, making the
total membership, on June 30, 1882, 32,048. The re-
lief report showed that the total disbursements during
the year were $73. 105.27. The officers elected this ses-
sion were as follows:
Columbus A. Keeler, Mt. Vernon, G.M. ; E. F. Phelps.Galesburg, D.G.M.;
W. W. Krape, Freeport, G.W.; N. C. Nason, Peorla, G.S.; James S. Tickuer,
Rockford, G.T.; Alfred Oreudorlf, John Lake. G. Representatives.
ENCAMPMENTS. — The record of the Chicago En-
campments presents a steady progress, although the
growth of membership in this degree, as compared with
the others, is small.
ILLINOIS, NO. 3,-In the early days of Odd-Fellowship in the State.
there was an encampment at Chicago, entitled as above, which had but a
briefcareer. It was revived on June 13. 1873, by J. Ward Ellis, P.O. P. Sam-
uel B. Walker was the sole charter member surviving.
CHICAGO, NO. 10, was instituted in this city on September 21. 1848.
Who were the charter members it is impossible to tell, as the records were
destroyed in the fire of 1871. The dispensation under which this lent was
instituted, was procured from the Grand Lodge of the United States. In
1850, a State Grand Encampment was organ) /ed, and No. H) then came under
its jurisdiction. This encampment has always maintained a leading position
in this branch of the Order in the city, and has numbered among its member-
ship many of our leading citizens.
APOLLO, NO. 185.— This, a German Encampment, was instituted on
June 2, 1875. by John P. Foss, P.G.R.
CHOSEN FRIENDS.— The title of Chosen Friends, No. 2. one of the rep-
resentative encampments of the city, was taken from a tent instituted in Ga-
lena In the early forties, which became defunct through i he organization of a
volunteer company in Galena, for the Mexican War, In 1845. This withdrew
nearly every able-bodied member of the encampment. A tent was instituted
in Chicago, which, under a dispensation of the Grand Lodge, took tile above
name, on December 18. 187(i, Most Worthy Grand Scribe, J. C. Smith, officiat-
ing. The majority of the charter members were Germans, and the Institution
took place in Boenm's Hall, on the corner of Sixteenth Street and Bine Island
Avenue, where the encampment continued to meet until its consolidation
with Adriel Tent. Prominent among the charter members were Louis,
Emannel and Simeon Hariman. C. B. Hefter and Mr. Boehm. the owner of the
fine hall In which for two years the brethren met. The Encampment went to
work at once, ami by December 31. was able to report thirty-six members,
eighteen being admitted by initiation and eighteen by card. On April 12,
1878, a consolidation was made with Adriel Tent, No. 106, the exercises tak-
ing place in the hall of the latter, at the corner of Madison and Ilalsted streets.
The gathering on this occasion was notable for the large number of distin-
guished chief patriarchs present. The ceremonies were conducted by Grand
Scribe J. C. Smith, Dr. Samuel Willard being installed chief patriarch. The
consolidated encampment was called Chosen Friends. Among others, Sam-
uel Willard, E. B. Sherman and M. C. Eames have contributed to its success
by their labors, and the tent has had the good fortune to Include a number
of such shining lights of the Order. On November 8. 1885, a brilliant cere-
monial celebrated the bridal of Chosen Friends, No. 2, with Excelsior En-
campment, No. 108, the title becoming Excelsior, No. 2.
EXCELSIOR, NO. 2.-On November 8. 1885. Chosen Friends, No. 2. and
Excelsior. No. 3. were consolidated Into one tent, under the title of Excelsior,
No. 2, by G.P. Amos Kemp, assisted by I'ast Grand Patriarchs John C. Smith,
W. II. Crocker and Samuel Willard. The membership of the new Encamp-
ment was one hundred and thirty-eight.
EXCELSIOR. NO. 3.— At Its annual session in 1878. the Supreme Grand
Lodge, at the desire of various lodg s throughout the country, passed an order
allowing the uniforming of encampments. The decree also provided for he
consolidation of uniformed members in distinct bodies. The first tent to
take advantage of the law was Excelsior, No. 1(18. which organized under the
title of Excelsior, No. 3. The body lias remained the only encampment of
uniformed Patriarchs,
EXCELSIOR, NO. 1.— A supplementary decree was issued by the Su-
preme Lodge in 1883, establishing uniformed degree encampments. Excel-
sior Lodge, No. 1. formed by a portion of the members of Excelsior No. 8, is
the only one of this degree.
GRAND ENCAMPMENT OF ILLINOIS. — The twenty-
fifth annual session convened in Chicago on October
13, 1874. The encampments of the city, in full regalia,
escorted the officers and members of the Right Worthy
Grand Encampment to McCormick Hall. The officers
elected at this session were as follows:
T. Warren Floyd, Glllespie, G.P.; Jacob Krohn, Freeport, G.H.P.; W.
L. Sweeney. Rock Island, G.S. W.; John C. Smith, Chicago, G.S. and T.; A. H.
Waggener, Chicago, G.J.W.; J. F. Alexander, Greenville, G.R.
The thirty-third annual session of the Grand En-
campment convened in this city on November 21, 1882,
in the hall of Excelsior Lodge, No. 2, corner of Wash-
ington and Clark streets. G.I'. William Schuchert, of
Chester, presided. One hundred and seventy-seven
Past Chief Patriarchs were reported as accredited rep-
resentatives to the body. Chief among the proceedings
of the session were the submitting of a memorial on the
death of James L. Ridgely, Past Grand Secretary of
the Sovereign Grand Lodge, whose long years of work
will ever be held in grateful remembrance by the Order.
The report of the Grand Scribe, J. C. Smith, of Chi-
cago, showed a net gain in membership, during the year,
of two hundred and ninety-three, with a total member-
628
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ship on December 31, 1881, of 5,479. The officers
elected were as follows:
<!-ciii!i' W. Akins. N:i-.liville, O.P.; Benjamin Unrtl.sf n. Sd-rliiiK. U.ll.l'.;
.liilin C. Suiilll. Chicupi. li.S. illlj T. ; Amos K.'inn. BlOOmUUrtOU, U.S. W.;
Sunnifi KustMistnms. I'riuiviiiii. G.J.W.: \y. H. Crocker, livaiislou, aucl
W. E. Carlln. Jersevvillr, (jiuml Kepn'stMitutives.
OTHKR SOC1ETI1.-
rs OF PYTHIAS. — Of this order there were, in 1885,
thim - as follows; Gcrmania, No. 2; Kxcelsior, No. 3;
Gauntlet, No. 4; Cosmopolitan. \<i. <>; Iloffnung, No. 7; Goethe,
No. -: IV \lolay. No. 13; Schiller, No. 15; Washington, No. 32;
Thorvaldscn, No. 41; < Hlokar, No. 78; Scandia, No. So; Concor-
dia. No. ;>3; c hi. -ago, No. >.->; >'.. Julian. No. i>2; Calumet, No.
94; Teutonia, No. <>-; (Min. No. 103; Lincoln, No. IoS; Harmony,
Ni no; Denmark. No. 112; Columbia, No. 115; Accordia, No.
ntj; Fidelity, No. 117; Lake, No. 119; Douglas, No. 125; Aldine,
No. 129; Custi-r, No. 131; Madison. No. 134; \Valileck, No. 136;
Mt. Yernon, No. 137. t'niform Rank Divisions, K. of 1'., Grand
Division of Illinois — Fort Dearborn, No. i; Gray Kagle, No. 3;
Apollo, \ii. 5; Chicago, No. 7. Endowment sections, K. of P. —
Sections Nos. ;,', 43. >4, 176, 399, 609, 618.
[NDl OF B'NAl H'RITH. — District Grand
6. Subordinate lodges, in 1885, in Chicago: Kamah,
No. ;,; Hillel, No. 7.'; Maurice Mayer, No. 105; Jonathan, No.
130; S Ni.. 14,-;; Oriental, No. 189; Chicago, No. 263;
Illinois, No. 2(14; Northwestern, No. 265; Herder, No. 321; Abra-
ham Aub, No. 343.
INDKPI M>! \ i ORDER OF THE FREE SONS OF ISRAEL. — Names
of subordinate lodges in Chicago in 1885: Moses, No. 18; Isaiah,
No. 22; KxceKior, No. 29; Abraham Lincoln, No. 49; (iermania,
-; Garden City, No. 59: Ph. mix, No. 79; Chicago, No. 94;
Esther Lodge, No. 7 (Ladies).
Other societies and the number of lodges in Chicago
in 1885, were as follows:
Knights of Honor -- - 29
Knights and Ladies of the Golden Rule 7
i lood Templars II
Sons of Temperance - 8
American Legion of Honor — 12
Ancient Order uf Foresters 8
Ancient Order of United Workmen. 37
Select Knights of the A.O.U.W 8
( Vsko Slovansky Podporujicispolek 16
D.O.H. Ilarugari 22
Independent Order of Foresters 57
Independent Order of Red Men u
Independent Order Sons of Hermann. _ 22
Independent Order Mutual Aid 10
Kesher Shel liarzel .. - - - S
Loyal Orange Institution _ 6
Order of Chosen Friends.- _ 23
Knights of the Red Cross - 4
Royal Arcanum 24
Royal League i
Sons of Veterans - .. . . 3
United Ancient Order of Druids 17
( )rder of the Golden Chain i
Order of Chaldeans i
Temperance Societies . 10
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA
MUSIC.
In a higher sense, the musical activities of Chicago
can be saiil to have begun since the fire. The unex-
ampled rapidity of re-building was a concrete expres-
sion of a fever which permeated every part of the body
politic. Men's hands were active because their minds
were awake and teeming with thoughts of renewed
opportunity. All sorts of philanthropic effort found
congenial soil. The calamity touched so many that it
quickened the feeling of human brotherhood beyond all
previous experience. No longer did the average man
seek to live and to die for himself alone; he recogni/ed
the great axiom of social order, that " We are members
one with another." The old Chicago was destroyed; a
new one was to be erected in its place having some-
thing of the meaning of an ideal. The air was full of
schemes for re-districting the city, re-arranging the
streets, collecting libraries and works of art. It was in-
evitable that Music and the Drama should experience
the full force of so great a mental movement. Prob-
ably .Music first felt the impetus, and this, mainly, from
the accidental circumstance of the destruction of all the
theaters. The concerts and lectures of the winter of
1871-72 were given in churches. Another incidental
advantage of after-fire conditions was the division of the
city into two great segments, the West Side and the
South Side, separated from each other by a stretch -of
several miles of burned-over territory. Hence, there
became two centers of local activity, the Union Park
Congregational Church, on Ashland Avenue, and the
Michigan Avenue Baptist Church, -near Twenty-second
In these two places were given the Thomas
concerts and all others of that memorable winter. Here
also began a local activity of a musical kind, as will ap-
pear later in the history of the choral societies.
CunkAi, SIM JKIII.S.— At the head of the musical
activities of the city, in point of influence, must be
placed the local societies for the study of choral music.
Nothing can be done by a travelling company, or by
any number of them, so educative in a wide sense as the
work of these societies. When a hundred, or a hun-
dred and fifty, singers, from all parts of the city,
come together one evening of the week during several
seasons, for the study of musical works of the highest
class, it is safe to say that they themselves learn to ap-
preciate the works they study in a manner wholly differ-
ent from any idea of them that they could acquire from
occasional hearings merely. Even the term " occasional
hearings" is misleading; for, as the tables hereto ap-
pended will show, the performances of any great master-
work, excepting Handel's "Messiah" (which it is the
fashion now to give every year at Christmas are so
infrequent as well nigh to lose the cumulative effect of
repeated hearings, even with the elect few who make it
a point to hear all of them; for the public at large, they
afford scarcely a taste — each performance being over
before the public, as such, has discovered that it was to
have taken place. Next after the active members of
these societies, their escorts and friends, receive educa-
tional impulses, for it is their rather dreary lot to spend
many hours in waiting for rehearsals to be finished. In
default of something better to do with their minds, the
escorts listen to the music, watch the conductor, learn
to appreciate the fine points, and in time become as
fully en rapport with the works studied as the singers
themselves.
Next after these two classes come the associated
members and the more ardent music-lovers of the gen-
eral public, who are drawn into the current. Whatever the
motive that may first have influenced them, in the end
they learn to share in all parts of the complex advantage
offered by concerts of this class. Among these peculiar
advantages are the following: First, a continuous work,
always selected for good cause; Second, and in conse-
quence of the preceding, a musical atmosphere, music,
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
629
and not show, being the active motive of the perform-
ance; Third, competent solo artists in selections making
important demands upon their powers. In the end
these all unite into a complex educational unit. The
serious work, the musical atmosphere, and the compe-
UNION PARK CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.
tent performance, make each other better appreciated.
Thus, the tendency is to improve the taste of a constantly
increasing number throughout a continually widening
circle.
THE ORATORIO SOCIETY. — The leading American
society of this kind before the fire was the Oratorio
Society, led by Hans Balatka. The fire destroyed the
library and scattered the members. Mr. Balatka re-
moved to Milwaukee. The Oratorio Society was re-
vived soon after the great fire by its managers, O.
Blackmail and A. R. Sabin. The Handel and Haydn
Society of Boston came to their aid with a donation of
books, including sets of "The Messiah," "Israel in
Egypt," "David," and a number of miscellaneous se-
lections. J. A. Butterfield was elected conductor and
\V. S. B. Mathcws organist. Rehearsals were held in
the lecture-rooms of churches. The first performance
under this regime was that of Handel's " Messiah," in
the Union Park Congregational Church, on May 16,
1872. The solo artists were — Mrs. Clara Huck and
Mrs. George B. Carpenter, sopranos; S. C. Campbell
and James Gill, basses; and J. W. Bischoff, tenor. The
orchestra numbered about twenty-two. The chorus
sang more than creditably, the membership reaching
about one hundred and fifty voices. The same pro-
gramme was repeated a little later in the Michigan-
avenue Baptist Church. This was about the last of the
Oratorio Society. In the autumn of 18731116 rehearsals
were resumed, and after some months of feeble effort a
miscellaneous programme was prepared in the First Con-
gregational Church, on a Thursday evening in January,
1873, but the building took fire and was burned to the
ground about an hour before the concert was to have
begun. By this new calamity the society again lost its
library and the opportunity <of pecuniary
support. Several efforts were made later
to revive it, and for some months Orlando
Blackmail conducted its rehearsals, but
the membership was small, and presently
it ceased to evince the slightest pretense
of life.
First on the list of local societies since
the fire, must be placed the name of the
Apollo Musical Club, forthis is the largest,
the longest-lived, the most highly appreci-
ated, and the most deserving musical
organization which has ever had an exist-
ence in the city.
APOLLO MUSICAL CLUB. — In the sum-
mer of 1872, at the suggestion of S. G.
Pratt, a number of gentlemen met at Lyon
& Hcaly's music store, situated at that
time on the corner of Sixteenth Street and
Wabash Avenue, for the purpose of form-
ing a musical association to be composed
entirely of male voices, on the Msennerchor
basis, and for the practice and study of
male choruses and part-songs. They or-
ganized by adopting the name and consti-
tution of the Apollo Club of Boston, and
during the time previous to giving their
first concert, in January, 1873, they had
collected the following named gentlemen
composing the chorus:
George P. Upton, S. G. Pratt, Charles T. Root,
Charles N. Pring, Warren C. Coffin, Frank A.
Bovven, Edwin Brown, A. B. Stiles, Philo A. Otis,
George C. Stebbin, F. S. Pond, Charles C. Curtiss,
Fritz Foltz, J. R. Ranney, E. H. Pratt, William
II. Coulson, Louis Falk, Harry Gates, C. C. Phil-
lips, J. S. Marsh, W. W. Boynton, S. E. Cleveland,
Theodore F. Brown, H. Rocher, A. L. Goldsmith, William
Sprague, A. R. Sabin, William R. Allen, John A. Lyndon, William
Cox, L. M. Prentiss, Frank G. Rohner, Frank B. Williams.
The officers for 1873 were as follows:
G. P. Upton, president; William Sprague, vice-president; F.
A. llowen, treasurer; C. C. Curtiss, secretary: W. C. Coffin, libra-
rian; Fritz Foltz, S. E. Cleveland, P. A. Otis, musical committee;
A. W. Dohn, conductor.
After a few weeks, S. G. Pratt resigned the director-
ship, and A. W. Dohn, formerly conductor of the Men-
delssohn Society, was elected to fill the vacancy. Under
Mr. Dohn's careful drilling, the Club labored faithfully
and arduously, and with a degree of enthusiasm hitherto
unknown to any musical society ever organized here.
The Club had a double object in view, first to attain
a high degree of excellence in singing, and second to
combine with this an equally high degree of social en-
joyment. The concerts of the Club were only given to
associate members, the number of whom, at one time,
reached one thousand five hundred. The first concert
of the Club took place at Standard Hall, on January 21,
1873. when the following principal choral numbers were
produced:
" Loyal Song," Kuecken; " Always More," Seifert; " Beware,"
Gerschner; " Champagne Song," Schroeter; " The Miller's Daugh-
ter," Haertcl.
The second concert of the Club was given at Stand-
ard Hall, on February 25, 1873, the hall being filled to
overflowing " with one of the most elegant audiences
ever assembled in Chicago."
630
HISTORY OF CHICAC.n.
" The programme for this occasion," remarks the Tribune,
" was :i very varied one, and composed of some of tile most dillicult
music ever undertaken by a male society in this country. The high
order of the compositions maybe inferred from the names of Weber,
Cade Wanner, Rubinstein, "lliller, Storch, and other composers
represented in the programme. It is the intention of the flub to
make all its programmes varied, mod to present 10 its associate mem
hers the widest possible range of music written for male voices.
\n mievpected pleasure was accorded the audience at this concert
in the appearance of Miss Anna Mehlig, the accomplished artist,
who was in the audience, and consented to take her place at the
piano. She was received with the heartiest of applause upon each
appearance. Although she was called upon in an unexpected man-
ner, and had not come prepared to play, the manner in which she
accomplished her work showed her to be the true artist."
I he ( linvul numbers used on this occasion were—
" Prayer before the Battle," Weber; " Hussar's Song,"
Storch.
The solo artists of this concert were Miss Anna
Mchlig, Fritz Foltz, Mrs. O. K.. Johnson and Mrs. O.
I,. F<>\.
The third concert of the Club was given at Standard
Hall, on April 15, 1873. The programme was well
adapted to the Faster season, as it included many
sclertions of a lighter and sparkling nature sandwiched
in with the more serious numbers, and several which
wen- of a humorous and rollicking character. The
Club had somewhat increased in numbers, and the tenor
voices had been considerably strengthened, so that the
balance of voices was much more perfect than it ever
had been before. Later, an extra concert was given, of
which the Tribune of June 5, 1873, said :
" The Apollo Musical Club of this city closed its remarkably
successful season of concerts to its associate members, on Tuesday
evening, at Standard Hall. Notwithstanding the extreme heat, the
hall was crowded. The programme was partly composed of favor-
ite numbers which the Club had sung before. It is needless to
speak of the high degree of excellence manifested by the Club, ex-
cept that their severe study and training show themselves in an
improvement every time they appear. This was especially mani-
fested in the spirited and expressive way in which they attacked the
Rubinstein number, which is the bete noir of every society which
has yet undertaken to master its difficulties or endure the fearful
demands it makes upon the voice. The superb music of the
" Antigone" was also read in a masterly style, and although there
was once or twice a little shakiness in some of the more intricate
passages, it was not enough to mar the general effect. The Club
has now finished its first season. Its success has been very remark-
able, considering that it has been in existence so short a time.
The spirit and enthusiasm of its members, and the equal spirit and
invincible determination of its excellent conductor, Mr. Dohn,
promise still more successful efforts next season."
The Apollo Club inaugurated its second season, as
also the musical season, with its fifth concert, given at
Kingsbury's new music hall, on September 30, 1873.
Of this, the Tribune said :
" The concert given on this occasion introduced some of the
best musical talent of the city, outside of the active membership of
the Club. It is a rare occasion which brings together three such
singers as Mrs. Huck, Mrs. Harwell and Mrs. Johnson, or three
such players as Mr. Coldbeck, Mr. Lewis and Mr. Eichheim This
it inaugurated the first musical hall constructed since the fire.
The programme of the evening was of rare excellence, much of its
music never having been heard here before. The selections were
varied, and showed that the Club, after its year's practice, had
matured sufficiently to advance a step from the ordinary four-part
songs which are the staple of all rmvnnerchors, into the higher
works of Mendelssohn, Schubert and others, and have courage
enough even to attack a piece of music like the Scena, from Max
Hruch's ' Frlthjof.' "
From the Tribune of January 18, 1874:
" The seventh reception of the Apollo Club to its associate
members, which was given at McCormick's elegant hall on Tues-
day night, was the most successful the Club has yet given. * * *
In addition to the other musical features of the evening, Mr.
Ruehling, one of the new members of the Club, who has an excel-
lent tenor-baritone voice, sang two numbers, Mr. Foil/ and Mr.
liowen had solos, and Mrs. ( ). 1,. Fox took the soprano solo in
Kuecken's 'Hie Thee, Shallop.' "
From the Tribune of February 17, 1874:
" The first of the series of concerts by the Theodore Thomas
Orchestra and the Apollo Club of this city, was given last evening
at McCormick's new and elegant hall, and brought out a large and
brilliant audience. The vocal numbers, being from Schubert,
Schumann and Beethoven, were, of course, admirably selected. In
the first, the "< hnnipotciice" of Schubert, the Apollo Club was
augmented by the Cermania M;unnerchor, the whole chorus num-
bering about eighty male voices, which brought out its majestic
rhythm in a very massive and solid style. The other two numbers
were Schumann's picturesque " Ciipsy Life " and a chorus from
lieethoven's " Ruins of Athens," which were given by the Apollo
Club with sopranos and altos, the whole chorus numbering about
one hundred voices. Mr. Dohn, the conductor of the Club, had
the baton, and led his forces through their work in a manner which
did credit both to them and to him, and elicited deserved applause."
An extra concert was given on February 18, 1874,
at which Schumann's "Paradise and the Peri" was
produced. The soloists were
Miss Clara Doria, Myron \V. Whitney, Mrs. O. K. Johnson,
Mrs. (). 1.. Fox, Miss Klia A. White, Mrs. T. E. Stacey, Miss
Anna Lewis, Messrs. Foil/, Ruehling and 1'helps. Theodore
Thomas's orchestra furnished the accompaniment.
The officers for 1874 were
G. P. Upton, president ; William Sprague, vice-president ;
William Cox, treasurer; E. C. Newell, secretary; K. I). Messen-
ger, librarian; O. M. lilackman, II. L. Sloan, E. M. Booth, music
committee; A. W. Dohn, conductor.
On December 21, 1874, G. P. Upton, president, and
William Sprague, vice-president of the Club, and A. W.
Dohn, conductor, resigned their respective positions,
when Theodore F. Brown and Carl Bergstein were
elected to fill respectively the offices of vice-president
and conductor. During the season of 1875, Mr. Berg-
stein resigned his baton, and William L. Tomlins was
called to preside as musical director of the Club, which
position he holds up to the present time.
WILLIAM L. TOMLINS was born at London, England, on Feb-
ruary 4, 1844. His aptitude for music may be inferred from the
fact that at the age of nine he became a choir-boy. At the age of
eleven he played the harmonium, at thirteen he was appointed
organist. At fifteen he was both organist and choir-master, at the
age of seventeen he conducted his first oratorio concert. 1 1 is musical
studies were made under the careful personal direction of Ceorge
(now Sir George) Macfarren, president of the Royal Academy of
Music, and of E. Silas, the composer. He was also a pupil of the
Tonic Sol Fa college and became a member of the governing board
at the age of twenty-two. The next year he was made govern-
ment inspector and examiner of music teachers in the public schools,
his department being that of theory and harmonium playing, with
authority to traverse the certificates granted by other examiners in
musical subjects lower than his own. This brief record is conclu-
sive upon at least three points : First, that he had an unusually
rich and active musical endowment; Second, that the faculty of
command showed itself in him at a very early, almost a phenomen-
ally early, age; and, Third, that he must even then have evinced
exceptional force and solidity of character, otherwise the conserv-
ative English educators would never have devolved so important
responsibilities upon one so young. Mr. Tomlins came to New
York at the age of twenty-five, in January, 1870. There he served
as organist, conductor, and private teacher of the voice, in the
rather make-shift and unsatisfactory ways which are the only ones
open to a young conductor before he has acquired local prestige.
During this period his unexampled mastery of that little understood
instrument, the harmonium or reed-organ, attracted the attention of
the distinguished manufacturers, Mason & Hamlin. They were
just then constructing a masterpiece of reed work, containing seven
full sets of vibrators, and all facilities practicable for the imitation
of orchestral effects. This instrument Mr. Tomlins, almost alone
among organists, mastered , and became able to produce from it the
most ravishing effects. His playing combined the intensity of a
first-rate violinist with the depth and solidity of the organ, and the
brilliancy, and almost the variety, of an orchestra. Hence, he was
employed by the builders and sent upon the road with a concert
company. His playing excited great interest everywhere. It was
in this capacity that he first came to Chicago. He was with the
Richings- Bernard old-folks concert company. Although merely a
soloist and occasionally accompanist, Mr. Tomlins's skill as a vocal
leader soon made itself felt, and he became practically the artistic
genius of the troupe, securing for its singing the fine qualities of
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
631
sympathetic finish which so much distinguished ils work. His visit
to ( 'hicago happened to fall upon a time when the incapacity of the
director of the Apollo Club was too obvious for dispute. By a
lucky stroke of genius, or perhaps of inspiration, he was engaged as
leader of the Club. This was in 1875, his first concert as leader of
the Club having been given on November 17, of that year. It
is not too much to say that Mr. Tomlins has been in many respects
a pervasive force in Chicago music ever since that time.
When Mr. Tomlins took charge of the music of the Apollo
Club it was a small male chorus of indifferent technique. His first
task was to improve the quality of their work. In order to accom-
plish this he took away from them their difficult music and put
them upon simple part-songs. 1 le went into all questions of voice
production, delivery, sympathetic quality, artistic phrasing and the
like, to such purpose that the value of his teaching began to be felt
with his first concert; and the appreciation of it has gone on increas-
ing ever since. lie not only changed the entire style of the Club's
singing, he also changed its character into a mixed chorus. This
was not effected without violent and bitter opposition, but at length
it succeeded. The mixed chorus showed the same good qualities as
the male chorus had already done. From this point Mr. Tomlins's
history in this direction is the history of the Apollo Club, and of
the Musical Festivals.
Another important department of his work has been that of
training children to sing. These classes have demonstrated their
value beyond question. What Mr. Tomlins aims at is the cultiva-
tion of the child's ability to perceive and feel music ; secondarily to
this, the child's ability to express music easily, naturally and grace-
fully, by his voice. 1 1 is system of training is peculiar to himself.
The quality of the results has been certified by such high musical
authorities as Theodore Thomas, Christine Nilsson, and many
others, as well as the press ami the educated public of Chicago.
Mr. Tomlins's influence has extended over the whole country, so
that Haltering offers were made him from New York, 1'hiladelphia
and lirooklyn.
The distinguishing qualities of Mr. Tomlins's endowment as a
great vocal leader and an interpreter of musical masterworks, are to
be found in the deptli and range of his musical intuitions. Music
is speech to him, the intuitivr sptvrh ol ilu- heart. \Yhatevcr music
he takes up, whether Knglish, German or Italian, is immediately
vital with emotion. He possesses an ear of great delicacy and
fineness of discrimination for everything that belongs to musical
effect. He has an analytic habit of mind, and is able to transform
his material through the leisurely operation of educational processes
(such as he is an adept at devising) until he reaches the desired
quality. This makes him a consummate drill-master. And, not
least important, he is able to inspire confidence and carry off
success with the aggressiveness of a born leader. He is full
of fancy, is of great natural sweetness of disposition and of
delicate feeling, and is one of the most agreeable companions
imaginable. He was married in 1878, and has three children.
At the end of the Club's third season, the Trib-
une thus reviewed its progress :
The third season of this Club is now closed, and it is
therefore a favorable opportunity to examine what has been
accomplished. It gave its first concert on January 21, 1873,
at Standard Hall, and since that time has given thirteen con-
certs in the nature of receptions to its associate members. In
addition to these thirteen concerts, it has given three concerts
to the public at large. The repertoire of Micnnerchor music
is necessarily limited, but the Club has made up for this defi-
ciency by calling in eminent solo talent, both vocal and instru-
mental, and in the thirteen regular receptions has produced
some notable works, among them Schumann's "Dreamy
Lake," Storch's " Hussar Song," the Lohengrin Sextette,
Rubinstein's " Vinum Hungaricum," lliller's Ouintette,
"The Night Song," Liszt's second "Cavalry Song," the
Robert duet from "Stradella," Mendelssohn's "Student's
Song" and "Rhine Wine Song," the double chorus from
Mendelssohn's "Antigone," the Sextette from Mozart's
"I'osi Fau Tutti," the scena from Max liruch's " Frithjof,"
lliller's " Wanderer's Rest," Neukomm's " Et Incarnatus
Est," a Mozart instrumental (Quintette, Knecken's Ouintette
and Solo " Hie Thee, Shallop," Liszt's " Walk at Midnight,"
(ioldbeck's instrumental Ouintette, Schumann's Variations
for two pianos, Smart's " Hostess' Daughter," Liszt's " Mid-
summer Night's Dream," Storch's " Serenade," and a Quin-
tette from " The Magic Flute," Mendelssohn's Cantata, " The
Sons of Art," Rhapsodic Hongroise, No. 2, of Liszt, Schu-
mann's Novellette, op. gg, No. 10, the Lucia Sextette, the
Rubinstein Sonata for violin and piano, Liszt's arrangement
of " Tannhauser," Tausig's arrangement of Weber's "Invi-
tation to the Dance," and Trio from "The Night in Grena-
da." The extra concerts were three in number, the first in-
augurating McCormick's Music Hall, November 13, 1873,
and the second and third in February, 1874, in connection
with the Thomas Orchestra, the important works produced
being Schubert's "Die Allmacht," Schumann's "Gipsy Life,"
the chorus from Beethoven's " Ruins of Athens," and
Schumann's " Paradise and the Peri." During its three sea-
sons the Club has brought out a goodly array of soloists,
among them the following: So/rawo.? — Mrs. T. E. Stacey, Miss
Clara Doria, Mrs. Clara Muck, Mrs. J. A. Farwell, Mrs. O. L.
Fox, Miss Jessica Haskell, Miss Fanny Root, Mrs. L. B. Stark-
weather, Mrs. F'annie Goodwin Lunt, Mrs. J. C. Jones and Mrs.
J. C. Wenham. .//AM — Mrs. O. K. Johnson, Mrs. W. S. Watrous
and Miss Ella White. 7V«o« — Alexander liischoff, E. W. Kueh-
ling, Harry Gates, L. A. Phelps, A. R. Sabin, C. W. Bird and E.
Schultzc. Baritones — Fritz Foltz ami Thomas Goodwillie. Masses —
Myron W. Whitney and Messrs. Sprague, Ilubbard, Sloan, Berg-
stein and Bowen. i'ianisls — Miss Julia Rive, Mrs. L. II. Watson.
Messrs. Robert Goldbeck, Ledochowski, S. 11. Mills, Emil Liebling
and T. Fuchs. I'iolinists — William Lewis and Heman Allen.
'Cello — Mr. Eichheim.
The officers for 1875 were as follows :
G. W. Chamberlin, vice-president; E. G. Newell, secretary;
William Cox, treasurer; E. 1). Messinger, librarian; William L.
Tomlins, musical director. Boafd of Management — W. S. Elliott,
Jr., L. M. Prentiss, G. W. Chamberlin, L. I). Collins, and E. G.
Newell. J/w.r/V- Ci'HiH/ift,Y—R. M. Clark, Philo A. Otis, R. S.
Clark. Stici a I Committee— C. F. Matteson, W. S. Elliott, Jr., Philo
A. Otis and F. S. Pond.
At the fourteenth concert, held on November 17,
1875, the following numbers were presented:
Sullivan's " The Heleaguered," "The Long Day Closes" and
"Will He Come?" Knecken's "Rest, Dearest, Rest," Beethoven's
"Cjuesta Toniba," I'earsall's" River Spirit's Song," Chopin's Rondo
op. 16, Raff's " komeo and Juliet," Hatton's "The Happiest
Land," Fischer's "The Woodland Rose," Keinecke's Cadenza,
Liszt's Polonaise in E, and Cooke's "Strike the Lyre."
The soloists were Madame Alice Decevee and Miss
Julia Rive, and this concert was the first held under the
632
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
baton of Mr. Tomlins. The Tribune, of November 18,
thus criticized the performance:
" The Apollo Club has commenced tin- sc.i-.oii of 1175-76 with a
handsome success. Its com vrt at McCormick's Hall last eu
called out an immense audience, and one which was most heartily
delighted and enthusiastic over the brilliant work done by the
Club. The force was larger than usual, there being lilty-live mem-
bers present on the stage, which is more than the Club has ever
turned out heretolore. In all respects a great improvement is
manliest over the work of List year. After Mr. 1 lohn's resignation,
a year or more ago, the Club drifted along rather uncertainly, but
it has now found its master, and he has infused it with new life and
force. The programme numbers were mainly light and pleasing,
but it was not so much in the music itself as in the manner of
sinking it that the charm lay. Mr. Tomlins has done a wonderful
work in the short time he has had the Club in training. The bal-
ance of voices is not absolutely perfect. 1'erhaps it is impossible
that it ever can be in such an organisation, and yet the Club may
claim a better balance than any other musical organization in the
city. In power and <|iialityof voices it is superb, and it is excellent
in tune. In all the delicate shades of expression, especially cres-
cendos and dimimiemloes, and in enunciation, their singing is
admirable ; and Mr. Tomlins lias further achieved that rarest of all
musical results, a perfect pianissimo. The Club maybe proud of
its work and of its success, and Mr. Tomlins is to be congratulated.
Now that he has such line material, so well and thoroughly drilled,
we trust he will give us, this winter, some more ambitious work
which is worthy of their powers."
From liis first connection with the Club, it was Mr.
Tomlins's intention to add a ladies' chorus. Accord-
ingly one was collected and trained during the latter
part of this musical season, making its first appearance
at an extra concert given for the benefit of Mr. Tomlins,
on June 8, 1876. The Tribune of June 9 said:
" The extra concert given by the Apollo Club last evening, at
McCormick's Hall, as a testimonial to its excellent leader, drew out
an audience which crowded the large auditorium to overflowing, not-
withstanding the very disagreeable weather. So far as the Club was
concerned, the concert was in the nature of an experiment: first, as
to the effect of such a superbly-drilled male chorus, singing with
sopranos and altos who have had but a few weeks' practice ; and,
secondly, as to the success of Mr. Tomlins in leading a mixed
chorus in unaccompanied choral numbers of the most diverse
description, including glees, part-songs, motettes, double choruses
and fugues. In both respects, however, the concert was a fine suc-
cess. The chorus was the best ever heard in this city. * * *
"Mr. Tomlins has succeeded with his mixed chorus exactly
as he has with his male chorus, namely, in perfect enunciation, fine
phrasing and shading, promptness of attack, steadiness of time and
development of power. The enthusiasm of the chorus was unlimited,
showing a very remarkable magnetism and inspiration on Mr. Tom-
lins's part."
The new rooms of the Apollo Club, in the American
Express Company's Building on Monroe Street, were
first thrown open to inspection and occupation on Mon-
day evening, November 27, 1876. In these quarters
the Club remained until Central Music Hall was opened
in 1879.
Following is a list of the officers for 1876:
Hon. John C. Haines, president; ]. S. Hamilton, vice-presi-
dent; K. (',. Newell, secretary; William Cox, treasurer; Philo A.
Otis, librarian; William L. Tomlins, musical director. Board of
teson, 1st tenor; 1). S. Foote, 2d tenor; W. S. Elliott, Jr., 1st bass;
A. G. Cone, 2d bass.
By the beginning of the season of 1878-79, the
A polio Club had reached the condition of a well-balanced
and well-drilled mixed chorus. Hencefoward the per-
formances became more and more finished in vocal
quality, and more and more illumined by the inner light
of musical feeling and artistic inspiration. The pro-
grammes appended show how large a work has been
done by this society in making known important com-
positions. One of the first achievements of this kind
was their performance of Handel's " Acis and Galatea,"
in December, 1878, upon which occasion the choruses
went most delightfully, with all the freshness and elas-
ticity of the best part-singing, and with the refined mu-
sical expression so often missed in performances of
Handel's music.
Among the great works introduced by this society,
and performed by them more than once, have been the
following: Hoffman's "Cinderella," Bruch's " Frith-
jot", " Rubinstein's "Tower of Babel," Berlioz's " Dam-
nation of Faust," Gade's " Crusaders," part of "Judas
Maccabeus," Mackenzie's "Rose of Sharon," and, in
April, 1886, I >vorak's " Spectre's Bride."
Among the older works often given by them, with
an excellence of finish previously unknown here, may
be named Rossini's " Stabat Mater," "The Messiah,"
••The Creation," "Elijah," "Hymn of Praise," "Oh,
come, let us sing," etc.
It will not have escaped notice that the Apollo Club
has been of great use to concert singers, both local and
foreign, by inciting them to learn new works, and afford-
ing them a congenial audience, not to mention the
important circumstance of profitable engagement — for
it has always been the custom of the Club to pay well
for services of this kind. An examination of the con-
cert list will give an idea of what has been done in this
direction.
CONCERTS OF THE APOLLO CLUB.
/ — January 21, 1873. Standard Hall. Miss Haskell, Messrs.
Goldbeck, Foltz and Bowen.
-? — February 25, 1873. Miss Anna Mehlig, Mrs. Johnson,
Mrs. Fox, Mr. Foltz.
j — April 15, 1873. Miss Root, Napoleon Ledochowski. Bis-
choff, etc.
4 — June 3, 1873. Miss White, Messrs. Emil Liebling and
Foltz.
J — September 30, 1873. Kingsbury's new Music Hall. Mrs.
Huck, Mrs. Farwell, Mrs. Johnson, Messrs. Goldbeck, Lewis and
Eichheim.
6 — October 15, 1873. Extra Concert. Bruch's " Frithjof's
Departure," selections from " Lohengrin." Thomas Orchestra.
7 — November 13, 1873. Dedication of McCormick Hall.
Apollo Club, Wieniawski, Kiinkel Bros.
<? — December I, 1873. Kingsbury Music Hall. Neukomm's
" Et Incarnatus," Smart's " Hostess' Daughter," Mueller's " Sere-
nade," Gade's " Spring Song," quintette by Mozart. Mrs. Lunt,
Messrs. Goodwillie and Sloan.
9— January 13, 1874. McCormick Hall. Mrs. Fox, Messrs.
Ruehling, Foltz and Bowen.
10 — February 16, 1874. Extra Concert. McCormick Hall.
Schubert's " Die AUmacht," Schumann's " Gipsy Life," Beetho-
ven's " Ruins of Athens, march and chorus." Thomas Orchestra.
// — February 18, 1874. Extra Concert. McCormick Hall.
Schumann's " Paradise and the Peri." Thomas Orchestra.
is— April 23, 1874. McCormick Hall. Liszt's " Walk at
Midnight," Schubert's " Der Neugierge," " Wohin," Goldbeck's
"Quintette." Miss Ella A. White, Messrs. Goldbeck, Lewis,
Allen, Eichheim, Bruce.
fj— June 3, 1874. Extra Concert. McCormick Hall. Liszt's
" Midsummer Night's Dream." Messrs. S. B. Mills and Fuchs.
A/— December 10, 1874. Methodist Church Block. Miss
Julia Rive, Mrs. Stacey, Messrs. Bergstein and Corby.
'5— February 3, 1875. McCormick Hall. Mesdames Stacey,
Starkweather, Watrous, Messrs. N. Ledochowski, Holbrook and
Bergstein.
/6— April 5, 1875. McCormick Hall. Chopin's " Scherzo, B
minor, op. 31," Liszt's " Tannha'user," "Rhapsodic Hongroise,
No. 2," Schumann's "Novelette," Rubinstein's " Sonata, violin
and piano," " Valse Allemagne." Miss Julia Rive, Mrs. Jones,
Messrs. Lewis and Ledochowski.
/7— May 19, 1875. Farwell Hall. Mrs. L. H. Watson, Mrs.
Wenham, Quaker City Quartette, Messrs. Barnes and Bergstein.
1 8— November 17, 1875. McCormick Hall. Miss Julia Rive,
Mme. Alice I lecevee.
/?— January 27, 1876. McCormick Hall. Mrs. Regina Wat-
son, Mrs. Smith, Mr. Lewis, Quaker City Quartette.
20 — March 23, 1876. McCormick Hall. Beethoven's
' Sonata Appassionata," Rossini's " Bal Raggio," Chopin's
" Ballad, A flat, op. 47," Liszt's " Polonaise in C." Miss Julia
Rive, Miss Benziger.
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
633
si — May 18, 1876. McCormick Hall. Miss Drasdill, A. A.
Pease, C. T. Barnes.
22 — June 8, 1876. McCormick Hall. Extra concert. Miss
Anna Louise Gary, S. B. Mills.
23 — December 5 and 7, 1876. McCormick Hall. Rubinstein's
"Calm Sea," Abt's "Night Song " and "Sunlight hath begun,
" Sullivan's " The Beleaguered." Hookely's "By Celia's Arbor,"
Schubert's "Great is Jehovah," Taubert's "Bird Song" and
" Birdie's Good-bye." Miss Thursby, Ktinkel Brothers.
24 — February — , 1877. Bach's "Let us Wrestle and Pray,"
Schubert's " Twenty-third Psalm," for female voices, part of " St.
Paul."
25 — April 3 and 5, 1877. Male Chorus. M. E. Turner,
Miss Amy Fay.
26 — December 6, 1877. Gounod's "Nazareth." Mme. Car-
reno, Miss Welsh.
2j — February 14, 1878. Part-songs, male chorus, music, etc.
Miss Beebe, Mr. Ruff.
28 — December 5, 1878. " Acis and Galatea," first part of
" St. Paul." Miss Fanny Kellogg, Miss Abby Clark, M. W. Whit-
ney, Dr. C. T. Barnes, Mr. Fessenclen.
2g — February 13, 1879. " Frithjof," part-songs. Apollo, and
Arion Club, of Milwaukee, Mr. Remmertz, Mrs. Thurston.
jo — April 24, 1879. Ladies' chorus. Request programme.
Miss Fanny Whitney.
jf — lime 5, 1879. "Messiah." Miss Fanny Kellogg, Mrs.
A. G. Hayden, William Courtney, M. W. Whitney.
32 — December — , 1879. Hoffman's "Cinderella." Mile.
Litta, and orchestra.
33 — April 2, 1880. Bruch's " Frithjof." Apollo and Arion,
Franz Remmertz, Mrs. A. N. Elliott.
34 — May 27, 1880. Central Music Hall. "The Creation,"
Abbie Carrington, Whitney, Dr. Barnes.
35 — November 12, 1880. Central Music Hall. Choral mati-
nee. Messrs. Eddy, Leavitt, Grove, Mrs. A. N. Elliott.
36 — December 6 and 7. "Acis and Galatea." Miss Kellogg,
Messrs. Whitney and Barnes.
37 — December 28, 1880. " Messiah." Miss Norton, Miss
Cranch, Mr. Hill.
38 — February 25, 1881. Beethoven's "Symphony, C minor,
op. 27," " Concerto for Piano, No. 5, E flat, op. 73," " Leonore,
op. 72." Joseffy.
39— May 5, 1881. Central Music Hall. Rubinstein's
" Tower of Babel," Bruch's "Fair Ellen." Mrs. Farwell, Messrs.
Knorr, McWade and Grove.
40 — May 26, 1881. Central Music Hall. Mrennerchor Con-
cert. Miss Ettie Butler, Mr. Knorr.
41 — October 7, 1881. Central Music Hall. Mixed chorus.
42 — December 23, 188:. Central Music Hall. "Damnation
of Faust." Theodore Thomas's orchestra.
43 — December 24, 1881. " The Messiah." Mr. Thomas and
orchestra.
44 — March 2, 1882.' Central Music Hall. Miss Winant, Mme.
Carrefio. Male voices.
43 — March 30, 1882. Central Music Hall. Mme. Gerster,
Remenyi.
4tf— April 25, 1882. Central Music Hall. Miscellaneous pro-
gramme from Rubinstein's " Tower of Babel," etc. Minnie Hauk,
Constance Sternberg.
47 — November 2, 1882. Central Music Hall. Cade's " Cru-
saders," " Hymn of Praise." Miss Beebe, Miss Heckle, Messrs.
Knorr, Mockridge and John McWade.
48 — December 23, 1882. " Messiah." Miss Dutton, Miss
Foresman, Dr. Barnes, Mr. Clark.
4q — February 23, 1883. Central Music Hall. Apollo and
Arion. "Northman's Song," part-songs, "King Olaf's Christ-
mas," " St. Christopher." Schumann Lady Quartette, Chickering
Quartette.
So — April 19,1883. Central Music Hall. " St. Paul," last
part of " Damnation of Faust." Mme. Hastreiter, Miss Julia May,
Messrs. Knorr and Clark.
St— December 21, 1883. Central Music Hall. " Messiah."
Miss Henninges, Miss Phoenix, Messrs. Charles A. Knorr and Clark.
52 — January 4, 1884. " The Creation." Gabriella Boema,
Miss Emma Heckle, Theodore Toedt, Franz Remmertz, and W.
H. Clark. Theodore Thomas's orchestra.
S3 — February 25, 1884. Central Music Hall. Miscellaneous
programme, part-songs, etc. Mme. Vallaria, Messrs. Ovide, Musin
and Emil Liebling.
54 — April 3, 1884. Central Music Hall. " Judas Maccalxvus,"
" Tannhauser." Mme. Lena Hastreiter, Miss Rommeiss, Messrs.
Ovide, Musin, Knorr, McWade.
SS — December n, 1884. Central Music Hall. Mendelssohn's
" Hymn of Praise," Rossini's " Stabat Mater." Miss Juch, Miss
Winant, Messrs. Whitney, Mockridge and Hay.
56 — December 26, 1884. Central Music Hall. " Messiah."
Miss Dutton, Miss Bella Tomlins, Messrs. Knorr and Whitney.
S7 — February 20, 1885. Central Music Hall. Bruch's
" Frithjoj," Prize Songs. Apollo and Arion, Mme. Hastreiter,
Mr. Remmertz.
58 — December 14, 1885. Central Music Hall. " Elijah."
Mme. Hastreiter, Miss Rommeiss, Messrs. Knorr and Heinrich.
SQ — December 28, 1885. Central Music Hall. " Messiah."
Miss Dutton, Mrs. 1'hoer.ix-Cameron, Mr. Knorr, and D. M. Bab-
cock (his first appearance).
WILLIAM C. E. SEEBOECK, pianist and instructor, son of Wil-
liam and Amelia Seeboeck, was born at Vienna, Austria, on August
21, 1859. After passing through the public schools of Vienna,
he entered the Theresianum, from which he graduated, in 1877,
during which time he was a classmate of the late King of Spain,
Alfonso. At the age of nine years he displayed a remarkable fond-
ness for music, and, as a boy, found his chief recreation and amuse-
ment in reproducing melodies upon various instruments. He became
a pupil of Herman Graedner, of Vienna, in the study of the piano
and harmony, and, after completing his course with him, studied
under Johannes Brahms, and entered the Conservatory. His next
instructor was the celebrated Rubinstein, with whom he remained
nearly two years at St. Petersburg, Russia, and upon the expiration
of that time he returned to Vienna. His concert work and public
recitals in Vienna were received by the profession and the press
with enthusiasm, and Mr. Seeboeck took his justly merited position
in the musical world as a virtuoso. The rare intelligence of his
interpretations, brilliant technique, delicacy and vividness of ex-
pression, places him in the foremost rank of artists. The broad
field represented by the United States induced him to cross the
Atlantic, and he selected Chicago as his future home. His talents
and musical condition were recognized at once and his popularity
as a pianist and instructor has spread throughout the West. He has
been a member of and the pianist of the Apollo Club five years and
has given the greatest number of concerts and recitals of any musi-
cian in the State. Mr. Seeboeck has composed several oratorios,
and as a pianist, composer and instructor his position is an enviable
one in the musical world.
THE BEETHOVEN SOCIETY. — A second, and most im-
portant, element in the musical activity of Chicago dur-
ing this period was the Beethoven Society; a musical
organization of active members, male and female, for
producing choral works, and a body of associate mem-
bers for hearing and appreciating the same.
The Beethoven Society was the direct result of
the visit of Carl Wolfsohn to Chicago in the winter
of 1872. Mr. Wolfsohn, to a ripe and enormously
extended musical scholarship, united an unbounded
enthusiasm for music as an art, and no small meas-
ure of personal magnetism, which attracted towards
him all in like manner susceptible who came within
his influence. The key-note of the Beethoven So-
ciety was enthusiasm for music. The list of con-
certs, elsewhere given, will show that, during the ten
years of its existence, this Society produced a large
number of important choral works, of which many
were given by them for the first time in the city. Be-
sides its three choral concerts a year, the Beethoven
Society had a series of monthly re-unions, for the per-
formance of chamber music and for social intercourse.
As these occasions, in the aggregate, were very numer-
ous, possibly reaching as high as three hundred or
more, hardly one of which lacked at least a single im-
portant work, it is easy to see that their effect upon the
members could only have been stimulating and educa-
tional in a high degree. One of the first season's works
was Mr. VVolfsohn's stupendous undertaking of playing
the entire thirty-three sonatas of Beethoven for piano
solo, as he had already done in New York and Phila-
delphia with such distinguished success. This plan he
carried out in the spring of 1874, April u to June 13.
The ten recitals of this series were given in Standard
Hall, at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Thirteenth
Street. They were attended by large and highly ap-
preciative audiences, and they afforded the first public
performances of very many of the later sonatas, and, in
634
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
fact, the only public performance several of them have
had in this city to this day. Tin- great " Sonata for
Hammerclavier." op. 106, lias never been given here
except by Mr. Wolfsohn.
During the following season the enthusiastic artist
did a similar work in behalf of Schumann, whose piano-
forte compositions at that time were practically un-
known here. This series of ten recitals began on March
i ;, 1875. at the Beethoven Society rooms, Nos. 168-70
State Street, and closed on May 15. Incidentally, as a
relief for the piano pieces, no less than forty- four songs of
Schumann were sung at these recitals, many of them
for the first time in the city. It would be impossible to
measure the influence of such a series of recitals de-
voted to a great master like Schumann. In the fol-
lowing year, 1X76, a series of Chopin recitals, of
similarly imposing magnitude, was begun and carried
through. These were somewhat less successful, by rea-
son of the greater burdens which Chopin lays upon the
pianist. The standard of piano-playing had been very
much elevated by Mr. Wolfsohn's recitals, and by the
visits of several noted virtuosi during the years 1874 to
1876. In the following year (1877), Mr. \Volfsohn be-
gan, but did not complete, an enormous series of
twenty-four historical piano recitals, covering the whole
range of piano-forte literature. These fell victims of the
necessary dryness of the earlier recitals, dealing with
music of the period of Bach and Handel, and their pre-
decessors. The selections proved too monotonous for
the hearers. During all this time, as well as through-
out the history of the Society, there were monthly re-
unions devoted to sociability and chamber-music. There
are no longer to be found any complete files of these
programmes.
During the period when the Beethoven chorus was
bravely measuring its well-meant technique against the
finest and most difficult choral works that happened to
strike its fancy, only to perform them in a ragged and
hit-or-miss manner, the rival society was diligently
undergoing a process of education in the art of choral
singing. As in doing this they brought out more and
more artistic selections, and sung them better and better,
the result was that the old-style chorus singing of the
Beethoven Society was sharply criticised. Many of the
singers left in order to sing where satisfactory vocal re-
sults could be obtained. These causes worked so
potently that at length, after eleven years of most useful
but not of wholly satisfactory existence, the Beethoven
Society gave up the ghost, and was counted among the
good things that had been.
I, VON & HK.U.V. — Among the many well known music houses
of the West none stand higher in the estimation of the public than
that of I, yon it Mealy. The house was established here on October
16, 1864, by George \V. I, yon anil Patrick J. Healy, who had for
years been identified with the trade in the East. They first located
at the corner of Clark and Washington streets, where now stands
the new Chicago Opera House. Their entire clerical force at that
time consisted of a cashier, porter and errand boy, all other duties
being performed by the members of the firm, who could be found
at their posts from early morning until late in the night. Their
business gradually increased until, on January I, 1870, they were
obliged to move to larger quarters. They went to the Drake liuild-
ing, at the corner of Wabash Avenue and Washington Street.
While located there they were completely burned out on September
|. 1-711. Soon after they re-opened at Nos. 150-52 Clark Street.
They again siiileivd a complete loss of stock in the memorable fire
of i~;i. I'ndaunlcd by these disastrous conflagrations, they again
opened within a few days at No. 2*7 West Madis.m Street, from
whence they soon removed to the frame church at the corner of
Wabash Avenue and Sixteenth Street. They remained thereuntil
r i), 1*72, when they located at the corner of State and
Monroe streets, their present place of business. Here they have
splendid quarters. The handsome building is 50 x 1311 feet in si/c,
four Moors and basement in height. They deal not only in pianos,
organs and music, but in every conceivable article known to the
music trade. Their first floor is divided into two apartments, one
devoted to sheet music and the other to retail pianos and organs;
the second lloor is the wholesale piano and organ department; the
third is devoted exclusively to the display of imported musical mer-
chandise; and the fourth lloor to the same class of goods and repair-
ing rooms, fn the basement is the wholesale sheet-music department
and packing rooms. Messrs. I, yon it Mealy have recently com-
menced the manufacture of the smaller kinds of musical instru-
ments, and their factor)- occupies three floors in the building at the
corner of Michigan Avenue and Madison Street. It is intended in
the course of time to make their factory business as large as their
jobbing trade has become, and with their characteristic energy and
determination they will doubtless, within the next few years, have a
manufactory which will be a pride to the city. ( In the first of Janu-
ary, 1SS5, Messrs. R. 1>. Gregory and Charles \. I'ost, who have
been conspicuously identified with the house of I. yon it Mealy for
the past eighteen years, were admitted into partnership, and will, as
heretofore, take an active interest in the affairs of this prosperous
house. The operations of I. yon it Mealy extend throughout the
United States and Territories, and into the liritish Possessions,
Mexico and South America. Their business is constantly increas-
ing and their volume of trade amounts to over a million of dollars
annually.
(7i-i'W I!". IAVII, of the firm of I,yon & Mealy, was born in
Northbury, Mass., on January 15, 1833. Me is of Huguenot de-
scent and inherited the sturdy principles of character with which
his ancestry was endowed. At the age of fifteen he left his native
village and went to lioston. Keing an ardent lover of music and a
close musical student, on his arrival there he immediately entered
into the music store of Charles II. Keith. At that time the repair-
ing, as well as the selling, of musical instruments was a part of a
music dealer's vocation, and it was there that young Lyon's
mechanical as well as musical genius early attracted attention.
I laving a natural talent for the musical art, and having studied the
use of the violin and harp, he appeared during his youth quite fre-
quently in public entertainments. Me was very skillful on the
violin and harp, and as the latter was his favorite instrument he
was more often heard upon it than on the violin. The attention of
that prince of music publishers, Oliver Ditson, was early attracted
toward Mr. Lyon, and the latter was for many years connected
with Mr. Ditson in his business. Me afterward was with the house
of Henry Tolman it Co., of lioston, and it was while he was with
them that he and Mr. Mealy decided to come West and embaik in
business. In July, 1864, these two gentlemen located in this city,
and a few months later opened up their music store. For many
years Mr. I. yon has devoted his attention to improvements on musi-
cal instruments, principally pianos and band instruments; and the
records of the patent office at Washington show that no individual
connected with the general music trade is so frequently successful
in obtaining letters-patent as is he. Mr. Lyon has always been in-
terested in everything that pertained to the advancement of the
musical art in this city, and his name and person are familiar to
nearly every professional musician. He was married at Pine Lake,
Wis. , in 1875, to Miss Kmily Sands. They have two children, —
George and Mary.
Patrick J. I Italy, of the firm of Lyon & Mealy, was born
in Ireland, on March id, 1840. At the age of ten, with his
parents, he immigrated to America, and they settled in the City of
lioston. When he was fourteen years old he obtained a position as
errand boy with the music house of Henry Tolnvin it Co., of lios-
ton. Industrious and ambitious always, he was rapidly promoted
and when he attained his majority he was practically the business
manager of the firm. Thus his life was passed until, with George
\V. Lyon, he founded the well known music house of Lyon it 1 lealy
in this city. During his connection with Tolman it Co., Mr. Lyon
was also employed in that concern. For the past thirty-two years
these two gentlemen have been steadfast friends and almost in-
separable companions, and many were the air-castles constructed
together previous to July, 1864, the month and year in which they
came West and united together to make their fortunes. In October
following, Lyon it Mealy opened for business, and since that time
Mr. Mealy has hail charge of the business management, and to his
foresight and keen executive ability is greatly due the success of this
now well known house. Mr. Mealy was married. < >cfobcr 31, islr),
at lioston, Mass.. to Miss Mary A. Griffith. From this union were
born James, Raymond and Paul. Mr. Mealy was again married,
in September, 1882, to Miss fanny llannan, of Chicago. They
have two children. — Marquctlc and Vincent. Mr. Ilealy's eldest
son, James, is at present employed in the house of Lyon it Healy.
Lot is FAI.K, one of the leading organists and musicians of
this country, son of John A. and Wilhelmina Falk, was born at
C liter I Istern. Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, on December 14, [848.
When he was two years of age his parents came to this country and
located in Pittsburgh, Penn., where they remained three years, after-
ward settling in Rochester. N. Y. It was there, at the age of seven
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
635
years, that he began his musical studies on the violin with Professor
A. P.aur, a violinist of more than local repute. A year later he
began the study of the piano-forte under the guidance of his father,
\vh<> was a professor of foreign languages and mathematics in a
select school, and withal an accomplished organist. At the age of
eleven, young l.ouis accepted the position as organist of the drove
Street Lutheran Church, which position he held until 1861, when
lie came, with his parents, to this city. Here he remained a pupil
in his father's private school, and was organist of the Church of the
Holy Name, until 1865. He then went abroad, to complete his
musical studies, and became a pupil of the celebrated composer and
organ virtuoso, Dr. William Vblckmar, in Homberg, Hesse Ca-sel,
with whom he remained two years. The following two years were
spent in the celebrated Leipzic Conservatory of Music, under the
tuition of such masters as Ignatz Moseheles (piano), Dr. Papperitz
(organ), E. F. Richter and Moritz Hauptman (Theory of Music),
Carl Reinecke (composition), and Ferd. David (violin). He pro-
sceiilcd his studies with great success, and graduated first in his
class in organ playing, which he made a specially. After leaving
the Conservatory Mr. Falk travelled quite extensively throughout
Europe and gave organ recitals in some of the largest cities in Ger-
many, Switzerland and Austria. Returning to this city he accepted
the position of organist in Unity Church (Dr. Collyer's), which he
tilled until the lire, since which time he has been organist in the
Union Park Congregational Church. Mr. Falk is one of the orig-
inal members of the Chicago Musical College faculty, as teacher
of the organ and Theory of Music. lie was one of the first to
make organ concerts popular in this city, and has, perhaps, con-
ducted more entertainments of this kind, here and throughout the
West, than any other musician. Mr. Kalk's playing is characterized
by great brilliancy combined with utmost ease in manual and pedal
dexterity, and in the matter of producing beautiful and novel effects
in combinations of stops his reputation is of the highest. As a
sight-reader and in the art of transposition his talents are consid-
ered marvelous. Many of our citi/ens will remember him as a.
successful organizer and orchestral conductor of local opera com-
panies. Mr. Falk was married, on March II, 1875, to Miss Cora
I). I )ickinson of this city, an accomplished vocalist; she was the
original Josephine of Haverly's famous Church Choir Pinafore
Company, and has fdled the position of soprano soloist in the
Church of the Messiah and Union Park Congregational Church for
the past ten years. They have one child, — Cora Francesca, born
in 188;.
MRS. H. HUEFNKR-HARKEN was born at Jever, Oldenburg,
(in-many, on |uly 27, 1845, the daughter of Albert llinrick and
Helene Catharine ( Diesendorff) llarken. She was educated at
Jever, and also studied music there during her school years. At
the age of fourteen she went to Berlin, and there took a musical
course at the Sternsche Conservatory for three years, also taking
lessons of Professor Richard Wuerst, during that time. At the
termination of these studies she was advised, by several Capell-
meisters, to study for the Opera, and then studied in the operatic
school of Mrs. Professor Cornet, at Hamburg, for one year. She
then, for another year, studied in the operatic school of Professor
Ernst Koch, at Cologne, who is now professor in the Conservatory
of Stuttgart. At Cologne she was heard by Fran/! Abt. Capell-
meister of the Hoftheatre in Brunswick, who engaged her at
once for the opera at Brunswick, and, after an engagement of
three months, she accepted an engagement to sing at llerlin.
She there had an offer to sing, under contract for three years,
which she could not accept, as she had previously made an
engagement at the opera in Leipsic. This engagement she
had to break after one year, on account of her marriage to
(ieorge Huefner, on May 8, 1866. Mr. lluefner was musical
director and organist at the Dom in I lalberstadt, and, after
her wedding, Mrs. Huefner sang in concerts only at the prin-
cipal towns and cities in Germany and Holland; among them,
the (iewandhaus in Leipsic; the Guerzenich concerts in Co-
logne; at the Museum concerts at Frankfort-on-the-Main; at
the private concerts in Bremen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam,
Mainz, Stuttgart, Berlin, etc. During this time she had many
offers of engagements from operatic directors, among them
being offers from the Grand Opera at Paris, and the opera at
Milano. She had also an offer from Berlin, to sing instead of
Marianna Brandt, who had given up her engagement there.
She, however, did not accept any of these flattering proffers,
because of the objection of her husband to her appearing
upon the operatic stage. Some time after his death, in 1883,
she accepted an engagement with Dr. Florence Ziegfeld, as
teacher in the Chicago Musical College, coming to this city in
1884, and retaining that position until she resigned it after one
year. Mrs. lluefner-Harken then engaged in the profession
of giving private lessons in vocal music, and is, besides, di-
rector of the Concordia, in which she has established a deserv-
edly high reputation. She has been splendidly recommended
by the following celebrated musicians: Dr. Franz Liszt,
Anton Rubinstein, Max Bruch, Carl Reinecke, Rheinthaler,
etc. As an example of the remarkable versatility of her pow-
ers, we may mention that in "St. Paul" and " Elijah," she
has, upon occasions, undertaken the soprano role as well as
those for contralto. Mrs. Huefner-Harken has two children,
Wilhelm George and Helene Catharine.
FRANK THEODORE BAIRD, piano and vocal instructor,
is a son of Samuel E. and Mary A. Baird, and was born at
Auburn, Mass., on July 17, 1850. When he was four years
of age his parents moved to Bellows Falls, Vt., where he
received his education. From childhood he showed a preco-
cious inclination for music, and during his youth his talents
were carefully cultivated by his parents. While attending
school he was provided with a competent instructor in Ben-
jamin D. Allen, of Worcester, Mass., under whose guidance
he remained until his seventeenth year. At that time he
was offered the position as organist of St. John's Church of
this city, which he accepted, and immediately afterward began the
study of that noble instrument under Dudley Buck, together with
piano-playing with other well-known teachers. After completing a
short engagement as organist at St. John's Church, he filled a simi-
lar position at the Olivet Presbyterian Church for a number of
months, and subsequently was induced to become the organist of
the Third Presbyterian Church, where he has remained during the
past sixteen years. He studied singing for three years with Mrs.
Jirah D. Cole, the celebrated instructress of the Rudersdorff Method,
in this city, and finished his studies with Sbriglia, of Paris, France,
in 1883; subsequently with Shakespeare, the celebrated English
master of London. In 1884, he again went abroad, in order to
perfect himself in certain departments of his profession. During
the past two years he has devoted his attention to vocal instruction,
and his success as a teacher has been extraordinary, and he is
recognized as one of the leading vocal instructors of the Northwest.
MADAME CHRISTINE NIEI.SON KOUNSKVM.I.K was born in
Christ ianssand, Norway, on August 10, 1845, a member of a liter-
ary and musical family, she being a relative of Rickard Nordraack,
the celebrated composer, and also of * Bjdrnstjerne Bjornson, the
* This namr in<-ans " l',t:ar-star the son of a Hear," in the Skandinavian
tongue.
636
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
great poet and dramatist. At an early age she became a pupil of
the eminent composer ami song-writer, Halfdan Kjerulf, and later
llaberhier. The result of this instruction, allit-il to her
natural ability, made her prominent as a pianiste ami instructress in
her own country. In is;i, she came to this country, and during
the following lour or live years performed at concerts in most ot
the cities iu the West ami Northwest. In 187?, she was married to
l>r. Ki.nnscvillc. At the establishment of the Hershey Music
: -.he became a prominent member of the faculty as a teacher
10, remaining with that school for two Her
reputation and proficiency as an instructress soon won recognition
from the first musicians of this country, and her time became so
large,- that for the past eight years she has devoted her-
ntirely to ti Her nuisicales and recitals have been
g the 'most artistic ami da- in this city, while her
intlueiice toward higher art in music, and her ability in its demon-
stiation, places her among the most prominent musicians in the
CEI \kir-; II. I'.KIITAN, vocal instructor, is a son of Joseph
and Mary I'.rittan, and was born at New York City, on December
23, iS.|(>. Hi- received his education in Boston and New \ ork,
ami Iroiu boyhood ha-- devoted his attention to music. In the
spring of [871, lie came to this city ami established a school in
House, and inaugurated a series of concerts which
him au enviable prestige in musical circles. He was one of
the p- i the well-known Apollo Club, and was one of the
ial members of the Beethoven ( lub. Mr. I'.rittan pays special
attention to cultivating the voice for opera, and for the past seven
years iias been accredited with unusual success in the department of
culture. During i^>4. he was director of the Cuthbert Con-
: iiy, at St. Louis, the oldest institution of that city. Besides
his duties as an instructor he is the author of many of the liner
critiques appearing in the daily press of Chicago, and for nearly
two years was musical critic on the Tribune. He has been the
regular musical correspondent for the Boston Daily Advertiser, and
contributes largely to other leading papers, besides being a member
of the Chicago Literary Club Mr. Brittan's instruction is held in
high eslcem by a large number of pupils, and the profession
extends warm praise for his theoretical and practical methods. Mr.
Brittan was married, on August n, 1881, to Miss Jessie L. Faw-
cett, of Chicago. They have one child, — Walter.
CHAMBER-MUSIC. — The cultivation of chamber-
music may be regarded as a fair measure of the pro-
gress of a community in true musical taste. In the
olden time, when musical students universally learned
to play upon the violin and other instruments, as well
as the piano-forte and organ, chamber-music was an
ordinary household incident, just as piano-playing now
is, with this difference, that the association of several
friends for an evening of chamber-music betokened a
love of music for music's own sake, as distinguished
from personal display, and a taste, moreover, for such
coloring as the combination of several instruments
makes possible. Moreover, the violin is. as Berlioz calls
it, "the woman's voice of the orchestra." It interprets
melody with an intensity and heart-felt expression which
neither the piano-forte nor the organ can do more than
weakly imitate, at a long distance behind. Mozart,
Haydn, Schubert, Spohr, and all the lesser masters,
wrote copiously for combinations of this kind, always
expecting their music to be played by performers of no
great ability, — in short, by amateurs. Such music is
comparatively unknown in America as yet, partlybecau.se
so little chamber-music is known, partly because much
of this music is without the intensity of expression and
contrast demanded by high-strung modern ears, and
partly, as already specified, because the unadvanced
music-lovers, who would properly enjoy this music,
have not as yet acquired the habit of making chamber-
music. To speak quite plainly, there is a great deal of
the chamber-music of such masters, even, as Mozart and
Schubert, which is hardly worth while performing at
present upon other than historical or amateur grounds.
But along with these rather ordinary productions, valu-
able mainly for study or pastime, there are others of
exquisite beauty, not alone of form and color, but of
deep and highly poetic significance. Among the better
known works of this class may be mentioned the Bee-
thoven sonatas for piano and violin, in C minor, the
Kreutzer sonata, the trio, opus 70, the later string quar-
tettes, the Schumann quintette, and many later works by
Rubinstein, Saint Saens, and others. Works of this
magnitude demand artistic players and a homogeneous
ensemble; they also have to be heard many times before
the casual listener is able to discern their beauty amid
the amplitude of details. They need, therefore, a con-
junction of artistic players with cultivated and earnest
hearers — a concert combination rare the world over,
except in a few musical centers and under the inspira-
tion of some artist or artists of commanding fame.
Nothing like this has as yet come to pass in Chi-
(Mgo, although the signs give promise of it within a
comparatively short period. Already before the lire,
U'illiam Lewis, the violinist, had begun to be prominent
in the musical evenings given under the auspices of the
great music-sellers, Root cc Cady. Very soon after the
fire he resumed his activity in this direction as oppor-
tunity served, making many personal sacrifices for the
sake of assisting in this class of music. As soon as Mr.
\Volfsohn came here, he found in Mr. Lewis an active
coadjutor. Eichheim, the 'cellist, came soon after, and
these three played a vast amount of chamber-music at
the re- unions of the Beethoven Society and elsewhere,
throughout the career of that organization. The open-
ing of the Hershey Music School, in 1876, led to the
production of much music of this class by Messrs. Lewis
and Eichheim and Clarence Eddy.
Much was done for chamber-music, also, during this
period, by Hans Balatka, who had associated with him
Mr. Troll, the violinist, his own son, Chr. Balatka, as
pianist. Edward Heimendahl, also, formerly one of
Thomas's violins, and later with a Boston Quintette
Club, resided in Chicago for several years, and was
associated at different times with Wolfsohn, Liebling,
Seeboeck, and Miss Amy Fay in the production of
chamber-music. All of these efforts, excepting those of
Mr. Wolfsohn and the Beethoven Society, were spas-
modic in character, rarely lasting beyond a single sea-
son, poorly attended and therefore not very useful; for
it is evident that no cultivation of public taste is to be
effected by concerts which the public will not attend.
Mr. Rosenbecker, the conductor and violinist, has
assisted in the production of many important works,
but his career as conductor has been so much more
brilliant and persistent that it casts his efforts in this
department into the shade.
During the seasons of 1879, 1880, 1881 and a part of
1882, the Liesegang String Quartette gave chamber-con-
certs in Brand's Hall and elsewhere, in which a large
number of interesting works were presented in a credit-
able manner. Unfortunately the programmes of these
concerts have not been preserved.
Emil Liebling has, also, been an important factor in
the cultivation of chamber-music since 1880, his regular
series of piano recitals extending in unbroken succession
from 1876. Among the principal chamber works pro-
duced by Mr. Liebling were the following:
1880-81, Hummell, septette, op. 74 ; Rubinstein, octette, op. 9,
and quintette, op. gg; Mozart, quartette in G minor. 1881-82,
Rail, sonata for piano and violin, op. 78; Rubinstein, trio, op. 52.
In 1884, three sonata recitals from Durante and 'other writers;
Cirieg, sonata, for piano and violin; Beethoven's quartette for piano
and strings; and many important works by other writers, as well as
a liberal representation of Chicago composers.
i MI l-'.nnv, organist and musical instructor, was born at
Greenfield, Mass., on June 23, isjj. From early childhood he
evinced a marvelous fondness for music, and with years of maturity
it became a passion with him. He soon learned to reproduce melo-
dies he heard, and improvisation became his greatest pleasure. At
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
637
the age of eleven years he was provided with a careful teacher in
Miss Laura J. Billings, whose instruction was the foundation ol his
future attainments, and afterward continued his studies under J . Gil-
bert Wilson, then organist of the St. lames (Episcopal) Church of
Greenfield. When sixteen, he remained a year with the well-known
organist and composer, Dudley Muck, in Hartford, Conn., whose
judicious training had a decided bearing in forming his future career.
He became familiar with the compositions of Bach, Handel, Men-
delssohn and other writers for the organ, which so pleased him that
he decided to devote himself especially to that noble instrument.
Upon leaving Mr. Buck he accepted the position of organist at the
Bethany Church, Montpelier, Vt., where he remained two and a
half years, teaching and preparing for study in Germany. In 1871,
he began study under Professors August Ilaupt and A. l.oeschorn,
of Berlin. Professor Haupt (Imperial Organist) was directed to
appear in a concert in the " Garnison Church " by the Emperor; but
he excused himself and sent Mr. Eddy in his place, with the com-
mendation that his pupil would do even better than himself. Mr.
Eddy performed Bach's great five-part fantasia in I' minor, and
Merkel's celebrated sonata in ('• minor, before the Emperor and
his court, with such success that he won the most flattering plaudits
and received the favorable criticism of the German press. He then
made a tour through the German Empire, Austria, and Switzerland,
playing all the line instruments of those countries, including the
famous instrument at Freiburg, and in the course of his travels
made the acquaintance of Liszt, Merkel, Richter, Hitter and others
of equal note in the musical world. Upon his return to Berlin he
bade farewell to his old instructors, and upon his journey home
passed through Holland, Belgium, France and England, and
played upon the splendid organs in St. Paul's Cathedral and the
Koy.il Albert Hall, London, then the largest and finest instruments
in the world. During the winter of 1875-76, he gave his first series
of concerts in Chicago, twenty-live in number, at which were ren-
dered the greatest works ever written for the organ, in the Eirst
Congregational Church of this city, of which he was organist. In .
1876, he became general director of the Ilershey School of Musical
Art. To this school he has given his best energies and has been
the chief source of its becoming one of the leading institutions in
America. At the opening of this Hall, Mr. Eddy projected a series
of one hundred recitals without a single repetition, a performance
remarkable for its scope and severity, and which demanded extra-
ordinary technique, and enormous power of reading and memory.
Since- that time he has appeared in organ concerts and recitals in
every large city of the United States and has gained a National re-
putation as a most brilliant and popular artist. Mr. Eddy was mar-
ried, on July J, 1879, to Mrs. Sara Hershey, one of the most
talented and accomplished musicians and vocal instructors in
America.
MRS. SARA HERSHEY-E0DY, musician, pianist and vocal in-
structor, was born in Lancaster County, Penn., and is the daugh-
ter of Benjamin and Elizabeth Hershey. At fourteen years of age
she went to Philadelphia where she received her education. From
childhood she has been .musically inclined, diligently cultivating
her gifts. Upon leaving Philadelphia she went to St. Mary's Hall,
Burlington, N. [., where she remained a year and a half, when she
came West with her parents to Muscatine, Iowa, and began teach-
ing, going East at intervals for the purpose of study. In 1867, she
went to Berlin, Germany, in order to finish her musical education,
and became a pupil of Professor Sterns, in the Conservatory, taking
vocal instruction from Miss Jennie Mayer. This training was fol-
lowed by further study under Kullak of the Conservatory, and vo-
calization from Dr. Kngel. She also was a pupil in declamation with
Schwartz, the leading elocutionist of Germany, and of the royal
court actor, Berndahi in Berlin. After a stay of three and a half
years in Berlin, she went to Milan, Italy, where she studied singing
with Professor Gerli, and visited the classes of I.amperti. During
her stay at Milan she devoted her entire attention to the Italian
methods of opera-singing, etc. Having accomplished her aims in
the Italian schools she went to London, England, and studied with
Mine. Sainton-Dolby, in oratorio and English singing, for a number
of months. Upon her return to this country she received the first
intelligence of the great fire in this city in 1871. Changing her
intention of locating in Chicago she went to New York, where
she remained nearly two years, engaged in concert and church sing-
ing and giving instructions in music and singing at the Packer In-
stitute, of Brooklyn. She received flattering offers to take charge
of the vocal department of the Pennsylvania Female College, Pitts-
burgh, which she accepted, and, in the following year, was induced to
assume the entire control cf the musical department af that institu-
tion. In August, 1X75, she came to this city and founded the Her-
shey School of M usical Art, which has become the leading institution
of its kind in the West. The Ilershey Music Hall was erected in
1876. Mrs. 1 lershey-Eddy is recognized by the musical profession,
and by scores of leading amateurs, as especially fitted to give stu-
dents instruction of unusually high order, and to impart the com-
prehensive knowledge of musical literature which is generally sought
in European conservatories and salons of foreign masters. Many
of her pupils have acquired popular recognition as professional
singers. Among those whose names are familiar to the public may
be mentioned Miss Grace Ililtz, Mrs. May Pluenix-Cameron, ].
L. Johnston, three of the members of the Chicago Lady Quartette,
which she organized. Mrs. I lershey-Kddy was married on July I,
1879, to Clarence Eddy.
JESSIK BAKU. KIT-DAVIS. — During the past few-years America
has become quite noted for its production of famous singers, and
the West has contributed its full quota to the number that have be-
come distinguished upon the operatic stage. Among those who
have risen to prominence there is a no more famous name than that
of Jessie Bartlett-Davis, the popular operatic contralto, whose resi-
dence is in this city. She is distinctively a Western production,
having been born, educated, and made her first artistic triumphs,
all within the borders of her native State. She was born not only
a singer but an artist as well, and, before she entered her 'teens,
was an acknowledged favorite in her immediate neighborhood,
which included such pretentious inland cities as Ottawa, Peoria,
Joliet, Rockford, l.aSalle, Peru and Morris, 111., the latter being
her native town. Jessie Bartlett-Davis came to Chicago about 1875,
and soon became known as the leading contralto in church circles,
and this fact caused her to be sought for by the celebrated Church
Choir Opera Company, with which so many now popular singers
became identified. Her successes as an operatic singer are distinctly
prominent, and include every role in which she has appeared, her
great versatility and mobility of features enabling her to distinguish
herself in grand as well as light opera and opera comique. Her
debut in Italian opera was perhaps the most successful ever accorded
to any native artist whose musical education had been confided to
American teachers, and who made her first appearance in Italian on
the American stage. This appearance was made in New York
City, on November 13, 1883, when she sang " Siebel " to the
" Margherita" of Mme. Adelina Patti ; and the Sun, in speaking
of her, says : " She has a real contralto. It is rich, moreover, and
well cultivated. * * * * Her great beauty of face and figure,
her winning smile, that beams like sunshine on all around, and her
natural, graceful acting, are worth going a long distance to see."
Geo. P. Upton, the well-known critic of the Chicago Tribune, pays
her the following tribute: " Both in singing and speaking, she has
a most exceptional contralto voice. Impressive in the dialogue, she
thrills an audience with her dramatic way of giving a note or deliv-
ering a phrase. This is not only the power of a rich organ, but the
greater power of an impassioned style which eminently fits her for
the strongest characters of the lyric stage." During the season of
1886-87, Jessie Bartlett-Davis was engaged with the American Opera
Company as prima-donna contralto; and her marked success with
that organization placed her at the head of the list of "stars" which
inaugurated the first season of genuine American grand opera. She
is the wife of William J. Davis, the well-known local manager, and
under whose management she made her first operatic appearance.
Mrs. Davis's musical education was cared for by Frederic W. Root,
who is also a Chicago production, and who delights to point to
Jessie Bartlett-Davis as his most distinguished pupil.
ARTHUR J. CRESWOLU was one of the most brilliant organists
in the United States, and was known throughout the country as a
thorough and perfect performer. He was born at Birmingham,
England, on July n, 1845, and was descended from a family cele-
brated for their musical ability. At the age of nine his perform-
ance on the organ made him known in his native city as an infant
prodigy. During his early years of musical study he received
instruction from William Bert, one of the great masters in England,
and from Thalberg, the great German master of the piano. At the
age of twenty-one he married an estimable lady of Birmingham,
and two years afterward, in 1868, he removed to the United Stales
and took up his residence in Chicago. Soon after, he became the
organist of Unity Church, which position he held until the fire.
During these years he was the friend of Dudley Buck, who always
delighted to honor his great acquirements and talents. They were
friends and generous rivals, and took pleasure in rendering homage
to each other. After the fire Mr. Creswold resided in St. Louis for
several years, where he made many friends and admirers. In 1875,
he returned to Chicago, and again resumed his position as organist
of Unity, engaging also in very extensive musical work. He gave
organ performances at the Exposition concerts, and many other
public entertainments. He also organized the Chicago Church
Choir Pinafore Company, which was so successful throughout
the country. He died at his residence on Groveland Avenue,
in Chicago, on September 13, 1879, after an illness of three weeks.
He left surviving him, his wife and two children, who returned to
England a short time after his decease. The Chicago Church Choir
Pinafore Company gave an entertainment for the benefit of the
family, at Haverly's Theater, on September 9, 1875.
( 1 ]•',() K< ;K SWKK T, vocalist and teacher of vocal culture, son of
Sullivan and Elizabeth B. Sweet, was born at Boston, on AugUst g,
1854. When he was two years of age his parents moved to Brook-
638
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
lyn, \. V., where hi' received his education. In his boyhood he
displayed a natural aptitude fur music, and at the early age of seven
year- lie -.111^ in concerts at the Academy of Mnsir, Brooklyn.
l.atei lie became .1 |ui|iil of i ieor^e \\ illiani Warren, with whom lie
-tudied; at tin- same time was a member of Mr. Warren's choir, and
during his -lay in that rity sang with Madame Faustina Motives in
< irace C'luireh, also in St. Luke's and other ehoii-ol ei|ual note.
In I- • ni study with Ajrainonte, of New \'ork, and subse-
quently went aluoad to finish hi- voeal education. After a short stay
in I'aris, he went to Florence, Italy, and remained two years tinder
the instruction of Yanmiccini, and at the same time taking lessons
from Salvini. At Milan he studied with Felice Y.ue-i, and while
there devoted considerable attention to the character of " Kigo-
letto," in the opera of that name, which role Felice Varcsi created and
made a great success, Mr. sweet made his debut ill the opera of
" I or/a del Hestino," at Ancona, Italy, and received an ovation of
applau-e from the public and was warmly praised by tin- press.
From Ancona he went to Berlin, where he sang three seasons;
afterward sang at the Kind's Theater, Athens, in Italian opera.
After an engagement at Keggio nell' Fmilia, he sang in Florence,
Italv. and at Barcelona, Spain, and other musical centers, and
returned to America with Madame ( ierster in iS,Si-S2. lie taught
in Boston, al-o singing nl opera there and in New York, until the
clo-e ot 1--}, \\lieii lu- (.line to Chicago and devoted his attention
to instruction. In the fall of iSS-;, he accepted an engagement
with Theodore Thomas to sing in New York, from which he
returned in December. Mr. Sweet's voice is an exceptionally fine
natural baritone, and, with the training obtained from the best
instructors in the world, is recognised by critics and the public as
having reached the limit of culture. His fame as a singer is ac-
knowlegcd by the musical worlds of both Kurope and America.
-wee! was married, on July 22, iSSo, to Miss Klvira Bariotti,
of Milan, Italy. They have two gifted children, George and Alfred.
CmrAr.o Oi/iNTF.TTK Ci-UH. — The most important
and long-continuing organization of this kind lias been
the Chicago Oiiintette CIul), composed of Miss Agnes
Ingersoll, William Lewis, M. Kichheim, Heman Allen,
ami Mr. I'ellage. The combination had its origin in the
enthusiasm of the pianist, Miss Agnes Ingersoll, who
ft if some years had been in the habit of playing duos
and trios with Lewis and others. Mr. Lewis entered
heartily into the scheme, and both artists made many
and long-continued sacrifices before they succeeded in
establishing their concerts upon a paying basis. From
the beginning, January 6, 1879, to January i, 1886, the
Club has given fifty-one concerts.
They have given, for the first time in Chicago, —
Kheinberger, trio in I! flat, op. 121; trio in I), op. 34; quin-
tette, op. 114; and quartette for strings, op. 89. Rubinstein,
.op. 13; sonata, op. 31); quartette, op. 60. Brahms, trio, op.
8. Reinecke, quintette, op. 83. Kiel, trio, op. 33. Scharwenka,
trio, op. i; quartette, op. 37. Onslow, sextette in E flat. Raff,
quartette for strings, op. ii)2, Xo. 2; quartette, op. 202, No. 2;
trio, No. 3, op. 155. Jadassohn, quintette, op. 70; trio, op. 59.
Hi.-, suite, piano and violin, No. 3. Saint Saens, trio, op. 18;
sonata for piano and 'cello.
At the present time the Quintette Club appears to
be thoroughly established. Its standard of playing is
continually being improved, and the audiences are large
and constantly increasing.
Mi-s A<;M.-.S INI.KKSOI.I., musician and piano instructor,
daughter of Frederick and Susan Ingersoll, was born at Vernon,
Oneida Co., N. Y. Her musical talents are inherited from her
father, who, although not a theoretical musician, possessed giftsof no
. and did excellent work in the church choirs of Vernon
and vicinity. She received most of her education in Milan, Ohio,
ami then returned to Canandaigua, where she graduated with
honors in the class of 1867. Her fondness for music developed in
early years, and her inclination was carefully cultivated by an elder
sister, who was a pupil of the famous |oh"li Zumlel. Later, she
studied piano playing with r.nstav Blessner, of Canandaigua, and
subsequently under S. I!. Mills, of New York. In 1870, she came
to this city and continued her studies with Robert (loldbeck. After-
ward, began her work as an instructor. Miss Ingersoll has been
1 four times, with the view of perfecting herself in music and
its literature, and received instruction from Rcinecke, of the Leip-
sic Conservatory, also of Jadassohn, of the same city, and, with
:gh work in both Berlin and I'aris, has accomplished the task
of becoming a thoroughly educated musician. In connection with
William I ,ewis, she was the prospector and organizer of the well
known Ouintette Club, of this city, and has always been a leader
in concerts and similar entertainments in musical circles of the city
and Hyde Park. Her work has been of the practical and meri-
torious, which has given to her pupils an independent and thorough
musical education which enables them to appear loan advantage
wherever placed, either in public or private. Her long and suc-
cessful career as instructor, and the number of her pupils who have
acquired a brilliant and expressive style upon the piano, is sufficient
comment upon her teaching. She devotes her entire attention to
large classes in the city and at Hyde 1'ark.
\Vil.i.i.\M I.IAVIS. — Among the many musical people of Chicago
who have won considerable reputation at home as well a- abroad is
William Lewis, violinist, and a member of the Chicago Musical
Company. lie is an Englishman by birth, having been born at I >cv-
onshire in 1837. His father, John Lewis, was a violoncello player
of considerable ability, and from him the son inherited the talent
which has served to win him a position in the business, social and
professional world. He received his early instruction from his
father, and at the age of eight the boy appeared in concerts in sev-
eral of the large cities and was pronounced a prodigy by the best
English critics. Two years thereafter he sang in the Exeter Cathe-
dral, and while there received thorough instruction from the organ-
ist. While in England he also studied under Mr. Wonacott, a
violinist of reputation. His family came to America in 1850, and
located at Bellevue, Huron Co., O., where young Lewis was en-
gaged on farm work and learned the carpenter's trade. In 1851,
M. C. Cady, formerly of the firm of Root & Cady, held a musical
convention at Monroeville, O., and his attention was attracted to
Mr. Lewis, on his appearance there with an offer of his services as
a volunteer violinist. In 1853. Mr. Lewis made an engagement
with Colonel J. H. Wood, afterward well-known in this city, to
play at a concert given by the " Black Swan" in Cleveland. This
was the first time Mr. Lewis received any considerable remunera-
tion for his services, the contract calling for $35 and expenses.
The following year Mr. Lewis's father died, and he then made an
engagement with the Continental Vocalists, with whom he was con-
nected for seven years following. During his engagement, how-
ever, the troupe took a vacation, and he improved the opportunity
by taking lessons from Theodore Thomas in New York City. In
1862, he came to Chicago and ventured into mercantile trade'. lie
had accumulated a small amount of money, and embarked into busi-
ness by opening a grocery. The business proved a failure, and he
then took a position in the music house of Root \ Cady, and also
attended to his professional work, for he was then a violinist of
recognized ability and a member of the Philharmonic Society.
Messrs. Root iV Cady sent him to Europe, in 1870, upon a
business errand, and the following year they promised he should
have an interest in the business. Hut Root iv Cady lost almost all
in the lire of 1871 and in their attempt to pay their debts in full.
The financial panic of 1873 further distressed the struggling linn,
and they dissolved. Then Mr. Lewis formed the firm of Root \
Lewis, in company with E. T. Root, in the same line of business,
and also resumed his professional work. In 1875, the combination
which originated the Root & Sons Music Company absorbed the
firm of Root & Cady, along with those of George F. Root tv Sons
and Chandler & Curtiss. In 1878, Mr. Lewis retired from that
firm and with K. G. Newell formed the Chicago Music Company.
In this firm are also interested William A. I'ond, the well-known
publisher of New York, and C. A. Zoebisch, of the same city, a
heavy dealer in musical merchandise. In 1883, I'. P. Gibbs was
taken into partnership with Messrs. Lewis and .Newell, and to the
general music trade of the Chicago Music Company was added the
sale of pianos. As a violinist, Mr. Lewis is one of the very first,
and a musical expert speaks of him "as the possessor of natural
genius for the violin, which, patiently and laboriously cultivated, has
made him an acknowledged artist in his line. He is modest, amiable
and generous, ever willing to give his services in the interest of
, — Mary Eli
enck C. Lewis. I he daughter, now a young lady, studied for live
years under tutors in this city, and then finished her instruction
with Kullak, of Berlin. Miss Lewis is now playing professionally,
and has already distinguished herself as a pianist of marked ability.
LUMAN A. I'liKi.rs, tenor and vocal teacher, son of L. C. and
I. C. I'helps, was born at Burlington, Vt. During his childhood
his parents came West and located at C-rinnell, Iowa, where he
received his early education in the college at that place. Ileevinced
remarkable musical talents at an extremely early age, his parents
encouraging him and eventually sending him to Chicago, where he
studied until he reached the age of twenty-three, when he went
abroad to finish his musical education. He became a pupil of
Adolph Schimon, of the Leipsic Conservatory of Music, going later
to Italy, where, at Milan, he studied for four years under the cele-
brated Sig. Lamperti, and in Florence finished his study of the
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
639
Italian method with Sig. Vannuccini, after two years of close ap-
plication. He made his Italian debut at Savigliano, in " Faust,"
with signal success, which he supplemented by appearing at Pavia
in " Traviata," where he received the highest commendation. After
completing an engagement with Mme. Carlotta 1'atti, in whose
concert company he was engaged as tenor, he came to this city in
1880, and has since been engaged in teaching, his success being
unparalleled and giving him a standing second to none in this
country.
ANIIKKW JACKSON PHILLIPS, instructor in voice culture, son
of N. L. and Cynthia Phillips, was born at Hartford. Vt., on
August 21, 1846. When he was four years of age his parents re-
moved to Barre, Vt., where he entered the academy, from which
he graduated in his sixteenth year. During his boyhood he
evinced a remarkable fondness for music, and early showed that he
possessed a line ear for vocal melody. He began voice culture in
1863, in Boston, under L. \V. Wheeler, and became a member of
the choir of Dr. Putnam's church, where Barnabee had charge of
the music. After teaching for some time in Montpelier, Vt., he
went to Burlington and resumed teaching, and was highly success-
ful with large classes. At the end of four years he returned to
Montpelier, where he appeared in concerts, and was popular as an
instructor. In the fall of 1879, he came West, and located at St.
Louis as teacher, remaining three years, during which time he had
charge of the music in the Pilgrim Church. Late in 1882, he was
induced to come to Chicago, and has since been engaged in his
profession in this city. His natural talents, highly cultivated by
years of study and severe training, together with the gift of being
able to impart his extensive knowledge of voice culture, places him
in the foremost rank of instructors. His popularity in vocal circles
and the recognition of his ability as a teacher by the profession has
secured him a large number of pupils, to whom he devotes his en-
tire attention, lie is tenor and director of music in Trinity Epis-
copal church. Mr. Phillips was married on August 21, 1874, to
Miss Alice Redfield, daughter of Judge Timothy P. Redlield, of
the Supreme Court, Montpelier, Vt. They have two children, —
Helen R. and Timothy R.
PIANO-FORTE AND VIOLIN VIRTUOSI. — In one de-
partment of musical activity the record of Chicago has
been very brilliant since the fire; namely, in that of the
piano-forte. Almost every year has added a great name
to the list of first-rate artists who have been heard here.
In 1872, Teresa Carreno and Rubinstein made their first
appearances here. The former appeared at the Mich-
igan-avenue Baptist Church, in a lecture-course concert,
in connection with her husband, Emil Sauret, the vio-
linist. Rubinstein appeared at Aiken's theatre, on De-
cember 2, Wieniawski, the violinist, also making his
Chicago debut at the same time. It would be impossible
to reproduce the impression made by this colossal genius.
Rubinstein's enormous power, his wonderful tenderness,
and his human passion made a fervent style of playing
which touched the listeners, in spite of their natural
indifference to piano-forte music.
In 1874, Miss Julia Rive made her first Chicago
appearance, at a concert of the Apollo Club. Her play-
ing was a great surprise, and she may fairly be said to
have introduced a new era in purely brilliant piano-
playing. In 1875, Mme. Madeline Schiller was heard
in connection with the Thomas orchestra. In 1876,
came that prince of classical pianists, the eccentric and
masterful Von Billow, the apostle of the correct and the
intelligent. The charming Mme. Essipoff made her
debut at the new Chicago theatre, on January 8, the
representative of a style of playing as graceful and ele-
gant as need be. William H. Sherwood made his Chi-
cago debut at the opening of Hershey Hall, January 23,
1877. The breadth, intelligence and poetic quality of
his playing were immediately perceived, and his influ-
ence has been extended every year since. In 1879,
Rafael Joseffy came, the paragon of dainty neatness
and purely pleasing performances. Franz Rummell, in
1880, made but little effect, Joseffy's delicacy having
turned the current of popular appreciation in a direc-
tion to one side of Rummell's good qualities. Bosco-
vitz, the genre pianist, appeared the same year. Since
1 880, no new pianist of any great importance had been
here until December 31, 1885, when Mme. Helen Hope-
kirk made her debut In the interim, however, public
taste in this class of music has continually advanced, in
consequence of repeated recitals by Sherwood, Joseffy,
Neupert, Louis Maas, Mme. Carreno, and .Mme. Rive-
King. These artists, the peers of any pianists in the
world, have been heard so often and in so great a. vari-
ety of music that there are few cities where a great artist
will find more appreciative hearing than in Chicago.
The principal debuts of violinists have been the fol-
lowing: In 1872, as already noted, Wieniawski was
heard for the first and only time. Emil Sauret was
heard in the same year. Wilhelmj was heard for the first
time, in McCormick Hall, December 12, 1878. Lichten-
berg had been here a few months earlier. Wilhelmj 's
playing may be regarded as having set the standard for
criticism of violin-playing, just as Rubinstein had done
before for piano-playing. Only a few months later,
February 4, 1879, Edward Remenyi, the Hungarian
violinist, made his Chicago debut at McCormick Hall.
After this there was no great violinist here until Ovide
Musin appeared.
NAPOLEON LEDOCHOWSKI, pianist and teacher, is a son of
Count Constantin and Louise (daughter of Baron de Meneval, sec-
retary to Napoleon L), was born at Paris, France, in April, 1849.
His early education was received from private tutors, and finished
at the Sorbonne University, from which he graduated at the ago »\
sixteen. He then began the study of law in the Academy of Laws,
and received his diploma three years later. During this time he
had assiduously cultivated his musical talents, studying for several
years under the instruction of one of Chopin's pupils. In 1870, he
came to this city and began teaching; shortly afterward associated
himself with Robert Goldbeck, as a teacher in the Conservatory of
Music, then located at the corner of Indiana Avenue and Twenty-
second Street. Mr. Goldbeck subsequently went to St. Louis, and
he assumed the entire charge and direction of the Conservatory.
Later he confined himself entirely to private instruction at his rooms
over Kimball's piano store, where he remained for several years, and
then removed to the Weber Music Hall, his present location. Mr.
Ledochowski's playing, from a technical standpoint, is of an excep-
tional character, and may be fairly said to be that of a virtuoso, his
finger work being perfect, and his interpretations of both old and
new compositions being possessed of the intelligence of a master.
His success as a teacher is second to none in Chicago, and the sur-
prising progress of his pupils, many of whom have become pop-
ular concertists, is a sufficient guaranty of the perfection of his
methods.
ANGELO DEPROSSE, son of Jean Batist and Anna DeProsse,
one of the most prominent pianists and musicians of Chicago, was
born at Munich, Bavaria, in 1843. His father was for vears an
eminent opera singer, and many musical stars owe their ability to
his enthusiastic assistance. His mother was a brilliant pianist, and
an elder brother, Anton DeProsse, has immortalized himself in
songs belonging to music of the future, which are destined to become
popular in the musical world; he wrote the oratorio of David's
Anointing as well as several operas. Although of French descent,
Mr. DeProsse received his education in Germany, and at an early
age showed remarkable talent for music. He became a pupil of the
Royal Academy of Music, Munich, and a private pupil of Mortier
de Fontaine. Upon receiving his diploma he was appointed
director of the opera at Bamberg, which position, with others, he
filled until his departure for America, in 1865, as a concert pianist.
He has since occupied the position of teacher in a number of lead-
ing institutions, and was the founder of the Norwich Choral Union,
Norwich, Conn., of which he was director for several years. The
Columbus, O., Mrennerchor called him to be its director, and his
popularity re-elected him three times. In 1879, he came to this
city where he has since been engaged in teaching the piano, and for
the past five years has had charge of the musical department of
Ferry Hall, Lake Forest. As a pianist he combines intelligence of
interpretation and marvelous beauty of expression, and possesses
the remarkable faculty of reading at sight with both fluency and
correctness, which, with his power of phrasing renders him, it is
safe to say, a virtuoso. He has been organist and director of the
choir in Sinai Temple for two years, and now holds that position.
As a composer he enjoys a well-earned reputation, his style being
varied and broad, ranging from church music and fugue to the easy
and tasty compositions for beginners. His success as a teacher is
shown by the large number of pupils he has under instruction, and
640
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
their popularity with the public as players. Mr. Dcl'rosse was
murriei! February 7, 1870, to Mrs. Fmma firings, of New York, :i
ist of brilliant attainments; she lias charge of the vocal and
elocutionary departments of Kerry Hall.
FKKIU i;iri. Bo COV1TZ, pianist ami instructor, is a son of
Joseph and Katinka lloscovit/, and was horn at I'esth, Hungary,
on December .ii, iSjS. At an extremely early age In- evinced an
extraordinary predilection for music, and when only six years ola
began to study the piano-forte under Professor Merkel, a nupil of
the famous Carl Czerny. lie soon developed line aptitude for the
piano, which, together with an exceptional memory, was noticed by
connoisseurs. Two years later he began with Czerny in Vienna,
and shortly afterward astonished everyone bv playing a number of
selections from the " Well-Tempered Clavichord," assisted only by
memory. In 1849, his parents were induced to send him ID Chopin
in Paris. Chopin was greatly pleased by his Bach-playing, and
took great interest in his protege. He remained with Chopin until
the death of that great genius. Young Frederick was then intro-
duced to Lis/t, who, delighted with his playing, invited him to
Weimar, where he continued live years, during which time he was
much in the company of Tausig, Barman, Bendel, and others of
equal note, and appeared in public at Vienna, playing the C minor
IrtO of lleethoven with great success. He gave a series of
:is at the Imperial Academy o| Music, subsequently made an
In 16(1(1, the King of Portugal, Horn Luiz, invited him to visit Lis-
bon, where he remained three months, and performed in Madrid,
Marseilles and Bordeaux, subsequently filling an engagement at the
Paris Inhibition, in 181,7, where he was the lirst to introduce the
American piano in Furope. lie then visited Egypt, and on his
return appeared before a London audience with the celebrated John
Klla, ami travelled twice through the principal cities of England,
Ireland anil Scotland. When in I lublin, he was a guest of the
Viceroy of Ireland, Lord Carlisle, at Dublin Castle. The German
War caused him to leave France in 1870, and engage for a concert
tour with the late Adelaide Phillips, and, after an engagement with
the late Brignoli, he became the director of the piano department of
the Boston Conservatory. He was introduced in Xew York by
Theodore Thomas in 187.), afterward appearing in Boston, Phila-
delphia and the larger Eastern cities. During 1878, he visited
Paris, where he received universal recognition and the most flatter-
ing plaudits. Besides his extraordinary talents as a musician, he
possesses a polished education, speaking and reading no less than
eight modern languages, and is a gentleman of the most refined
character and disposition. Mr. Uoscovitz was married, on August
16, 1872, to Miss Henrietta Arnund-Vassy, of Paris, France.
JOHN MOI.TKK was born on April 4, 1832, at Treves (Trier),
Rhein Prussia, where he received his earlier musical education in
the Musical School of the Catholic Cathedral, under the director-
ship of Dr. M. Schneider. There, in the large Cathedral choir, he
was for live years the leading soprano of sixty boys. After pre-
paratory studies he entered, in 1849, the School Teachers' Seminary
at Bruehl, near Cologne, where he qualified himself, particularly in
church music, as organist and musical director, under the tuition of
Professors M. Toepler and A. Kichter. The musical training in
that Institute was very thoroughly pursued, in connection with a
complete knowledge of harmony, counterpoint and musical com-
position; in fact, a severe, regular, classical, musical education.
After graduating from this school, John Molter was appointed by
the Prussian Government principal of a public school, in connec-
tion with the customary leadership of the church music, in a. small
country place in Germany. In the pursuance of his favorite branch,
music, and after writing a. number of masses, school songs and
Manner choruses, he emigrated to this country in 1856, to have a
better held to improve and use his abilities, as there was too little
chance for promotion by the slow method of advancement in the
Government service in his own country. After spending a year in
Canada in teaching singing schools and giving concerts and organ
recitals, John Molter arrived in Chicago in the spring of 1857 and
was engaged as organist by the First Unitarian Church. Besides
being engaged in teaching vocal and instrumental music, he was
musical director of several German singing societies, viz • The
Chicago Liederkranz, Freie Sengerbund, Arbeiterverein, and twice
of the Germania Msennerchor, the leading German society of this
city. In 1858 he was married, and has one son and one daughter
both living. During the War he established a music store the
profits of which he lost in the great lire of 1871. I >nrin<r his career
as a music merchant he gained the reputation of introducing classi-
cal and beautiful music, and took an influential part in the eleva
tion of the art in this city. When the Philharmonic Society was
started in 1801, Mr. Molter, as a member, volunteered as violinist
together with several worthy amateurs of that time, like I)r Smith'
Dr. Uahia, Professor 1 lyhrcnfurth. Dr. Fes-el, and others His
love for his favorite instrument, the church organ, induced him to
hold a position as organist in the leading churches and synagogues
of the city during his long residence here. lie was organist for
twelve years in the Sinai Congregation, now Dr. Hirsch's Syna-
gogue: live years in the First Baptist ( 'hurch, during the time of
Dr. Everts's pastorship; Dr. Collier's Unitarian Church; and lately,
for nearly six years, in the Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church.
\I i . Molter retired from mercantile life in 1879, and returned to the
musical profession. He is now organist of the li'nai Sholom Syna-
gogue on Michigan Avenue, and a successful teacher of the voice,
oigan and piano. The musical compositions of John Molter, pub-
lished during the earlier years of his career in Chicago by Messrs.
Root \ Cady and II. M. Higgins, comprise, among some piano-
forte pieces of moderate difficulty, much vocal music, among them
the Patriotic Glee Book published during the War. A large number
of psalms and sacred music pieces, with English, German and
Hebrew text, mostly written for the use of quartette choirs, are
yet in manuscript, and will be published some time in the future.
ORCHESTRAL Music AND SYMPHONY. — The advent
of Theodore Thomas and his orchestra, in 1869, killed
the local efforts of the city, in the direction of orches-
tral concerts, by establishing a standard of excellence
impossible for any local orchestra, as yet, to reach. The
fire scattered the local players, many of them removing
to Cincinnati, St. Louis, Milwaukee, and other cities
where regular work could be had in the theaters. The
first orchestral concerts after the fire (by a home orches-
tra) were those at Turner Hall, given on Sunday after-
noons. These were revived soon after the fire in
Twelfth-street Turner Hall, under Mr. Balatka's direc-
tion.
The ambitious composer, Silas G. Pratt, made sev-
eral efforts to establish symphony concerts, at differ-
ent times. So long ago as 1874, he gave a concert for
bringing out his first symphony. In 1879, he gave three
symphony concerts in Central Music Hall, with an or-
chestra of sixty. At these concerts, besides his own
"Prodigal Son "symphony, he brought out Beethoven's
fifth, Schubert's unfinished, and Mendelssohn's Italian
symphonies, for the first time in the city.
In 1880-81, Adolph Liesegang gave a series of in-
teresting orchestral concerts in Brand's Hall, with a
band numbering about thirty-two players. The time
was Sunday afternoon, when theatrical players were free
from engagements. In the course of three concerts,
Mr. Liesegang not only brought out a wide selection
of classical and modern works, but also afforded a hear-
ing to many local composers, such as Frederic Grant
Gleason, Silas G. Pratt, Adolph Koelling, Edward
Heimendahl, and others.
Adolph Rosenbecker, under the management of Dr.
F. Ziegfeld, of the Musical College, undertook a series
of symphony concerts in McCormick Hall, during the
season of 1878-79. The sensational features of the
series were the appearances of Auguste Wilhelmj and
Rafael Joseffy. Mr. Rosenbecker's failure to secure
adequate support in this enterprise was particularly sig-
nificant, in view of the fact that he held the confidence
of the musicians as no previous local conductor ever
has, being at that time, and ever since, conductor of the
Sunday-afternoon concerts in Turner Hall. These con-
certs, although mainly of a popular order, present a
great variety of good music in a quite satisfactory style.
The main and almost the only dependence for or-
chestral music of a high order, in Chicago, during this
period, has been upon Theodore Thomas and his band.
It has already been recorded that Mr. Thomas was to
have opened the renovated Crosby Opera House on
Monday evening of the fire. Of this and several subse-
quent seasons in Chicago, George P. Upton gives the
following account :
The Opera House had been brilliantly decorated and reno-
vated throughout until it had no equal for beauty and richness in
the country, and Mr. Thomas was to dedicate it anew. It was lit
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
641
up for the first time on the evening of October 8, and two or three
hours later it was in ashes. Mr. Thomas anil his orchestra reached
the Tvventy-second-street depot just after the great fire broke out,
and immediately made his arrangements to go South, and that
night rested in Joliet. This fire cost us, among other losses, Schu-
bert's quartette in I) minor, Schumann's first and fourth sympho-
nies, Beethoven's third (' Eroica ') and fifth, as well as .some grand
concertos by Rubinstein, Mendelssohn, Beethoven, Littolf, Weber,
Chopin and Liszt.
" He did not return again until things had become compara-
tively settled, and on October 7, 1872, he opened the new Aiken's
Theater, giving eight concerts, assisted by George L. Osgood, the
tenor singer. The most important works in this season were Schu-
mann's first symphony, op. 38, and Beethoven's seventh ; but in
addition to this he brought out such numbers as ' Les Preludes,'
by Liszt, the Beethoven quartette, op. 1 8, for string orchestra, two
movements from Rubinstein's 'Ocean Symphony,' Liszt's ' Me-
phisto Waltz,' and a large amount of music by Raff, Berlioz, Liszt
and Wagner, not known here before.
" Messrs. Carpenter & Sheldon next effected an arrangement
with him to give more variety and eclat to their lecture course, and
secured five concerts, which were given, commencing February 17,
1873, with great success at the Michigan-avenue Baptist and Union
Park Congregational churches, which were at that time the only
available concert places. Both Miss Mehlig and Mr. Osgood ac-
companied him, anil the concerts were unusually brilliant and suc-
cessful. A week later, under the same management, he gave two
more concerts, the second of which was devoted exclusively to
Wagner, and drew a select audience of the disciples of the music of
the future.
"On the I7thof March following, still under Messrs. Carpen-
ter & Sheldon's management, he commenced a series of three con-
certs in conjunction with Rubinstein, the great pianist, which were
greeted with crowded houses. It was a feast of music we may
never have again. The lovers of the classical fairly revelled in their
favorite music, for they never before had such an opportunity of
hearing concertos, for instance, interpreted by such a combination.
" It was not until October 6, 1873, that Mr. Thomas came
again, and this time he dedicated the Kingsbury Hall, giving a
series of eight concerts, assisted by M. W. Whitney, the eminent
basso. The programmes were very brilliant. At the fifth concert,
the programme was a Beethoven one, including the eighth sym-
phony and the four overtures to 'Fidelio.' The eighth concert
was given in connection with the Apollo Club.
" Mr. Thomas's next season was in February, 1874, and em-
biaced four concerts, organized by the Apollo Club. The most
noticeable feature of these concerts were two movements from
Raff's ' Lenore ' symphony, Beethoven's fifth symphony, and
Schumann's ' 1'aradise and the I'eri.'"
For five weeks, during five different summers, Mr.
Thomas gave summer-night concerts at the Exposition
Building, with an orchestra of from forty-eight to fifty-
five or sixty members. The repertoire of the summer
concerts of 1885 will give a good idea of the artistic
value of these performances. It is published in full
in the Tribune of August 9, 1885.
If the question be asked, Why can not a local orches-
tra of symphonic quality be maintained in a city so large
as Chicago? the answer would bring in review a certain
anomaly which still characterizes our stage of musical
cultivation. Orchestral players are almost wholly Ger-
mans. Americans as yet study orchestral instruments
but very little, the violin, flute and cornet excepted.
Orchestral players are obliged to eke out a living by
playing in theaters, giving lessons, etc., engagements
absorbing so much of their time that they have little
leisure for practice, and can not be engaged in sym-
phony or other transient concerts, except at such an ad-
vance upon their regular wages as to leave them a profit
after paying a substitute. Incident to the small atten-
tion paid to orchestral instruments by musical students
is the consequence that music-lovers do not appre-
ciate and demand orchestral music with the avidity
which would be expected of persons of equal attain-
ments in some of the other departments of musical
taste. The establishment of financially successful sym-
phony concerts has been accomplished, as yet, only in
New York. In Boston, and in Baltimore, private
41
munificence has maintained concerts of this kind
through several seasons. As yet nothing of the sort
appears likely to happen in this city. Nevertheless, the
right time and the right way will undoubtedly present
themselves sooner or later; but until there is a supply
of American players, orchestral concerts, both as to per-
sonnel and repertoire, must be and remain exotic, and
consequently expensive. Even at present there are two
points of congratulation. The first is, that the theater
orchestras are continually improving; the second, that,
in spite of our lack of a leading local orchestra, music-
lovers in Chicago have been able to keep up fairly well
with the newest and best in this line of music, as the
list of Mr. Thomas's summer-night concerts abundantly
testifies.
NOVES BILLINGS MINER, director of the vocal department of
the Chicago Musical College, son of Erastus P. and Lucretia Miner,
was born at Norwich, Conn., on January 5, 1843. He graduated
from the public schools of his birthplace and finished his education
in the Academy at Norwich. During his boyhood he was especially
fond of vocal music, and at the age of eighteen began voice culture
under the guidance of Charles R. Hayden, with whom he remained
several years. In 1879, he went to England and studied with
George Henschel, at London, afterward became a pupil of Signor
Vannuccini of Florence, Italy, with whom he continued several
years, subsequently finishing his studies at Rome, under Madame
Biscaccianti and Signer Rotoli. Upon his return to the United
States, in 1883, he came to Chicago and commenced teaching sing-
ing, assuming the directorship of the Chicago Musical College.
Mr. Miner's thorough acquaintance with the Old Italian method of
singing, with an extended practical experience in adapting Euro-
pean ideas to American needs, together with years of study of
musical literature, renders him one of the most intelligent and ac-
complished vocal instructors of the West. Signor Vannuccini ex-
pressed his opinion that Mr. Miner is one of the few who thoroughly
understood the Italian method, with the exceptional faculty of im-
parting his knowledge successfully to pupils. He pays the greatest
possible attention to the placing of the voice, the formation of a
sympathetic quality of tone, and the cultivation of a refined and
expressive style. He is equally at home in all the schools of vocal
music, and teaches with the most gratifying success in the Italian,
French, German and English languages, and prepares pupils for the
concert or operatic stage, also for church and oratorio singing. His
ability is recognized by the profession as that of a master, and the
unusually large number of pupils in his particular department is
sufficient comment upon his popularity and success as an instructor.
Many of his pupils have not only gained prestige as fine amateurs,
but have received flattering commendation from both the public and
the Press.
FREDERIC GRANT GLEASON, instructor of the piano, organ
and composition, son of Frederick L. and Martha W. Gleason, was
born at Middletown, Conn., on December 17, 1848. He inherits
his talent, as both of his parents were passionately fond of music,
and while a mere child evinced a remarkable inclination for melo-
dies, and their reproduction was his greatest delight. The emphatic
opinion of Dudley Buck, to the effect that he possessed great nat-
ural musical gifts, induced his father to provide him with proper
musical instruction. Upon the departure of Mr. Buck for Chicago,
young Frederic went to Leipsic, Germany, where he studied piano-
playing in the Conservatory under Moscheles and Papperitz, and
harmony with Richter, at the same time taking private instruction
from Louis Plaidy, and composition from J. C. Lobe. It was the
latter master who gave Mr. Gleason that practical initiation into
composition which has since guided him. Some years ago he vis-
ited him at Leipsic, and Professor Lobe informed him that he was
his last pupil and was profuse in his praise of some finished compo-
sitions which Mr. Gleason submitted to him. His stay in Leipsic
terminated on the death of Moscheles, and he went to Berlin and
studied with Oscar Raif, one of Tausig's favorite pupils. During
his stay in Berlin he pursued theoretical studies under Carl Fried-
erich Weitzmann, Court Musician to the Emperor of Russia, a
former pupil of Spohr and Hauptmann. After visiting his parents
he returned to Europe and studied English music at London with
Oscar Beringer, who, too, was a pupil of Tausig. He resumed his
attention to theoretical study at Berlin under Weitzmann, also
piano-playing with Loeshorn, and the organ with August Haupt.
During his stay in Berlin he prepared his popular work known as
"(Reason's Motette Collection." Returning to this country he
located in Hartford, Conn., where he accepted the position of church
organist, and afterward was organist at South Church, New Britain,
Conn. Mr. Gleason's compositions are numerous, and are replete
642
HISTORY OF CHICACo.
with glimpses of marvelous talent, polished by comprehensive study
with celebrated European masters. Among them may lie men-
tioned Opus I. Tl' i-oprano). ••. Organ sonata. 3.
P.tivarola (piano). 4. Episcopal Church music, s. Son^s lalto).
n. Episcopal Church music. 7. Grand romantic opera, " ( >tho
>nti " ( three acts), s. Piano compositions, '». TrioinCminor
(]iiano, violin and violoncello). 10. Ouartctte for female voices, j i.
Overture Triumphale (organ). 11'. Cantata, "Cod, Our Delivcici
(solos, chorus and orchestral I. I (. Trio in A major (piano, violin
ami violoncello). 14. Trio in I) minor (piano, violin and violoncello).
15. Cantata, "The Culprit Fay" (solos, chorus and orchestral).
11). Cantata, " 1 'raise-Son;! to Harmony" (solos, male chorus anil
orchestral). 17. " Monle/.unia. " grand romantic opera in three
acts. Mr. (Reason possesses the faculty of imparting knowledge
with exceptional success, ami many of his pupils have produced
work of remarkable merit, among them being John A. West, who
studied under him live years. Two of Mr. \\ Yst's cxte-nsive com-
positions have been presented in Chicago, under his own direction,
and received tlaUcring recognition. Miss Eleanor Smith also
wrote a cantata for solos and chorus, given under her baton with the
most gratifying success. Mr. Glcason is one of the few American
composers whose richness of imagination, individuality, musical
erudition and enthusiasm stamp him as a \ irtuoso. His instrumen-
tation is singularly free and vigorous, and his interpretations, not
only of the works ol the old masters but of his own compositions,
are complete, soulful and vividly impressive. His success as aji
instructor is second to none, ami he stands in the foremost rank of
American teachers and composers.
JosKi'ii llKSkV KOVC.U.SKI, pianist and instructor of vocal
culture, is a son of (iodfried and Fannv Kowalski, and was born at
Warsaw, 1'oland, on October I, 1852. During his infancy his
parents came to this country, where he received his education by-
private instruction. At the tender age of seven years, he evinced
musical talents of a remarkable order, and his inclinations were solicit-
ously cared for by his parents, lie was placed under the guidance
of 1'ecauski, one of the most accomplished and brilliant pianists
of \ew York, with whom he studied five years; subsequently he
became a pupil of Madame Krulakuska, remaining her pupil two
years. After several years of further study he began his profession,
which he continued until 1873, when he was engaged as pianist for
the Olaf Bui! concert company two years. Upon finishing an en-
gagement of two years with the Corinne Opera Company, he came
to Chicago and associated himself two years with George Sweet, of
this city. As a teacher of vocal music Mr. Kowalski stands high
in his profession and his work has met with the most gratifying suc-
cess. 1 1 is entire attention is devoted to his pupils, whose thorough
and comprehensive knowledge of musical literature is a sufficient
comment upon his ability as an instructor. Many of them are pro-
nounced by critics and tile public as the most thorough and culti-
vated amateurs in the city. Mr. Kowalski was married, on Sep-
tember 6, 1877, to Miss Catharine Mcliride of Trenton, X. |.
D \vn< WALTON PEKKINS, pianist and instructor, son of "David
W. and Jane II. Perkins, was born at Rome, N. Y., on November
16, 1847. When he was eleven years old his parents came West
and settled in Milwaukee, where he was a pupil in the public schools
three years, during which time he prepared himself for the Exeter
Academy, X. 11. In 1863, he graduated from Exeter and entered
Harvard College, and took a special course in that institution for
three years. From an early age he evinced a remarkable fondness
for music, and during his school life and college years diligently
cultivated his musical talents. His first music teacher was August
Sterner, of Milwaukee. Upon leaving college he studied piano-
playing under S. I',. Mills, of New York, and at the same time was
with ( k-orge W. Morgan, organist. At twenty years of age he de-
cided upon music as a profession and, having' fitted himself by a.
thorough course of instruction, returned to Milwaukee in 1868
where he began teaching. In the latter part of the same year he
came to this city and opened a piano studio in Crosby's Opera House.
Mis Miccess was most gratifying, and, until the great lire of 1871
he was engaged in instructing a large class of pupils. The pros-
trated condition of affairs after that event induced him to accept a
flattering offer to play in concerts with Mine. Brinkerhoffs company
and upon the close of that engagement he travelled with Gustave
Hall s concert troupe. In 1874, he returned to Milwaukee and re-
1 teaching, and at the end of a year and a half re-established
himself in this city. His practical experience in public, intelligence
of interpretation of both old and modern compositions, brilliancy
and delicacy of technique, together with an exceptional faculty of
imparting his erudite knowledge of musical literature, renders him
the leading instructors of the West. An unusually large
<f students is a sufficient guaranty of his popularity and suc-
cess in his profession. Mr. Perkins was married, on September 3
i-;<i, to Miss Cornelia Richards, daughter of W. C. Richards, poet
and scientific lecturer. They have two children, — William k' and
I heodore W.
M IRQ LOOMIS I'.Aun.i.TT, conductor and vocal instructor, son
of Nelson I I. and Jane R. Bartlett, was born at Brownhelm, ( >., on
Octobei 25, i^ty. When he was eleven years of age his parents
moved to I'ittslield, ()., where he received his education and sub-
scqucntlv engaged in teaching school. From early youth he evinced
a fondness for music, and devoted much of his time to \oeal culture
and had also become proficient upon the violin. I le introduced the
innovation of singing in his school-room, making it a part of the
daily exercises, and was one of the lirst teacher-, in the West to pro-
mote this profitable departure from the old time routine. At the
• •I two years he went to Obcrlin and became a pupil in the
Conservatory of that city, receiving instruction from George W.
Stcelc and from F'enelon i'». Rice, at the same time studying the
voice under Miss Bradford, a graduate of the I.eipsic Conservatory.
In the following year lie went to Meadville, Penn., ai director of
the Philharmonic Society, and while there produced the principal
oratorios with great success. Receiving a call from the superinten-
dents of the Orange, X. J., schools, he took charge of the musical
departments there, also assuming the directorship of the Choral
Union, of Newark, X. J., and was persuaded to take charge of the
oratorio department of the Normal Schools. Receiving a call from
the Hoard of Education of the City of New York, he resigned his
position at Orange, X. J., and accepted the position in New York.
At the same time he continued his studies of the voice and singing
with George J. Webb and Miss Antonia Henne, of Xew York.
After two years he resigned his position as teacher of music in the
cit\ schools, and gave his whole time to singing and as a teacher of
the voice; he was bass soloist in the choir of the Church of the Holy
Trinity and also at Grace Church. He appeared in public concerts
given at Albany, Baltimore and other Eastern cities, and also pro-
duced a number of oratorios. On account of his failing health, his
physician ordered him to California, and while on his way thither
he was forced to lay over ill this city. Upon his convalescence he
determined to give up his trip and make Chicago his home. Mr.
Bartlett was elected director of the Mozart Club, and is the director
of the choir of the First Congregational Church. His specialty is
the cultivation ol the voice, and his large class of pupils and their
superior culture is sufficient remark upon his success as an instruc-
tor. He is the author of many well known church-music composi-
tions, notably " Te Deum Laudamus " in A, " Deus Misercatur"
in E flat, etc. Mr. Bartlett was married November 17, 1874, to
Miss Ida Work, of Meadville, 1'enn. They, have two children,
Cornele E. and Ilayden S.
FRANCIS AI.IIKKT BALLASEYUS, teacher of the piano, organ, and
composition, son of Albert and Amelia Ilallaseyus, was born at Stet-
tin, I'omerania, Prussia, on May 7, 1852. lie remained in his native
city until seventeen years of age, during which time he graduated,
with honors, from the Frederick William College. Receiving an ap-
pointment as midshipman in the German Navy, he went to sea on
board of the " Niobe," and in the following year was transferred to
the frigate " Elizabeth." After a short stay at home he entered the
Marine Academy at Kiel, and received his commission as lieutenant,
subsequently joining the German iron-cl.nl squadron and serving on
the " Frederick Charles" in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean
Sea two years. In 1875, while aboard the sailing brig " Musquito,"
he received the news of his father's death, and resigned his position
and returned home. From boyhood Mr. Ballaseyus had devoted
much of his time to the cultivation of remarkable natural talents for
music, and upon leaving the navy decided upon it as a profession.
To this end he began its study with Professor Cornelius Gurlitt, of
Hamburg, the celebrated pianist and teacher of theory ; at the
same time was a pupil of Mr. Osterholdt, organist of St. 'Michael's
Cathedral, with whom he continued nearly three years, and was as-
sistant to Mr. Osterholdt one year. After filling the position of
organist in Ottensen for three years, he taught music in Hamburg
until 1883, when he came to this country and continued teaching in
New York. He then came to Chicago "as organist and choir leader
in St. Patrick's Church, afterward being induced to accept a similar
position in the Cathedral of the Holy Name. Upon completing an
engagement as organist of St. Francis's Church, he took charge of
a large class of pupils, and has since devoted his entire attention to
instruction. His uncle, the famous Laudon, now teacher of the
piano in Stern's Conservatory, Berlin, was his first instructor, and
to him Mr. Ballaseyus owes liis expressive and brilliant style, fault-
less technique and masterly intelligence of interpretation.
OPERA IN CHICAGO.— From the fact that operatic
performances in any city are chiefly the work of travel-
ling companies, it might be inferred that the quality of
such performances would not greatly vary from year to
year, but remain approximately uniform— the expression
of the talent of the individual singers in the operatic pro-
fession, and of the formative or managerial ability of
the organizers of the respective companies. Such a view
MUSIC AND THK DRAMA.
643
is correct to a certain extent, but not wholly so. In the
nature of the case the personnel of a company can not
be phenomenally above the average level of the oper-
atic talent available. Besides, it even may happen, and
in fact frequently does, that, by reason of the rapid ex-
tension of amusement territory Westward, the demand
for artists exceeds the visible supply of competent ma-
terial. Hence, results the elevation of performers of
meagre abilities into positions for
which they are not qualified. This
occasions a retrogression, or at
least a pause, in the public taste.
On the other hand, however,
the status and quality of travelling
companies are always determined
by the manager's idea of the de-
mands of the public to which he
intends to appeal for patronage.
The progress of a few leading
cities, therefore, makes it necessa-
ry for the companies intending
to play there, to be competent to
meet the new demands. The
increased efficiency can not be
dropped in the interim between
one city and another, but has to
be carried along, whereby the
smaller towns have their ideas
raised in turn.
In the larger cities there are
always a few connoisseurs who
recognize and deplore the weak-
nesses of the early companies.
Occasionally their voices are heard
in the Press, only to be met by
the emphatic assurances of the
managers that the then present
scale, imperfect as it may be, is
fully up to the highest practicable
standard of efficiency consistent
with profit. Presently, however,
there comes along a manager who
discerns for himself no other way
than to bring out a company built
upon the model of the " Deacon's
wonderful one-hoss shay," — complete in every part.
These enterprises are necessarily expensive, and in the
end usually come to financial grief. Nevertheless they
serve as epochs in the progress, both assisting the public
taste to rise to higher demands, and serving as standards
for judging the companies that come later. The epochs
of this kind in the history of Chicago are now to be
considered.
The only operatic event of the winter after the fire
was the debut of the famous German tenor, Theodore
Wachtel, which was made at the Globe Theater, on Des-
plaines Street, on February 12, 1872, in " Trovatore."
Only three representations were given, " The Postilion
of Lonjumeau " being one of them. This appears to
to have been the only operatic season after the fire until
January 6, 1873, when an English company opened at
the Academy of Music (see forty-second season, in
operatic schedule). The first epoch of this period was the
appearance of Pauline Lucca at McVicker's, on Febru-
ary 3, 1873. The principal novelty of the season was
" Mignon," given then for the first time here, Mme.
Lucca and Clara Louise Kellogg both appearing. In
January, 1874, Christine Nilsson appeared in opera, also
at McVicker's, supported by Miss Cary, Campanini,
Del Puente and several other well-known names. The
novelty was Verdi's " Aida," put upon the stage with
considerable splendor. The strong features of the sea-
son were Nilsson's Marguerite in "Faust," and her
Mignon, both well known the world over. The Italian
season of 1875, brought Mme. Albani as prima donna,
and was made memorable by the first Chicago produc-
tion of Wagner's " Lohengrin " on January 21. The
principals of, the casl were as follows : Elsa, Mme.
CHICAGO OPERA HOUSE.
Albani ; Ortrud, Miss Cary ; Lohengrin, Carpi ; Frede-
rico, Del Puente.
Another important epoch in the operatic history of
the city was marked by the German season given by
Mme. Pappenheim and Charles R. Adams, at Hooley's,
November 12-24, 1877. The company certainly was
not large, nor was the mise en scene particularly mag-
nificent. Nevertheless they gave Wagner's "Flying
Dutchman," " Tannhauser," and " Lohengrin," Bee-
thoven's " Fidelio," and Meyerbeer's " Huguenots" and
"Robert the Devil."
The Strakosch season of Italian opera, two weeks
annually, during 1876, '77, and '78, brought nothing of
especial consequence. At that time the companies car-
ried very little material, the orchestra was always small
and almost always badly trained, the chorus small and
crude, and the minor roles assigned to anybody capable
of pretending to recite the lines.
The first season of Colonel J. H. Mapleson's Italian
company from Her Majesty's Theater, London, changed
all this. Mapleson's first season in Chicago was given
in Haverly's Theater, January 13 to February i, 1879.
The troupe was nearly double the size of any of its pre-
decessors, the orchestra numbered fifty-seven, many of
them Mr. Thomas's men. The chorus numbered about
644
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
forty. The list of principals included such tunics as
Etelka Gerster ;the sensation of that, and one season
subsc(|Ufiil . Campanini, Del Puente, Galassi, Mine.
Lablache, etc. The list of operas is given in another
place sec sixty-third season). The theater was very
capacious, the two galleries holding about twelve hundred
people, and the whole house more than three thousand
when crowded. Upon several of the nights the crush
was enormous, particularly when "I Puritan!" was pro-
duced. The receipts of the two weeks were stated at
$58,000, the largest at that time ever known for a simi-
lar period of opera in Chicago. The Mapleson season
of iSSo was not so fortunate. The prima donna, Mine.
Marimon, although a charming singer, lacked the
magical something necessary for creating a furore. In
iSSi the success was better, Gerster being again the
leading singer. In 1882 he brought Minnie Hauk,
Paolina Rossini, Marie Vachot, and Kmma Juch as so-
pranos. The success was only moderate. This season
was given in Haverly's new theater, now known as the
Columbia.
The Mapleson season of 1883, opened on January
15, at McYicker's, Mine. Adalina Patti being the bright
particular star. Once more a brilliant success attended
Colonel .Mapleson's efforts, but it is not likely that the
demands of the prima donna left much money upon the
right side of the manager's ledger. The company was
small, the orchestra numbering only twenty-four and the
chorus about twenty. The manager was also unfortu-
nate in the matter of tenors, so that the main successes
of the season were in the lighter works. Still, such im-
personations as Mine. Patti's Valentine in the " Hugue-
nots," and Violetta in " La Traviata," are of themselves
enough to render a season memorable.
The year 1884 was also signalized by the appearance
here, for two weeks, of the famous Abbey Company,
organized for the opening season of the New York
Metropolitan Opera House. The personnel of the
company is given in another place (see one hun-
dred and sixty-ninth season). As will be seen, the
company was phenomenally rich in fine artists. The
manager's intentions in regard to the scale of pre-
sentation were unfortunately interfered with by want
of room in the theater. He brought with him an or-
chestra of eighty, and a chorus of like number, but it
was found impracticable to make room for more than
fifty in each department. After all these drawbacks,
the operas given were brought out upon a scale of com-
pleteness never before seen in the city. The Abbey
Company had a great advantage over even the best of
Mapleson's in its freedom from hangers-on, — old favor-
ites kept in place by a kind-hearted manager, after their
time of usefulness had passed. The season introduced
only one new work, namely, Ponchielli's "Gioconda,"
Mine. Nilsson in the title role. As the work was given
only once, it made but a passing impression.
In 1885, the Damrosch German Opera Company,
from the Metropolitan Opera House, gave a season of
three weeks at the Columbia, worthy in all respects of
marking an epoch in the art history of Chicago. The
representations of this company suffered, like those of
the one just mentioned, from the cramped space availa-
ble for chorus and orchestra. The distinguished fea-
ture of the Damrosch season was the presentation of
several of the larger operas of the German repertoire
upon a scale of completeness never before seen here.
This was true of Meyerbeer's " Prophete," Halevy's
"Jewess," and Wagner's " Tannhauser " and " Lohen-
grin." The season was crowned by three highly suc-
cessful performances of Wagner's " Die Walkiire," with
a superb cast, the opera having never before been given
here. The cast contained Kraulein Anna Slach as
•• Sieijinda," Fran Materna as " Brunhilde," Fraulein
Mariamu ISrandt, as " F'ricka," Herr Anton Schott as
"Siegmund," Staudigl as '• Wotan," and Koegel as
" Hunding." This cast was superior to those of the
famous so-called " ideal " casts of the same opera at the
Royal Opera House, in Munich. All of these perform-
ances were given under the direction of Walter Dam-
rosch, Dr. Leopold Damrosch having died just before.
The only additional feature of prominence in the
operatic history of the city was the first Opera Festival,
given in April, 1885, fully described in another place.
In the department of light opera the register shows
a constantly increasing activity, although the list is far
from complete, the omission being of the long runs at
the Chicago Museum, Baum's Pavilion, Grenier's Gar-
den, the Princess Opera House, and other minor resorts
furnishing a low grade of attraction. At the Chicago
Museum alone, upward of three hundred operatic per-
formances were given during 1885. While operatic
entertainments were thus multiplying at the outside
places, the standard of completeness has constantly ad-
vanced at the down-town resorts, so that many of the
representations of light opera in recent years have been
given with better resources than were formerly thought
sufficient for the fashionable presentation of first-rate
master works. Among the companies that most fully
justify these observations maybe mentioned the Boston
Ideal and Emma Abbott companies, of 1885, the Ger-
man Company from the Thalia Theater, New York, the
Geistinger Company, Colonel John A. McCauIl's " Black
Hussar" Company, Duff's " Mikado " Company, etc.
OPERA SEASONS IN CHICAGO, SINCE OCTOBER Q, 1871.
Forty-first Season. — Globe Theater. German. February
12-21, 1872. (3.)* Theodore Wachtel. Trovatore and Postilion
of Lonjumeau.
Forty-second Season. — Academy of Music. English. January
6-1 1, 1873. (8.) Emma Ilowson, Zelda Seguin, Brookhouse
Bowler, Gus Hall. Martha, Bohemian Girl, Doctor of Alcantara,
Era Diavolo.
Forty-third Season.— McVicker's Theater. Italian. February
3-15, 1873. (n.) Max Maretzek, manager. Pauline Lucca",
Clara Louise Kellogg, Sparapani, Abrugnedo, etc. G. Carlberg,
conductor. Mignon (first time), Traviata, La Favorita, Faust,
Trovatore, Linda, Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni.
Forty-fourth Season. — McVicker's Theater. Italian. May
5-10,1873. (5.) Same company as before. Faust, Martha, Mig-
non, Don Giovanni, Daughter of the Regiment.
Forty-fifth Season. — Hooley's Theater. English. December
2-20, 1873. (20.) C. D. Hess, manager. Carleton, Joseph
Maas, Miss Van Zandt, Clara Louise Kellogg, Mrs. Seguin, Peakes,
etc. Bohemian Girl, Faust, Mignon, Trovatore, Rigoletto, Mari-
tana.
Forty-sixth Season. — McVicker's Theater. Italian. January
12-28, 1874. (13.) Max Strakosch, manager. Christine Nilsson
(her first appearance here in opera), Gary, Campanini, Capoul, Del
Puente, etc. Mignon, Martha, etc.
Forty-seventh Season. — McVicker's Theater. English. Octo-
ber 5-24, 1874. (20.) C. D. Hess, manager. Clara Louise Kel-
logg. Mrs. Van Zandt, Zelda Seguin, Carleton, Peakes, Castle.
Maritana, Martha, Figaro, Faust, Bohemian Girl, Fra Diavolo,
Don Giovanni, Trovatore.
Forty-eighth Season.— McVicker's Theater. Italian. January
18-30, 1875. (14.) Mme. Albani, Donaldi, Del Puente, Marie
Heilbron, Miss Cary, Carpi, etc. Lohengrin, Mignon, Aida,
Figaro, Somnambula, Faust, Traviata, Lucia.
Forty-ninth Season. — Hooley's. English. January 3-22,
1876. (igth English opera season.) (31.) C. D. Hess, manager.
Kellogg, Miss Montague, Mr. Maas, Mrs. Van Zandt, Carleton.
Bohemian Girl, Rose of Castile, Mignon, Trovatore, Fra Diavolo,
Maritana, The Talisman, Huguenots, Faust, Martha.
Fiftieth Season. — Wood's Museum. English. March 6-17,
1876. (14.) Caroline Ritchings- Bernard, Pierre Bernard, Henry
1 )rayton, John Benitz. Brewer of Prestor, Letty, Fanchon.
Fifty-first Season. — McVicker's Theater. Italian. October
*The figures thus inclosed (3), (8), etc., designate the number of repre-
sentations.
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
645
3<>-November II, 1876. (13.) Max Strakosch, manager. Mme.
I'almiere, Mile. Persian!, G. F. Hall, Brignoli, Miss McCulloch.
Norma, Trovatore, Faust, Lucia, Martha, Semiramide, Barber of
Seville.
Fifty-second Season. — McVicker's Theater. English. Novem-
ber 2O-December 2, 1876. (8.) Clara Louise Kellogg, Maas,
Carleton. Flying Dutchman, Star of the North, Bohemian Girl,
Mignon.
Fifty-third Season. — McVicker's Theater. English. Decem-
ber 18-30, 1876. (7.) Return engagement of Hess-Kellogg com-
pany. Same as fifty-second season.
Fifty-fourth Season. — Haverly's Theater. English. Decem-
ber 23-24, 1876. (2.) Payson Opera Company in The Love Test
and Vertigo. Artists: Rachel Samuels, Alonzo Hatch, Adelaide
Randall, E. S. Payson,
Fifty-fifth Season. — Haverly's Theater. English. April 30-
May 7, 1877. (8.) Kitchings-Bernard troupe. Maritana, Bohe-
mian Girl, Martha.
Fifty-sixth Season. — Hooley's Theater. German. November
12-24, 1877. (16.) J. C. Freyer's. Mme. Pappenheim, Charles R.
Adams, Blum, Adolf. Huguenots, Flying Dutchman, Faust,
Lohengrin, Robert, Fra Diavolo, Der Freyschiitz.
Fifty-seventh Season. — Hooley's Theater. linglish. December
10-23, 1877. (14.) C. D. Hess, manager. Emily Melville, Miss
Martinez, Seguin, Castle, etc. Chimes of Normandy.
Fifty-eighth Season. — Ilooley's Theater. Italian. February
4-16, 1878. (12.) Max Strakosch, manager. Clara L. Kellogg,
Marie Roze, Anna Louise Cary, Tom Karl, Graff, Caufman,
Coulz, Gottschall. Trovatore, Favorita, Faust, Bohemian Girl,
Mignon, Don Giovanni, Aida.
Fifty-ninth Season. — Haverly's Theater. Italian. July 8-9,
1878. (2.) lima De Murska. Don Pasquale, Miscellaneous bill.
Sixtieth Season. — McVicker's Theater. Italian. November
11-22, 1878. (14.) Max Strakosch, manager. Clara Louise Kel-
logg, Marie Litta, Catarine Marco, Miss Cary, Donaldi, Zazarini,
Pantaleoni, Gottschall, etc. Ballo in Maschera, Faust, Aida, Tra-
viata, Mignon, Lucia, Carmen.
Sixty-first Season, — McVicker's Theater. English. Decem-
ber 3O-fanuary 4, 1878-79. (7.) Tracy Titus, Catherine Lewis,
etc. Bells of Corneville.
Sixty-second Season. — Hooley's Theater. English. January
it, 1879. (8.) Emma Abbott, Montague, Zelda Seguin. Mignon,
F'ra Diavolo, Chimes of Normandy, F'aust, Maritana.
Sixty-third Season. — Haverly's Theater. Italian. January 13
-February i, 1879. (14.) Mapleson. Campanini, Galassi, Ger-
ster, Minnie Hauk, Dotti, Mme. Lablache, etc. Marriage of
Figaro, Lucia, Trovatore, Rigoletto, Faust, Magic Flute, Puritani.
Sixty-fourth Season. — Hooley's Theater. English. January
27-February — , 1879. (8.) Pinafore. Digby Bell.
Sixty-fifth Season. — McVicker's Theater. Italian. March
17-22, 1879. (7-) Strakosch Company, same as sixtieth season.
Sixty-sixth Season.' — McVicker's Theater. English. March
24-April 14, 1879. (24.) Charles Vivian, James Peakes, Marie
Stone, Charles Clark. Pinafore.
Sixty-seventh Season. — Hooley's Theater. English. April
7-12, 1879. (8.) Emma Abbott, Castle, Peakes. F'aust, Chimes
of Normandy, Rose of Castile, Paul and Virginia, Trovatore.
Sixty-eighth Season. — McVicker's Theater. English. May
26-June' — , 1879. (8.) Whiffen, Miss Jarbeau, Alonzo Hatch,
Hart Convvay. Pinafore.
Sixty-ninth Season. — Hooley's Theater. English. June 2-15.
1879. (15.) Gilmore's New York Juvenile Pinafore Company.
Seventieth Season. — Ilooley's "Theater. English. August
25-September — , 1879. (17.) Pinafore Juvenile Company.
Seventy-first Season. — Hooley's Theater. English. September
15, 1879.* (9.)
Seventy-second Season. — McVicker's Theater. Italian. Octo-
ber 20, 1879. (14.) La Blanche, Castlemary, Storti, Belocca,
Petrovitch, etc. Trovatore, Lucia, Faust. Norma, etc.
.Seventy-third Season. — Haverly's Theater. English. Novem-
ber 10, 1879. (14.) Haverly's Juvenile Pinafore Company.
Seventy-fourth Season. — McVicker's Theater. English. No-
vember 18, 1879. (13.) Max Maretzek's Sleepy Hollow. Anna
Montague, Florence Rice-Knox, Charles Turner, L. Fink.
Seventy-fifth Season. — Haverly's Theater. English. Decem-
ber 15, 1879. Emma Abbott Company. Paul and Virginia (3),
Faust, Chimes of Normandy, Romeo and Juliet, Bohemian Girl.
Seventy-sixtk Season. — Haverly's Theater, June 14, 1880, for
one week. D'Oyley Carte's Opera Company in Pirates of Penzance.
Seventy-seventh Season. — Hooley's Theater, June 14, 1880,
for one week. Nathan's English Opera Company in Grande
Duchesse (3), Girofle-Girofla (4), and Bells of Corneville (2).
Seventy-eighth Season. — McVicker's Theater, June 21, 1880,
*After the Seventieth Season, only the date of the commencement of the
season is given.
for three weeks. Mahn's Comic Opera Company in Boccaccio and
Fatinitza.
Seventy-ninth Season.— Central Music Hall, June 25, 1880.
Chicago Church Choir Company in Pinafore, as testimonial to Will.
J. Davis.
Eightieth Season. — Hooley's Theater, August 30, 1880, for
one week. Miles's Juvenile Opera Company in Little Duke (4),
Pinafore (2), Bells of Corneville (3).
Eighty-first Season. — Grand Opera House, September 20,
1880, for two weeks. Emma Abbott Company. Bohemian Girl
(3), Trovatore, Lucia (2), Maritana, Romeo and Juliet (2), Chimes
of Normandy, Carmen (2). Artists: Abbott, Seguin, Rosenwald,
James Peakes, Castle, Brignoli and Stoddard.
Eighty-second Season. — Haverly's Theater, November 22,
1880, for two weeks. Leavitt's English Opera Company. La Fille
du Tambour-major.
Eighty-third Season. — Haverly's Theater, December 6, 1880,
for two weeks. Strakosch and Hess Opera Company in Carmen
(2), F'ra Diavolo, Aida (2), II Trovatore (2), Mefistofele (3), Bohe-
mian Girl (2). Artists: Marie Roze, Torriani, Carrington, Barton,
Armandale, Perugini, Montegriffo, Byron, Carleton, Peakes, Conley.
Eighty-fourth Season. — Grand Opera House, December 13,
1880, for one week. Boston Ideals in Bells of Corneville (2),
Fatinitza (2), Bohemian Girl (2), The Sorcerer, Pinafore.
Eighty-fifth Season. — Grand Opera House, January 2, 1881,
for one week. English. Corinne Opera Company in burlesque.
Magic Slipper.
Eighty-sixth Season. — Haverly's Theater, January 10, 1881,
for one week. D'Oyley Carte's London Troupe in Pirates of Pen-
zance. Leading artists: Sig. Brocolini, Macrery, Nash, Rigley,
Standish, Miss Minnie Walsh and Mme. Motte.
Eighty-seventh Season. — Hooley's Theater, January 17, 1881,
for one week. Bijou Opera Company in The Spectre Knight.
Leading artists: W. Herbert, Eugene Clark, F. F. Bemty,
Genevieve Reynolds, Fannie D. Hall, Carrie Burton, A. F. W.
McCollin.
Eighty-eighth Season. — Haverly's Theater, January 31, 1881,
for one week. Italian Opera, under management of Colonel Maple-
son. Repertoire — Aida, Lucia, Mefistofele, Martha, La F"avorita,
Somnambula and II Trovatore. Leading artists: Campanini,
Galassi, Novara, Monti, Miss Anna Louise Cary, Mile. Alwina
Vallaria, Sig. Ravelli, Rinaldini, Mile. Vallerga, Mme. Etelka
Gerster, Sig. Bellati,«Corsini, Grazzi, Mile. Anna De Belocca, Del
Puente. Repertoire for second week — Puritan, Faust, Don Gio-
vanni, Lohengrin, Carmen, Linda.
Eiglity-ninth Season. — McVicker's Theater, January 31, 1881,
for one week. Olivette. Artists: Emily Soldene, Rose Stella,
Minnie Marshall, G. Appleby, W. Quinton, Cleve Hersee, G.
Hughes, Viola St. John, C. J. Campbell.
Ninetieth Season. — Sprague's Olympic Theater, February 20,
1881, one week. Leavitt's English Opera Company in Carmen.
Ninety-first Season. — McVicker's Theater, March 21, 1881, two
weeks. French Opera Company under management of Beauplan,
in Trovatore, L'Africaine, Aida, Huguenots, Guillaume Tell, La
Favorite, Robert le Diable, Carmen, Romeo and Juliet, Faust,
Traviata. Artists: M. Tournie, M. Pellin, M. Armandi, M. Es-
cala, M. Baldi, M. Corrivean, M. Atol, M. Jourdan, M. Mange,
M. Feitlinger, M. Mussy, M. Rossi, M. Fleury, M. Jullien, M.
Vie, Mile. Emlie Ambre, Mile. Delphrato, Mile. N. La Blanche,
Mile. J. Pilliard, Mile. Feitlinger, Mile. Lagye, Mile. De Marie,
Mile. De Villeray, Mile. A. Jullien, Mme. E. La Blanche.
Ninety-second Season. — Hooley's Theater, March 28, 1881, for
one week. Olivette. Leading artists: John Howson and Cath-
arine Lewis.
Ninety-third Season. — Grand Opera House, April 4, 1881, for
two weeks. Comic Opera. Billee Taylor. Sig. Brocolini, W. W.
Montgomery, J. J. Benity, George Thorn, Eugene Clark, Rachel
Sanger, Emma Guthrie, Francesca Guthrie, Miss Hughes.
Ninety-fourth Season. — Grand Opera House, April 25, 1881,
for one week. Boston Ideals in Fatinitza (2), Bells of Corneville,
Pirates of Penzance, Olivette (3). Artists: Geraldine Ulmar, Marie
Stone, Adelaide Phillips, Tom Karl, W. H. Fessenden, M. W.
Whitney, H. C. Barnabee, W. H. McDonald, George F'rothingham.
Ninety-fifth Season. — McVicker's Theater, May 9, 1881, for
one week. Billee Taylor. Artists: Minnie Walsh, Helen Stewart,
Estella Mortimer, Edward Connell, Barnett and Glover.
Ninety-sixth Season. — McVicker's Theater, May 30, 1881, for
one week. Olivette. Artists: W. T. Carleton, H. C. Peakes,
Edward Pamb, J. G. Peakes, George Olmi, Emma Eisner, Fannie
Wentworth, Rose Marion, Nellie Clifton.
Ninety-seventh Season. — Grand Opera House, May 30, 1881,
for one week. Olivette. Artists: Henri Laurent, James Sturgis,
Mills Hall, J. S. .Greensfelder, F'rank Budworth, Hattie Richard-
son, Genevieve Reynolds, Ella Caldwell.
Ninety-eighth Season. — Grand Opera House, August 8, 1881,
646
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
for two weeks. Acme Opera Company in The Mascotte. Artists:
\V. T. (.'arli-toii, Henry Pcakes, I. C. I'cakcs, Fairwcather. Waller
Allen. Adelaide Randall, and F.imna F.lsner.
\inet\-ninth Season. — Ilaverly's 'I'lieatei , ( K'tolii-r 17, :88l,
for two weeks. Melville Opera Company in Patience. Boi ,
Royal Middy, Mascotte, Donna [uanita, ( "xar and /.iniinerman,
Chimes ol Normandy, Dragon I )e Villars, Ne-ida, Cinderella. I'i-
rates ol 1'en/aiu-e. '['he Musketeers, Olivette, Carmen, Mine. Fa-
vart, 1'rince Methnsalem, liohemian Girl, Billec 1'aylor. Carnival of
Rome. Last ot tile Mohicans. Soloists; Finclie Melville. ( Iracc
I'laisteil, l.illie I'ost. Allies ilallock. Wallace Maerery, Max I re. •-
man, Charles Duncan, Thomas Cassclli, Albert Henderson.
()/;,• hunJrcJlh Season. — I laverly's Theater, October 24, 1881,
••:u- week, Wilbcr ( i]x-ra Coni|)any in The Maseotte. I .call-
ing artists: Miss Louise Searle and Miss l.illie West, Messrs. Brown,
lirand, Conley and Chapman.
On, • hundred a>; '//. — Grand ' >pera I louse, Novem-
ber 7, iSSi, for one week. Comley >V Barton's Troupe in Madame
Favart.
(>//,• hundred UN,/ seeonJ Sea.ti'ti. — Mi-Vicker's Theater. No-
vemhei i i, i.s.si, one night. Colmer \- Fsenstcin's Opera Com-
pany ill Boccaccio.
On,- /ntn, ir.d and third Season. — (Irand Opera House, No-
vember 14. isSi, for two weeks. lioston Ideals in The Mascolte,
I'irates ol lY-n/ancc, C/ar and Carpenter, Bells of Cornevill.
vette, l-'atinit/a, Maseotte (2), I'inaloie.
l>>i,- /iinii/r, d and fourth Season. — Ilaverly's Theater, N'ovem-
I>er2i. iss,, for one week. Comley A: Barton's Opera Company
in Patience. Marie Janseii as I'.n
('«,• Inindred mi,/ fifth Season. — I laverly's Theater, Decem-
ber 5, iSSi, for one week. Melville Opera Company, in Royal
Middy (6) and 1'alience. Mis-, Melville, leading part.
On,- hundred and sixth Season. — ( Irand ( >pera I louse. 1 )ecember
12. |SM, for one week, l-'.nim.-i Abbott Company in l-'ra I linvolo,
Chimes of Normandy (2). Bohemian Girl, Two Cavaliers, l.ucia,
Paul and Virginia, Olivette. Leading artists: Emma Abbott, Julie
Kosenwald, Sig. l-'abini.
On,- hundred mi,/ s,-,;-nth Season. — (irand ( Ipera House, De-
cember II, iS8t, for one night only. I'ami Brocolini's Comic
Opera Company in l-'anehette and Rose of Auvergne. Leading
singers: Sig. Brocolini and Matilda Scott Paine.
On, IninJreit and eighth Season. — I laverly's Theater, Decem-
ber 12, iSSi, for one week. Melville Opera Company in Patience
(3), Bells of Corneville CJI, Boccaccio (2). Mme. l-'avart.
One hundred and ninth Season. — Central Music Hall, De-
cember 25, 1881, for one week. Melville Opera Company in Pina-
fore (3) and Patience (2).
On,- hundred and tenth Season. — McVieker's Theater, De-
cember 25, 1881, for one night only. Miss Schonherr in Lecoq's
Opera, Little Duke.
One hundred und , -1,-,'enth Season. — Central Music Hall, Jan-
uary I, 1882. Gounod's Quartette Opera, The Dove, by' Miss
(ennie Dutton and May Phoenix, Messrs. C. T. Barnes and 11 T
Hart.
One hundred and twelfth Season. — Central Music Hall, Jan-
uary 2, 1882. Chicago Church Choir Company in Pinafore (5).
One hundred and thirteenth Season. — I laverly's Theater,
January 3, 1882, for three nights. Mme. Adelina Patti, assisted by
Sig. Nicolini. Selections from Aida, Faust, and Trovatore.
One hundred and fourteenth Season. — McVieker's Theater,
January 15, 1882, for one night only. Colmer & Eisenstein's Ger-
man Operetta Company in Boccaccio.
One hundred anil fifteenth Season. — ( irand Opera House
January 16, 1882, for one week. II. I!. Malm's Comic Opera
Company in " Donna Juniata" (2), Boccaccio (2), Musketeers (2).
Leading artist, Miss Flora Barry.
One hundred and .sixteenth Season. — Ilaverly's Theater,
January 16, 1882. Ilaverly's Grand Opera Comique Company, for
one week. Patience, Pirates of Penzance, Maseotte (2), Pinafore
Leading artists: Miss Dora Wiley and Mr. \V. li. Seymour.
One hundred and seventeenth Season. — Ilaverly's Theater,
January 23, 1882, for two weeks. Mapleson Italian Opera Com-
pany, in Mignon, II Barbiere, Carmen (U Aida, Kanst, Lohengrin
(2), frovatore. Huguenots, Rigoletto, l-'idelio, Lucia. I.cadiiv
artists: Kavdli, Rinaldini, Campanini, Monti, Novara Corsini
( osta, Mile. Juch, Lelia, I.auri Cobianchi, Kalas, La Blanche Si-'
Del Puente, Galassi, Mile. Minnie Hank, Marie Vachot, Pa'olina
Rossini.
One him, /re,/ and eighteenth Season. — Grand Opera House
January 23. i,S$2, for two weeks. Mme. Marie Geistinger's Ger-
man Opera Company. I dine with my Mother (3), Promise behind
the Hearth, La Belle Galatea, Boccaccio (3), Mme. l-'avart, Three
: Shoes(2), La Grande 1 Hichesse, < 'amille (2), Die Fled'ermaus
(2). Therese Krones, La Belle Ilclcne, Seamstress, Daughter of
Belias, Der See Cadet (2).
Hllll Id I , -II 1SS 4 oil 11 IUULKU,&, -111. 11 lilt llllu^utOUly.
i>/if- Inindred and twentieth Season. — ( Irand Opera House,
February 13, 1882, for two weeks. Hess Acme Opera Company
in Maseotte (3). Olivette (5), Chimes of Normandy (4), Fra Diavolo
(3), The Widow (3). Leading artists : Adelaide Randall, Kmma
Eisner.
One hundred and twenty-first Season. — Ilaverly's Theater,
March 20, I.SS2, for one week. Strakosch Italian Opera Company
in Barbiere di Seviglia, Un Ballo in Maschero, II Flauto Magieo, 1 .a
Traviata, F'aust, I .a Soinnambula, 11 Trovatore. Artists: Mine.
F.telka Gerster, Mine. Lancaster, Mme. Marie I.eslino, Miss Abbie
Carrington, Mile. Marie Pressino (tirst appearance), Miss Kate
\'an Arnheim, Sig. Francesco Gianini (first appearance), Robert
Mancini, AugUSto Carbone, Paaquale1 I.a//arini. Mossemo Ciapini,
Giovanni Perugini, George Sweet (hrst appearance of the last four
named), Mr. (i. F. Hall, Sig. Maina, Mile. Bertha Rieci.
One hundred and l-.n-nty-second Season. — McVieker's Theater,
April 3, 1882, for one week. Strakosch Italian Opeija Company in
Lucia, Mignon, Faust, Aida, Hamlet, 11 Barbiere di Seviglia,
Hugiu
One hundred and twenty-third Season, — McVieker's Theater,
April id, ISS2, for one night. Planquett's Bells of Corneville by
the German Company.
One hundred and twenty-fourth Season. — (Irand Opera House,
April 17, iSS2, for two weeks. Boston Ideals in Fatinit/.a (2), Pa-
tience (3), Maseotte (i), Bells of Corneville (2), Musketeers (3),
I'irates of Penxance (i), Pinafore (i), Olivette (i). Same artists.
('/;,' hundred and twenty-fifth Season. — Hooley's Theater, in
April, for one week. John A. Stevens's Comic Opera Company in
Twelve Jolly Bachelors. Leading artists: Jeannie Winston and
Amy Gordon.
One hundred and l-,oenly-sixtli Season. — McVieker's Theater,
May S, 1882, for two weeks. Ford's Comic Opera Company in
Manola (6), Patience (2), Maseotte (3), Billee Taylor (3).
Otic hundred and twenty, seventh Season. — Grand Opera
House, May 15, iSo2, for one week. Audran's Opera Comique
Company in Snake Charmer (7), and Olivette (i). Leading artist,
Catherine Lewis.
One Inindred and twenty-eighth Season. — Ilaverlv's Theater,
May 16, 1882, for one week. Ilaverly's Comic Opera Company in
Patience.
One hundred and twenty-ninth Season. — Grand Opera House,
May 29, 1882, for two weeks. Philadelphia Church Choir Com-
pany in Patience (8), Musketeers (4), Claude Duval(4), Pinafore.
Leading artists : Marie Stevenson, Louis De Lange.
One hundred and thirtieth Season. — Rink Opera House, [tine
5, 1882, for one week. Ilaverly's Opera Company in La Mas-
eotte. Leading artists part in Chicago Church Choir Company.
One hundred and thirty - first Season. — Bantu's Pavilion,
June 9, 1882, for two weeks. Mann's Comic ( Ipera Company in
Boccaccio, La Maseotte. Leading artist, Amy Gordon.
One hundred and thirty-seeond Season.— Rink Opera House,
June 12, 1882, for two week's. Chicago Church Choir Company in
Pinafore (10), Patience (3). Leading artists : Ada Somers Me Wade
Jessie Bartlett-Davis, John E. McWade.
One hundred and thi rly-l liird Season. — Ilaverly's Theater,
June 12, 1882, for one week. Comley & Barton's Company in Mme'.
Favart (4), Olivette, Patience and Manola. Leading artists:
Laura Joyce and Digby Bell.
One hundred and thirty-fourth Season. — Baum's Pavilion,
July id, 1882, for two weeks." Trial by Jury (7), Box and Cox (7),'
Maseotte. Leading artist, Hattie Starr.
One hundred and thirty-fifth Season— Baum's Pavilion, July
31, 1882, for two weeks. Bells of Corneville, Malm's Opera Com-
pany. Amy Gordon, leading lady.
One hundred and thirty-sixth Season. — Grand Opera House,
August 7, 1882, for one week. Hess Acme Opera Company in
Chimes of Normandy, Maritana, liohemian Girl (2), Olivette, Fra
Diavolo, Rose Friquet, The Widow, Maseotte Leading artist
Miss St. Quintin.
One hundred and thirtv-sei-enth Season. — Grand Opera
House, September 24, 1882, for two weeks. Hess Acme Opera
C ompany in Fra Diavolo (2), Maseotte (4), Maritana.
One hundred and thirty-eighth Season.— West End Opera
House, October 2, 1882, for one week. Chicago Bijou Opera Com-
pany in Chimes of Normandy. Leading artists: Miss leannie
Hernck, Miss M. L. St. John, Charles T. Barnes, Henry T. Hart.
One hundred and thirty-ninth Season.— Grand Opera House
October 22, 1882, for one week. New Vork Thalia Theatre Com-
pany in Merry War. Miss [ales, Miss Ilecht, Miss Reaberg Mr
Klein, Mr. Lube, Mr. Wilkie.
One Inindred and fortieth .Wv.w.— Grand Opera House, No-
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
647
vember 6, 1882, for two weeks. Boston Ideals in Fatinitza (2),
Patience (5), Mascotte (2), I'irates of Penzance, Musketeers (3),
Bohemian Girl, Bells of Corneville (2).
<>//,• hundred ,111, / forty- first Season. — Academy of Music, No-
vember 26, 1882, for one week. Fay Templeton Opera Company
in Billet- Taylor.
On,- hundred and forty-second Season. — llaverly's Theater,
December 18, 1882, for one week. McCaull Opera Company in
Oueen's Lace Handkerchief. Leading artists: Louise Paullin,
Lilly Post.
Oi:,- hundred an,/ forty-third Season. — McVicker's Theater,
January 15, 1883, for one week. Mapleson's Italian Opera Com-
pany in William Tell, Semiramide, L'Africaine. 11 Trovatore, 1'uri-
tani, La Traviata, Lucre/da Borgia. Leading artists : Mile. Etelka
Gerster. Mile. Juch, Mile. Dolti, Mine. Scalchi (first appearance),
Adelina I'atti, Mile. Paulina Rossini, Mine. Fursch-Madi, Mme.
Albini, Sig. Mierkwinski, Galassi, Costa, Monti, M. Durat, Signori
Clodio, Ravelli, Campi Cellj.
On,' hundred and foriv-fourth Season. — Grand Opera House,
January 29, 1883, for one week. Barton Opera Company in lo-
lanthe.
On,- hundred and forty-fifth Season. — llaverly's Theater, Feb-
ruary 4, 1883, for two weeks. Amberg Opera Company (German)
in Trompette (3), Juniata, The Bat (2), Boccaccio (a), Fatinitza (2),
Grande Duchesse, La Ik-lie Galatea, Parisian Life (2), Three Pair
Shoes, Der See Cadet. Leading artist, Marie Geistinger.
One hundred eind l\<rty-si.\t/i Season. — Grand Opera House,
February 12, 1883, for one week. Hess Acme Opera Company in
Ma-cotte, Maritana, Olivette, Martha, Chimes of Normandy,
Faust, Pinafore, Bohemian Girl. Leading artists : Abbie Carring-
ton and James*;. Peakes.
One' hundred and forty-seventh Season. — McVicker's Theater,
February 19, 1883, for one week. Chicago Church Choir Company
in Patience (3), Pirates of Penxance (2), Bells of Corneville (2),
Pinafore. Artists: \V. II. Clark, Charles T. Barnes. C. II. Clark,
William Wolff, Webster Norcross, Sam Kay/er. Mae L. St. John,
Kate De Jonge, Jeannie Herrick, Emma Baker, Nellie Bowers.
One 'hundred and forty-eighth Season. — Academy of Music,
February 19, 1883, for two weeks. Barton Opera Company in lo-
lanthe.
();/,• hundred and forty-ninth Season. — Grand Opera House,
March 12, 1883, for one week. McCaull Opera Company in Heart
and Hand.
One hundred and fiftieth Season. — Grand Opera House,
March 19, 1883, for one Week. McCaull Opera Company in the
Sorcerer (first presentation in Chicago). Artists : John Howson,
lames I. Campbell, George A. Schiller, Digby Bell, George A. W.
Matin, Laura Joyce, Ernie Weatherby, Mrs. Harvey.
One hundred and fifty-first Season. — McVicker's Theater,
March 26, 1883, for one week, under direction of composer, S. G.
Pratt, Zenobia. Artists : Miss Dora Henninges, Miss Hattie
Scliell (first appearance in Chicago), Charles II. Clark, Vivian Kent,
\V. II. Clark, W. M. Pease.
One Inindred and fifty-second Season. — llaverly's Theater,
April 2, 1883, for one week. Standard Opera Company, under
management of Mr. Duff, in Heart and Hand. Leading artists:
J. H. Ryley, Miss Marie Conron.
One hundred and /i ftv-l liird Season. — Grand Opera House,
April 16, 1883, for two weeks. Boston Ideals in Fra Diavolo (2),
Patience (2), Olivette (3), Musketeers (2), Fatinitza, Marriage of
Figaro, Mascotte, Chimes of Normandy, Bohemian Girl, Pirates of
Penzance.
One Iiuihlred and fifty-fourth Season. — Grand Opera House,
April 29, 1883, for one week. Standard Opera Company, J. C.
Duff, manager, in Heart and Hand.
One hundred and fifty-fifth Season. — I looley's Theater, April
30; 1883, for one week. Hess Acme Opera Company in lolanthe
(2), Chimes of Normandy (3), Faust, Bohemian Girl (with Grace
Hiltz, of Chicago, as Arline).
One hundred and fifty-sixth Season. — I looley's Theater.
May 6, 1883, for two weeks. Catherine Lewis Opera Company in
( llivette (7), Prince Conti (7).
One hundred and fifty-seventh Season. — llaverly's Theater,
May 20, 1883, for two weeks. McCaull Opera Company in Queen's
Lace Handkerchief (7), Merry War (7).
One hundred and fifty-eighth Season.— McVicker's Theater,
May 28, 1883, for two weeks. Chicago Church Choir Company in
lolanthe (7), Patience (3), Pinafore (2), Chimes of Normandy.
One hundred and fifty-ninth Season. — Grand Opera House,
June 18, 1883, for one week. Chicago Church Choir Company in
lolanthe (3), Patience, Bells of Corneville, Pirates of Penzance and
Pinafore.
One hundred and sixtieth Season. — Shelby's Academy of
Music, July 9, 1883, for two weeks. Ideal Opera Company in
lolanthe, Sorcerer, Patience, Box and Cox, Pinafore.
One hundred and sixty-first Season. — Grand Opera House,
September 23, 1883, for one week. J. C. I lull Opera Company in
Faust (3), Heart and Hand (4), Patience (2). Artists: Miss Sarah
Barton, Marie Hunter, George Sweet, Sig. Enrico Campobello.
One hundred and sixty-second Season. — Grand Opera House,
October 22, 1883, for one week. English Opera Company in
Lucia, Martha, La Fille de Madame Angot, La Soinnainbula,
Mignon King for a Day. Artists: Emma Abbott, lulia Rosen-
wald, Zelda Seguin, Sig. Tagliapietra, Sig. Fabrin, William Castle.
One hundred and sixty-t/iird Season. — Shelby's Academy of
Music, November n, 1883. Fay Templeton Opera Company in
( lirolle-Girofla.
One hundred and sixty-fourth Season. — Grand Opera House,
November 12, 1883, for three weeks. Boston Ideals in Fra
Diavolo (2), Musketeers (2), Bells of Corneville, La Mascotte (2),
Girolle-Girona (7).
(hie hundred and sixty- fifth Season. — llaverly's Theater,
November 18, 1883, for one week. Maurice Grau's French Opera
Company in La Fille de Madame Angot (2), La Princesse de
Canaries, La Maseotte, Boccaccio (2), La Jolie Parfumeuse (2),
Olivette. Artists: Mile. Marie Aimee, Mile. Fonquet, Mile.
Angele.
One hundred and sixty-sixth Season. — McVicker's Theater,
November 25, 1883, for one night. Eisenstein's Opera Company
in Der FreischQtz.
One hundred and sixty-seventh Season. — Grand Opera House,
December 10, 1883, for one week. McCaull Opera Company in
Prince Methusalem.
One hundred and sixtv-eighth Season. — Standard Theater, Jan-
uary 14, 1884, for one week. Palterson's New York Opera Com-
pany in Oueen's Lace Handkerchief.
One Inindred and sixty-ninth Season. — llaverly's Theater,
January 21, 1884, for two weeks. Italian Opera Company. Man-
ager, Henry Abbey. Faust, Lucia, Lohengrin, Barbiere di
Seviglia, Profeta, Carmen, La Gioconda, La Traviata, Mignon,
II Trovatore, Somnambula. Artists: Mme. Christine Nilsson,
Scalchi. Marcella Sembrich, Sig. Campanini, Sig. Novara, Sig.
Contin, Sig. Kaschmann.
One hundred and seventieth Season. — McVicker's Theater,
January 28, 1884, for two weeks. Her Majesty's Opera Com-
pany, Colonel Mapleson, manager. Crispino e La Comare, Elisir
d' Amore, Les Huguenots, La Favorita, Linda, Lucia, Puritani,
Romeo and Juliet, Rigoletto, Faust, La Traviata. Artists: Adelina
I'atti, Gerster, Sig. Bello, Vaschetti, Mme. Nordica (debut), Jessie
Bartlett-Davis (debut).
One hundred and seventy-first Season. — Grand Opera House,
February 10, 1884, for three weeks. McCaull Opera Company in
Beggar Student.
One hundred and seventy-second Season. — Grand Opera House,
March 2, 1884, for one week. McCaull Opera Company in Beggar
Student, Queen's Lace Handkerchief.
One hundred and. seventy-third Season. — Grand Opera House,
March 23, 1884, for three weeks. Stetson's Company in Pnincess
Ida, Confusion. Artists: W. H. Clark, C. H. Clark, Phil. Bran-
son, Mr. Temple, Miss Mary Beebe, Jeannie Herrick.
One hundred and seventy-fourth 'Season. — Grand Opera House,
April 21, 1884, for two weeks. Boston Ideals in Girofle-Girofla
(2), Musketeers (3), Mascotte, Barbe Bleu, Bohemian Girl (2),
Martha (2), Fra Diavolo (2), Chimes of Normandy, Patience.
One hundred and seventy-fifth Season. — llaverly's Theater,
May 5, 1884, for three weeks. Bijou Opera Bouffe Company in
Orpheus and Eurydice. Artists: Laura J. Bell, Ida Mulle, Augusta
Roche, Digby Bell, E. S. Grant, Geo. Boniface, Jr., Harry Pepper.
One Iiundred and seventy-sixth Season. — McVicker's Theater,
May 12, 1884, for three weeks. McCaull Opera Company in the
Merry War.
(Ine Iiundred and seventy-seventh Season. — Baum's Pavilion,
June 25, 1884, for one week. Metropolitan Opera Company in
Olivette.
One hundred and seventy-eighth Season. — Grand Opera House,
August 4, 1884, for one week. Acme English Opera Company in
Fatinitza and the Grande Duchesse. Artists: Mary Beebe, Emma
Baker, Nellie Bowers, John McWade, Dr. Barnes.
(W hundred and seventy-ninth Season. — Grand Opera House,
August 17, 1884, for two weeks. English Comic Opera Company,
under the management of C. D. Hess, in Bohemian Girl. Artists:
Miss Carrington, Miss Fritch, May Baker, Sig. Montegriffo,
Messrs. Crystie, James and Keats.
One hundred and eightieth Season. — Hooley's Theater, August
25, 1884, for one week. Carleton English Opera Company in
Merry War and Fra Diavolo. Artists: Miss Lilly Post, Mme.
Alfa Norman, Miss Dora Wiley, Jessie B. Davis, Rose Beaudet,
Messrs. J. C. Taylor, Henry Rattenberry, Alonzo Hatch, Gustav
Dolphi, Richard Golden, W. H. Clark, F. R, Ridgedale and Wil-
liam Carleton.
648
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
One hundrtil and ei^/i/y-ftrst Season. — Standard Theater,
August 31, is>4, (or one week. Kuril's Comic Opera Company in
n'a I li i Handkerchief. The Orange Girl, and Kittle Duke.
Ofit' hundred and ei^'/ily-seeond Season. — Grand Opera House,
September 7, 1^4, tm two week-. Bijou Opera Company in Blue
Beard. Artists: .Miss Kmma Carson, Kate Stokes, Agnes Hallock,
Carl kunkin, A. \V. Tarns, Samuel Reed.
One hundred and eighty-third Season. — Haverly's Theater,
- t. lor three weeks. McCaull Opera Company in
Kalka. Bertha Kieei.
One htimircil and eighty- fourth Season. — Haverly's Theater,
October o, iss.), for one week. Miles \ Barton Opera Bouffe
Company in Orpheus and Kurydice. Artists: .Mile. .Marie Vanoni,
Harry Pepper.
On,' hundred and eighty-fifth Season. — Grand Opera House,
October 28, 1884, for two weeks, (irand English Opera Company,
under management of Kmma Abbott, in King for a I lay, Bohemian
Girl, Maiitana, Kaust. Mignon, Semiramide, Martha. Artists:
Emma Abbott, I. aura Bellini, Marie Hindle, Lizzie Annandale,
Valentine, Kabrini, \\'illiam Castle, Sig. Tagliapietra, Sig. Campo-
bello, William Broderick, Walter Allen, Thomas Guise. Sig.
Tomasi (director).
One Inindi'ed and eighty-sixth Season. — Hooley's Theater,
November 2. 1884, for one week. Krench Opera Company, Mau-
rice (Iran (manager), l.a Jolie 1'arfumeuse (3), Fanchon, La
1'erichole, Mine. Angot, Boccaccio, ( iirofle-Girorla. Leading ar-
tist,— Mine. Theo.
(hi, liniitiml and eighty-seventh Season. — Grand Opera
House, December.*. 18,^4. for two weeks. Boston Ideals in Fan-
chonette (;), Bohemian Girl (2), Girolle-Girofla, .Martha. Muske-
j), l-'ra Diavolo, Fatinitza, La Mascotte, Patience.
One hundred and eighty-eighth Season. — Haverly's Theater,
December 14, 1884, for one week. Carleton English Opera Com-
pany in La Kille du Tambour-major. Carleton, \V. H. Clark, Jessie
Bartlett- Davis.
One hundred and eighty-ninth Season. — Columbia Theater,
February i. 188;, for two weeks. McCaull Opera Company in Kalka
(7), Little Duke (7).
One hundred and ninetieth Season. — Columbia Theater, Feb-
ruary 23, 1^85, for three weeks. Damrosch Opera Company in
Tannhauser (3), Der 1'rophete (2), La Juive (2), William Tell,
Masaniello, Orpheus, Lohengrin (4), I.es Huguenots, Der Frei-
schiltz, Die Walkiire, La Dame Blanche, Don Giovanni. Artists :
Mile. Slach, Materna, Brandt, Herr Schott, Herr Staudigl, Herr
Koegel, Robinson.
('/;,- hundred and ninety- first Season. — (irand Opera Hall,
April 6, 1885, for two weeks. Chicago Opera Festival, under the
management of Mapleson. Semiramide, L'Afrieaine, Merilla,
Linda di Chamouni, Lucia de I.ammermoor (2), Martha, Der Frei-
schiitz, La Somnamlmla, Aida, 11 Trovatore, Rigoletto, Faust, Lo-
hengrin. Artists: Mine. Adelina 1'atti, Sophia Scalchi.Mme. Fursch-
Madi, Mile Dotti, Kmma Nevada, Mile. Steinbach, Mile. Sarug-
gia, .Sjg. De Pasquale, Cherubini, Rinaldini, De Vaschetti, Cardinali,
Mauni. Caracciola, Vicini, Gianni, De Anna, Vielletto, Nicolini.
One hundred and ninety-seeond Season. — Columbia Theater,
May 3, 1885, for one week. Carleton English Opera Company in
the Merry War, Fra Diavolo, La Kille du Tambour-major. Arti'sts:
May Fielding, Francesca Guthrie.
One hundred and ninety-third Season. — Grand Opera House,
May 4, 1885, for one week. Boston Ideals. Manager, Miss E'.
K Ober. Giralda, Fanchonette, La Mascotte, Musketeers, Fra
Diavolo.
One hundred and ninety-fourth Season. — Hooley's Theater,
May 17, 1885, for one week. Maurice Grau's French Opera Com-
pany in La Mascotte, La Jolie Parfumeuse (2), La Fille du Tam-
bour-major, Le Jouret la Miet, La Fille de Mme. Angot, Girofle-
Girofla, La Cloches de Corneville. Mme. Theo, Mme. Boniface,
Lefort, Meziers, Duplar, Gug, etc.
One hundred and ninetv-fifth Se~ ;cm.— Columbia Theater
May 17, 1885, for five weeks. McCaull Opera Company in Apa-
june (14), Prince Methusalem (7), Princess of Trebizonde (14)
Kalka. Bertha Ricci, Francis Wilson, etc.
On-- hundred and ninety-sixth Season. — Grand Opera Hall,
June 8, 1885, for three weeks. Gustav Amberg's Thalia Opera
Company in Nonon (7), Der Keldprediger. Artists: Misses Ra-
berg, Seebold, Meffert, Koeing, Lovenz, Schatz, Habrich, H age-
doe!!, Schwentz, and Messrs. Sehwentz, Urban, Elsbach, Rank
Junker, Gerold, Meyer, Frank.
«!/•• kttttdred ami ninety-seventh Season. — Grand Opera
House, June 28, 1885, for one week. Thalia Opera Company in
Gasparom, Boccaccio, Her Feldpreiligcr.
One hundred and ninety-eighth Season. — Exposition Opera
House, Thompson Opera Company, under management of C. D.
Hess, in the Beggar Student.
One hundred and ninety-ninth Season. — Columbia Theater,
luly 5, 1885, for three weeks. The McCaull Opera Company in
Die Kledermaus (8), Beggar Student (16).
Two hundredth Season. — (hand Opera House, July 6, 1885,
for one week. Sidney Roseiifeld's own ( Ipera Company in Mikado.
Leading artists: J. W. Herbert, Roland Reed, Alice Harrison.
hundred and first Season. — Grand Opera House, July
12, 1885, for one week. Rosenfeld's Opera Company in Mikado.
Two hundred and seeond Season. — Chicago Museum, Septem-
ber 12, 1885, for three weeks. Goodwin Opera Company in La
Fille du Mme. Angot (id), Mikado (8).
hundred and third Season. — Grand Opera House, Oc-
tober 19, 1885, for one week. Kmma Abbott Company in Mignon,
Mikado (2), La Somnambula, La Traviata, Norma, 11 Trovatore,
Leading artists: Kmma Abbott, Laura Bellini, Marie Greenwood,
Lizzie Annandale, Fernando Michelena, Maurice Cornell, Gio-
vanni Ronconi, William Broderic, Angelo Barbere.
Two Intndred and fourth Season. — Columbia Theater, Octo-
ber 25, 1885, for four weeks. McCaull Opera Company in " Black
Hussar." Leading artists: Mme. Matilda Cottrelly, Miss Lilly
Post, Miss Marie Walters, Mark Smith, De Wolf Hopper George
C. Boniface, Edwin W. Hoff.
Two hundred and fifth Season. — Columbia Theater, October
25, 1885. Goodwin Opera Company in the Mikado.
Two hundred and sixth Season. — (Irand Opera House, Octo-
ber 25, 1885, for two weeks. New York Thalia Opera Company
in the Beggar Student, Czar and Zimmerman (2), Nanon (2), Mar-
tha, Feldprediger.
Two hundred and se-'enlh Season. — Grand Opera House,
November 9, 1885, for two weeks. Boston Ideal Company in Giral-
da, Victor the Blue Stocking, Musketeers, Fra Diavolo. Artists:
Marie Stone, Zelie de Lussan (debut), Agnes Huntington (debut),
Lizzie Burton, Carrie Knowles, Tom Karl, Herndon Morsell, H.
C. Barnabee, W. H. McDonald, W. H. Clark.
Two hundred and eighth Season. — Chicago Opera House
November 16, 1885, for two weeks. Judic, in La Femme-a Papa,
Mile. Nitouche, Niniche, La Mascotte, La Grande Duchesse (2),
La Belle Helene, Divorgons, La Cossaque, La Perichole.
Two hundred and ninth Season. — McVicker's Theater, No-
vember 23, 1885, for four weeks. Duff Opera Company in Mikado.
Artists: J. H. Riley, Thomas \Vhiffin, William IK Hamilton,
Harry S. Milliard, Miss Vernona Jarbeau, Zelda Seguin.
Two hundred and tenth Season. — Columbia Theater, De-
cember 21, 1885. Alfa Norman Company in Balfe's Enchantress.
Alfa Norman, Henry Ilallam, Henry Peakes, Anna Bremont, Anna
Maxwell.
MUSICAL FESTIVALS. — A very important incident of
Chicago musical life since the fire has been the musical
festivals, of which five have been given.
The first one was of the Gilmore-Peace-Jubilee-bun-
combe order, and was given at the opening of the new
depot of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Rail-
way Company, in June, 1873. Four concerts were given
by Gilmore's band, with such additional players, to the
number of one hundred, as could readily be 'picked up,
and a local chorus. The choral numbers consisted of
selections from the Boston Peace- Jubilee book, the chief
being the " Hallelujah," " Heavens are Telling," and
" See the Conquering Hero." The chorus numbered
about one thousand voices, trained under the direction
of J. A. Butterfield, who had previously trained the
Chicago contingent of the Boston Jubilee. The same
sensational features were here repeated— the Anthem to
Peace, the Anvil Chorus from II Trovatore, with red-
shirted firemen, sledges, anvils, and cannon. The
attendance was large, and the affair served its purpose
in furnishing a harmless diversion and in advertising
the fact that Chicago had any amount of spirit left, sub-
ject to call.
The second Jubilee was held in the Moody-and-
Sankey Tabernacle, Nos. 238-46 Monroe Street, under
the joint auspices of the Apollo Musical Club and Theo-
dore Thomas; Messrs. Carpenter and Sheldon being man-
agers. The forces taking part were classed as follows:
The Apollo Chorus, enlarged for the occasion to four
hundred voices, the Thomas orchestra of sixty, and a
chorus of school children. The soloists were "Mrs. H
M. Smith, William Winch, Myron W. Whitney, and
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
649
Miss Anna Louise Gary. Among the memorable solo
numbers of these concerts were Whitney's "Oh, Rud-
dier than the Cherry" and Miss Cary's "Vei che sapete,"
from Mozart's "Marriage of Figaro." Both were
extremely well sung and accompanied with consummate
delicacy. Choral numbers of the first concert: "Calm
Sea," by Rubinstein, for male voices; "Ye Spotted
Snakes," by Macfarren, for female voices; Hunting
Song, by Benedict, for full chorus; the first half of Men-
delssohn's "St. Paul." This concert appears to have
been the first introduction of the " Siegfried Funeral
March," from Wagner's "Gotterdammerung." The
choral selections of the second concert; Gounod's can-
tata, " By Babylon's Wave," Arthur Sullivan's " On Sea
and Shore," and the Bridal Chorus from " Lohengrin."
Third concert: Beethoven's Second Symphony; scenes
from the second act of " Orpheus"; of Handel's " Israel
in Egypt" rather more than half was given. The chorus
was not uniformly successful in this work, the time of
preparation having been too short for the new material,
but the bassos made a great effect by singing the famous
duet, "The Lord is a Man of War" with all the voices.
The concert of the school children was not satisfactory.
The festival was a financial success. It was due to the
enterprise of William L. Tomlins, who, of course,
trained the chorus, and of the managers, Carpenter and
Sheldon.
June 18-22, 1881, the twenty-second Sasngerfest of
the North American Seengerbund was given in Chicago,
under the direction of Hans Balatka. It called together
a male chorus of more than eleven hundred, a mixed
chorus of about six hundred, an orchestra of one hun-
dred and forty-two players, and an array of superior
solo singers. The prima donna was Madame Peschka-
Leutner, from the opera at Leipsic; alto, Miss Gary;
tenor, William Candidus; bassos, Franz Remmertz and
Myron W. Whitney. Seven concerts were given in a
large hall constructed in the Exposition Building. The
choral works presented were Bruch's "Odysseus";
Bruch's "Salamis, or Battle Hymn of the Greeks," sung
by the full male chorus; Reissmann's " Death of Dru-
sus"; selections from "Lohengrin"; and Beethoven's
Ninth Symphony. Artistically and socially, the Sagn-
gerfest was a success, but strictly speaking it was not a
Chicago enterprise, but rather a National meeting of
affiliated societies.
The first Chicago May Musical Festival was given
on May 23-26, 1882, in a festival hall rudely constructed
in the south end of the Exposition Building. The seats
in the great parquette were ordinary wooden chairs; in
the choir and rear gallery they were wooden benches.
The total capacity was about six thousand. Concerning
the origin of the festival, George P. Upton, in the offi-
cial programme-books, speaks as follows:
" The idea of this Festival dates back nearly three years, and
it was discussed by a few gentlemen of musical taste with Mr.
Thomas in 1879, with the purpose of giving it in the following
year; but circumstances arose which necessitated its postponement
for a year. Meanwhile, the annual German festival had been
appointed for 1881, and it was again deferred, but the original
scheme grew into still larger proportions and was laid out upon a
still grander scale. The Chicago Festival was not only decided
upon, but it was associated with the New York and Cincinnati May
Festivals, all under the same leader, employing the same solo artists
and utilizing the same orchestral material. The plan once settled
upon, it was not a difficult task either for Mr. Thomas or his asso-
ciates to find the leader who should act as the sub-director of the
Festival. It was an important, trying, responsible and arduous
position. It required a man not only possessing musical knowl-
edge and executive ability of a high order, but the largest capacity
for work. These qualities had been demonstrated by \V. L. Tom-
lins in his long experience in this city, and to his hands was com-
mitted the all-important work of organizing and drilling the chorus.
Thoroughly conversant with Mr. Thomas's ideas and methods, and
having his confidence, he entered upon the work; and how zeal-
ously, intelligently and indefatigably he has labored the results of
this Festival will show. The organization of the association was
effected in February, 1881, by the election of officers and working
committees."
Following are the names of the Chicago Musical
Festival Association:
W. F. Blair, A. J. Caton, G. C. Clarke, J. M. Clark, J. C.
Coonley, Rev. F. Courtney, W. S. Crosby, George L. Dunlap. N.
K. Fairbank, Marshall Field, Charles D. Hamill, C. M. Hender-
son, Samuel Johnston, Edson Keith, J. P. Kelley, Henry W. King,
Rev. J. H. Knowles, G. H Koch, Franklin MacVeagh, E. G.
Mason, E. B. McCagg, A. C. McClurg, C. H. McCormick, Jr.,
George M. Pullman, B. L. Smith, A. A. Sprague, George Sturges,
J. Van Inwagen, Christian Wahl, W. S. Warren.
Their efforts were ably seconded by the following
subscribers to the guarantee fund:
G. E. Adams, W. T. Baker, W. F. Blair, J. C. Coonley, Al-
fred Cowles, R. T. Crane, John Crerar, W. S. Crosby, C. R. Cuni-
mings, Wirt Dexter, J. W. Doane, George L. Dunlap, H. F. Eames,
N. K. Fairbank, Marshall Field, L. J. Gage, Charles Gossage,
Charles D. Hamill, W. G. Hibbard, W. B. Howard, C. L. Ilutch-
inson, J. R. Jones, Edson Keith, S. A. Keith, Henry W. King,
E. F. Lawrence, A. J. Leith, J. T. Lester, H. J. Macfarland,
Franklin MacVeagh, A. C. McClurg, James R. McKay, A. B.
Meeker, B. P. Moulton, Thomas Murdoch, S. M. Nickerson, J.
W. Oakley, Potter Palmer, PI. H. Porter, O. W. Potter, George
M. Pullman, George A. Seaverns, B. L. Smith, Perry H. Smith,
A. A. Sprague, George Sturges, J. Van Inwagen, G. C. Walker,
M. D. Wells, H. M. Wilmarth.
The organization of the Festival and the business
staff were as follows:
N. K. Fairbank, president; George L. Dunlap and A. A.
Sprague, vice-presidents; Philo A. Otis, secretary; George Sturges,
treasurer. Committee on Music: Charles D. Hamill, J. P. Kelley,
Philo A. Otis, J. D. Mclntosh, W. S-. Warren. Committee on Hall:
Samuel Johnston, W. S. Crosby, John M. Clark, H. M. Wilmarth.
Committee on finance: Byron L. Smith, J. C. Coonley, A. C.
McClurg. Committee on Press and Privileges: George C. Clarke,
E. G. Mason, Franklin MacVeagh. Committee on Railroads: W.
K. Ackerman, I.C.R.R.; J. D. Layng, C. & N.W.R.R.; John
Crerar, C.A. &St.L.R.R.; T. J. Potter, C.B.&Q.R.R.
The musical staff was as follows:
Theodore Thomas, musical director; William L. Tomlins,
chorus director. Sopranos, Frau Friedrich-Materna (from the
Imperial Opera, Vienna), Mrs. E. Arline Osgood. Contraltos,
Miss Anna Louise Gary, Miss Emily Winant. Tenors, Signer Italo
Campanini, William Candidus (principal tenor from Opera House,
Frankfort-on-the-Main), Theodore J. Toedt. Bassos, Myron W.
Whitney, Franz Remmertz, George Henschel. Organist, Clar-
ence Eddy.
The chorus numbered nine hundred, of whom about
two hundred and fifty came from Milwaukee. It had
been diligently rehearsed for about eight months by
William L. Tomlins, who did not content himself with
securing the ordinary qualities of precision and spirit,
which alone are commonly looked for in large chorus of
this kind, but sought, and to a considerable degree ob-
tained, a refinement in tone-quality, and a delicacy of ex-
pression, wholly unusual in so large a body of singers and
rare in even small choruses. These results were aided
very much by the superior quality of the chorus ma-
terial in respect to social position, refinement and intelli-
gence, which, in this instance, were far beyond anything
that would be possible in an older place, where the
social lines and conventional .class-distinctions had be-
come established.
The orchestra numbered one hundred and sixty-nine, disposed
as follows: First violins, 26; second violins, 25; violas, 20; 'cellos,
20; basses, 20 (total strings, 112); harps, 4; flutes and piccolos, 5;
oboes, clarionets and bassoons, 14; horns, 8; cornets and trumpets,
13; trombones, 6; tubas, 2; tympani and percussion, 6. Of these
players, one hundred and ten were brought from New York and
sixteen from Cincinnati.
The Concerts. — Tuesday evening, May 23: Handel's
Utrecht Jubilate: scenes from the first act of Lohen-
650
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
grin. The orchestra played Beethoven's Fifth Sym-
phony, and Madame MaU-rna sang the recitative and
aria Abscheulichcr, from Beethoven's " Kidelio."
The first Matinee was made up of orchestral and
solo selections, the symphony being Mo/.art's Jupiter in C.
The second Kvening Concert, May 29: Handel's
'• Messiah," the soloists being Mrs. Osgood, Miss Cary,
and Messrs. Candidas, Toedt and Whitney.
The second Matinee was of a popular character, the
programme consisting of lighter orchestral and solo
selections.
The third Kvening Concert, May 25: Bach's cantata
Kesto Ascensionis Christ! and lieethoven's Ninth Sym-
phony, the solo artists being Madame Materna, Miss
Winant, and Messrs. Candidas and Remmertx.
The third Matinee was devoted to a Wagner pro-
gramme by the solo artists and orchestra. The selec-
tions were from the " Rheingold," "Walkiire," "Sieg-
fried," and " Gotterdammerung."
The fourth Evening Concert, May 26: Schumann's
Mass in C, lirahm's Trajje Overture, for orchestra, and
selections from I!erlioz's " I.es 'I'royens."
'1'he financial balance sheet of this Festival is shown
by the report of the financial committee to have been as
follows: Total receipts. $57,006; total expenditures,
§66,216; loss on Festival, §9,210.
'/'//(• .SV, v'//,/ .\fity Festival was given May 27-31, 1884,
under the same auspices as the preceding.
The business organization upon this occasion was as
follows:
V K. Fail-bank, president; George I.. Dunlap and A. A.
Sprague, vice-presidents; Philo A. Otis, secretary; George Starves,
treasurer. Commit!.;- on Music: Charles I). Ilaniill. I'h'ilo A. (')tis.
J. I'. Kelley. Committee on Hall: John M. Clark, James Van In-
vvagen, \V. S. Crosby. Committees* f-'iinui.;-: A. C. McCIuiv,
I. I iarley Bradley, I 'iiarles I., llutrhinson. Commit!,;- m Pms
ami J'rivittgfs: George C. Clarke, Franklin MacVeagh, Edward
( i. MHSMH.
The subscribers to the guarantee fund were the
following:
J. McGregor Adams, S. B. Barker, Charles J. Barnes, A. C.
Bartlett, John C. Black. Watson F. Blair, |. Harfey Bradley, Ed-
ward L. Brewster, Burke, Walker \ Co'. William H. Burnet,
George C. Clarke, R. T. Crane, John Crerar, \V. S. Crosby, Wirt
Dexter, John ])e Koven, ]. W. Doane, John B. Drake, George I,
Dunlap, N. K. Fairbank, Marshall Field, William A. Fuller, A. S.
Gage, L. J. Gage, James B. Goodman, \V. C. D. Grannis, Charles 1 1.
Hamill, T. W. Harvey, C. M. Henderson, Charles Henrotin, Charles
... Hutchinson, D. W. Iruin, Edson Keith. W. W. Kimball, Henry
W. King, J. Russell Jones, N. S. Jones, Warren F. l.eland, Frank-
lin Mac Veagh, A. C. McClurg, Samuel M. Nickerson, Murry Nel-
son, Palmer House Company, Erskine M. Phelps, George M. Pull-
man, N. B. Ream, Martin Ryerson, H. E. Sargent, A. F. Seeber-
ger, Charles Schwartz, Byron L. Smith, A. A. Sprague, O. S. A.
Sprague, Anson Stager, J. Van Inwagen, George C. Walker, Louis
Wampold, M. D. Wells, G. II. Wheeler.
Of this festival as a whole, George P. Upton, in the
official programme-book, remarked:
" In all its elements, the efficiency of the orchestra, the strength
and ability of the chorus, the eminence of the solo artists and the
greatness of the works to be performed, the Festival of 1884 marks
a step in advance of that of 1882. In the latter year the Wagner
music was mainly interpreted by Frau Materna, who had been hon-
ored by the composer with the principal place in the first Bayreuth
Festival. In this Festival we have the trio of artists who created
their respective roles in both the first and second Bayreuth Festi
vals, Frau Materna, Herr Scaria, and Herr Winkelmann from the
Hofopernhaus, \ lenna, so that Mr. Thomas is enabled to still fur-
ther enrich his programmes with selections from Wagner's later
works, and scenes from the older ones, Lohengrin and Tannhauser
which he has never given here before. By the aid of these artists'
reinforced by Madame Christine Nilsson and other soloists he is
also enabled to present the larger part of Tannhauser, with a chord
and orchestral setting also, which will insure the most remarkable
performance ever heard in this country. Madame Xilsson whose
fame as an oratorio singer is hardly second to that which she enjoys
as an operatic prima donna, will not only appear as Elsa in Lohen-
grin, but will be heard at her best in Haydn's Creation. In addi-
tion to these artists. Miss Emma Inch, a singer of recognized ability
in this country and in Kngland. and who has had much stage ex-
perience, Mr. Kemmert/, who is admirably qualified for festival
work, Mr. Toedt and Mr. Heinrich, will also appear and add to
the strength of the solos."
The general scheme of the concerts differ from that
of 1882, which embraced four evening and three after-
noon concerts. Upon this occasion, there were five
evening and two afternoon concerts. The evening
concerts were devoted exclusively to large works,
— "The Creation," " Tannhauser," the Berlioz "Re-
quiem," extended selections from " Die Walkiire,"
the "Dettingen To Deum," the colossal (if we may
so term it) duet which forms the finale of the third
act of " Siegfried," Gounod's sacred trilogy, " The
Redemption," and three great symphonies', the G
major of .Mozart, the " Eroica" of Beethoven, and the
Ninth of Schubert. Trie-two matinees were distinctive
in character. The first was devoted to Wagner's music,
including selections from " Lohengrin," '• Parsifal," the
"Gotterdammerung," and the " Meistersanger," prelu-
ded by the Centennial March. At the second matinee,
in addition to a miscellaneous list of numbers by the
soloists and orchestra, the audience were entertained by
the singing of nearly one thousand children, whom Mr.
Tomlins had had under his charge for a long time.
Their performance showed what astonishing results
might be produced from material, originally crude and
unformed, and proved a revelation to those who were
not acquainted with this leader's skill in developing the
voices of children and grounding them in musical intel-
ligence.
As before, the chorus was trained by William L.
Tomlins, who brought to the work an enthusiasm, ca-
pacity and local prestige which enabled him to prepare
the choral parts of this Festival in the same broad and
artistic spirit as those of the former one, but with the
greater completeness due to longer experience in such
work.
The artistic staff was as follows :
Musical Director, Theodore Thomas; Sopranos, Frau Amalia
Friedrich-Materna (Court Singer, Imperial ( )pera, Vienna), Ma-
dame Christine Nilsson, and Miss Emma Juch. Contralto, Miss
Emily Winant. Tenors, Herr Hermann Winkelmann (Court Singer,
Imperial Opera, Vienna), Theodore J. Toedt, Charles W. Barnes.
Bassos, Herr Emil Sc.iria (Court Singer, Imperial Opera, Vienna)
Franz Remmertx, Max Heinrich, George H. Broderick. Chorus
Master, William L. Tomlins.
In one point of view, this festival failed to realize
expectations. The solo singers and the players in the
orchestra were nearly all in Mr. Thomas's employ, and
took part in several precisely similar festivals in Cin-
cinnati, Pittsburgh, Boston, etc. Thus the local inter-
est in each festival was limited to the chorus and hall,
and the Festival resembled a gigantic amusement enter-
prise, conducted upon what is known in theatrical cir-
cles as " the combination " plan.
The programmes of all the festivals were so nearly
identical, and so large a proportion of the singing was
in the German language and in the Wagnerian musical
dialect, that the Festival failed to gain the popular
heart, but remained as an unusual experience of ques-
tionable satisfaction. It is obvious that, in order to act
as a productive ferment in the musical life of a com-
munity, a festival must come as the summing up and
glorification of all the local activities of the year. When
this is the case, the inspiration of it is lasting. The
musical outgivings of the festival masses serve to ex-
plain and to emphasize the accumulated remembrances
of many smaller impressions. Such an end can not be
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
651
subserved by an imported assortment of strange singers
of strange songs.
The financial report of the second Festival was as
follows: Receipts, $65,747.77; total expenditures,
$71,565.17; Loss on Festival, $5,817.40.
The first Opera Festival of Chicago was given April
13-25, 1885, and consisted of fourteen performances.
According to the official programme-books —
" The Chicago Opera Festival Association was organized (and
incorporated April 16, 1884) to provide grand opera for the people
at popular prices within the reach of all, and, at the same time, to
raise the performances to a higher standard of excellence. Ulti-
mately it is desired to foster the production of original works in our
own language, and thus inaugurate a movement, the justness of
which is unchallenged and the demand for which is rapidly increas-
ing. The benefits to our people of this twofold philanthropic ob-
ject are so evident as to warrant the assertion that the Chicago
Opera Festival, in its successful accomplishment, will mark a new era
in the history, not only of Chicago, but of the entire United States."
Ri\ini of Directors : A. A. Sprague, Henry Field, John R.
\Valsh, K. T. Crane, George F. Harding, Louis Wahl, George
Schneider, Eugene Cary. George M. Bogue, Ferd. W. Peck, Wil-
liam Penn Nixon. Ferd. \V. Peck, president; William Penn Nixon,
first vice-president; Louis Wahl, second vice-president; George
Schneider, treasurer; S. G. Pratt, secretary. Executive Committee :
Eugene Cary, A. A. Sprague, Ferd. W. Peck, George M. Bogue,
William Penn Nixon.
The most stupendous feature of this enterprise was
the erection of a vast opera-house, seating more than
six thousand hearers in comfortable opera chairs, within
the north end of the Exposition Building. The stage
was of vast dimensions, namely, 80 x 100 feet. The
hall was elegantly decorated, and the stage was well
appointed with new scenery, etc. The expense of fitting
up the house is understood to have reached $60,000.
Artistic Staff : The solo artists of the Opera Fes-
tival were those of Mapleson's Italian Opera Company,
as follows :
Prima-donna Soprani e Contralti — Madame Adelina Patti,
Madame Fursch-Madi, Mile. Dotti, Madame Scalchi, Mile. Emma
Steinbach, Mile. Saruggia, and Mile. Emma Nevada (her first ap-
pearance. Tenori — Signor Giannini, Signer Rinaldini, Signer
Cardinal! (first appearance), Signor Vicini, Signor Bieletto and Sig-
nor Nicolini. Bassi — Signor Cherubini, Signor Caracciolo, Signor
Manni, Signor De Vaschetti and Signor Serbolini (first appearance).
Baritoni — Signor De Anna (first appearance), Signor Pasqualis
(first appearance). Premiere Danseuse — Mme. Malvina Cavalazzi;
Coryphees, etc., etc. Festival chorus of three hundred. Orches-
tra of one hundred musicians. Signor Luigi Arditi, director.
The programme during the first week was as follows:
Monday, April 6, Semiramide, with Patti, Scalchi, Rinaldini
and Cherubini. Tuesday, L'Africaine, with Mme. Fursch-Madi,
Mile. Dotti, Signers Cardinalis and De Anna. Wednesday, Mi-
rella (for the first time in Chicago), with Emma Nevada (her first
appearance), Scalchi, Vicini and De Anna. Thursday evening,
Linda de Chamounix, with Patti, Scalchi, Vicini and De Pasqualis.
Friday, Lucia, with Nevada, Giannini and De Anna. Saturday
matinee, Martha, with Patti, Scalchi, Vicini, Cherubini and Carac-
ciolo. Saturday evening, Der Freischutz, with Fursch-Madi,
Dotti, Giannini and Sarbolini.
The operas presented during the second week were
as follows :
Monday evening, April 13, Somnambula, with Nevada and
Giannini. Tuesday, Aida, with Patti and Scalchi. Wednesday,
II Trovatore, with Fursch-Madi and Giannini. Thursday, Puritani,
with Nevada and Scalchi. Friday, Faust, with Patti and Scalchi.
Saturday matinee, Lucia, with Nevada and Giannini. Saturday
evening, Lohengrin, with Grand Chorus and Fursch-Madi.
The financial success was something extraordinary.
The gross receipts amounted to about $132,000, the
largest sum, it is believed, ever taken for fourteen con-
secutive performances of opera anywhere in the world.
After defraying all expenses, a handsome balance was
left in the treasury of the Opera Festival Association.
Artistically, the Festival was not so remarkable.
The space was too great for the smaller voices, and too
large for the dramatic part of the performances. On the
other hand there was little opportunity to make up for
this by choral display, for the practicable size of an
opera chorus, is determined by the number of people
that can be marched on and off the stage during the
orchestral interludes, or without totally obstructing the
movement of the play. In several of the operas the
stage-settings were fine, and in all the Patti perform-
ances the Festival achieved its intention of giving opera
at lower prices than had before been known with Patti
for star. The enthusiasm of the public upon her
nights was something long to be remembered, the vast
hall being a sea of heads and a flower-garden of bril-
liant costumes.
M/ENNERCHORS, ETC. — An important division of
musical activity yet remains to be mentioned. It is
that of music for male voices. Masnnerchor societies
exist in all parts of the city, to the total number of sixty
or more, mostly among the Germans, but also among
the Scandinavians, Bohemians and others. The Con-
cordia and Germania msennerchor societies, which be-
fore the fire were in a flourishing condition, have never
been able to regain their lost prestige. Two causes are
mentioned as being concerned in this result. One is
said to be the unwillingness of the wealthy Germans to
subscribe with sufficient liberality for their support.
Another, most likely, is the superior discipline and
effectiveness attained by the leading American society.
The maennerchor clubs at present existing are mainly
social in their ends, music being practiced as a pastime.
The aggregate influence of these various bodies of sing-
ers and lovers of music is undoubtedly great, but being
exerted in a private manner, very little of it comes to
publicity in forms definite enough for historical purposes.
Music HALLS. — Chicago lost by the great fire Cros-
by's Opera House, McVicker's Theater, the Dearborn
Theater, and Wood's Museum on the South Division,
and the Turner Hall and German " House " on the
North. There were other but smaller places of amuse-
ment, devoted to variety business and vaudeville, the
loss of which in a moral sense was a gain to the city.
The above comprised the respectable places which were
devoted to music and the drama.
The Opera House had been thoroughly renovated
and gorgeously equipped, and was to have been opened
on the loth of October by the Theodore Thomas Or-
chestra Troupe, as many readers will remember by refer-
ence to their tickets, which they undoubtedly preserve
as interesting relics of how man proposes and God dis-
poses. Notwithstanding the bad management during
two or three seasons which preceded the fire, and which
had somewhat degraded it from the purposes to which it
was dedicated, the Opera House was regarded with pe-
culiar affection and pride.
The first down-town music hall after the fire was the
Kingsbury Hall, on Clark Street opposite the Sherman
House. The site had been occupied previously by
Wood's Museum. This hall was opened October 6,
1873, by the Theodore Thomas Orchestra, and for nearly
a year thereafter it served a most excellent purpose. It
was, however, too small to answer the purposes of a
first-class music hall in a metropolis so large as Chicago.
It seated less than a thousand people. After the open-
ing of McCormick Hall it underwent several alterations,
new galleries were added, the name changed, etc., but
it would take us too far to trace all its transformations,
since all were degradations of its original purpose rather
than in the nature of progress.
The first large hall opened after the fire, and in fact
the most capacious music hall that Chicago has ever
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
had, was McCormick Hall, on the corner of North
Clark and Kinzie streets.
Of this George P. Upton remarked in the Tribune:
" The new and beautiful hall erected by Mr. McCormick, on the
corner of Kinzie and North (.'lark streets was dedicated Thursday,
November 13, 1873, by a grand concert. It is not only the best
hall Chicago has ever had, but is one of the finest in the United
Stales. It should be a matter of pride to every citizen that at last
Chicago ha- an auditorium where music can he heard to its best
advantage. The dimensions of the hall are 100 x I2O feet, and it can
accommodate two thousand live hundred persons. The frescoing
is in exquisite taste, and the four medal-
lion heads are those of Lucca. Kellogg,
Patti and Nilsson. As the conceit was
a complimentary one. and Mr. McCor-
mick sought only to dedicate his hall in
an informal way, he actually gave one of
the best concerts we have ever had in the
city. \Vieniawski never played better,
and the Kiinkel lirothers created a per-
fect tempest of enthusiasm with their
marvelous playing. The Apollo Club
sang some of its lighter numbers in capi-
tal style, and a fragmentary piece of
" Trovatore " was given by some ama-
teurs. The audience was a very large
and a very delighted one. anil the new hall
received a very successful christening."
In spite of this rosy view of its
merits there were several serious
objections to McCormick Hall,
chief of them being its location
upon the North Side, and its con-
sequent inconvenience of access
for residents of the other two di-
visions of the city; and its dan^vr
in case of fire. It was in the third
story of the building, the original
exits being wholly inadequate to
the safe delivery of a large crowd,
even if they had not the further
fatal defect of uniting at the first
story into a single exit. This ob-
jection was to some extent re-
moved by subsequent alterations,
but the location could not be
modified. Hence, no sooner was
Central Music Hall opened, on
December 4, 1879, than first-class
musical entertainments resorted
unanimously to the new location.
As originally constructed, Cen-
tral Music Hall was one of the
pleasantest public halls that the
country could show. It was due
to the enthusiasm and tact of the
late George B. Carpenter, who
remained its lessee and manager until his death. The
hall had the peculiarity of galleries somewhat re-
ceding, the first covering no more than the first
three or four rows of the parquette circle, the second
being withdrawn still farther. This novel arrange-
ment rendered the parquette circle much pleasanter
than usual, but it had the disadvantage of unduly sac-
rificing space. The capacity of Central Music Hall, as
usual in the case of popular assembly rooms, was greatly
exaggerated by rumor. From two thousand five hun-
thousand nine hundred, and of these about six hundred
are in the upper gallery or far back in the family circle.
Farwell Hall, which before the fire had been the
chief large hall of the city, was unfortunately re-built
upon a smaller and less attractive scale, in conse-
quence of which it never recovered its former position.
M [i \V\KH . \H\MS was born at Lexington, Ky.. on January 6,
1857. His grandfather buik the first brick residence in Hamilton
County, O., in a little town now a suburb of Cincinnati. His father,
Ur. Samuel L. Adams, LL.D., occupied the chair of anatomy and
CENTRAL MUSIC HALL.
surgery in the Lexington Medical College until the breaking out of
the War, when he entered the United States Army as surgeon. At this
period the family moved to Lebanon, O., where they resided till
1865, when they located at Danville, Hendricks Co., Ind.; and
there Dr. Adams died in 1869. After his father's death, Milward
Adams came to Chicago with the family. His first occupation in
this city was in the employ of Wilson ISros. He did not remain
lung with them, for, in 1871, he became associated with George B.
Carpenter as assistant manager, a position he retained up to Mr. Car-
penter's demise, on January 7, 1881. Since that time the whole
weight of management has fallen upon Mr. Adams, and he has
capably sustained the arduous duties of the position. He managed
dred to three thousand were the numbers currently the May Festivals of 1882 and 1884, and has made a feature of, and
reported to have been within its walls upon crowded Permanently organized, the Theodore Thomas Concerts, making
A c e ,. -.. tla'm the musical events of Chicago, Cincinnati and Milwaukee. In
occasions As a matter of fact its numbered seats the last four years, over three hundred Thomas concerts have been
readied a little less than one thousand seven hundred, given under Mr. Adams's management. Mr. Adams attributes
to which the boxes add less than two hundred more. whatever success he may have attained to the strict personal atten-
Thus the full seating capacity of the hall is under one tion he has paid to a" tfle detaiu "f his various ventures. He was
married, on August 23, 1883, to Miss Florence James, daughter of
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
653
C. I'. Tame5, of Boston. Mr. and Mrs. Adams spent the summer
of 1884 in making a tour of Europe.
MRS. FLORENCE JAMF.S ADAMS was born at Keokuk. Iowa, on
August 25, 1862. After completing the education afforded in her
native city, she sought the higher dramatic training offered by Hus-
ton teachers, and accordingly placed herself under the instruction of
Professor Monroe, dean of the Boston School of Oratory, and
Steele Mackaye, of New York, a teacher of the Del Sarte School
of acting. She was a student with Henry N. Hudson, the Shaks-
perian editor; Robert Raymond, Shaksperian delineator; Madame
Kudersdorf, instructress in singing; and Dr. Guillmette, teacher of
voice building, all of Boston. She was also a member of the
famous Dorchester Dramatic Club. After thorough preparation in
all the details of the expression and philosophic system of Francois
Del Sarte, she returned to Keokuk for a short season, and immedi-
ately afterward began teaching in Chicago. Mrs. Adams has taught
in the academies and seminaries of this city, and also has teachers
in the schools under her direct supervision. She instructed the ladies'
chorus at the first May festival, and for three years has trained the
children's choruses held at the Exposition Building by Professor
Tomlins. The success of Mrs. Adams has been phenomenal, her
school in Central Music Hall being so eagerly sought that she is
not able to receive all applicants as pupils.
ESTEY & CAMP. — This firm arc manufacturers of, and whole-
sale and retail dealers in, pianos and organ-, and was formed in
February, 1884. It is composed of The Estey Organ Company of
Brattleboro', Vt., and I. N. Camp, of Chicago. The premises oc-
cupied by Kstfv & Camp in this city, are at Nos. 188-90 State
Street. The building comprises a basement and live lloors, 50 x 125
feet in size. The first floor is devoted to the offices and retail ware-
rooms and the second and third stories also to retail display — parlors
for upright pianos especially having been elegantly fitted up on the
latter. Repair shops and boxed organs, awaiting shipment to
wholesale trade, crowd the fourth and fifth floors, while the base-
ment is used for packing and shipping pianos. The trade of Estey
& Camp covers nearly the entire West, Northwest and Southwest ;
the States lying to the south and southwest being controlled by the
St. Louis house and the others from Chicago. Branch houses have
been established at Des Moines and at other desirable points. The
Estey Organ Company consists of Hon. Jacob Estey (who made the
first Estey organ nearly half a century ago), Colonel Julius J.
Estey, and Colonel L. K. Fuller, and this company owns the
largest and best equipped organ factory in the world. Over one
hundred and sixty thousand Estey organs have been manufactured
and sold since the inception of the business so many years ago. In
November, 1884, the Estey Organ Company organized the Estey
Piano Company, and located the latter in New York City. The
piano company consists of Hon. Jacob Estey, president; John B.
Simpson, [r., vice-president; Julius J. Estey, secretary; Robert
1'roddow, treasurer, and Stephen Bramback, superintendent.
Messrs. Fuller and Bramback combined their inventive talents with
the advantages of experience and capital already possessed by the
corporation, and they produced their new pianos in New York City
in 1885. The first installment of their instruments was placed for
inspection on July I, 1885, at the Estey & Camp warerooms in this
city. The Estey Organ Company has branches in Boston, New
York, Philadelphia, and Atlanta, Ua.
Isaac X . Camp, of the firm of Estey & Camp, was born in Ver-
mont. His father was a farmer, and the son was given all the ad-
vantages of a first-class education, and graduated from the Vermont
University in 1856. Prior to his coming to this city to establish
himself in business, Mr. Camp was principal of the Burlington
high school, a position which he most successfully filled for seven
years. In 1868, in company with U.S. Story, he opened the organ
business in Chicago. In February, 1884, the Estey Organ Com-
pany purchased all Mr. Story's interest, and the new firm became
Estey & Camp, the latter gentleman being made managing
partner of the Western business. During his residence here Mr.
Camp has taken a keen, if not specially prominent, interest in every
movement for the welfare of Chicago and its citizens, and to his
energy is partially due the position now held by Chicago as the
musical center of the Northwest. He is master of every detail of
the business, and no person is more highly esteemed by the musical
trade of the West then he. The firm established a branch, in 1875,
in St. Louis, and over the management of this business Mr. Camp
presides. The growth of their business has been sure and gradual,
from $48,000 to §900,000 per annum, till now in pianos and organs
they have one of the largest trades in the West. Mr. Camp was
married, on January I, 1862, at Barre, Vt., to Miss Flora M. Car-
penter. They have four children, — Charlotta M., Edward N.,
William C., and John. Mr. Camp is a member of the Union
League and Illinois clubs.
AUGUSTUS NEWEI.I. & Co., manufacturers of organ reeds, keys
and key-boards for organs, are located at the corner of Racine and
Garfield avenues. This firm makes about one-fourth of all the keys
and a third of all the reeds and reed-boards sold on the American
continent. Like many other mechanical enterprises, this grew from
small beginnings, the pioneer being Augustus Newell, the senior
member of the firm. In 1864, when he turned from a workman's
bench and resolved to commence business for himself, he counted
fifty-three dollars in cash ; which, with a small power press, and a
few patterns, made at odd times while working in an organ factory,
constituted a " paid-up capital " of about two hundred- dollars. Be-
hind him was the life of a skillful workman, and in front the strug-
gle of impecuniosity and inexperience against the capital and
inventive genius of the old factories of New England. At Toronto,
Canada, Mr. Newell commenced operations; his " factory " in a
little frame carpenter shop, a board partition marking the boundary
of a room gx 12 feet, in which all the work of the " new institu-
tion " was done. A rickety engine, with its narrow belt and tiny
shaft, turned the weak and shaky machines. Reeds and reed-boards
were there made, a little anthracite stove warmed the boards and
heated the glue, a rack suspended from the ceiling was the storing
and drying house for lumber, and a portion of this space was occu-
pied for packing and shipping. The factory was the best that could
be obtained with the means at hand, and the little room was a busy
one, and bore evidence that hard work was relied upon for the cov-
eted increase of business and wealth. Such was the budding of
the young plant. R. S. Williams, now a piano manufacturer of
Toronto, was, from the first, a patron of the new enterprise. He
encouraged it with kind words, loaned it monev, and purchased its
wares. This moral and financial support was its main stay. His
money was all returned, but the debt of gratitude Mr. Newell still
owes to him. The business developed and, in May, 1869, was moved
to Chicago. The fire of 1871 reduced it to ashes, and the owner
was again reduced to poverty. The business was re-established at
Erie, 1'enn., on borrowed capital, in December, 1871, but was re-
moved to Chicago again on August 20, 1874. The lire of 1871,
the panic of 1873, and the losses which came through the dishonest
failures of customers in 1876 have passed away, and the little fac-
tory, that for years struggled for a footing, has grown and devel-
oped to remarkable dimensions, the brick buildings covering nearly
one-third of an acre of ground. All the repairing and other special
machinery, which is invented by the senior member of the firm, is
made in the machine shop. Some of these machines rank with the
best inventions of modern times. The firm controls the patents of
Weir's Harmonized Transportation Keyboard. The firm is composed
of Augustus Newell, the founder, and Walter S. Wright, who man-
ages the branch establishment at Toronto, Canada, and who became
a partner in the business in 1880. To Mr. Newell is wholly due the
honor of building up this important branch of our manufactures,
but in his lifework he was ably assisted by a devoted, courageous,
prudent, invalid wife, without whose assistance in those dark and
doubtful days, utter failure might have come. Mr. Newell was
married, in 1857, to Miss Amanda M. Hanaford, of New Hamp-
shire. Their family consists of five daughters, — Marion H. (now
wife of William C. Seavey, of Seavey Bros ) Carrie A., E. Adele,
Viola W., and M. Maud.
SYLVESTER LAWINSKI. — Among the old landmarks of Chicago
business houses is the music store of Sylvester Lawinski, which has
been located on State, in the vicinity of Twelfth Street, for the past
twenty-five years. Mr. Lawinski was born in Posen, Prussia, on
December 22, 1840. During his boyhood he learned the art of
making instruments and became a very fine violinist. He travelled
through Europe for a number of years, visiting Austria, England,
Russia, France and other leading empires, during which time he
mastered five languages. At the age of eighteen he left the old
country and came to America, and for four years was engaged with
a circus, travelling all through the North and South. In 1858, he
came to Chicago, and decided to go into the business of selling and
repairing instruments and make this city his permanent home. He
located between Taylor and Twelfth streets, on State, and did a
very flourishing business. He escaped the great conflagration of
1871, and for the two following years made money rapidly, owing
to there being but four persons in his line of business that were not
burned out. But disaster came with the July fire, in 1874, and it
swept away his entire business, valued at $30,000, and left him
almost penniless and a bankrupt. He had seen, in October, 1871,
men made poor that were once worth hundreds of thousands, and
from their example he took courage. He re-established his store,
obtained a small stock of goods and commenced mercantile life
anew. After a hard struggle, Mr. Lawinski is again on the road to
success, and by his courtesy and skill has won the esteem of a large
list of customers. He carries a large stock of goods at his store,
No. 408 State Street, including everything in the way of stringed
instruments. In addition to his regular business, Mr. Lawinski
gives instruction on the violin. He was married in this city on
June 6, 1861, to Miss Barbara Marovitz. They had fifteen children,
but five only survive, — Joseph, Charles, Frank, Annie and William.
JOSKIMI litiHMAXX was born at the little town of Neinmark,
Austria, on October 23, 1848. His father, Wancel Bohmann, who
died in Chicago on August 19, 1880, was an instrument maker by
654
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
trade, as was his brother Joseph, of whom our subject is a name-
sake. At tin- age of twelve young Itohmann was apprentice] to
the trade, and went into his uncle's simp at Vienna where In re-
mained three and a half years. In his sixteenth year, alter le.uing
his uncle's shop, he went to the town of Minton, Havana, and
worked for six months. He then decided to emigrate to . \nici ica
and commence life for himself. \\ hen New Vork was reached, he
started out to find employment as an instrument maker, but no such
interest had yet been established in the great metropolis, as all
Stringed instalments were imported direct from the Kuropcan coun-
tries. In November, lSi>4, he obtained his lirst job, that of laying
railroad ties on a line between Boston and New Vork. His time
was so occupied until the following .March, and then he was out of
employment for several weeks. Finally, after much solicitation, he
obtained work in a furniture factory in Boston as polisher at $I-5O
a day. I laving had imich experience in such work, his services
became valuable, and after a time his waives were doubled. lie
remained in Boston for about a year and a half, ami then decided to
come West, having in view the city of Chicago, where he hoped he
could get a start in business. On his arrival here he was robbed of
his trunks, clothing and money by a dishonest expressman, and a
lawyer received the remainder of his funds in a vain effort to catch
the thief. All his money was gone, and he had to change locations.
!lr borrowed $8 and went to Manitowoc, \Vis., and visited
his cousin, who was surprised at his appearance, his shabby
dress, and the pitiful story of the misfortunes that had befallen him.
With his cousin, Michael Keellner, a miller and lumberman, he
remained about a year, and succeeded in showing his worth as a me-
chanic, lie then left Manitowoc and went to Green Hay, when he
decided to come to Chicago, which he did in 1872 or 1873. lie
worked ill a piano factory for about two or three years, and in 1875
opened a store at No. 213 Lincoln Avenue, lie remained there for
three years and did a splendid business; but a combination worked
strongly against him and greatly retarded the development of his
business, which, had it had full sway at that time, would be to-day
one of Chicago's largest and best institutions. The trouble was
that as soon as heavy importers and dealers in stringed instruments
found that they had a manufacturer among them, they did all that
was possible to hurt Mr. Bohmann in his business. lie was wholly
unable to purchase strings, either in this city or New Vork, at less
than full retail prices, and on application to "houses in Germany his
orders would remain unfilled. Without strings, his instruments
found no sale. From the time he opened his store on Lincoln
Avenue in 1875 to September 21, iSSo, he was totally unable to
purchase a single suing at less than the full retail price. 1'rior to
the latter date he sent $2,400 to a cousin in Vienna, Austria, who
was an advocate of the law, and he, bya little ingenuity, succeeded
in securing in l.eipsie for Mr. Uohmann a full stock of goods and
credit for several hundreds of dollars' worth of more material. Upon
the receipt of the goods, Mr. Bohmann secured a store at No. 119
North Clark Street, and opened with a $4,000 stock. lie was then
enabled to go ahead with his business in a very satisfactory manner.
In I SS2, he was obliged to obtain more commodious quarters, and
moved to No. 417 State Street, his present location, where he occu-
pies the main lioorand basement, each 25 x 125 in size. These rooms
are packed with instruments of every description upon which a string
is used, — harps, zithers, violins, guitars, banjos, etc., all of his de-
sign and make. Mr. Bohmann secures his lumber, for use in his
business, in America; and all material necessary for the complete
uction of an instrument is obtained in this country, with the
exception of the strings, which are made in Rome. Mr. Bohmann
•on be in position where it will be unnecessary for him to ac-
cede to the high prices of the Roman manufacturers, as he has
planned a machine, which is already in course of construction, that
will make strings as perfectly and as rapidly as those in Europe.
He is now manufacturing over three thousand instruments a vcar
and is furnishing the New York wholesale market with goods. It
has been demonstrated that he makes a superior instrument in every
i to those of Europern construction; and an indirect compli-
ment to his skill as a mechanic, which has naturally been a source
of annoyance, is in the fact that Eastern dealers are so unscrupulous
as to purchase his instruments and place on them the name of gome
noted European maker. Mr. liohmann has just obtained a sure
foothold, and being young, energetic and ambitious is now taking
rapid strides toward the goal which his enthusiasm leads him. Mr.
Bohmann is the only maker of all kinds of string instruments in
the country, and the industry will become a pride to Americans and
be envied by the Europeans who have so long monopolized this
branch of the musical trade.
I- 1; [.]>i.i; UK Fi<Mii|.,i«;, director of Freiberg's orchestra, is. i son
of Frederick and Henrietta Freiberg, and was born at Sehlotheim
in 'I huringia, Germany, on January IS, 1840. In his youth he
went to Magdcbcrg, where he remained a brief period, and then lo-
rn Berlin, where he became a pupil in the music schools. I le
displayed remarkable fondness for music when a la. I of nine years,
and received instruction upon the violin and in the science of "music
in the same class as Fritz and Hernhard Listeman. Both of these
artists have been with Theodore Thomas's celebrated orchestra dur-
ing recent years. In his eighteenth year he came to this country
with his parents, and settled in Chicago. Two years later he joined
the Union Band, and in 1861 went to New Vork City and was a
valuable member of the 7th New Vork Volunteer Infantry Band,
and served as musician with the Army of the Potomac until 1862.
In the following year he was engaged as musician by Buckleys'
Minstrel Company, and upon the termination of his engagement
returned to this city. lie was a member of the Western Eight
Guard Band for several years, and in 1875, in connection with his
brother Julius Freiberg, organized the Freiberg Bros. Orchestra, of
which he is director. The success of this orchestra is attributable
to Mr. Freiberg's thorough education as a musician and a director,
his eminent ability and talent being widely recognized by the pro-
fession. Mr. Freiberg was married, in 1881, to Miss Caroline Hess,
of Chicago, whose death occurred in January, 1882.
Aii adjunct of music is dancing, and following is pre-
sented a sketch of the leading professor in that art in
this city:
Ai i.rsrus EUGENE BOURNIQUK, proprietor of the well-known
academy of dancing, of this city, was born in France, on ( Ictober 27,
1842. His father, Augustus Bournique, was a manufacturer of
French plate glass goods, and in 1845 came to America to represent
the administration of St. Quirin, a large corporation manufacturing
glass goods. The Bournique family resided in New Vork City lor
about twelve years. During that time the children were instructed
in the art of dancing from their earliest childhood. It may be said
that Professor Bournique commenced learning the art from the time
he commenced to walk, and has continued in thorough acquaint-
ance with it up to the present time. During his residence in New
Vork, Mr. Bournique attended the public schools until nine years of
age, and then until twelve he attended the Academy of the Holy
Infants, at Manhattanville, and finished his education at Punirscaux
Academy, Brooklyn. In the winter of 1856-57, the family removed
to Chicago, the senior Bournique entering into the French plate glass
business on his own account. The son kept books for his father until
the memorable panic of 1857 brought ruin on the house. The son
then entered the dry goods house of Ross Ov. Foster as salesman,
where he remained for four years. He then took a position with
the well-known clothing house of George T. Belding & Co. (now
James Wilde, Jr. iV Co.), and continued with them until some time
in 1865, when he withdrew to enter the business in which he is now-
engaged, and at which he has made a national reputation. On [line
14, 1862, Mr. Bourniqne was married. His wife was Miss Eliza-
beth Ann Corning, the adopted daughter of I high Branigan, one
of the early and wealthy residents of Chicago. Miss Coming's
father was a Spaniard and her mother a French lady, and from them
she inherited the inclination and aptitude for dancing, in the instruc-
tion ol which she is equally as proficient and well known as Mr.
Bournique. Prior to her marriage she was a teacher of dancing in
company with Professor l.asairre, a well known instructor of ballet
dancing on the European stage. Mr. Bournique was an attendant
at this school, and after he was married to Miss Corning they en-
tered into the profession. His first academy was located at the
southwest corner of State and Randolph streets. The institution
was a success from its inception, and their patronage \vas so great
that they were obliged to open another academy in the West 1 >ivi-
sion, at the corner of Adams and West Ilalsted "streets. In addition
to these, they also conducted a class in the North Division. The
fire of October, 1871, swept away the academy down town, and
business generally was so demoralized that season that Mr. Bour-
nique did not at once re-open. In the summer of 1872 he erected a
brick structure on Twenty-fourth Street, between Michigan and In-
diana avenues, and two years later was obliged to double the capac-
ity of his hall, owing to the popularity of his academy. In the
summer of 1882, he purchased ground on Twenty-third Street, be-
tween I'rairie and Calumet avenues, and commenced the erection of
one of the most palatial and sumptuous dancing Academies in Amer-
ica, if not in the world. This was finished and opened in the season
of 1883-84. Before erecting this magnificent structure, Mr. Bour-
nique visited all the prominent academies of the East, and intro-
duced such improvements as were of value in his institution. The
arrangement of the whole could not be improved upon, and indeed
the beautiful dancing hall, with its glistening floor, superb finish-
ings, stained-glass windows and brilliant chandeliers are of great in-
terest to every beholder. During the society season, rarely a week
passes but what one or more receptions or dancing assemblies are-
held at liournique's. The cost of this academy, including building,
grounds and furnishings, was about $90,000. Mr. and Mrs. Bour-
nique, notwithstanding the advantages they have in this new build-
ing, are necessitated to carry on their academy in the West Division,
and also instruct large classes of North Side residents. The West
Side academy is located at the corner of Paulina and Madison
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
655
streets. The classes in these academies are graded from infants' to
ladies' and gentlemen's assemblies, and the most perfect system is
maintained. The number of persons receiving instruction from
Mr. and Mrs. Hournique averages from one thousand to twelve
hundred each season, and not alone do they confine themselves to
the patronage of city residents, but also have large classes in I-'. vans-
ton and Kenwood. In the instruction of pupils, Messrs. Eugene
A. and Alvar L. Hournique assist their parents ; both are young
men, popular with the patrons of the institution, and adepts in the
art of dancing. Mr. and Mrs. Bournique also have two other chil-
scribing$io,ooo. The gentlemen proceeded with their
plans, and other public-spirited citizens came to their
assistance. R. T. Crane was the next largest subscriber
to Mr. Palmer, and the subscription list grew until there
were five hundred and twenty-two original subscribers,
and the Chicago Inter-State Industrial Exposition Com-
pany was organized, in March, 1873, with a capital
stock of $150,000. A meeting was held on April 4,
EXPOSITION BUILDING.
dren, a young daughter, May, and a son, I.yman. Mr. and Mrs.
Ilourniquc are members of the American Society of Professors of
Dancing, in which Mr. * Bournique is a member of the executive
committee. Mr. Bournique also belongs to tin- Calumet and Wash-
ington Park clubs, and both himself and wile are prominent and
popular in the social circles of the city.
INTKR-STATE INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION.
Tin; scheme of holding a permanent Exposition in
Chicago first began to attract public attention in 1871.
It was talked up by J. Irving Pearce, \V. F. Coolbaugh
and Potter Palmer, and articles favoring the venture
appeared from time to time in the press. About this
time, Milton S. Patrick, who died subsequently at San-
tiago, Chili, made an effort to found a Mechanics' Insti-
tute here, and he went so far as to draft a plan of
organization, and some stock was subscribed, Cyrus H.
McCormick placing his name for $10,000. The wool-
growers of the Northwest also discussed the advisability
of holding an annual exhibition in Chicago, providing
they could obtain local encouragement. Messrs. Pearce
and Coolbaugh went at the matter of holding an annual
exposition in an informal manner, anil Potter Palmer
showed his willingness to assist the enterprise by sub-
1873, at which a committee was appointed to select a
list of officers; and this list was adopted and officers
elected on April 25, 1873, as follows:
I'otter I'almer, president ; Joseph Medill, W. F. Coolbaugh,
\Virt Dexter, N. K. Fairbank, Jacob Rosenberg, vice-presidents;
J. Irving Pearce, treasurer ; John P. Reynolds, secretary. Exec-
uin't' Ciniiniittct' : N. S. Bouton, George S. liowen, A. C. Hesing,
R. T. Crane, George W. Laflin, T. W. Harvey, David A. Gage.
The intention of the corporation at first was to give
temporary annual expositions, and it was thought the
cost of a building and attendant expenses would not
exceed $150,000. The Common Council was applied
to for permission to use the unoccupied portion of the
Lake Front, lying at the foot of Monroe Street. Per-
mission was granted by the Council for its use for one
year, and, on June 10, 1873, the Exposition Company
increased the amount of its capital stock to $250,000.
The Exposition was opened to the public in Sep-
tember, and the receipts from the sales of tickets, and
other sources, were $175,402.84. The total expendi-
tures on account of building and running expenses
were $345,927.84, leaving a deficit of $36,452.29 for the
first year. The promoters of the enterprise were not
discouraged, however, and proceeded to improve the
656
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
building and prepare for an exposition the next year.
Their right to the occupancy of the land was extended
hv the Council for two years, and since then, indefi-
nitely. Before the Exposition of 1874 opened, the
company constructed a machinery-hall at the north and
a conservatory at the south end of the main structure;
new foundations were put in under the main building,
and other permanent improvements were made subse-
quently, which brought the total .cost of the building,
in 1877, up to $350,000, while the total expenditures in
improvements to January, 1886, amount to upwards of
§500,000.
The receipts for 1874 were $163,650.35, disburse-
ments the same amount, and bills payable outstanding
to the amount of $24,929.76, leaving a deficit, less
$585.06 cash in the treasury, of $24,344.70.
In 1875, the excess of earnings over expenses was
$986.44,
The total receipts of the association for 1876 were
$i 14,140.1 1, and the earnings over expenses $7,777.84.
For the first three years the price of general admission
tickets was fifty cents, but it was made twenty-five cents
in 1876, with the result of largely increased attendance,
but diminished receipts. The management were well
satisfied however, for the result showed that they had
made the Exposition popular.
In order to make it of the utmost value as a public
institution to visitors, — to exhibitors, as a means of plac-
ing their manufactures and devices before the public;
tribulations regarding their occupancy of the ground
on the Lake Front. No sooner had the deficits ceased
and the first dividend been declared, than the Com-
mon Council demanded rent for the ground. All
sorts of rentals were demanded, ranging from $1,000
to $15,000 per annum. The matter has been before
the Common Council during the past seven years in a
score of phases, and that body has even gone to the
extent of ordering the company to remove their build-
ing. The suspicions of some of the city fathers have
been aroused by the fact, that more than three-fourths
of the capital stock of the Exposition Company remains
in the hands of the original subscribers and their fami-
lies. They do not appear to understand how it is that
a number of wealthy people banded together in corpor-
ation can be thoroughly unselfish, public-spirited and
philanthropic. In 1882, a resolution was introduced in
the Council requiring the Exposition Company to not
only pay $15,000 rental per annum, but to payback-
rental to the amount of $90,000. The management
replied that this simply meant destruction to the enter-
prise, and that they would not pay it. In November, 1882,
the Council passed an order directing the city comp-
troller to employ an expert to make an examination of
the accounts and condition of the Exposition Company
as requested by the organization, and Henry E. Hamil-
ton was engaged for the purpose. On December u,
he made a detailed statement, of which the following is
a summary:
Year.
Capital stock.
Ticket sales.
Restaurant.
Rents.
Passenger
elevator.
Hills payable.
Permits.
Art hall.
Other
soitrees.
Totals.
1873
$170.525 00
8128.877 54
S3.160 87
- 3.534 35
$1.995 20
$37 835 48
1874
1875....
1*76
1,!)00 00
500 00
96.980 45
89.159 43
73. KM 60
3.047 46
i'.587°9i
4,491 HO
4.643 23
9.690 08
2,169 98
1,811 87
1.819 51
34.898 61
14,00(1 (10
21.000 00
$3.832 13
6,201 24
3,-,'liS 33
$14.332 50
2.890 14
$ 614 43
18 94
2 168 24
162,267 16
119,224 85
1878
1879
72.632 15
70,«8d 70
75,447 20
2,266 76
1,734 66
1.864 51
10.193 92
9.9.1)? 2li
10.743 77
1.994 50
1.72H 30
S.102 20
5.000 00
7 550 00
10.000 00
4,485 64
5.466 27
4,592 68
4.883 35
7.124 35
1.435 70
lilln ill
1,412 41
4.250 46
102,357 2ti
1115.653 95
110.4:lti 52
1,659 50
7.417 49
121,929 12
93,133 90
2,109 12
10,858 72
2,437 HI)
7.201 50
2,457 (id
2.103 ~,V
1.544 29
99.989 98
119.742 93
$172.92.-, mi
$837,059 37
f 18,941 83
585,691 76
$20,310 66
5165.284 09
$46,706 44
J86.883 14
$20.130 99
$1,403,683 28
Total receipts to close of fiscal year. November 1883.
Total expenditures to close of fiscal year, November, 1883 -.'.'.".I".".'.".".'.'.".".'.'.'.'.'.1.".'.'.!".".!'.
r.;tl;ino' in hands of treasurer...
$ 42817 H2
l.r-s paid dividend, Nn. 5, 6 percent....
• 1,538 00
$ 44,355 82
$14,970 84
Balance December 1, 1882
2.962 20
17,933 04
$ 26,422 78
Year.
Construction
and
repairs.
Insurance.
Printing
Hid
advrrtisint".
Expense.
Labor.
Donation.
Personal
property.
Rills
puyalile.
.Sundries.
Dividends.
Totals.
1873....
1874
$281.111 68
23,787 48
$4,350 00
98 75
$ 9.154 10
12.821 43
S19.8SII 25
47.866 (12
$20,735 91
24,502 65
$4,922 22
$4,384 49
5.178 63
$47 804 33
$344.544 65
187B....
8.299 92
2.938 75
5.138 82
7,588 08
10.985 11
34.665 15
27.3:,1 (12
25.063 69
28,416 84
9.567 80
5 170 56
39,000 00
118.833 47
6.295 !i-,'
7.637 10
26.124 (16
28.795 42
745 91
18,806 57
1879 ....
19.408 75
3.335 111
7.359 82
23.395 18
15.363 05
32,284 66
28,814 68
7,212 83
4 45^ hi
7,550 00
$14,917 42
105.73H 03
1 880 —
4,364 34
9.627 S3
23.436 27
24.718 27
1 618 15
1881 • . - •
3.75T 36
9.518 50
20.825 98
24.981 32
1888 ....
29.321 11
3 877 30
10,612 00
17.225 18
25,331 78
4,281 14
15.060 84
105,709 35
$427.986 34
$31,763 83
$90,610 13
$256.138 16
$263.645 22
$4.922 22
$44,524 52
$178.333 90
$1,056 00
$61,885 14
SI. 360,865 4fi
to local merchants and tradesmen as a valuable adver-
tising medium— the policy of making no charge for space
or power was originally adopted and adhered to. The
Exposition may be said to have been self-sustaining
since 1877, and it is the only Exposition of the kind in
the country that is self-sustaining, with the possible ex-
ception of the American Mechanics' Institute of Nr\v
York.
The Exposition Company have been through many
Notwithstanding the above showing, the City Coun-
cil, on December 18, passed a resolution requiring the
Exposition ( lompany to pay an annual rental of $10,000;
to continue to furnish quarters to one of the Fire Com-
panies, domiciled in the building, free of charge; and if
the company failed, within thirty days, to execute said
lease, the mayor and comptroller were to take possession
of the premises and advertise the same for lease for one
year to the highest bidder. The mayor was asked to
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
657
veto the order, but he refused. The Exposition man-
agement then sent a communication to the Council, set-
ting forth that the original $150,000 subscribed was
much in the nature of a guarantee fund; that from 1874
to 1882, the organization had borrowed, or overdrawn
upon its treasurer, from $5,000 to $47,000 annually;
that no stock-dividend proper was ever made, but only
the surplus, which had been more than earned, was
ratably distributed; that the amount actually paid in
cash dividends up to January i, 1883, was within a
fraction of three per cent, per annum on $250,000, or
4 TTiT) Per cent- on $172,925, the amount originally paid
in; that while $500,000 had been expended on building
and other improvements the current market value of
the stock was not above forty-five cents on the dollar —
less than one-quarter of the actual cost of the property.
The Council reconsidered the order passed on De-
cember 1 8, and a meeting between the Exposition
directors and the aldermen was arranged. No rent
was paid by the Exposition Company until February,
1885, however, and the sum then agreed upon was
$1,000 per annum.
Reference to the statement of the affairs of the com-
pany made by Mr. Hamilton in December, 1882, will
show, the item in the receipts of $85,691.76 from rents.
This source of revenue was made up from leases of por-
tions of the building for temporary athletic and sporting
exhibitions, the Republican National Convention of
1880, Summer Garden concerts, the Thomas Orchestra
seasons, the May Music Festivals, the Republican and
the Democratic National Conventions of 1884, mass
meetings, and many other entertainments of a high
order, and meetings of public importance for which the
building has been an unfailing accommodation and
advantage. Three Expositions have been held since
Mr. Hamilton's report, and the total receipts to date, as
stated, approximate nearly $2,000,000, and the disburse-
ments the same amount. There has been a slight
decrease in attendance during the three years, and the
ticket receipts have fallen off correspondingly. The
company consider the enterprise self-sustaining, how-
ever, and hope to continue making improvements
both in the building and the character of the annual
exhibitions.
There was a cash balance in the hands of the treasurer for
1884, of $16,495.04. The receipts from ticket sales for 1885, were
$69,449.40; the total receipts $120,289.85, and the total disburse-
ments $96,491.95; uncollected and due from railroad companies
$969.50. Of the amounts disbursed $13,787.75 was for repairs;
$27,187.13 for labor; $7,488.70 for printing and advertising;
$18,806.05 general exposition expenses; $10,000 bills payable;
$7,946.69 insurance; dividends of 1884, $9,980.56. Of the sum
total expended $6,688.81 was applied to the mechanical depart-
ment, and $8,303.58 to the art department.
In 1884, the Exposition opened on September 2,
and closed on October 17. In no previous year had the
applications for space been so numerous or urgent. In
value, diversity and interest the exhibits excelled those
of any previous year The total attendance was 298,018,
of which number 271,422 were adults; 25,557 children;
466 exhibitors holding tickets; 573 employes; average
daily attendance 8,463 for forty days. Twenty-eight
railroads and one steamboat line entering the city sold
37,441 coupon admission tickets. It is estimated that
at least 100,000 of the total number of visitors were
strangers in the city.
In 1885, the art gallery contained, besides the fine
collection of casts of statuary owned by the association,
four hundred and twenty-eight paintings, all but thirty-
two of which were by American artists. The collection
was creditable, and afforded a true and comprehensive
42
view of the best American art of the day. Thirty-three
pictures were sold, the aggregate value being $13,055.
During 1885, the building was occupied by the Illi-
nois State Board of Agriculture for holding their regu-
lar annual fat-stock show; by the National Poultry
Association for a poultry show; in April, the Chicago
Opera Festival Association built a mammoth auditorium,
capable of seating ten thousand people, within the build-
ing, and gave a successful season of opera at popular
prices; following this John A. Hamlin secured the hall
and fittings, and gave a series of operatic performances;
in March, the Chicago Academy of Sciences proposed
to make its valuable collection, illustrating the several
departments of Natural History, a part of the regular
exhibition for two years, and suitable rooms were pro-
vided, and this attraction was added to others already
enumerated as a part of the regular exhibits.
At the annual meeting of the stockholders, on No-
vember 14, 1885, Edwin Lee Brown moved that the
executive committee inquire into the propriety of hold-
ing an " Indian Exhibition " in the building, either in
1886 or 1887. The motion prevailed unanimously, and
steps are being taken to gather representatives of the
various Indian tribes of the great West and Northwest,
together with their squaws, pappooses, dogs, ponies,
teepees and accoutrements, as well as a collection of
old Indian implements and curiosities, to make an exhi-
bition at once complete and full of historic interest.
Mr. Brown also offered the following:
Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting that a great
World's Fair be held in Chicago in the year 1902 — the four hun-
dredth anniversary of the landing of Columbus in America.
Which being seconded by Mr. R. W. Hare, was, on
motion adopted, and the matter was referred to the
executive committee for consideration and report.
This resolution created a great deal of public com-
ment, and served to advertise Chicago wondrously
throughout the country. The press of the city, and
many public men who were interviewed, heartily com-
mended the proposed World's Exposition, and it was
deemed peculiarly appropriate for Chicago, the young-
est, most enterprising and representative American
city, to celebrate the landing of the great navigator of
Genoa upon the new continent.
At this meeting the following officers for 1886 were
elected :
A. F. Seeberger, president; N. S. Bouton, Henry Field,
Robert Law, J. W. Stewart, Wiley M. Egan, vice-presidents; J.
Irving Pearce. treasurer; John P. Reynolds, secretary.
Board of Directors— -D. B. Fisk, John P. Reynolds, N. S.
Bouton, Wiley M. Egan, Charles B. Farwell, Henry Field, A. F.
Seeberger, J. W. Stewart, George H. Laflin, E. T. Stelle, J. M.
Wetherell, Samuel Johnston, George Mason, James H. Dole, J.
Irving Pearce, E. T. Watkins, Jacob Rosenberg, O. B. Phelps,
Benjamin E. Gallup, W. I. Culver, S. H. McCrea, T. W. Harvey,
Edwin Lee Brown, Robert Law, Frank I. Pearce.
Executive Committee. — A. F. Seeberger, James H. Dole, E.
T. Stelle, John P. Reynolds, George Mason, Frank I. Pearce,
Jacob Rosenberg, George H. Laflin, S. H. McCrea.
THE DRAMA.
It may well be doubted whether there is any form of
art in which the ideal and the every-day practice are so
widely separate 1 as in the drama. Of poetry, Hegel
has somewhat loftily said that its content is spiritual
existence and eternal truth, as illustrated in the lives
and conduct of men.
" The entire circle of the outer world enters poetry only in so
far as the spirit linds its activity in ruling over the material; as the
environment of man, also his outer world, which has its essential value
only in reference to the inner of consciousness, but dares not make
658
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
claim to the honor of being itself the exclusive subject of poetry.
Then the word, this most plastic- material which belongs immedi-
ately to the spirit, and is the most capable of all of sei/ing tin-
interests and movements of things in their inner life, must here be
applied to the highest meaning of which it is capable.
•Thus it becomes the chief task of poetry to bring to con-
work, fate, the machinery of this world, and the divine government.
N. it has been, and still'is. the most general and broadest teacher
of human kind. Its teaching and learning are knowledge and ex-
|K-iience of this which is. Star, beast and plant neither know nor
experience thcirlaw; but man exists in the suitable law of his actual
life only when he knows what he himself is and what is about him;
he must know the power which drives and manages him; — and such
a knowledge it is which poetry gives in its first substantial form."
This, which poetry in general does for the reader in
his closet, the drama causes to live and move before
him. Man himself, as to his inmost being and springs
of action, lives in the mimic scene; out of the depths of
his spirit he reveals himself to the beholder in all his
moral quality. Of the drama it is particularly true, as
Hegel has said of art in general, that
"Its design is to awaken and to animate the slumbering feel-
ings, desires ami passions of all kinds; to fill the heart and to per-
mit lobe conscious in man everything developed and undeveloped
which human feeling can conceive, experience, and bring forth, in
its innermost and most secret parts; whatever the human heart in
its manifold possibilities and moods desires to move and excite; and
i.illy whatever the spirit has in its thought, and in the Idea of
the most Kssemial and High; the glory of the Honored, Eternal
and True. It may also express unhappiness and misery, in order
thus to make wickedness and criminality conceivable, and to permit
the human heart to share every thing horrible and dreadful, as well
as all joy and happiness. Then fancy may at last indulge herself
in vain sport of the imagination, and run riot in the ensnaring magic
of sensuously entrancing contemplation."
If all literature had been searched for a passage
acurately describing what the Shakespearian plays do
for man, nothing could have been more to the point
than this from Hegel just quoted. In a less degree, or
more properly with regard to a part of the great office
here defined, the same ethical and educational design
underlies the dramatic writing of several otherauthors —
notably of Browning, Tennyson and Swinburne. But that
any such claim of a high office of culture can be made
for the stage in general as it at present exists, or of any
stage in particular, it would be folly to pretend. The
gap between the ideal and the real is so enormously
wide that it can not be bridged over. The Shakespe-
rian drama, and all later work underlain by ethical and
deeply poetic motives, is seen but rarely, and then only
through the personal devotion of a few specialists. In
place of it we have sensuous show-pieces, roaring and
essentially vulgar farces and farce-comedies, broad bur-
lesques, and minstrelsy. This is the complexion to
which the spoken drama has fallen in every part of the
world. The causes of it are worth considering, for
nothing is more certain than that, however valuable the
gain may have been, by whatever other agencies have
taken the place formerly belonging to the drama, there
has also been a great loss, inasmuch as the drama
appeals to the strongest instincts of the human heart.
The first cause to be assigned for the decadence of
the drama to an office of mere amusement, is the divi-
sion which the Church has labored so many centuries to
build-up between itself and the world, and particularly
between itself and the amusement world. This division
still exists as a superstition, operating to keep out of the
theatrical business the greater part of those most moved
by ethical and ecclesiastical considerations. The
Church's censure of the theater has also had the effect
of depriving the stage of precisely that part of the gen-
eral public which, in a normal state of affairs, would
have afforded it the steady support and the stimulus of
an ethical appreciation. Add to this, the division of
labor prevailing in ethics and education just as surely
and just as widely as in mechanics, and we have our
social forces not only separated but set over against
each other in two, or many, hostile camps. It is this
attitude which the Church, the Press, and the Stage hold
toward each other, instead of mutually helping each
other, as there was every a priori reason for their doing.
Hence, it has come to pas,s that the stage is given over
so largely to speculative managers willing to make money
at any cost, players willing to give the public anything
whatever that its vile appetite may happen to crave, and
a public composed of the volatile elements of all classes,
desiring first of all to be amused, or to experience a
sensation of some sort, when sensation has become
increasingly remote and blast.
The justice of the views above given in regard to
the effect of the antagonism between the stage and the
church, is strikingly shown in the behavior of that occa-
sional part of the theatrical public derived from church
circles. It is well known that actors like Booth, Irving,
Modjeska and a few others, are able to play long en-
gagements in the same theater before overflowing audi-
ences, while ordinary attractions in the same places draw
but half-houses. It is noticeable in all these cases, as
also in the grand opera and the more genteel class of light
opera, that the audience is largely composed of persons
who are never, or but very rarely, seen at the theater
upon ordinary occasions. Here we have the reciproca-
tion of support and appreciation, in return for an art-
effort of ethical and poetic worth, of just the same sort
as that already predicated. It can be said with little
fear of successful contradiction, that the pecuniary profit
of the engagements of Irving, and of other artists main-
taining the true dignity of the drama, is derived from
this re-inforcement by the church public.
Antagonism between three such important factors
of social progress as the pulpit, the stage, and the news-
paper press necessarily results in impairing the work of
all. Wherein the stage suffers has already been set
forth. It is not always seen that the church suffers just
as much. Not only is a certain solid part of the public
cut off from the theater, but a corresponding loss is
suffered by the church. The amusement public, per se,
is not the church public. The loss of this element from
the church society is to be regretted upon many ac-
counts. The buoyancy of these lively spirits and im-
pressionable imaginations is the quality needed for
relieving the church of what many feel to be its objec-
tionable tedium. The loss is so severely felt that the
pulpit has resorted, and is constantly tempted to resort,
to sensational expedients unworthy of its associated
sanctity, in the hope of bringing a few individuals of
this class within hailing reach. The newspaper feels
the effect of this antagonism quite as plainly as either of
the agencies concerned, although, naturally, from having
its circulation in the present world, its sympathies are
mainly with temporal forces, and therefore with the
stage in its controversy with the pulpit. It is not prac-
ticable just now to propose a composition between these
warring interests. Possibly there is something of this
sort in preparation, through each class' need of the
other's help, and through its catering thereto.
It would be a mistake to conclude, from the present
popularity of farce-comedy and the less worthy elements
of the drama, that the gap between the actual and the
ideal stage is wider to-day than at many previous times
in its history, not even excepting the periods of /Eschy-
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
659
lus and Shakespeare. The situation has been cleverly
put, in regard to the popularity of the higher forms of
classical music, by the London musician who remarked
that " one couldn't always be hearing music with a wet
towel around one's head." To awaken the slumbering
elements of human nature in the direction of the " most
essential and the high," and to celebrate the "glory of
the honored, the eternal and the true," are noble func-
tions which any profession might be proud to number
among its possibilities. The stability of the church and
the currency of the higher forms of literature are evi-
dences that there is a large public willing to have these
uses performed for them, and even to pay well for the
privilege. Nevertheless churches are largely supported
as social clubs, and are kept open but one day in seven;
those that do more, trade upon a sort of holy under-
writing for the future state, rather than upon the vigor-
ous desire of their adherents to be made perfect before
their time of departure is obviously near. Powerful as
are the lessons of the stage, and intuitively as they ap-
peal to the hearts of men, the moment that the ethical
motive becomes so transparent as to usurp the attention
in place of art, that moment the drama loses its illu-
sion, its charm, and its power to awaken and instruct.
Indeed it may well be doubted whether the charm of
the drama admits of being analyzed and defined in set
terms. Does it not, rather, resemble those volatile
odors of which the chemist can tell us no more than
that they come from certain essential oils, of whose
inner construction he can give us the ultimate analysis
of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, etc., but why one of them
should have the odor of rose, another of violet, or an-
other of hyacinth, chemistry can not so much as attempt
an explanation.
No doubt it would be as easy to misconceive the
educational value of the stage by over-estimating as by
under-estimating it. In the nature of the case, the most
the drama can do in the direction of awakening and de-
veloping the higher powers of those who " assist " by
witnessing it, is limited to an occasional incitation. In
the majority of cases such an incitation will fade out
and vanish like the greater number of good impulses,
without leaving behind it any apparent modification of
character or conduct. Yet there are two aspects in
which impressions of this kind assume an importance
not obvious upon first consideration. The first has re-
ference to the orderly way of developing human char-
acter. Character is the resultant, or the combined ope-
ration, of the individual's aptitudes and habits, both
natural and acquired. " Every human infant is a bundle
of possibilities" whose sum total is never fully worked
out, even in the most favored cases. The seeds of
many virtues may be there, which the sunshine and the
showers of an unfavorable environment may have been
insufficient to bring to fruition. Whichever ones of
these latent aptitudes for the higher qualities of good-
ness and strength come to fruitage, in a majority of
cases, owe their survival in this highest form of "the
fittest " to a resolute purpose of will on the part of the
individual. Heredity and environment do much for
every human being; but the human will, in its own free
action, is a divinity within man capable of shaping his
ends into lines of nobility and beauty, in spite of an en-
vironment apparently hostile. This awakening of the
will and fastening it upon one principle of action, is
nearly always the result of an impression received
within the imagination. Imagination is not alone the rep-
resentative faculty, recalling and re-combining elements
previously received from other sources; it is most of all
the divining faculty, the inner capacity of recognizing
truth, beauty and goodness — of recognizing just as
surely, and worshipping with instinctive veneration,
those grades of nobility, beauty and pathos (scarcely so
much as hinted at in the environment) which transcend
reason. It is through this channel that religious ex-
perience begins. The entire fabric of belief upon which
all churches rest has its only subjective foundation in
this intuitive power of the human mind to conceive of
transcendent holiness, justice, and love; these it is the
object of all sacred writings to unfold and of all
churchly observances to eventuate in human souls.
Patriotism, philanthropy, art, and the higher literature,
are but different phases of this endless revelation which
is being made to man through the imagination.
Hence, it is impossible to foretell of any single inci-
tation to nobler life how far its influence may extend.
There is no man who has accomplished mental work of
substantial value but is able to trace some part of his
success to a casual impulse received in early life. The
entire record of evangelical experience confirms this
view. Marvellous transformations of character have
owed their beginning, the resolute determination of will
which gave them value, to a passing remark of no es-
pecial weight to the majority of listeners. A sugges-
tion, an impulse, apparently coming from no visible
whither, but floating in the moral ether like an invisible
germ in the air, falls upon the mind in a favorable mo-
ment, and lo! the whole trend of the being is changed.
In the expressive words of Holy Writ: " Old things are
done away; all things are become new."
The other aspect in which fugitive impressions be-
come significant may be called the cumulative one.
Imagination is not so much a re-presentation of images
and feelings known to us, as it is the complement of the
environment. By its idealizing power, the imagination
supplies for the environment the flowers and fruits of
beauty and of perfection which reality lacks. It is
doubtful whether there is any one individual life so rich,
so fortunate, so complete, both inwardly and outwardly,
as not to need the help which this faculty gives. This is
the source of the popularity of that large class of
widely-read fiction in which the heroes and heroines are
enormously wealthy, live in palaces, migrate from climate
to climate and from kingdom to kingdom as fancy and
the seasons change. In their essential nature these
highly fortunate imaginary personages may be, and often
are, essentially common if not ignoble. For many
readers this will not matter. Their own burdens lie
along the lines of pecuniary limitation and domestic
responsibilities, ever present with their exasperation and
disillusionizing prose. Out of the miserable real, the
soul is glad to escape into the free ideal. In a different
way, but quite along the same line of operation, comes
the popularity of that higher class of fiction having to
do with the development of innate beauty of soul. The
struggles, the triumphs, the littlenesses and the con-
trasting greatnesses, the beauty and pathos of soul "made
perfect through suffering " — these take the reader out of
his every-day world, raise him above it, furnish the in-
ner chambers of his mind with vivid pictures of per-
sons having like passions with himself, but true to an
ideal which he too often misses. Thus comes rest, re-
pose, strength, and at length the vigor of a new life.
The productive force of these impressions depends,
no doubt, upon their frequency or their vigor, but more
upon the state of the individual. An innocent girl
passes unmoved through suggestions which fire the baser
passions of the roue at her side. Just as the lower
fiction and drama offer to the pure-minded nothing but
disgust, so the nobler fiction and drama offer to the im-
66o
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
pure little beyond weariness. Little, yet something.
There is a sympathetic resonance of mind, just as there
is of sound. Helmholtz contrived an apparatus of
tuning-forks, vibrated simultaneously by means of
electricity, in the intervals of the natural harmonics
from one to seventeen. Opposite each fork he placed
a resonance chamber corresponding to its note ; be-
tween the fork and the chamber a little screen or dam-
per. When this was out of the way, the chamber reso-
nated powerfully, like an organ pipe, as long as its fork
vibrated. By shutting off certain ones of these resonance
chambers, Helmholtz was able to imitate the sounds of
the various orchestral instruments at pleasure; he even
produced the vowels of human speech. Whether the
combined tone of the apparatus was the wail of the
oboe, the mellow note of the French horn, the round
" O " or the thin and unsatisfying " I," was merely a
question of the permission or suppression of certain reso-
nance chambers. The soul is full of these chambers.
Virtue interposes its screen before the baser half, and
much may appeal to these darkened chambers in vain.
But let them once be opened by an evil desire or a
bad example, and there is no telling how thrilling the
tone of vice may be.
It is exactly the same in the higher life. Many of
the human species are born and grow to maturity ap-
parently with all the resonance-chambers of virtue shut
off. A noble tone, spoken at the moment when one of
these finer chambers is open, becomes a resurrection
trumpet ; the life is set in a new key, the world is
changed, a soul is borne into the light of the upper air.
This, which the church and the higher literature make
a specialty of doing, is also entirely and peculiarly within
the province of the stage.
In addition to its office of " holding the mirror up
to [human] nature," in order to illustrate the inherent
tendency and necessary ending of moral choices, thereby
to incite a nobler conception of life ; in addition, also,
to its office of completing or complementing a meagre
environment, by supplying for the hour the missing ele-
ments of nobility or joy, — the drama has yet another
office. It is that of bringing to consciousness the idea
of human brotherhood, thereby strengthening the sense
of inter-dependence between man and man, and in the
end predisposing to philanthropy and furthering those
co-operative movements of society, through whose be-
nevolent working the lot of the weaker members is so
much ameliorated. This is the direction in which the
entire sympathetic drama operates. The contempla-
tion of characters repulsive as to their exterior, the vic-
tims of mistakes in previous generations, the foot-balls
of fortune in the present, yet all impelled by forces for
which they are only in small part responsible, and all
permeated by the vitality of our common human nature,
— can have no other operation than to make the ob-
server more charitable, more kindly disposed, more
tolerant of mistake and error at the very moment when
the necessary consequences of error are most plainly
discerned. From this point of view, such plays as " Rip
Van Winkle," " Hazel Kirke," and a variety of similiar
ones, set in a key but little above that of every-day
life, have a quasi-ethical significance not easy to fully
measure. Perhaps their usefulness is enhanced rather
than diminished by the current impression that they are
art and not education. The dislike of receiving good
advice is so deep-seated in nature, that if the earth her-
self were gifted with consciousness we should expect
her to sport an umbrella and a sunshade forthwith.
Nobody likes to be benefited ; the instinct of conscious-
ness is for the individual to act for himself ; and the
Deity's moral government is illustrated in the clever
manner with which conceited man is inoculated with
the notion that he is wholly free and independent of
supernatural interference.
While it would be very possible to attach too much
importance to the current charges, that the stage is un-
necessarily trashy and vulgar in the subject-matter with
which it deals, it is nevertheless worth considering,
whether it is not indeed the victim of debasing influ-
ences from which it might just as well be free. The
old charge of religionists that the stage is allied to drink
and vice has this much of truth, namely, that the
classes who, by temperament, are most in danger of
falling into drink and vice, are the very ones who, in the
earlier stages of their downward career, are most at-
tracted by amusements, and who, therefore, form a
section of the theatrical public most easily appealed to.
This phase of natural selection has already been touched
upon in considering the evil effects of an arbitrary line
of demarcation between the stage and the church. It
is not an aspersion upon the stage that it naturally at-
tracts the class just described, since the principle upon
which the " natural selection " rests is in them, rather
than in the stage. The quasi-dissipated theatrical pub-
lic, here referred to, consists of individuals predomin-
antly emotional, desirous of having a good time. Their
use of drink, at first, is purely social — later, it takes the
form of medicine, a ready means of bridging over a
period of jaded nerves and impaired energy. The
vicious accompaniments, if vicious accompaniments
there be, are due to appetites unduly stimulated and the
impairment of the inhibitory functions of the higher
brain through heredity or habit. It is not true that
theatrical patrons who occasionally take a glass of wine
are responsible only to stage attractions of a low plane
of moral quality. On the contrary, many a maudlin im-
biber has been affected to tears by the pathetic scenes of
" Hazel Kirke " and other pure plays. It is also historic
that the gallery responds to moral sentiments more
quickly than any other part of the audience, especially
if they be so familiar as to have the character of axioms.
Nor is it necessarily derogatory to the character of the
stage that bar-rooms should be opened as near every
theater as it is possible to get them. This, also, goes
with the " natural selection " already described. The
theater nightly brings together some hundreds of social
folk, among whom are many thirsty souls, to whom re-
straint of appetite is a matter of compulsion rather than
of habit. If these people go out between the acts and
visit a neighboring bar-room, it is a fortunate circum-
stance for the bar's money-drawer, but in no way the
fault of the theater or of its manager, nor yet in the
slightest degree a reflection upon the moral quality of
his attractions.
From the establishment of bar-rooms in handy neigh-
borhood to the theater it was not a long step to a prac-
tice, harmless in itself, which of late years has grown
into a burden and a most continual threat of degrada-
tion. Reference is here made to the display of litho-
graphs and bills in saloons and saloon windows. The
danger of this practice does not wholly lie in its ten-
dency to attract an undue proportion of paying cus-
tomers who, from their personal habits, might be
particularly susceptible to emotional and sensational
plays, shapes, etc., although this danger undoubtedly
lies in the practice. The main objection to it, however,
is in the free privileges given in return for the adver-
tising space. These amount to one or two tickets a
week for each place of display. As the house retains
its power of selecting the evenings when these privileges
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
661
shall be used, it naturally masses them in the earlier
part of the week, when paying attendance is lightest.
The result is that opening nights are unduly leavened
by an element derived from these sources, applauding
and condemning, making or marring the fortunes of a
play, in a spirit quite other than that of the best part of
the paying patronage of the house. It would not be
easy to measure the evil influence of this feature of the
theatrical situation. Fortunately it has already attracted
considerable attention in theatrical circles, and quite
a number of managers have instituted a reform for them-
selves. Even were this cause of deterioration obviated,
there would still remain the double fact that the public,
as a whole, is incapable of the highest in any direction;
and the other circumstance that geniuses able to present
the highest, in terms of convincing mastery of intellect
and feeling, are extremely rare in every generation.
Thus, having neither poetic geniuses nor any desire for
them, the public gets along quite comfortably with what-
ever happens to tickle its ribs.
There is also another question having much to do
with the progress of the stage toward its ideal, namely,
the question of Sunday performance. If it can be shown
that Sunday performances are beneficial to any part of
the community, then they must go on; and the over-
worked actors must get such solace as they can, from
the reflection that their lot of working seven days in
every week, instead of six, is by no means peculiar to
their own profession. While necessity may serve to
condone the moral quality of their disregard of the Sab-
bath, it has not the slightest power to affect or mitigate
the physical and moral deterioration due to overwork.
Considered purely as a physiological question, the habit
of giving nine performances a week is fatal to an actor's
freshness, elasticity and self-poise. He becomes a mere
drudge, whether his nine representations be Shakes-
pearian or a part of the most trashy farce-comedy. It
is doubted by many managers whether the theaters gain
anything from Sunday performances. They think that,
in so far as their regular patrons are affected, the extra
evening merely draws so much from the other nights of
the week. What they gain from the class which can or
will attend upon no other night than Sunday, they think
that they lose by offending the Sabbatarian prejudices of
those who otherwise would come oftener. At all events,
aside from the physical deterioration of the actors in
consequence of working seven clays in every week, Sun-
day performances tend to degrade the general level of the
stage in the same manner as the bill-board practices
already described, namely, by affording additional in-
fluence to the class of patrons having the least regard
for questions of taste, refinement and moral quality.
Another element to be taken into account in esti-
mating the present condition of the stage, is what is
known as " the combination system." The evolution
of completeness in dramatic performances has pro-
ceeded by a few well-marked steps. The location of
strolling bands of Thespians within the walls of intel-
ligently constructed theaters, led to a speedy enrich-
ment of the mise en scene. The inability of stock-players
to essay successfully the greatest roles, soon gave rise
to the star system, in which the leading role be-
came the specialty of the star, while the remaining
parts were sustained by the crude talents of the stock
company. The star system was already a step toward
a division of labor. The impossibility of securing a
well-balanced ensemble, when the special aptitudes of
the star had only ordinary surroundings of a poorly-
drilled stock company, has lately led to the combina-
tion system. In this the star selects his own support,
and provides himself with a complete paraphernalia of
fully trained company, suitable scenery and properties
for whatever plays he proposes to act during the season.
This done, he contracts with the local managers for a
fixed percentage of the gross receipts, in return for fur-
nishing the dramatic performance complete. The
house, upon its own part, furnishes certain specified
pieces of scenery, the bills, newspaper advertising,
ushers, and executive staff. This system has now be-
come universal in the United States, and upon the
whole deserves to continue, although it is as yet far
from perfect. It is essentially elastic, enabling small
towns to have a few weeks of enjoyable dramatic rep-
resentations, where the patronage would be wholly in-
sufficient to support a local company during the season.
It enables managers to exercise an elective control in the
selection of attractions for their public, and therein places
within their power the complete purification of the stage
from all debasing or unworthy elements, so far, at least,
as their own theater is concerned. It also brings the star
and the "combination" under the influence of public
opinion upon a wide scale, for it is obvious that no show
can succeed upon the road unless it be in harmony with
the public taste.
In a normal state of society these considerations
would operate, most likely, to the complete purification
of the stage. In the present condition of things, how-
ever, two obstacles interfere with the accomplishment
of such a result. One is the fact that, except in a few
of the largest cities, theater-going is not habitual with
any class, and least of all with the individuals whose
presence would do most to elevate the standard of pro-
priety and seemliness. In so far as there is a class of
regular attendants upon the. drama, it is mostly made
up of the less worthy elements already described.
Another unfavorable element in the problem is the
speculative manager, who, indeed, appears in both ends
of the theatrical enterprise. In a large way he stands at
the fountain-head of the combination system, engaging
the star and support, furnishing the very considerable
capital necessary for putting in motion so expensive an
enterprise as a first-rate dramatic outfit has come to be.
He therefore exercises for himself a right of private
judgment as to what will and what will not " pay,"
amounting to an absolute ignoring of all considerations
of professional enthusiasm and art, and of all that he
deems high-flown abstractions generally. A manager
of this kind controls many enterprises. He has con-
tracts with promising artists covering five years or more.
He has similar contracts with the leading play-wrights
of the world. When his name has acquired the prestige
of success, he can make his own terms with the local
managers, who readily yield them in the assurance that
his "attraction" will add to the popularity of their
house, and in regard to the further consideration that
if they do not take him their rival will. Against this
form of capitalistic monopoly any reformer will have to
struggle single-handed, and at heavy odds.
At the other end of the line is the speculative local
manager. He, as a rule, is an irresponsible person in
search of an easy and a lucrative living. Having leased
the local theater for a fixed rental, it is his opportunity
to find his profit in so managing it that a constant
change of attractions will draw him, in turn, all those in
the community having a taste for any kind of dramatic
entertainment. Naturally the patronage of the legiti-
mate is the least abundant element in his account.
Hence an occasional week of this sort will be sand-
wiched in between minstrelsy, spectacle, shows of shape,
and roaring farce. Bad as the mixture is of its own
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
accord, it is too often made worse by free advertising
given the worst elements in it by the pugnacious pulpit
of the vicinity.
The unfavorable environment of the stage has yet
another element, playing no small part in perpetuating
mediocre performances. Reference is made to the
remarkable extension of the theatrical circuit, and the
consequent demand for a vast number of combinations
in order to fill the time at so many theaters. The sud
den demand for actors and singers, thus recently
created, has had to he met by the introduction of a
great amount of crude material, much of it unplastic in
quality, and very little of it leavened by an ideal above
the omnipresent consideration of bread and butter.
Thus it is easy to see that, between its lofty ideal upon
the one hand, and the apathy of the public and feeble
powers of the profession on the other, an unsatisfactory
condition of the stage is inevitable. Its attitude is
always one of compromise, and therefore unsatisfactory
to criticism from whatever standpoint. As already in-
timated in the beginning, the process of evolution can
go on only by re-uniting the disjoined members of the
true public of the drama, and thus bringing to bear the
high-toned appreciation and helpful censorship of cul-
ture. When this begins to be felt, the speculative man-
ager will not be found to stand in the way. To him, in
the highest sense, the maxim is true, " vox populi vox
Dei." If the revelation reaches him through the pocket,
it is only because the remainder of his soul is found to
be immaterial to the matter in hand.
As already intimated, the signs betoken a reforma-
tion of the theatrical world in the direction here indi-
cated. The old antipathy between church and stage
relaxes its vigor at all points of proximity between the
two provinces. The great middle class of conservative
humanity, that unsolvable problem to theologians — the
class which is too good to damn and too indifferent to
" save " — is more and more recognizing the drama in its
inherent attractiveness.
The operation of the various favorable and unfavor-
able influences above described, has been illustrated in
the recent history of the Chicago theaters. The com-
parative newness of society here relieves it from many
of the traditionary restrictions incident to a long-settled
civilization, among which the hereditary dominion of
clan may be mentioned, as the one whose destruction
has afforded to the drama a particularly beneficent
opening upwards. It is the good fortune of Chicago,
and of all rapidly growing new communities, to receive
its human material in the form of detached units, un-
connected by family ties beyond the single household.
Everything has to be made anew; church, clan, clique,
aggregations for culture as well as the by-laws regulat-
ing them, are re-created by a young and vigorous com-
munity, full of energy, self-reliance and the spirit of
freedom. It inheres in this kind of opportunity that
the wheat and the tares thrive alike, unless, indeed, the
tares be thought to derive the earliest advantage from
the richness of the soil. Evil may be said in such a
case to have a triple advantage. It is the natural ex-
pression of the lower side of a vigorous animal life; the
community looks upon it with a generous disposition to
"give every kind of man a chance," and, finally, the
social order is too heterogeneous, and too imperfectly
knit together, for the easy suppression even of the dis-
orders whose excess have become acknowledged. Under
circumstances of this kind we would expect theater-
going to be more tolerated among church members than
in an older community; it would, also, be equally cer-
tain that the ranker tastes of the lower classes would
not fail of being cared for. Such, indeed, we find to be
true of this city.
The typical theater of Chicago is McVicker's, an
account of whose re-building and subsequent career
is given in another part of this essay. Mr. McVick-
er, as an actor and a lover of the higher drama,
maintained a stock-company longer than almost any
other manager in the country. His house was the
acknowledged home of the legitimate drama — a term
which may roughly be defined as including all drama,
whether tragedy or comedy, dealing in a healthful way
with human passions and follies Outside the limits of
the technically "legitimate" are to be counted melo-
drama, with its meretricious interests of melancholy
Byronism, its red-fire and slow music; farce and farce-
comedy,with its burlesques of human folly; and spectacle,
dealing with form, shapes, and sensuous visual impres-
sions. While the stock company remained at McVicker's
the legitimate occupied the stage for more than three
months of the year. When the combination system
came in, the records of the house show a great falling-
off in this kind of performances. In place thereof are
found many weeks of spectacle and the ever popular
farce-comedy. In this, however, we are not to discover
a falling-off in the taste of the Chicago theater-going
public, but rather a change of attitude on the part of the
management. The stock-company and the legitimate
failed to pay. The noble old Roman owning the house,
did as the other Romans did — he opened it to attrac-
tions presumed to be more lucrative.
A comparison of the repertories of the various the-
aters with each other for successive years, will show
curious fluctuations in the quality of entertainment
offered upon the same stage in different years. The
house which during one season is given over to the
legitimate, in another may be quite as unanimously de-
voted to a wholly different style of performances.
Upon the whole, however, it appears to be beyond
question that the legitimate drama is continually upon
the increase in Chicago, not only in frequency of repre-
sentation but also in attractiveness. Nor could it well be
otherwise. "All roads lead to" Chicago, and every
good company in the dramatic field has to come here.
The multiplication of well-appointed theaters, from the
two or three before the fire to the ten or twelve now
existing, has afforded a corresponding amplitude for
every sort of opportunity. The legitimate, in spite of
its comparatively feeble hold upon the lower class of
theater-goers, is nevertheless at a premium with mana-
gers, because it helps to make their houses better es-
teemed by the well-dressed and well-established classes.
Hence, we find the legitimate filling not only its fair
proportion of time at McVicker's, but also enjoying a
good degree of consideration in all the other houses;
this, too, not alone at the down-town theaters, but at
the Standard, the Academy of Music, and the Criterion,
as well.
Nor does it seem particularly necessary to waste
tears over the current popularity of farce-comedy and
light opera. While these things may not be educational
in the higher directions, they are not necessarily bad.
At worst, their humor is but little beyond the somewhat
rank, but wholly American, flavor of Mark Twain and
the lesser funny men of the periodical press. American
business men take the world hardly— an occasion to laugh
is worth to them, perhaps, all that they so freely pay for
it. Whether a similarly tolerant view ought to be taken
of the "leg drama" and the "wild-west," cow-boy dis-
pensation, is not so clear. The latter, probably, does
little harm; the former is set before its public in Chicago
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
663
with a disgracefully liberal hand. The State Street
theaters, and numerous others in more remote parts of
the city, cater to appetites which, in the absence of in-
ternal inhibition, ought to be under police control. With
this department of Chicago theatrical history we have
really nothing to do. It is a problem for the moralist
and the reformers.
It would take us too far to trace in detail the history
of the Chicago stage, as represented by the different
theaters since the great fire. Fortunately it is not nec-
essary to do this; the combination system, as already
described, having had the effect of depriving the local
theaters of their individuality and of rendering the dra-
matic history of every leading city homogenous with
that of every other. To write the detail of the local
stage, therefore, would be in effect to undertake the
detail of the entire dramatic activity of the country.
From this sweeping conclusion exception must be made
of the period subsequent to the great fire and previous
to the adoption of the combination system. For several
years of this time McVicker's was the recognized home
of the legitimate drama in Chicago. Travelling stars were
supported by the local stock company. In this way the
more important engagements were those of McCullough,
in October, 1875; Ben DeBar, as Falstaff, etc., in Feb-
ruary, 1876; in March, 1876, a period of comedy, when
John Dillon, Florence, Raymond and Roland Reed were
all in the casts. In April of the same year there were
Booth, Daly's Fifth Avenue Company, and Maggie
Mitchell. In the advent of the Daly Company will be
recognized the beginning of the combination plan. The
leisure thus created was utilized by a country tour of
the stock company.
During this period, a large number of new plays
were produced in Chicago, — the comparatively small size
of the city, and the consequent facility of monopolizing
public attention, and the appreciative attitude of dra-
matic criticism here at that time, having made the city
a favorite for this purpose. Among the new plays wor-
thy of mention were the following: Bret Harte's "Two
Men of Sandy Bar " was produced for the first time,
anywhere, at Hooley's, on July 17, 1876. The cast con-
tained Theodore Hamilton, Laura Don, Charles R.
Thome, Jr., Stoddart, etc. Runnion's " Mignon " was
produced at McVicker's on January 29, 1877, with so
much success that it had a two weeks' run. The
cast contained Mr. Harris, Mr. Thorne, Mrs. Mur-
dock, etc. Stoner's " Maud Muller" was brought out
at McVicker's on February 26, 1877, and had a week's
run. The cast contained Miss Rogers, Alf. Johnson,
Mr. Ley, Seymour, Rainford, etc. Dion Boucicault's
" Lemons " was produced at the same house March 10.
\V. S. Gilbert's " Sweethearts " and " Tom Cole " were
brought out in May, 1877. On August 9, 1877, Sar-
dou's " Seraphine " was produced at McVicker's for the
first time in America, the occasion being the twenty-
first annual opening of the house. The cast contained
Theo. Hamilton, Harvey Pearson, Joseph Wheelock,
W. H. Powers, Mrs. Clara Stoneall, Miss Cora Tanner,
etc. At the same house Bartley Campbell's " Risks " was
produced by Raymond, on October 15, 1877. In No-
vember, of this year there was a season of old comedy
at McVicker's.
Bronson Howard's "Lillian" was produced on No-
vember 25, 1877; Daudet's " Sidonie " on December
10. Fred. Clarke's " A True Woman," on January 5,
1878. Will D. Eaton's farce-comedy, " All the Rage,"
was produced on January 22, 1878, the cast containing
John Dillon, Roland Reed, Mr. McVicker, Mr. Pear-
son, etc. Late in 1877, Hooley's began to be more
prominent than previously in the line of the legitimate,
but comparatively few new plays were produced there.
In all this period the regular stars made their
annual appearances, — Booth, Barrett, McCullough,
Jefferson, Raymond, Maggie Mitchell, and, later, Mod
jeska, etc. In February, 1878, Sardou's "Exiles"
was simultaneously produced at McVicker's and at
Hooley's. In 1879, Edwin Booth, while playing Rich-
ard III. at McVicker's, had two pistol shots fired
at him by Mark Gray, who sat in the front row of
the balcony ; Gray was sent to the insane asylum at
Elgin. In 1882, Rev. George C. Miln resigned the
pastorate of Unity Church (where he had succeeded
Robert Collyer), and made his debut in Hamlet,
at the Grand Opera House, on October 16. On July
30, 1883, "A Mountain Pink" was originally pro-
duced at the Grand Opera House, Louise Sylvester in
the title role. On February 19, 1884, Mr. McVicker
read before the Historical Society a paper upon " Early
Theatricals in Chicago." In April of the same year the
Chicago branch of the Theatrical Mechanics' Association
was organized.
The most important dramatic event of recent dra-
matic history of the city was the Irving engagement
at the Columbia theater, in 1884. Personally, Irving
was well calculated to awaken public curiosity, if not
to reward it. His lank form; his elocution, defying tra-
dition and the poetic unities alike; his stilted walk —
all these furnished an assortment of "redeeming vices,"
worth almost as much to a public man as an equal num-
ber of merits. Socially, his genial nature made him
hosts of friends. The great value of his engagement,
however, is to be found in his having brought with him
a completely appointed and thoroughly trained com-
pany, together with the most artistic and complete
appointment of scenery, costumes and stage material
ever exhibited in an American city. The refinement of
detail in the Irving representations had the effect of
raising the standard of public taste in this respect, so
that all American companies have found it advisable
ever since to maintain a grade of excellence previously
unknown.
In concluding this comprehensive survey of the
drama in Chicago during recent years, the good reputa-
tion of our c^ty requires it to be borne in mind that the
unfavorable symptoms above recited are for the most
part those of the entire dramatic situation in general,
and not those of Chicago exclusively. No doubt pro-
gress has been made here more easily than in some
quarters, on account of the greater freedom of a new
society. In the main, however, the wheat has thriven
quite as well as the tares, for in no other city is the
legitimate drama more liberally and enthusiastically
patronized. The multiplication of first-class theaters
within recent years is perhaps as good an evidence of
this fact as any that could be mentioned.
RE-BUILDING OF THEATERS. — The re-opening of the
dramatic activities of the city was thus recounted in the
Tribune of October 9, 1872:
" The Drama was the first to recover itself from the effects of
the fire. Colonel Wood, of the old Museum on Randolph Street,
secured the Globe Theater on Desplaines Street, an old wooden
shell which had run through various vicissitudes of fortune and
had succeeded in speedily wrecking every manager who took hold of
it, Mr. Aiken, formerly of the Museum Company, being the last
who went under. Colonel Wood, after announcing a grand renova-
tion, which was only a renovation on paper, got the larger number
of his old Museum Company together, and opened the Globe on
the 2 1st of October, only thirteen days after the fire, with the plays
of ' Won at Last,' and ' Who's Who? ' the latter of which asked a
very significant question of those days when it was exceedingly
difficult for any one to tell who or what he was. The Globe, how-
664
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
• lid not make a very brilliant --tart, and only began to li,- suc-
cessful with the production of ' Divorce," which had a handsome
run. From that time to the present its record is familiar. Its
programme-; present a curious medley of entertainments, made up
of sensational drama of the most sanguinary description ; the con-
ventional Irish dramas, with stars of the third and fourth mag-
nitude : a crippled season of ( ierman opera, which eventuated in a
dismal fiasco; Sunday night concerts, which were failures; the
.icular drama, filled in with a ballet of tenth-rate coryphees and
• His Ama/ons from Archer, Milwaukee and Blue Island ave-
nue--; minstrel-shows of a poor order, etc. It has presented nothing
from the night it was opened, until the present, worthy of patronage.
It is fortunate that the Globe has not had the monopoly of dramatic
amusements. Other and stronger competitors entered the attrac-
tions, and have finally reduced it to about the same condition into
which it had fallen before the lire, and he will be a risky if not fool-
hardy manager who in the future invests his money in the Globe.
the 1st of November that admirable actress, Miss Jane
ibs, with her travelling troupe, leased Standard Hall on Mich-
igan Avenue, and produced a series of standard plays at a very
til pecuniary sacrifice. The cramped-up stage, and absence of
the necessary material for scenic and stage effects, militated against
- and combined to render the season a failure. This, how-
lid not prevent the Wyndhams from attempting a season in
it. Excellent as their reputation was, they fared little better than
Miss ('oombs, and were glad to retire before their pockets were en-
tirely emptied. Several minstrel troupes of the strolling kind, who
are always ready to take a risk of any description, engaged the hall
at various times with regularly disastrous results to their creditors;
and Standard Hall was finally abandoned as a bad egg.
"iin the 2oth of November, Central Hall, on the corner of
Wabash Avenue and Twenty-second Street, was finished, and the
minstrel troupes at once seized upon it as a favorable locality.
Central Hall, however, did not prove any more successful than
Standard Hall, the only entertainments which have paid in it
; two concerts given by Ole Bull (which, of course, were
farewell concerts) on the 6th and 7th of March.
"The only successful attempt at the minstrel business was
made by the favorite troupe of the Dearborn Theater, "which, under
the management of Samuel Myers, formerly associated with Mr.
MrVicker, opened at Rive and Jackson's Hall, on West Randolph
Street, which was ambitiously styled the West-Side Opera House.
This troupe succeeded in getting through the season, closing on
July 8, and is now at home in its own handsome and cozy theater,
or opera-house, on Monroe Street, immediately in the rear of
McVicker's Theater.*
" Meanwhile a new manager appeared upon the field, — Mr.
Gardner, — and with remarkable enterprise erected a substantial, if
not very elegant, brick theater on Halsted Street near Madison, in
thirty days, opening it to the public in good style on the loth of
January, notwithstanding the predictions of the wiseacres that a
brick building put up in thirty days and in cold weather, would not
and could not hold together. The company was composed as
follows :
" Messrs. Lawlor, Padgett, Bock, Maynard, Daly, Pritchard,
Everham, Armstrong, Howe, Hartwell, Harding, Yates, Grenville,
Lisson, Pembroke, Johnson, Barclay, Mrs. Mary Myers, Mrs.
Jane Rogers, Mrs. C. Hight, and the Misses Bailey, Edith Bland,
Whittle, Remick, Stowe, Leigh, Osborne, Drury, Douglass, Vail,
Perkins, Dennin and Selden."
DAN'I. SHELBY, proprietor of the Academy of Music, was born
on January n, 1838,31 Gettysburg, Penn., upon Cemetery Hill, on
the exact ground where that great battle of the Civil War was
fought. When Dan'l was less than a year old the family settled at
Dayton, (>., where Daniel Shelby, Sr., opened the first shoe-store
in that city, and, what was a great novelty, put a carpet in it. After
his father died, Dan'l worked on a farm for §2 a month, to help sup-
port his sisters and brothers, being then ten years of age. When
Mr. Shelby was fourteen years of age he was a local favorite as a
balladist. Sam Wells' minstrels came along one day, and Dan'l ap-
peared behind the footlights for the first time. He was engaged
by that company, and left with them the next day. When they soon
afterward opened at the old Melodeon Hall, Fourth and Walnut
streets. Cincinnati, Dan'l Shelby sang after the first part and sold
photographs in the audience afterward, a novelty which ranks as
* Opened September 23, the building having been commenced on June 20,
It is now a private hotel.
"first on record." In 1854, he travelled as concert singer, with
Sticking .\ 1 iricsback's circus, and later in the year sang with the
Campbell Minstrels ill this city, in Market Hall on Lake Street.
Until the War, Mr. Shelby continued as a singer with circus, con-
certs and ministrels, and gained also quite a reputation as circus
clown and tumbler. Mr. Shelby appeared at the Chinese
Assembly rooms and No. 444 Broadway, N. Y., in the fall
of 1862 as comedian, after being clown with Yankee Robin-
son in the summer. He also played in the old Theater
Comique, N. Y. He went out again, in 1864, as clown with
Yankee Robinson. The following winter, T. Brigham Bishop
built a frame theater at Chattanooga, and engaged a dramatic
and minstrel company to amuse the soldiers. In this organ-
ization Dan'l Shelby sang, acted, and managed. The
company continued at Chattanooga and Knoxville until the assassi-
nation of President Lincoln. When Sherman began his march to the
sea, Mr. Shelby came North and started a negro band. Shelby's
Minstrels lost $2,000 in a very short time. After the disastrous
ministrel venture he came to Chicago and was comedian at Chad-
wick's Dearborn Street Theater, remaining until the spring of 1867.
That summer he started out from Fond du Lac with Maginley &
Carroll's circus as clown, closing at Bolivar, Tenn. In the winter
he was engaged by Col. Geary to manage the Atheneum, at Colum-
bus, ()., returning to this city in 1868. J. H. Ilaverly was then
managing Cal. Wagner's minstrels, and at his suggestion Mr.
Shelby was called to take charge of a small circus, then travelling
around western fairs. He re-organized the show without a cent,
and finished the season, clearing several thousand dollars. In
March, 1871, he went to Buffalo, and opened the Terrace Theater,
managing it with success for two years. I f e then took the Arcade,
christened it the Adelphi, had several companies on the road, and
made a fortune. He afterward went to New York intent upon the
management of a New York theater, but could not get a foothold.
He offered Poole & Donnelly $25,000 for the lease of the Grand
Opera House, but they would not accept. He then started Shelby,
Pullman & Hamilton's circus from Belleville, Canada, in 1881, and
made money. He ascertained that the Academy of Music, Chicago,
could be leased, came here, and leased the theater. The house has
steadily advanced toward perfection in the presentation of the legit-
imate drama. He opened it with the lamented F. S. Chanfrau in
" Kit." Dan'l Shelby was married, on March 23, 1882, to Miss
Nellie Hatfield Pennock, of Altoona, Penn. Hehasoneson, Dan'l.
Mr. Shelby is a member of W. B. Warren Lodge, No. 209, A.F.
& A.M.; York Chapter, No. 148, R.A.M.; Apollo Commandery,
No. I, K.T.; of Oriental Consistory, S.P.R.S., 32°; and of Medinah
Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He also belongs to Buffalo
Lodge, No. 9, A.O.U.W., and to New York Lodge, No.i, B.P.O.E.
AIKEN'S THEATER. — The second down-town theater
put in commission was Aiken's, occupying the northwest
corner of Wabash Avenue and Congress Street. Its
dimensions were the following: Outside area, Sox 130
feet; height of theater, 70 feet; vestibule, 20x50 feet;
auditorium, 65x80 feet; height of auditorium, 67 feet;
stage opening, 34x40; size of stage, 45 x8o feet; par-
quette, 34x50 feet.
It cost $80,000, the money being furnished by George
White and Frederick Clark. It was opened by the
Theodore Thomas orchestra almost upon the anniversary
of the great fire, viz. on October 7, 1872. The Thomas
concerts were followed by Rubinstein, the pianist, Aimee
in French opera, Lawrence Barrett, etc. The stock
company of Aiken's theater was composed as follows:
Frank E. Aiken, Frank Lawlor, Milton Nobles, F. R. Pierce,
George Reed, C. R. Graves, W. C. Crosbie, Ches. Rogers, H. B.
Howland, A. M. Clark, J. Cline, Fred Fenton, J. F. Dean, James
Taylor, S. Rothwell, C. T. Pembroke, F. Heartwell, H. Sisson,
Miss Anna Lanergan, Miss Emma Maddern, Miss Ada Gilman,
Mrs. Clara Maeder, Mrs. Charles Hill, Miss Mollie Maeder, Miss
F. Pierce. Miss Lizzie Queen, Miss Bella Remick, Miss Julia Nor-
wood, Miss Clara Taylor, Miss Mary Rosine, Miss Susie Clark,
Miss Mary Harris, Miss Ida Foster, Miss Emma Roberts.
The dramatic season at Aiken's was a failure, and for
some months it was closed. Its location and ample
size, however, attracted the attention of a speculative
manager, Leonard Grover, who leased the property and
converted it into a variety theater, under the name of
" The Adelphi." It was re-opened on February 3, 1874,
and was totally destroyed in the second great fire, July
14, 1874, and never afterward re-built.
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
665
McVicKER's. — McVicker's was the first theater re-
built upon the old site. The opening took place the
gth of August, 1872, and was thus described in the Trib-
une of August 10:
" The opening of McVicker's Theater last evening was an event
in the re-building of the city to be marked with a white stone. It
was the dedication to its appropriate uses of the first public building
erected within the limits devastated by the
great conflagration. The doors were
opened at half-past seven o'clock, but long-
before that hour the vestibule and side-
walks were filled with an excited multi-
tude. This was Jerrold's five-act comedy,
' Time Works Wonders,' which had been
mounted with a care in regard to detail
befitting the occasion, and was played with
great fidelity and reference to stage pro-
prieties. The spectators were not there to
be captious and hypercritical. They came
to see that an era in the history of Chicago
was properly observed, and to compliment
the gentleman to whom honor was due for
this triumph in the way of restoration.
"The cast was as follows: J. M.
Barron, \V. II. Powers, M. Lanergan,
James O'Neil, Kd Harry, E. Clifford, Neil
Grey, F. Moseley, F. H. Ellison, Julia
Blake, Mary Myers, Clara Stoneall, Sylves-
ter Post, Emma Marble, Helena Wilgus."
In 1885, the theater was entire-
ly re-modeled and re-decorated,
and was thereby made one of the
handsomest theaters in the city.
HOOLEY'S THEATER. — The sec-
ond down-town house to be opened
upon the old site was Hooley's, the
date being October 17, 1872. Its
dimensions were as follows: Area of
lot, 1 1 2 x 65 feet; area of auditorium,
67 x6s feet; height of auditorium, 65
feet; area of stage, 70x20 feet;
stage opening, 30 x 34 feet; width
of proscenium, 25 feet. The Chi-
cago Tribune of October 22, 1872,
contained the following memorial
of the occasion:
" On the night of the great fire, Rich-
ard M. Hooley was at ihe Briggs House in
this city, with his wife, and all his personal
paraphernalia, including costly jewels and
session of the stage. Pantomime was the programme. It was fairly
represented. There was the usual gestures and tumbling and knock-
ing down — perhaps too much of the latter exercise, and brilliant
dancing and more than average singing, and everything decent and
in order. The Jee Brothers played upon their peculiar piano of
stony formation with really wonderful effect. Mademoiselles Elise
anil Marie Gratz gave their Tyrolean eccentricities _in song to the
gratification of the audience, and, later in the programme, a cat duet,
valuable wardrobes, expecting to take the
morning train for New York. He intended
to retire from the profession of which he
had long been an honored member, to en-
joy a handsome competency which a life
of labor and energy had enabled him to
accumulate. Much of his fortune was
invested in this city. The fire came, and
swept away the earnings of thousands,
his among the rest. But his spirit was not broken, and with
gallant courage he went to work to repair the ravages of the fire.
How well he succeeded was apparent last evening to those who
visited his beautiful theater on the occasion of its opening. It was
brilliant in every respect. The audience was composed of our best
citizens. They went to honor and encourage the man who had faith
in them and their city. There was not standing room. The build-
ing was cozy and comfortable, elegant, even luxurious in its appoint-
ments. Handsome gasoliers illuminated the scene. Elegantly
attired women and correspondingly arrayed men awaited the rising
of the curtain. We have not space to-day to enter into an elaborate
criticism of the performance. The Abbot-Kiralfy troupe had pos-
RANDOLPH STREET, EAST FROM LA SALLE.
the broadest part of the performance and the only part to which the
prudish could object. The scenery was admirable, especiallv so
the first scene and the illuminated garden in which the grand
Mardi Gras divertisement took place. The artists did themselves
credit in these scenes, and extended to the public promise of fine
productions in the future. Mr. Hooley was surrounded by a host
of friends last evening. Mr. McVicker was there to congratulate
him, and so were many others of the profession. Frank Agnew,
Mr. McDermott, and the other contractors who contributed to the
construction of the tasteful dramatic temple, were also present, and
everybody hailed with delight this new evidence of the restoration
and progress of our city."
666
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
In 1X85, tin- theater underwent a complete renova-
tion, in order to keep pace with the popular demand for
Aesthetic ornament and stained-glass accessories.
THI-: NKW ADKIJ-HI ( .UTI-.KW \ui> 1 1 AVKRLV'S
THKATKR). — Instead of re-building the Adelphi upon
Aikeii's old site, manager ( I rover and others succeeded
in obtaining a lease of the old Post-Office Building,
upon the northwest corner of Dearborn and Monroe
streets, where the First National Hank now is. The
walls, originally very strong, were still standing and it
was found possible to utilize them with very little re-
pairing. \Vithin this space was constructed the largest
theater until then erected in Chicago. Besides the
usual balcony, and gallery, a still higher gallery, holding
nearly live hundred people, was suspended from the
roof, heavily trussed for the purpose. The two upper-
most galleries were capable of holding more than one
thousand five hundred people, or nearly the capacity of
Central Music Hall. From these extensive regions
there were only two exits, by crooked stairways scarcely
more than five feet wide. It will be difficult for poster-
ity to believe that their forefathers, and especially their
fore-mothers, of Chicago, in the years 1879-80, crowded
these dangerous lire-traps over and over again. The
New Adelphi was opened on January u, 1875.
The original construction of the New Adelphi was
rather shabby, the lease being but for a short term, and
the productiveness of such a property not as yet being
well understood.
In July and August, 1878, Mr. Haverly entirely re-
constructed and re-decorated his theater, the re-open-
ing taking place August 4, 1878, described at the time
as follows:
Haverly has at last succeeded in making his once dingy
theater unrecognizable. The outside walls have been thoroughly
baptized, until they look as good as new, and the windows are re-
filled with heavy plate glass. Inside, the regeneration is even more
noticeable. There is a new drop curtain, with wholly new scenery
and drapings to match. The proscenium-arch and the front of
the circles are finished in white and gilt, and the dome, walls and
ceilings under the tiers are tastily frescoed, the predominant tints
being blue and gold. The folding seats are newly upholstered
and new Brussels carpets adorn the aisles. The total cost of the
improvements has not been less than $8,500. The house opens to-
morrow evening with the Coville Folly Company in the " Babes in
the Wood.''
It was in this house that the first seasons of Italian
opera, under the management of Colonel J. H. Maple-
son, were given in Chicago, in January, 1879, l88° and
1881. In 1882 the lease fell in, and the property was
leased by the First National Bank, which took down the
old building, and erected the present one in its place.
THE COLUMBIA THEATER. — In 1882, when J. H.
Haverly's lease to the ground on which the old Adelphi
Theater stood, expired, he secured the financial co-op-
eration of John B. Carson, then of Quincy, 111., but now
of Chicago, to construct a new theater building. The
site selected for the new structure was on a lot just west
of Dearborn Street on Monroe Street, facing north.
The design of the new theater was made and carried
out on a most elaborate plan, and it is notable that the
building was constructed and opened to the public within
eighty-eight days after the ground was broken, James
D. Carson having control of the building operations.
The building is seventy feet wide and has a depth of
one hundred and ninety feet. It is six stories in height
and is surmounted by a pyramidal tower. The first-
story front is constructed of iron, and the upper portion
is built of finely polished white Lemont stone in a com-
position of the French Renaissance and Queen Anne
style, and the whole presents an ornamental, yet sub-
stantial and imposing, appearance. The total seating
capacity of the entire house is two thousand. The stage
is seventy by fifty-four feet and is provided with every
appliance to make it complete, having large and well
appointed dressing-rooms on the main floor for the use
of the " stars,'" while others equally convenient and well
arranged are provided for the support of the companies
playing.
The theater was opened by Mr. Haverly on Septem-
ber 12, 1 88 1, Robson and Crane appearing in Shakes-
peare's Twelfth Night. He continued as proprietor
until June, 1883, when financial reverses caused him to
re-lease the property to Charles H. McConnell, who
became the proprietor at that time. During the sum-
mer following he made such alterations and additions
as gave that theater a world -wide reputation. The
changes were made in the front of the building and in the
lighting and ventilating facilities. But the chief attrac-
tion now is the art galleries, which were added to the
theater in the summer of 1884. The two stores, which
formerly occupied the space on each side of the grand
entrance, were entirely transformed, and the foyer was
re-arranged. The ceilings and walls of these apart-
ments are a mass of golden Lincrusta- Walton, and the
whole is made resplendent by blazing incandescent
lights. The foyer is separated from the auditorium
only by portie'res, and the apartment is decorated in a
royal manner. Two marble statues, " Ino and Bac-
chus" and " Jephtha's Daughter," from the chisel of C.
B. Ives, of Rome, occupy a conspicuous position, and
the walls are hung with high-class paintings of the mod-
ern school. The art galleries were Mr. McConnell's
pet project, and they have proved to be a most attrac-
tive feature For a considerable time afternoon recep-
tions and concerts were given by the management
semi-monthly, and these were always attended by the
fashionable people of the city. The collection embraces
some very notable paintings, which are classified under
the chapter devoted to a consideration of Art in this
volume. A terra-cotta bas-relief of Sarah Bernhardt is
shown, and Venetian carved ebony figures of male and
female Egyptians, and "The Seasons" inlaid in copper,
on panel, with ebonized frame, are conspicuous art
objects exhibited. The art apartments are further
embellished with cabinets, mantels, bronzes, bric-a-brac,
Bohemian-glass vases, settees, screens, ebony, gilt and
marble pedestals, bronze busts, Egyptian lamps, etc.
On February 2, 1885, a stock company was organ-
ized, and Mr. McConnell sold out a large interest in the
theater. On February 2, 1885, Mr. McConnell trans-
ferred the theater to the Columbia Theater Company,
incorporated with a capital stock of $200,000, of which,
J. M. Hill is president and manager; J. S. McConnell,
treasurer and acting manager; and C. H. McConnell,
secretary. The change of name from Haverly's to the
Columbia Theater occurred at the close of the Irving
engagement, Miss Ellen Terry, the actress, having had
the honor of re-christening it.
JOHN S. M'-roNxiai. was born at Detroit, Mich., on July 8,
1853. He was brought up and educated there, and his whole life
had been passed chiefly in Detroit, up to the time of his coming to
( hicago. After attending the common schools for some time, he
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
667
became an apprentice in the job department of the Daily Post, and
served to the end of his time— five years— having then become an
expert in that line of printing. For the purpose of becoming more
thoroughly acquainted with general newspaper work, he entered the
composing room of the Post, where he stood at the case for a year.
He was then engaged on the editorial staff of the paper, and was so
occupied, in various departments, for about six years. In 1883,
when his brother, Charles H. McConnell, become proprietor of
Haverly's Theatre, he resigned his position on the Post, and came
to this city to assist his brother in the management of his new ac-
quisition. In the early part of 1885, when the Columbia Theater
Company was organized, Mr. McConnell became a stockholder, and
was elected treasurer and acting manager of the theater. He was
also interested, as a part owner, in the Brooklyn Theater up to a short
time ago. Mr. McConnell is a young man with all the energy and
ambition of the true Westerner, and although his managerial career
is brief, he has been highly successful in his administration of affairs
at the Columbia, and his future promises well. He was married on
April 29, 1875, to Miss Mary A. Donlin, of Detroit. They have
one daughter, — Clara Edith.
CHARLES H. MCCONNELL was born at Dublin, Ireland, on Oc-
tober 12, 1841, the eldest son of a family of seven, five sons and
two daughters, the children of James K. McConnell, an expert ac-
countant and bookkeeper. The parents, two sons and one daughter,
came to America in 1847, residing in New York City, and Charles-
ton, S. C., each one year, and at Ann Arbor, Mich., for five years;
finally settling down in Detroit, Mich., which remained the family
residence for upwards of twenty years. C. H. McConnell became an
apprentice in the old Tribune Office in Detroit, under Henry Barns,
one of the pioneer newspaper men of the West, and a man of great
influence in Michigan politics. When Union soldiers were called
for, McConnell responded and went to the front in 1862, a private
in Co. "B," 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry. He served three
years in the " Iron Brigade," in the Army of the Potomac, and re-
ceived an honorable discharge in Detroit, Mich., on July 8, 1865,
retaining, as mementoes, sound health and a handsome diamond, set
with a gold pendant, recording the fact that he carried the colors
from Gettysburg into the Wilderness. He reached home from the
War at eight o'clock at night, and next morning, at seven o'clock,
was working at his trade, for he was reputed the most expert prin-
ter in the city and was in demand as foreman and manager. In
1866, he took charge of the job rooms of the Detroit Post, built up
the business, secured show-printing contracts to the limit of the ca-
pacity of his house, and made a professional reputation both with
printers and showmen that commanded respect and confidence,
held trade, and was more valuable than capital. On March 4, 1873,
Mr. McConnell came to Chicago and established The National
Printing Company. The first offices were at Nos. 116-18 Franklin
Street, and the first officers were W. B. Clapp, president, and
Charles H. McConnell, secretary and treasurer. They then em-
ployed fifty men, and the first year's business amounted to about a
hundred thousand dollars. Since 1875 Mr. McConnell has been
president and treasurer; and the increase of business (the largest and
most complete establishment in America) showed that in their most
successful year, 1883, they employed seventy-five men and the
volume of their business footed up two hundred thousand dollars.
The National Printing Company has suffered greatly from fire, all
communicated. On May 30, 1876, the first time they were burned
out, the loss was $43,000; on December 30, 1883, $85,000; and on
March 30, 1885, $139,000. Only $68,000 insurance was recovered
in the last instance, and the loss of $71,000 is a serious blow. The
National Printing Company will continue, however. It has so firm
a hold upon the patronage of the responsible show managers of this
country, both East and West, that, while C. H. McConnell is at its
head, it will carry its trade. J. H. Haverly was one of the first
and heaviest patrons. It was because of Mr. Haverly's financial
difficulties in 1883, he having invested too heavily in Colorado mines,
that C. H. McConnell was compelled, in self-preservation, to take
Haverly's Theater in Chicago, the California Theater in San Fran-
cisco, and Haverly's Brooklyn Theater. Mr. McConnell sold the
California Theater, in 1883, to Fred W. Bert; still retains the Brook-
lyn Theater, which is under the acting management of his brother,
William A. McConnell, and Haverly's Chicago Theater. The latter
was afterward named the Columbia, the name suggested by the cele-
brated English actor, Henry Irving, while filling an engagement
there in 1885. Charles H. McConnell was married, on May 31,
1878, to Miss Clara V., daughter of Edward Chope, a leading
manufacturer of Detroit. Mr. and Mrs. McConnell have one
daughter, — Cora E.
THE GRAND OPERA HOUSE, OF CHICAGO, is built
upon the original site of Bryan Hall and Hooley's
Opera House. J. A. Hamlin and brother (L. B. Ham-
lin) purchased the property in January, 1872, and
erected the first building that was completed upon that
block after the fire. In 1873, Hamlin Brothers built
upon the rear lot what was subsequently known as
Foley's Billiard Hall, which was at the time the largest
billiard hall in the world, containing thirty tables on one
floor. In 1874, the billiard hall property passed out of
the hands of Mr. Foley into the hands of Hamlin Bros.,
and the billiard business was discontinued after a few
months and the hall re-constructed, with an additional
building added to the east end, and for some two years
was occupied as a garden, after the style of Gilmore's
Garden of New York, with fountains, waterfalls, vocal
and instrumental music, and all kinds of refreshments.
Subsequently the garden, by degrees, was changed to a
vaudeville theater, and was continued as such until
1878, when it was again re-constructed as a regular
theater, and opened in September, 1878, under the name
of Hamlins' Theater. About that time the property
passed out of the hands of Hamlin Bros: into those of
William C. Reynolds, who sold it to John Borden in
1880. John Borden shortly afterward sold the property
to his son, William Borden, who re-constructed the
theater at an additional expense of about $55,000, and
it was opened in September, 1880, under the name of
the Grand Opera House, and under the management of
John A. Hamlin. The lot upon which the Grand Opera
House buildings are erected contains about thirteen
thousand two hundred square feet of ground.
The history of the location as a place of amusement,
commencing with the original Bryan Hall, away back
in the fifties, and running through all its various
changes, is one of almost continuous success, rhe
original Bryan Hall being for many years one of the
most popular amusement resorts in the city. The
Grand Opera House was opened with Hoey & Hardy's
Company, in an adaptation of the play " A Child of the
State," followed by Tom Keene, in a Shakesperian
repertory, Nat. Goodwin, Emma Abbott Opera Com-
pany, Boston Ideal Opera Company, etc., etc.
C. D. HESS was born at Cohocton, Steuben Co., N. Y., on
January 21, 1838, and spent his early boyhood days at Dansville,
N. Y. At the age of thirteen he had a remarkable soprano voice,
and was engaged by Green C. Germon, the original Uncle Tom,
who was managing Tozer & Germon's Company, in which Chan-
frauand Albertine were the stars. In February, of that year (1852),
the manager and the stars left the company without warning. C.
D. Hess had caught a severe cold at Syracuse, which had settled
on his lungs, and, sick and penniless among strangers, was for the
first time in his life "stranded." He returned home, and then
engaged with Thomas Carr, proprietor of the Metropolitan Theater,
Buffalo. Alice Grey was leading lady, and Hess was made a feature
on the bill. Couldock was playing the Willow Copse that night,
Miss Davenport and Julia Dean were in the boxes, and the house
was full. His entrance was greeted with applause. That night,
in attempting to take a high note which had always been a delight
to him, he felt a sudden pain in his throat, his voice cracked and he
grew hoarse. This was his last engagement as a singer. His
sickness of the previous winter, and singing before he had fully
recovered, ruined his voice. About Christmas time he got an en-
gagement with Marsh & Ellsler, joining the company at Rochester,
going afterward to Utica to the old Museum. There C. D. Hess
had his first taste of opera, being assigned quite a prominent part
in Somnambula, under the baton of Signer Arditi, and with Madame
Devries for prima donna. That event shaped the future tendencies
of his life. Soon after the dramatic company went to Watertown,
N. Y., for a protracted engagement, which was unfortunately
brought to a sudden close by the desertion of Manager Marsh,
leaving the whole indebtedness and responsibility upon the shoulders
of John A. Ellsler. While he was bravely facing every difficulty
and discouragement, a letter came from the Bank Street Theater,
Cleveland, offering Mr. Ellsler the management of the house. He
answered accepting, provided his entire company, who had kept by
him through thick and thin, were also engaged. This proviso being
agreed to, to get there was the next Napoleonic move. Mr. Hess
was sent ahead by a friendly landlord, and he had in his keeping
the checks for five trunks, which represented Mr. Ellsier's worldly
effects and the costumes and wardrobe of the family. Cleveland
was in those days very far West. China would have been just as
668
HfSTORY OF CHICAGO.
near and as welcome to Mr. I less, now advance agenl and property
man and prospective juvenile aetor in a cil\ theater. His friend-
ship for F.ilsler was onlv ei]ualled l>v his love for his profession,
and liis desire to reaeh Cleveland only exceeded by his haste to get
out of Watertown. How he got there, ho\v the company got there,
how the boarding houses refused them admittance because they
were actors unable to pay in advance, and how they opened at (lie
theater and played all summer to fair business, need not be further
dwelt upon. Mrs. Ellsler and Mr. I less sang together in popular
duets in Cleveland, until Mrs. Hess persuaded her son to return
home to Dansville and become a student in a lawyer's office. Three
months of legal lore, with medical students as chums, induced Mr.
I le^s to become a doctor, and hail it not been for his mother's sick-
ness, which obliged him to give up study and conduct his father's
store, he would now probably have been a physician. In the spring
of iSjS, he joined Leonard (inner in Baltimore, becoming a part-
ner in the publication of " The Southern Financial Reporter." He
travelled through the South, and was in a fair way to make a fortune,
when the ill-feeling and military preparations in the South made it
uncomfortable for Northern business men. He returned to Balti-
more in iSi»>, ami when the three months' men were called out he
enlisted in Co. "1!." ijith New York Volunteer Infantry. After
three months' service in Virginia, and participating in the Battle of
Bull Run, the three months' men were mustered out. Mr. Hess
returned to 1 tansville and joined in organizing a company for the
infantry. ( >n < ictober I, 1861, he received his commission as first
lieutenant of Co. "G," I3th New York Volunteer Infantry, and, on
iber '-'-', iSf>2, after the battle of Antietam, was promoted to the
rank of captain of his company, which position he retained till the
regiment returned from service in 1863. He was mustered out in
Washington in 1863. He then took the management of Leonard
drover's theater in Washington, and remained as manager of the
house until 1866. The following winter Mr. Hess brought to Chi-
cago, from his Washington theater, the tirst regular travelling
dramatic company that ever appeared in Crosby's Opera House.
James E. Murdoch was the star. The business was enormous.
That winter (1865-66), he managed the Pittsburgh Opera House for
I'lapp & Gardener, on salary and percentage. He could not
endure 1'ittsburgh smoke and poor business, and in a short time
joined Leonard Grover in New York, and finished the season. In
ISM., ('. 1). Hess came to Chicago with B. F. Lowell, as partner,
to manage Crosby's Opera House, then pronounced the best theater
west of New York. He bought out Mr. Lowell at the end of the
second week and entered into partnership with U. H. Crosby. U.
II. Crosby and C. D. Hess held the lease until the spring of 1871,
giving possession just prior to the fire. Thinking the possibility of
fire greater in the theater than in a warehouse, Mr. Hess had re-
moved all his personal effects, wardrobe, costumes, music, etc.,
from the theater for safe storage. All was lost and no insurance!
It was while managing this house that he organized the Parepa-
Rosa English Opera Company, which he put on the road in 1869.
In 1870, he combined the Parepa-Rosa and the Caroline Richings
companies, with Parepa-Rosa left out, and gave a repertoire" of
thirty fully costumed and completely cast grand and light operas,
with Caroline Richings as prima donna and one hundred and ten
trained singers in the supporting company. This was the largest
and best English opera company up to that time in this country.
After the Crosby Opera House lease had expired, Mr. Hess took
personal charge of the company, remaining out one year. The
following season he took Mrs. Gates and W. H. Crane and a com-
bination through the South. Then he returned to Chicago and in-
dulged in the tartest speculation of his life. He bought a vinegar
ish Opera. This accomplished, he went to London and en-
gaged a company, and, about the time of the Jay Cooke failure in
1873, was presenting Miss Kellogg, for the first time, in English
Opera, upon a Philadelphia stage. He played this companv twice
a, TOSS the continent, and for four seasons was successful. In 1877,
he visited Paris, and purchased full costumes, properties and music
for the production of light operas. He opened at the Fifth Avenue
I heater, New York, with Emelie Melville as star, producing The
Chimes of Normandy and other pieces. While running the Mel-
ville season, Emma Abbott had corresponded with Mr. Hess, plead-
ing for a chance to star in opera. She had become famous upon the
concert stage, but had not yet appeared in opera. Basing his con-
trad upon a purely commercial ground, he signed with her for one
year, not ever having heard her sing until the curtain rose upon her
lirst night's performance. The season was a decided financial suc-
The following year he sold out his right, good-will and con-
tracts to Emma Abbott's husband for $10,000, and gave bonds to
keep out of the operatic held as a manager for one year. He re-
tired to Washington, enjoyed his enforced idleness, and planned for
the future. In 1880, in conjunction with Max Strakosch, Mr. Hess
got together a mammoth opera company, the largest ever in this
country except his own of a former year. The title was the Stra-
kosch ,\ Hess English Opera Company, including a complete
orchestra and chorus. The salary list was over §5,000 a week.
But the people did not want them. They rendered Boito's Mefisto-
fele, Aida, William Tell, etc., in splendid spectacular style, with
ballet, scenery am! every artistic accessory, in Chicago, in the winter
of that year, and drew about §500 a night, while a cheap company
in Pinafore packed an opposition house at about $1,400 a night.
This was an answer to the wailing of the newspaper critics who
constantly bemoaned the lack of opportunity to patronize high
opera, and boasted of the educated musical taste of their general
readers. The management lost that season about $40,000 trying
to educate the public. When they reached New York Olivette was
the rage. They opened against it, but one week of experience was
sufficient. The public preferred a light nothing to a solid some-
thing. The managers divided the company, and Mr. Hess, taking
some of his good singers, put on Olivette and played Westward for
fifteen weeks, landing in Chicago just $15,000 ahead. For the two
succeeding seasons Mr. Hess presented light opera. He had a
fair cast of singers and the best paying business of his managerial
experience. Flushed with success, he added artists, costumes, prop-
erties and operas until in 1882-3-4 the Hess English Opera Com-
pany was again the largest travelling organization. On January
27, 1884, they left New Orleans for Mexico, landing in Vera Cruz
on the 3d of February. The experience of the Christmas week
previous, in Monterey, was favorable to a paying Mexican tour.
General E. O. C. ( hd, and General Treviiio of the Mexican Army,
solicited the experiment and held out strong inducements. They
played through the principal cities with great success and created a
furor in the Capital. But with Lent came disaster. Poor busi-
ness, consequent upon the financial crisis and threatened revolu-
tion, caused the idleness of the company for a whole month in the
City of Mexico. They struggled on, and finally reached Chicago,
where they disbanded, with no one much the 'worse except C. D.
Hess, who, for the lirst time in twenty-live years, became a hired
man. Nearly all of the important Grand Operas of the Italian and
( lei-man repertoire were first presented in America by C. L>. Hess,
and many of them were first productions. Mr. Hess, at the begin-
ning of the season of 1884-85, assumed the acting management of
the Grand Opera House, Chicago, for John A. Hamlin, and is
also associated with Mr. Hamlin in the production of light operas
at the Exposition Opera House. C. D. Hess was married, in 1858,
to Miss Juliet A. Grover, of Springwater, Livingston Co., N. V.
They have one son, now nineteen years of age.
THE STANDARD THEATER. — The erection of a first-
class theater at a point so remote from the business
center of the city as the intersection of Jackson and
Hulsted streets, is a significant token of the growth of
Chicago. This house was erected by C. J. Whitney, of
the Detroit Opera House, in the latter part of 1883.
The exterior presents a very pretty appearance. The
general effect of the interior, as to colors, is peacock-
blue, gold and scarlet or cardinal. It embodies several
decided novelties in theater construction, as, for instance,
the ventilation; in the ceiling are adjustable crevices
through which the draft from the stage finds exit, thus
removing bad air from all parts of the house, instead of
leaving one main current up through the central dome.
The Standard was opened on December 31, 1883,
by the Fay Templeton troupe in " Girofle-Girofla."
During the year and a half of its existence the Standard
has done a flourishing business with a great variety of
attractions, many of them of superior order. The house
is managed by Messrs. Dyer & Wiles.
THE CHICAGO OPERA HOUSE.— The Chicago Opera
House Building, the latest addition to the many places
of amusements in the city, was opened to the public on
August 18, 1885. The building is ten stories in height,
built of Anderson pressed brick, and rests upon a mass-
ive foundation of stone piers. The structure presents
a handsome, solid and substantial appearance. It is one
of the largest office-buildings in the city, the side of the
building, fronting on Clark Street, and that portion on
Washington Street, over the grand entrance to the the-
ater, being wholly devoted to office purposes.
The Opera House proper is built independently of
the office-building, occupying the rear half of the ground
from Washington Street to the alley, the entire length
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
669
of the building, the grand entrance being on Washing-
ton Street. This theater is unique in its construction
and notable for the large expenditure of money which
has been lavished upon it. The building was begun on
the ist day of May, 1884, and it is said to be, with the
exception of the Metropolitan Opera House in New
York, the only absolutely fire-proof theater in this coun-
try. There is nothing in the auditorium of a combusti-
ble nature but the wooden floor and the cushions of the
seats. The lighting throughout is by electricity. In
addition to the precautions against fire, the auditorium
has been provided with fourteen exits, — two from the
basement, three from the main floor, three from the
stage, four from the balcony (leading into the fire-proof
corridors of the office building), and three similar ones
from the gallery, all leading to Washington and Clark
streets. The decoration of the theater is as striking in
its originality as the house is in its construction. In the
center of the roof of the auditorium is a scheme in
stained glass twenty-four feet square, behind which are
two hundred incandescent lamps. The draperies of
the auditorium are rich in color, but are in perfect har-
mony with the general scheme of decoration. The side
walls are in dull red and gold, and the two broad stair-
cases leading from the entrance of the main auditorium
to the balcony are treated in metallic tones of green and
old bronze. The space over the proscenium arch con-
tains a beautiful representation of Apollo and the muses.
The bas-relief is forty-two feet long, made of plaster,
and there are some fifteen figures in all. The principal
one is ten feet high, and the whole presents a life-like
effect on the main floor of the theater. The stage is
adapted for any line of entertainment and is fitted up
with every modern appliance known to the stage ma-
chinist of to-day. One thousand incandescent lights are
used in the entire theater, and the light, heat and ven-
tilation are the very best. The theater seats two thou-
sand three hundred people comfortably. The theater
was opened on August 18, 1885, under the management
of John W. Norton & Co., who secured a lease for ten
years. Since the inauguration of the Chicago Opera
House it has presented the very finest attractions that
could be obtained in America.
JOHN WALTER NORTON, senior partner of the firm of John
W. Norton & Co., lessees of the Chicago Opera House, and man-
ager of the Grand Opera House and Olympic Theater, of St.
Louis, is one of the youngest and most successful theatrical mana-
gers in America to-day. Mr. Norton was born at New York, in
1847, and adopted the stage in early youth. For many years he
was identified with leading eastern companies, and for a considera-
ble time was connected with the New York and Brooklyn theaters,
the Boston theaters, and was also connected with the New Orleans,
Pittsburgh and Cleveland theaters, and for several seasons was
leading support to Lawrence Barrett. In 1874, Mr. Norton was
secured by Ben De Bar as acting manager and "stock star" for
his theaters in New Orleans and St. Louis, in which cities Mr.
Norton acted as principal support to almost all the prominent
actors of the time, besides playing very successful star engage-
ments himself. For some time he was starring in "Romeo and
Juliet," " Macbeth," " Ingomar," as D'Artagnan in "The Three
Guardsmen," and as Lagadere in the "Duke's Motto," etc., etc.
Upon the death of Mr. DeBar, in 1877, Mr. Norton became sole
manager of the Grand Opera House at St. Louis; and, a year or
two later, the business interests of this house were consolidated
with the Olympic Theater, and Mr. Norton became manager and
proprietor of both. As an actor, in what is termed " leading busi-
ness," Mr. Norton stands at the head of his profession. His style
is manly, vigorous, free from affectation, and he is a conscientious
and deep student. As an instance of his rare versatility, his Volage,
in Selby's play, the " Marble Heart " — a dashing, "light comedy "
character — is a gem of natural acting, true to life, bubbling with
gaiety, tender in its sentiments; while as "Macbeth" or "Ingo-
mar," he is far superior to any exponent of those characters upon
the American stage to-day. No biography of Mary Anderson is
complete, nor correct, that does not contain copious references to
Mr. Norton, since he was the first to "star" her through this
country. By his energy and business methods Mr. Norton did
much to gain for Miss Anderson her renown ; by his advice and
patient instruction he did everything to develop the talent that
needed but the awaking. It was through him and under his man-
agement that Miss Anderson played her first regular engagement
in St. Louis and New Orleans. When the Chicago Opera House
was projected, Mr. Norton was among the first to foresee the pos-
sibilities of great success in owning this latest acquisition to Chi-
cago's temples of art, and he at once secured the proprietorship of
the same, and installed his director, Mr. Henderson, therein, who
has carefully and successfully executed the plans of his chief. The
Chicago Opera House is among the most successful theaters in the
United States, and its attainment to prosperity has been mainly
achieved through the liberal policy of its principal proprietor. In
February, 1877, in the city of New Orleans, Mr. Norton was mar-
ried to Miss Emma Stockman, of Baltimore. Mr. Norton has
travelled extensively in America and Europe, and is a man of keen
perception and broad study, One of the most popular men in the
profession and well liked by all acquaintances, he is deserving of
the highest encomiums of praise.
DAVID HENDERSON, director of the Chicago Opera House,
was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, on April 25, 1850. He was
reared and educated in his native city and began his career as a
journalist on the Edinburgh Evening Courant, the oldest Conserva-
tive paper in Scotland. After going through the usual steps in a
reportorial career, he became a writer upon theatrical affairs for the
press, and contributed to London and Scottish papers until he came
to this country in 1869. Since coming to America, Mr. Henderson
has been associated with New York, San Francisco and Chicago
newspapers, and during the greater part of that time has been
chiefly identified with dramatic affairs, although he has gone to
Europe in the capacity of newspaper correspondent two different
times. He held the post of dramatic editor on the Inter Ocean and
Tribune for a considerable time, and left the paper to found the
Chicago Herald, with Messrs. W. D. Eaton, Slason Thompson,
John F. Ballantyne and J. W. Scott. He was dramatic editor, edi-
torial writer, and for some time managing editor, of the Herald, and
did much toward winning for that journal its high reputation as a
newspaper. He resigned his post at managing editor to accept
the managing editor's chair of the evening edition of the Chicago
1 )aily News, which he held for about two years. When the project
for building the new Chicago Opera House was launched, he took a
hearty interest in the scheme, and the ultimate outcome was that
he "resigned the managing editorship on the Daily News to take
charge of and become a partner in the Chicago Opera House.
Since the notable opening of this beautiful theater, Mr. Henderson
has directed its destinies with marked success. He is a young man,
very energetic and ambitious, extremely popular with the profes-
sion and greatly respected by his scores of friends and acquaint-
ances.
<•
HAVERLY'S MINSTREL THEATER. — In the summer
of 1885, J. H. Haverly secured a lease of the building
which for many years previously had been occupied by
the Hershey Music Hall, an old and favorite resort for
the musical people, and in which many notable concerts
have been given. Mr. Haverly announced his intention
of reconstructing the hall and turning it into a regular
home of minstrelsy. The hall was re-arranged ; a large,
wide stage erected in the west end ; a handsome gal-
lery was placed over the main floor ; and two little
pagoda-like boxes were suspended on either side over
those of the main floor. The house was brightly deco-
rated, with plenty of plush trimmings, burnished copper
railings, comfortable, handsomely upholstered opera
chairs. It was on the evening of September 7, 1885,
that Haverly 's Home Minstrels greeted a packed house.
The theater is cozy and compact, a resort which is a
great favorite to the Chicago play-goers. In January,
1886, Colonel Haverly sold his interest to Mr. C/old-
thwaite, who changed its name to the "Madison Street
Theater,"
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
JOHN II. II \VKKI.V, win) is tin- most marked character in the
theatrical profession of Chicago to-day was born at Bellfonte,
1'eiiii., in 1842. During his boyhood he attended the common
schools of his native town, and after concluding the education
which the primitive schools of the country town afforded, he entered
into railroading, being connected with various roads and indifferent
capacities up to 18(14, when he first launched out as a manager
of amusements in the city of Toledo, Ohio. His lirst venture-- were
in a small way, but he rapidly advanced, confining his attention
almost exclusively to minstrelsy until he took a lease of the old
Adelphi Theater, in this city, in 1876. Mr. Haverly's tastes from
boyhood have always been in the direction of theatrical amuse-
ments, and he has always endeavored to place before the public
nothing but entertainments of the highest order, no matter how
grc.it the difficulties presented. It would be impossible to detail
the steps by which Mr. Haverly has risen to his present position as
a great manager, nor to honorably prophesy the reasonable possi-
bilities of his future. When he took the Adelphi, in 1876, and re-
christened it Haverly's 'Theater, his fame was approaching its
zenith, and as a consequence the public Hocked to the doors of the
successful and popular manager. As the years rolled by, his vari-
ous enterprises began to number rapidly, and at one time he was
operating a do/en or more enterprises, and had also branched out
into the mining business. John II. Haverly guided well the im-
mense interests he controlled, and personally planned and directed
the execution of details in his multifarious enterprises; but, alas, he
became involved and lost his beautiful theater here, also one in
New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, San Francisco, besides retiring
about six travelling enterprises. It was a blow to the friends of
the manager as well as to himself personally, for they had a warm
affection for the hard-working, ambitious and untiring Haverly.
Falling into line again, with a sanguine heart and resolute courage,
he began to toil in minstrelsy, and at present has the American-
European minstrels upon the road, one of the finest organizations
ever before the public, and, in September, 1885, established Hav-
erly's Home Minstrels at the little parlors on Madison Street.
When Mr. Haverly became involved he retained his mining inter-
ests, and is now dividing his time between his amusement enter-
prises and his mines in the Western States. There was never a
manager that so completely won the confidence and esteem of the
public as Mr. Haverly. His entertainments are always of the
highest order; imperial in his own tastes, he caters to the amuse-
ment of the refined and fashionable. It has often been said of
him, and he has invariably carried out the reputation thus assigned,
that he can assume the management of any theater, however much
it may have suffered in reputation, and at once restore it to the con-
fidence of the public. When the School Board leased the old
Adelphi lot to the First National Bank, Mr. Haverly constructed
the present Columbia Theater, and opened it to the Chicago people.
Mr. Haverly is a very active and restless business man, having the
nervous disposition so commonly met with in the West, a sure indi-
cation of the energy and enterprise that has helped develop the
wonderful schemes that have made this region famous. He is a
man of strong domestic proclivities, very much attached to his fam-
ily, and always the firm friend of all the leading charities, as their
subscription books will amply testify. He is a man characteristic
of Chicago, and is personally known to and popular with more
people than possibly any one man in America.
WILLIAM J. DAVIS, late manager of Haverly's Minstrel Thea-
ter, was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1846. He was brought up
an<f educated at Elkhart, Ind., but, in 1861, he shipped in the
United States Navy, remaining therein until the close of the War.
He advanced from second-class boy to that of fleet-paymaster's clerk.
He first came to Chicago in 1867, remaining a couple of years, and
then went to Mississippi, where he remained until 1873. He then
removed to this city and was engaged by the Lake Shore & Michi-
gan Southern Railway in its freight department, from which he
was promoted to the assistant general passenger agency, and while
so engaged Mr. Davis was selected by that railway, the Chicago,
Rock Island & Pacific, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific
Railway corporations and the Pacific Mail Steamship Company to
go to Australia as their representative to advance the interests of
the American Route to Europe. This commission he executed
with the greatest satisfaction to the corporations that employed
him, and by his efforts much European travel was diverted to the
American transportation companies. On returning to America in
1878, he was secured by John II. Haverly to manage the tour of
Her Majesty's < tpera, which he did two memorable seasons. The
success that attended Mr. Davis during the first season of his man-
agerial career, won for him the highest reputation, which has been
constantly augmented by later achievements of a high order. Since
entering the licid of amusements, Mr. Davis has confined his opera-
tions to this city and the Northwest, and he is a thoroughly identi-
fied < 'hii-agnaii. The Grand Opera I louse of this city received its
most marked impetus when Mr. Davis assumed the direction of its
affairs, and he won for it the title of " The Masco'.te Theater," the
house having then won the good-will of the public through the efforts
of its efficient manager. Perhaps no theater in recent years ever
received the cordial homage of the public as did llaverlv's New
'Theater (now the Columbia) upon its opening nights. The im-
mense crowds that surged through its doors upon the first nights
was a grand testimonial of the public's friendship to the house, and
served to inseparably link the names of Mr. Haverly, the proprie-
tor, and "Will" Davis, the manager, with the history of the play-
house, no matter how often its name changes. The success of Mr.
I >a\ is in the management of that theater is well-known, and his
reputation was won chiefly through his constant appreciation of
what the public needed. None but companies of the highest char-
acter and finest talent were permitted to go on the stage, and it has
ever been Mr. I )avis's policy to cater to the tastes of the refined
and fashionable theater-goers. When the financial storm came upon
Mr. I laverly, and all his enterprises went into other hands, Mr. I >avis
bravely stood by the side of the heroic and honorable manager, and
aided him in re-establishing his present ventures. When Haverly's
Home Minstrels were organized, Mr. Davis took their manage-
ment, and has carried on his work with the result as in years prioi,
always presenting entertainments of a high order and winning the
esteem and patronage of the people. He has a prestige in the city
for a clever presentation of whatever performance he may man-
age, and has a large following which accompanies him from one
theater to another. Messrs. Haverly and Davis are "Chicago
men ' in all that the phrase implies, and as such are held in the
highest regard and esteem of the amusement-loving public. Hand
in hand in their various enterprises, always sure of the patronage
of thousands of staunch friends, their successes in the future may
well be based on their splendid efforts in the past. Mr. Davis is
one of the most popular managers of the West. He resides on the
North Side, and Mrs. Jessie Bartlett-Davis, the famous operatic
singer, is his wife. Both are well known in the social circles of the
leading cities and enjoy the respect and admiration of their thou-
sands of acquaintances.
JAMES C. GOLDTHWAITE is one of the youngest as well as one
of the most recent acquisitions to the managerial forces of theatrical
amusements in this city. Mr. Goldthwaite was born at Marion,
Indiana, on April I, 1854, and was educated at Greencastle (Ind.)
Academy and Columbia (N. Y.) College. After completing his
studies he engaged in mercantile life, and, in 1884, came to this city
as a buyer for a large house. In that year he became interested
with J. H. Haverly, the veteran amusement manager, and, during
the season of 1885 they secured a lease of the old Hershey Music
Hall. This they re-constructed in every way, making it one of the
cosiest theaters in Chicago. It was opened as " Haverly's Minstrel
Theater," and was designed expressly for playing only minstrel at-
tractions. On January 6, 1886, Mr. Goldthwaite purchased Mr.
Haverly's interest in the house, and assumed the sole proprietorship
and management of the theater, now known as the " Madison Street
Theater." Mr. Goldthwaite changed the style of entertainment,
introducing comic opera and comedy attractions, in addition to
minstrelsy, and the popularity of the little theater proves that his
judgment in the matter was the best. Mr. Goldthwaite is a genial,
courteous gentleman, and possesses those characteristics which
mark him as an ambitious, energetic, yet cautious and careful mana-
ger. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and belongs to
an Indiana Commandary of Knights Templar, and to the Knights
Pythias.
ANTHONY (familiarly known as "TONY") DENIER is one of the
oldest living representatives of the pantomimic art in America, and
has been connected with the stage in an active and managerial ca-
pacity for nearly half a century. Mr. Denier is a resident of Chi-
cago, has lived in this city since 1876, and, aside from his profes-
sion, is known in the community as one of the few representatives
of the stage who have devoted the results of theatrical enterprise
to the substantial wealth and growth of the city. Endowed with a
reputation that is National in his peculiar line, he also enjoys the
distinction of being one of the wealthiest retired theater men in the
West, and the varied career leading up to this histrionic and busi-
ness success possesses many points of general interest. Mr. Denier
is a native of Brooklyn, N. Y., and was born in that city on Decem-
ber 16, 1839, being of French-English parentage. His father was
a native of France and was a lawyer by profession, and his mother
a native of England. The son received his early education at the
Washington Street public school, Brooklyn, and at the age of thir-
teen years ran away from home with a circus. He accompanied
the show to Philadelphia, and after travelling with various enter-
prises of its class, at last became a member of the noted Ravel
troupe of pantomimists, mimics and acrobats. With them, for a
period of five years, he travelled all over the country, mastering the
difficult details of the art with comparative ease, having a natural
adaptability for the same. In 1855 he went to England, and for
two years played at European theaters. Returning to America, in
l86l, he opened in a star part at the Cremorne Garden, New York
City, and later at the New Bowery Theater. At the Old Bowery
MUSIC AND THE DRAMA.
671
Theater he met the veteran clown, George Fox, and got up several
pantomimes with him. Me then went to Barnum's Museum, and,
in 1866, removed to St. Louis, where he remained for a year, en-
gaged in managing the spectacular play of the " Black Crook."
He made his first appearance in Chicago, at McVicker's Theater,
in 1867, and his second, in 1868, at Crosby's Opera House. Re-
turning to New York, he and Mr. Fox constructed the great novelty
of " Ilumpty Dumpty," which was first presented at the Olympic
Theater on March 10, 1868. This play had a year's successful run,
and, in July, Mr. Denier went to Cleveland, and with John Kllsler
organized a pantomime company, with which he travelled two years.
He managed various enterprises until 1876, took " Grimaldi " on
Auriol, the danseuse, and daughter of the noted French clown of
that name. They have one child, Lydia Denier, who is a member
of the " Prairie Waif " combination.
THOMAS L. GRENIKR. — One of Chicago's youngest and most
independent amusement managers is Thomas L. Grenier. 1 1 is
history is but another instance in proof of the fact that our success-
ful showmen are almost invariably self-made men. Mr. Grenier
was born at St. Ursule, Canada, in August, 1851. He went to
Spencer, Mass., in 1863, where he finished his school days and
completed an ordinary education. He returned to Canada in 1866,
and persuaded his family to move to Upper Canada, and at Wind-
sor, Detroit and elsewhere, he clerked in various mercantile houses
STATE STREET, NORTH FROM MONROE.
the road for two years, and, later, Charles Ravel, the clown. During
these years he played not only in his own specialties of pantomime,
but also took part in "Uncle Tom's Cabin," "The Octoroon,"
" Rob Roy," and as the demon and other characters in spectacular
and comic representations. After organizing a company for " Jack
and Jill," in California, in 1876, Mr. Denier came to Chicago, and
began a permanent managerial career, practically abandoning the
stage proper. Here he formed a partnership with Colonel J. H.
Haverly, and was manager of the old Adelphi Theater for one year.
He then leased Wood's Museum, which was destroyed by fire in
October, 1877. He purchased a residence at Englewood, but,
in 1878, returned to Chicago, and for three years operated a pan-
tomime combination with George Adams, the clown. When this
engagement terminated, Mr. Denier decided to take up a permanent
residence here, and, having accumulated a fortune, set about its ju-
dicious investment. His shrewd business capacity made these
ventures exceedingly profitable, and he now owns nineteen pieces
of fine improved property and a large amount of unimproved real-
estate in the city. The true secret of Mr. Denier's success on the
stage was the adoption of original and ingenious mechanical de-
vices in the presentation of his plays. He is a natural mechanic,
and planned and built some of his own houses, among them the fine
residence at No. 19 Congress Street. Here he has a workshop,
where lie makes the scenery for the company he now operates cm
the road. Mr. Uenier was married, on January 24, iS6i, to Mile.
for four years. Confinement was irksome, so, in order to see the
country, he took to rambling North and West, selling rubber and
patent stamps. His tour lasted five years, when he concluded to
settle in Chicago. He was disgusted with the road, wanted to get
into a steady business, and had $150 to start with. The house he
lodged in on the West Side was always full, and people were con-
stantly turned away. If this paid others, it would pay him, he
thought, and accordingly "Tom's Lodging House" was opened.
The accommodations were limited to ten beds in 1876; when Mr.
Grenier disposed of his interest in 1884, three hundred and fifty
had been added. In 1881, the opportunity of leasing the Lyceum
Theater occurred. Being a natural speculator he jumped at the
opening, and in the business of the first six weeks dropped $7,400.
But the good class of specialty performers engaged at the house
told with the public, who soon showed their appreciation by increas-
ing the box-office receipts. The first year netted the new manager
$9,000. He spent the profits in improving the theater. The fol-
lowing year he took the entire management, and cleared $32,600.
In 1883-84 the theater was burned, and his ill-fortune began. He
opened Grenier's Garden, rented circus stock, trappings and me-
nagerie of Burr Robbins, and put in a circus that winter. He was
pleased, because the show was good, very good, but the luxury cost
him $16,000. The next season at the Lyceum was good, and at
the Garden better. He put in a stage, tried comic opera, and ran
the Amy Gordon Company for live months with great success. The
672
HISTORY OF CHICAGO
new stage in tile theater • . ami the changes for the
better in in. ir ami pub: :ice, have all been prof-
itable, and now Mr. Grcnicr has n\o cntnp' I \rciim anil
the (iarden, both of which arc yielding banOSOme profits.
CHIC.UJO LOIK.I. " I)." N<>. 4, Benevolent and Pro-
tective Order of Elks, was instituted on October 15,
1876, chartered on December 10, 1876, and legally or-
ganized as a corporation on September 30, 1879. The
order was founded in New York, by the theatrical pro-
'ii. in 1867, merely for the sake of social intercourse,
but since that time lias become a powerful organization
for charity and benevolence. Eligibility for member-
ship consists in being a white male of good moral char-
acter, with a belief in a Supreme Being, bodily and
mentally in good health, twenty-one years of age and
able to earn the means necessary to the support of him-
self and family.
Thf Elks Mutual Hcnffit Association was established
on 1 >eccmber ji;, 1X78, as a co-operative relief association,
and is composed only of second degree members of the
Benevolent anil Protective Order of Elks. The found-
ers, recognizing the uncertainty of human life, and the
natural desire manifested by the members of the order
to provide for those they leave behind by death, felt in
duty bound to organize an association to provide and
maintain a fund for the benefit of the families of de-
d brothers or such persons as they might name.
The purpose of the society is to provide for the pay-
ment to the legal representatives of deceased members
such sums as the by-laws prescribe.
The Chicago Lodge, B.P.O.E., has lost by death
Devout Elders
Thomas Turner, George I. Geager, T. J. Foley, Fred J. Da-
vis, diaries P. Stillman and Timothy L. Fitch. The Past District
Deputy Kxalteil Grand Rulers are N. J. Norton, John B. Jeffery,
William D. Katun and Simon J. Quinlin. The present District
Deputy Kxalted (Irani! Ruler, now serving for the third term, is I!.
R. Hall. The Past Kxalted Rulers are Simon J. Quinlin, William
1 1. Katun, Mortimer McRobetls and \V. K. Wentworth. The offi-
cers, for 1885, are John \V. White, exalted ruler; Kee II, Wilson,
esteemed leading knight; N. \V. Jacobs, esteemed loyal knight;
ye W. Whitlield, esteemed lecturing knight; B. R. Hall,
secretary; Simon J. Quinlin, treasurer; \V. H. Cass, tyler; R. G.
Watt, esquire; Rev. Henry G. Perry, M.A., chaplain; William E.
Horton, inner guard; William H. Thorn, organist; William K.
Hurtun, Edwin S. Douglas and E. L. Buck, trustees. In this year
(1885), the prominent members are Charles W. Adams, George H.
Adams, C. I>. Clayton, Bartley Campbell, James D. Carson, Sam-
uel B. Chase, W.' C. Coup, \V. B. Clam, W. D. Dalziel, E. S.
Douglas, K. W. Durant (Stiliwater, Wis.), Gustave Frohman,
George A. Fair, Nat. C. Goodwin, E. M. Gotthold, John Graham,
R. M. Ilooley, D. B. Hodges, B. R. Hall, John A. Hamlin, John
K. Jeffery, Al'fred Johnson, N. W. Jacobs, Scott Marble, George
O. Morris, Mortimer McRoberts, Richard J. McGowan, N. J. Nor-
ton, H. T. Paddock. F. W. Paul, S. G. Pitkin, Rev. H. G. Perry,
Simon J. Quinlin, L. L. Sharpe, C. ]. Stromberg, ]. \V. Scott,
George A. Treyser, W. H. Thorn, Ernest Vliet, W. F.'Wentworth,
G. W. Walters, J. W. White, George W. Whitfield.
The annual benefits of the B.P.O.E. are important
amusement events. Usually a very strong cast of lead-
ing stars and combinations is presented in a prominent
theater and the proceeds appropriated to charitable pur-
poses. The dedication of the Elks' Rest in Mount
Greenwood Cemetery was a very important event. It
occurred on August 13, 1882, attended with imposing
ceremonies, brief and interesting, conducted by 3. R.
Hall, with an address by Simon J. Quinlin. The monu-
ment of solid granite from the Hallowell quarries, Maine,
8x 4*/2 feet at the base and 5 feet 8 inches high, is
surmounted by a bronze elk, one of two manufactured
lor exhibition at the Centennial Exposition. On one
end of the base of the monument is inscribed " Fidelity,
Charity"; on the other is "Justice and Brotherly Love/'
On one side of the base, " The faults of our brothers
we will write upon the sands," is inscribed; and on the
reverse, "Chicago Lodge, No. 4, B.P.O. E., Elks' Rest."
THK CHICAGO THEATRICAL MECHANICS' ASSOCIA-
TION, as the name indicates, is composed of members
of the theatrical profession who are employed about the
theaters and with travelling companies in a mechanical
capacity. It was organized and incorporated under the
laws of Illinois on May 3, 1884. The incorporators
were John Bairstow, John E. Williams and Frank F.
Goss. The first officers were, on April 22, 1884 —
John Bail-slow, president; Jay E. Tripp, vice-president; Frank
F. Goss, i -ei-i MI ling secretary; Alfred W. Palmer, financial secretary;
|olin Faust, tivasun-r; and Thomas Bent, John K. Williams, J.
"Howard Rogers, |oscph Maddux, Benjamin P. Lee, A. H. Bond,
and William F. Grouse, directors.
TIIK CHICAGO NEWS-LKTTER was first issued in 1880, by
Davison Dal/iel, and its advent was at a time when Chicago was
unrepresented iu the particular line of journalism which the News-
Letter essayed to fill. It was devoted exclusively to the theatrical
profession, and was an eight-paper of five columns each, published
once a week. In 1883, the paper was enlarged to twelve pages,
and publication was commenced simultaneously in New York and
Chicago. It is devoted exclusively to the dramatic profession, and
is the highest authority on all matters pertaining to the stage. In
circulation the News-Letter has rapidly increased year by year until
it is now the leading paper in its line in the country. Mr. Dalziel
is editor-in-chief, and is ably assisted by a large corps of experi-
enced writers.
THE DALZIEL NATIONAL PRINTING COMPANY is the successor
to the National Printing Company, formerly owned by Charles 1 1 .
McConnell, and came into possession of the effects of the latter
concern in July, 1885. Davison Dalziel is president, and W. k.
Meadowcroft secretary of the company. In the early part of 1886,
the business was removed to the new Dalziel Building, corner of
Dearborn and Quincy streets, where they occupy over one-half
of an elegant structure, loo x 52 feet in area, and six stories and
basement in height. In its special line this is the representative
concern of America, and the proprietors are endeavoring in every
way to make a reputation that shall be National. The newly-
occupied premises have been built especially for the purposes of the
printing company, and are completely fitted with every modern
appliance necessary to the prosecution of the business in hand. A
specialty is made of show-printing, and the general appreciation of
the work turned out from the house is evidenced by the extended
and influential patronage of the company.
DAVISON DALZIEL was born in the City of London, England,
in 1853. During his youth he was granted the privileges of a su-
perior education, and on attaining manhood entered journalism,
with which he has been identified all his life. In 1876, while en-
gaged on the Sydney, Australia, Morning Herald, he established a
journal called the Echo. He continued to control its destinies for
about two years, when he sold out and came to America, locating
in San Francisco. He started the San Francisco Daily Mail, and
was identified with it up to 1880, when he withdrew and came to
Chicago. This city was then without an exclusive amusement jour-
nal, and Mr. Dalziel, ever ready to grasp the opportunity for better-
ing himself, stepped into the field and commenced the publication
of the News-Letter. A year later he devised the Dalziel Railway
Advertising scheme, now known all over the West, and at present
has under his control about thirty thousand miles of railroad track
for advertising purposes. He is also the president and principal
stockholder in the Dalziel National Printing Company, one of the
leading theatrical printing establishments in America. Mr. Dalziel
is a member of the Order of Elks, Chicago Club, Washington Park-
Club, and the Manhattan Club of New York.
STEPHEN G. PITKIN, senior member of the Pitkin & Yaughan
Company, theatrical printers, was born at Marshfield, Vt., on May
28, 1835. His father, Wesley Pitkin, removed to the West in 1835',
and located permanently in Chicago in 1844, bringing his family,
Stephen included; and here he conducted the business of contractor
and builder until a few years prior to his death, which occurred on
April ii, 1880, at the age of seventy-three years. His paternal
grandfather, Stephen Pitkin, was born in Hartford, Conn., in 1772;
in 1796 he married and located at Marshfield, Vt., where he spent
the remainder of his days. He was a man of business ability and
sterling integrity, enjoying the confidence of the people, having
represented his district twenty-eight years in the Legislature, and
wa>. a member of the Supreme Bench at the time of his death in
1834. He left a family of six sons and six daughters, the youngest
(laughter, now residing in Iowa, only remaining, the others having
all passed away within the last few years, exhibiting a remarkable
degree of longevity. Stephen G. Pitkin commenced his career as a
ATHLETIC AMUSEMENTS.
673
printer in the office of the Western Citizen, Zebina Eastman, editor
and proprietor, in 1849, and three years later launched out as a
journeyman. In 1857, he married 'Mary Jane, eldest daughter of
William H. and Ruth (Shepard) Soden, a native of Chicago, hav-
ing first beheld the light of day in this city on December 28, 1839.
In 1872, he established himself in the printing business in a small
way at No. 3 Arcade Court, and two years later associated with A.
Cruver, located at No. 164 Clark Street, under the style of Pitkin
& Cruver. In 1877, they removed to their present commodious
quarters Nos. 14-16 Calhoun Place, where their business has stead-
ily increased until it now ranks among the largest establishments of
the kind in the West. The company was incorporated under the
laws of Illinois, on June I, 1884, with S. G. Pitkin, president; A.
Cruver, vice-president; C. A. Vaughau, secretary and treasurer.
The company contini> its business, almost exclusively, to the-
atrical and show printing and engraving.
ATHLETIC AMUSEMENTS.
In the numberless diversions which come under this
category, Chicago has borne a leading part. So many
and so frequent have been the occurrences of this
nature that it is impracticable to present them, even in
tabular form. Hence the single item of Base-Ball has
been selected as a specimen of, and then the sketches
of sundry clubs are given as representative motors
in, the athletic sports.
NATIONAL PKOFESSIONAL BASE-HALL ASSOCIATION. — On
March 17, 1871, in New York City, an authorized delegation from
leading base-ball clubs determined on a professional "National
game," and formulated sundry features, the chief of which was a
series of "championship games." Chicago was represented, by
its "White Stockings." During the existence of this Association,
the Chicago Club (alias " White Stockings") ceased to be repre-
sented during the years 1872 nnd 1873 — the great fire of 1871, by its
stern realities, compelling attention to matters other than pastimes.
During the existence of the Association, the competing clubs
were as follows: Chicago, 1871, 1874-75; Athletic, of Philadel-
phia, 1871-75; Boston, 1871-75; Mutual, of New York City,
1871-75; Olympic, of Washington, D. C., 1871-72; Haymakers,
of Troy, N. Y. (styled "Troy" in 1872), 1871-72; Cleveland (alias
Forest City), 1871-72; Kekionga, of Fort Wayne, Ind., 1871;
Rockford (111.) 1871; Baltimore, 1872-74; Atlantic, 1872-75;
Mansfield (Ohio), 1872; Eckford, 1872; National, of Washington,
D. C., 1872; Philadelphia, 1873-75; Washington, 1873, 1875;
Resolute, of Elizabeth, N. J., 1873; Maryland, of Baltimore,
1873; Hartford, 1874-75; St. Louis, New Haven, Red Stockings,
Centennial, and Western entered in 1875.
NATIONAL BASE-BALL LEAGUE. — In 1875, the National As-
sociation Clubs numbered thirteen, of which only four were mem-
bers at the time of its organization in 1871. Circumstances
produced demoralization and ended in the extinction of the Asso-
ciation. On February 2, 1876, the National Base-Ball League
was organized, also in New York City. The clubs represented at
the convention were the Chicago, Boston, Athletic and Mutual
clubs; the Hartford, St. Louis, Louisville and Cincinnati clubs
made the complement of contestants in the first League season.
William A. Hurlbert, of this city, was the prime promoter,
and is styled the " father of the League." He was its first and
the only president until his death, April 10, 1882. Mr. Hurlbert
is buried in Graceland Cemetery. " In addition to the monument
erected by his family, the National League have appropriately
marked his last resting-place by a granite monument bearing the
name of every League club, and typical of the National game
which he loved and served so well."
One of the marked peculiarities of the National League was
in its limitation of membership and in the fact that eight clubs was
fixed and continued as the maximum number. A " contract was
a contract " with its managers and members; and when a player
had signed with a League club, he was held to that exact contract
or quickly expelled from League association and recognition.
The League clubs have been as follows: 1876-86, Chicago
and Boston; 1876, 1883-86, New York and Philadelphia; 1876-77,
1885-86, St. Louis; 1876, 1878-80, Cincinnati; 1876-77, Hartford
and Louisville; 1878-85, Providence; 1878, Indianapolis and Mil
waukee; 1879, Buffalo; 1879-84, Cleveland; 1879-82, Troy City;
1879, Syracuse; 1880-82, Worcester; 1881-86, Detroit.
CHICAGO BASE-.BAI.L CLUB. — The club's principal
players, inclusive of the season of 1885, have been —
Addy, Robert, 1876; Anson, Adrian C., 1876-85.
Barnes, Roscoe C., 1876-77; Beard, O. P,l88s; Bradley,
George W., 1877; Brown, Joseph E., 1884; Burns, Thomas
E., 1880-85.
Cassidy, John P., 1878; Clarkson, John G., 1884-85; Corcoran,
J., 1880-84; Cuthbert, Ed., 1874.
Dalrymple, A., 1879-85; Devlin, James, 1874-75; Duffy,
Charles, 1871.
43
Ferguson, Robert, 1878; Flint, Francis S., 1879-85; Force,
David W., 1874.
Glenn, John, 1874-77; Golden, , 1875; Goldsmith, Fred-
erick E., 1880-84; Core, George F., 1879-85.
Ilallinan, James, 1877-78; Hankinson, , 1878-79; Ilar-
bidge, William A., 1878; Hastings, Scott, 1875; Higham, ,
1875; Ilines', Paul A., 1875-77. Hodes, Charles, 1871.
Karles, , 1875; Kelly, M. J., 1880-85; King, Mark, 1871;
Kin/ie, Walter H., 1884.
Larkin, Frank, 1878-79.
McAtee, , 1871; McClellan, , 1878; McCormick,
James, 1885; McVey, Calvin, 1876-77; Malone, , 1874;
Marr, Charles, 1885; Meyerle, Levi S., 1874.
Peters, John A., 1875-77; Weffer, Fred., 1883-85; Pinklmm,
Ed., 1871.
Quest, Joseph I,., 1879-82.
Kemsen, John J., 1878-79.
Simmons, Joseph, 1871; Spalding, Albert G., 1876-77; Start,
Joseph, 1878; " Sunday, William A., 1883-85; Sutcliffe, ,
"1884-85.
Treacy, Ed., 1871 and 1874.
White, James L., 1876; White, Warren, 1875; Williamson,
Ed. N., 1879-85; Wood, James. 1871 and 1874.
Zettlein, George, 1871 and 1874-75.
Chicago has a naturally reasonable pride in her
base-ball club. In the thirteen years she has had a
representation in the chiefest and most reputable of
base-ball organizations, the home club has, at least,
proved itself the peer of the best of its competitors
(Boston), and won the "pennant" over that superior
club by wider odds in games won and lost, as will ap-
pear from the appended table:
CHICAGO CLUB ON CHAMPIONSHIP RECORD OK 1871 AND 1874 TO 1885,
INCLUSIVE
CHICAGO CLUB.
CHAMPION CLUB.
No. of
Year.
Clubs.
Rank.
dames
won.
Games
lost.
Name.
Games
won.
Games
lost.
1871...
9
Third.
20
9
Athletic.
32
7
1874...
8
Fifth...
27
31
Boston. .
52
18
1875...
13
Sixth..
30
37
Boston. .
71
8
1876...
1877...
8
(i
First..
Fifth...
52
18
14
80
Chicago .
Boston . .
52
31
!|
1878...
6
Fourth
30
30
Boston. .
41
19
1879...
8
Third..
44
31!
Provide ice
55
23
1880...
1881...
8
8
First..
First..
87
56
17
US
Chicago .
Chicago .
67
56
17
28
1882...
8
First..
55
29
Chicago .
55
1883...
8
Second
59
39
Boston . .
63
35
1884...
8
Fourth
B2
50
Providence
84
28
1885...
8
First...
87
85
Chicago....
87
25
Little more can be said in the limited space at com-
mand, and the notes of the history of the " Chicagos "
must be almost entirely restricted to an exhaustive and
complete schedule of its games on the " home grounds."
These "home grounds" were located as follows:
Until 1877, near corner of State and Twenty-third
streets. On November 6, 1877, the Club was granted, by
the City Council (vote, ayes 26, nays 5) a lease of a
portion of the Lake Front lying between Washington
and Randolph streets, the which was occupied as a
base-ball park until the close of the season of 1884.
In 1885, new grounds were procured near the corner of
Congress and Loomis streets, and at this date such is
the locale of the Club.
"74
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
IIOMK-CAMK SCORES FOR 1871 AND FOR 1874 TO 1885. ALL INC'l.rslVK.
Dates.
Home-club and
Scores.
Vlsltillg-Club and Scores.
1871.
May8
ID, 14
•o, 14. 9
Cleveland. 12.
Olympic. 1. 7.
Mav 42i June 46
Chicago. 15. 18
Chicago, 13
Itockford. li. 8.
Olympic, s.
•lulj-4
Chicago. 17
lEockiurd. 13.
r.oston. 1.
July 14 ..
ChllMgo, 11
Athletic. 9.
Mutual. 6. 4.
August 5
Chieago. 11
Chicago, 10
Kekionga. 10.
Cleveland. 12.
AuKtisl Iti. 17
Si-I'tt'MllHT IS
September 89
October 31
Chicago. 12. 7
Chicago. 6
Chicago, 10
Chicago, 3
Chicago. 9
Olympic. 11, 3.
Athletic. 11.
Boston. 8.
Mutual. 11.
Haymaker, 13.
1874.
May 13. 16
Mav -'0 •':!
Chicago, 4. 2
Chicago, 10. .1
Athletic, li. 7.
Mutual. 11. 7.
Mav 47. :IH
Julie 3 B.8
Chicago. 9. 14
Chicago. 10. 2. 8
Hartford. 3. 8.
Hostcni. 11, (!, :l.
Boston, lli. 12.
.IlllyS I] 13
Chicago, 9. 17. 3
Baltimore. 1. 14. li.
Chicago 10 3 2
Philadelphia, 3. 1, 6.
July '*''' '"> °7
Chicago, 111 17, 14. . .
Atlantic. 8. 4. 2.
August']. 5. 8
Chicago, 2, 5, 4
Mutual. 6, 4, 3.
Baltimore. 3. 4. 0.
Chicago, 9, 15
Philadelphia, 13, 13
1875.
Western, 6, 2.
May 19.22
Mav 25. 27
June 3, 5. 7
Junes. 12. 14
June 19
cho-ago 9. 6
Chicago, 14. 15
Chicago. 8. 5. 14
Chicago. 2. 7, 4
St. Louis. 4, 2.
M. I is Red S., 2. 0.
Mutual. 0, 6.0.
Boston, 0, 24, 11.
Hartford. 0.
June**, 21.46
June 29
August 17. 18
August 23. 45
Chicago. 2, 2, 3
Chicago, 1
Chicago. 4. 6
Chicago. 13. M
Chicago 1 I) 9
Philadelphia. 8, 5, 4.
Hartford. 4.
Athletic. 8, 14.
Boston. 11. 13.
Athletic 2 5 12.
September 14. 15. lli
September 2:i. 4r>
Chicago, 1, 10, 4
( 'hicago. 0. B
Chicago 13 5 .
Hartford, 1. 3 14.
Philadelphia. 5. 15.
1876.
Mav lV 16
May 19* "0
Julie 20 22 24 .
('hicago 4 6 16.
Mutual 242
June 47, July 1
July 4. 6, 8
July 11. 13. 15
July 18 "0 22
(•hicago. 13. 1!)
Chicago. 0. 4. 9
Chi. ago, 18, 11. 15....
Chicago 9 18 30
Athletic. 14, 10.
Hartford. 3. 6. :).
Boston, 7, 3. (>.
July 45, 47. 29
\ugusl 22 25 2li
Chicago, 43. 17, 9
Chicago 14, 6 43
Cincinnati. 2. 3. 2.
•September 22. 23
September 2B. 27
1877.
May8. 10
May 14. 16
May 17 19
('hicago, 12, 9
Chicago, 7, 16
Chicago, 6, 10
('hicago, 9, 0
Boston, in. 10.
Hartford, 6, 10.
Hartford. 5. 14.
Boston. 18. 1.
Chicago 14 11
June 11. 12
June26,48
July 4
July 13, 14
July 16 17 18
Chicago, 4. 3
Chicago. 11. 6
Chicago, 12
Chicago, 6. 4
Louisville,' 5.' 1.
St. Louis. 0,2.
Boston. 2.
Hartford. 3. 9.
July 26
August 11, 13
August 17, 18
Octobers. 6
October 13 . .
Chicago. 5.2
Chicago. 11,4
Chicago, 0. 4
Louisville, 7. 8,
St. Louis. 6. 3.
Louisville. 4. 0.
October 15 16
Chicago 6 15
1878.
May 14, 16. 20
May 21. 23, 25
June 12 13 15
Chicago, 3. 8,3
Chicago. 2. 3, 8
Chicago 1 0 12
Indianapolis, 5, 13, 1.
Cincinnati. 13. 7. 10.
June 25. 27. 49
Chicago 2 16 9
.Itilv •' 4 6
July 9 14 13 17.
Julv 43. 25 27 ..
July 49 30. 31
Chicago 12 13 10
August 27, 49 31
Chicago 372
September 3.4,5, 6
September 11, 12, 14
Chicago. 0.0. 3.9
Chicago, 0, 9, 6. ..
Providence.' 8, 9. 8, 4.
1879.
May 125
May 6. 8. 10.. .
Chicago 12 10 15
May 13. 15. 17
May 20. 22. 24
Chicago. 5, 7. 3'.
Provldence,'l4', 2', 1.
Iune28. July 1,2
July 4 5 8.. ..
Chicago, 5, 5. 8
Cincinnati, '], 7, 9.
luly 10. 11. 12
Sv'r-icu's ' fi 9 Q
luly 15. 16. 17
Chicago 11 4 6
luly 19.24,43
('hicago, 1, 8. 4
July 25 46 28
July 30, 31. August 2
Chicago. 7. B 7
August 5. 6. 7
August 19. 20.21
Augustus, 25, 26
Chicago. 1. 3. 3
Chicago. 3. 8, 10
Chicago, B, 1 6
Buffalo. 2.' 9,' 2.'
Buffalo. B, 1. 1.
1880.
May7. 10. 11
May 13. 14. 15
May IS. 20.22
June 24. 23.24
June 46. 28. 29
Julv 4 :i. ..
Chicago, 20. 15.5
Chicago, 6. 4. 6
Chicago, 10. 8. 8
Chicago. 5. 10. 9
Chicago, 4. 4. 9
Cincinnati, 7, 1, 0.
Buffalo, 0, 1, 3.
Cleveland. 6, 1, 5.
Troy City. 2. 4. 3.
Worcester. 0, 1. 5.
July 5. 6. 8
August 10. 12. 14
August 17. 18. 19. 21
August 24, 26. 30
August 31. September 2, 2
September 80, 21. 22
September 24. 25. 27
September 38, 29, 30
Chicago, 3. 7. 5....
Chicago. 5, 4. 5.
Chicago, 14.7, 6. 11...
Chicago, 4, H. 4
Chicago. 2. 1, 1
Chicago. 8. 5. 5 ..
Chicago. 8. 3. 7
Chicago, 5. 10, 10
Providence. 2, 1, 4,
Providence. 1, 6. 3\
Boston, 6, 1, 0, 2.
Worcester. 1, 4 7.
Troy City, 1, 0, 5.
Cincinnati. 3, 4, 3.
Cleveland, 6. 8 2
Buffalo, 3, 19, 8,
Dates.
Home-Club ami
Scores.
Visiting-Club and Scores.
1881.
April 3D. May 4. :i
Mav 10. 11. 13
Mav 14. 17. 18
May 20. -1. 44
May 25, 26, 27
hnie "4 ''*} °7
Chicago. 8. 1. 6
c ago, 10. 11. 5
Chicago, 4. 1. 10
Chicago. 5. 4. fi
Chicago. 11. 12. 2
Chicago. 8. 12. 19
Chicago, 8. 4. 10
Chicago. 12. 13. 5
Chi, -ago, 5. 12. 6
Chicago, 2. 3. 7
Cliicugo, 11. 4. 3
Cleveland, 5. 3. 0.
Troy City. 5. 3. B.
Worcester. 3. 7. 2.
BoMou, 4, 2. 4.
1'rovldence, ti. 5. 3.
Providence, 0, 8. 14.
Troy City. 0. 2. 5.
Boston. 13. 11.4.
Worcester, 0. 6. 4.
Cleveland. 11, li. li.
Buffalo, 2. 0, 0.
Detroit, 3. 0. 4.
liullalo, 11. 1, 7.
Detroit, 3, 6. 7.
Cleveland, 4. 4.
Blllfalo. 2. li. !l.
Detroit. 3. 2. 3.
Worcester, 3. 3. 7.
Providence, 7. 0, 1.
Boston. 4, 0. 5.
Tim city. 1,5. 0.
Detroit, 4, 2. 4.
Buffalo, 5, 4, 4.
Cleveland, 1, 3, 4/3.
Boston, 3, 1. 7.
Troy City, 0, 1, 1.
Providence, 4, 5, 2.
Worcester, 1, 5, 0.
Buffalo, 1, 5, 5.
Detroit. 3, 7. 17.
Philadelphia. 9. 1, 14,
New York. 7. 2. 4.
Boston. 1, 3, 9.
Providence, 9. 9. 7.
liullalo. 3, 7. 7. 7.
Cleveland. 10, 1, 3, 7.
Providence. 8, 14, 5, 3.
Boston, 0, 0, 4. 3.
Philadelphia, 6. 4. 5. 6.
New York, 5, 5, 1, 3.
Buffalo. 1, 1, 14.
Cleveland. 0. 1, 7.
Detroit, 1, 1, 6. 8.
Detroit, 5, 10. 4, 12.
Buffalo. 3. 4, 12.
Cleveland, 2. B, 0.
Boston, 7, 12, 6.
Providence, 8.0. 13. 4.
Philailelphia.il. 15. 1. 3.
New York. 6,0. 11, 1.
Detroit. 3. 8. 0. 2.
Cleveland, 10.4. 8. 4. 3. '
Buffalo, 5. 11. 15, 10.
Boston, 0, 9, 5. 7. 2.
Providence, 3. 6. 8. 10.
New York, 2. 5. 5. 5.
Philadelphia, 4, 7, 3,3.
St. Louis. 4. 8, 1. 1.
Detroit. 4, 9. 5. li.
Buffalo, 1. 4. 8. 0.
Philadelphia, 3, 2. 2,4.
Boston. 8. 10. 9. 10.
New York. 6. B. 3. 7.
Providence, 3, 5, 5. 6.
St. Louis. 4. 3. 4. 1.
Detroit. 0. 4. 1. B.
Buffalo. 4. 9, 4. 0. '
Boston, 7. 4. B, 3.
Providence. 5. 8. 6. 3, 0.
New York, 4, 1. 3, 10.
Philadelphia, 4, 5. 12, 10.
Jnnel9. 30. July 2
.luly 4. 5. 7
.Inly 9. 14, 13
Julv28, 49. 30
August 5.' 11. 13
August IB. 17, 18
August 18. 23, 25
1882.
dnra^'n, 5. 1 7, 0
Chicago. 13. 5. 6
Chicago. 10,8.5
Chieago 8 10
May Iti. 17. 18
Mai -id. 42. 23
.June 20. 21.22
June 24. 2ti, 27
.Iune29. 30. July 1
Chicago, 15. 2. 4
Chicago. 5 12. 2
Chicago, 13. 13. s... .
Chicago, 8, 9, 8
Chicago, 9, », 6
Chieago. 5, ». 3 ...
chieago, 8. 1.23...
Chicago. 4. 3, 3 ...
Chicago, B, 6, 35, 2 .
Chicago. 1. 7. 2
Chicago, 10. 7. 24..
Chicago, 6, 6. 6 ...
Chicago, 5. 13. 5... .
Chicago, 8, 11, B
Chicago, 2. 0, 7
Chicago, 11. 6, 1
Chicago, S, Ci, 15
Chicago, 4. 4. 19
Chicago, 5. 6. 8
Chicago. 5.8.12. 31...
Chicago, 6. 5. 2. 6
Chicago. 11. 11, 6, 4...
Chicago. 4, 9. 6, 2
Chicago. 7. 11. 17.2...
Chicago. 6. (1. 0. 5
Chicago, 3, 4. 18
Chicago, 7. 9. 21
Chicago, 13. 14,26, 12
Chicago, 15, 11. 12. ti..
Chicago. 4. 5. 5
Chicago. 11, l.i, 2.. ..
JUly 11 12 14
July 15. 18. 19
August 99f September 1,2
September 5. 1, 9
September 12. 13, 14
September IS. 19. 20
September 27, 28, 30
1883.
May li. 12, 14
May 15. lli. 17
May 19.22, 23
May 24. 25. 26
June 29. 30. July 2, 3
July 4.4. 6. 7
July 111. 11. 12. 11
July 17. IK. 19.21
July 44, 25. 21). 4S
July 31, August 1, 2, 4
August. 23. 24,25
August 29. 3(1, September '.
1884.
May -'9 30 30 31
.Iuiie21. 23. 24...
Juue2li 27 28 30
Chicago, 11. 5. 13.. ..
Chicago, 6, 6. 4, 5
Chicago, 14. 13. ::. 28..
Chicago, 7, 7. 8. 9. ..
Chicago. 5, 16. 4. 5...
Chicago, 8. 9. 5. 13.2..
Chicago, 11, 9. 4, 17...
Chicago, 17. 18, 3.4, 7
Chicago, 5. 5. 3. 15...
Chicago. 17. 9. 13. 7...
Chicago. 9, 10, 4, 12...
Chicago, 9. 9. 6, 13....
Chicago, 6. 17. 13,8...
Chicago. 8. 7. 9. 5
Chicago, 5. 12.0. 3...
Chicago, 12. 14. 13. 24
Chicago. 2. 3. K. 4
Chicago. 10. 8. 2. 1...
Chicago, 9. 6,7. 5. ...
Chicago. 8. 3. 0. 16 ...
Chicago. 8. 12, 10, 6...
Chicago. 2. 10, 12, 10..
Chicago, 8, 16. 3. 21, 6
Chicago, 7. 2 8. 8
Chicago. 9, 3. 11, 3....
July 134 4
Julys. 7. 8, 9
July 28. 29. 31. August 1..
Augusts. 4. 5. B. 7
August 9. 12. 13. 14
September lli. 17. 18. 19.20
.September 24. 25. 26. 27...
September 30. Oet. 2, 3. 4..
Octobers 9 10. 11
1885.
June 6. 8. 9. 10
June 14, 13, 15. 16
June 17, 18. 19. 20
June 23. 24. 25. 2«
June 27, 29, 30, July 1
JlllyS. 4.4. B
Julys. 9 10. 11
August 18. 19. 20, 22
August 25, 26. 27. 31
September 1. 2. 3. 5
September 15, 16. 17. 19 ..
.September 22. 23. 24. 25. 26
September 29. 30. Oct. 1, 3
October 6. 8. 9. 10
WASHINGTON PARK CLUB. — During the winter of
1882-83, a number of Chicago's wealthy citizens were
actively interested in finding better located and more
extensive grounds for a racing course than those then
existing at the extreme edge of the western corporate
limits, latterly styled the Chicago Driving Park, but
originally known as the Chicago Jockey and Trotting
Club Park. Among the hard-workers in the project
were several of the ex-officers and whilom stockholders
who had withdrawn from the West Side association.
The prime idea of the proposed club was to make
the South Side park a course for race-horses only, and
that trotting and pacing matches, which, according to
turfmen, require a hard track, should be continued on
the West Side On February 10, 1883, Washington
Park Club was formally organized. The purposes of
this association are
" To promote good fellowship among its members, by provid-
ing a club-house and pleasure-grounds for their entertainment,
where at all times they may meet for social intercourse; and,
further, to encourage, by providing the proper facilities, raising,
improving, breeding, training, and exhibiting horses, at meetings
to be held at stated times in each year."
ATHLETIC AMUSEMENTS.
675
The present number of stockholders is one hundred
and seventy-four.
Washington Park is situated on the most westerly
extreme of the South Park system, extending from Cot-
tage Grove Avenue, on the east, to South Park Avenue,
on the west, and from Sixty-first Street, on the north, to
Sixty-third Street, on the south. It is about six and
one-half miles south of the Court House, and is con-
venient of access by way of four of the principal rail-
way lines, by street-cars, or by private conveyances
along finely improved boulevards and streets. The
inclosed grounds are a trifle over eighty acres in area.
wealth. During Mr. Brewster's boyhood, he alternated his atten-
dance at the public schools, by learning the trade of a carpenter
during the summer months, and at the age of seventeen launched
out as a contractor on his own account. At the age of twenty-one,
he went to New York City and took a position as a salesman in a
jewelry manufacturing concern. He so continued until 1860,
when, after a brief vacation, he engaged in business on his own
account. He established a straw-goods manufactory, and so
successful was his venture that, twenty years later, his concern
ranked among the largest in the country, employing at one time
from six hundred to eight hundred hands. In January, 1880, he
disposed of his valuable interest in New York, and came to Chicago
to form business relations with the well-known firm of A. S. Gage
& Co. In company with A. S. Gage, Mr. Brewster formed the
Brewster Straw Works, to operate in conjunction with, and manu-
WASHINGTON DRIVING PARK.
The land has a gentle, natural slope from the east and
north, thus giving the main and practice tracks easy up
and down grades, which turfmen consider as more
acceptable and faster than dead-level runs. Both
within and outside the main tracks, a superior system
of landscape-gardening has been liberally indulged in,
and a rolling surface and miniature lakes augment the
truly park-like appearance of the property, without
detracting from its intended uses or conflicting with the
designed purposes. An unsurpassed main course, a
convenient and desirable practice track, a three-quarters
"dash" arrangement, a steeple-chase route, a capacious
grand-stand, commodious stabling, a beautiful and
roomy club-house, and the scope and completeness of
usual and added features, combined, make Washington
Park the peer of any similiar institution in this country.
As to the club membership, it would be difficult to find
another so large an association of reputable and cour-
teous gentlemen.
JOHN E. BREWSTER, secretary of the Washington Park Club,
was born at Ashland, Mass., on August 27, 1833, the son of
Richard Rush and Louisa (Price) Brewster. The Brewsters are
an old New Hamsphire family, and their descendants have been
prominent in the commerical and financial history of that Common-
facture straw goods for, the millinery department of Gage & Co.'s
mammoth establishment. To this business Mr. Brewster devotes
his attention, and his long experience and thorough knowledge of
the trade, places the Brewster Straw Works at the head of that
business in the West. He employs an average of about one hundred
and sixty operatives, and manufactures almost exclusively for Gage
& Co. Mr. Brewster's name has for nearly twenty years past been
prominently known to the breeders, owners and lovers of thorough-
bred horses. In his boyhood he displayed a great fondness for
fine horses, but he did not become a patron of the turf clubs till
many years later. In 1875, in company with N. T. Hubbard, of
New York, Mr. Brewster formed the J. E. Brewster & Co.'s
stables, which also became well-known and continued up to 1871;.
In this collection of fast horses were such thorough-bred animals
as "Virginius," " Franklin," " Pilot" and others. On February
10, 1883, the Washington Park Club was organized, and to Mr.
Brewster's efforts as much as to any other one person, is due the
remarkable success which the association attained. Mr. Brewster
is not a student of turf matters, but as a " handicapper " he is
perhaps one of the finest in America, having been so judged by
many of the best turfmen of the country. No name is more
closely allied to the success of the Washington Park Club than
that of Mr. Brewster. He was the first secretary and general
manager of the work, and has so continued up to the present time.
He is responsible for the plans and construction of the splendid
racing track, club buildings, stables, and accessories that adorn the
grounds of the association, and too great an estimate can not be
placed upon his qualifications for the position which he now holds.
He has been a member of the American Jockey Club, of New
67*
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
York, ever since its organization, and that is the only club he has
been at all interested in until becoming identified with Chicago's
well-known organization. He was married on December II, 1862,
to Miss Ellen Frances Clark, of New York City.
THE CHICAGO HORSKMAN NEWSPAPER COMPANY was in-
1 corporated in November, 1884, with a paid-up capital of $50,000.
The incorporators were H. V. Bemis, Charles H. Curtis, I. M.
Davis, E. B. Abercrombie, and \V. I). Hillabrant. The officers
of the company are H. V. Bemis, president and treasurer; Charles
II. Curtis, vice-president, and J. M. Davis, secretary. The com-
pany own and publish the Chicago Horseman, a weekly paper de-
voted exclusively to turf matters. It is a quarto of thirty-two
pages, printed on fine calendered paper, beautifully illustrated, and
has a circulation, principally in the West, of seven thousand copies.
It is the only paper of its kind in the United States, and has met
with a most enthusiastic reception from horsemen in all parts of
the country. It was originally founded by K. L. Stowe, in 1880,
and four years later, after passing through several hands, it was
bought by 11. V. Bemis and thrown into a stock company. Mr.
Bemis is its editor-in-chief, while E. li. Abercrombie, who became
connected with it when it was first started, is its associate editor.
J. M. Davis is its business manager.
J. M. DAVIS, secretary of the Chicago Horseman Newspaper
Company, and business manager of the Chicago Horseman, was
born at Hamilton, Canada, on July n, 1850. He was educated at
Albert University, Belleville, Canada, and came to Chicago in the
spring of 1872. He was first employed as clerk in the Commercial
Exchange Bank; but histasteand talent lying in another direction,
he began to deal in horses in 1873. In company with his brother,
George M. Davis, he opened a livery and sale stable at Nos. 175-77
South Paulina Street, where they made a specialty of roadsters,
fine carriage horses and trotters, until the year 1874. During this
period they imported from Canada some of the finest horses in the
city and did a thriving business. In 1880, when E. L. Stowe
started the Chicago Horseman, Mr. Davis became its business
manager, but resigned at the end of six months to take charge of
the Chicago Driving Park Club House, when that property fell into
the hands of Bemis & McAvoy. After they sold out in 1883, he
went back to the paper and took charge of its advertising depart-
ment. When the company was incorporated in 1884, he was one
of its commissioners and was elected secretary. He is also a most
successful financier and the paper has been a pronounced success
under his management. Mr. Davis is extremely well versed in all
horse matters and has furnished reports for the press on such sub-
jects ever since 1867, both in Canada and the United States. He
is expert also in all newspaper advertising and in general matters
pertaining to the press. He is a member of the Chicago Press
Club.
" NICK " NORTON was probably christened Nicholas Norton,
but familiarity has bred a contempt for any longer name than
"Nick." Everybody knows him as William Emmett's conserva-
tive and competent business manager. He was born at Coblentz,
Prussia, on January 29, 1845, and came to America in 1852, set-
tling at Detroit, Mich. In the free schools of Michigan, he
finished the common-school education which he compulsorily began
when five years old in Germany. In 1856, he was an apprentice on
the Detroit Tribune, with C. H. McConnell. After four years he
graduated from a finished printer to a supernumary at the Metro-
politan Theater on Jefferson Avenue. He filled all positions in
this theater from property man to scene-shifter, and from fly-man
to door-tender, at the same time doing all the bill-posting, Mr.
Phelps furnishing the money— $75— to pay for bill-boards. The
receipts were divided. They sold out to Mr. Walker for a sum
equal to the capital invested, and it was then that Mr. Norton
made his first bow to the public, on August 12, 1863, as a juggler.
He made a great hit at the Metropolitan, afterward known as the
Comique, but now (1885) a livery stable. He travelled through the
circuit of the Michigan Fairs, playing in Saginaw, Grand Rapids
and Chicago, appearing here at Bellers' Concert Hall, corner of
Kinzie and Clark streets, in the Uhlich Block. From here he went
to Toledo, opening there on February 22, 1864. It was in Toledo
in April, 1864, that J. H. Haverly first ventured into the show
business, and there Nick Norton was the first stage manager.
The following July, Mr. Norton became stage manager at Mont-
pellier's Atheneum. Cleveland, going afterward toCarr's Melodeon
Buffalo. There, in 1864, Mr. Norton first met William Emmett'.
The two became known as " The Original Dutch Team," since
which time many have copied their business. For the next six
years, juggling with a circus in the summer and performing in
theaters in winter was his only occupation. In the fall of 1871,
he assumed the management of the house at which he made his
first professional appearance— now known as the Theatre Comique,
and at which he remained till 1875. During the winter of that
year, he travelled south as manager of Cooke's English Circus.
On July 9, 1876,^6 came to Chicago and took the stage manage-
ment of Hamlin's Coliseum, now the Grand. On September 3,
1878, he was chosen stage manager of the Academy of Music for
William Emmett. lie remained there until May, 1881, when he
went to Brooklyn, N". V., opening the Standard on October 17, for
Hyde & I'.ehman. On February 12, 1882, he was appointed man-
ager of the Grand Opera House, Brooklyn, N. Y., where he re-
mained till the close of the season, on May 31 1882. He then
managed Sam Haynes's Minstrels for William Emmett until the
sale was made to J. H. Haverly, after which Mr. Norton returned
to Chicago and opened the Olympic Theater, on February 19,
1883, as manager for William Emmett. Here he remained till
May, 1885, when he was elected secretary of the Chicago Driv-
ing Park.
ADDISON DOUGHTY, one of the well-known horsemen of
Chicago, was born at West Avon, Livingston Co., N. Y., on
February 22, 1832. There he remained until 1844, and received
some schooling which was of rather a desultory character. When
twelve years of age, he went to Monroe County, N. Y., where he
was engaged on a farm for three years, and like other boys in the
same walk of life attended winter school. In 1847, he went to
Toronto, Canada, and was employed as a stage-driver, for seven
years, working on the various routes centering in Toronto. In
those days, railroads were scarce in Canada, and the stage-driver
was an important factor in the transmission of mails and passengers.
In 1854, Mr. Doughty came to Chicago and went to work for
Levi North's circus as driver of the band-wagon. Shortly after, he
took entire charge of the stock, and controlled that department for
three years. He then left the company and spent his time between
Chicago and St. Louis until the War of the Rebellion. At that
time he entered the Fourth Division, I5th Army Corps, as master
of transportation, and was with Sherman on the famous " March to
the Sea." He handled horses, in various portions of the country,
after the close of the War until 1867, when he came to Chicago to
locate permanently. He married Catherine Sheald on July 9,
1868. Mr. Doughty, in addition to handling trotting horses, is the
proprietor of a large livery stable, where many of his equine charges
are housed.
THE FARRAGUT BOAT CLUB is the oldest club of
that character extant in the city, and was organized on
March 10, 1872, at the residence of Henry P. Smith,
No. 1180 Indiana Avenue, with a limited membership
of ten. The following were elected officers: Henry P.
Smith, president; Alfred S. Porter, vice-president;
William M. Harper, secretary ; Julius Steele, treasurer.
At that time the club owned one barge, the " Farragut,"
and used the timber-house of the Illinois Central Rail-
road Company, at the foot of Thirtieth Street, as a boat-
house. In October, 1872, the following officers were
elected: Frank Billings, president; William N. Perry,
vice-president; Alfred S. Porter, secretary; Julius Steele,
treasurer. The constitutional scope of membership was
also enlarged.
In the spring of 1873, the Club's first boat-house
was erected, at the foot of Twenty-first Street, at a cost
of about $350, which was destroyed by a storm during
the spring of 1874. At the time of the demolition of
this boat-house, there was an inclination among some
of the members to discontinue the existence of the
Club; but with an augmented membership, a new interest
was manifested, and a new club house was erected
at the foot of Thirteenth Street, costing about $450.
On July i, 1875, the Club was incorporated under the
State law. The boat-house was removed, in the spring
of 1876, to Riverdale, on the Calumet River, and
utilized for training purposes, a new structure being
erected on the old site, at a cost of $1,150. In No-
vember, 1877, the latter edifice was totally destroyed by a
severe storm, and but three boats saved from the wre'ck
-the "Farragut," "Richard C. Oliphanf'and " Her-
mia," and these in a badly damaged condition. During
February, 1878, the erection of a club-house at the foot
of Twenty-fifth Street was commenced, and was com-
pleted in the summer of 1879, at a cost of $4,500; the
members, at that time, owned individual boats valued
at about $2,000. In April, 1884, a severe storm again
wrecked the boat-house, also destroyed the fleet, then
numbering some thirty bottoms. A temporary struc-
ATHLETIC AMUSEMENTS.
677
ture was immediately erected near the old site, and in
October, 1884, after plans by Robert Rae, architect, the
present elegant and commodious structure was com-
menced. Its cost, exclusive of the furnishing, will be
about $35,000.
A summary of the most important victories gained
by this Club is as follows:
In 1873, the fours of the Chicago Athletic Club was van-
quished; in 1874, the Farraguts won four important races; in 1875,
a representative crew was beaten in a four-oared boat race at
Grand Haven, and three contests were won at Geneva Lake; the
Farragut fours (shell) came in second from nine starters at Toledo,
the famous Shoe-wa-ca-meltes being victors. In 1876, notable
prizes were won at Peoria, Toledo and Burlington. In 1877, new
laurels were gained at Riverdale, Devil's Lake and Grand Haven,
especially in double and single-scull contests. In 1878, four first
prizes were achieved at the Chicago Yacht Club regatta. In 1879,
at Dixon, 111., prizes were won by the six-oared gig crew and by
the junior single-scull; and three important races were gained in the
Mississippi Valley Rowing Association regatta, and two at the
meeting of the Minnesota Boat Club at White Bear Lake. In 1880,
six prizes were carried off at the Regatta of the Mississippi Valley
Rowing Association at Moline, and ten other prominent races won
in contests with home and foreign crews. In 1881, at Peoria, the Far-
raguts won the Osgood senior single-scull medal and the Deere
single-scull medal, besides rowing a mile in the six-oared barge
race in 6:07, only eight and one-half seconds behind the best time
on record; prizes were also won at Diamond Lake and Hillsdale,
Mich. In 1882, at the annual regatta of the Mississippi Valley
Rowing Association, two prizes were won. In 1883, no prizes
were gained; a good junior fours was in training, but their efforts
were defeated by their swamping, the boat being too small for the
crew. In 1884, in junior double and junior fours races the Far-
raguts were victorious at St Clair and Hillsdale; and in 1885, the
junior fours proved invincible in all Northwestern regattas. In-
cluding heats, this team — comprising \V. F. Fowler, II. C. Avery,
C. G. Plummer and H. F. Billings, — started in eight races, and
won them all against the best crews in the Northwest; reinforced
by C. S. Downs and Joseph Adams, the same team carried off the
prize for the six-oared barge race in the Mississippi Valley Rowing
Association regatta.
The chief feature of the winter life of the Club has
been dramatic entertainments, given at the hall of the
Standard Club on Michigan Avenue, at McCormick
Hall, once at Elgin, and twice at Pullman.
The following is a complete list of the Club's officers
from its organization: *
President.— H. P. Smith, F. Billings, 1872; W. N. Perry,
1873-74; R- c- Oliphant, 1874-75; F- M- Staples, 1875; T. R.
Jenkins. 1875-80; L. B. Glover, 1880-85.
Vice-Presidents,— A.. S. Porter, W. N. Perry, 1872; B. F.
Wood, R. C. Oliphant. H. Hurlbut. 1873; G. W. Murison, F. M.
Staples, 1874; T. R. Jenkins, W. G. Drury. 1875; L. B. Glover,
1876: T. Johnson, 1877; I. M. Love, 1878; W. R. Wiley, 1879;
W. W. Young, 1880-81; F. Booth, 1882; C. B. Hale, 1883; L.
W. Pitcher, 1884-85.
Secretary.— \V. H. Harper, 1872; A. S. Porter, 1872-82; G.
R. Blodgett', 1883-85.
Treasurer—]. F. Steele, 1872; W. B. Kniskern, 1873; E.
Palmer, 1874-75; T- Johnson, 1876; G. W. Murison, 1877-81;
F. M. Staples, 1882-85.
Captain.— •¥. Billings. C. S. Downs, H. P. Smith, 1873; G.
W. Murison, 1874; A. O. Downs, 1875-77; H. P. Darlington,
1878; G. R. Blodgett, 1879-82; G. A. McClellan, 1883; H. C.
Van Schaack, 1884-85
Lieutenant — C. S. Downs, F. Billings. 1874; W. B. Kniskern,
F. Booth, 1875; R. C. Oliphant, 1876; H. S. Penfield, 1877.
Commander.— F. T. Haskell, 1878; C. S. Downs, 1879-85.
Second Lieutenant. H. S. Penfield, 1876; F. T. Haskell,
1877.
Lieutenant Commander.— G. R. Blodgett, 1878; W. R. Col-
lins, 1879-80; Joseph Adams, 1881-82; W. R.Collins, 1883; G.
M. Chapin, 1884; W. F. Fowler, 1885.
A«.,,y,,._c. S. Kniskern, 1881; W. W. Young, 1882; W. F.
Booth, 1883: F. E. Johnson, 1884; H. C. Avery, 1885.
HENRY P. SMITH, the first president of the Farragut Club,
comes from one of the oldest families of Chicago, his father,
Elijah Smith, having first visited the site where this city now
stands in the year 1833, and permanently settling here in 1836.
The mother of Henry P. was a native of Massachusetts. Colonel
* Including the year 1875, the elections wrr^ held semi-annually, in April
and October; with October, 1875, the elections became of annual occurrence.
Henry Smith, in honor of whom the subject of this sketch was
named, was a pioneer in the history of the Chicago & North-
Western Railway, and Orson Smith, Sr. , a well-known resident in
the early days of Chicago, were both uncles of Henry P. Smith.
The latter was born on July 4, 1851, and has always made his
home in the city of his birth, with the exception of a few years in
his boyhood. His education was attained at the public schools ; he
afterward attended the University of Chicago. On entering busi-
ness life, he first engaged in the wholesale dry goods line for about
two years, and has since then been connected with the wholesale
paper trade. For several years he was identified with the Rock
River Paper Company, and in 1879 accepted a position with the
house now known as Barrett & Kimball, wholesale dealers in
building paper, etc., serving that firm as cashier and confidential
clerk. Mr. Smith, during his youth, was an inveterate attendant
upon all the sports where physical development and strength might
be aided. In the days of Kormendy's gymnasium, he was a con-
stant attendant, and also upon the successor to that institution, the
Chicago Athenteum Gymnasium. In the early spring of 1872, he
was the moving spirit in the organization of the Farragut Boat
Club, which has since grown from the possession of a single boat
to an institution second to none in the whole country. The organ-
ization of the club was effected at Mr. Smith's home, and he was
honored with the election to the first presidency of the association.
In 1873, he served the club as captain for a year. Captain Smith
participated in the first race in which the Farragut men pulled, in
1873, between the Farragut six and the Chicago Athletic Club four,
in which the former won the race. At the Grand Haven and
Spring Lake Regatta, in 1874, he pulled in the winning four-oar
barge race; and in 1875, rowed stroke oar in a double-scull race,
winning the same, at Geneva Lake. In the same year, he partici-
pated in the Toledo regatta, when his crew won second to the
Shoe-wa-ca-mettes in a race of nine starters. In 1876, he also
rowed at Toledo, when the Farragut four took second prize to the
Forest City crew in a field of seven, and also got second place the
same year at Peoria with four crews in the race. In 1878 and 1879,
he pulled a winning oar in the six-oar barge races at South Chicago,
and Dixon, 111. For several years he has been upon different im-
portant committees, among them the board of admission and com-
mittee on membership. From its foundation, Mr. Smith has
always taken^n active interest in the workings of the Farragut
Club, and it is naturally a source of great pride to him to have
been the instigator of an enterprise that has developed into hand-
some proportions and famous reputation.
LYMAN B. GLOVER, editor of the Saturday Evening Herald,
and president of the Farragut Club, was born at Ann Arbor, Mich.,
on February 10, 1846. His parents removed to Jacksonville, 111.,
when he was about two years old, and it was in that city that Mr.
Glover was reared and received his early education. After attend-
ing the public schools during his boyhood, he entered Wabash
College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., and took the thorough classical
course, graduating, with honors, in 1867, at the age of twenty-one.
Returning to Jacksonville, he took the position of local editor on
the Daily Journal, and continued as an employe for about one
year, when he purchased a half-interest in that newspaper, his
partner, Horace Chapin, being the previous sole owner. Upon this
change, Mr. Glover assumed the entire editorial and business man-
agement of the Daily Journal, Mr. Chapin being the postmaster of
Jacksonville, and his. time being wholly occupied in the duties of
his office. Mr. Glover continued in full charge of the Journal
until April, 1874, and then, owing to rapidly failing health, in-
duced Dy the hard labor devolving upon him, sold out his interest,
and withdrew from active newspaper work. During his career at
Jacksonville, he conducted one of the brightest papers in the State
and won a splendid reputation as a journalist. He then came to
Chicago, and, after a brief vacation, assumed the position of
general manager of the Northwestern Department of the American
Associated Press, an office of importance and much responsibility,
but not requiring his whole energies and attention. He continued
as press manager for about two years. In the fall of 1875, having
recovered his health, he decided to again embark upon the journal-
istic sea, and, in company with John M. Dandy, founded the Sat-
urday Evening Herald, the first issue occurring on September 27,
1875. Since its advent, this paper has been under the editorial
management of Mr. Glover, and he has conducted that department
with such marked ability as to augment his past reputation as a
newspaper writer. Prior to coming to Chicago, in fact from early
boyhood, Mr. Glover was always an admirer of everything in the
way of aquatic sports, and shortly after taking up his residence in
this city, he became a member of the Farragut Boat Club, with
which organization he has since been heartily interested and actively
identified. Perhaps there is no one in the West that has felt as
much interest or had so much to do with boating matters in general
as Mr. Glover. His great love for the amusement, as well as his
professional business, keeps him constantly interested iu these
matters. In October, 1876, he was elected vice-president of the
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Farragut Boat Club, ami served one year; he then became presi-
dent; and so highly regarded is he by the members of the Club
that he has been re-elei -ted ID the position for the sixth consecutive
term. During the long period which IK- has served as president,
the Farragut Club has made improvements to the value of $35,000.
Krom the time when he was president of an association thai o
a little brick boat-house on the lake shore, to the day when the
Club occupies the lines! club-house devoted to aquatic purposes in
the world, he has been " hand and glove" in promoting every in-
terest for the benefit of the " Farragut boys." Mr. Clover is a
member of the Mississippi Valley Rowing Association; was secre-
tary and treasurer for four years and president for two years, and
was tendered the presidency for the two successive terms, but de-
clined, owing to his business interests requiring so much attention.
In iS?;, he was referee at the International Regatta held at New
Orleans, and referee of the Mississippi Valley Regatta, at Moline,
111. He was also tendered a position on the executive board of
the National Association of Amateur Oarsmen, of which he is an
honorary member, but declined that honor. He is one of the
prominent members of the Chicago Press Club, and belongs to
divers Other organizations of a similar character. Mr. Glover was
married in October. 1*7(1, to Miss Louise Thompson, of Chicago.
They have two children, — Mildred and Livingston.
l.ru I-. \V. 1'miiKK, of the well-known commission firm of
L. \V. I'itcher A: Co.. is the vice-president of the Farragut P.oat
Club; and, although he has not participated in any of its racing
events, he has ever manifested a hearty interest in the doings of
the Club. In 1878, he became identified with the organization,
and since that date there has been hardly a single regatta in which
the Farragut men participated that he has not attended and shown
his interest in their work. In October, 1884, he was elected vice-
president, and at the end of his lirst term he was re-elected, and
is holding the position at the present time. Mr. Pitcher was born
at Port Hyron, \. V.,on November 13, 1848, and was there reaied
and educated, his elementary studies being obtained in the com-
mon-schools. He afterward commenced the study of law, but
when just on the eve of examination for admission to the Bar, he
abandoned the study, having become attracted to the science of
telegraphy. This art he mastered, and practiced for a number of
years, being employed in nearly every leading city of the United
States. In 1876, he came to Chicago, abandoned telegraphy, and
entered a commission house, having then decided to make Chicago
his permanent residence. For the commission business he had a
predilection, and he made rapid progress in his new field of work.
He was with various firms up to 1879, when he went into the em-
ploy of the old and honored house of D. H. Denton & Co., which
was established in 1858. As an employe, Mr. Pitcher continued
for one year, and then became junior partner of the above-named
firm. In 1883, a change in the style of the firm was made, and
.. YV. Pitcher A: Co., with Mr. Pitcher as the active member and
Mr. Denton as special partner, continued thereafter in business.
Mr. Pitcher is one of the most popular men on 'change, and there
is no merchant on the Board of Trade more respected than he,
while he is recognized as possessing business capacity of the
highest order. Mr. Pitcher was married, in August, 1872, to Miss
Caroline A. Weeds, of Columbus, Ohio.
Wii.t.AKD K. WII.KV was born at Holliston, Mass., on Feb-
ruary 27, 1845, and resided there until he had attained the age of
fourteen years. He attended the common schools during his boy-
hood, and when fourteen years old entered into the dry goods
trade, with which he has ever since been identified, excepting a
short period during the War. He first entered the business at
Milford, Mass., where he engaged for five years' service. At the
end of his third year, he resigned his position, and although
only seventeen years old, he enlisted in the 2d Massachusetts Cav-
alry, and served faithfully to the end of the Rebellion, receiving an
honorable discharge in June, 1865. He participated in the Penin-
sula Campaign, Shenandoah Valley, and Five Forks. After the
War was over, he determined to come West, and on July 28, 1865,
arrived in Chicago. In the following September, he took a posil
tion in the house of Field, I.eiter & Co., and is now serving his
twenty-first year with that concern. From a menial position Mr
Wiley has faithfully and steadily worked himself up to a situation
of prominence and responsibility, and is now assistant superin-
tendent of the dress-goods department of Marshall Field & Co.
In 1874. Mr. Wiley, for the sake of pleasure and recreation, joined
the Farragut Boat Club, and he has since been closely identified
with that organization. In October, 1879, he was elected vice-
president of the club, and filled that office for one year. He has
served as member and chairman of several committees during his
membership, and, although not participating in any of the notable
regattas, lias greatly aided and promoted the other interests of the
Club. Mr. Wiley is a member of Home Lodge, No. 508, A F &
A.M. lie also belongs to the Calumet and Washington Park
clubs, in which organizations he is quite well known. He was
married, on April 28, 1880, to Miss Maude Morris, of Chicago.
They have three sons. — Harold, Stanley and Clarence.
Ail Kin S. 1'i'kTi.k, one of the founders of the Farragut
Boat Club, and for eleven consecutive years secretary of the organ-
ization, was born at Rock Island, III., on September I, 1852. His
parents removed, when he was a child, to New York City, and
they there resided until Mr. Porter was twelve years of age, coming
thence to this city, in October, 1860. He is thus a true Western
man born and bred, and possesses all the inherent qualities for
which the young men of the ('.real West are noted, — vim, vigor,
and enterprise. Mr. Porter was educated in the public and high
schools of this city, and, after finishing his studies, assumed a
position as one of the editors of the Young Pilot Magazine. He
tilled this ciiair during 1870-71, the career of the magazine being
cut short by the great fire. He afterward took the position of
corresponding clerk in James M. Adsit's (now the Chicago Na-
tional) Bank, remaining there until November, 1*74, when he
resigned to take the cashiership of the old provisions and grain
commission house of Washington Butcher's Sons, established in
Philadelphia in 1760, in a branch office opened by the firm in this
city. In November, 1879, tne house withdrew from business here,
transferring its good-will to the new firm of Porter & Webster,
composed of Alfred S. Porter and Frank S. Webster. This firm,
in 1882, became Porter, Trumbull & Co., which continued for
some time, Mr. Porter recently forming business connections with,
and at present having an interest in, the well-known house of E.
W. Bailey & Co., receivers and shippers of provision and grain,
rooms 71-72 Board of Trade Building. He is an active member of
the Board of Trade, enjoys a splendid reputation among his cus-
tomers, and is always popular with the traders on 'change. In the
spring of 1872, when a few young men interested in aquatic
sports held a meeting for the purpose of forming a boat club, Mr.
Porter was one of the leading spirits; always energetic and ambi-
tious he displayed his zeal and interest in the preliminary meetings,
and on March to, 1872, submitted a constitution, drafted by him,
to the meeting, which formally organized the Farragut Boat Club,
Mr. Porter suggesting the title that was adopted and has since
been the name and style of the organization, and to him in a great
measure is due the successful outcome and continuous growth of
the Club. He was elected vice-president at the first meeting, and
held that office for six months, and at the end of his term was
made secretary, the election occurring in October, 1872. So satis-
factorily did he perform the duties of his position, evincing great
interest in his work, that the Club deemed it proper that he should
continue in office for an indefinite length of time. For eleven
years he held the office, but at the election in October, 1883, he
declined a re-nomination, owing to his business demanding too
much of his time to permit sufficient attention to the secretary's
duties, which by that time had become a considerable work. For
thirteen years he was a director of the Club, having been on the
building committee which erected six different boat-houses for the
organization. Mr. Porter rowed in the racing crews in 1873-74,
and was in the successful gig crew of 1875, at Geneva Lake, and a
substitute in the Peoria (III.) and Burlington (Iowa) regattas during
the season of 1876. At the regatta of 1881, held at Evanston, he
pulled in the winning barge crew. He was one of the organizers
of the Mississippi Valley Amateur Rowing Association, in IX7<>:
was elected secretary and treasurer of the same in 1880; and has
been a delegate to the Association meetings every subsequent year.
For ten years, he was a delegate to the Northwestern Amateur
Rowing Association, and now holds the office of vice-president of
the same. For several years he was also delegate to the National
Association of Amateur Oarsmen, and had the honor of being the
sole judge of the National Association regatta, held at Detroit in
iSSi — a position which certainly indicated the confidence and esteem
with which he is held by the boating fraternity. lie has also offi-
ciated as judge at several other important regattas, and is popu-
larly known to nearly every boating organization in the West. Mr.
Porter is also a member of the Calumet Club, vice-president of the
Folio Literary Club, and is identified with various benevolent and
secret societies. In the social entertainments, banquets, dramatic
amusements, receptions, etc.. of the Farragut Club, Secretary
Porter has always borne an active part, and he has had the pleasure
of officiating at the weddings of a score of boat-club associates.
Being, with one exception, the only member now left of the
" original ten," he is called " Father Porter," and he has earned
the soubriquet of " silver tongued orator," having been spokesman
for the Club on many public occasions. Mr. Porter is personally
known to over five hundred of the young men who have been con-
nected at various times with the Club, besides scores of ladies who
have assisted at the various dramatic entertainments and concerts
which have, for fourteen years, formed so large a part of the
Club's social features, and with one and all he stands in the highest
esteem, regarded as a social companion and an enthusiastic boatman.
FRANK M. STAPLES, treasurer of the Farragut Boat Club,
ATHLETIC AMUSEMENTS.
679
was born at Natchez, Miss., on February 15, 1847. Although
born in a southern city, Mr. Staples is of northern descent, his
parents hailing from the New England States. The family con-
tinued their residence in the South until Frank was five years of
age, and then removed to Chicago, where he was reared to man-
hood and has since made his home. He received his education in
public schools, but shortly prior to completing his studies he be-
came imbued with patriotic zeal, ran away from home, and enlisted
in the I34th Illinois Infantry for the one-hundred-day service.
Fortunately, the War was near its close, and the lad was assigned
to garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., or else the raging fire of the
patriotic youth might have consumed itself too quickly before the
shot and shell of the enemy. After his term expired, he returned
home "a soldier boy," proud of his venture, but content to again
take up scholastic studies. He attended college for a short time,
and then entered the employment of Crerar, Adams & Co., as
office boy. He was faithful and assiduous, gradually working
through the grades of promotion until 1869, when he was appointed
cashier, and has since held the position, having been in the constant
service of the house for nearly twenty years. When the Farragut
Club lost heavily in the storms of 1874, having its boat-houses and
appliances destroyed, it was on the point of disbanding, but Mr.
Staples, with a few others, came to the rescue, and assisted in the
re-organization of the Club. Though he has not participated in
many of the'Club's regattas he has pulled an oar in several success-
ful local races. Business engagements forbade him from actively
participating in the racing events of the Club, but his services in
other directions have been of great value to the Farragut men. In
October, 1874, he was elected vice-president of the Farragut Ciub
and in the following April was president, serving one term and
declining a re-election. In October, 1882, he was elected treasurer
and holds that position of trust up to the present time. He is a
stockholder in the Pullman Athletic Club, and a member of Garden
City Council, No. 202, Royal Arcanum. Mr. Staples was married
to Miss Sarah C. Hall, of Chicago, on May 6, 1885.
HENRY C. VAN SI'IIAACK, captain of the Farragut Boat Club,
was born at Charleston, S. C., on December 14, 1860. Before the
War of the Rebellion had fairly commenced, his family removed to
New York City, where they continued their residence until hostilities
ceased. In 1866, they came to Chicago, and it was here that Mr.
Van Schaack was reared and educated. His preliminary studies
were attained at the school of the late Professor H. H. Babcock,
of this city; after which he entered the Chicago University, taking
the full literary course, and graduating, with honors, in the class of
1881. He then commenced his legal studies at the Union College
of Law, from which he graduated, and was admitted to the Bar in
1883. He is now engaged actively in the practice of law, and
although young in years has already made rapid advancement in his
profession, and the future for the young barrister is full of promise.
Mr. Van Schaack is among the best known amateur athletics in
the city. In 1880, he became an active member of the Farragut Boat
Club, and at the Mississippi Valley Amateur Rowing Association
regatta, held in St. Louis, in 1884, he pulled in the junior four-oar
two-mile race, one of the most exciting contests of the year, and in
which the Farragut crew won the First place, beating the St. Paul
crew by two seconds. In October, 1884, Mr. Van Schaack was
elected captain of the club, and it is doubtless due to his splendid
efforts, and knowledge of boating matters generally, that the Far-
ragut Club scored such a signal victory in the season of 1885.
Captain Van Schaack gave his personal attention to the selection
and training of the "champion four" of that season, and his
efforts were rewarded by his crew winning eight consecutive races,
competing against the best oarsmen of the West. lie lias been a
member of the Athenajum Gymnasium for the past six years, and
has kept up a constant physical training that has been of great
benefit to him. He is also a member of the Calumet Club and
the Psi-Upsilon College Fraternity.
CHARI.KS S. DOWNS, commander of the Farragut Boat Club,
has been one of the most active members of that association since
its organization. He was born in Chicago, on December 23, 1852.
His father, A. Sidney Downs, came to this city in 1842, and for
the greater part of his life was secretary and treasurer of the Chi-
cago & Milwaukee Railroad. Charles was educated in this city,
passing through the high-schools, and closed his school-days in
1870, to enter into the employ of Field, Leiter & Co. He has
been engaged with that well-known firm for over fifteen years, and
is one of the many popular general salesmen of the house. At
about the time he entered into business life his health was very
poor. The Farragut Boat Club (which was organized a short time
later) presented an opportunity for manual exercise; and with the
hopes of benefiting his physical condition, Mr. Downs joined the
organization and became an active member. The step taken was
of vast benefit to his health, and his record as a winner in the re-
gattas in which the Farragut Club participated sufficiently siiows
that he became a skillful oarsman, having been more times in win-
ning crews than any other member of the Club. In October,
£
1873, he was elected captain of the Farragut crews, and pulled
stroke oar in the six-oar barge which won the race at Riverdale,
111. In April, 1874, he was elected lieutenant-commander, and
was stroke in the winning four-oar race at Geneva Lake, and bow
in the four-oar barge match won at Grand Haven. In 1875, he
was of the winning pair in a double-scull race, and winner in a
single-scull match, at Geneva Lake; and was bow in the four-oar
shell race, when the Farraguts won second place at Toledo. In
1876, Mr. Downs and brother distanced the Saginaw junior double-
sculls at Toledo, and in 1877, they won second place at Devil's
Lake. In the same year, at Riverdale, they won handsomely in a
two-mile race. At Devil's Lake, he took third place in a field of
seven starters in single-shell race. At the inter-club races in this
city, in 1877, he took first prize as junior single, and was the
Farragut's best man of that season. In 1878, at South Chicago,
he won the single-scull match and pulled bow in the four-oar and
double-shell which won at the same time and place. In 1879, he
was made commander of the fleet, and has continued to hold the
important position up to the present time. He handled the bow
in a four-oar shell which won the race at the Mississippi Valley
Regatta, at Keokuk, in 1879. In the following season, he partici-
pated in four important races, pulling bow oar, and his crew won
three of the four. In 1885 (the banner year of the Farragut Club),
he was of the winning crew which captured the prize for six-oar
barges at the Mississippi Valley Regatta, at Moline; and at the
same place, with Joseph Adams, took second place to the " cham-
pion pair" of the West. Commander Downs for the past dozen
years has always taken a hearty interest in athletic matters, but
has been partial to aquatic sports. He is considered one of the
best captains in western amateur circles, and has won considerable
fame as an oarsman. He is also a member of the Chicago Bicycle
Club, Chicago Bicycle Track Association, and member and cap-
tain of the Riverdale Rowing and Athletic Club.
Ilr.NKY CYRUS AVERY, senior member of the firm of Avery
& Hillabrant, commission merchants, was born at Hudson, N. Y.,
on July 18. 1859. He was reared in his native town, and, during
his youth, attended its public schools, and then entered Hudson
Academy, a preparatory institution, from which he graduated in
1875. lie shortly afterward passed the rigorous examination for
admission to the West Point Military Academy, became the nomi-
nee for appointment from Columbia County, but declined the
honor, preferring a commercial life to that of the military. In
1875, he came to Chicago and entered the employment of Norton,
Son & Co., the well-known grain commission firm. He remained
with them but one year, and then accepted a more remunerative
position with the house of Lyon, Lester & Co., remaining with
them continuously for five years. For a short time thereafter he
was with Robert Warren & Co., and then connected himself with
J. H. Milne & Co. After being one year in their employ, he
formed a connection with H. O. Kenyon & Co., and afterward
with Milmine, Bodman & Co., with whom he was identified until
January, 1884. He then established himself in business with W.
D. Hillabrant, under the name and style of Avery & Hillabrant,
and has since carried on a successful commission business. For
the past ten years, Mr. Avery has been on the Board of Trade, and
in that field of business he has been highly successful. His firm,
though a new one, is already strongly established, and its future
success is indicated by the energetic manner of doing business and
the consistent methods on which they operate. Mr. Avery has
always manifested great interest in athletic matters, and has done
his share toward promoting the welfare of Chicago's amusement
clubs. For several years he has been a member of the Ogden
Club, and was one time captain of that organization. In 1880, he
became identified with the Farragut Boat Club, since which time
he has been an active, enthusiastic worker, participating in several
of their victories. At the local regatta on the Calumet River, in
Inly, 1884, he was of the winning four-oar shell crew that captured
the first prize. In 1885, the " banner year" of the Farragut Club,
Mr. Avery was one of the " champion four" which started in eight
consecutive races, and won them all. The latter achievement was
the greatest in the history of the Club, and Mr. Avery is credited
with the honor of being one of the winning crew, their contestants,
in every instance, being the best crews in the Western States. In
October, 1885, he was elected ensign of the Farragut Boat Club
and still holds the position. During the palmy days of the I'irst
Regiment, when its reputation as a finely-drilled organization was
at its height, Mr. Avery was lieutenant, holding the position for
one and a half years, and being an active member of the militia for
six years. He is a member and officer of the Mississippi Valley
Amateur Rowing Association, Chicago Athenaeum Gymnasium,
Chicago Bicycle Club, League of American Wheelmen, St. Ber-
nard Commandery drill-corps, and Concordia Msennerchor. He
belongs to William B. Warren Lodge, No. 209, A.F. &A.M.;
Corinthian Chapter, No. 69, R.A.M.; and St. Bernard Com-
mandery, No. 35, K.T.
WILLIAM VKKNON BOOTH of the well-known firm of A. Booth
68o
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
& Sons, is a son of Alfred and Isabella (Hews) Booth, and was
born in Chicago, on December 22, 1856. He attended the public
schools here, during his youth, and, after finishing his elementary
studies, entered Hellmuth University, at London, Canada. He
took a thorough course of study in that institution, graduating
therefrom in 1873. Three years later he entered his father's house
as an employe, and on January I, iSSo, himself and his brother,
Alfred K.. were admitted into the business as partners, under the
name and style of A. Booth & SOBS. This concern has a chain of
business houses extending across the United States from the 1'acilic
Ocean to the Atlantic sea-board, and they are the largest dealers in
oysters and packers of hermetically-sealed canned goods in the
world, besides doing an immense business in other marine products.
Since his admission into the firm, Mr. Booth has had general charge
of the entire western interests of the house, and such a work
requires the highest ability and the greatest energy in order to
carry the business to a successful issue. That Mr. Booth possesses
these characteristics is fully evidenced by the continuous prosperity
and high-standing of his firm. Mr. Booth has always taken a
hearty and active interest in such athletic amusement as boxing,
rowing, swimming, running, etc., and has already gained consider-
able notoriety as a champion amateur all-around athlete. For
many years he has figured prominently in the history of the Far-
ragut Boat Club. In 1879, he was of the winning crew in the six-
oar gig race won by the Farragut Club at Dixon, 111. ; in iSSo, he was
s;rokc of the six-oared barge which won at Moline, and of the
winning crew at Cassopolis, Mich.; in iSSr, stroke of the winning
junior double race at Diamond Lake, and bow for the free-for-all
double at Hillsdalc, Mich. He also won three single races, at
different rowing regattas, besides being a winner with the crews
above mentioned. In 1883-84, he was ensign of the Farragut
Club. He has been a member of numerous committees of the
Club, and has been particularly prominent in the dramatic enter-
tainments given by the organization during the winter seasons, he
having taken the role in several standard dramas, comedies and
operas, and distinguishing himself as an actor of first-class ability.
Not only has he won prominence as an amateur oarsman, but he
possesses handsome testimonials of victories in various athletic
performances. In 1872, at Dexter Park, in this city, he ran one
hundred yards in ten and one-half seconds, making one of the best
times for amateurs on record. For the performance, he was
awarded a handsome gold medal. In 1878, he was winner of the
Quebec Championship and gold medal, at the amateur sparring
exhibition at London, Canada, and is now the owner of twenty-six
handsome medals, all being trophies won by him in various spar-
ring, swimming, rowing and other athletic matches. Perhaps the
most distinguished victory he has ever achieved was that won by
him at Washington Park, Chicago, on September 5, 1885. The
gentleman's riding race, one of the leading events of the meeting,
was contested by four of the best gentlemen riders in the city, viz. :
Mr. McQueston, riding Bereft; Mr. Gifford, on Idle Pat; Mr.
Dickey, on Secret; and Mr. Booth riding Warrington, a son of War
Dance. The race was for one mile, and the entries of horses and
riders made the contest one of the greatest interest, the superiority
of the riding being considered essential to success, as the horses
were evenly matched. In the presence of an immense audience, the
race was begun, and Mr. Booth and Mr. Gifford both finished
their dash of a mile in 1:49, the judges declaring the race a dead
heat. At the close of the regular programme of the day, the horses
and riders again met, the contest having then become one of the
most exciting in the history of the Washington Park races; but in
the second trial, the skill of Mr. Booth won the race for him, War-
rington finishing the mile in 1:46, the best time ever made at'welter
weight on record, by professional or gentleman rider. The event
caused a stir in racing circles, and the achievement was mentioned
in the leading journals of Europe. The prize awarded by the
Club to Mr. Booth was a mammoth silver cup, made by Tiffany, of
New York, and costing $1,000. Mr. Booth takes great pride in
his various athletic achievements, but his attention to those matters
is only bestowed for the mere pleasure and recreation they give,
and not for the purpose of pecuniary gain. He is still an" active
member of the Farragut Club, and of the Calumet, Union and
Washington Park clubs. On November 4, 1885, Mr. Booth was
married to Miss Helen Lester, daughter of John T. Lester, and
one of the leading young ladies in the social circles of Chicago.
FRANK F. JOHNSON, manager of the stock and bond depart-
ment of the hrm of John T. Lester & Co., was born in Oxford
County, Maine, on January I, 1859. His family removed West
during his infancy, and he was reared and educated in Chicago and
its environs. His education was attained at the public schools and
from private instructors, and after completing a thorough course of
study he entered actively into business life in Chicago. For one
year he was assistant purchasing agent of the Chicago, Burlington
>V Otimcy Railroad, and then he entered the firm of John T. Les-
ter & Co., taking charge of their entire Wall-street interests.
Although a young man, Mr. Johnson rapidly developed his abilities
as a financier, and is perhaps one of the best-posted stock and bond
brokers in America. The house with which he is identified has the
largest stock and bond business in the West, and it is to Mr. John-
son's credit to say that he has handled the interests of his depart-
ment with greatest ability. During 1883-85, he was financial
editor and money writer on the Inter Ocean, and being a short-
hand expert made him especially qualified for reportorial work. In
1883, Mr. Johnson became identified with the Farragut Boat Club,
and in 1885 held the office of ensign. Although he has not par-
ticipated in any of the racing events in the Club's history, he has.
nevertheless, always shown a great interest in the progress of the
organization, and is among its present prominent and active mem-
bers. Mr. Johnson is a member of the Calumet, Chicago, Union
League, Washington Park and Press clubs, and of the Illinois
Society of the Sons of Maine (of which he is secretary), and of the
Lotus Club, of New York. He was secretary of the Chicago
Press Club in 1885, and is a member of the various stock and
grain exchanges of this city and New York.
CHICAGO YACHT CLUB. — The first yacht club in
Chicago was organized at a meeting held at the Sher-
man House early in July, 1870. Among the dozen
promoters of the enterprise, the chief were James Ben-
nett, Joseph Ruff, James Stabler, William Olcott, James
Wilson, Robert Murray and James Coburn. The organ-
ization grew out of the desire of the members, who
were all lovers of yachting, to jointly own a good boat.
The " Naiad " was accordingly built, and manned by
the club, followed by the "Clara," built by Mr. Wilson,
the "Lucy," owned by Mr. Smith, and the " Volante."
At the time of the fire of 1871, the club had four boats,
and was a prosperous association. Their house and
fleet being then entirely destroyed, the interest in yacht-
ing matters was not revived until the spring of 1874,
when the present Club was formed. A number of new
members, with their yachts, were entered from time to
time, until, in the spring of 1879, incorporation was
deemed advisable, and a charter was duly procured.
Since that time the Club has achieved a flattering
success in all events, social and aquatic, in which it has
participated. The fleet now consists of twenty-five
vessels, including the " Idler " and the "Wasp," the
latter said to be the largest sloop in fresh water. The
first named vessel, owned by Commodore A. J. Fisher,
was a participant in the great international race for the
Queen's Cup, in 1873, and made, on June 8, 1876, at
New York, the fastest time until then recorded. She
is still believed by her many admirers to be the fastest
yacht in the world.
The Club possesses a number of the handsomest and
fastest sailing vessels in the country, which are the
individual property of the members, who include several
of our wealthiest and most prominent citizens. Re-
gattas are held annually. The Club makes an annual
cruise, the members being accompanied, in most in-
stances, by their families to some point on the lakes.
The Club has always been most liberal in its efforts and
donations toward the promotion of yachting, the prizes
offered in its name, in the interna'tional regatta held
herein 1883, being the largest contributed. The club
pennant is a blue stripe across a red field, displaying, in
white, the letters " C. Y. C." Its principal event in the
winter season is an annual dinner and ball, given usually
at the Calumet Club House. The present membership
is about one hundred.
The officers are elected annually, those at the
present time being
Commodore, A. J. Fisher; Vice-Commodore, R. F. Pettibone-
Rear-Commodore, E. W. Syer; Secretary, Harry Duval- Treas-
urer, F. W. S. Brawley; Measurer, F. W. B. H. Bonter; Time-
keeper, Joseph Ruff.
CHICAGO BICYCLE CLUB.— This, the representative
club of the wheelmen of the city, was organized in Oc-
tober, 1879. The charter members were Fred. H.
ATHLETIC AMUSEMENTS.
681
Browne, John M. Fairfield, Alexander W. McClure, M. J.
Steffens, George D. Hoffman, Edwin F. Browne, Dr.
G. L. Henderson and B. B. Ayers. The first officers
elected were A. W. McClure, president; F. H. Browne,
captain; George D. Hoffman, secretary and treasurer.
The objects of the association were stated, by its
constitution, to be
" The enjoyment of the bicycle and tricycle by its members,
to which end the club meets, excursions, tours, etc., shall be ar-
ranged and carried out; the advancement of privileges and pro-
tection of the rights of all wheelmen, members of the club
especially, and the encouragement in the public mind of a favorable
interest in cycling."
The club from its inception took an acknowledged
lead in cycling affairs, and has not only maintained this
position, but, owing to superior house facilities, has ab-
sorbed several other local associations of wheelmen.
It is the oldest club in the League of American Wheel-
men, and is the pioneer club of the West, which, in
connection with its association and individual records,
probably renders it the best-known bicycle club in
the country.
It is also well-known for its racing records. One
of its members has held the club championship of
America for the past three years, to which honor he
has added, during the current year, the five-mile cham-
pionship of the Northwest and the State championship.
Several other members of the club have won National
fame among wheelmen, for fancy and road riding.
The club has headquarters at 189 Michigan Avenue.
The membership has increased, from the original nine,
to eighty-five. The total membership since the organi-
zation of the club has been one hundred and forty-five.
The average age of the members is twenty-two years.
Due attention is paid to the social feature, a reception
taking place monthly at the club-rooms. During the
riding season (May to November), the club makes a
weekly run. It uses the Exposition Building for prac-
tice and exercise during the winter.
The officers at present (elected January, 1886) are
President, T. S. Miller; Vice-President, J. P. Maynard; Cap-
tain, N. II. Van Sicklen;- Secretary and Treasurer, W. C. Thorne;
Librarian, D. D. Wright; Lieutenants, \V. G. E. Pierce, L. W.
Conkling and A. G. Bennett.
THOMAS SPKNX-ER MILLER, president of the Chicago Bicycle
Club, was born at Waukegan, 111., on April 25, 1859. His father,
S. K. Miller, was one of the civil engineers connected with the
construction of the principal lines of the Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. Paul Railway, and who, in 1867, took a professorship at Am-
herst College. At Amherst, T. S. Miller received his preliminary
education, after which he entered the Worcester (Mass.) Institute
of Technology, took the full scientific course, and graduated in
1879, with the degree of mechanical engineer. He then located
at Batavia, 111., remaining one year; from thence he came to Chi-
cago, and in the spring of 1881, took a position with the Link
Belt Machinery Company, where he is now engineer-salesman.
Mr. Miller commenced " wheeling" while a resident of Worcester,
Mass., and in fall of 1878, upon making his home in this city,
became a member of the Chicago Bicycle Club. In 1882, he was
elected captain, and in 1884 was honored with the office of presi-
dent, holding the same until the latter part of 1885. At the elec-
tion in January, 1886, he was re-elected to the presidency. Mr.
Miller participated in a fifty-mile contest at Louisville in 1882, and
did his twentieth mile in 3:02, which was then six seconds faster
than the best time on record. His run was not placed on record,
however, because of his making a Hying start instead of standing.
The accomplishment was notable, and served to place Mr. Miller
in the list of fast ones on the wheel. He has not participated in
any of the races of recent years, but has officiated as starter in
nearly all the Chicago events, in which capacity he has served with
the utmost satisfaction to all the contestants. Mr. Miller wrote a
manual of club drills, entitled " Bicycle Tactics," which is now
in its second edition. Mr. Miller was married on January I, 1885,
to Miss Hattie M. Ruggles, of Worcester, Mass.
LLEWELLYN W. CONKLING, lieutenant for the West Division
of the Chicago Bicycle Club, was one of the first young men to be-
stride the wheel in Chicago. He was born at Coldwater, Mich., on
July 26, 1862, and resided there until he was seven years old. His
parents then removed to St. Paul, Minn., and he entered the State
Normal School at K'ankato, from which he graduated with honors
in 1872. His family afterward removed to Chicago, where his
education was completed at the Allen Academy. He took a posi-
tion in the house of Henry W. King & Co., in 1879, as salesman,
and there remained from 1879 to 1881. He commenced riding in
1879, and has ever since been identified with the bicycling sport.
He has always taken a prominent and active interest in wheeling
matters, and has held, at various times, nearly every office in the
Chicago Bicycle Club. Mr. Conkling enjoys the distinction of
being the first rider of a sixty-inch wheel west of Boston, and of
being the first racing man of any note hailing from Chicago. He
began his career by appearing at the Central Park track in June,
1881, where he was an easy winner. He next represented the
Chicago Bicycle Club in the great fifty-mile team race at Louis-
ville, in February, 1882, where, through lack of opportunity for
training, he met with defeat.. In 1882, he won both the long and
short-distance championships of the Chicago Bicycle Club, and in
1883, the short-distance championships and trie half-mile open
heats at Burlington, Iowa, besides running a close second to the
late Colonel Stone at Peoria. In 1884, Mr. Conkling won the one-
quarter mile dash at Marengo in the best time for this distance
ever made in the West; but at the championship race at Chicago he
was forced to the second place. On October 15, at Rockford,
owing to a badly sprained knee, he had to yield the Illinois cham-
pionships to Mr. Hammil, running a close second to the victor.
His best performances were on August 12, 1883, when he lowered
the American five-mile record, and on September n, of the same
year, when he lowered the quarter-mile record. In 1881, Mr.
Conkling was secured by A. G. Spalding & Bros., to manage their
bicycling department, and he still retains that position. He is vice-
president of the Chicago Bicycle Track Association, Illinois chief
consul of the Cyclist's Touring Club, and a member of the Illinois
Division League of American Wheelmen. Mr. Conkling has per-
manently retired from racing, but has the remembrance of nearly
sixty races and a collection of forty-eight first prizes to remind
him of many a hotly contested mile.
CHICAGO CURLING CLUB. — This association was
organized by a number of Scotchmen, in Chicago,
about twenty-five years ago, prominent among whom
were George Wilson, James Hutton, William Forrest,
Dr. McAllister and William Faulkner. Yearly matches
were played with other clubs, many of whom came
from Canada, on the most suitable ponds in and about
Chicago, until, as a consequence of the gradual growth
in interest and membership, the property at York Street
and Ashland Avenue was bought in the latter part of
1883, and a large and substantial rink building erected
at a cost of upwards of $15,000. This is owned and
managed by a joint-stock company, called the Chicago
Curling and Skating Association, composed of members
of the club; and in addition to its own uses the public
is allowed the privilege of the skating surface. For a
number of years the club used the lakes at Lincoln
Park, and many matches have been played there. This
club has won a number of matches from clubs belong-
ing to the National Curling Association, of which it is a
member.
The total membership is now about eighty. The
present officers of the club are — President, Alexander
White; Vice-President, Robert Duncan; Secretary,
James Duncan; Treasurer, William M. Dale.
CHICAGO CRICKET* CLUB. — The Chicago Cricket
Club was organized May 15, 1876, and is undoubtedly
the strongest in the West. The original promoters
were principally Canadians, chief among whom was Dr.
E. J. Ogden, the most active man in organization and
the president of the club down to this writing. The
other members of the original eleven were J. G.
Orchard, Dr. M. D. Ogden, C. J. Fraser, J. G. Darling,
William McGill, George W. Kemp, V. M. Moore, R. J.
Street, George Cass and J. L. Ramsey. The grounds
of the Chicago Base-ball Club were used for practice
and matches, up to 1879, when, through the courtesy of
the Lincoln Park Commissioners, a portion of the south
682
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
lawn was assigned, and there the c\ub has played since.
The membership and playing strength of the club has
steadily increased, and since 1880, it has held acknowl-
edged first place in the Western Cricket Association.
It now has a total membership of one hundred and fifty.
During the season of 1885, thirteen matches were
played, of which only three were lost, two of these
being to the Voting Americas, of Philadelphia, consid-
ered the strongest cricket club in the country, which
visited Chicago in July of that year.
l>i NTON'S SPIRIT OF THE TCKK, a weekly paper exclusively
• :i-d to the interests of horsemen, published its first number in
October, 1876, at No. 164 Washington Street, where it has always
remained. It is conceded to publish correct records of all horses,
both as to pedigree and time, and is a journal every way worthy
the patronage of horsemen. It was founded by Frank H. Dunton,
and ably assisted by his wife, Mrs. E. M. Dunton, the style of the
firm being Frank H. \ K. M. Dunton. This was the first weekly
journal in the United States whose management had the courage
to entirely devote its columns to the horse, and it has been a lever
that has lifted the business of breeding and the trotting horse to
a respectable position. It has not only been the desire, but it has
been the constant thought of its managers, to elevate their business
morally, and in this they have succeeded admirably. The paper is
now in its tenth year anil is beyond any question a financial suc-
cess, but a talk with the founders revealed the fact that it was only
obtained by arduous labors, while we are disposed to believe there
were added ability and good management. The paper circulates
throughout the United States, Great Britain, Africa, Australia, and
its news is gathered from all over the world, America furnishing
the greatest amount, as it is the most interested nation in the devel-
opment of the trotting horse on the globe. It is a credit to our
city, therefore, that in our midst was founded the only weekly
journal exclusively devoted to the horse, and one that has been so
true a champion of his rights, together with the fact that the
articles contained therein are not only interesting, but not in a
single instance objectionable from a moral standpoint. We can
not help referring to the able "Greystone Papers," written by Rev.
H. Stone Richardson, embraced in the first volume, which were
personal reminiscences of the Texan War and his true steed
" Placo." For these papers he received from Mr. Dunton a horse
valued at $2,000.
KRANK 11. Drvro.N, founder of the Spirit of the Turf, is a
son of John and Mary (Cummings) Dunton, and was born at
Phillipston, Worcester Co., Mass., on December I, 1829. He was
educated in the old red school-house of his native village. At the
age of twelve his father died, and he was, like many boys, thrown
upon his own resources, and was variously engaged until 1848,
when he came West and was appointed clerk of the City Hotel in
Milwaukee, Wis. He was afterward clerk of the old Hawkins
House, at the same place, lie remained in Milwaukee until 1852,
and in that year went to Kenosha, where he was clerk in the
Durkee House, afterward in the Runnels House. In 1854, he went
to Janesville, Wis., "and was engaged as a clerk in a hotel for a
while, when, through a friend, he went into merchandising and
speculating in real-estate, but the hard times of 1857 seriously
affected his interests. He soon recuperated and became a grain
dealer and buyer of stock, in which business he remained for
several years; after which he was interested with the firm of O. W.
Norton & Co., who came to Chicago and was well-known in com-
mercial circles. In 1876, he located in Chicago, and with the assist-
ance of his wife, to whom he proudly credits much of his success,
he commenced the publication of Dunton's Spirit of the Turf, and
has since continued it. Mrs. Dunton is a daily visitor to the office,
and attends to its business affairs in a manner that reflects great
credit on her as a careful financier. His wife was formerly Miss
Elizabeth M. Parker, whom he married in Janesville, Wis., in
1854, and was from Jefferson County, N. Y., and a daughter of
Isaac H. Parker, of Theresa, Jefferson Co., N. Y. They have
one child, Dora A.
TORRIS Z. COWLES, editor and part proprietor of The Mirror
of American Sports, a weekly sporting paper of high class, pub-
lished in Chicago, was born at Geneva, N. Y., on February 8, 1845,
the son of Zalmore J. and Sarah (Hoover) Cowles. He learned
the printer's trade in the office of the Weekly Post, Rochester,
Minn., serving a three years' apprenticeship, beginning on August
17, 1862. He enlisted as a musician in the regimental band of
the 2d Minnesota Volunteer Infantry in August, 1861, and was
honorably discharged in June, 1862. In 1866, he removed to
Chicago, where he obtained employment on the Chicago Evening
Post, first as a compositor, next as proof-reader, and then as reporter.
In July, 1867, he joined the local staff of the Chicago Times,
and on October I, 1868, became sporting reporter of the Chicago
Tribune. In February, 1875, he was appointed night editor of
the Tribune, and held that position for eight years, resigning in
February, 1883, to establish a weekly journal, called American
Sports. In December, 1883, this paper was consolidated with the
Mirror, under the title of the Mirror of American Sports. He is
a member of the Chicago Press Club, and has just entered upon
his second term as first vice-president of that organization. Mr.
Cowles was married at Rochester, Minn., in April, 1866, to Ellen
\l. ('rooks, who died on April 30, 1885, leaving live children, —
Paul. Torris, Louis, Hazel and Nell.
Tun IOHN WILKINSON COMPANY. — This house, now located
at No. 68-70 Wabash Avenue, was founded by Mr. Wilkinson in
1872, but the line of business to which the company is now devoted
exclusively did not receive its impetus until about 1879, when John
O. Blake came from New York and enlarged the line of goods and
materially increased the trade. Mr. Blake has devoted his whole
life to the business of sporting and athletic supplies, and his valu-
able experience proved to greatly increase the business of the
house. In 1882, the John Wilkinson Company was formed, and
the officers at the present time are — John Wilkinson, president;
John O. Blake, vice-president; G. D. Conklin, treasurer; and W.
F. Conklin, secretary. They carry an immense stock of goods,
and are probably the largest dealers in cycling goods in America.
Jniix OLIVER BLAKE, vice-president of the John Wilkinson
Company, is and has been for many years most prominently identi-
fied with amateur sports and pastimes, and in consequence is popu-
larly and widely known throughout the I'nited States. Mr. Blake
was born at Meriden, Conn , on May 23, 1848, and comes of an
old and honored Plymouth Rock family, who traced their descent,
in a direct line from Lord El wood Pomeroy. From early youth
Mr. Blake had a great fondness for home games and athletic
sports, and he naturally became acquainted with all the popular
amusements extant. During his early manhood he passed some
time in California, but in 1870 he returned to New York, and con-
nected himself with E. I. I lorstman, the first person to establish a
business exclusively devoted to sports, pastimes, games and home
amusements. Perfecting himself in all the details of this branch
of trade, he soon found time to imbue others with his love of
games, and the organization of the Brooklyn Archery Club, now
the largest and most successful one of its kind in the country, and
of which he was president when he left the East, was the first
result of his outside work. In 1879, Mr. Blake came to Chicago
and became connected with John Wilkinson. When the John
Wilkinson Company was formed, Mr. Blake became a stockholder,
vice-president, and general manager of the business. His spirit
of enterprise and progress in athletic matters has been well exhib-
ited since coming here. He has been a most zealous worker in
wheeling matters, has been heartily interested in the growth and
improvement of the Chicago Bicycle Club, and the organization of
the Dearborn Cycling Club was brought about mainly through his
efforts. Upon the organization of the Illinois Division of the
League of American Wheelmen in 1882, Mr. Blake was elected
chief consul, and he has since retained the position, receiving in
1885 the entire support, without a single dissenting vote, of the
League wheelmen of Illinois. This position gives Mr. Blake juris-
diction over all amateur bicycle affairs and events in this State. He
became a member of the Chicago Bicycle Club in 1880, and was its
vice-president in 1883, being afterward made president. During
the existence of the League of Chicago Wheelmen, he was its
president. He is a member of the L. A. W. Racing Hoard, hav-
ing in charge the States of Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Minne-
sota, Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, Oregon, Michigan, Nebraska and
Nevada. He has been prominently identified with archery in this
city, and was at one time president of the North Side Archery
Club; treasurer of the Western Archery Association, composed of
archers of all the Western States except Ohio; and a member of
the executive committee of the National Archery Association of
America. Mr. Blake has been selected as referee in all of the
principal racing events in Chicago during the last few years, both
professional and amateur, and his decisions have, without any
marked exception, proved satisfactory to all concerned. Mr. Blake
is a past grand officer of Myrtle Lodge, No. 323, I.O.O.F. and a
member of Salem Encampment, U. D., No. 5, both of Brooklyn.
He is also past commander of Illini Lodge, No. 7, Order of the
Golden Chain, of Chicago. Mr. Blake was married on July 5,
1870, to Miss Isabella, daughter of Charles A. Blackman, of
Watertown, Conn. They have one son, — Harry.
BRUNSWICK & Co. — With the rapid growth of Chicago in
commerce, population, and wealth, there has also been a rapid
growth in every branch of industry which may be considered among
those classes of trade more particularly pertaining to the demon-
stration of taste, culture and riches. The manufactory of Bruns-
wick & Co. is one of the largest and most important industries in
operation here, employing a large number of workmen and adding
materially to the thrift and financial progress of the city. This
enterprise was started by Joseph Brunswick in 1848, and under his
ATHLETIC AMUSEMENTS.
683
management the foundation of the present extensive business was
laid, which he conducted until 1877, when he put the establish-
ment in charge of his sons, Charles and Benjamin Brunswick.
The manufactory is situated at Nos. 238-240 Randolph Street, and
consists of a large seven-story building, loox 180 feet in size, pro-
vided with all the latest improved machinery for rapid and perfect
work, run by an engine of 150 horse-power. Brunswick & Co.
are the sole manufacturers of the celebrated Triumph and New
Progress billiard and pool tables, one hundred operatives being
required to meet the demands made upon the factory. All their
tables are supplied with the world-renowned Triumph cushions,
and sales are made throughout the United States, and some in
Canada and Mexico. From six to eight hundred tables are turned
out per annum, which are worth from $250 to $35° each, the
yearly sales aggregating $200,000. The second floor at N'o. 175
East Randolph Street is occupied as a salesroom, where designs
manufactured only by them are displayed; and persons desiring
anything in this line can be supplied by this firm, as they import
and make a specialty of all kinds of billiard material. The
founder of this enterprise, Joseph Brunswick, has resided in Chi-
cago for a quarter of a century; Charles and Benjamin Brunswick
were born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in the years 1855 and 1856, respect-
ively, and have lived in this city since 1870. This house compares
favorably with any other in the country; their improvements have
gained a wide celebrity; and the members of the firm are well and
favorably known for business and general integrity, and have hon-
orably earned the respect and confidence of this community.
JusKi'ii BKCNSWJCK was born at Bremgarten, canton of
Aargau, Switzerland, on March 14, 1823. He was the eldest of
seven brothers, and was engaged with his father, a merchant, until
1851, when he immigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, and there went into
the manufacturing of billiard-tables in connection with J. M.
Brunswick, another brother. Joseph, came to Chicago in 1870,
to take charge of the branch house which had been here established
in 1851. In August, 1871, the partnership spoken of was dis-
solved, but the brothers continued in the business under their
individual names. Joseph Brunswick's factory and his extensive
billiard hall (the latter located in the Exchange Building, corner of
Clark and Washington streets) were both destroyed in the great fire
of 1871. He re-opened his factory at the corner of State and
Randolph streets and his billiard hall at Nos. 131-133 Twenty-
second Street. In 1878, he retired from business, turning his en-
tire affairs over to his sons, Charles and Benjamin, who originated
the name of Brunswick & Co. Mr. Brunswick was married in
1853, to Miss Rose Alken, a French lady, who had resided for
some time in this country. They have seven children, — Julia,
Charles, Benjamin, Caroline, Flora, Louis and David.
CIIAKI.KS P. MII.I.KR, manager of the Brunswick-Balke-Collen-
der Company, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on December 29,
1855. His father, Charles Miller, with whom the son was asso-
ciated in business up to 1871, was a wine importer in Cincinnati
until 1867. In that year he came to Chicago and established, at
No. in, Washington Street, the western branch of the Julius Balke
billiard company of Cincinnati. In connection with this branch
office, he opened the Mammoth Standard Billiard Hall, in the old
Steinway Music Hall, at the corner of Clark and Washington
streets, where the new Chicago Opera House now stands. One
week before the fire of 1871, Charles Miller died. The day after
ihe lire Charles V. Miller went to Cincinnati, where for one year he
was salesman with Lange Bros., jewelers. In 1872 he returned to
Chicago, and opened a stationery and book store at No. 334 Div-
ision Street. In 1873, taking with him his mother and sister, he
visited Europe to see his great uncle, Johann Von Geissel, the arch-
bishop and cardinal of Cologne. In January, 1874, he engaged
with the J. M. Brunswick & Balke Company as general clerk. In
1875, he was promoted to the position of bookkeeper, and in 1876
to that of cashier, and in 1880 to the position of manager. He is
now interested in the billiard business. In 1873, Mr. Miller, who
belongs to numerous societies and orders, organized the Arion
Quartette as follows : John McMulty, first tenor and president; C.
1'. Miller, second tenor, secretary, treasurer and business manager;
M. K. Williams, baritone; Joel Silvers, basso; Joseph Silvers, mus-
ical director. Mr. Miller, on August 15, 1883, married Esther
Haslett Kittredge, of Chicago. Mr. Miller is also proprietor, with
Charles J. E. Parker, of the Superior Billiard Hall, opened on May
29, 1884, at Nos. 210-12 North Clark Street.
CAPTAIN A. H. BOGARDUS, champion wing-shot of the world,
was born in Albany County, N. Y., on September 17, 1833. He
removed to Coxsackie on the Hudson, afterward to near Peters-
burg, III., and thence to Elkhart, Logan Co., 111., where he now
resides. He became a hunter from necessity, and is a sportsman
from choice. He is a man of giant strength, stands six feet high.
weighs two hundred and twenty pounds, and possesses a powerful
constitution. He began to shoot pigeons in 1868, and won the
championship of America as a wing-shot at Fleetwood Park, N. Y.,
on May 23, 1871. He now holds the following named badges,
medals and cups: The old Rhode Island Badge for American cham-
pionship, won at Eleetvvood Park, N. Y., on May 23, 1871; the
" Lorillard Medal " for pigeon-shooting championship for five
traps, won at Stamford, Conn., on October 4, 1874; the "Cham-
pionship Medal of the World," won at Welsh Harp, Hendon, Eng-
land, on August 7, 1875; "Championship Class Ball Medal," won
at Deerfoot Park, N. Y., in the fall of 1877; Silver gold-lined vase,
worth $500, for championship of England, won on June 20, 1878, at
London dun Club Grounds ; Silver goblet, valued at $250, won at
llurlingham Gun Club Grounds, England, at the onlypublic match
ever shot on these grounds, on July 23, 1878; a Maltese cross badge
of gold, won in the Coventry Match, England. This he prizes
above all others. Captain Bogardus has shot an incredible number
of matches, and made the " best on record " so often, that we can
not enumerate them here. At Dexter Park, Chicago, he killed five
hundred pigeons in eight hours and forty-eight minutes; killed one
hundred birds in one hundred consecutive shots, at Dexter Park ;
killed fifty-three out of fifty-four birds, at Jerseyville in four min-
utes and forty-five seconds ; at Bradford, Penn., he broke nine hun-
dred and ninety glass balls out of one thousand; and at Lincoln,
111., three hundred in succession. In New York City, loading his
own gun, and changing barrels every one hundred shots, he broke
one thousand glass balls in one hour, one minute and fifty-four
seconds. In New York he accomplished the greatest feat of his
life, as far as endurance, rapid shooting and accuracy were con-
cerned, breaking five thousand five hundred glass balls out of five
thousand eight hundred and fifty-four shot at, in seven hours, nine-
teen minutes and two seconds, loading his own gun and changing
barrels about every fifty shots. Captain Bogardus has had thirteen
children, seven boys and six girls; of whom three daughters and
four sons are living, the others having died in infancy. Two of his
daughters are married, and he is the grandfather of three children.
Four of his sons are also professional and exhibition shooters, —
Eugene, Edward, Peter and Adam Henry, Jr. The boys all inherit
constitutions of iron, clear and strong minds, and wonderful ten-
acity and nerve. The captain taught them to shoot, and they have
been apt and successful scholars.
LITERATURE.
At the time of the great fire of 1871, Chicago had
assumed prominence as a publishing center, especially
in producing the works of home authors. The fire was
a serious blow to this interest, and although the loss of
plates, books and manuscripts of this class was a com-
paratively light one, the general loss to publishers was
so large that for a time they were discouraged from the
experiment of putting out new works that did not have
an Eastern impress, or of reproducing Chicago books
the sale of which had not been sufficiently far advanced
at the time of the fire to decide their possible suc-
cess. Nearly every publisher in the city, including
the principal bookstores, were burned out, and the
Western News Company, S. C. Griggs & Co., W. B.
Keen & Co., and others engaged in the book and paper
trade, were slow in resuming a satisfactory routine for
supplying dealers and customers. When the publishers
were re-established, the jobbing trade was the first to
revive. The first book passing through the hands of
Chicago booksellers after the fire, and sent to the press
for review, came from S. C. Griggs & Co., at No. 607
Wabash Avenue. It was called, "Seed -Time and
Harvest," and was followed by " Hester Kirton," both
Eastern Sunday-school books. This was exactly nine-
teen days after the conflagration. By November 25,
such publications as the Spectator, Phenix, and Chicago
Magazine, operated respectively by the Goodsells,
M. A. Fuller, and Mrs. M. L. Rayne, had been revived,
and the most exhaustive book on the fire, entitled
" Chicago and the Great Conflagration," by Elias Col-
bert and Everett Chamberlin, was published. Fire
literature was the rule for many months, and the Lake-
side Monthly, the principal literary periodical of the
West, revived in December, and in its January issue
contained articles on the general calamity from the
most eminent Chicago authors, among whom were
Elias Colbert, Egbert Phelps, Colonel John W. Foster,
Charles Randolph, James B. Runnion, W. W. Walker,
Robert Collyer, L. D. Ingersoll, Dr. E. O. Haven,
George P Upton, Andrew Shuman, Frank Gilbert,
Franc B. Wilkie, W. A. Crofut, Rev. W. A. Bartlett
and Professor D. H. Wheeler. "Our Calamity" pub-
lished by Alfred L. Sewell of the Little Corporal, to
which Horace Greeley was a contributor, and a book on
the fire by Rev. E. J. Goodspeed also attracted consid-
erable attention at the time. Arthur W. Penny & Co., of
Chicago were among the first to publish a book here, and
issued several valuable medical works, while A. S. Barnes
& Co. published a number of educational works, and,
on March 23, 1872, "Lessons in Language," by Hiram
Hadley, the plates of which had been destroyed and
re-set, was issued in this city. Later in the year, archi-
tectural literature was advanced by the publications of
H. W. S. Cleveland, the University Publishing Com-
pany began business, and The Record, a literary ven-
ture of much merit, sent out its initial number, followed
soon after by Manford's Magazine, the Ladies' Own,
the Gem of the West, the Excelsior Magazine, the
Weekly Magazine, the Inland Monthly, and numerous
similar publications, contributed to, almost exclusively,
by home talent. In legal lore and religious publications
the supply soon became profuse, H. R. Thompson & Co.
publishing several valuable law books, and Rev. W. W.
Everts issuing a book called "The Hand of God"; the
American Tract Society producing several similar books,
and Jansen, McClurg & Co. publishing "Baptism
versus Regeneration." Among other notable publica-
tions of the year were "Buffalo Land," by E. Hannaford
& Co.; the Norwegian-Danish Grammar Reader, by
S. C. Griggs & Co.; a medical series by A. S. Barnes
& Co.; The Political Struggle of 1872, by Edward
Everett Chamberlin; The Fixed Stars, by Elias Colbert;
a large amount of Sabbath -school literature by Adams,
Blackmar & Lyon; and the Chicago Illustrated Journal,
by Knight & Leonard. On November 25, 1872, Jan-
sen, McClurg & Co. returned to central quarters in
Booksellers' Row, on State Street; W. B. Keen &
Co. followed them on December 14; and the original
center of the book business was regained, and the
literary interests of the city began to revive and develop
materially.
Since that time Chicago has become a great pub-
lishing center, and home talent has been encouraged and
and recognized. A partial list of notable authors who
are, or were, residents of Chicago, or made this city
their publishing point, includes
Isaac N. Arnold, the biographer of Abraham Lincoln and
Benedict Arnold; William S. B. Mathews, author of "Getting on
in the World," " The Great Con versers," "Words, their Use and
Abuse," "Hours with Men," "Oratory and Orators," and num-
erous essays; John W. Foster, author of " Pre-historic Races"
George Flower, writer of the " History of Edwards County, 111."
Harvey Reid, author of a memoir of Enoch Long, the Abolitionist
E. I!. Washburne, editor of the papers of Governor Edwards, the
first territorial governor of Illinois; L. D. Ingersoll, author of
"Explorations in Africa"; P. Fishe Reed, writer of "Beyond the
Snow"; William P. Jones, " The Myth and the Idol"; J. R. Kip-
pax, "Churchyard Literature"; J. A. Smith, "Patmos"; A. M.
Bacon, " Manual of Gesture"; Gilbert A. Pierce, " Zachariah, the
Congressman"; Howard Henderson, "Practical Hints of Camp-
ing Out"; W. B. Plum, "The Military Telegraph During the
Civil War of the United States"; Kate Byran Martin, "Belgian
Days"; Mrs. A. M. Freeman, "Somebody's Ned"; Mrs. Clara
Doty Bates, juvenile poems and literature; Mrs. Burnham, "A
Sane Lunatic"; Irene Jerome, " One Year's Sketch Book"; and
P. T. Sherlock, "History of Ireland." Among those who have
contributed to the poetic literature of the city are Francis F. Browne,
Miss Julia Lamed, Allie Arnold Crawford, George Crawford,
Eugene J. Hall, Edward J. McPhelim. Brock L. McVickar, Jr.,
and numerous others. In special technical and topical fields of
writers may be mentioned J. G. Cross, James R. Boise and F. G.
Sunbridge, educational; C. P. Buckingham, J. D. Caton, W. L.
Scudder, statistics; J. J. I.alor, A. B. Mason, political; E. G. Mason,
early history of Illinois; Walter Lee Brown, assaying; Van Buren
Denslow, tariff; G. B. Brown, sanitary; Mrs. Ellen Mitchell,
sociology; Frederick Cook, spiritualism; Miss Elizabeth Kirkland,
housekeeping; Emily Huntington Miller, Caroline F. Corbin and
Mrs. Elia \V. 1'eattie, juvenile; Allan Pinkeiton and Lawrence L.
Lynch, detectives; B. P. Reynolds, masonic. Of other authors,
dramatists and poetical writers, are Duff Porter, J. W. Sheahan,
John McGovern, Edgar L. Wakeman, William Staats, E. |.
McPhelim, Frederick Dayton, Henry G. Carleton, W. D. Eaton,
George Van Hollen, James H. McVicker, Morgan Bates, Elwyn
A. Barron, Robert B. Peattie, Wolf von Schierbrand, Bronson C.
Keeler, James Maitland and John W. Postgate.
684
Of the publishing industry itself some interesting
comparative figures may be given, showing the condi-
LITERATURE.
685
tion of the trade in this city at the time of the fire and
in 1880:
Establish-
ments.
No. of
emuloje's. i
Wages.
Capital.
Value of
materials
employed.
Value of
product.
Bookbinding and
blank book
making:
1870
19
260
$ 105.800
$ 135.300
S 686,865
J 888.400
1880
26
HI)
165,102
176.100
203,725
481.131
Printing and
publishing:
•1870
8
181
114,700
271.000
205.620
452,500
1880
13.1
3,519
1.930,881
2,886,400
2.451,360
5,959.295
•This includes only those engaged in book-publishing.
The imports of books and printed matter for the
past thirteen years are given in the following table:
Year.
Cases.
Value.
Duties.
1873
51
J30.915
$ 6.955 54
1874
10
29,048
6,360 39
40 244
9.829 85
1876
204
31 239
7.227 08
1877
175
34 474
6,133 15
1878
214
32,895
6.44? 88
1879
244
34.738
6.381 17
1880
209
34.326
5,774 00
1881
264
89.828
6.531 70
1882
482
52. 265
13015 65
1883
323
58 728
14 633 15
1884 ..
850
59 603
14 900 75
1885
294
53,548
13.387 00
FAIRBANKS & PALMER. — The business now conducted by the
firm of Fairbanks & Palmer was established in 1873, by L. T.
Palmer, at the corner of Lake and Clark streets. At that time
Mr. Palmer was the Western representative for a large Eastern
publishing house, but three years later he issued his first works,
published on his own account. These were subscription books,
and were "American Revivals," by Rev. Charles L. Thompson,
D.D.; "Great Strikes," by Hon. J. A. Dacus; and "Gospel
Awakening," from the pen of L. T. Palmer. In 1878, he moved
his place of business to No. 46 Madison Street, and at the same
time formed the partnership which still exists with Mr. Fairbanks,
under the firm name of Fairbanks & Palmer. Since that date,
they have ranked among the leading publishing firms in the West,
and have issued a great number of standard works, both trade and
subscription. Among the volumes lately issued from their press
may be mentioned the following: " American Orators and Ora-
tory"; " Gaskell's Compendium of Forms," a book so well known
that no further mention of it is necessary here; " The World; His-
torical and Actual," by Frank Gilbert, A. M., of Chicago, a well-
known writer on the editorial st^S of the Inter Ocean. They
have also published works from the pens of such writers as Edward
Raul, Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage, Rev. Robert Jamieson, D.D., of
Glasgow, Scotland, and many others of scarcely less note.
John [-'airbanks is an old publisher, and was for many years
connected with the American Tract Society as its Western manager,
a position he filled until 1878, when he formed his present connec-
tion with Mr. Palmer in the book-publishing business. Mr. Fair-
banks is a native of Massachusetts, born in 1848. In 1869, he
came West, prior to which, since the age of sixteen, he was in the
book business in Boston.
L. T. Palmer was born at Stafford, Conn., in 1844, but at an
early day his parents removed to Newark, N. J., where he was
subsequently educated. In 1865, he entered the publishing house
connected with the firm of E. B. Treat & Co., of New York,
remaining there until 1873, in which year he came West and,
locating in Chicago, founded the business he still conducts.
CHARLES SUMNF.R WOODARD, son of Willard and Levina
(Ellery) Woodard, was born in Hopkinton, Mass., in 1853, and at
the age of three years came to Chicago with his parents. He
received his education at the public schools of the city, and in the
high school department of the Cook County Normal School.
After leaving school he entered the publishing house of George
Sherwood & Co., his father being a member of the house, and
remained in its employ until May I, 1885, when he was received
into the firm as junior partner. He was married in Chicago, in
1880, to Miss Emma Preston, daughter of William Preston, of
Belvidere, 111.
THOMAS E. HILL, whose name is closely identified with the
book-publishing interests of Chicago, is now at the head of the
Hill Standard Book Company. Mr. Hill was born at Sandgate,
Vt., on February 29, 1832, the son of David and Elizabeth Edie
Hill. His education was not neglected and assumed an academic
character, in which he advanced to a degree that in early life emi-
nently fitted him for the profession of an instructor, and at the
age of nineteen he became a teacher in the public schools. A year
later he established private evening schools; and for fifteen years
followed his profession in New England and the Western States.
In 1866, he went to Aurora, 111., where he founded the Aurora
Herald, which, in circulation and financial achievement, became
under his management a marked success. For twelve years he re-
sided in Aurora, during which time he influentially aided in estab-
lishing several important enterprises, and was for a time mayor of
the city. Mr. Hill's wide reputation, however, rests principally
upon his labors as the author of " Hill's Manual of Social and
Business Forms," a large work that, at this writing, has reached a
sale of about 300,000 copies. Among his more recent publications
is " Hill's Album of Biography and Portraiture," equally as large
and expensive as his "Manual," and having a comparatively large
sale, with a brilliant prospective patronage. As opportunity and
leisure have come to Mr. Hill, in later years, he has interested
himself largely in the work of the humane organizations, availing
himself of the superior advantages afforded him as the secretary
of the American Humane Association. He resides at present in
Chicago, but spends much of his time at his summer retreat at
Prospect Park, twenty-two miles west of the city, which, embrac-
ing an area of one hundred and fifty acres, he is embellishing with
artificial lakes and charming groves of ornamental trees.
THE ALTHROP PUBLISHING AND MAILING HOUSE, now one
of the largest establishments of its kind, not only in Chicago, but
in the West, was founded, in 1877, by Thomas Althrop, its present
proprietor. The place of business was first on Jackson Street,
near La Salle, where it was conducted in a modest way compared
with its present extensive proportions. In 1881, in order to secure
better facilities for his rapidly increasing trade, Mr. Althrop moved
to Nos. 138-40 Lake Street, and in 1884 to his present location.
Nos. 56-62 Wabash Avenue. Here he occupies an entire floor of
the large building on the southeast corner of Wabash Avenue and
Randolph Street, employing sixty-five hands, and running, in the
printing department, seven large presses. But the distinguishing
feature of Mr. Althrop's business is his mailing department. A
publisher for whom he does work, after handing in the " copy "
for his paper, need give it no further attention, as in Mr. Althrop's
establishment it is printed, folded and mailed to subscribers in any
part of the country. He has, too, the largest mailing lists of any
house in the West, and often in a single order he prints, addresses
and mails one hundred thousand circulars for business men here,
who thus desire to reach their patrons throughout the Western
States and Territories.
THOMAS ALTHROP, who has founded and built up this business
to its present important position, is an old resident of Chicago,
and has been for nearly twenty years prominently identified in
Chicago business circles. He was born at Hudson, Columbia Co.,
N. Y., on February 15, 1829. Mr. Althrop received his education
mostly in Philadelphia, and is a druggist by profession, being a
regular graduate. In 1867, he came to Chicago, which has since
been his home, as the resident partner of the Cleveland Wooden
Ware and Match Company, of Cleveland, O. His place of business
was then on South Water Street and Michigan Avenue, near the
site of the old Adams House. In the great fire of 1871, he was
burned out, sustaining heavy losses, but three days after that event
resumed business in a frame shed, erected by himself, on the cor-
ner of Adams Street and Michigan Avenue, and on the spot where
now stands the Pullman Building. Here he remained for two
years, when he retired from business, to indulge the long cherished
desire for travel in foreign countries. He accordingly went to
Europe in the autumn of 1875, and spent two years abroad. In
1877 he returned home, and shortly afterward established the busi-
ness the history of which has been briefly given, and which he
still conducts. Mr. Althrop married, in 1853, Miss Emma Young,
daughter of Samuel Young of Philadelphia. They have one son,
— Stanley Fulton.
MAX STERN, senior member of the firm of Max Stern & Co.,
printers in all languages, stationers and publishers, was born in
Halle, WUrtemberg, Germany, on August 6, 1846. His education
was received at the Gymnasium in his native city. On arriving
at the age of fourteen he left school and commenced learning
printing in Halle, where he served an apprenticeship of four years.
On the day he received his certificate as journeyman, his father
died and his mother was left with four children to support and
educate ; this she did, giving her younger children a better educa-
tion than fell to the lot of the masses, by keeping a small store.
He worked afterward as compositor in Bonn, Dtisseldorf and Mainz.
His mother died in Halle, in 1878, at the age of sixty-two. In
1866, Mr. Stern reached this city, working for three years as a
compositor on the Staats Zeitung and one year as foreman of their
job office. In 1870, he formed a partnership with John K. Scully,
at the corner of Clark and South Water streets, which partnership
existed six months, after which time he bought Mr. Scully's
6S6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
interest. Hi- was burned out in the tire of October 9, 1871; l>nt
resurrected his business at No. 14 West Randolph Street in a par-
lor of a private house, where he paid $60 a month; it was a room
12 x 12, which he was compelled to lease for one year. After he
had been there a few months, the owner was willing he should
give up his lease, so he moved to Nos. 47 and 49 Jefferson Street,
where he remained for about two years; thence moving lo Xo. 185
Washington Street. In this place he remained for nearly two
years, when he moved to the present quarters, Nos. 84 and 86
Fifth Avenue. This event took place in 1876, and at that time In-
formed a partnership witli I., Goldsmith, as he was desiring to
visit his sick mother who lived in the old country. In 1 880. Mr.
Goldsmith sold his interests to Mr. Stern, and in January, 1884,
Fred Kressmann became his partner. Mr. Slern commenced
printing with two small ( lordon presses and now has four job and
several cylinder presses, lie added the blank-book publishing and
stationery to his printing business since its inception, and makes a
specialty of line printing. His brother Sigmund came to America
fifteen months before his arrival, and first lived in Mattoon, III., then
iu Greenville, III. On his return to Germany fora visit he was
drowned on the " Schiller, "a steamer wrecked on the Scilly Islands
off the British coast. Mr. Stern was married on December 31,
1883,10 Jennie Sommer, who was born in November, 1856, in I lalle,
t'lermany, where her father was a teacher, both her parents dying
there in quick succession. Two boys were born to them on Feb-
ruary 27, 1885. Mr. Stern made many friends since hisarrival inthis
city, and has been greatly honored by them. He is a prominent
member of the Chicago Turn Gemeinde, and has been the speaker
of the society for four terms. A few years ago he raised among
the liberal citizens the sum of $20,000, to cancel a second mortage
of this society. He is one of the organizers of the Society for
Kthical Culture, of Chicago, and is one of its directors, and is now
a member of the Hoard of Kilucation of Cook County.
FKKI> KKKSSMAXN, junior member of the firm of Max Stern &
Co., was born in Chicago on July 4, 1859, and is a son of Charles
and I.ina(llolz) Kressmann. His parents, are of German birth and
are living in this city, his father being foreman of the flour store
of N. K. I'latt & Co. Mr. Kressmann's education was received in
the primary and grammar schools of this city, and his purpose was
to lake the four years course in the High School, but the fire of
1871 deprived him of the ability to fulfill the desire of his heart.
After the fire he spent a few months at Dyhrenfurth's business
college. Graduating from there he went into the Staats Zeitung
as an office boy, and in a few years had charge of the subscription
list of the paper, remaining there until 1882, when he formed his
present partnership. Mr. Kressmann is living with his parents and
is still unmarried. In his father's family there are three children, of
whom he is the eldest. The remaining children are Charles J. L.
and Louisa. He is a member of several German societies, and
though not an active member is in good and regular standing with
all of them.
MIKIII.IIAUKK & HKIIKLE, publishers, importers, booksellers
and dealers in church goods, at No. 41 LaSalle Street, established
their house in July, 1870, at No. 45 North Clark Street, up stairs.
Remaining there only a few months, they moved to No. 147 North
Clark, where the fire of 1871 destroyed their establishment. They
resurrected their business at No. 311 West Twelfth Street, with-
out capital, realizing only about $350 from an insurance of $5,200,
their stock being worth about $10,000. Their creditors not only
extended the time for payment of old debts, but sent word to them
to order all the goods they wanted and to take all the time they
needed for payment. By the leniency of their creditors, they have
always paid one hundred cents on the dollar. They came to their
present quarters in 1874, and are doing a large and prosperous
business.
Aloys Mue/ilkauer, the senior member of this firm, was born
in Bavaria, Germany, on April 15, 1841. Finishing his education,
when sixteen years of age, at one of the gymnasium schools near
his birthplace, he became an employe with Fred I'ustet, Ratisbon,
Bavaria, and other book firms in Bavaria and Austria, and then
with Benziger Bros., a Catholic book and church-goods house, whose
headquarters are at Einsiedelen, Switzerland. With this firm he
remained nearly four years. They have branch houses in New
York, Cincinnati and St. Louis. He came to America in 1867,
going to Cincinnati as an employe of the old firm in Switzerland!
There he remained until 1870, when he came to Chicago in com-
pany with Raymond Behrle, his present partner. Mr. Muehlbauer
was married on July 15, 1870, to Mary Hagenbauch, who was
born in Bavaria, Germany, in April, 1850. They have no children.
Raymond R?hrlc was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on November
25, 1836. His parents, natives of Baden, Germany, immigrated
to this country in 1830, and settled at Cincinnati in 1831. He re-
ceived his education in the parochial school of St. Mary's Church,
Cincinnati, and in 1850 commenced work for Kreuzburg \- Nurre!
a book firm, continuing with them until 1860. At this time he
made an engagement with Benziger Brothers, successors to
Kreu/burg & Nurre, remaining with them until 1870, when he
formed a partnership with his present partner. He was married
on April 24, 1860, to Christina Kllick, daughter of John Kllick,
who came lo America in 1818, landing in New Orleans, serving
two years on a plantation to pay for his passage to this country as
a peon. At the expiration of this time, he became overseer of a
sau mill on a neighboring plantation, moving to Cincinnati in 1825,
remaining there until 1868, when he went to Vincennes, Ind.,
dying there in 1871. Mr. and Mrs. liehrle have had five children,
— Alexander J.; Louis Fred., dying at the age of sixteen; Albert,
August and Francis J.
('. II. SIIAVKR, principal owner of the corporation known as
the Railroad News Company, was born at Hudson, N. V., on
February 2, 1838, and spent his early boyhood in the vicinity
where he was born. The only education he had for a start in life
was what he obtained in the common schools of that period, up to
the time he was twelve years of age, when he was obliged to give
up his school and make his own way in the world. He entered the
office of the Hudson (N. V.) Daily Star to learn the trade of a
printer. During his apprenticeship Mr. Shaver became a close
observer, very accurate and rapid as a compositor. On leaving
Hudson, he went to New York City and obtained a position on the
night force of the Morning Star. He worked steadily for one
year, and the arduous night labor had its effect. At the end of the
year his health had greatly declined and he was on the verge
of consumption. He went out of the printing office into the
employ of William Strong. In 1854, Leroy N. Shear, the founder
of the Union News Company of New York, offered Mr. Shaver a
lucrative position as newspaper agent on the Hudson River Rail-
road. He accepted, and his .work for a couple of years consisted of
distributing the New York daily papers to the news dealers at the
various stations along the line between New York and Albany.
Mr. Shaver has the honor of having had charge of the first news-
paper train ever run in America. From April to September, 1860,
1 . N. Shear was running an exclusive newspaper train between
New York City, Albany and Troy, making connection with the
New York Central for Buffalo. Mr. Shaver proved highly compe-
tent; and as his employer was a gentleman who recognized the
value of his men, he called Mr. Shaver into his office and requested
him to prepare for opening a news business in Chicago. Accord-
ing to instructions, Mr. Shaver came to this city in October, 1860,
made his plans and contracts, and established the business that
now amounts to over half a million dollars a year. He first
commenced operations over the Lake Shore tV Michigan Southern,
Chicago, Rock Island iV Pacific, and Chicago cV North-Western
Railroads, employing the first year a force of twenty to thirty men.
The business was located for years at No. 10 Sherman Street, oppo-
site the present site of the Board of Trade, but upon the rapid
ascent of values in that vicinity, the office was removed to No. 206
Jackson Street, where it is now located. The business was the
pioneer of the West, and in its infancy it struggled to maintain
itself. The greatest of difficulties opposed its growth at the
breaking out and during the first year of the War. Mr. Shaver
grew discouraged at the prospects, and asked to be released from his
position that he might enlist in the Army. Mr. Shear encouraged
his protege, and finally induced him to stay and manage the busi-
ness. Their operations then extended over less than four hundred
miles of road, and during the transition of silver to paper currency
in 1861-63, 't was hard work to secure the necessary funds to pay
the paper bills. This was a great obstacle to Mr. Shaver. His
agents would sometimes bring in little pasteboard tickets, which
read "good for five cents," and were payable only at the country
stores of the interior towns. The Chicago newspapers were
eventually forced to take these in lieu of cash for their bills, so
scarce was the legal-tender currency of the period. But with the
War over, the business revived. In 1864, it extended over perhaps
twenty-five hundred miles of railroads. Mr. Shear then desired to
retire, having been a veteran in the railroad news trade, and dis-
posed of the entire franchise and business to Mr. Shaver. The
latter then saw great opportunities before him for developing the
business. An idea of the marvelous growth of the Railroad News
Company of Chicago may be obtained from the following few
items. In 1876, they had control of two railroad lines and operated
over a territory of twenty-five hundred miles. In 1885, they have
sixteen offices outside of Chicago, in the principal cities of the
North, West and South, and their three hundred or more employes
travel over lines of from sixty to four thousand miles in length.
The office located the greatest distance from Chicago is in the City
of Mexico. To Mr. Shaver is solely due this marvelous develop-
ment of the railroad news trade. He has been identified with the
Calumet and Union League clubs for a number of years and is
also a member of the Masonic order.
AUGUSTUS WAKNKK, publisher, a son of Charles C. and Ann
M. (Clark) Warner, and a grandson of Hermon Warner, was born
in Newtown, Conn., on August 10, 1839. He attended public
school, in the Wapping district, Wheeler's Select School, the New-
LITERATURE.
687
town Academy and the Connecticut Normal Institute, graduating
from the latter in 1858. He then began teaching, but his health
failing he engaged in the business of surveying and map-drafting,
and pursued the same in various parts of the country. In 1866-67,
he published a map of Warren County, Ohio. In 1868, he
invented a combination atlas, a union of town, county, state,
national and world maps in one volume, and easily changed to suit
any locality. In iS6q, he moved to Chicago. He continued in
the atlas business until 1877, and became at one time the most suc-
cessful publisher of local maps and atlases in the country. Asso-
ciated with him a portion of the time were J. S. Higgins and J. H.
Beers. They gained a wide reputation for the excellence of their
publications. In 1878, he visited China and Japan, and travelled
extensively in the latter country. On his return, he, in company
with J. A. Spooner, opened a Japanese curio store in Chicago; but
their views were divergent, and though the business was congenial
it was conducted at a loss and ended in litigation. Mr. Warner
has also been engaged in the manufacture of barbed fence wire,
under a license from the Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Com-
pany. He is at present interested in the publishing business with
J. H. Beers. His judgment in business matters is readily formed
and generally correct, and he has been uniformly successful in
every enterprise managed by himself. Mr. Warner has been a
steadfast and cordial supporter of the principles of the democratic
party, and cast his first vote in 1860 for the Breckinridge ticket.
He felt desirous in the spring of 1876 that, during the campaign
of that year, the democratic party should have a reliable organ in
Chicago. He accordingly purchased the Chicago Daily Courier,
changed it from the support of greenbackism to the advocacy of
specie payments and the nomination of Hon. S. J. Tilden for
president. He remained in control of the paper during the cam-
paign, accomplishing the object for which he had purchased it.
Mr. Warner is a member of the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Citi-
zens' Association and the Iroquois Club. He became a Knight
Templar in the Masonic fraternity in 1868. In 1880, he married
Miss Kissa J., youngest daughter of Cyrenius Beers of this city.
They have two sons, — Charles Cyrenius and Raymond Beers.
The history of the advance in the various branches
of the arts inclissolubly associated with literature in
this city, has been already outlined in the preceding
volumes of this work. Of the enterprise which has
characterized the press of Chicago, as well as of the
vicissitudes through which it has passed, mention will
be made elsewhere. The day has passed when the
imprint of a Western publishing house inevitably con-
demned any work in the estimation of Eastern reviews.
More than one firm might be named in this city whose
reputation for discriminating criticism and cautious
judgment has become thoroughly well established
among the trade. It does not, however, fall within the
purview of the present article to do more than sketch
the bare outline of the growth of the publishing busi-
ness between 1871 and 1885, and in that connection
very briefly review the progress made in the various
mechanical arts which, from their nature, are insepara-
bly connected with it. Perhaps the city's steady growth
in this direction may be most tersely shown by a suc-
cinct statement of the number of firms and individuals
engaged in publishing and its cognate trades during the
period indicated, which is furnished by the following
table:
engraving, lithographing, publishing and electrotyping.
Without doubt, some of such establishments have been
reckoned under more than one category in the table,
which professes to be only a reasonably correct approx-
imation. The table given below (which relates to 1880
alone), has been compiled from the U. S. census report,
and the foregoing explanation is necessary in view of
an apparent contradiction. The inconsistency between
the two statements may be accounted for, in part, by
the reasons above suggested. In addition, it must not
be forgotten that the furnishing of details to the census
officials was wholly voluntary on the part of manufact-
urers and dealers, and that the official returns were con-
sequently necessarily incomplete. As regards the
discrepancy in the respective numbers of publishers,
it should be considered that the figures given in the
foregoing table include not only the entire city press,
as well as some ambitious job printing houses who
covet the distinction attached to the name of " publish-
ers," but also all local agencies of Eastern publishing
houses, who are, of course, omitted from the statistics
relating to Chicago, given in the census report. The
reader who bears these facts in mind will perceive that
the contradiction between the two tables is apparent
rather than real. The following statement, showing the
number of establishments in Chicago, with other de-
tails, respecting the capital invested, number of em-
ployes, value ot product, etc., when compared with the
tables given in the second volume of this work, which
relate to the years 1860 and 1870, will be found of
interest:
Description of
business.
|P
Capital.
Number of
employes.
Wages
paid.
Cost of
material.
Value of
product.
Bookbinding and
blank books ....
Engraving on
26
16
i
13
135
3
4
$ 176,000
35,825
33,750
494,150
2,886,400
25.000
290,000
410
75
32
330
3,519
57
318
$ 165,102
51,785
11,450
220,955
1,930.881
23,fi72
109,300
S 293.725
12,970
15,000
263,549
2.451,360
18.300
86,000
- 481.132
116.775
1)1,000
628,387
5.959,296
65,554
314.000
Inks
Lithographing...
Printing an d
publishing
Stereotyping and
electrotyping...
Type-founding...
THE SKEEN & STUART STATIONERY COMPANY was estab-
lished in March, 1873, by J. C. Skeen, but in July following, Mr.
Stuart, an old friend of Mr. Skeen, who was in the same line of
business in Clinton, Iowa, entered into business relations with Mr.
Skeen in this city. The firm continued, with immaterial changes,
until July, 1883, when it became incorporated, with J. C. Skeen as
president, E. C. Stuart as vice-president, H. E. Thayer as secre-
tary, and Dwight Jackson as treasurer. In February, 1885, Mr.
Skeen retired, Mr. Stuart succeeding him as president, the other
officers remaining the same. This house has had a rapid growth,
from its commencement, and in twelve years has taken rank with
the foremost houses of its kind in this city. It does a large busi-
ness in printing, lithographing and blank-book manufacturing,
1872.
1873
l874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
Book-binders and blank-book
manufacturers
24
TI
*>&
28
3°
20
38
36
40
41
39
40
48
Engravers on wood
IS
21
27
25
23
2Q
24
24
26
28
Ink (Printers ')
6
6
C
7
8
7
Lithographers
1 1
IT.
14
IQ
20
21
24
24
27
27
26
26
Publishers _.
68
104
123
136
164
178
176
225
20=;
2QO
281
Stereotypers and electrotypers __
Type foundries ..
4
A
5
5
6
7
6
6
9
7
8
6
II
7
12
7
12
6
12
6
13
q
13
By way of comment on the foregoing table, it must
be remarked that in its preparation a certain amount of
duplication has been unavoidable. Many firms carry
on several distinct branches of business — book-binding,
and in all its various departments is replete with the best machin-
ery and the finest workmen.
Edward Ckatfield Stuart, of the Skeen & Stuart Stationery
Company, son of David P. and Elizabeth P. Stuart, was born
near Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo Co., Mich., on February at, 1843.
688
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
At the age of nine years his parents removed to Buffalo, where he
attended the public schools and obtained a thorough English edu-
cation. Upon leaving his books, in 1857, he went to Kankakee,
111., and entered H. F. Tower's book store, where he remained
two years as clerk. At the expiration of that time he came to this
city and engaged with Jones, Perdue & Small, and was connected
with that house eight years, when he began business for himself
at Clinton, Iowa, where he continued several years. He returned
to Chicago in 1873, and resumed business on Madison Street, near
the bridge, in connection with J. C. Skeen, under the firm name of
Skeen & Stuart. After a few months' stay at that point, they re-
moved their establishment to No. 77 -Madison Street, where he has
since remained. In February, 1883, Mr. Skeen retired from the
linn, ami in the July following the business was further extended
by the formation" of a stock company. Mr. Stuart is one of the
most energetic and well-posted book and stationery men in the
West, and is well-known as a first-class business man. lie was
married on April 29, 1867, to Miss Laura Ilayden, of Kankakee;
they have four children, — Bertha M., Frank H., David Vs., and
Julia Imogen.
C \MKROX, AMBERG & Co., printers, stationers and blank-book
manufacturers, established their business on May I, 1870, at No.
til Madison Street, and had their enterprise successfully estab-
lished when the fire of October 9, 1871, swept their possessions
away. Their losses were large, but on the next day they resumed
business at Nos. 12-14 West Randolph Street, continuing it there
until 1873. when they moved to No. 84 Lake Street, remaining
there until again burned out five years later. The firm next moved
to their present commodious quarters at Nos. 71-73 Lake Street.
This house from its institution had a large business, which has
greatly increased with each succeeding year. At its inception the
firm employed ten men ; it now has over two hundred. Then it had
its stationery store, office, printing and bindery rooms on one
floor ; now its various departments occupy five floors and a base-
ment, each floor having an area of seven thousand square feet.
Besides their business in Chicago, they established a house in New
York City, in 1874, at No 69 Duane Street, where they make a
specialty of the Arnberg letter files, of which William A. Amberg
of this firm is patentee, and which establishment is under the
management of \V. H. Naulty. In 1875, they established in
London, England, another house similar to the one in New York,
at No. 27 Little Britain, under the management of John M.
McMillan. There is no corner of the civilized world that their
bill and paper file is not in use. In 1885, they also established a
retail branch of their general business near the Board of Trade,
at 230-232 LaSalle Street. The firm is now composed of Daniel R.
Cameron, William A., John H. and Theodore J. Amberg. One of
the pleasantest reminiscences of their business life is that they
have always paid, in spite of two disastrous fires, one hundred
cents on a dollar to each and every one of their creditors.
ll'il/iiini A. Amberg, member of the firm of Cameron, Am-
berg & Co., and treasurer and director of the Chicago & Wisconsin
Granite and Quarrying Company, was born at Albstadt, near
Frankfort-on-the-Main, Bavaria, Germany, on July 6, 1847. When
four years of age he came to America with his parents, who
located at Mineral Point, Wis., where he received a common
school education. In 1860, he entered business life as a dry goods
clerk, at Mineral Point, and in 1865 removed to Chicago, and
became bookkeeper for Culver, Page & Hoyne. In 1870, he
became a member of the firm of Cameron, Amberg & Co. In
1868, Mr. Amberg invented the patent letter file and the system
of filing which bears his name, and is now in common use all over
the world. He has also obtained about thirty patents in this line
and over six hundred copyrights on indexes and forms connected
with his business. Recently he has invented a pavement for streets,
which incidentally grew out of his connection with the granite
company, and bids fair to be a desirable and popular pavement.
In 1869, Mr. Amberg was married to Sarah Agnes Ward, daughter
of James Ward, an old resident of Chicago, and has four children
now living. Mr. Amberg was one of the founders of the Union
Catholic Library Association which originated in 1868, and was
president of the same for three terms.
C. F. BLAKELY is the senior member of the firm of the
Blakely-Marsh Printing Company. He was born at Danielsville,
Conn., on July 8, 1845, where he lived until about ten years old,
when his parents moved to Montpelier, Vt. His mother died soon
after at Worcester, Mass., at the age of forty years. He was nat-
urally of a mechanical turn of mind, and when a boy had con-
structed a miniature locomotive, which he exhibited at a State fair
at Montpelier. At this fair he became acquainted with W. N.
Oliver, a hardware merchant, who became his friend and patron.
Mr. Oliver became attracted toward him by observing the toy
machine which he was exhibiting. He offered to educate and start
him in life if he would live with him, to which proposition the
consent of his father was readily obtained. Soon after Mr. Oliver
moved to Hastings, Minn., remaining there but a short time. He
formed a partnership with a few men to start a new town on the
line of the railroad that was then pushing westward. They chose
their site and put Mr. Oliver in charge of organizing and develop-
ing the town. David Blakely and Mr. Oliver were warm friends,
and had known each other for many years in the East. Mr. Oliver
wrote Mr. Blakely, who was then in Chicago, to come to the new
town and start a newspaper and grow up with the new settlement.
Mr. Blakely did so, and started the Bancroft Pioneer, but the new
town did not prosper, and after a few months D. Blakely moved to
Austin, Mower Co., Minn., and started the Mower County Mirror.
There he remained for about four years, when he sold out, moved
to Rochester, Minn., and established the Rochester Post. Soon
after David Blakely reached Bancroft, the new town mentioned
before, the subject of our sketch went into the printing office of
Mr. Blakely, was made his adopted son and his name was changed
by Act of the Legislature. They published the Rochester Post
seven years, and at the end of three years D. Blakely made him
half owner of the paper and of the job office. Soon after D.
Blakely was elected Secretary of State of Minnesota, and C. F.
Blakely was left to conduct the business. In the fall of 1865, they
sold their interests in Rochester, moved to this city and bought an
interest in the Chicago Post, with which C. F. Blakely remained
for nearly three years, when he disposed of his interest and took
charge of the composing room of The Advance, a new religious
paper of the Congregational Church. The fire of 1871 destroyed
his business. After the fire he took a tenement house on Green
Street, near Randolph, where he set the first type for the first
paper of The Advance published after the fire. Here he continued
for about a year, composing the matter for the Advance while the
Journal office did the press work. In the fall of 1872, The Ad-
vance rented the building erected by S. M. Moore on Fifth Avenue.
near Randolph, the editorial rooms being on the middle floor, the
composition room on the third floor, and the basement being used
for press work, all being under the direction of Mr. Blakely,
except the editorial rooms. At this time Mr. Blakely added two
cylinder presses to his office. In this building Mr. Blakely re-
mained two years, when he moved to Nos. 153-55 Fifth Avenue,
when Mr. Brown formed a partnership with Mr. Blakely, taking a
half-interest in the concern, increasing the financial strength of the
new firm of Blakely & Brown $10,000. They remained at the
above named place from 1874 to 1878. when the business had so
increased that they found it necessary to seek new quarters, and
moved to Nos. 155-57 Dearborn, where they had erected the five-
story building for their business. At this time Hon. C. W. Marsh,
of Sycamore, 111., was added to the firm, when the institution was
placed upon a basis of $30,000 capital. Here their business
largely increased. They have added many cylinder presses of the
most improved pattern, and have largely increased the parapher-
nalia that belongs to a first-class printing'-office, until they have the
largest paper, book and job office in the West. They print some
thirty periodicals, known throughout the country. The list com-
prises the American Miller. Western Druggist, Sewing Machine
Advocate, Horseshoer and Hardware Journal, Elevator and Grain
Trade, American Field, American Sports, Rambler, Dry Goods
Reporter, News Boy's Appeal, Indicator, Commercial Bulletin,
The Photographic Eye, The Chicago Horseman, The Theatrical
and Spotting Journal, Western Rural, Western Fireman, Investi-
gator, Intelligence, The Week's Current, Record and Appeal, The
Advance, The Cynosure, The Christian Witness, The American,
The Criterion, The Hotel World, The Building Association News,
The Watchmaker and Metal Worker, besides several small Sunday-
school papers. The list of books which they have published
is large and are well known in the literary world. In the list is
"Gaskell's Compendium," by L. T. Palmer; "America," by
Professor Newman of Ripon College; " Jeanette," "The World,"
by Frank Gilbert; "Tennyson," published by G. W. Borland;
"The Empire of Information," by John McGovern, now one of
the editors of "Current" staff; "American Orators," by C. M.
Whitman, of Iowa; " Bright and Happy Homes," by Bishop
Fallows; " Farmers' Encyclopedia," by Chapman Bros; " Liberty
and Union," by Bishop Fallows; "Compendium of Health,"
edited by E. M. Hale, assisted by Charles A. Williams; " Man,"
by Dallas Lind, M.D.; "Teacher's Library," by same author as
above; as well as many others. Mr. Blakely commenced in the
tenement house after the fire of 1871, in a room 10x20, on Green
Street, without a single press; the firm now has sixteen presses,
thirteen of which are cylinders, and three steam folding and bind-
ing machines. Their composing room now occupies the fourth
floor, a room 50x120, where they set over 6,000,000 ems a
month. They now employ over one hundred hands, and their pay
roll is about $1,400 a week, while six years ago, when they moved
into their present quarters, it was only $400. The growth of their
business has been phenomenal.
CHARLES E. TUERK, a member of the Blakely-Marsh Print-
ing Company, was born at Elberfeld, West Prussia, Germany, on
December 3, 1847. In 1850, his parents came to America,' and
LIT?: RAT LIRE.
689
settled at Pittsburgh, where the family lived for four years, his
father being a Lutheran minister. In 1854, the family moved to
Berlin, Out., where his father became a convert to the Sweden-
borgian faith, which he has since preached. Up to fourteen years
of age, Mr. Tuerk had attended the schools of Canada, except the
last year, when he attended a German school. At fourteen he
served an apprenticeship at the mercantile business for three years.
At twenty he had the management of a store for one year, when he
went to Boston and attended a Latin school, and in 1871 came to
Chicago. He and his brother, Fred W. Tuerk, in connection with
lion. J. Young Scammon, who furnished the capital, established
the first vegetable-ivory button factory in Illinois at Kankakee,
from which have sprung several button factories throughout the
State. The ivory comes from Venezuela, South America; their
first shipment was fifty-two tons. He clerked for an insurance
office in this city until 1873, when he was largely instrumental in
establishing a publication called the Field and Stream, now known
as the American Field, which has grown under the able
management of the present owner, Dr. Kowe, to be the
largest and most successful paper of its kind in America.
Mr. Tuerk was half owner of the above paper for six months,
when he sold out to other parties, and Hon. C. \V. Marsh pur-
chased the interests of said paper and sunk $30,000 in its
establishment. Mr. Tuerk returned to the insurance busi-
ness ; but a few months after Mr. Marsh bought an inter-
est in the printing firm of Blakely & Brown, the firm name
becoming Blakely, Brown & Marsh ; and placed Mr. Tuerk
in the firm to look after his interests. In September, 1881,
the latter bought the Brown interest, and since the incorpo-
ration of the company has been its secretary. He was mar-
ried on March 8, 1875, to Letta Reutel in this city. They
have two children,— Emil Ferdinand and Irma Louisa.
WILLIAM PIGOTT was born at Le Roy, N. Y., on Au-
gust 4, 1829, the son of Stephen and Anna (Gorman) I'igott.
He attended the common schools at Buffalo until 1837,
when his parents removed to Gait, Canada, where he also at-
tended school, and where his father was engaged in the lum-
bering business. In 1848, William came to this city and for
some time was engaged in the real-estate business, after
which he worked as a compositor on the Times, having
learned the printing trade at Gait and Buffalo. lie remained
cm the Times for about a year, and then entered the publish-
ing business, issuing the Saturday Evening Review and
other newspapers. He afterward made the tour of the princi-
pal Southern States and engaged in various enterprises, but
Chicago was the lodestone to one of his active tempera-
ment that eventually drew him North again. He established
the Morning Post, with Andre Matteson and James Washing-
ton Sheahan, and remained until its sale to the Republican
Company. He then inaugurated the Evening Post, and used
that paper to effect an election of the Soldier's Ticket, where-
in he was successful. He then became largely interested in
the Mechanics' Type Foundry, and was elected president,
and remained in that position until 1876, when he removed
to LaGrange, Mich., to manage the woolen mills at that town,
in which enterprise he is at present engaged. Mr. Pigott
has been an indefatigable worker, and when he found
the same trait in young men it was always a pleasure for
him to encourage them by material aid, and there are not a few
of our leading printers of to-day that owe their start and early
success to " Bill " Pigott, as he was familiarly called by his
old friends. At one time he had accumulated some $200,000
in this city, but the fire of 1871 reduced his possessions to a
minimum, and he had to roll up his sleeves and commence the
struggle again. He maintained, however, during his whole career
an enviable record for probity in his commercial, public and
private life. He was married to Miss Elizabeth Stewart, daughter
of Robert Stewart, of this city, in 1861. They have the following
children: Robert Stewart, Charles Stephen, Arthur Edward,
William Francis, Louis Beaudreau and Elizabeth Stewart. To-day
Mr. Pigott has the same ringing laugh and quick, elastic step he
had twenty-seven years ago when the writer first knew him.
GR/EME LISLE SMITH is a son of Samuel Lisle Smith, and
was born in Chicago, on March 26, 1841. His father was perhaps
the most noted man in the West during his day. During the period
from 1840, up to the time of his death, in 1854, he was acceded to
be the most brilliant and powerful orator that ever graced the ros-
trum in the whole western country, and Horace Greeley and Henry
Clay attributed to Mr. Smith the honor of being the greatest orator
they had ever heard. (Vol. I., pp. 432-33.) The son, Graeme, was
reared and educated in this city, his education being attained at the
public schools. The early death of his father no doubt hampered
his educational advancement in life, as he was obliged to get into
business life at an early age, owing to the financial circumstances
of his family necessitating his contribution to their support. In
1859, h(? t°°k a position with the Illinois Central Railroad, and
44
had charge of the out-freight department. At the end of seven
years, he had, by his energy and economy, secured sufficient cap-
ital to become a member of the new grain and flour commission
firm of Pettitt, Smith & Co. This firm was located at the corner
of State and South Water streets, and, up to the time of the great
fire of 1871, was the second largest flour commission house in the
city. The conflagration swept away their entire business and the
firm was reduced to almost nothing financially, which forced their
retirement from the trade. Mr. Smith, having always resided in
Chicago, numbers among his large acquaintanceship many strong
and staunch friends. After the fire he was appointed assistant
superintendent of the stamp department in the post-office, and re-
tained that office through the administrations of Postmasters East,
man and McArthur. He then resigned, to take charge of the finan-
cial management of the large printing house of J. L. Regan & Co.
He continued there for some time but the arduous duties of the
position caused his health to rapidly decline, and he was forced to
WILLIAM PIGOTT.
give up the work. Later he was identified with R. R. Donnelley
& Sons, and at present is with the H. C. Tiffany Printing Com-
pany, holding an important and responsible position with that well
known house. Mr. Smith holds a membership in Waubansia
Lodge, No. 160, A.F. & A.M.; Washington Chapter, No. 43,
R. A.M.; Apollo Commandery, No. I, K.T.;and Oriental Sover-
eign Consistory, S.P. R.S., 32°. He was married to Miss Mary
Hanley, of Wisconsin. They have one daughter, to whom the
family name of Lisle has been given.
J. W. SWEET, junior member of the printing firm of Seymour
& Sweet, was born at Kenosha, Wis., in 1862. He was educated
principally in the public schools of this city and is an undergradu-
ate, having spent two years in the high school course of Chicago.
Desiring to take a collegiate course, he spent two years at Fari-
bault, Minn., in the college presided over by Bishop Whipple. In
February, 1881, he was taken sick while at school, and he returned
home and never resumed his collegiate studies. In the autumn of
1881, he took a clerical position in a lumber broker's office where
he remained for a few months, going thence as a clerk to Sweet,
Dempster & Co.'s store, where he remained for one year and a half,
after which, on May i, 1884, he formed a partnership with Mr.
Seymour. They are doing a prosperous and successful business.
HORACE O'DoNOGHUE, a law-case printer, commenced his
career as a typographer in Lyons, Iowa, and there, serving the usual
apprenticeship as printer's devil, passed through all the gradations
pertaining to learning the business. He came to Chicago and took
a law course at Union College, graduating in 1870, but was not ad-
mitted to the Bar until 1877. During the seven years intervening
690
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
between his graduation .unl his admission to practice, he served on
the Republican and Inter Ocean. At the expiration of his engage-
ment with the above p.iivr- in- devoted a year's time to his profes-
sion. On March 4, i>7>, he started liis present business in a small
room in Bryan Block, witli trepidation and tearfulness as to its out-
come, but he now is one of the largest printers in his line in the
West. He is now about thirty-five years of age, and is the son of
P. and Margaret M. (Williams) O'Donoglme. lie was married, on
April, 1878, to Sarah Klla Smith, daughter of Robert \V. Smith, a
lawyer of this city. Mr. O'Donoghue is a man of untiring energy
and of indomitable will, but has a kindly disposition.
CIIAKI ; 1 M AKI'.I.K is a general printer but makes a spe-
cialty of tine commercial work, lie was born in Dubnque, Iowa,
on July i), 1*56, and is the son of James ]'>. and Mary (Tomlinson)
Marble, lioth his parents live in Dulnique, his father being the
oldest locomotive engineer on the Chicago, Milwaukee \ St.
Paul Railroad. His father is of French descent and was born in
Missouri; his mother was an English lady. Mr. Marble is the oldest
of a family of nine children, of whom live are living. He learned
the art of printing of I Iain & Carver, who were proprietors of
The iHibuque Herald, commencing with them in 1867, and was
with them for thirteen years( the last six years having charge of the
office. At the expiration of this service he came to Chicago, and
worked for John B. Jeffery, Knight & Leonard and C. \V. Magill.
\\ ith the latter he remained two years as foreman. In August,
I".;, he associated himself with Joseph \V. Taylor for sixteen
months, when Mr. Marble purchased the interest of his partner,
continuing the business alone. 11 is business is increasing rapidly,
nearly doubling every month. Mr. Marble is deservedly popular
and is fast gaining friends and fortune. He was married, on
August ii. iS;S, to Lura S. Oliver, and they have four children,
— Charles II., Richard E., Lura M. and Hazel E.
FRANK \V. BKENCKI.E, proprietor of the Saturday Evening
Post and society stationer and printer, son of Leopold and Catharine
Brenckle, was born at Springville, Cattaraugus Co., N. V., on
\ugust 4. iS6i. lie came to this city when twelve years of age,
and finished his education in the public schools of this city. Before
he left school he became interested in printing, and while a mere
boy he was an expert in printing visiting-cards and hand-bills. In
1876, he left school, and began the printing business on a small
scale near his present location, and subsequently established the
Saturday Evening Post, a journal devoted to society doings and
amusements. He has a standing order with the leading type-
founders for the latest designs in letters and borders as soon as
cast, and every pleasing novelty in cards, invitations and their
printing finds its way to his establishment. From an obscure be-
ginning in a line of business unknown in the West, Mr. Brenckle
has built up a most gratifying trade, and during the last season
supplied the printing and stationery work for two hundred pleasure
clubs and nearly a thousand society entertainments. Mr. Brenckle
was married, on February I, 1881, to Miss Lizzie Riddell, of Chi-
cago. They have one daughter, — Myrtle.
EDWARD HEEH, JR., a book and job printer, was born on
June 17, 1858, in Berlin, Germany, where he spent fifteen years of
his life. At twelve years of age he left school, and commenced
learning the trade of lithographer of Mr. Hagelberg, with whom
he worked for nearly three years, when he and his parents emigrated
to America, landing in Chicago in 1873. He soon engaged with
Shober & Carqueville, where he remained for one and a half years.
He tired of his trade, and went to the printing office of Mr. Zeiger,
and engaged with him to do press work. In his intervals of leisure
he worked at the compositor's trade, and in a few months he had
acquired a good knowledge of type-setting. Mr. Zeiger sold his
business to George Gregory, with whom he worked for a few mouths,
but through some misunderstanding he left his employ, bought a
small press and started business in a small way. This event
occurred in 1877. After a few months of business on his own
account, he engaged to work by the piece with Frank Roehr; this
did not prove a success. He was then employed by Justice Loehr,
for three years at the compositor's case, a portion of which time
he worked for himself, during the evening hours, at doing small
printing jobs for his acquaintances and friends. In tile meantime
he had exchanged his small press for a larger one. At the close
of his three years with Mr. Loehr, he commenced business at No.
83 Clybonrn Avenue, and after being there for a year he moved
i" No. 5 1) on the same avenue. He is doing a large and flourish-
ing business; has four presses, three Gordons and one lightning
jobber. He was married on September 25, 1880, to Lena C.
flarth, who was born in November, 1858. They have two children!
Alma and an infant boy. Mr. Ileeh was a delegate to the republi-
can county convention in 1880, and is one of the risins vouni? men
of his ward.
O. P. BASSE! i, president of the Pictorial Printing Company
of this city, was born in 1835, at Towanda, Bradford Co., Penn.,
where he grew to manhood. At the age of nineteen he commenced
learning printing in his native town, and three years after, in
1854, he came West, locating at Sycamore, III., where he set type
for the liisl republican paper established in that town. One
year afterward he became its owner and continued its publication
until 18(14, when he sold it to its present proprietor. At that time
he came to Chicago and starteil the only successful job office <m
the West Side, and after the fire sold his outfit to Rand, McNally
& Co. He then established an office for printing druggists' labels,
on the corner of Lake and Clinton streets, and in a few months
moved to Nos. 12-14 LaSalle, where he remained for a number of
years, moving thence to 74-76 Randolph Street, where he remained
until April 1882, when he removed to his present quarters. The
present Pictorial Printing Company purchased the good-will,
interest, etc., of the old company in February, 1881, increasing its
capital stock from $30,000 to a paid-up capital of $50,000, The
present officers are O. P. Bassett, president and general inai
F. L. Waite, secretary; and E. E. Johnson, treasurer. It took the
name of " Pictorial Printing Company," as it was established to
do pictorial advertising for business men, theaters, etc. The com-
pany is recogni/cd as being the largest druggists' printing company
in the United Stales, doing a business last year of $125,000. Mr.
Bassett married on April 4, 1859, in Lockport, III., Miss B. M.
Shelton. They have one child, — Kate.
C. J. AI.BKECHT, general printer, was born on March 7, 1856,
in Prussia, Germany, emigrating to America with his parents in
1860, and locating at Monee, 111., where his father was empiou-d
for two years with the Illinois Central Railroad. The familv
removed to Chicago in 1862, where they have resided ever since.
His father was born in 1836, and as soon as he had reached the
age of military life, he spent nearly all the years of his early man-
hood in the German army. He is now the superintendent of the
Peshtigo Lumber Company, doing business on the North Pier. The
mother of Mr. Albrecht was born in April, 1836, and is yet living.
The foundation of Mr. Albrecht's successful business career was
laid in thoroughly learning the art of the compositor of George II.
Bryant. This he commenced in 1871, and has always followed.
In May, 1880, he established a business at No. 87 Washington
Street, where he remained until May, 1884, when he moved to his
present quarters, where he is doing a large and successful business.
He was married on February 20, 1875, to Augusta Lehman, who
was born in Germany in November, 1856. Her parents emigrated
to America when she was a child, locating in Chicago, where her
parents have since died. They have three children, — Bertha,
Minnie and Emma.
WALTER B. CONKEY is a book-binder, and makes a specialty
of pamphlet binding. He is the only one west of New York City
in that branch of business. lie learned his trade in this city, and
commenced business in 1879, at No. 143 Monroe Street, where he
remained a year, then moved to Nos. 153-55 Dearborn Street. In
1882, he changed to his present quarters where he occupies two
floors. He commenced in a small way, employing only two per-
sons, while now he employs one hundred and eighty.
W. J. O'NEIL, of the firm of O'Neil & Griswold, general
book-binders, was born in Chicago, on January 5, 1859, where his
parents now reside. His education was limited to the grammar
schools, going thence to his trade, which he learned of Donahue
& Henneberry of this city. He remained with them eight years,
during the latter part of the time being foreman of one depart-
ment of their business. In January, 1884, he formed a partnership
with Mr. Griswold and commenced business at Nos. 180-82 Mon-
roe Street, where they are still conducting it successfully. Mr.
O'Neil is the third child of a family of six children. He is still
unmarried.
R. S. GRISWOLD is a member of the firm of O'Neil & Gris-
wold, general book-binders. He was born at Buchanan, Mich.,
on June I, 1852, where he lived until six years of age, when his
parents moved to Hannibal, Mo., where he learned the art of
book-binding. In this city he lived until twenty years of age,
receiving his education in its schools. In 1872, he came to Chi-
cago, and commenced his business career by working for \V. L.
Tidd for two years. At the close of this service he entered into
an engagement with Donahue & Henneberry, where he remained
as workman and foreman until 1883, when lie formed his present
partnership. His father was a tanner by trade, and was the owner
of a tannery at Buchanan, Mich. When the War broke out, his
father enlisted in the 3d Missouri, and died in the service in a hos-
pital at Memphis, Tenn. His mother is living with a daughter at
Kinderhook, 111. In his father's family there were eight children,
four of whom are living, he being the' youngest son. Mr. Gris-
wold was married on November 28, 1883, to Maggie Walsh, whose
parents are dead, her mother dying live years since, and her father
when she was quite young. They have one child,— James Francis.
PETER JOHNS. IN & Co. established their business in 1879, at
Nos. 172-74 Clark Street, where they still are conducting a large
and successful business in the manufacture of blank-books and
as general book-binders. Mr. Johnson, the senior member of this
firm, was born in Scania, Sweden, on April 3, 1846. lie spent
LITERATURE.
691
the first eight years of his life at his birthplace with his parents,
when he came with the family to America, locating in Chicago. In
a few months after their arrival, the father died. Three months
in this city were spent in the Kinzieand Ogden public schools, and
this constituted the whole schooling of his life. When a mere lad,
he was indentured for live years to Jones, Perdue & Smalls,
receiving no stipulated compensation for the first twelve months,
$3.50 a week for the following year, next $4.50, then $6 and
finally $8 a week. At the expiration of his apprenticeship his
salary was raised to $18 a week. He remained with the old firm
for many months, going thence to the employ of Smeal, Rebanks
>V Co., where he received $20 a week. There he remained a year,
but becoming dissatisfied with his salary and wishing to learn more
of book-binding as practiced in other cities, he spent two and a
half years at New York City, working at his trade. He then re-
turned to Chicago and formed a partnership, establishing the house
of McDonald & Johnson, in June, 1872, opening business at No.
1 1 1 Madison Street, and in a few months removing to Nos. 158-60
Chirk Street; then selling out to Mr. McDonald, he formed a part-
nership with N. F. Olson in 1879.
N. F. Ol.sox, the junior member of the firm of Peter John-
son & Co., blank-book manufacturers, was born in the province of
Scania, Sweden, on April 3, 1853. Leaving his home at the age
of fifteen in company with an elder brother, he came direct to Chi-
cago in the spring of 1868. He learned the book-binder's trade in
the establishment of J. M.VV. Jones, and subsequently worked at his
trade for Smeal & Rebanks, Cameron, Amberg & Co., and J. W.
Middleton. In September, 1879, he formed his present partner-
ship. Mr. Olson's education was limited to a common-school
education in his native home and a short term in this city. But
he is studious, devoting his leisure time to study under private
tutors, which, with his characteristic energy, will prove useful and
valuable. The firm with which he is identified has had a success-
ful career from the beginning, which has been marked by constant
growth.
\V. J. JEFFERSON is a general publisher and printer. He
was born near Lake Simcoe, Canada, on July 31, 1839, and spent
thirteen years of his life on his father's farm, going to school in
winter, and aiding his father in summer. In 1852, he went to
London, Canada, to learn the art of printing, where he served
seven years, being bound to H. A. Newcomb by articles of
indenture. After the expiration of his term of service, he went to
Detroit, Mich , and started a job office on the corner of Shelby
and Jefferson streets, where he remained one year. During this
year Mr. Newcomb had come to Chicago, and wrote to Mr. Jeffer-
son at Detroit to come here as he had secured him a good position on
the Chicago Daily Democrat, which was published by John Went-
worth. About this time the Press and the Tribune were merged
into the Tribune, when he went to work in the job office of the
above paper. Mr. Rand .was its superintendent and Mr. McNally
its foreman. In a few months after his arrival in Chicago, James
\V. Sheahan, Andre Matteson, Frank Eastman and Owen Stuart,
started the Morning News. Mr. Jefferson held "cases "on the
" News," until it was merged into the Republican, when he
entered into partnership with his old friend H. A. Newcomb, who
had opened a printing office at No. 41 LaSalle Street, with whom
he remained until the office changed hands, when he formed a
partnership with Thomas J. Wroe which continued until the fire of
1871. In a few days after the fire they opened business, under the
firm name of Jefferson & Wroe, at the corner of Jefferson and Ran-
dolph streets, and at the expiration of a year, returned to No. 41
LaSalle. Here he remained till May, 1882, when he removed to
No. 170 Madison where he is doing a large and successful business.
In 1875, he bought out the interest of his partner, Mr. Wroe, and
since then has been alone. He started in business in a limited
way with one Gordon press. He now has five small presses and
two cylinders, and last year did a business of about $35,000. He
is now largely interested in panoramas, and has for years made a
specialty of hotel work, and expects in a few months to devote his
time to publishing. He was married in 1861 to Mary J. Dennis,
of Chicago, whose parents are living in this city. They have three
sons and one daughter, — Benjamin, William T.,May E., and Ralph.
E. P. DONNELL, the founder of the E. P. Donnell Manufac-
turing Company, was born on January 13, 1852, and is the son of
Hugh and Laura (Pitcher) Donnell. Both parents are natives of
Massachusetts, and are now living in Cincinnati. His father came
West in the early days of its history, travelling in a wagon to Ox-
ford, Ohio, and after an active business career has now retired on
a competence. E. P. Donnell received his education in the gram-
mar and high schools of his native city. When a young man he
was employed by Snider & Iloole, of Cincinnati, dealers in book-
bindery materials. After serving them a few years, in their home
office, he was sent to this city to establish a branch house. He
first had an office desk at No. 177-715 Madison Street. Remaining
in the employ of this firm during thirteen years, at the expiration
of this time he Jeft them doing an annual business of $120,000.
He established his own business in 1879, at No- lS2 Monroe
Street, where he remained eighteen months, going thence to the
rear of Nos. 196 to 206 Clark, where he still runs a large machine
shop, having five others in the city. The office of the company and
its salesroom were removed to the present quarters a few months
ago. The company has taken a five years' lease ot the building at
Nos. 158-60 Clark Street, where they intend to bring together
their shops during the coming spring. On February 2, 1885, the
E. 1'. Donnell Company was incorporated by the election of E. P.
Donnell as president, treasurer and general manager, [. M. Ives as
vice-president, and George M. Bennett as secretary. Mr. Donneli
has invented and patented thirty-nine machines for use of book-
binders, and the company is now building one hundred and four-
teen different machines, fitted to equip any bindery from the largest
to the smallest. Their machinery is used in nearly every city in the
United States, and is in the Government printing and binding
offices at Washington. Mr. Donnell commenced business with
three men as assistants, and the company now employs eighty-
seven. Their business is increasing at the rate of forty per cent,
annually, and last year was valued at $196,000. They are only
manufacturing machines of their own invention, and now have
$10,000 worth of orders unfilled, which they can only supply after
the machines are manufactured. They have agents in New York,
San Francisco and Canada. Mr. Donnell was married on Novem-
ber 6, 1873, to Miss Lillie R. Leslie, daughter of James and Mary
(Orange) Leslie. Her father is one of the most prominent and
wealthy citizens of Cincinnati. Mr. and Mrs. Donnell have two
children, — E. Scott and Leslie R.
BLOMGRF.N BROS. & Co. — This firm of electrotypers, stereo-
typers, photo and wax engravers was established on a compara-
tively small scale in 1875. The members of the firm then were
Claus G. and Oscar N. Blomgren and S. A. Hawkinson, all
thoroughly experienced and practical men. When it is stated that
the business was established on a comparatively small scale, it is
intended to so illustrate the remarkable growth the business has
since attained and the great development in the arts of engraving.
The firm was located at No. 152 Clark Street, where they occupied
a single floor, thoroughly and completely equipped with new and
costly machinery and material sufficient to meet the demands of the
trade at that time. They then gave employment to eight or ten
men. Year by year their business has increased, until at the pres-
ent time they have a floorage of seven thousand and four hundred
square feet, hardly sufficient even then to meet their wants. Their
business is located at Nos. 162-64 Clark Street, where they have
every facility for the prompt and fine execution of their line of
work, and employ from sixty to seventy operatives. In photo-
engraving they have attained absolute perfection. The superiority
of their work is demonstrated by the illustrations in the second and
third volumes of this History, the photo-engraving portraits and
views having been printed from plates made by them. In 1883,
Mr. Hawkinson, the junior partner, died, and his interest in the
business was purchased by the Messrs. Blomgren who still continue
the old style of the firm nam§, Blomgren Bros. & Co. Their repu-
tation is well known over the country and their trade extends into
nearly every State. The volume of business transacted amounts
to $100,000 per annum.
Claus G. Bloiiigivn, senior member of the firm of Blomgren
Bros. & Co., was born near Gothenberg, in southwestern Sweden,
on June 20. 1845. His parents were Charles and Joanna Blom-
gren, and they emigrated to this country in 1853, settling in this
city. After attending school for a short time, Mr. Blomgren
learned the trade of tailor with his father, with whom he worked
for five years. He was engaged with other firms until about 1864,
when he became an apprentice to the electrotyper's trade in the
house of Marder, Luse & Co. He was with that well known estab-
lishment for about ten years, during a portion of the time acting as
foreman of the electrotyping department. In 1874, when Marder,
Luse & Co. opened their branch house in San Francisco, Mr.
Blomgren was intrusted with the work of going to that city and
putting their mechanical departments into operation. After finish-
ing his commission there, he returned to Chicago, resigned his posi-
tion and, in company with his brother Oscar and Mr. Hawkinson,
established the house of Blomgren Bros. & Co. Mr. Blomgren is an
active, energetic businessman, thoroughly devoted to his profession.
He was married to Miss Eva C. Lundquist, of Sweden, on June 25,
1870, and since 1882 has resided in Lake View. Mr. and Mrs.
Blomgren have three children, George Drward, Hattie Mabel and
Bessie. He is a member of Occidental Council, Royal Arcanum,
of Lake View.
Oscar JV. Blomgren, junior partner of the firm of Blomgren
Bros. & Co., was born near Gothenburg, Sweden, on September
ri, 1848. His parents emigrated to America in 1853, locating in
Chicago, where he was reared and educated. During his boyhood
he attended the city schools, and at the age of twenty he entered
the house of Marder, Luse & Co., where he commenced to learn
the trade of electrotyper. He continued with that firm until 1875,
692
HISTORY OK CI1ICAC10.
when he engaged in business, becoming <>ne of the firm of Blom-
gren Bros. & Co. In 1883 he bought out the interest of S, A. Ilawk-
inson, the third partniT. who died in that year. Mr. lilomgren is
one of the best cleetrotypers in the West, and has done much
toward making the reputation for his house in the way of line and
artistic engraving. He was married to Miss I-'.mma Peterson, ol
Sweden, on I Iceember 31, 1876. They have two children, — Kdna
anil Natalia I!. Since iSSi, Mr. Blomgren has been a resident of
l,ake View, and is anieniberof the Citi/ens1 League of that village.
lie also belongs to Wrightwood Council, Royal Arcanum, of Lake
View.
\V. B. OKCUTT, general manager of the Orcutt Lithographic
Company, was born at Hamilton. Canada, on September 13, 1857.
His parents moved to this city when he was three years old, where
he and the family have since lived. His father was the proprietor
of the City Hotel before the fire, and is now the proprietor of the
hotel of the same name on the corner of State and Eighteenth
streets. His mother died in 1859, two years after their arrival in
this city. The primary and grammar school education of Mr.
Orcutt was received in this city, after which he attended Lake
Forest Academy. After the great lire of 1871, he was in the lith-
ographic business with ShoberS Carqueville, as their general agent,
and in this capacity served the firm for ten years, during which
period the tirm became one of the largest establishments of its
kind in the Northwest. On February I, 1885, Mr. Orcutt, M. H.
Schnauder, Paul Heitmann and M. C. Cooney, both of the latter
being practical lithographers, and for many years in the employ of
Shoher iV Carqueville, organized the Orcutt Lithographic Company
and opened at Nos. 160-62 Clark Street, where their business has
grown far beyond their expectation. They will soon move into
enlarged quarters at Nos. 341-45 Wabash Avenue, where they will
have as line facilities for the execution of their art as any establish-
ment in the country, and where the acquired reputation of the
Company is a guarantee of success.
Hi CIIK.S cV JOHNSON. — This firm comprises Thomas Hughes
and Peter C. Johnson, both being fine lithographers and gentle-
men of long experience in the business. For a number of years
they were connected with a well-known lithographic house in this
city. On May 22, 1880, when they went into business for them-
selves, they started with two small power-presses, a small stock
of stones and seven hands, and from their commencement in busi-
ness have steadily progressed until they command an excellent
trade. They first opened in a room at No. 146 Clark Street, but
within a year and a half these quarters became too small, and they
were obliged to remove to a more commodious building. They
went to Nos. 148-50 Clark Street, where they remained until May
J. l885. when, to obtain still larger quarters, they removed to No.
235 Kinzie Street, where they occupy a very large double floor,
well lighted and splendidly adapted to their requirements. Here
they have five large power-presses, of the latest American pattern,
besides eight hand-presses in the transfer department. From
seven employes their force has been increased to an average of
sixty artisans, and during the business part of the year they work
seventy hands in order to keep up with the demands of their trade.
They make a specialty of fine color lithography, and the work turned
put by them far excels that of many of the old houses of the East.
The photo-gravure portraits in this volume were made by Messrs
Hughes & Johnson.
Thomas Hughes, senior member of the firm of Hughes &
Johnson, was born at Northampton, England, on March 20
1848. He passed his boyhood and the greater part of his youth
n his native town, where he attended school and learned the art of
lithography. He worked ten or eleven years at his trade in North-
ampton, and became a thorough master of the business In 1870
he came to America, and upon arriving in Chicago, he easily
found employment in oneof the largest establishments in the city
i skill as an artisan became so recognized that he was promoted
to a high position, which he retained until the establishment of the
P=fCnt.-u graphing business by himself and P. C. Johnson in
I he growth of his business has been remarkable, as the
arm to-day has a magnificent trade, netting the proprietors a hand-
some revenue annually. Mr. Hughes was married in i86q at
Northampton, England, to Miss Annie Law. They have four
hildren,— Ihomas.Jr., Annie, George and Blanche. Mr. Hughes
was at one time a member of the Order of Odd Fellows but the
lemands upon his time in business matters has long since debarred
him from paying much attention to fraternal society obligations
C Johnson was born in Denmark, on November 17
150, where he resided until he was sixteen years of aee He re
ce.ved his education and learned the trade of lithographing and
printing at his native town— Haversler— and in 1866 lie left his
home and went to Vienna, Austria, where he engaged with one of
the teading lithographing establishments. He remained there six
years and then decided to come to America. Arriving in Chicieo
he engaged with a lithographic house and remained with them for
eight years, \\ith twenty years' experience in the art, Mr John-
son is thoroughly familiar with every detail of the business, and
possessing a taste for beauty of design so necessary to high art
lithography bis reputation has become well known. In May, 1880,
Mr. Johnson formed a co-partnership with Thomas Hughes, with
whom he had been long acquainted, and they established the
present business. Mr. Johnson was married in this city. He is
a member of the A.O.U.VV'. and of the Diana Hunting Club.
\V. II. TVI.KR, the only member of the firm of \V. II. Tyler
& Co., engravers, was born on May 18, 1839, in Boston, where he
was reared ami educated. His father was a book-binder, dealing
also in book-binders' materials, going from Leominister, Mass., to
Boston, where he was in business about thirty-five years, where
both his parents died and are there buried. His mother was a
direct descendant of the Hartwells who came over in the " May-
flower," and his father could trace his ancestry to the Pilgrim
Fathers. After Mr. Tyler completed his education in the Boston
High School, he learned his trade of the same firm as Bond &
Chandler. He was raised with them, and as boys were neighbors.
In 1860, he opened the business of a wood engraver in Boston,
continuing there for nine years, when he came West, with the
expectation of going west of Chicago. Here he met Mr. Bond,
who asked him to stop a while and work for him and his partner.
He did so, continuing with them for two years and most of the
time as their foreman. In July, 1873, he established his present
business on the corner of Madison and Dearborn streets, in the
Hawley Building, and subsequently went to the Kendall Building,
remaining in each place four years, and in 1881 moved to his
present place, at the southwest corner of Randolph and Dearborn
streets. He employs only the best artists and caters only to those
who want the best work.
THE SK;\VAI.T MANTFAC TURING COMPANY, manufacturers of
seal-presses and engravers' supplies, J. Sigwalt, manager, was
established on January I, 1883, at its present location. Mr. Sig-
walt was born in Alsace, which at that time belonged to France,
on February 4, 1836, and is the son of John and Barbara (Mathews)
Sigwalt, old inhabitants of that place. In 1851. the family came
to this country, and settled at Vernon, Lake Co. , about twenty-
eight miles northwest of Chicago, where they engaged in agricul-
tural pursuits. Mr. Sigwalt having received a fair education at the
schools of his native place, served an apprenticeship in Chicago to
the machinist's trade for four years. At the expiration of his ap-
prenticeship, he went to Ottawa, 111., and for one year was
employed by Judge Caton in the manufacture of telegraph in-
struments. He next went to South Bend, Ind., and there entered
into partnership with William G. Whitman, manufacturer of sew-
ing machines, and carried on business for two years. In 1860, the
firm moved to Chicago, and established itself on Clark, between
Lake and Randolph streets, where it remained for one year. In
1862, the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Whitman retiring, and
Mr. Sigwalt becoming sole proprietor, and establishing the busi-
ness at Calhoun Place, where it remained for several years in a
flourishing condition. Mr. Sigwalt next organized a stock com-
pany, under the name of the Etna Manufacturing Company, at the
corner of Kinzie and Dearborn streets, where a very extensive
business was transacted up to the time of the fire in 1871, when the
factory, machinery, stock and all other property belonging to the
firm were destroyed, with a total loss. In about two weeks after
this event, the firm resumed its old business in a frame shanty, on
the corner of Fulton and Morgan streets, and there remained until
1874, when the factory was moved to Arlington Heights, Cook
County, and the manufacture of sewing machines carried on very
extensively. In 1882, Mr. Sigwalt returned to Chicago, and located
at No. 2ii Randolph Street, and in March, 1885, was again
burned out, but succeeded in surmounting all obstacles, and in a
short time established his business at Nos. 15-17 South Canal.
This establishment manufactures all kinds of notary and seal
presses, self-inking stamps, and general engravers' supplies These
presses are mounted with nickel-plated handles and tempered steel
springs. They embrace various qualities in different designs,
Maas Nos. I, 2, 3, Percussion Press, Lion Head Nos. I and 2,
and Check Protector Nos. I and 2. The machinery, which is
operated by steam power, is of the most approved construction and
latest invention, and every facility is afforded in the manufacture
of these most desirable and useful presses. The factory gives work
to about twenty-five hands, who are constantly employed in the
busy season, and its proprietor and manager is a gentleman in
every respect deserving the patronage and support of his fellow-
citizens. Mr. Sigwalt was married, in 1871, to Miss Laura Ger-
trude Lauer, of Chicago. He belongs to Dearborn Lodge, No.
310, A.F. & A.M.
LITTERATEURS.
EI.I.KN MITCHELL was born at Nantucket, Mass., in 1832, and
was a daughter of Hon. Joseph Mitchell and Sally (Folger) Mitch-
ell, the latter being a member of the well-known 'Folger family to
LITERATURE.
693
which Benjamin Franklin belonged. In 1853, she married Francis
M. Mitchell, brother of Maria Mitchell, the astronomer, and came
to Chicago, with her husband, in 1859. Her familiarity with Euro-
pean and American literature placed her at once in the literary
societies of the city at that period, one of these being the well re-
membered North Side " French Club," in which she was actively
associated with Mrs. Kate N. Doggett. Later, Mrs. Mitchell was
one of the founders of " The Fortnightly Club," and by request of
Mrs. Doggett, then president, delivered the opening essay for that
body, the subject being "Culture for Women." Subsequently
Mrs. Mitchell was president of "The Fortnightly" for several
years. Her subsequent contributions to the society were " Familiar
Talk on the Imagination," "The Troubadour and His Sons,"
" That same old Psalm of Life," " Dante's Divine Comedy " and
the "Arthurian Romances." She has been a member of the
Woman's Congress from ils organization, and is now its vice-presi-
dent for the State of Illinois. At the second meeting of that as-
sociation, held in Chicago in October, 1874, in a forcible address,
she drew the attention of that body to the condition and needs
of "Outcast Women." Her greatest philanthropic interest has
been in this work, and she was for many years secretary of the
Erring Women's Refuge of Chicago. She is a member of the
Swedenborgian Church. Dr. Clifford Mitchell, professor of chem-
istry in the Chicago Homeopathic College, is her only son.
BUEL H. BAKTLETT, No. 901 West Madison Street', was born
in Arlington, Bennington Co., Vt.,on September 15, 1805, the son
of Eliphalet and l.ydia (Hough) Bartlett. His forefathers were
amongst the first settlers in New Hampshire, and his great-grand-
father, Josiah Bartlett, was one of the signers of the Declaration of
Independence. Mr. Bartlett was raised on a farm, and educated in
the schools of Vermont, and at the age of sixteen began teaching
school in various places in the State of New York. He was super-
intendent of the female department of the Union School, Geneva,
N. Y., for a number of years. After some time he engaged in the
livery business, which he carried on for three or four years, and in
the meantime was tax collector, and held prominent positions in
the Presbyterian Church of that place. In 1859, Mr. Bartlett came
to Chicago, and taught school at Summit, near the city, for two
years. In 1864, he went to Beloit, Wis., and engaged in horticul-
tural pursuits for some time, and subsequently went to Norwood
Park, 111., and resided there with his family until 1879, when the.
death of his wife caused him to return to Chicago. Mr. Bartlett was
married, in Fleming, near Auburn, N. Y., in 1826, to Miss Sarah
Jane Loomis, a native of that place, and had a family of three sons
and three daughters, of whom two daughters and one son now sur-
vive. He belongs to the Masonic Order at Geneva, N. Y. Mr.
Bartlett now resides with his daughter, Mrs. F. A. Cleaveland, at
No. 901 West Madison Street, who keeps an extensive circulating
library. Mr. Bartlett is a gentleman of fine literary taste, fond of
reading and is now comfortably spending the remainder of his life
with his affectionate and industrious daughter. Mrs. Cleaveland
has two sons living, — Fred. B., financial secretary of the Citizens'
League, and Frank L., with James Wacker & Co.
ALONZO J. GROVER was born at Bethel, Oxford Co., Me., on
August 26, 1828. His father was a farmer, though attaining to
some military preferment, of moderate means and a numerous
family. He married Miss Sophronia Bryant, of Portland, a distant
relative of the poet of that name. Alonzo was the second son of the
family. Early developing an enterprising disposition, and the
home prospect offering small inducement, he purchased his time to
one and twenty, for the sum of $200, promptly paying it to the
last dollar. With his entire wardrobe and stock of worldly goods
tied up, literally, in the traditional bandana handkerchief, with $9
in his pocket, with no education, at fifteen he bravely took himself
into his own keeping, determined to win success. Shunning all
the vanities and vices, common then as now to boys and young
men, he early discharged his debt to his father, and entered Gould's
academy in his native town. Having wisely improved all his leisure
hours as he went along, he was able to fit for college in an unusally
short time. He however decided not to enter college, and on leav-
ing the academy he commenced the study of law in the office of
William Frey, then of Bethel, and on motion of General Fessen-
den, father of Pitt Fessenden, was admitted to the Bar at Portland
in 1853. Becoming deeply interested in the anti-slavery cause, he
accepted an appointment as lecturer for the American Anti-slavery
Society, of which William Lloyd Garrison was president, and
travelled extensively through the New England States, lecturing and
attending conventions in many of the principal cities and towns.
At that time he formed an intimate acquaintance with Garrison,
Wendell Phillips, Theodore Parker, Stephen and Abby Kelly
Foster, Parker Pillsbury, Samuel J. May and all the principal workers
in the anti-slavery enterprise. In 1853, he removed to Illinois, and
settled in the county of LaSalle, where he actively advocated his
anti-slavery principles, at that time a rash act, especially for a
stranger and a young man. That year he assisted in forming the
first republican organization in Illinois, in his own county of
LaSalle. In 1855, he was fiercely mobbed in his own town of
Earlville, for harboring a fugitive slave whose claimant had per-
sonal friends in the immediate neighborhood. His house was
always a sanctuary to the fleeing slaves and a most welcome and
hospitable home for all who are earnestly laboring for their de-
liverance. The lamented Owen Lovejoy, brother of Elijah Parish
Lovejoy, the first anti-slavery martyr, was his personal and intimate
friend. In religion Mr. Grover has always been of the humani-
tarian as well as liberal and progressive school. He was an early
disciple of Theodore Parker, when his preaching was as odious to
the churches as were the doctrines of the abolitionists to the politi-
cal parties. He acted with the republican party till Grant's second
administration. He then abandoned it, giving powerful and unan-
swerable reasons for his course. He was the author of the famous
plank in the republican platform of 1868 against repudiation and
in favor of the greenback principles which the party leaders shame-
fully repudiated in 1874. The plank referred to, is a most impor-
tant item in the financial history of that most eventful period, and
well worth copying here. It is as follows: " We denounce all
forms of repudiation as a national crime; and the national honor
requires the payment of the public indebtedness in the uttermost
good faith to all creditors at home and abroad, not only according to
the letter but the spirit of the laws under which it was contracted."
The bonds were mostly, both by the law and the terms thereof at
that time, payable in greenbacks or legal-tender treasury notes.
He aided in inaugurating what is known as the greenback party,
and in 1882 canvassed his native State in its interest, and bore an
important part in electing Governor Plaisted on that platform
against the great landed railroad and moneyed monopolies. He
labors with pen and tongue, in private and public, every day and
every where, with an ability, fidelity and fervor rarely equaled,
never exceeded. In him all the industrial classes, men and women,
have an undaunted, unshaken and untiring friend. In 1882, he was
nominated by the anti-monopoly party for Congress, which nomina-
tion was ratified by the prohibition party, and a large number of
influential democrats endeavored to have the democratic convention
also ratify his nomination. His professional practice, extending
through many States and Territories, has been very lucrative. His
habits have ever been most temperate, never in his life tasting
tobacco or intoxicating drinks, rarely tea or coffee, hearty and
sprightly at fifty-seven years of age. Side by side with Lucretia
Mott, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Mr. Grover
has always been a firm believer in the equal civil, political, educa-
tional and industrial rights of women with men, and that we are
yet only a half republic. In 1855, Mr. Grover married Miss Octavia
E. Norton, also a native of Maine. They have four living children,
all sons. The eldest is in business in Chicago; the second, an
artist of rare ability ; the others are yet in childhood. Senator
LaFayette Grover, of Oregon, and Maj. Gen. Cuvea Grover, of
Georgetown, District of Columbia, are of the same Grover connec-
tion, and grew up in the same town of Bethel. Besides his large
professional business, Mr. Grover performs a vast amount of writ-
ing and lecturing on various topics — temperance, woman suffrage,
social, financial, labor and other reformatory enterprises, occasion-
ally publishing some of his papers and essays for wider circulation.
"The Serfdom of Woman, Taught and Enforced in the Bible,"
"Immortality," "Romanism or Danger Ahead," " Wine and
Theology." " Capital and Labor" are some of these, which have
hitherto challenged any successful refutation, after a wide reading
in every part of the country. He established, and for some years
edited, the Earlville " Transcript," making it the vehicle for all his
favorite ideas on human progress and elevation, which though only
a local paper achieved a national reputation. For several years he
has been an editorial contributor to the Chicago " Sentinel " and a
contributor to the " Weekly Magazine " and other papers. Many
of his articles evince a power of description and discrimination, of
ringing invective too, as well as logic and argument when occasion
demands, second to none in the whole department of editorial and
journalistic genius and power, and have been widely copied.
TYPOGRAPHICAL UNIONS.
THE CHICAGO TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION, No. 16, at
the time of the great fire, had been in operation nearly
twenty years, having been organized in June, 1852, and
had a total membership of five hundred. The officers
for 1871, were John M. Farquhar, president; H. G.
Boughman, vice-president; E M. Kerrott, recording
secretary; William A. Hntchinson, corresponding and
financial secretary; and Morgan B. Mills, treasurer. By
the conflagration a large number of the members were
made homeless and thrown out of employment, and
694
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
with characteristic generosity the printers of other
cities sent large contributions for the relief of such.
U'ithin six days after the tire nearly $4.000 reached the
officers of the Union, an additional $5,000 being sent
later. Of this amount $6,000 were distributed by the
relief committee of the organization, that amount being
given to printers, their wives and children, apprentices
and press-feeders, including many who were not mem-
bers of the Union, 1,868 persons being benefited by
the fund. Of the amount donated, $1,000 was returned
to the subscribers, the members of New York Unions,
and $400 was voted to replace the society furniture de-
stroyed by the fire. At the request of the employers of
the city, the Union suspended that portion of the scale
of prices requiring extra pay for overtime for a period
of ninety days. Until the city was re-built, the printing
offices were confined in very small quarters, and were
compelled to run night and day forces, the action of the
Union enabling them to do so at reasonable expense,
and the heavy demands and the embarrassments of the
times were thus successfully met.
In June, 1872. employers acceded to the prices paid
during the Hush times of the War, 50 and 55 cents
a thousand ems for day and night composition, although
the scale by the week remained unchanged. In 1876,
the price of composition was reduced for night work
from 47 to 42 cents, and for day composition from 42 to
ents a thousand ems, week work being $18, a cut of
In May. 18X0, an attempt was made to advance
the weekly scale to $21, but the movement proved the
most disastrous in the history of the Union, a majority
of the best offices in the city resisting the demand suc-
cessfully. In July of the same year, the Union returned
to the old price of $18. In 1885, the price for night
composition was 40 cents, and for day composition 37
cents.
The prosperity and importance of the Union is best
shown by a comparison of the membership list and
receipts of 1885 with those of 1871. In the latter
year there were 500 members, and the receipts amounted
to less than $2,500, while in 1885 there were 1,128
members, of whom thirteen were females, and the
receipts were $6,085.60, with cash on hand amounting
to Sj, ooo. 'The Union has been represented at the
numerous national conventions of the craft. Aside
from its relief benefits, it has purchased large burial
lots at Rosehill and Calvary cemeteries. In February,
1882, the secretary-treasurer was required to devote his
entire time to the interests of the Union; an office was
secured, which is open daily, the nucleus of a library
formed, and a reading-room and employment agency
established. In October, 1885, this office was con-
nected with city and suburban offices by telephone.
'The presidents of the organization from 1871 have been
as follows:
1872, Morgan li. Mills; 1873, R. D. Campbell; 1874-75 P
. McLogan; 1876, II. S. Pickard; 1877, M. J. Carroll- 1878
Edward Irwin; 1879, (leorge \V. Morris; 1880, |,,srph Lang;
1881, M. (i. Mason; 1882, Standish Acres; 1883-84, M. J. Car-
roll. The officers elected in 1885, were A. H. McLaughlinj presi-
dent; Peter Price, vice-president; J. R. Jessup, recording secretary,
and Samuel Rastall, secretary-treasurer (an office created in l88r|
which he has filled continuously since that date).
TIIK. GKRMAX TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION, No. 9, was
organized in 1873, and incorporated in 1879. The orig-
inal founders consisted of twenty-eight German printers,
and the society was formed on the same basis as those
in other cities. At the first regular meeting, the follow-
ing officers were elected, the list including some of those
who took the initiatory steps in establishing the organ-
ization : Conrad Couzett, president ; Nicholas Kilt, vice-
president ; Sigismund Strauss, secretary ; Robert
Schmid, corresponding secretary; August Herzberg,
treasurer. In 1879 the membership of the society had
increased to forty-five, and in 1885 there were eighty
active members. Under the constitution adopted when
the Union became an incorporation, a benefit clause was
made a permanent feature of its operations, $6 a week
being now awarded to sick or unemployed members,
and $200 paid to the family or heirs of deceased mem-
bers. 'The annual income and expenses of the Union
have varied according to membership and other circum-
stances, but the Union is in a healthy financial condition.
'Two reductions in wages have occurred during the life
of the society, in 1873, and 1876, and one increase in
1 88 1. The Union has participated in two strikes, the
first in 1876, when a reduction of wages was made by
the Staats /eitung. The society then lost its cause,
but in 1881, during the strike for better wages on the
F'reie Presse, rates were advanced, and the Union
scored a signal victory in insisting on the employment
of union men. The Union has been represented at
conventions of German-American printers in 1874, at
Cincinnati ; in 1876, at St. Louis ; in 1877, at Chicago,
and in 1885, at New York. The officers elected for
1885 were
II. Pudewa, president; R. Schwencke, vice-president ; John
Schilling, secretary; A. Hirschberger, corresponding secretary;
YVilli mi Urban, financial secretary; P. Simon, treasurer; and
Charles Fuchs and August Henn, trustees.
THE SCANDINAVIAN TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION was
organized in 1883, after many unsuccessful attempts to
consolidate the labor interests of Scandinavian-American
printers in this city. On April 15, of that year, Emil
Ljunggren called a meeting of Scandinavian printers at
the Hotel Dannevirke, to discuss the question of form-
ing a union. Steps were then taken which terminated
in the organization of the society ten days later, the
original founders being
Emil Ljunggren, Oluf A. Rasmussen, T. J. Engberg, O.
Lund, A. Johansen, C. Koch, M. Gulbrandsen, C." J. Christiansen,
Allan Soetre, J. Newbold, J. llansen, (.',. C. Shervey, Edward
Lund, A. A. Andersen, Charles Ericksen, H. Arianse'n, T. Bjor-
gelfsen, Samuel Lyckberg, J. Dahl, John Hansen and L. E. Asluml.
A. Marck was elected president, J. A. Nyberg vice-president, Oluf
A. Rasmussen recording secretary, Thormod Manson financial
secretary, Ernest Younggren treasurer, Emil Ljunggren sergeam-
at-arms. The total membership was thirty-six.
Semi-annual meetings in January and July were
arranged for, and at the third regular meeting the mem-
bership was forty-nine. 'The presidents for 1884, were
A. Morck and Ernest Younggren and for the first half
of 1885, C. O. Williamson. On i\Iay i, 1884, the sick
fund was established, and twenty-eight members of the
association subscribed for its benefits. 'This branch of
the society was re-organized on August 23, 1885, with
Charles J. Sward as secretary and treasurer, and twelve
members, $105 being paid out for sick relief during the
first six months of 1885. On September i, another
fund was established, whereby unemployed members
were to receive $3 a week. 'The officers elected for
the last part of 1885, were
A. Morck, president ; J. F. Ellefsen, vice president ; Alex-
ander Sward, recording secretary ; O. Lund, financial secretary ; J.
Dahl, treasurer; Emil Lindberg, sergeant-at-arms ; ( '. O. William-
son and H. Ilesselroth, trustees.
'The association at that time had forty-nine members.
PRESSMEN'S UNION.
THE PRESSMEN'S UNION OF CHICAGO was organ-
ized on October 17, 1874, at a meeting of represent-
ative members of the craft held at Burke's Hotel.
THE J'RKSS.
695
The charter members were — J. Buckle, Jr., John Mc-
Millia, S. McNamara, Charles Frink, O. C. Fordliam, J.
Bichl, A. B. Auer, P. Marouly, and M. Curtis, and the
total membership at the end of the year included
twenty persons. The officers elected in 1874 were
|ohn Buckle, president; O. C. Kordhum, vice-president;
Charles Frink, recording secretary; G. Burus, financial secretary;
A. B. Auer, treasurer.
The presidents and vice-presidents since then have
been
1875, Garrett Burus, president; J. L. Regan, vice-president.
1876, Stephen McNamara, president; Charles Frink, vice-
president. 1877, John McMillia, president; Henry Woodruff,
vice-president. 187(1, A. B. Auer, president; John McMillia,
vice-president. 1878, J. L. Regan, president; Conrad Kabler,
vice-president. 1880, John McMillia, president; James Hardy,
vice-president. iSSi, James Hardy, president; John Bryant,
vice-president. 1882, John McMillia, president; R. F. Sullivan,
vice-president. 1883, M. Knowles, president; M. Curtis, vice-
president. 1884, George McLenahen, president; R. Tinerotte,
vice-president.
The officers elected in 1885 were as follows:
R. F. Sullivan, president; M. Knowles, vice-president; Lee
M. Kiley, financial secretary; John Leander, recording secretary;
M. Curtis, treasurer.
The Union has had a most successful career, and
as a benevolent and business organization has been of
great benefit to its members. It has upheld the stand-
ard of wages established when it was first organized,
and by a wise and conservative policy has avoided
any trouble with employers. On the death of a mem-
ber, the Union appropriates $100 for burial expenses.
The Chicago Union was represented by delegates at
the National Pressmen's Convention, at St. Louis, in
1885. It has at present eighty-two members.
THE PRESS.
THE TRIBUNE.
Of the splendid fire-proof building which the Tribune
Company had built in 1868, all that was left on October
9, 1871, were the walls and the vault. The latter con-
tained a safe, a linen coat and a box of matches, and
these were intact. With this property, backed by un-
conquerable energy, the proprietors resumed business at
No. 15 South Canal Street. It was a three-story brick
building, but by no means an inviting one. The ground
floor had been used for general storage, and was filled
with old lumber of various sorts, old barrels, fragments
of machinery and boxes lying scattered about in confu-
sion. The second floor was filled with egg boxes, neither
pleasant to look at nor handle, and the third floor con-
tained the accumulated refuse of years. A few hours
of labor made the place habitable, and here were gath-
ered, on the morning of the loth, owners, editors, re-
porters and printers ready to bring the Tribune into
being again. During the day material enough was
collected, and that night, by the light of the tallow can-
dles, the printers set up the narrative of the fire. On
the morning of the nth appeared a half sheet of eight
columns, with a very large amount of white margin.
The next day a regular folio appeared; and day after
day improvements were made, until, on the first day of
November, it came out with its old heading, and in a
new typographical dress, looking precisely like the Tri-
bune of a few months before.
Meantime, a more elegant and commodious structure
commenced to arise on the site of the old. One year
from the date of its sudden removal, the Tribune force,
except those engaged in the counting-room, were back
in their old quarters, and on the night of October 9,
1872, the same press which had stopped working on the
night of October 10, 1871, once more resumed operations.
The new building is of Lake Superior red sandstone,
five stories high, exclusive of the basement, and, with
the exception of the second and third floors, is used
entirely for the purposes of the paper. It cost $250,000,
and is very complete in its appointments.
The paper was then, as it had been since about 1865,
under the editorial control of Horace White. Joseph
Medill had a large interest in the company, but not suffi-
cient to control it, the principal owner, Mr. Cowles,
sympathizing with Mr. White. From 1866 until the
time of the fire, many differences arose between Mr.
Medill and Mr. White, and there was a struggle between
them for the mastery, and Mr. White became the victor.
Mr. Medill had been a high tariff man, while Mr. White
was in favor of a low tariff, and as soon as the latter
obtained control he impressed that policy on the paper.
After the fire, Mr. Medill was elected mayor of the city,
and, from that time until the retirement of Mr. White,
gave but little personal attention to the Tribune.
Mr. White, long restive under the dictations of party,
undertook to make the Tribune thoroughly independent.
In doing this he advanced the rank of the journal as a
newspaper, and made it attractive, brilliant and popular.
It made hosts of new friends, but lost many old ones.
In the presidential campaign of 1872, for the first
time in its history, the Tribune did not support the re-
publican candidates. It supported Greeley. White
had been one of the triumvirate — Whitelaw Reid and
Murat Halstead the other two — who had promoted the
liberal-republican movement, and brought about Gree-
ley's nomination. During the canvass, the Tribune
contained the most brilliant political writing it had ever
printed. The editorial staff was exceedingly able. Mr.
White himself was editor-in-chief, and James W. Shea-
han and James B. Runnion were his principal editorial
assistants.
The fall elections disclosed the fact that Mr. Gree-
ley would not be elected, and on October 10, 1872, the
editorial page of the Tribune contained the following
announcement:
"We announced sometime since that the Chicago Tribune
would hereafter be independent of parties and politicians, and would
be the organ of nobody except its own conductors and of the peo-
ple who give it their support. That policy we shall still pursue."
In November, 1874, Mr. Medill became possessed of
a controlling interest in the paper, Mr. White retiring,
and the paper was quickly brought back into the repub-
lican line.
Mr. Medill found an admirable editorial corps ready
to his hand, and he made few changes. He appointed
his brother, Samuel J. Medill, managing editor, and
Frederick H. Hall became the city editor. Alfred
Cowles remained in charge as business manager, a posi-
tion he assumed in 1855, and still holds.
Back again into party favor, the Tribune was not
long in recovering its old following. It had always had
the largest share of advertising patronage, and this it
696
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
held and increased; and soon Saturday and Sunday sup-
plements were aiM.-d in its regular issues.
Mr. Medill has had complete control of the editorial
page, except perhaps on the question of low tariff. On
that point its policy has remained as directed by Horace
White, except during the presidential campaign of iSS.(.
On silver and currency, the Tribune has opposed
"greenbackism" and "fiat money," and its powerful
influence did much to modify those financial principles
in the republican party. It advocated the remonetiza-
tion and coinage of the standard silver dollar, and has
always maintained that without that coinage a return to
specie payment would have been impossible. It has
always opposed the formation of a temperance party
and the policy of prohibition, but has been in favor of
high license.
In 1876, it earnestly and successfully opposed the
nomination of Mr. Elaine by the Republican Convention
at Cincinnati. In 1880, it opposed the nomination of
General Grant for a third term, and was influential in
bringing about his defeat in the Convention. In 1884,
it opposed the nomination of Mr. Arthur and advocated
the cause of Mr. Blaine, and in the campaign that fol-
lowed was an ardent supporter of his election.
Samuel J. Medill, who became managing editor in
1874, died in February, 1883. He was succeeded by
Robert \V. 1'atterson, who has shown remarkable alert-
ness and enterprise in news-gathering and in making an
interesting paper. George P. Upton, Welker Given,
and Stanley Waterloo are the principal editorial writers;
Klias Colbert is commercial editor, Clinton B. Evans
financial editor, Harry M. Scovel news editor, Fred H.
Hall city editor, and John E. Wilkie assistant city edi-
tor, and there is a large staff of reporters and special
writers.
S \\ITKI. JOHN MKDILL was born on November 10, 1841, on
his father's farm in Stark County, Ohio. He lived on the farm
and attended the country school until April, 1850, when he went to
Irani the printing business in the office of his brother, Joseph
Medill, who was publishing the County Republican, at Coshocton,
Ohio. In May, 1852, he went to Cleveland and entered the office
of the Daily Forest City. He remained in Cleveland until May,
1856, when he went to Canton and resided with his mother, attend-
ing the high school and working at odd jobs. In the spring
of 1859, he came to Chicago, and entered the office of the
Northwestern Prairie Farmer. In 1860, he went into the
Tribune job office, remaining there for some time. He then
accepted the position of stationer on the Illinois Central Rail-
road. When the War broke out, he tried to enlist in the
Board of Trade Battery, but was rejected on account of his
youth. On the first of September, 1862, he enlisted in the 8th
Illinois Cavalry under Colonel Farnswortli. He saw service
at . \ntietam, South Mountain, and in Northern Virginia, but
was discharged on account of sickness in November, 1862.
He returned to Chicago and passed the next two years in
perfecting his education, spending one year at Beloit College.
In the fall of 1864, he became a reporter on the Tribune.
Commencing at the lowest round, he worked up until he be-
i-.ime the sporting reporter, and was considered one of the
best in the West. In the summer of 1866, he was offered the
place of assistant city editor of the Republican, soon after
becoming city editor, which place he filled until November,
1867. In January, iS6S, Mr. White offered him the place i>f
city editor on the Tribune. That position he held until
November, 1873, when Mr. White promoted him to the
position of Washington correspondent, which he held until
June, 1874, when he returned to Chicago and was sent as
'special travelling correspondent throughout the West. In
ihe fall of that year, when Joseph Medill assumed control of
the Tribune, he made him its managing editor, a place which
he held until the day of his death. In January, 1882, he was
elected president of the Chicago 1'ressClub. On January 14,
1880, he was married to Miss Nellie M. Carson, daughter of
John B. Carson, of Quincy, III. They had one child, who
died in infancy. Mr. Medill died of consumption, at Quincy,
on February 20, 1883. He performed honestly and well the
important duties which were intrusted to him, and earned not
only the trust and confidence of his employers, but also the
affection and prompt obedience of those who worked under
and with him.
ALFRED COWLES, secretary and treasurer of the Tribune
Company, was born at Mantua, Portage Co., Ohio, on May
13, 1832. He was reared in the vicinity of his birthplace,
and attended the common schools, afterward attending a pre-
paratory institution with a view of taking a higher course of
study. But instead of this he went to Cleveland, Ohio, when
nineteen years of age, and secured a position as clerk in the
office of the Cleveland Leader. This paper was established
by Hon. Joseph Medill, with others, and it was there that Mr.
Cowles first met the gentleman with whom he has been closely
identified for the past thirty-five years. Mr. Cowles remained in
Cleveland until 1855, when, in company with Mr. Medill, he came
to this city, and purchased an interest in the business and became
financial manager of The Chicago Tribune. In this capacity Mr.
Cowles has been identified with that journal continuously, and from
its early struggles up to its present great prosperity his hand has
guided its financial management. Mr. Cowles was married in [><>o.
to Miss Sarah F. Hutchinson, daughter of lion. Mosely Hutchin-
son, of Cayuga, N. Y. Her death occurred in 1884. There are
three children now living, — Sarah F., Alfred, Jr., and William II.
JOHN K. WILKIE is the son of Franc B. Wilkie, and was born
at Elgin, 111., on April 27, 1860. He received a high school edu-
cation in Chicago. In 1877, he went abroad, and during a year's
residence in London did his first newspaper work. Returning
to Chicago, he became a reporter on the Chicago Times. \Yhile
doing the " police work " for this paper, he became interested in the
police patrol system, then in its experimental stage, designed the
patrol wagons and ambulance combination, and in many ways aided
in perfecting the service now so widely known. In 1881, Mr.
Storey sent him to London as an attache of the European Bureau
of the Times, which was abandoned late that year. Coming back
to Chicago, Mr. Wilkie accepted a position on the Tribune, and,
after serving in the local and commercial departments, was made
assistant city editor on January I, 1885.
THE CHICAGO TIMES.
The first person connected with the paper to make
THE PRESS.
697
his way on Monday, October 9, to where the Times
office had been, was Franc 1>. Wilkie. The fire was still
raging near the river and north of it. Smoking ruins
were all around. Mr. \Vilkie sought the residence of Mr.
Storey, which was south of the burned district. There
he found him in company with a few friends, seated on
the front steps, gazing gloomily to the north where hung
a vast body of smoke like a great pall over the doomed
city. He seemed crushed by the great calamity. His
old courage had deserted him, and in response to a
query about getting out the paper he said,
" No, I shall not attempt to resurrect the Times. It is utterly
destroyed, and so is Chicago. The damage to both is too
great to be repaired. I am an old man, and 1 can't commence life
over again. I can secure from these ruins about $80,000, and on
this I can live comfortably the remainder of my life. If I venture
that in starting the Times again, I risk all I have, and would prob-
ably lose it."
Mr. Storey was at this time fifty-two years of age,
but he looked much older. For ten years he had worked
night and day to build up a great newspaper, and in a
single night the great destroyer had swept it away. The
blow told upon him and for a time subdued him. At
last after much urging he gave permission that one
number should be attempted. There was in the barn of
his residence type that had once been used, but which
had been laid aside. There was a single cylinder press
belonging to a firm on the West Side which had escaped
the fire, and the use of this was secured. Printers were
hunted up, an office opened at No. 105 West Randolph
Street, the staff were gotten together, and advertisements
began to pour in. Then came offers of assistance from
friends in Michigan and other points. On all sides
courage and hope predominated. It was not until the
1 8th of October that the Times appeared, but when it
did, it proved a great success. It was an eight-column
folio, and was the beginning of a new era of prosperity
that even Mr. Storey had never dreamed of attaining.
A temporary place of publication was erected at No.
42 West Adams Street, and to this place the Times was
removed. New presses and new type were purchased,
and in December, following, the Times resumed its old
quarto form.
In re-building the Times, Mr. Storey was admirably
seconded by his business manager, Austin I. Patterson,
and by his staff, most of whom had been associated
with him for years and fully understood his methods
and aims. Mr. Wilkie, Mr. Matteson, Everett Chamber-
lin, A. C. Botkin, Mr. Henneberry, and a strong corps
of reporters were the working force, and year after year
was strengthened by Charles R. Dennett, Haydn
Smith, M. J. Russell, Mrs. Sullivan, Charles Atwood,
Horatio Seymour, Frank McClenthan, and others.
A site for a new building, on the corner of Fifth
Avenue and Washington Street, was purchased. A new
fire proof building was finished in March, 1873, but
scarcely was it occupied before it was found necessary
to add to its facilities, and the one hundred and three
adjoining feet were purchased and built upon, the whole
building being carried up to five stories. The estab-
lishment is one of the most perfect of its kind in the
country.
At this period the paper changed from a party organ
to a position of independence, this attitude contributing
greatly to its success. In the gathering of news, Mr.
Storey redoubled the energy of former years, and spared
no expense. He had news agents all over the world,
and in 1877 established a news bureau in London, to
cover the operations of the Russo-Turkish war. In
1880, he established and had in full operation a bureau
of old world news in London, with sub-agencies in
the principal capitals of Europe, but this was only con-
tinued for about a year. Both of these London bureaus
were placed under the management of Mr. Wilkie.
In 1872, the Times advocated the nomination of
Judge Davis by the democrats, and when that party
acquiesced in the candidacy of Mr. GreeLey and sup-
ported him, it utterly refused to countenance that
alliance, and opposed Greeley with great power. In
1876, it came out with some bitter and trenchant editor-
ials opposing the nomination of Tilden by the Demo-
cratic Convention of St. Louis, but when that statesman
was nominated, wheeled into line in his support. In
1880, it sustained Hancock, and in 1884 supported
Cleveland. The Times has favored a low tariff, and
has opposed the standard silver dollar and silver coinage.
In 1875, the increasing demands on his time caused
by the immense growth of the paper, induced Mr.
Storey to appoint a managing editor. Charles R. Den-
nett was selected for the place and, with the exception
of a few months, held it till the fall of 1885.
CHARLES K. DKNNK IT is a native of New England, and was
born about the year 1833. \Vlien not more than twelve years of
age, he set type in the office of the Boston Advertiser. He became
a writer and drifted westward, working on the Cincinnati Commer-
cial and the Cincinnati Enquirer. \Vhen J. \>. McCullagh came
to Chicago to take charge of the Republican, Mr. Dennett accom-
panied him, and became managing editor of that paper. After the
fire, he was for a time on the Evening Post. In 1873 he went on
the Times as telegraph editor, and in 1875 became the managing
editor. He has great capacity for work, and a genuine instinct for
news. What the paper has been as a whole, since Mr. Storey
ceased its active management and control, from about 1878, Mr.
Dennett has made it.
In 1876, Mr. Storey founded an afternoon paper,
but it proved only an expense, and after a short time he
discontinued it. About the same time he undertook to
raise the price of the Times to six cents, but this was
soon abandoned.
Mr. Storey now began to fail rapidly in health. The
tremendous strain upon him before the fire, and the
arduous labors for the three or four years succeeding it,
were now telling upon his constitution. In March,
1878, he went to Hot Springs, but returned without
benefit, and in June of the same year he sailed for
Europe. While travelling in Switzerland he suffered a
paralytic stroke, and was taken to Paris and placed under
the care of Dr. Brown-Sequard. That physician gave
no hope of recovery, but advised that he should be im-
mediately taken home. He survived the sea voyage,
and reached Chicago somewhat improved in health. It
is needless to follow his gradual physical and mental
decline. In August, 1884, he was legally adjudged to
be of unsound mind, and Austin I. Patterson was ap-
pointed conservator of his estate. On the 2;th of
October, following, he died.
Mr. Storey was first married in Michigan to Miss
Maria Isham, from whom he was divorced some years
after he removed to Chicago, after having made ample
provision for her support. A short time previous to the
fire, he married Mrs. Harriet Dodge, who died early in
January, 1873. In 1874, he married Mrs. Eureka C.
Pearson, who still survives him.
Mr. Storey's influence on Western journalism can
hardly be estimated. When he purchased the Times,
Chicago papers were but little superior to the country
press about them, and were largely made up of scissor-
ings from New York periodicals. Mr. Storey entered
upon a course of expenditure for news that startled the
community; he was the pioneer in almost every import-
ant feature in the journalism of his day. At the time of
his death the great paper he founded was valued at
$1,000,000.
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
. A. HtKi.m'T was born in Morristown, St. Lawrence
Co., N. V., cm February 23. 1831. and is a son of Horace and
Kli/a (ludson) Hurlbut. His father was quite prominent for
twenty-four years as a pioneer of that county; he held various im-
portant offices under the (General ( iovcrnmcnt, being a stanncli
democrat, and his sou Horace lias steadily followed in his loot steps
in hi- ..filiations. Horace A. attended the primary school
of St. Lawrence County, and afterward became a pupil at the I >g-
•urg Academy. Leaving that institution at the age of sixteen,
he worked on a farm for two years, and was then employed in a
drug store for a similar period. In the spring of [850, he came to
IgO, becoming an employe in the house ol I. 11. Keed \ Co.,
whole-.de druggi-ts, then located at the corner of Lake and l.a-
Salle street-, ''lie entered the house as a porter, hut his services
proved so valuable that he was made a partner three years later,
and sustained that relation until 1^07, when he bought Mr. Reed's
interest, and the (inn became Hurlbut \ F.dsall, which at that time
was the largest in the West in the drug business. The linn was
continued under that style until the death of Mr. Kdsall in 1^71
In the me of 1-71. the entire business of the firm was swept out of
existence, but it was speedily re-established, and, in 1875, the firm
name became II. A. Hurlbut ,V Co. , and so continued until 1882.
In that year Mr. Hurlbut sold out his interest, and opened a real-
estate office, having for some years previously been doing business of
that nature by dealing in real property ami making investments and
loans for eastern capitalists. At that time there was great preju-
dice against Chicago investments, but, in consequence of Mr.
Hurlbut's confidence in the future of the city, several millions of
money were intrusted to him for investment and by him placed in
some of the largest business blocks in the city. This and similar
efforts had caused him to be recognized as one of the merchants
most closely identified with the growth and enlargement of the trade
of the city during the struggle for the extension of business in the
most trying years from i.-so to 1875, when Chicago took the front
rank as the leading city of the West. Mr. llnrlbut was married, in
[858, to Miss Kmma Kdsall. of \\addington, St. Lawrence Co.,
V V.; they have two sons, Josjah R. and Horace K. On Decem-
ber 4, 1884. Mr. Hurlbut was appointed receiver, by Judge M. ]•'.
Tuley. of the W. F. Storey estate, which comprises the Chicago
'Times, giving a bond of $250, ooo for the faithful performance of
his duty, and this responsible position Mr. Ilurlbut now holds.
I III n. |. Hi Ki.ia i, a brother of Horace A., came to Chicago
in [847, and became connected with the lirm of Dyer iV Chapin.
At the breaking out of the War, he entered the 5/th Illinois Volun-
teer Infantry, and was ultimately promoted to the rank of colonel.
During his service he participated with ( leneral Sherman in the
March to the Sea, and, in fact, performed his whole duty in a thor-
oughly soldierly manner. He was accidentally drowned in the
Chicago River in April, 1865, anil his demise was general!}" mourned
by those who knew him, on account of his many estimable qualities.
HAYDN KKLLOCC SMITH was born at (ireen I'.ay, Wis., on
February 8, 1834. His education was mainly received in Wiscon-
sin, supplemented by two yx-ars of the regular course at Vale
College. His first connection with newspaper work was as local
and legislative reporter for the State Journal, at Madison, Wis., in
the winter of 1857-58. A year later he became a teacher in the
preparatory department of Carroll College, at Waukesha, Wis. ,
remaining there until some time in 1860, and taking the degree of
A.R at that institution in 1850,. In August, 1860, he was married
at Waukesha, to Miss Fannie A. 1'roctor, and, in October follow-
ing, removed to Denmark, Tenn., to take charge of a female col-
lege at that place. Mr. Smith returned in January, 1861, to
Wisconsin, and during that year and a part of 1862, with his father,
the late John V. Smith, edited the Wisconsin Argus, published at
Madison. During the War he was variously employed, writing
much for the press from the Army in Tennessee and Georgia.
On January I, 1866, he became editor-in-chief of the Milwaukee
Sentinel, and continued his connection with that journal until the
spring of 1871. In June of the latter year, he became an editorial
writer on the Chicago Times, in which capacity he still continues.
F'or several years past, Mr. Smith has also given considerable atten-
tion to educational work. From 1879 to 1882, he was lecturer on
political economy in the University of Chicago, receiving from
that institution the honorary degree of 1,1., I), in 1880.
THE INTER OCEAN.
The Inter Ocean was founded by J. Young Scam-
mon in the spring of 1872. Mr. Scammon was one of
the early stockholders of the Republican, and sympa-
thized with the aims and policy of that paper. As a
three cent paper under the management of J. B. Mc-
Cullagh, it seemed to be reaching a prosperous condition
when the fire came and swept it away. This was the
finishing blow to its checkered career. Its assets after
the fire were an insurance policy of no value, and an
associated press franchise of considerable value. The
latter was for sale, and Mr. Scammon purchased it, in-
tending to start an entirely new paper. To keep alive
the press franchise, he published the Republican for a
short time until arrangements for the new paper could
IK- perfected, and on March 25, 1872, the first number
of the Inter Ocean appeared. It was a ten-column
blanket folio, and had for its motto "Republican in
everything, Independent in nothing." E. W. Halford
was editor-in-chief, and in May, 1872, William Fenn
Nixon became business manager. A few months later
Gilbert A. Pierce joined the editorial staff. Although
uncompromisingly republican and giving hearty sup-
port to Grant in the presidential campaign of 1872,
the success of the paper was not yet assured. After the
close of the campaign its ownership was re-organized in
the form of a stock company, under the name of the
Inter Ocean Company, Mr. Nixon retaining the business
management.
In March, 1873, P'rank W. Palmer purchased an in-
terest in the company and became editor-in-chief. Dur-
ing his management a great impetus was given to the
circulation of the Weekly, and this has continued to be
a remarkable feature of the paper, reaching a number
unprecedented in the history of Northwestern news-
papers.
Notwithstanding this, the paper continued to be an
expense to its owners, and in the fall of 1875 became
so much embarrassed that a change of ownership and a
re-organraalion again became necessary. A new com-
pany was formed, called the Inter Ocean Publishing
Company, and the paper and property were duly trans-
ferred to it. Of the new company, Dr. Oliver \\ . Nixon
became the president, and William Penn Nixon the con-
trolling manager of the entire institution. Mr. Palmer
a few months later retired from the editorial manage-
ment, and Mr. Pierce became editorial manager, under
Mr. Nixon. Since this last re-organization the paper
has reached assured success. Its political principles
are in full accord with the most progressive and radical
theories of the republican party. Supporting General
Grant in 1872, it favored the nomination of Elaine in
1876, afterward giving a hearty support to Hayes. In
1880, it favored the nomination of General Grant for a
third term, but on the defeat of that movement gave its
adherence to General Garfield. In 1884, it desired the
nomination of Mr. Arthur, as his own successor, but
when Blaine was nominated, actively and earnestly sup-
ported him.
In its early days, under the editorial management of
Mr. Palmer and through the influence of Mr. Scammon,
it strongly advocated the " greenback theory," as it was
called, favoring the retirement of the national bank cur-
rency, and the additional issue of greenbacks to the
extent of the amount of bonds held by the banks, and
so retiring those bonds. Its attitude was such that it
was classed among the advocates of " fiat money."
Under the management of Mr. Nixon, the Inter Ocean
gradually edged away from the wildest features of
greenbackism, and welcomed the return of specie pay-
ment. It favored the remonetization of silver, and the
silver coinage bill, and continued in favor of the coin-
age of silver. It advocated a protective tariff.
The Inter Ocean has several strong special featurta.
W. B. Sullivan, law reporter, was the first of the news-
paper reporters to give a complete history of each day'x
work in the courts. Under the title of the Curiosity
THE 1'RKSS.
699
and
Shop, answers to inquiries on almost every topic are
made with considerable fullness. This is under the
charge of T. C. Mac.Millan. David H. Mason, Van
Buren Denslow and Robert P. Porter have been the
chief writers on economical and statistical topics.
Gilbert A. Pierce continued as managing editor
until 1881, when he was succeeded by William K. Curtis,
who had been the Washington correspondent. Mr.
Curtis returned to the Washington bureau in 1884,
was succeeded by William H. Busbey.
Until 1884, the Inter Ocean published no Sun-
day edition, but since then it issues a paper every
day. It prints a supplement of four pages on
Wednesday and Saturday, and on Sunday the paper
is a sheet containing at least sixteen pages. The
weekly circulation approaches nearly one hundred
and twenty-five thousand, and its postage bills for
1884 amounted to $25,000.
OLIVER W. NIXON, president of the Inter Ocean Pub-
lishing Company, and one of the editors of the paper, is an
older brother of William Penn Nixon, and was born in North
Carolina, on October 25, 1825. When he was still a child his
father removed to Indiana. lie was educated at Farmers'
College, Ohio, and in 1853 was graduated from Jefferson
Medical School, Philadelphia, receiving the degree of Doctor
of Medicine. He practiced his profession in Philadelphia a
short time, and then removed to Cincinnati and practiced
there for a great number of years. When the Civil War broke
out, he entered the army as surgeon of the 39th Ohio Volun-
teers, was with it during a campaign in Missouri, and then
became medical director on the staff of General Pope. After
the battle of Shiloh and the evacuation of Corinth, he resigned
and went back to his profession at Cincinnati, becoming also
medical examiner at Camp Chase near that city. In 18(14, he-
was elected treasurer of Hamilton County on the republican
ticket, and served two years. Ilis successor in the office
having died shortly after his election, Dr. Nixon was chosen
to till the vacancy, which he did for the remainder of the term.
After his second term as treasurer, in association with William
Penn Ni.xpn and others, he founded the Cincinnati Evening
Chronicle. Two years later the company purchased the Cin- '••••••
cinnati Evening Times. In 1875, he sold out his interest in
the Cincinnati paper and came to Chicago, where he organized
the Inter Ocean Publishing Company for the purpose of pur-
chasing the Inter Ocean. Dr. Nixon purchased the mortgages
and other indebtedness of the paper, and in due time the
concern was transferred to the new company, of which Dr.
Nixon has since continued president. He is the literary
editor, writing also the nonpareil paragraphs on the editorial
page. He was married in 1854, at Mount Carmel, Ohio, to si
Miss Louisa Elstun, and has one son, Charles E., now the (^
musical and art critic of the Inter Ocean.
WILLIAM I'KNN NIXHN was born near Richmond, Ind.,
in 1832. His grandfather was a Ouaker and resident of North
( 'arolina, who at an early period emancipated all his slaves, but con-
tinued to care for and support them to the close of his life. His
father, also a Ouaker and native of North Carolina, continued the
rare of the same slaves until he emigrated to Indiana about 1830.
William received a liberal education, graduating at Farmers' College
(now Belmont) near Cincinnati, in 1853, and afterward entered the
law department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia,
where he graduated in 1859. Returning to Cincinnati he entered
upon the practice of law, in which he continued until the beginning
of 1868. During this period he was elected three times to the Ohio
Legislature, serving during the sessions of iS(>5, iS(»6 and 1867.
In 1868, he became one of the founders of the Cincinnati Chronicle,
and with that paper and its successor, the Times-Chronicle, he re-
mained until he came to Chicago, in the spring of 1872, to take the
business management of the Inter Ocean. Through all the vicissi-
tudes of that paper, Mr. Nixon has faithfully worked for its success,
and it is owing to him that it at last reached an assured foundation.
For several years the closest financiering and management were
required to keep the paper going. Every expenditure had to be
closely watched, necessitating the personal supervision of avast
amount of detail. After the formation of a new company in 1875,
Mr. Nixon assumed the entire management of the paper, editorial
as well as business, directing its policy, dictating its editorial tone,
and always alert to make it of interest to a wide class of readers.
Mr. Nixon was married in Cincinnati, in 1861, to Miss Mary Stites,
daughter of Hezekiah Stites, of that city. She died in 1862. In
1869, in Chicago, he married Miss Duffield, daughter of Charles
Duffield. By the latter union he has three children.
WILLIAM H. BUSBEY, managing editor of the Inter-Ocean,
was born at Vienna, Clark Co., Ohio, on February 24, 1839. His
father was one of the early settlers of Ohio, emigrating from Vir-
ginia. He received the ordinary common school education of the
time, and then spent a few years in teaching. When the War
broke out he enlisted as a private in the 1st Union Kentucky Vol-
unteers, and served three years and three months, reaching the grade
of orderly-sergeant of his company. During his Army life, he cor-
responded with two o[- three ( >hio newspapers, his letters attracting
so much attention that when he left the service he was invited to be-
come associate editor of the Ohio State Journal, published at Co-
v — -"
lumbus, then one of the most influential papers in the State. In
1870 he became an associate editor of the Toledo Blade, and in
1873 came to Chicago as the western manager of the American Agri-
culturist and of the Hearth and Home. Two years later he joined
the Tribune as editor of the weekly edition, and in April, 1876,
went on the Inter Ocean, first as exchange and weekly editor, then
as editorial writer, and in 1884 became managing editor. His
editorial writing has been on foreign, literary and political topics.
He does other special writing, such as " Pulpit Pictures," " Curb-
stone Crayons," army and other sketches. He was married in May,
1868, to Miss Mary M. Harvey, of Centralia, 111., and has two
children.
FRANK W. PALMER was born on October II, 1827, at Man-
chester, Dearborn Co. , Ind. In the following year his father re-
moved with his family to Chautauqua County, N. Y., and there his
early life was passed. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed
to the printer's trade, entering the office of the Jamestown Journal.
After serving three years he went to New York City and worked
for three or four years as a journeyman compositor. He then re-
turned to Jamestown, and soon after became a joint editor and
owner of the Jamestown Journal with F. P. Bailey. Taking an
active part in politics, he was elected to the State Legislature in
1853, and re-elected in 1854. In 1858, he removed to Dubuque,
Iowa, and became the editor and part owner of the Dubuque Times.
In 1860, he was elected to Congress and again elected in 1870,
from Des Moines (where he had purchased the Register), serving
from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1873. In Congress he was a
member of the Committee on Pacific Railways and of the Select
700
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Committee on Postal Telegraph lines. He had disposed of his in-
terest in tlie Register in 1866, though he had continued as editor-in-
chief. Before the dose "I hi second term in Congress, lu- was
invited to become editor of the Chicago Inter Ocean, and he removed
to Chicago in the spring "I [873, Mr. Palmer did much to build
up the Inter ( Icean, and was instrumental in increasing it* circula-
tion, particularly that of [he weekly, which became very popular in
the Northwest, especially in Iowa, where Mr. Palmer w.is so well
kno
ELVVVN A. liAKIioN is a native of Tennessee, and was born on
March o, i>ss, his childhood home being at Nashville, a consider-
able |X>rtion of his youth, however, being spent in the North. A
portion of his boyhood education was carried on under a private
tutor, and was afterward continued i ie of the collegiate institu-
tions of his native State. In 1872, he removed to Kansas, where
he remained about two years, coming to Chicago in 1875, where he
studied law for a year. His first regular newspaper work was MM
the News in 187(1. which he left to become city editor of the Post,
a position which he held when that paper was sold. Shortly after
this, Mr. llarron went upon the local staff of the Inter Ocean and
soon became dramatic editor, in which position he has since re-
mained. Since iSsc>, he has been associate editor of that paper, in
addition to his duties in the dramatic department. On September
9, 1884, he was married to Miss Hannah I,ee Bird, of Atchison,
Kas. Mr. liarron has for some time performed a good deal of
outside literary work, among other things being the joint author of
several plays which have been favorably received by the public.
JnsKi'H K. DrNI.nr was born on July 24, 1847, in Jamaica,
West Indies, his father being a chap'lain in the British army.
When at the age of eleven years, his family removed to Canada,
where he attended the common schools and then received further
instruction in Upper Canada College. At the age of eighteen, he
commenced newspaper work on the Toronto Globe, quitting that
paper, after several months, to come to Chicago, hoping to iind a
wider sphere for his endeavors. Here he connected himself with
the printing establishment of J. M. \V. Jones, where he soon
ne expert in the art of the practical printer, and, later, served as
foreman in that large establishment. In 1871, he became a proof-
reader on the Chicago Times, and in the year following joined the
local staff as a regular reporter. After about two years, Mr.
Dunlop returned to his former occupation in the Jones printing
establishment, where he remained until September, 1876, when he
again went upon the reportorial force of the Times. When that
journal entered upon its famous exposure of the Custom House
frauds in connection with the erection of the Government Building
in Chicago, Mr. Dunlop was selected for the difficult task of unearth-
ing the hidden facts connected with that transaction. For several
months in 1879-80, he devoted his energies to the work, which was
so thoroughly performed that, as a result, every responsible person
connected with the affair was indicted by the grand jury. In 1881,
Mr. Dunlop did similar work on the investigations of the alleged
"Court-House ring " in the Board of County Commissioners, in
connection with the building of the Cook County Court-House.
The facts developed showed skillful work, and were of a highly sen-
sational character. In the spring of 1882, Mr. Dunlop made the
tour of New Mexico, writing up that territory for the Times. Re-
turning in July of that year, he became city editor of the paper,
remaining in that position until November, 1883, when he took the
same position on the Inter Ocean, and which he still occupies.
Mr. Dunlop was one of the charter members of the Chicago Press
Club, and was its president during [885,
THOMAS C. Mu-Miu.AN was born on October 4, 1850, at
Stranraer, Scotland. In 1857, he came with his parents to this
country, settling in Chicago, where he attended the public schools
for a time, leaving to serve an apprenticeship as a machinist. Poor
health compelled the abandonment of this work in a short time, and
he returned to school, graduating indue course from the Chicago
High School and entering the Chicago University, remaining how-
ever, but a short time. In January, 1873, Mr. MacMillan became
a reporter on the Inter Ocean. In 1875, he went, as the corre-
spondent of that paper, with the Black Hills exploring expedition
which made the gold discoveries in that region; and in the winter of
1875-76, and again in the summer of 1876, went in the same capa-
city with ( ieneral Crook's forces operating against the hostile Sioux
in the famous Sitting Bull war, his graphic letters attracting much
attention. In 1878, he made an extended tour through Europe
and in 1880, succeeded Robert P. Porter as editor of the depart-
of the Inter (Icean known as " Our Curiosity Shop," in which
posuion he remained two years, when he succeeded George B Arm-
strong as city editor. After two years, he succeeded Professor W
'. Jones as editor of "Our Curiosity Shop," which position he
still occupies. <)„ January 24, 1883. Mr. MacMillan was married
. Mary C. Goudie of Na-au-sav, Kendall Co., 111. Mr
MacMillan, for sonic time, has been prominently identified with vari-
ous public institutions, educational and otherwise, and has found time
from his work as a journalist to serve the public in various useful
ways. Among other duties, he served three years as a member of
the Cook County Board of Education, and for five years has been
secretary and director of the Chicago Free Kindergarten Associa-
tion, being also a director of the American Educational Aid Asso-
ciation of Illinois. Mr. MacMillan is now serving his second term
as a director of the Chicago Public Library. He was elected as a
republican to the lower house of the Illinois Legislature of 1885,
from the fourth Chicago District, in which he served with credit.
He was a charter member of the Chicago I'ress Club, is lirst vice-
president of the Illinois St. Andrew's Society, and in |une, 1885,
had conferred upon him the honorary degree of Master of Arts by
the Illinois College, at Jacksonville.
L. WHITK BUSBEV, news editor of the Inter Ocean, was born
at Vienna, Clark Co., Ohio, on November 22, 1852. He received
a common school education, and then taught several years. In the
spring of 1879, he commenced journalism as a reporter on the
Inter Ocean, and served on the city staff until March, 1884, when
he became the news editor.
THE DAILY NEWS.
The Daily News was founded on December 25,
1875, by Melville E. Stone, Percy Meggy, and William
E. Dougherty. It was an evening paper at one cent.
The combined capital of the concern was about five
thousand dollars, and its quarters were extremely limit-
ed. It had an office about ten by twelve feet on the
first floor of the building now occupied by it, at No. 123
Fifth Avenue, and its editorial and composing room
took up a part of the fourth floor of the same building.
For the first few weeks the printing was done by the
Scandinavian newspaper which occupied a part of the
same premises. After a short time Mr. Dougherty got
discouraged and gave up the enterprise, and a few
months later Mr. Meggy did the same, thus leaving Mr.
Stone in sole possession. Although the paper was not
yet paying expenses, Mr. Stone saw before six months
had passed that it was rapidly gaining. It published
three editions regularly, at 1 2 m. and at 3 and 5 p. m. One
difficulty that the cheap papers had always encountered
was the lack of cents in circulation. Mr. Stone pur-
chased, at the mint, cents by the thousand dollars' worth,
and would send them around to trades-people and get
them to take a quantity for change. In this way he got
cents in circulation. The paper did not succeed in
attracting much attention until the republican conven-
tion in 1876, when Hayes was nominated. By a stroke
of activity the News published the fact of' Hayes's
nomination, and was on the street for sale before even
the Western Union Telegraph Company had its bulle-
tins up. This drew considerable attention to it, and
ran the circulation up about fifteen thousand.
In July, 1876, Victor F, Lawson entered into part-
nership with Mr. Stone, and took charge of the business
department, while Mr. Stone gave his time to the edi-
torial and news departments. The paper was not en-
titled to the associated press dispatches, but it often got
specials and important items that the association did
not get. The only rival of the Daily News at this time
was the Evening Post, a two cent paper, published by
the Messrs. McMullen, which had the press dispatches.
The Daily News accused the Post of stealing its dis-
patches, which was indignantly denied. It was at the
time just preceding the Turco- Russian war, and to fasten
its charge on the Post, the News published a hoax-dis-
patch from Bulgaria, containing what purported to be a
cry or an expression in the Sclavonic tongue, " ertis
siht laets lliw snellum cm eht," and then followed a
translation. Sure enough the dispatch appeared in a
later edition of the Post. In its next edition, the News
in great glee pointed out the fact that the so-called for-
eign words, taken backwards, would read "The Mc-
Mullens will steal this sure," thus raising a great laugh
THK PRESS.
701
at the expense of its contemporary. This event gave
the News an increased notoriety and consequent in-
crease of circulation, but it did not become an assured
success until the time of the labor strike and riots in the
summer of 1877. Then it was that Mr. Stone developed
his capacity for gathering news, and during the period
of highest excitement he published an edition nearly
every hour in the day, and ran up the circulation to
about seventy thousand. In 1878, the Post suspended,
and Lawson & Stone purchased the remains of it, in-
cluding the associated press franchise, for $16,000.
The reputation of having absorbed its principal
rival gave the News an additional impetus, and its cir-
culation now seemed to be governed solely by the press
facilities it could obtain. On March 21, 1881, a two-
cent morning edition was commenced, thus making
four regular daily editions of the paper. This last
venture was soon afterward placed on a permanent
footing by being admitted to a full membership in
the Western Press Association. This was obtained
by the assent of the five morning papers of Chicago
belonging to the Association, and is a thing unpre-
cedented in the history of that organization. The
combined daily circulation of the Daily News has
since reached as high as two hundred thousand
copies. Increased room and press facilities have
been added from time to time, until now the paper
occupies the entire four-story building on Fifth
Avenue in a small part of which it had been started,
and portions of the three adjoining buildings. On
January i, 1883, the partnership between Mr. Law-
son and Mr. Stone having expired by limitation,
they organized a stock company and formed a cor-
poration with a capital of $150,000, they remaining
the sole owners of the stock.
While taking a strong and decided interest in
political issues, and in all elections, the Daily News
has pursued an independent course and has not
uniformly supported any party. In the national
campaign of 1880 its leanings were against General
Garfield, and in 1884 it advocated the election of
Cleveland, but would have supported Arthur had
he been nominated. It has been outspoken and
vigorous in support of civil service reform and low
tariff, and in opposition to the present silver dollar
and its coinage, favoring gold and silver dollars
of equal value. It is courageous on all questions.
The morning edition, is kept entirely distinct
from the afternoon editions, both in business and
editorial management. Although under the same name
and ownership, they are treated as separate properties.
The Daily News employs very nearly three hundred
persons, about forty of whom are editors, special writers
and reporters. Some of the ablest Chicago journalists
have, at one time or another, been attached to its edito-
rial staff, or been regular contributors to it. Among
others are Joseph K. C. Forrest, John Flynn, Franc B.
Wilkie, Van Buren Denslow, John F. Ballantyne, George
E. Plumbe, Slason Thompson, Eugene Field, Willis
Hawkins, Robert B. Peattie and Henry T. White.
MELVILLE E. STONE, the founder of the Daily News, was born
on August 18, 1848, at Hudson, 111. His father was a Methodist
minister. A great uncle was Rev. Dr. Isaac Stone, for many years
a leading Methodist divine of Northern New York. An ancestor
on the maternal side was Rev. James Creighton, an eminent coad-
jutor of John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. In 1860, Mr.
Stone, Sr. , moved to Chicago to take charge of a church, and his
son attended the public schools, graduating from the high school in
1867, and in 1869 entered upon a business career by the purchase
of an interest in an extensive foundry and machine shop. In 1870,
he succeeded by purchase to the sole proprietorship of the business,
and prospered until it was destroyed by the great fire, which left
him deeply in debt. He now turned to journalism, for which he
had always had a predilection. During his school days, as early as
1864, he had been an assistant in the proof-reading rooms of the
Chicago Tribune and had frequently taken a turn at reporting. 1 le
found an opening first on the Republican, which was soon to be
merged in the Inter Ocean, of which paper Mr. Stone became the
city editor. A year of over-work resulted in breaking down his
health, and rest became necessary. After travelling six months
through the South, in June, 1873, he returned anil became assistant
editor on the Evening Mail. When the Post and Mail were con-
solidated, he became managing editor, and displayed a spirit of
enterprise which, up to that time, had been unknown in the evening
journalism of the West. Some months later he withdrew from the
Post and Mail, and went to Washington, where he became corre-
spondent for a number of Western newspapers, and for a time served
in the bureau of the New York Herald. Returning to Chicago in
the summer of 1875, he resumed his position on the Post and Mail,
but soon resigned, and on December 25, 1875, published the first
MELVILLE E. STONE.
number of the Daily News. He has been the controlling spirit of
the enterprise since its inception, never for a moment losing faith
in its ultimate success, ever alert to take advantage of the varying
gales of fortune, and quick to profit by popular excitement in the
matter of gathering news. He has shaped the policy and tone of
the Daily News, and, while bestowing upon it all his time and
thought, does not allow his personal sentiments to interfere with the
policy of his paper. He is a vigorous and incisive writer, and at all
times gives the editorial management necessary supervision, thus
shaping in every way the character and moral tone of the paper and
directing its influence. In politics he is independent, and by avoid-
ing the meshes of active and constant party service, he has been
able to make the Daily News the medium of many political reforms
that redound to the advantage of our institutions.
VICTOR F. LAWSON, the senior proprietor of the Daily News,
was born in Chicago, on September g, 1850. His father was a
native of Norway, whoemigrated to the United States prior to 1840,
and soon after settled in Chicago. A man of thrift and industry
he accumulated a handsome estate, and among other valuable prop-
erty of which he died possessed was the premises No. 123 Fifth
Avenue, now occupied by the Daily News. Victor F. Lawson was
educated first in the public schools, graduating at the Chicago High
School in 1869. I le afterward attended Phillips's Academy in Mas-
sachusetts and Cambridge University. Returning to Chicago, his
time was occupied partly in taking care of his father's estate, and
partly in publishing the Skandinaven. Purchasing an interest in
702
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
the I '.lily New. In- assumed the business maiia;;cmcnt of thai paper,
and its success is in no small degree the result of his industry and
liusiiu-ss met h< ids Mi. 1 awSOB was married ]',i iSSo, to Missllrad-
ley. daughter of Hon. \V. 11. Bradlej ol Chicago.
Ri.i:i KI II. I'l A I I'll' was liorn cm October -,, 1857. in Wiscon-
sin. I nit early in life cairn- to Chicago, where he was mainly edu-
He first entered the rank* ol {onrnalisni on the loea: stall
of the Chicago Times in lS8ri, ( 'linton Snowdcn being then city
editor, and for about two years continued the thorough training in-
cident to such a position on an enterprising metropolitan daily.
Distastes running largely to dramatic matters, much ol his work
during this time was done in connection with the amusement col-
umns of the paper. In September, iSS;, Mr. I'eattie joined the
staff of the Daily Herald, under John I •'. liallantyne, and in Sep-
tember, iSs;. be became connected with the Daily News, with
which he has since remained, doing editorial and other work. lie
has been especially associated with " A Rambler's Notes. "a column
of light, gossipy matter. In 1883, Mr. I'eattie was married to Miss
l-'li.i A. Wilkinson, who is well known through her literary work.
Mks. ]•'.]] \ \\ . I'l AMU. was born at Kalamazoo, Mich., in
her maiden name being Klia A. Wilkinson. Kor several
past, she has been known to the public as a writer of short
stories for children, in which she has attracted considerable atten-
tion. Several of her children's stories have appeared in St. Nich-
olas, Wide Awake and other juvenile periodicals. Much of her
work has, however, appeared in the columns of the Tribune, Times,
and other Chicago daily journals and literary papers, taking the
form of special articles on literary and historical subjects, or of
short tales and local sketches. The most noted of the latter was a
Christmas story of Karly Chicago, which appeared in the Tribune
of December 2b, 1885. Mrs. 1'ealtie was educated mainly in Chi-
.vherc she has lived since 1874. In 1883, she was married to
Robert IS. Pcattie. of the Daily News.
Ki cr.M'. FiKl.n was born at Si. l.ouis, Mo., on September 2,
1850. His mother dying when he was not quite six years old, he
was taken to Amherst, Mass., and reared by his cousin. Miss Marv
!•'. Krench. at that place. His early education was received at Mon-
son and \\illiamstown, Mass., and afterward completed at the
State University of Missouri. On reaching his majority, Mr.
Field came into the possession of a large fortune, which, his friends
are fond of saying, he soon spent like a gentleman. He travelled
extensively in Kurope in 1872-73, gaining a store of valuable
knowledge. Returning from abroad, he began his newspaper ca-
reer in June, 1873, as a reporter on the St. Louis Evening Journal,
of which paper, later in the same year, he became city editor. I n
May, 1875, Mr. Field went to St. Joseph, Mo., to take the posi-
tion of city editor on the St. Joseph Cazette, which he retained for
about a year and a half, when he returned to St. Louis as editorial
paragraphist on the Journal and Times-Journal, the brightness of
his work attracting considerable attention. During 1880-81, he
was managing editor on the Times, of Kansas City. In the latter
\ear he left Kansas City to become managing editor of the Denver
Tribune, remaining in that position until August, 1883, at which
time he came to Chicago as special writer for the Daily News.
Since that time he has conducted the special department entitled
" Sharps and Flats," and has made a wide reputation as a pungent
and witty paragraphist. During his career as journalist, Mr. Field
has given considerable attention to literary work in poetry and prose
fiction, writing his first verse in 1879 and his first story in i^>4.
While in Missouri, he was, for two years, corresponding secretary
of the Missouri Press Association. Mr. F'ield was married at St.
Joseph, Mo., on October 16, 1873, to Miss Julia S. Comstock.
They have four children, — three sons and a daughter.
THE CHICAGO HERALD.
The Chicago Herald was founded as the represent-
ative of stalwart republicanism, but, under successive
owners, it has drifted into independent democracy.
Intended as the advocate of Logan republicanism, before
its first presidential campaign it became the exponent of
Cleveland democracy. After its first year it seems to
have owed allegiance to no party. It was lively, bright
and aggressive. It rather recklessly took an undue in-
terest in the private lives and past careers of certain
citizens of Chicago, and became at once enmeshed in a
net work of libel suits, one- of which resulted in a
$25,000 verdict against it. This culminated in a sale of
the franchise to a new company.
The founders of the Herald were James W. Scott,
Frank \V. Palmer, A. M. Jones and Daniel Shepard.
The company was organized about the first of May,
iXSi. with a capital of $150,000, and articles of incor-
poration duly executed. The Chicago Daily Telegraph
at this time was about to fail, it had a national press
franchise, some machinery, presses, and type, and these
its creditors were willing to sell at a reasonable price.
The Chicago Herald Company purchased them. The
last issue of the Telegraph was number 1046; the first
issue of the Chicago Morning Herald was number 1047,
and its date May 10, 1881.
Mr. Palmer became editor-in-chief, with William I).
Katon, as assistant and John K. Ballantyne, city editor,
lames W. Scott was the publisher and business mana-
ger. The Herald was a seven-column folio, beautifully
printed on good paper, and was sold at two cents, and had
a Sunday issue of eight pages sold first at three cents
and afterward at five. It had the usual difficulties to
encounter, one of the chief of which was that, not being
a member of the Western Press Association, it could
not get their dispatches, and its telegraphic tolls were
also higher, owing to the same fact.
Under Mr. Palmer's management the paper achieved
as great a success as could reasonably be expected, but
it was not a remunerative success. Its chief political
characteristics were stalwart republicanism and a very
decided hostility to George R. Davis, the republican
congressman from the Third District.
In the latter part of 1882, Mr. Palmer retired, and
Mr. Ballantyne became managing editor, and associ-
ated with him were Slason Thompson and David Hen-
derson. The paper now became more independent
politically, though still republican. It was sparkling
ami entertaining but not intentionally malicious. A series
of articles on the various churches, published in the
Sunday issue, attracted considerable attention for their
brightness and humor. In the spring of 1883, it met
with a tremendous reverse in the Lehman libel suit, and
a re-organization of owners and staff followed in Au-
gust, 1883. Palmer, Jones and Shepard disposed of
their stock to John R. Walsh and Martin J. Russell,
and these two with Mr. Scott, who retained his interest,
became the owners of the paper. The Lehman judg-
ment was settled by Mr. Lehman on the payment of
$3,000 by the Herald to charitable objects. Under the
new ownership Martin J. Russell became editor-in-chief,
and James W. Scott continued as publisher and busi-
ness manager.
On the re-organization of the staff Horatio W. Sey-
mour became assistant editor; Robert D. Bogart, who
had been on the paper since the previous spring, dra-
matic critic and general writer; and Frank H. Brooks,
night editor. William A. Taylor continued city editor,
and Margaret B. Sullivan became the literary editor.
The change in the management brought about a
change in the tone and policy of the paper. Since that
time it has been democratic, though not an organ, and
with a strong tendency to independence It favors low
tariff, civil service reform and opposes the standard
silver dollar and silver coinage. It gave a hearty sup-
port to the election of President Cleveland, and fully
sustains his administration. Its news department is
carefully edited, and it lays before its readers all import-
ant news in a compact and readable form.
MARTIN J. Hi SSF.I.I., editor-in-chief of the Herald, was born
December 20, 1845, in Chicago. His father, Martin Russell, was
a captain on the lakes, and was lost with his vessel in Lake Michi-
gan, in a storm, about six weeks before Martin J. was born. He was
educated in the public schools, but on the breaking out of the Civil
War, when he was sixteen years of age, he accompanied Colonel
James A. Mulligan, who was his maternal uncle, with his regiment to
Missouri, and was with it at the time of the surrenderat Lexington
THE I'KKSS.
7°3
Not belonging to the regiment at that time- IK- was not held as a
prisoner of war, but was permitted to return to ( 'hicago. After the
regiment was exchanged, it was re-organi/ed at Chicago in the
winter of 1861-62, as the 23d Illinois Volunteer-., and Mr. Russell
was chosen second lieutenant of Co. "A. "his commission being
dated November I, iSGl, when he had not yet reached his sixteenth
year. The regiment was ordered to Virginia, in June, 1862, and
the following December, Colonel Mulligan being assigned to the
command of a brigade, Lieutenant Russell was appointed on his
sialf as a-sistant adjutant-general, and served through the various
campaigns in Virginia with him. After the battle of Winchester,
where Colonel Mulligan was killed, the 23d regiment was so largely
reduced in numbers through constant service, that it was ordered to
be consolidated into live companies, and on September 14, 1864, Lieu-
tenant Russell was mustered out of service, and returned home.
In 1870, Mr. Russell became a city reporter on the Chicago Even-
ing Post, and remained on that paper until the latter part of 1873,
serving as city editor a part of the time. In December, 1873, he
joined the city department of the Times, and shortly after was ad-
vanced to the editorial staff as paragraphist. When Mr. Storey
published the afternoon paper called the Telegram, in 1876, Mr.
Russell was made the editor of that paper, and upon its cessation,
resumed his place on the Times, which he continued to hold until
he joined the Herald in August, 1883. He was married, in 1873,
to Miss Celia C. Walsh, of Chicago, and became a resident of
Hyde Park. They have six children, lie was a member of the
Board of Education of Hyde Park during 1874-80, and was village
clerk during 1876-80. In 1880, the circuit judges of Cook County
appointed him a commissioner of the South Parks, and on the ex-
piration of his term, in 1885, again appointed him without solicita-
tion. Mr. Russell has done no literary work outside of professional
labors. His reading has been extensive in general English litera-
ture, Shakespeare being his prime favorite, and in political history.
His style is forcible, and his articles are freighted with good humor
and wit.
JAMF.S W. SCOTT, who has been the publisher and business
manager of the Herald since its foundation, was born in Wisconsin
in 184(9. His father was a journalist, and a few years later re-
moved to Calena with his family, where he became associated with
Dr. Charles II. Ray, in the publication of the JelTcrsnnian. James
W. Scott was educated at (lalena and was bred to tin- newspaper
business. His first newspaper venture on his own account was
made in 1870, at Huntingdon, Md. A year or two later he re-
turned to Galena and started a paper called the Industrial Press.
About 1 874 he removed to Chicago, and, in company with !• . \V. Rice,
purchased the Daily Hotel Reporter, which is still published by the
firm of Scott & Rice. lie was married, in 1873, to Miss Carrie R.
Greene, of Naperville, 111. In the spring of 1881, he actively
promoted the formation of the Chicago Herald Company, and his
business enterprise has contributed largely to its success.
WILLIAM A. TAYLOR, city editor of the Herald, was born at
Oswego, N. V., on November 13, 1854. In 1858, his family re-
moved to Chicago, and here Mr. Taylor was educated,
graduating from the high school in 1872. In July,
1874, he commenced newspaper work on the Tribune
as night police reporter, and continued in that position
until February, 1883, when he joined the Herald as a
reporter. In June, 1883, he became the city editor,
which position he has filled to the entire satisfaction
of the management of that paper.
THE CHICAGO EVENING JOURNAL.
When the great fire of 1871 compelled
the Journal to suddenly seek temporary quar-
ters on the West Side, which it did without
missing a single issue, the managers also took
immediate steps to erect a building at Nos.
159 and 161 Dearborn Street, the site it now
occupies. In the spring of 1872 the building
was completed, and in April the Journal re-
moved to its new home, where it continued
without change of management until the
early part of 1878, when the failing health of
Charles L. Wilson, who for a long time had
owned the paper, induced him to put the
management in the hands of a joint-stock
company, of which he was president, and
Henry W. Farrar was secretary and business
manager. As Mr. Wilson held most of the
stock, there was no real change of ownership,
however. The editorial management con-
tinued as before, — Andrew Shuman, who had
been editor-in-chief since 1861, still remaining
such, and W. K. Sullivan being city editor.
The latter had been in the same position since
1874, having succeeded Professor J. W. Lar-
rimore. In March, 1878, Mr. Wilson, who had
gone to Texas for his health, died at San
Antonio. His wife and daughter, the only
heirs, succeeded to the control of the com-
pany, Mr. Shuman being elected president in
place of Mr. Wilson, and Colonel Farrar remaining
secretary and business manager. In March, 1880,
Andrew Shuman and John R. Wilson, a nephew of the
late proprietor, leased the Journal from the company,
the latter having been connected with it from October,
1871. Early in December, 1883, the Journal building
was burned, and the paper found temporary quarters at
Clark Street and Arcade Court, from which place it was
issued until the following April, when it re-occupied its
old home, now thoroughly rebuilt, and enlarged.
During 1883 the Journal Company was re-organized,
the board of directors, consisting of Andrew Shuman
as president, W. K. Sullivan as secretary, and John R.
Wilson as treasurer. Under this ownership and man-
agement the paper still continues, Mr. Shuman being
chief editor and Mr. Sullivan city editor, assisted by
Thomas M. Wignall, Colonel E. A. Calkins, James
Chisholm, George S. Killen, N. R. Cozzens, Oliver H.
Perry, and others. Among the various gentlemen con-
nected with the Journal since 1871, may be mentioned
704
HIM'OKY OK CHICAGO.
\r\vtoii S. Grimwood,* K. K. Wood, II. M. Iliiguniii,
and K. !•'. Browne.'.
\Vn.i.i.\M K. Sri. i. IVAN was born at \Vatcrford, Ireland, on
No\ ember lo, 1^43. He was educated in boyhood in the national
schools of Ireland, and while quite a youth became pupil-teacher in
the \Vatcrford Model School, where he remained for two years. He
afterward graduated from the Marlborough Street Training School
ol Dublin, taught school fora time in Malin. County Donegal, and
came to the I'nited Stales in iS(>i, with no capital but the hopeful-
ness of youth and what he had in his head. After a brief sojourn
in New Vork, he found his way to Illinois, and engaged soon after
in teaching school in Kane County. In 1864, he enlisted in the
141st Illinois Volunteers, serving about six months. I'pon return-
ing to Illinois, he taught school, near Bristol, Kendall Co.
Not long after he went to the oil regions in \Vcst Virginia,
where, for a time, he found occupation in running a steam
engine. II is next move- was a trip to Kurope and a visit to
his native land, where, however, he did not remain very long.
Returning to New Vork, Mr. Sullivan entered upon his jour-
nalistic career as a reporter on the Sun of that city; coming
back to the West, he engaged on the reportorial staff of the
Chicago Tribune. While connected with the Tribune, he
was elected to the Legislature as a member of the XXVIIth
Cicneral Assembly, serving two years. In 1874, Mr. Sullivan
became the city editor of the Evening Journal, which position
he still occupies. Mr. Sullivan is also well known as a public
spirited citi/cu. lie has served three years as a member of
the Chicago Hoard of Kducation, being appointed by Mayor
Colvin. and was twice elected president of that body; while he
has also been connected at various times with societies and
movements devoted to the interests of the general public.
In 1874, Mr. Sullivan was married to Miss Amelia Shackel-
ford; they have had three children, two of whom are living,
— Helen Amelia and William.
THE ILLINOIS STAATS ZEITUNG.
This journal suffered a total loss by the fire of
1871, but it hastily got together the necessary ma-
terials and, in temporary quarters, resumed publica-
tion within forty-eight hours after that calamity,
while preparations were at once made for the
building of permanent quarters. A. C. Hesing was,
at this time, president of the Staats Zeitung Com-
pany, and Hermann Raster was the chief editor of
the paper. On March 10, 1873, sixteen months
after the great fire, the commodious five-story
Staats Zeitung Building, on the corner of Wash-
ington Street and Fifth Avenue, was completed
and occupied, the cost of the building, machinery,
presses, etc., amounting to nearly $300,000. For a
long time there has been no change in the owner-
ship or management of the paper, which is con-
trolled by a stock company as formerly, in which
A. C. Hesing and Washington Hesing, his son, hold
the majority of the stock. The latter became actively
connected with the paper soon after leaving college, in
November, 1871, and for several years past has been the
managing editor. Mr. Raster has continuously remained
as editor-in-chief to the present time. The Staats
Zeitung has steadily increased its circulation and influ-
ence, in which it leads all other German-American
newspapers in the West.
WASHINCTUX HKSINO, managing editor of the Illinois Staats
/eitung, is one of the young men who have made themselves felt
in Chicago and have achieved a substantial success in the business
and social world. He is a son of Anthony C. and Louise (Lamp-
ing) Hesing, and was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 14, 1849.
During his youth, he was constantly in school until 1861, when he
visited Europe. Upon his return in the following winter he en-
tered University St. Mary's of the Lake, where he continued until
July. 1863. lie then studied at the Chicago University for a year
after which he was prepared by 1 )r. Onackenboss for admission to
'Sale College, which institution he entered in 1866, and from which
he graduated with the degree of liachclor of Arts, in 1870. Im-
mediately upon completing his studies at Yale, he went to Europe
* l.mt in the Professor Donaldson balloon nsernsion, on [nly 15, 1875.
and attended lectures in I'n-i lin and Heidelberg univei sities. lie
devoted himself to the study of political ee my, international law.
the science of government, history and ( lerman literature. The
great lire of iSji served as a summons for him to return home, and
upon reaching Chicago he at once entered upon an active business
life, on November 21 of that year, with the Illinois Staats Xeitung.
In April, isso, Mr. Hesing, with his father, secured a controlling
interest in the journal, and since then he has continued in the- edi-
torial management of the same. Shortly after his advent into jour-
nalism, Mr. Hesing naturally became active in politics. When only
twenty-three years old be distinguished himself by a series of elo-
quent speeches, in both the English and C.erman languages, in favor
of the election of General (Irani to the presidency. The City of
Chicago early recognized his abilities; at the age of twenty-two he
was appointed a member of the Board of Education. At the ex-
piration of his first term of office, Mayor [oseph Medill tendered
him a re-appointment, but he declined. While a member of the
Board, Mr. Hesing, as one of the committee on German, made a re-
port in which he advocated the system of grading the German instruc-
tion as the English was graded, and his proposed system was adopted
and is now in practice. In August, 1880, Mr. Hesing was elected
a member of the County Board of Education. He is a member of
the Roman Catholic Church, and attends the Cathedral of the Holy
Name. In 1873, he was elected president of the Union Catholic
Library Association, an organization which embraces all the Catho-
lics of the city. He was married to Miss Henrietta C. Weir, of
Boston, Mass.
THE PRESS CLUB OF CHICAGO.
The profession .of journalism in Chicago and the
Northwest has a noted and justly famous adjunct in the
Press Club of Chicago. While comparatively a recent
organization, having been formed in December, 1879,
the Press Club has made an enduring imprint on the
profession. At the time of its formation there was but
one similar organization— the New York Press Club —
THE PRESS.
7°S
in existence in the United States. Prior to 1871, there
had been a Press Club organized, an account of which
appears in the second volume, but the fire terminated
its existence.
A small coterie of journalists formed an organiza-
tion in the spring of 1872, meeting in various cafes and
public resorts. So regular and enjoyable did these meet-
ings become, that a formal organization was seriously
discussed, and finally formed under the name of the
Press Club. But half-a-dozen meetings were held, none
of them attended by the full complement of members,
and the organization came to an early end, the last
meeting being held at the Briggs House on December
23, 1872. For the ensuing five years the working jour-
nalists were itinerant in their inclinations; having no
regular place of meeting nor caring for a more formal
gathering than the chance meetings of the few who
were personally friendly with each other. The Coliseum,
Kirchoffs' Cafe, an office in Arcade Court, and, later, the
Tivoli Garden were the more popular places of resort
at the time. Some of the journalists were made at home
at the rooms of the order of The Elks, where they
met friends of the dramatic profession, and many
joined the Owl Club, asocial organization having rooms
in McVicker's Theater building. Indeed, it has been
maintained by many that the working journalists were
instrumental in organizing the Owl Club, and it is cer-
tain that their withdrawal from the organization hastened
the demise of that once celebrated Club.
Early in January, 1880, an informal meeting was
held in the Tremont House club room, a committee
was appointed to draft a constitution, and sixteen
pledged themselves to membership by signing the roll.
The Chicago Press Club was formally organized on
January 15, 1880, when nine more names were added
to the roll. The constitution was approved and adopt-
ed on January 22, the following being the preamble of
the instrument :
For the purpose of bringing the members of the newspaper
profession together in closer personal relations, to elevate the pro-
fession, to further good fellowship, and to extend a helping hand to
all members of the organization who may deserve it, the undersigned
hereby form themselves into a society."
The twenty-five charter members were the follow-
ing:
Melville E. Stone, Kranc li. Wilkie, Rodney Welch, W. K.
Sullivan. T.C. MacMillan Joseph K. Dunlop. Henry F. Donovan,
\V. 15. Sullivan. F. O. Bennett, Theodore Oestefeld, William F.
Hall, John J. Flinn, J. F. Ballantyne, Klwyn A. liarron, \V. '['.
Collins, James Maitland, I'latt Lewis, Thomas E. Burnside, C. A.
Snowden, Lawrence Hardy, W. 1'. llanscom, Guy Magee, W. H.
Hicks, John E. Wilkie and Samuel V. Steele.
On January 15 the permanent officers for the year were for-
mally elected. F. li. Wilkie was chosen president ; Guy Magee,
W. T. Collins, John F. Ballantyne, vice-presidents; M. E. Stone,
treasurer ; Klwyn A. Barren, recording secretary ; T. O. Thomp-
son, financial secretary; Joseph R. Dunlop, Theodore Gestefeld,
T. C. MacMillan, W. K. Sullivan, James Maitland, executive com-
mittee.
The constitution has been amended and modified
from time to time since its first adoption. A charter
was secured, upon the adoption of which the name
Chicago Press Club was abandoned, owing to the fact
that a coterie of German journal is1, s laid legal claim to
the same, and the title The Press Club of Chicago was
adopted. The treasurer was required to give a bond
of $10,000 and the financial secretary one of $2,500.
The rooms secured were at the northeast corner of
Clark and Madison streets, and they are still occupied
by the club.
Once fairly established the membership of the
club increased rapidly. The social features con-
45
sisting of an annual banquet ; occasional special
" spreads " in honor of noted guests, or members de-
parting for other fields of duty, and regular " fourth
night" receptions in the club rooms, at which ladies are
present, have become a potent factor in assisting the
development sought for by the organization.
On September 30, 1880, at the Central Music Hall,
the Press Club inaugurated a system of annual enter-
tainments. By these the Press Club has assisted many
of the prominent men and women connected with the
lyric and dramatic stage of this country, and the most
famous artists cheerfully lend their talents to make each
entertainment more successful than its predecessor.
Among the many people who have received enter-
tainment at the hands of the Press Club may be named:
Madame Marie Ko/c, Colonel Mapleson, Emma Abbott, Annie
Louise Cary, Minnie I lauk Warlegg, Jessie Bartlett-Davis, Marie
Stone, Blanche Roosevelt Marchetti, Samuel L. Clemens, John
McCullough, Thomas \Y. Keene, Joseph llatton, of London, Eng-
land, Baron Warlegg, Whitelaw Reid, General U. S. Grant, Vice-
President Thomas A. llendricks, Senator John A. Logan, Senator
and Governor Richard J. Oglesby, Fdouard Remenyi, the renowned
violinist, Don Juan Marcia and Don Carlos E. Leonardo, of Mex-
ico, Parker Bodfish and Frank II. Taylor, artists, of New York,
Genrge Augustus Sala, Ben: Perley Poore, George Alfred Towns-
end, J. B. Mantrop, of Kdinburgh, Scotland, Sol Smith Russell,
Bartley Campbell, Maurice Barrymore, James Whitcomb Riley,
tlje " Hoosier Poet," Roland Reed, Thomas Whiffen, Robert Bur-
dette, the Williams College Glee Club, and a long list of others
equally noted in drama, art, literature and public life.
Formal receptions were tendered Marie Roze, on
December 16, 1880; Keene and McCullough, on Febru-
ary 19, 1881; and a supper to Congressman John F.
Finerty in December, 1882; a reception and banquet to
the Mexican editors on June 28, 1885.
It will thus be seen that the Press Club of Chicago,
with proper motives underlying its foundation, and with
dignified and able management, speedily achieved a
prominence and influence never excelled by any similar
organization in this country. The advantages accruing
to members of the organization can not be easily enum-
erated.
The rule as to membership, that only reputable jour-
nalists, having a direct connection with some recog-
nized newspaper, or a standing in literary pursuits, are
eligible, has at all times been enforced. The death of a
member has always been observed with suitable cere-
monies, and those sick or disabled, if in need, have prof-
ited by the beneficiary features of the Club. In 1882,
the Club put its seal of condemnation on the " penny-a-
line " system, which its promoters thought to make a
successful innovation in Chicago. In March, 1883, a
proposition to join a National Journalists' League was
voted down by a large majority.
The Club rooms are bright, attractive and cheerful,
being handsomely carpeted, and decorated with paint-
ings and works of art, among the collection are oil por-
traits of the deceased and ex-presidents and prominent
members. The rooms are also provided with a valuable
reference and reading library, the periodicals of the day,
billiard tables and games, day and night stewards, and
other adjuncts of club-life.
Following is a list of the officers elected since 1880:
anuary 20, 1881. — President, W. K. Sullivan, Even-
ing Journal; First Vice-President, Rodney Welch, Times; Second
Vice- President, Guy Magee, Tribune; Third Vice-President, John
J. Flynn, News; Treasurer, J. B. Bradwell, Legal News; Record-
ing Secretary, Elwyn A. Barron, Inter Ocean; Financial Secretary
John M. Dandy, Saturday Evening Herald. Board of Directors:
J. R. Dunlop, Times; T. C. MacMillan, Inter Ocean; Henry F.
Donovan, Journal; W. 11. French, Associated Press; R. A. Patter-
son, Tribune.
Election January IQ, 1882. — President, Samuel J. Medill, Tri-
bune; First Vice-President, John B. Hinman, Times; Second Vice-
;o6
HISTORY 01- CHICAGO.
President, \V. D. Eaton, Herald; Third Vice-president, W. E. Cur-
tis. Inter Ocean; Treasurer, J. It. liradwell. Legal News; Secretary,
E. A. Barren, later Ocean; Financial Secretary, Edgar I., \\aki-
man, correspondent Louisville Courier-Journal, Hoard of Directors:
I. Harry llallard, Inter Ocean; Frank's. Davidson, Times; K. \V.
Ransom'e, Tribune; Nate A. Reed, News; Oliver 11. IVrry, Journal.
v« fa Hint n' 4, fSS;. — 1'resident, W. E. Curtis, Inter
i; First Vice-President, John F. liallantyne, Herald; Second
Vice-1're-.ident, N. A. Reed, "News; Third \'ice-I'resident, Martin
I. Russell, Times; Treasurer,]. 15. liradwell, Legal News; Secre-
tary. R. I!. I'eattie, Herald; Financial Secretary, Edgar L. Wake-
man, Courier-Journal; C.eorge E. Wright, Miners' Review, vice
\Vakeman, resigned. Hoard of Directors: Samuel V. Steele, Times;
\V. A. Taylor, Tribune; J. II. liallard, Inter Oeean; John Ritchie,
stenographer; O. II. Terry, lournal.
/•.'/,', 7/r/; January j, /<fty.— President, J. B. Bradwell, Legal
News; First Vice-President, Victor F. Lawson. Daily News; Second
Vice-President, Guy Magee, Tribune; Third Vice-President, T. C.
MacMillan, Inter Ocean; Secretary, Charles I). Wright, Inter
Ocean; Treasurer, James \V. Srott, Herald; Financial Secretary,
lohn McGovern, Tribune. Board of Directors: Leo Canman, Tri-
bune; W. S. Walker, at large; Thomas O'Neill. Herald; E. R.
Dillingham, Times; W. M. Knox, News; J. H. Ballard, Inter
, vice Knox, resigned.
Klccticn January 8, iSSj. — President, Joseph R. Dunlop,
Inter Ocean; "First Vice-President, T. Z. Cowles, Mirror of Amer-
ican Sports; Second Vice-President, W. M. Knox, News; Third
\ iiv-President, Rodney Welch, Times; Secretary, W. T. Hall,
Tribune; R. J. Murphy, Journal, vice Hall, resigned; Treasurer,
I. B. Bradwell; Financial Secretary, Charles 11. Dennis, News; F.
E. Johnson, of J. T. Lester & Co., vice Dennis, resigned. Board
of Directors: E. L. Wakeman, The Current; Leo Canman, Tribunv,
F. O. P.ennett, Daily News; W. H. Harper, Inter Ocean; Arnold
Pierce, Times.
I''.I,-(lnm faiiunry 7, 1886. — President, John F. Ballantyne,
Daily News ; First Vice-President, T. Z. Cowles, Mirror of Ameri-
can Sports ; Second Vice-President, W. A. Taylor, Herald ; Third
Vice-President, Washington Hesing, Staats Zeitung ; Financial
Secretary, John J. Fuller, Car-builder ; Recording Secretary, W.
I 1 . Harper, Inter Ocean ; Treasurer, Leo Canman, Tribune.
Hoard of Directors: John M. Dandy, Saturday Evening Herald;
R. W. Ransom, Tribune; W. M. Knox, News; C. A. Snowden,
Mail ; Franc B. Wilkie, Times.
The Club membership at the date of this election
numbered about one hundred and seventy-five.
Hon. George Schneider, founder of the Staats Zeitung, now
president of the National Bank of Illinois, is a life member ; Joseph
Hatton and Blanche Roosevelt Marchetti, of London, England, are
life members. The non-resident members are W. E. Curtis, Wash-
ington, D.C.; Frank S. Davidson, New York ; George E. Earlie,
Washington, D.C.; Byron Andrews, Washington, D.C.; W. V.
Rooker, Omaha ; Thomas E. Burnside, London, England ; Sam-
uel T. Clover, Sioux Falls, D. T.; M. B. Castle, Sandwich, 111.;
F. Driscoll, St. Paul; Charles M. Faye, New York; James R.
Paul, Evanston ; Arnold Pierce, New York ; George W. Peck,
Milwaukee ; Hon. Gilbert A. Pierce, Dakota ; C. P. Ray, Duluth ;
II. P. Hall, St. Paul ; A. P. Swineford, governor of Alaska. De-
ceased members: Harry K. Irvin, fames E. Fitzgerald, Wilbur
F. Storey, Jeremiah Mahoney, Samuel J. Medill, E. T. Dalzell,
Frank Cunningham, C. D. Wright.
THE WESTERN ASSOCIATED PRESS.
The Western Associated Press may be said to have
originated in 1860, although it did not become a dis-
tinct news-gathering and disseminating agency until
1881. At the former date the New York Associated
Press was the chief news agency of the country. Dur-
ing the period of the War it comprised a few of the
more important eastern papers, and by an arrangement
with the papers in Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago and St.
Louis, exchanged its news with the papers of the West-
ern Circuit. William Henry Smith was the manager of
the Western Department ; and it is to his energy, dis-
crimination and good judgment that the Western Asso-
ciated Press to-day owes its great serviceability to the
press and public. Under Mr. Smith's direction the
western news circuit was enlarged and extended to new
fields, taking in Milwaukee, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Du-
buque, Omaha, Kansas City and other important news-
centers. The exchange of news with the New York
A-Miciated Press was kept up until early in the year 1881,
when Mr. Smith, upon consultation with the manage-
ment of the leading Western journals, decided to estab-
lish and maintain an independent Western bureau. An
organization was effected under the name of the West-
ern Associated Press, and Mr. Smith established agents
in New York, London and the chief cities of the conti-
nent of Europe. Many of the more important daily
journals of the country appreciated the power of the
new association and the advantage of membership, and
applied and were admitted. When the association was
firmly established and was proved a great success, the
New York Association evinced a desire to enjoy its
advantages, and an amalgamation was effected as to
news matters alone. The officers of the Western Asso
elated Press are Joseph Medill, president, and William
Henry Smith, manager. In respect to the admission
of new members, policy and important ventures, the
advisability of such moves is passed upon by an exec-
utive committee composed of the editors of leading
Western papers. The New York Associated Press has
a similar executive committee, and there is a joint exec-
utive committee of the two, to consider matters affecting
mutual interests.
THE AMERICAN PRESS ASSOCIATION was organized
in August, 1882, by Major O. J. Smith, R. W. Nelson
and George W. Cummings. They had had a long ex-
perience in the newspaper field, and although starting
with small capital, in a remarkably short space of time
they revolutionized the daily newspapers in all towns
and cities outside of the few very large cities of the
country. By their system of furnishing news, both the
smaller papers and those of medium rank are placed
upon an equal footing with the metropolitan journals in
the matter of publishing news, being able at a trifling
expense, to publish daily an amount of telegraphic news
which under any other system would cost thousands of
dollars annually.
MAJOR O. J. SMITH, president of the Press Association, is
forty-two years of age, and was raised on a farm near Terre Haute,
Ind., and is a graduate of Asbury (now DePauw) University at
Greencastle. At the beginning of the War, he enlisted in the 7ist
Indiana Volunteers, and immediately rose to the rank of captain,
anil soon after to major. His regiment was engaged in a number
of important battles, in one of which he was dangerously wounded
and sent home. On his recovery, he at once returned to the field,
and was soon afterward taken prisoner and sent to Andersonville.
After the close of the War he was for a short time engaged as a
cotton planter in Alabama. He next established the Daily and
Weekly Gazette at Terre Haute. After publishing this paper for a
couple of years, he sold it, and established the Terre Haute Satur-
day Evening Mail, now the most laegely circulated weekly paper in
that section of Indiana. He sold this and bought the Daily and
Weekly Express, one of the oldest papers in Indiana. After pub-
lishing it for a number of years he separated the Daily and Weekly,
sold the former and moved the Weekly to Chicago in 1878, and
soon had a circulation of nearly 100,000 copies. In 1882, he sold
this paper to join in the organization of The American Press Asso-
ciation, of which he has since been the president.
ROBERT W. NELSON, vice-president of the American Press
Association, and manager of the Cincinnati house, was born in New
York State, and is about thirty-four years old. At an early age he
acquired a varied experience in different kinds of mercantile busi-
ness, and finally drifted into the newspaper field. One of his first
newspaper ventures was the establishment of the Joliet (111.) Daily
News, which he soon made a leading newspaper. He sold this
paper and was for a time engaged in the ready-print business in
Chicago. He next established the National Liberator, still a lead-
ing prohibition journal, which he sold in 1882, to engage in the
establishment of the American Press Association. Mr. Nelson has
for many years been prominently identified with the prohibition
party, holding prominence in their National Conventions.
GEORGE W, CUMMINGS has been secretary and treasurer of
the American Press Association, and manager of the Chicago house,
from the beginning of the enterprise. He is thirty-six years of age,
THE PRESS.
707
and was born on a farm in Vermillion County, 111. When he was
quite young, his parents settled on a farm near Terre Haute, Ind.
At the age of fifteen, he entered the public schools of Terre Haute,
where he remained three years. He then taught a country school
near that city for two successive years, earning money enough to
carry him through the Indiana State University, where he gradu-
atnl in 1872. A large portion of the last two years of his college
life was spent with Major O. J. Smith on the Terre Haute Mail.
After leaving college he entered the St. Louis (Mo.) Law School,
from which he entered upon the practice of his profession in that
city, which he continued for seven years, with the exception of two
intervals of a year and a half each, when he was compelled to suc-
cumb to ill-health. In 1882, he came to Chicago and entered upon
his present business.
IOHN MII.TON DANDY, of the Saturday Evening Herald, was
born in Woodford County, Ivy., on July 13, 1852. His early youth
was passed in his native State, and in 1866 he came to Chicago.
After completing the common course of study in the city schools,
he entered the Northwestern University, from which he graduated
in 1873. He then took up the study of law, but having a predilec-
tion for journalism, he gave up the law, ami became agent and
correspondent for several New York newspapers. On October 2,
1875, McConnell, Glover ..V Dandy, as proprietors, issued the first
number of the Saturday F.vening Herald. That firm so continued
until 1879, when it became Glover & Dandy, and in 1884, a stock
company was formed, of which Mr. Dandy was elected president.
Mr. Dandy is one of the popular and well known newspaper repre-
sentatives of the city, and his career has been such as that which
has marked the prosperity of the Saturday Evening Herald. He
was married, on October 22, 1884, to Miss Nellie Blanford Cook,
a daughter of William I. Cook, editor of the Baltimore Telegram.
Mr. Dandy is a prominent member of the Calumet and Press clubs,
and was for some time financial secretary of the latter and is now
chairman of the directory of the club.
FRANK HATTON, editor-in-chief of the Chicago Mail, was
born at Cambridge, Ohio, on April 28, 1846. His father, Richard
Hatton, was then publisher of the Guernsey Times. During Frank
Hatton's early boyhood his father removed to Cadiz, Ohio, where
he purchased the Republican. It was on this paper that Mr. Hat-
ton received his first instruction in the business with which he has
been actively and closely identified all his life. At the age of
eleven he entered the Republican office, and before he had finished
his fourteenth year he was foreman of the office and local editor of
the paper; not in name only, but the hard work of the mechanical
management of the paper devolved upon him, and he was obliged
to furnish the usual quota of local news every week. It was a
stern school and proved the best of educators; it developed him into
a man, and made a thoroughly independent tradesman. When the
Civil War came on, Mr. Ilatton, though only sixteen years of age,
enlisted as a private in Co. "C," gSth Ohio Volunteers. He followed
the fortunes of a common soldier, being in active service until
1864, when he was commissioned first lieutenant and was trans-
ferred to the i84th Ohio Regiment. He was with the Army of the
Cumberland, in Sherman's campaign, at Chattanooga, through
Tennessee and the Carolinas. When the War closed, he went to
Ml. Pleasant, Iowa, whither his father had gone to make his home.
The senior Ilatton purchased the Journal there, and father and son
continued as its publishers until 1869, when the former died, and
the son became sole owner. Mr. Hatton continued in that place
nntil 1874, when he removed to Burlington, Iowa, and purchased
a controlling interest in the I lawkeye. During his connection with
that journal, Mr. Ilatton became prominently known all over the
country, and as a political writer he was among the leading Repub-
lican editors of the Nation. During the last year of his residence
in Mt. Pleasant, he was postmaster of that place, and for a few
years prior to October, 1881, he was postmaster at Burlington. In
the month and year above mentioned, President Arthur appointed
Mr. Hatton assistant postmaster-general, and disposing of news-
paper and other interests in Iowa, he accepted the office and entered
upon his duties. In October, 1884, Postmaster-General Gresham
resigned the office he held, and Mr. Ilatton was promoted thereto,
in which official capacity he served until the close of President
Arthur's term. In October, 1882, Mr. Ilatton became interested
in the National Republican newspaper at Washington, and re-
mained identified therewith until the summer of 1884. In July of
the latter year, he came to Chicago, and in company with M r.
Snowden, under the style of the Hatton-Snowden Company,
re-organized the F.vening Mail, and placed that paper on a solid
financial basis, vastly improved the journal in every particular, and
is now the editor-in-chief of the Mail, which is acknowledged to be
the finest evening paper published in the West. The success of
Mr. Ilatton in his long newspaperial career may be attributed to
perseverance and unceasing work; from boyhood he has been
thoroughly devoted to his profession, and to-day lie ranks among
the best editors of the times. He was married, on November 19,
1867, to Miss Lizzie Snyder, of Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. They have
one child, — Richard.
JAMES E. STUART, ex-chief inspector of the Post-office De-
partment for the Northwest, was born in For far, Scotland, on July
8, 1841. His family resided there until 1851, when they emigrated
to this country, locating in ( Ishkosh, Wis. Mr. Stuart was edu-
cated in the schools of Arbroath, Scotland, and finished his common
studies at Oshkosh, graduating from the high school there. He
then determined to study law and entered the office of Hon. Gabe.
Bouck, one of the prominent lawyers of Wisconsin. When the
War of the Rebellion came on, Mr. Stuart was still a law
student, but he enlisted, and was mustered in as a private in Au-
gust, 1862, with Co. " B " of the 2ist Wisconsin Volunteers. When
the regiment left Oshkosh he was first sergeant of his company,
and at the close of their second engagement with the enemy at
Stone River, he was promoted to second lieutenant. After the
battle of Chickamauga, he was made lirst lieutenant. His regiment
participated in the siege of Atlanta, and after the fall of the city he
was commissioned captain and took command of his company.
This was of brief duration, however, he being detailed as aide to
General Harrison C. Hobart. He served as a staff officer until the
general muster out at Washington in the summer of 1865. Captain
Stuart then returned to Oshkosh, and, instead of resuming his law
studies, accepted an appointment as postal clerk on the route be-
tween Chicago and ( ^reen Bay. 1 le was continued there until 1868,
when he was detailed to the work of establishing the railway mail
service west of the Mississippi River, and in 1870 was promoted to
the office of chief clerk of the railway mail service of Iowa, with
headquarters at Iowa City. In 1873, he was appointed special
agent of the Post-office I >epartment, and in that capacity he served
until November, 1876, when he was made chief inspector of the
Post-office Department for the Northwest, by Postmaster-General
Tyner. This position Captain Stuart retained until August I,
1885, having resigned on the incoming of the democratic adminis-
tration. During his career as chief inspector, Captain Stuart
gained a reputation that made his name familiar in every State of
the Union. All depredations, losses, irregularities, etc., of the
Post-office Department in the Northwest were placed in his charge
and it is said that he never undertook the prosecution of an indi-
vidual who committed a crime or misdemeanor against the Depart-
ment who was not convicted of the charges preferred. His skill
as a detective ranks with the best professionals of America, and
during his long service he was held in the highest esteem by the
heads of the Post-office Department at Washington. He spent six
months in securing information and taking testimony of witnesses
in the West, which was used in the famous Star Route trials; and
he has succeeded in running down many of the most gigantic frauds
and swindles in the history of the Department. He is credited
with ferreting out and causing the conviction of the brace of
swindlers who victimized thousands of people with the famous
" Fund W " scheme. Captain Stuart, upon severing his official re-
lations with the Post-office Department, became connected with the
Chicago Evening Mail. He is a member of the Masonic, Odd-
Fellow and Pythian secret orders; the Royal Arcanum and Loyal
Legion societies; Iowa City G.A.R. Post and the Union Veteran
League of Chicago. In the summer of 1885, he was elected
captain of Co. " C," Second Regiment, I.N.G. Captain Stuart
was married, on October 3, 1870, to Miss Maria E., daughter of
the late Hon. Peter Roberts, one of the oldest settlers of Iowa
City, Iowa.
[OHN F. FINKRTY, editor of The Citizen, was born at Galway
City, Ireland, on September 10, 1846. His father was for many
years editor and proprietor of one of the leading journals of Ire-
land, and the son was afforded most of the advantages of a thor-
ough education, being instructed chiefly by private tutors. In 1864,
Mr. Finerty, who had already made himself obnoxious to the
British Government, was obliged to come to America. Shortly
after his arrival he joined the 9gth New York Militia Regiment, for
the purpose of receiving military instruction, and subsequently vol-
unteered with it for the United States service. During the first
years of his residence he became active in the cause of his native
country, and was one of the organizers of the American Fenian
movement. He corresponded with the Irish press for some time,
and about 1868 became connected with the Chicago Republican.
His aptitude for the journalistic profession was natural, and he
rapidly won the good opinion of his colleagues. In 1871, he was
made city editor of the Republican, but shortly before the great fire
he went on the Evening Post. He did not remain with that paper
very long, transferring himself to the Tribune, with which he was
identified until 1875. In that year he was a candidate for election
to the office of Clerk of the Superior Court, on the People's ticket,
but was defeated. In the winter of 1875-76, he became one of the
local staff of the Times, and, in the spring of 1876, he was de-
tailed to accompany General Crook's expedition against the Sioux
Indians. In 1877, he wrote up the Nichols- Packard troubles in
7o8
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Louisiana, and, in July. reported the Pittsburgh riots for the Times,
and during the winter of 1877 7* was that journal's representative
in Texas anil < M.I Mexico, lie made a complete tour of the latter
,!:y in I s7<j. In Inly, [879, panied Genera] Milcs's
expedition against the Sioux, and \vas with General Mcrritt in the
I'lr campaign, during the months of October and November of
that year. In iSSo. he made an extended tour of the Southern
States, and during i"i was the Times' editorial correspondent at
\\ashington, 1). C. In the summer of the same year he made the
tour of the Canadian and North Pacific railroads, both then unfin-
ished, and, in September. iSSi, he was assigned to duty as cor-
respondent with Cieneral Carr's expedition against the Apaches.
In Ni >\ ember, issi, he withdrew from the Times, ami organi/cd
the first Irish National Land League Convention, which was held
in this city that winter. On January 14, 1882, he established The
C itix.cn, a paper devoted to American and Irish interests, which
since its inception has proved highly successful. Mr. Finerty has
always been its editor-in-chief, and his articles in behalf of the
oppressed people of Ireland give undoubted evidence of his ability,
loyalty, and devotion to the cause. In November, 1882, Mr. Fin-
crly became an independent candidate for Congress from the
Second Illinois District, and was elected. I Hiring the fall of 1884,
pported Mr. Hlaine in the Ohio campaign, and in November,
i"), he was again a Candidate for Congress, running as a Hlaine
independent. In this contest Mr. Kincrty was defeated. In
April, iSSs, he was made a candidate on the Republican ticket for
the office of city treasurer, but in this Mr. Finertv was defeated,
chiefly, it is said, because of local prejudice among certain Anglo-
republieans on the Irish question. Mr. Finerty has been twice
married, the last marriage occurring in May, iSS-j, when Miss
Sadie I. llennessc) , of Chi. ie his wife. They have one
child living.
E. II. TAI.I;. H f, editor and manager of the Railway Age, is a
prominent and popular journalist. Mr. Talbott was born at Mc-
C'onnellsville, Ohio, on August 9, 1^39. lie completed his educa-
tion at the Iowa State I'niversity, and began his career as legislative
reporter for the Davenport (Iowa) (iazette and other papers, during
the last session of ihe Legislature held at Iowa City. Some two
- later he became editor of the Ma.lisoniau at \Vinterset, Iowa.
In 1860, he was appointed to a clerkship in the United States Sen-
ate, and subsequently examiner of pension claims in the Department
of the Interior. lie resigned the latter office in 1865 to establish
the Northwestern at Belvidere, 111., and while there represented his
district in the lower house of the Legislature. In 1869, he removed
to Chicago, having disposed of his interests at Belvidere ; and on
coming here, with II. R. Holiart. he established the Evening Mail,
the first cheap daily in Chicago. He continued as its business
manager until the consolidation of the Mail and Post. In 1876,
Mr. Talbott established the Railway Age, which has been one of
the foremost journals of the kind in the world. Mr. Talbott origi-
nated the National Kxposition of Railway Appliances, held here in
1883, which was a wonderful success, and by his influence and
regarded as a most valuable acquisition to railroad literature.
WII.I.AKII A. SMITH, publisher of the Railway Review and
Railway Master Mechanic, was born at Kenosha, \Vis. , on Decem-
ber 20, 1849. When he was eleven years of age his parents re-
moved to Rockford, III., and there he made his home for some
time. His education was attained at Shurtleff College, Alton, 111.,
the practice of law, his newspaperial career dating about the same
time. In 1871, he established the St. Louis Railway Register which
he continued till 1873, and which is still published. In 1873, he
removed to Chicago and became connected with the Railway Re-
view. This well known weekly journal was established in 1868, by
Stanley G. Fowler and D. C. Brooks. The latter ultimately be-
came sole owner, and, in the latter part of 1873, Mr. Smith pur-
chased the paper entire. He has continued as its publisher up to
the present time, and his success has been most gratifying. The
Review is published weekly, and each of its twenty-eight pages is
9-x 14 inches in si/.e. It is devoted exclusively to railway mailers
and is very popular with all its patrons. Mr.' Smith is also pub-
lisher of the Railway Master Mechanic, known prior to January I,
1886, as the Railway Purchasing Agent. This journal is'a monthly
publication, now in its ninth volume, established by Mr. Smith and
is designed expressly as a journal for master mechanics and mechani-
cal engineers. For the past live years he has annually issued The
Official Railway List, a volume of 225 pages, which contain revi-
sions, each year, of the official directory of each railway corporation
doing business in the United States, Canada and Mexico. In all
his various enterprises Mr. Smith has been very successful, and
among railway officers he is highly esteemed ami popular. lie is
an associate member of the American Railway Master Mechanics'
Association and a member of the Union League Club of Chicago.
'I'm MKTAI.IJ KCIsi 1'rni. ismxi; ( '. i\i I1 \\ v was incorporated
under the laws of Illinois in May, 1*83, and are issuing regularly
two monthly papers, — one The Metallurgist and National lewder,
devoted to the interests of jewelers, refiners and smelters, and the
oilier 'I'he American Pettier and Illuminator, which is the only jour-
nal on pottery, glassware and lamp goods issued to the retail trade.
The circulation of the former is about six thousand copies, and of
the latter twenty thousand, being by far the largest circulation oi any
journal in that interest. The circulation of both journals extend
all over the United States, and each has a representative in New
York, — A. R. Klliott, at No. 2 College Place. The managing edi-
tor, Albert J. Fisher, of Chicago, through former experience is well
fitted for his position, and the spirit of enterprise pervades the
publications. The journals are replete with articles of interest cal-
culated to make them valuable to the trade, and are a further
exhibit of the importance of Chicago, which is the center in almost
every branch of trade.
AI.HEKT J. FISHER, editor of the journals published by the
Metallurgist Publishing Company, was born at Granville, Put-
nam Co., 111., in 1851, and is the son of Otis and Harriet \.
(Day) Fisher. He was educated in Chicago, graduating at the
University of Chicago in 1876. After his graduation he com-
menced in journalism, publishing the Western Clothier and 1 latter,
of Chicago, and, after a few years, disposed of the paper, when he
was given the business management of the American Stockman.
with which he remained for about two years. He then accepted a
position on the Weekly Inter Ocean, and later, returning to jour-
nalism, entered upon his present editorial duties in [anuarv, 1885.
II is characteristic energy is plainly noticeable in the columns of the
journals under his charge.
CMAKI.I'.S K. SIHON.,, manager of the Chicago Newspaper
Union, was born in Union City, Branch Co., Mich., on March 28,
1841, being the son of George and Emily II. Strong. His parents
were among the early pioneers (.f that State, his father, with several
others, locating farming lands in the county named, in 1836, the
only guide to their new homes being an Indian trail through the
wilderness from Detroit. Charles K. Strongwasthe eldest of three
boys, and remained at his native place until he was ten years of age.
In 1851, his parents removed to Milwaukee, Wis. In that city the
son received his early education, and, when fourteen years old, ap-
plied himself to mastering the details of the typographical art. He
still preserves the original indenture papers representing an appren-
ticeship to S. M. Booth, with whom he remained for four years.
He then went to work as a compositor, being engaged at various
times on nearly all the daily newspapers of Milwaukee. In IMKI,
Mr. Strong entered the office of the Evening Wisconsin as a com-
positor, and two years later was made foreman of the establish-
ment, a position he filled with signal ability and success until 1870.
Previous to this time the proprietors of the paper, Cramer, Aikens
& Cramer, had originated a system of supplying patent insides for
country newspapers, Mr. Strong making up the first publication
printed in the West on this improved method in 1864. Six years
later the firm, recognizing his journalistic and mechanical attain-
ments as being of a high order, sent him to Chicago with instruc-
tions to organize a newspaper union in this city. All the necessary
arrangements for an extensive business were perfected, and the
office was located at No. 13 North Jefferson Street. Preparations
had been made to remove to the South Division the day previous
to the great fire. On October n, 1871, the Chicago Newspaper
Union establishment was the largest existing in the city, and thither
the burned-out publishers flocked. Additional shafting and presses
were put in. Mr. Strong gave up his office proper to those in dis-
tress, and with a pile of paper for an editorial and cashier's desk, for
The business of the Union was at once extended, branches estab-
lished at Fort Wayne, Ind., Sioux City, Iowa, Cincinnati, Ohio,
and Memphis, Tenn., the two latter offices being sold out even-
tually to other parties. At the present time, the Chicago offices and
its branches operate seven hundred different daily and weekly news-
papers, employing over one hundred men in the various depart-
ments of the business. The Union is the most extensive in the
West, and in addition to its regular business has a large trade in
paper, type and printing machinery. The Chicago office has be-
come its important center of operations, and, under Mr. Stone's
management, has done more to advance the ready-printing system.
to introduce new features in the same, and to give variety and value
in its publications, than any similar institution in the West. Per-
sonally, Mr. Strong has developed new and important lines in this
held, and has contributed largely to the advancement of educational,
temperance, religious and political literature. Among his solid suc-
cesses is the Chicago Ledger, which was started in 1872, and as a
first-class family story-paper is unrivalled in the field ii occupies,
THE PRESS.
709
being the first venture of its kind in the West that has weathered
the storms of more than a decade, and won its way to permanent
popular approbation. Mr. Strong is a large stockholder in the
Union. In his private life he is highly esteemed as a citizen and a
friend. lie was married, in 1862, in Milwaukee, to Miss Jane
Nolden, of that city, where his father for twenty years has been
connected with the municipal police department. They have two
children, — Kmily G. and George A., the latter of whom is the
superintendent of the supply department of the Chicago Newspaper
Union. Mr. Strong is quite active in political circles and is a mem-
ber of several clubs of this nature, and belongs to Hesperia Lodge,
No. 411, A.F. &A.M. After a successful business career of
fifteen years, Mr. Strong enjoys the respect and confidence
of his associates and friends, and ranks high for commercial
integrity and as a valuable citizen in the community where he resides.
THE RELIGIOUS PRESS.
That the Religious Press of Chicago has been, and
now is, a most important factor in promoting the
growth of the city, and a very powerful influence in
moulding and directing public opinion, must be appar-
ent to all who are conversant with the quality of man-
agement and extensive circulation of the various
journals of this class. The journals representing the
leading Christian denominations here do not suffer in
the least by comparison with those of the same class
published in New England and New York, while in
point of circulation they have already equaled or out-
stripped their Eastern competitors. It is estimated
that the various religious papers of Chicago reach at
least three hundred thousand readers in the aggregate,
each week, a considerable percentage of whom are in
the East and the South, and by no means confined ex-
clusively to the West.
THE ADVANCE. — -After the demise of the Congrega-
tional Herald, in 1861, the Congregational churches of
the West were without a representative journal until
1867, when, in response to a general demand, the Ad-
vance was established, and has since been published
weekly in this city. In the year named a few Chicago
gentlemen organized The Advance Company, with a
capital stock of $50,000, and, on September 5, 1867,
commenced the publication of the paper, with Rev. W.
W. Patton, D.D., as editor-in-chief, and J. B. T. Marsh,
an experienced newspaper man from Ohio, as office
editor. When the great fire of 1871 occurred, the Ad-
vance occupied the building on Monroe Street where
the Montauk Block now stands, and lost everything
excepting the subscription list. For a few weeks the
paper was printed in Cincinnati, but was soon again
issued regularly from Chicago. Soon after this, H. L.
Turner and J. B. T. Marsh became the owners of the
paper for a time ; Mr. Marsh, however, retiring soon
from the partnership and Mr. Turner becoming the sole
owner. Mr. Marsh had been on the editorial staff
from the beginning, and vacated that position in 1875.
In November, 1873, Mr. Turner sold the paper to
Charles H. Howard & Co., when Dr. Patton retired
as editor-in-chief, and General Howard assumed that
position, with Rev. Simeon Gilbert, who had been on
the editorial staff since 1871, as chief assistant. No
change took place in the business or editorial manage-
ment of the Advance until July, 1882, when C. H.
Howard & Co. sold out to a new company, in which
Rev. Dr. Robert West was the principal stockholder.
Dr. West has since been the controlling spirit of the
paper, which has achieved a large circulation and com-
manding influence among the churches of the Congre-
gational faith.
THE INTERIOR. — This paper, the representative of
the Presbyterian denomination, was started in March,
1870, by a joint-stock company, with a paid-up capital
of $50,000, of which Hon. R. B. Mason was president.
Rev. Arthur Swazey, then pastor of the Third Presby-
terian Church, was chosen editor. The paper was
issued as a large eight-page weekly, of attractive make-
up. In the fire of 1871, the Interior -went down in
ashes, and found itself with an exhausted treasury and
$10,000 in debt. At this time the company secured the
services of W. C. Gray, as publisher, who at once took
the remains of the subscription list to Cincinnati, from
which place the paper was issued, until January follow-
ing. Mr. Gray was then selected editor, and has re-
mained such ever since. In January, 1873, the
publishing company sold the paper to C. H. McCor-
mick, who put into it about $50,000, and continued its
management under Mr. Gray until January, 1883, when
he sold a half-interest to the latter. The McCormick
estate and Mr. Gray now own the paper. The Interior
has grown to be a leading paper of the Presbyterian
denomination and has a national circulation.
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM GRAY, the editor of the Interior, was
born in Butler County, Ohio, in 1830. His youth was spent in
farm work, school-teaching and attending college, as his time and
means allowed, having to provide the latter by his own exertions.
He succeeded, however, in working his way through college
(Farmers' College, near Cincinnati), and graduated with credit.
After leaving college he entered upon the study of the law under
Chief-Justice Josiah Scott, and in 1852 was admitted to the Bar.
He practiced his profession but a short time, however, relinquish-
ing it in 1853 to found the Tiffin (Ohio) Tribune, which is still a
flourishing paper. After several years of successful work at this
place, Mr. Gray removed, in 1863, to Newark, Ohio, where he took
editorial charge of the Newark American. In 1867, he removed to
Cincinnati, and established the Elm-street Printing Company, in
the management of which he was engaged when the great fire of
1871 occurred in Chicago, burning out the Interior, which had
been running about a year under the management of a stock com-
pany. A good deal of money had been expended on the paper, it
was badly in debt, and the outlook at this time was very discour-
aging. The company sent for Mr. Gray, and induced him to take
charge of the paper. When Mr. Gray took hold of the Interior
he brought to it, to a great extent, the methods of secular journal-
ism, something new in the conduct of a religious paper. Pungent
paragraphs, brief editorials, and wide-awake treatment of current
events, from an every-day, practical standpoint, at once marked the
new and better era in religious journalism. Mr. Gray was married
in 1856, to Miss Anna Garns, of Waynesboro', Penn., and has two
children, — Frank S. Gray, publisher of the Interior; and a daughter,
Mrs. Anna C. Purcell, wife of a prominent member of the Chicago
Board of Trade. Mr. Gray received the honorary degree of Ph.
D. from the University of Wooster (O.) in 1874.
THE NORTHWESTERN CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE. — The
historic sketch of the early days of this paper, as given
in the first volume of this History, comes down to 1857,
at which time Rev. Dr. T. M. Eddy was the editor.
He was re-elected to the position by the General Con-
ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1860,
and again in 1864. In July, 1864, Rev. Arthur Ed-
wards of Michigan, became the associate editor, Dr.
Eddy continuing as before until 1868, when he was
succeeded by Rev. J. M. Reid, Dr. Edwards still acting
as associate editor. In May, 1872, Mr. Reid withdrew,
and the General Conference elected Dr. Edwards chief
editor, a position to which he has been re-elected by
each General Conference, and which he still holds. The
Advocate is the official organ of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church for the Northwest, and under the able man-
agement of Dr. Edwards has attained a commanding
influence and reached a circulation of nearly twenty
thousand. Previous to and during the War, the paper
was outspoken in its anti-slavery sentiments, and during
the civil strife wielded an unmistakable influence on the
side of the Union. When the question of lay represen-
tation in the conferences of the Methodist Church began
to be agitated, the Advocate took a decided stand in
7io
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
favor of the movement, to which it adhered. It has
long and persistently favored the legal prohibition of
the liquor traffic, as the best solution of the temperance
question. For many years, until 1880, the business
allairs of the Advocate were managed by Rev. Dr. Luke
Hitchcock, assisted by Mr. Walden, as publishing agent
of the General Conference. In the latter year, that
body appointed Walden & Stowe, as publishers, and in
1884 Cranston & Stowe were elected to the position,
which they now hold.
THE STANDARD. — This paper, published in the in-
terest of the Baptist Church, was first issued in 1853, in
this city, as the Christian Times, which had absorbed
the Watchman of the Prairies — a Baptist paper con-
ducted by Rev. Luther Stone. For the first three
months, the Times was conducted by Rev. Dr. J. C.
Burroughs, assisted by Edward Goodman, Drs. L. D.
Boone, H. G. Weston, and A. J. Joslyn. In November
of the same year, Rev. Leroy Church and Rev. Dr.
Justin A. Smith became joint proprietors and editors
of the paper. Soon after the latter, who still remained
as editor, transferred his proprietary interest to Edward
Goodman, and the paper was thereafter owned and
published by Church & Goodman, until January, 1875.
At this time, Mr. Church sold his interest to Dr. J. S.
Dickerson, of Boston, the firm then becoming Goodman
iV Dickerson. Dr. Dickerson died in March, 1876, but
his interest was perpetuated, under the old firm name,
by his widow, Emma R., and his son, J. Spencer Dick-
erson. Since its establishment the Standard has ab-
sorbed, at various times, the Illinois Baptist, of Bloom-
ington, the Witness, of Indiana, and the Michigan
Christian Herald, of Detroit. The Standard has been
a prominent factor in the building up of Baptist insti-
tutions in Chicago and the Northwest, and is recognized
as one of the first among American Baptist periodicals.
Rev. Dr. J. A. Smith, the present editor, has had a
continuous connection with the paper, in that capacity,
since November, 1853.
l'!n\\ \KD < i'Hiii.MAN, the senior proprietor of the Stand-
ard, was burn at Clipstone, Northamptonshire, England, on
May lo, 1^30. He was educated as a druggist, and in early
youth entered the establishment of Mr. Clark in Leicester.
In 1852, he came to the United States, his objective point
being Chicago, whither two elder brothers had preceded him.
In August of the year following, he entered the service of
the Christian Times, and travelled extensively in Illinois, Iowa,
and Wisconsin, in which he met with gratifying success.
He was engaged actively in this and other work in the busi-
ness interests of the paper until January 1857, when, with
Rev. Leroy Church, he became joint owner, and has re-
mained such, a moving spirit in the enterprise, to the present
time. It was largely through the enterprise and foresight of
Mr. Goodman that several Baptist papers published at various
points in the West were absorbed by the Christian Times,
the name being changed to the Standard in 1867, when the
Michigan Christian Herald, of Detroit, was taken in. Mr.
Goodman was married at Milwaukee, on September 30, 1858,
In Miss Mary E. Brande, and has one son anil one daughter,
— Herbert E. and Zula A. He has for many years been
prominently connected with the various Baptist enterprises
having their center in Chicago. He has been treasurer of
the Chicago Baptist Theological Seminary, at Morgan Park,
since its foundation in 1863, and during 1881-82 was presi-
dent of the Chicago Baptist Social Union.
THE ALLIANCE. — The Alliance was started in
January, 1874, by a syndicate of prominent gentle-
men connected with the various denominations of
Christians, as the exponent of that oneness of
belief and fraternal spirit assumed to exist among
a large number of the members of the different
sects. The financial interests of the paper were in
charge of the Alliance Publishing Company, of
which H. L. Ensign was appointed manager. The
editors of the paper were as follows: Rev. H. N.
Powers, D.D., Episcopal; Rev. C. D. Helmer, D.D.,
Congregationalist ; Rev. H. W. Thomas, D.D.,
Methodist; Rev. Professor David Swing, Presby-
terian; Professor William Matthews, Baptist ; and
Rev. Robert Collyer, Unitarian. Rev. J. B. McClure,
who was one of the moving spirits in the enterprise,
became the managing editor of the new paper. The
paper was conducted on the basis above named
for a year or two, but, from various causes, editors
chosen dropped out one by one, excepting Professor
Swing, and after a time the Alliance became known
as the special organ of the independent church
movement, of which he was the leader, called the
Central Church, and which held services in McVick-
er's Theater, Professor Swing's sermons being published
weekly in its columns. From this time Professor Swing's
name appeared as the chief editor, Mr. McClure, how-
ever, remaining as the managing editor and Mr. Ensign
as business manager, until the beginning of 1877, when
Mr. McClure disposed of his interest to Mr. Ensign,
who, with Professor Swing, now owns the controlling
interest. Mr. Ensign at once took steps to increase the
resources of the paper and to enlarge its scope, especially
in literature and politics. In accordance with this pur-
pose, in the spring of 1877 the services of F. F. Browne,
formerly the editor of the Lakeside Monthly, were se-
cured as literary editor, and A. H. Huling, western ed-
itor of the Morning Star, of Boston, placed in charge
of the new political department, while several general
writers of eminence were engaged as regular contribu-
tors. Under this regime, during which the circulation
largely increased, the Alliance continued until the fol-
lowing fall, when Mr. Ensign disposed of his interest to
THE PRESS.
711
Rev. Z. S. Holbrook, a Congregationalist minister, who
took charge of its interests, financially and editorially, in
conjunction with Professor Swing, Messrs. Browne and
Huling soon after retiring. Mr. Holbrook retained the
management but a few months, when his interest passed
into the hands of Henry L. Shepherd, formerly of the
Golden Rule, Boston. Soon afterward, Willard Smith,
of the Railway Review, became a partner with Mr. Shep-
herd in the management, both disposing of their interests
in a few months to T. S. E. Dickson, who in a short
time sold out to J. S. Gregory, for some time the adver-
tising solicitor of the paper. During this time, and until
its demise, Professor Swing's name appeared as editor
or editorial contributor. After a few months, Mr. Greg-
ory and the parties in interest turned over the good-will
and list of the Alliance to the Radical Review of this
city, and its career closed.
THE UNITY. — This journal, published in the inter-
est of the Unitarian Church, commenced its career in
September, 1878, and was published monthly, being the
successor of the Pamphlet Mission, started six months
earlier. It was at first managed and edited by a commit-
tee of five, consisting of Revs. Robert Collyer, J. Lloyd
Jones, W. C. Gannett, C. W. Wendte, and J. C. Learned.
Miss Frances L. Roberts was business agent, in charge
of the office. In March, 1879, the paper was enlarged
to sixteen pages, quarto size, published semi-monthly,
and substantially the same editorial and business man-
agement continued, with the addition of Rev. H. M.
Simmons as managing editor in charge. In March,
1881, the publication of the Unity was assumed by the
Colegrove Book Company, of this city, at which time
eight more pages were added to its size, and Rev. J. L.
Jones took principal editorial charge. He was assisted
by the same editorial contributors, with one or two
additions, who had been such from the first. The paper
continued under this general management, without
change, until May, 1885, when it became a weekly of
sixteen pages, of the present size and form. On Janu-
ary i, 1886, Charles H. Kerr & Co. became the pub-
lishers, Mr. Kerr being office editor, and Revs. J. L.
Jones, David N. Utter and James V. Blake resident
editors. A corps of associate editors, outside of Chi-
cago, also lend their names and assistance to the col-
umns of the paper.
THE UNIVERSALIST — Under the old name of the
New Covenant, the history of this journal is given in
the first volume of this work down to 1857. In 1858,
the paper passed into the hands of Rev. D. P. Liver-
more, who was largely assisted in its editorial manage-
ment by his wife, Mrs. D. P. Livermore, since widely
known in journalism. The paper continued under this
management until May, 1869, when Rev. J. W. Hanson,
D.D., and Rev. Selden Gilbert became the owners. In
September of the same year, the Northwestern Univer-
salist Publishing House assumed control of the paper,
and Dr. Hanson was placed in charge as editor, Mr.
Gilbert acting as business manager. In October, 1871,
Mr. Gilbert retired, and Dr. Hanson became both editor
and manager for the publishing house. This position
he occupied until 1874, when Rev. W. A. Start became
business manager ; but he retiring a year later, Dr.
Hanson again added to his editorial duties those of
publishing agent. Under this arrangement, the paper
continued until the fall of 1880, when the Star of the
West, of Cincinnati, was consolidated with the New
Covenant, and the name changed to the Star and Cov-
enant, being still published in Chicago and managed as
before. In December, 1883, the paper was sold to the
Universalist Publishing House, of Boston, its pages en-
larged, and the name changed to The Universalist. In
May, 1884, Rev. J. S. Cantwell, D.D., was appointed
editor, and still occupies that position, the paper being
under the same control.
THE LIVING CHURCH. — This periodical, published
in the interest of the Episcopal Church in the West, was
founded in 1878, by Rev. Samuel S. Harris, D.D.,
LL. I)., second Bishop of Michigan, and published in
connection with Rev. John Fulton, D.D., for the first
few months. It then passed into the hands of Rev.
C. W. Leffingwell, D.D., who has been its editor con-
tinuously since, and who has shared its management for
a considerable time past with Rev. Arthur P. Seymour.
The Living Church has enjoyed a very satisfactory
history, and is growing steadily with the growth of its
constituency.
THE FREE METHODIST. — This paper is the recog-
nized and only organ of the Free Methodists of the
United States, and was first started in the fall of 1867,
at Rochester, N. Y., by authority of the General Confer-
ence of the Church, with Rev. Levi Wood, as editor.
In October, 1870, the paper passed into the hands of
Joseph Mackey, of New York, and was removed to that
city, where it remained until 1872, when Lewis Bailey
became its owner, and removed it to Aurora, 111. In
1874, D. P. Baker and T. B. Arnold purchased the
paper, and removed it to Sycamore, where it was pub-
lished in connection with other general denominational
works. In 1880, the paper and entire establishment
were moved to Chicago, where it has since remained.
In 1882, the General Conference of the Free Methodist
Church appointed Rev. Joseph Travis as editor, who
still occupies that position. At this time, Mr. Baker
retired from the firm, and the ownership and financial
management has since been vested in T. B. Arnold.
The Free Methodist is a sixteen-page four-column jour-
nal, and is published weekly.
THE CHRISTIAN WORKER. — This sixteen - page
weekly, issued by the Publishing Association of Friends
of this city, is the Western organ of the religious order
correctly known as the Society of Friends, erroneously
called Quakers. The paper was first published at New
Vienna, Ohio, in 1870, with Rev. Daniel Hill as editor
and John W. Hussey as financial manager. It con-
tinued to be issued from that place, under this manage-
ment, until the spring of 1883, when it was removed to
Chicago, and the publication assumed by the associa-
tion first above named. It was also enlarged at that
time to its present size, and Rev. Calvin W. Pritchard
placed in charge of its columns as editor, which position
he still occupies.
THE AMERICAN ISRAELITE. — This journal is de-
voted to the interests of the Jewish Church, and has
long been the organ of the Union of American Hebrew
Congregations. For thirty-two years, it has been pub-
lished from Cincinnati, but, in February, 1885, a Chi-
cago office of the paper was established, and a distinct
edition issued from this city, under the same name, de-
voted to the interests of Chicago and vicinity, — the two
editions being almost entirely different. Rev. Dr. Isaac
M. Wise is the editor, and the Bloch Publishing and
Printing Company the publishers.
THE OCCIDENT, a weekly paper, and the leading
radical reform Jewish journal, was the first of its kind
published in the United States, and was founded by
its present editor and proprietor, Julius Silversmith,
in 1873. It is not only the first radical reform Jewish
organ in this country, but in the world, and it is making
itself a world-wide reputation by the able way it is con-
ducted and the fearless position it has taken for reform.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
The Occident has proved itself an able exponent of the
advuno-nu-nt in the religion of the ancient Jewish pro-
pie on the broad platform of reason. For thirteen
years it has ably marked out its course, and never for a
moment changed front, and its subscribers are located
in nearh >untry on the globe. Jts subscription
list has reached its thirtieth thousand, and its news is
gathered from the whole world, making it a notable
enterprise in this city.
(runs SII.VKKSMI III, M.A., tin- editor anil proprietor i if :
dill-lit, was liorn in Saxony. Germany, in 1837. llr was educated
in the gymnasiu: ail al the age of thirteen left his native-
land for America, lie landed in Philadelphia, and after a short
stay, went to IJaltiinore. Md.. and apprenticed himself to a jeweler.
After lie IK*] served his time, he returned to 1'hiludelphia and was
employed al his trade, when a gentleman from Wheeling, \a., in-
duced'him to return home with him, and installed him as book-
keeper in his establishment. At the end of a year, he went to
( incinnati and continued his trade with the linn of McKin/ie & Son.
lie opened an establishment for himself, but finally disposed of it
and went to St. l.onis. M o. , entering the employ of Captain An-
drews, in his jewelry business. h'rom there he went to New-
Orleans, La., and was for a time i ngagcd in commercial pursuits,
when he joined the I. ope* Lxpedilion and went to Cuba, \\hen
the expedition tailed and the commander was captured, he but
narrowly escaped death through the kindness of the American con-
sul and the German citi/ens. lie then went to Panama, and acted
as an amanuensis for the liritish consulate, and afterward sailed for
the South American States, visiting ( aiatemala, Central America,
Lower California, and finally arrived in San Francisco in 1852. He
there turned his attention to metallurgy and chemistry, and from
his superior knowledge was soon elected a member of the Academy
of Sciences. Me began the publication of works on minerals that
soon attracted attention, among which were " The Practical Hand-
Hook for Miners and A -.savers," the "Miners' Companion and
Guide," and in 1851) he commenced the publication of the Mining
and Scientific Press, lie issued many important pamphlets in the
interest of minerals and the alluvial deposits. He published the
Press for eight years, and issued a notable work on the " Origin of
Metallic Deposits," and afterward completed the manuscript for a
work entitled the " Metallic and Agricultural Wealth of the Pacific
States," the result of twelve years' labor. The hard times of 1863
made it impossible to find a publisher that would take the chances
of issue, and he abandoned it. He established in New York City,
in 1873, the Mining Index, a journal devoted to mining interests,
and published it for six years. (In several occasions during nis stay
he addressed large audiences at Steinway Hall on the wealth of the
Pacific Coast, and also on the Union Pacific Railway before it was
constructed. He left New York and went to Denver, Colo., and
published the Colorado Democrat; then went to Cheyenne, and pub-
lished the Argus; from there to Omaha, and published and estab-
lished the Northwestern Journal of Commerce; thence to Council
Bluffs, where he established the first daily, the Times; and in 1871
he became a citizen of Chicago. He commenced the publication
of the Cosmopolite and American Karmer, which the great fire
reduced to ashes, and in 1873 he founded the Occident, of which
he is still proprietor and editor. In 1885, so popular had this jour-
nal become, and such a demand was made on it for its especially
prepared news, that it was found necessary to enlarge it to an eight-
page paper. During the last campaign, Mr. Silversmith took an
active part in behalf of the republican party. He is an enthusiastic
worker, whether on the stump or in editorial work, and is an earnest,
able and fearless journalist. He was married in New York City,
in 1867, to Miss Kate Barlow, and has one son, — Kossman.
STENOGRAPHERS.
JAMES ABBOTT, stenographer (senior member of Abbott &
Jaquish), was born at New York City, on December 12, 1852. Mr.
Abbott, when quite young, became a nomad, and by the time he
reached his majority had tarried in every State of the Union
between the Atlantic and the Rocky Mountains. His earliest
recollections are of a life with Spotted Tail and his tribe of Indi-
ans, and »l the visits of old John lirown to Tabor, Iowa (where
Mr. Abbott then lived), after a raid in " bleeding Kansas." He
attended Western Reserve College at Hudson, Ohio, leading his
class in language-., of which he was an apt student. It was while
at this institution, in iS6S, that he began ihe study of shorthand as
a pastime, and becoming fascinated with its novelty never slopped
until he had mastered it. At the age of twenty-one he drifted to
Chicago, arriving herein 1*74. a total stranger and dead broke.
His first dav's search for employment was successful, and he has
never been idle a day since. He soon established a good clientage,
and has since built up a splendid reputation and patronage as a law
reporter, being regarded as among the most accomplished in the
city. lie lias reported largely for the press, an.! in 1S>4 short-
handed the proceeding-; of five different National Conventions,
which -hows how much his services have been in demand, l-'roin
is-i, 1,, ,ss,, Mr. Abbott was an official reporter in the Circuits of
Wisconsin, taking in all the counties from Milwaukee to ( )conlo
and Wau-ati. In hundreds of leading cases he has been employed
at his calling, and has distinguished himself by the excellence of
his work. Among his more noted recent eases are the Mayoralty
contest (Carpenter vs. Harrison), the Moran vs. Wie'ne breach of
promise suit, the Lehman vs. Chicago Herald libel case, and Sam
9 sermons. Me has also conducted shorthand classes several
sea-ons. Mr. Abbott is a member of the Chicago Law Stenog-
raphers' Association, and vice-president of the International
Association of the United States and Canada; he is a member of
the< hicayo Philosophical Society, and one of the Council of the
Western Society for Psychical Research. He has contributed lib-
erally to the different shorthand publications of the country, his
articles being clear-cut, somewhat humorous, and always readable-.
lie is a regular contributor to the Religio-Philosophical Journal, of
Chicago.
1.. C. JAQUISH, of the firm of Abbott & Jaquish, general sten-
ographers, is one of the youngest members of the fraternity in the
city, but has made rapid progress in the profession. Mr. Jaquish
was born in Cattaraugus County, N. Y., on December 30, 1857.
When the son was but four years of age, the family removed to a
farm in Kankakee County, 111. lie assisted his father in farm
work during the summer and attended the district school in winter,
in this manner combining physical development with educational
acquisition. After Mr. Jaquish finished his common-school studies
he left the farm and entered into mercantile life. He soon became
interested in the art of shorthand writing, and his interest culmin-
ated in his becoming thoroughly acquainted with the work. He
entered the business of general reporting in 1881, at Indianapolis.
where he remained one year. Then, on coming here, he engaged
with Mr. Tucker; afterward he carried on business alone; and in
December, 1884, formed partnership relations with James Abbott,
under the firm name of Abbott & Jaquish. Mr. Jaquish reported
the proceedings of the last two National Conventions held here, for
the Chicago Herald, and has also done considerable work for the
St. Louis Cilobe-Democrat, reporting Sam Jones, in company with
John Ritchie, an old and well-known reporter. His attention,
however, has been chiefly devoted to law reporting, and in this
held of work he has won an excellent reputation. Mr. Jaquish is
a. member of the Chicago Law Stenographers' Association.
M. II. DKMKNT & Co. — This house was originally established
in December, 1872, but was then known as Dement, Gray iV Co.,
and this firm was among the first to carry on a business of general
stenographic reporting. In 1876, Mr. Gray withdrew, ami Mr. I >e-
ment carried on his work with other leading reporters until 1882,
when he admitted to partnership J. Clayton Youker. In Novem-
ber, 1885, the firm was augmented by the advent of Isaac S. De-
ment, a brother of the senjor partner, and an old stenographer, and
the style of the firm was changed to M. II. Dement \ Co. They
do a very large business, requiring the assistance of several experi-
enced shorthand writers, and a number of operators in their tran-
script printing department. For the last five or six years, in
connection with his duties as a stenographer, the senior Dement
has been engaged in inventing, perfecting and bringing before the
public, the " Monotype," a machine which takes the place of type-
setting, and which bids fair to cause a revolution in the work of
printing transcripts, abstracts, etc. The machine is plain and
simple in its construction, yet most effective in its work. It is
stationed on a table, and has an appearance somewhat like the type-
writing machine. The keys, in three rows, are of ivory, and each
has a letter of the alphabet upon it. The keys connect with a
cylinder, at the end of which the paper is pressed against the outer
surface of a wheel immediately above, by a simple cam contrivance.
A set of inking rollers, made upon the same principle as those of
the power printing press, connect with the type. A narrow, con-
tinuous roll of paper feeds into the machine, upon which the print-
ing is done. An expert operator can print on this machine, from
dictation, with a rapidity excelling the best type-compositor's speed
by at least five hundred per cent. When the continuous roll is
printed, it is then cut into regular lengths, according to the width
of the page for which it is desired, corrections are made, and the
slips are then pasted, in rotation, on a sheet of paper the size of the
page of the book. These sheets are then lithographed, and then
as many number of pages of each are printed as are desired, the
whole is bound, and the work is complete. The invention is an
absolute success, and M. II. Dement & Co. are already preparing
their transcripts of cases in this manner. The invention was pat-
ented in the United States on July 9, 1884, and patents have also
been obtained in Europe. Messrs. M. H. Dement and J. Clayton
THE PRESS.
Youker passed the winter of 1885-86 in London, England, engaged
in manufacturing ami exhibiting the invention. They will soon
commence the manufacture and sale of the machines Here, and the
new machines will be far more perfect in construction and finish
than those already made. The " Monotype " will in time be of
inestimable value in countless ways, and will fully demonstrate its
usefulness to the particular profession of stenography.
Isaac .V. />,•«/,«/, of the linn of M. II. Dement & Co., was
born in Benton County, Mo., on July 29, 1855. At the age of
fifteen he came to Chicago and entered the office of his brother,
Merritt II. Dement, the stenographer. He rapidly educated him-
self in English studies, and, at the same time, began the study of
shorthand, under his brother's tuition. In a year or two he had
accomplished the study, and soon became a rapid, accurate writer.
He remained with his brother until iSSi, when, on receiving the
appointment of official stenographer to the Eighth Judicial Circuit
of Michigan, he went thither and continued in the discharge of
his duty as reporter until November, 1885, when, on the solicita-
tion of his brother, he returned to Chicago and entered business
with him.
I!KO\VN- & HOLLAND'S Institute of Shorthand and Type-
writing was established in 1873, and was the lirst institution of
the kind opened in Chicago or the West. The proprietors are
Dan Brown and Mrs. I1'. A. Holland, and both are competent and
accomplished in the science and art in which they instruct.
Dan Hiv-^'ii is a native of Huntingdon, Penn., and was
born on June 14. 1841. His family removed to Iowa when he
was quite young, and located at Fairfield, where he was reared
and educated. He attended the common schools and graduated
from the university in the same town. lie then entered the law-
office of Senator James V. Wilson, and prepared himself for ad-
mission to the liar. The War came on, and he laid down his
lilurkstone, to become a private in Co. " E," Second Iowa In-
fantry. He was afterward promoted to sergeant, and served in
all the engagements in which his regiment participated until May,
1863. Just after the battle of Corinth, Mr. Brown applied himself
to the study of shorthand, and in May, 1863, his services were
called into requisition at the military court at Corinth. He reported
there until the following October, when he was transferred to the
military court at Memphis, where he was engaged until May, 1864.
He then returned home, but immediately became engaged as a
reporter in this State. The winter of 1864-65 he passed in St.
Louis, and, returning home in the following spring, he reported in
county courts until 1870, when he went to Burlington as reporter
to Judge Tracy, of the first judicial district. He was thus engaged
for one and a half years, at the end of which time he entered the
office of (ienerul Passenger Agent Touzalin, of the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Ouincy Railroad, at Burlington. He remained there
three years, and then came to Chicago as corresponding clerk to
Mr. Starring, general baggage agent of twenty-four different lines
of roads. At the same time he became instructor in the Chicago
Athenanim, and in 1873 opened the Institute, to which he now
devotes his whole attention. He served Mr. Starring until 1881,
and was connected with the Athenreum until 1882. In 1875, Mrs.
E. A. Holland became interested in the Institute as a partner, she
having previously studied under Mr. Brown's instruction, and they
have built up a very large and successful enterprise. In 1881, Mr.
lirown was the prime factor in organizing the International
Shorthand Association, and has been secretary thereof since its
establishment.
PKTTIT, BRIO T & Co. — This firm was established in 1877 by
Frank \V. IVttit and Charles II. Briot. Both members are old and
well known shorthand writers, accomplished and accurate, and
their field of work is only bounded by the limit of States and Territo-
ries, being prepared to handle work wherever they are called.
Frank II'. Pcllil was born at Hancock, Delaware Co. , X. V.,
on December 3, 1853. His parents removed to this State when he
was but a lad, and located at Belvidere, where he was reared and
educated. After completing a common-school course of study, Mr.
Pettit engaged in the dry goods business fora period of about three
years, at the end of which time he began teaching school, and while
thus employed took up the study of shorthand. He soon accom-
plished the Graham system, and in the early part of 1877 came to
Chicago and entered the law office of General George W. Smith,
reading law and acting as a stenographer and corresponding clerk.
He remained with General Smith about two years and a half, in the
meantime forming a partnership with C. H. Briot, and employing
a portion of his time in court reporting. In 1880, he withdrew
from the office of General Smith and became associated with M.
II. Dement & Co., stenographers, and later was'identitied with the
shorthand firms of Pettit, Abbott & Co., and Pettit, Abbott, Scates
& Briot, the latter firm succeeding to the business of Scates &
Xute. In the spring of 1883 the linn was dissolved and the
present firm of Pettit, Briot & Co. formed. Mr. Pettit has been
engaged in many important legal cases, and was Associate Press
reporter in the recent Republican and Democratic National Conven-
tions held in this city. He is a member of the Chicago Law Stenog-
raphers' Association, and was for some time identified with the
Chicago Yacht Club.
CIIARI.KS L. DKIKSSI.KIN, one of the oldest stenographers in
Chicago, has been engaged in shorthand writing for the past
twenty years, and has been located in this city, engaged in the pro-
fession, for nearly a quarter of a century. He was- born at Dink-
elsbuehl, Bavaria, Germany, on May 7, 1832. His parents
emigrated to America in 1839, and they located in Xew York City.
Charles attended the German schools there till he was ten or eleven
years old, and then entered the common schools, from which he was
promoted to the New York Eree Academy, an institution devoted
to the free instruction of .higher English studies. It was at the
Free Academy he learned the art of stenography. He studied
there in 1850 and 1851, under Professor Andrews, and that was the
first school in America which introduced shorthand as a regular
branch of study. After completing his education, Charles went
sailing before the mast, and made several trips across the Atlantic
as a sailor. In 1854, he went into the employ of the agent of the
Northern Transportation Company, at Xew York. In 1855, he
was transferred to the office of the company's agent at Oswego,
where he became cashier and bookkeeper and remained one year.
He was sent by the company in a similar capacity to Ogdensburg,
where he was engaged for six years. In 1862, he came to < hica^o
and went into the employ of McCormick Brothers as general clerk,
and remained with them for three years. In the fall of 1865, he-
was engaged by Homer E. Sargent, general agent for the Michigan
Central Railroad. He was the first man in this city to be engaged
in regular duty as shorthand amanuensis. After one and a half
years' service with Mr. Sargent, he was made auditor of the Chi-
cago and Wilmington Coal Company. He only lemained there one
year; after which he was engaged by General Anson Stager, general
manager of the Western Union Telegraph Company, as his private
secretary. Mr. Driesslein was thus engaged until 1874, when he
entered into the business of general stenography on his own account.
During the years 1868—69, when German mass-meetings were being
held here, he was engaged in reporting the meetings and speeches
for the Chicago Times. Since 1874, he has been chiefly engaged
in court reporting, and has perhaps reported the testimony taken iji
nineteen-twentieths of all probated cases in Cook County since
that vear. Mr. Driesslein has somewhat of an advantage over his
fellow stenographers in that he is able to both interpret and report
• testimony given in the German language. He has adapted and
published a manual of the Benn Piitnan system of shorthand in
the German language, and the volume has met with much success
in this country and Germany. Mr. Driesslein has been a deter-
mined opponent of the official reporter system, and in 1873 succeeded,
with the aid of his friends, in obtaining a repeal of the law of Illi-
nois of 1867, authorizing the appoinment and employment of regular
court reporters. Mr. Driesslein is a genius in the art of invention,
as well as being a most accomplished stenographer, he having per-
fected patents on several mechanical devices, prominent among
which may be mentioned his "Electric Type-Writer" and "Coal
Mining Machines." He is not only. one of the oldest stenographers
in the city, but was the first and the only person, for a period of five
years to use a type-writer in transcribing testimony taken by him.
Sir. Driesslein has been twice married, — first, to Miss Catharine
M. Gunn, of Washington County, N. Y., on November 26, 1856,
by whom he had eleven children. Her death occurred in 1878.
He was again married on February 8, 1880, to Mrs. Priscilla B.
Carey, of Ereeport, 111., and her demise occurred in July. 1884.
lie has five children now living, — Louisa M., Emma A., Charles
W., George A. and Homer Sargent, the last-named in honor of his
old-time friend above mentioned. Mr. Driesslein has been a mem-
ber of the Masonic fraternity since 1857, and belongs to the Chicago
Law Stenographers' Association.
IOIIN GRAY was born at Derby, England, on September 5,
1849, and was there reared, being educated at public schools of his
native town. At the age of fourteen he entered the employment of
the Midland Railway Company of Great Britain, as clerk, subse-
quently being promoted to the position of shorthand corresponding
clerk. In 1867, he came to Omaha, Neb., and took a position as
clerk in a mercantile house, and was also employed by the Omaha
1 lerald for special service. He was likewise engaged by the State of
Nebraska to report the proceedings of the Constitutional Conven-
tion held in 1871. In 1870, he was appointed deputy county clerk
of Douglas County. In February, 1872, upon the resumption of
general court business, he came to Chicago, and entered the employ
of the official stenographers until December, and then formed the
firm of Dement, Gray & Co. They continued their business rela-
tions until 1876, when the firm was dissolved, and the new firm of
Gray, Hewitt & Co. was organized, of which he has been the senior
member since. The firm devote their almost exclusive attention to
reporting law work for corporations, and an idea of their business
patronage may be well obtained when it is known that they are the
official stenographers for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, the
7 U
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Chicago & North-Western Railway Company, the Chicago, St.
Louis \ Pittsburgh Railroad Company, the Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. 1'aul Railway Company, the Chicago, Burlington & Cjuincy
Railroad Company, besides many other well known railroad and
business corporations of equal commercial and financial standing.
He is a member of the Chicago Law Stenographers' Association
and of the Union Club.
AI.O.N/O M. GuiiTiN was born in Erie County, X. V., on
December I, 1847. He began his education in the common schools,
and. after finishing his elementary course, attended a preparatory
academy in \Vayiie County, N. V. When nineteen years old he
took up the study of shorthand, and after accomplishing the art so as
to write quite rapidly, he went to New York, where he finished his
stenographic education under the instruction of the well known
Andrew J. Craham, author of Craham's shorthand system. In the
spring of lS6S, Mr. CrifTen went to Little Rock, Ark., where lie
commenced active life as a court stenographer. He remained there
eighteen months, being obliged to leave on account of the malaria
affecting his health. He located in Michigan, and reported in the
courts of the central counties of that State for about one year. In
the latter part of 1871 he came to Chicago, and entered the employ
of Ely, Hurnham & liartlett, official court stenographers. The
great October fire caused a. demoralization of their court business,
and Mr. Griffen returned to Michigan, where he remained until the
fall of 1872. He came back to Chicago, and took service with his
old employers, and continued his identification with them till 1879,
when, with his brother, he formed the firm of Griffen Brothers.
Mr. Griffen is an experienced reporter, having performed shorthand
work in the last four great National Conventions for the Associated
Press and Chicago Tribune. He was engaged by the Citizens'
Association to take the proceedings in the celebrated " Mackin
trial," and he discharged that work in his usual creditable manner.
In 1871, he assisted in reporting the Senate Investigation of Land-
Commissioner Edwards, of Michigan, which work was long, tedious
and difficult. Mr. Griffen is a rapid, accurate stenographer, and
stands high in the estimation of his fellow stenographers, who, in
1 886, honored him with election to the office of president of the
Chicago Law Stenographers' Association.
J. L. BENNETT, one of the most expert stenographers in the
country, and a resident of Chicago for nearly twenty years past,
was born at Manchester, Vt., on November I, 1846. His ances-
tors were natives of that State, and date back as far as the records
show. His parents removed to Wisconsin in 1855, locating at
Waukcsha. In February, 1862, however, after several ineffectual
efforts before that date, he enlisted in Co. " II," igth Wisconsin
Volunteer Infantry, and served until the fall of 1864, having re -en-
listed or "veteranized." While on a furlough in October, 1864. he
received a commission as second lieutenant in Co. " B," i6th \\ is-
consin Infantry. In May, 1865, he received a commission as cap-
tain of the company, ami in August was mustered out of service.
He then returned home, but soon located at Janesville, and after-
ward at Ileloit, Wis. , where he studied law. In 1867, he was ad-
mitted to practice, and after continuing in the profession for a few
months at \Vaukesha, came to Chicago. Finding the practice of
law too slow work for him, he obtained a copy of Pitman's manual,
and began the determined and diligent study of shorthand. In the
course of a few months he so qualified himself that he was able to
do work in the courts, and by practice soon became an expert
stenographer. Most of his reporting v ork has been for the courts
and for the many business conventions of all kinds which have met
in this city for a number of years, lie has done work for the
Tribune, Times, anil Inter Ocean in every presidential campaign
since 1872. lie reported the proceedings of the convention which
nominated Horace ( ireeley for president in 1872, and the Republican
and Democratic National Conventions of iSSoand 1884; the Irish
National Convention, held here in 1881; and the G.A.R. National
Encampment meetings at Denver in 1883 and at Minneapolis in
1884. He is one of the most accomplished stenographers in the
United States, and his reputation as such is upheld by his many fel-
low-workers in this and other cities. He was, in 1882, president of
the International Association of Shorthand Writers of the United
States and Canada, and is now a member of the local association of
stenographers, ( 'aptain Bennett has ever been one of the most active
workers and energetic, as well as popular, members of the ( Irand
Army of the Republic of the Department of Illinois. He became
identified with Post No. 28, G.A.K., in 1865; he was Adjutant of
the Post for nearly two years, and subsequently filled the office of
Junior Vice-Commander, Senior Vice-Commander, and, in 1882,
was Commander of the Post. In January, 1881, he was appointed
Assistant Adjutant-General of the Department of Illinois, and
filled the office very efficiently until February, 1886, when he de-
clined a re-appointment. He is a member of the Society of the
Army of the Tennessee and other veteran organizations. Captain
Bennett belongs to Wheaton Lodge, No. 274, A.F. & A. M. ; Wash-
ington Chapter, No. 43, R.A.M.; and Chicago Commanderv, No.
19, K.T.
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
Of the manufacturing interests of Chicago, it may
be said, speaking generally, that they suffered far more
severely through the panic than by reason of the great
fire. The catastrophe of 1871 stimulated men to un-
wonted activity; that of 1873, following so close after
the other, paralyzed their energies. Indeed, had it not
been for the stimulation of the fire, which brought into
the field a large number of new manufacturers, the
panic of 1873 would have exerted even more disastrous
effect upon the city's manufacturing interests. As it
was, the product of 1873 nearly doubled that of 1870 —
a growth far more marked than that of the city's com-
merce. Nor was the effect of the panic as disastrous
in Chicago as in many other manufacturing centers;
while trade was slow, it was not stagnant. The very
multiplication of industries, the fact that the city had no
specialty to absorb the attention and command the
energies of workers, prevented complete prostration,
although the aggregate product (as well as wages), dur-
ing 1874, showed a very material reduction. The iron
industry, the great sufferer through the practical injunc-
tion served upon railroad building, showed a decided
falling off, as may be seen by an examination of some
of the preceding tables; other branches of manufacture
suffered by sympathy.
The progress of manufactures of all kinds (including
iron) in Chicago, between 1870 and 1874, is best shown
by the following table:
1870.
1873.
1874.
No. of establishments
Capital
1,250
$35 200 ooo
1,500
1,629
Employes
Wages _.
$17 300 ooo
Value of product
$89,000,000
$176,000,000
$163,634,000
The following year (1875), although a complete re-
covery from the effects of the panic had not been made,
was one of more general prosperity among manufact-
urers. No general reduction of wages occurred, and
the working classes, as a rule, were more generally
employed. Continued improvements in labor-saving
machinery affected mechanics in a few departments,
but, on the whole, the increase in demand more than
kept pace with the increase in facilities of manufacture.
The manufactures of the year 1876 — if the indus-
tries of beef and pork packing be omitted — showed a
slight falling off, although if these industries be included
in the tabulation the net product shows an increase
of between four and five per cent. Wages fell off about
eleven per cent., and the number of employes was
somewhat reduced. The history of the trade during
1876 presented no features of special interest. The
subjoined table affords a comparative view of the busi-
ness of the years 1875 and 1876:
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
715
1873.
1876.
No. of establishments ...
1,849
1,820
$ 68,469,000
$ 60,037,100
56,060
55,160
Wages
$28,043,263
$24,859,434
$191 009,500
§200,493,177
During 1877 a slight advance was noticeable in the
volume of the city's manufactures. Prices of almost
every description of manufactured goods declined, but
a corresponding decrease in the cost of raw material
and labor helped to swell the profits of manufacturers.
The year 1878, however, was the most prosperous
known in the history of Chicago manufactures up to
that time. Prices continued to fall, but the volume of
business largely increased. The augment was largely
the result of an improvement in the packing and iron
industries. The labor market was in a notably health-
ful condition. While the number of workmen in the
city was considerably increased, wages was not reduced,
except in a few departments, while the greater purchas-
ing power of the dollar resulted in an improved condi-
tion of the working classes.
1877-
1878.
No of establishments
2,344
2,617
$ 77 682 ooo
$85,782,000
58,230
67,504
!$2^ ^7 OOO
$31,007,000
Value of product
$202 1 15,000
$227,560,000
In general manufactures, no extraordinary improve-
ment characterized the year 1879, although a com-
parison of the figures given below with those for 1878
(preceding) show a healthy though not spasmodic
growth in the volume of business. An increase in the
cost of production, resulting from a rise in the labor
market (although the numbers of workers was increased
in nearly all departments), reduced profits of manu-
facturers. That important branch of manufacturing —
hog-packing — -showed a marked falling off in conse-
quence of a disastrous strike among the operatives at a
period when the season is usually at its height.
The year 1880 witnessed an increase of prosperity,
due not only to a revival of activity in the packing busi-
ness, but also to the enhanced value of iron and an
increased demand for those wares into whose manu-
facture it entered. The following table affords a com-
parative view of the years 1879 and 1880, the figures for
the latter year having been taken from the U. S Census
Report, and covering the twelve months ending with
June i in that year:
1879.
1880.
No. of establishments
2,884
•3 770
$85 928 ooo
$84 725 ooo
62 948
80 075
$34 787,000
$17 7^2 OOO
$223 809 ooo
In 1881, another marked — though not abnormal —
advance occurred, as is shown by the figures given be-
low. A decline of nine per cent, took place in the
amount of hog-packing, but this was more than com-
pensated for by a rise in prices. Nearly all other
branches of manufacture show a substantial gain in the
aggregate of results, to the mutual profit (in most in-
stances) of both employers and employes, although
the price of labor materially advanced. The only
notable strike of the year was that of the boiler-makers,
about six hundred of whom " went out" in March and
refused to work for six weeks, at the expiration- of
which time the dissatisfied, but enterprising, employes
had succeeded in carrying their point. The compara-
tive table given below shows that, while a larger amount
of capital was invested in manufactures, a greater num-
ber of hands were employed and more was paid out as
wages in 1882 than in 1881, the value of the manu-
factured product slightly decreased. The causes are
to be found, not only in a shrinkage in values and a
conservative spirit on the part of buyers, but in a long-
continued strike of iron workers, as is noted elsewhere.
1881.
1882.
No. of establishments _
2,018
2 182
$73 400 o(H)
$82 ooo ooo
$49 400 ooo
$53 ooo ooo
$307,000,000
$305 ooo ooo
The financial depression and the lack of confidence
which had characterized 1882 was even more marked
in 1883. A decrease in consumption in many lines re-
sulted in an over-stocked market, and a cutting of
prices became the rule rather than the exception. The
greatest depression was felt by the manufacturers of
iron and steel, ready-made clothing, boots and shoes,
and furniture for the trade. The volume of business
done by the packing houses was greater than in 1882,
but lower prices prevailed and. profits were proportion-
ally diminished, and the cash value of the product was
reduced. Despite the increase in competition, however,
and the smaller volume of work done, the scale of
wages was not materially reduced and the number of
unemployed was not above the average. It may be
noted that the general depression was not shared by
the building trades, including stone-cutters, marble-
workers, architectural iron works, etc. The history of
the manufacture of iron and steel generally is given
with more detail elsewhere. There was a partial fail-
ure of crops in 1883, and the country orders in 1884
were small. In addition, a general feeling of uncer-
tainty, attendant upon the result of tbe presidential
election, made all buyers reduce their purchases to the
lowest possible point. The result of these circum-
stances was to stimulate competition to sell, and prices
fell accordingly; the year proved a disastrous one, and
was marked by many failures and retirements. The
reduction of the working force was almost universal
and the lowering of wages very general. Not a few
establishments reduced expenses by adopting both
these methods — i. e., discharging a considerable num-
ber of employe's and lowering by ten per cent, the
wages of those who were retained. This policy, how-
ever, was abandoned early in 1885, the depression not
proving so long-continued as had been feared, and the
belief becoming general that the reduction was not de-
manded by the exigencies of the situation. While there
can not be said to have been much over-production,
stocks were sufficiently large to stimulate competition
among sellers, and thus reduce the margin of manufact-
urers' profits, which, in some cases, were, to say the
least, at a minimum. Considered as a whole, however,
the position of Chicago manufacturers at the close of
1885 exhibited a decided improvement over the open-
ing of the year. The ability of. Western buyers to
purchase was greater, and this city received a full share
7.6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
of the increase clue to this fact. The following table
affords a comparative view of the condition of Chicago
manufacturers during the years 1883 to 1885, inclusive:
1883.
•884.
1885.
No. "1" establishments
< 'apital
2,378
$83 ooo ooo
2,282
SS? "Ui2 700
2,355
• -. ( > (XX)
\ ;t!ue of product
The general classification of many of the more im-
portant manufactures of this city are given in various
other portions of this volume.
THE DRY GOODS TRADE.
The growth of the trade in dry goods in Chicago
was at first gradual. From such a small beginning as
might have been expected in a frontier settlement, its
increase has been steady, but healthful. The wholesale
trade was represented here in 1859, by twelve houses, all
of which creditably withstood the panic of 1857-58.
While Eastern journals were at that time fond of ridicul-
ing the commercial interests and importance of Chi-
cago, the dry goods interest in no city was better sus-
tained. The aggregate sales by Chicago merchants in
1859 were nearly twenty-four per cent, greater than in
1858; short credits and prompt pay were the principles
underlying the trade, while greater ease in making
collections showed that country merchants had been
taught a lesson in the school of experience. About
this time, also, buyers from the smaller Western cities
began to find it to their advantage to make purchases in
Chicago in preference to Eastern cities. From this
period until 1864, the progress was surprising, influ-
enced, no doubt, to a certain extent by the inflation
of the currency and prices during the War, and in part
to the reaction from a slight temporary depression
in 1860. Chicago had become, in 1864, the great dry
goods market of the country outside of New York; the
merchants from the entire interior of the Northwest,
and even from Ohio and Missouri, had become cus-
tomers here. A special article devoted to the " Dry
Goods Market " appeared almost daily in the Tribune.
The only record of the volume of the year's trade
obtainable is that given by that paper; which, in sum-
marizing the business of that year, confesses its inability
to give complete figures, but furnishes the following
estimate:
" The sales of four of the largest houses in the city during the
year amount to$24,55o,ooo; and the sale of the entire trade can not
fall short of S35,ooo,ooo. This includes wholesale dry goods dealers
fancy dry goods jobbers, and wholesale dealers in Yankee notions'
etc."
These figures appear very large, but probably closely
approximate the truth. It must be borne in mind,
however, that they represent sales made in a currency
whose value, as compared with a gold standard, was
depreciated.
Among the prominent firms engaged in the dry
goods trade at the close of the War were the following-
Field, Palmer & Leiter, J. V. Farwell & Co., Fieldj
Benedict \- Co, Keith & Faxon, A. S. Gage & Co'
Carson <.V Pirie, and Gale cc Van Wyck.
From 1865, until the date of resumption of specie
payments, the purchasing power of greenbacks and
National Hank notes continued to appreciate, and as a
result the volume of business, as shown by the amount
of sales reported for several years following 1865, did
not increase in as marked a ratio as during the War.
To illustrate: The volume of trade in 1869 exceeded
that of 1868 by from five to six per cent., yet, during
the same year, prices on all lines of dry goods, and par-
ticularly on domestic goods, declined from seven to
eight per cent. It may be readily seen that with such a
fall in prices, it was necessary, in order to an increase in
the amount of sales, that the quantity of goods sold
should be largely in excess of that of the year preced-
ing. It is worthy to note in this connection, that the
loss resulting from the depreciation of prices fell most
heavily upon the retailers, many of whom found them-
selves unable to displace their stocks with sufficient
rapidity to pay the expenses of handling, in addition to
the loss resulting from the shrinkage of quoted values.
In referring to the- trade of 1869, it should be
remarked that one of its most noteworthy features was
the increased demand for western-made fabrics. This
branch of manufacture was yearly growing in import-
ance, and very satisfactory progress was achieved in the
year named. The following are approximate statistics
of the dry goods business in this city during 1869:
Wholesale firms, 20; retailers, 165; hands employed in
both, 3,500; capital employed in jobbing, $6,000,000;
in retailing, $5,000,000; wholesale sales, $35,000,000;
retail, $15,000,000.
The panic of 1873 found the dry goods trade of
Chicago not unprepared. Among the wholesale dealers,
only one firm was obliged to go into liquidation. No
new firms embarked in the business during 1874, but
the total capital invested in the business at the close of
the year did not vary far from $7,000,000. The sales
for the year aggregated $50,000,000, which was an
increase of about five percent, over the year preceding.
The depreciation of prices still continued, and the
inference pointed out above, from a comparison of the
increase in business and the decrease in prices, held
good also during that year, and the amount of goods
sold was much in excess of that sold during the year of
the panic. The year 1874 was a prosperous one for the
jobbing trade, owing, chiefly, to the steady decline in the
prices of cottons, which was from fifteen to twenty per
cent.; a marked decrease also occurred in woolens; and
both were largely attributed to over-production. Man-
ufacturers at once began to curtail operations, and the
downward tendency was checked. The main feature of
the trade of that year was the surprising augmentation
of the trade with the Southwest, and especially with
Texas. The opening of new railroad lines, and the
extension of those already in operation, enabled Chi-
cago merchants to ship goods to new markets, resulting
in the enlargement of established commerce and the
opening of a trade which has since proved very pros-
perous. The trade with the West was also active,
although prices ruled lower. The panic of 1873 ult>-
mately proved a benefit to Chicago. Eastern dealers at
once began to shorten credits, and Western buyers
commenced to turn their attention to this city, since the
main inducement which had attracted them to the sea-
board was thus removed. New York dealers soon
offered to extend credits, but buyers had found that
they could purchase here at lower prices, besides saving
the cost of travel and avoiding delay. The statement
that prices were lower in Chicago appears at first to be
paradoxical; the cause, however, is to be found in the
fact that merchants in this city then, as now, bought
goods directly from manufacturers — both European and
domestic: — while living and selling expenses fell much
below those in New York.
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
717
Lack of space forbids tracing the history of the
trade year by year; yet certain periods may be selected
as showing the growth of what has become one of the
city's vital commercial interests.
In 1876, the total sales reported aggregated
$54,000,000, which was about equal to the figures for the
preceding year, and an increase of seven and one-half
percent, over 1874. The reduction in prices was more
marked than for several years, averaging fifteen per
cent, on Staple and from fifteen to twenty-five per cent,
on fancy dry goods. Large lines of stocks were carried
as a rule, and few, if any, jobbers did more than pay
expenses. The amount of capital invested in the dry
goods business at that time was not far from $8,000,000,
having been increased about $1,000,000 during the year
by the opening of a branch house of A. T. Stewart & Co.,
of New York. In speaking of the business of 1876,
however, it should not be forgotten that the Centennial
Exhibition at Philadelphia was not without influence
on Chicago dealers, many Western buyers availing
themselves of low railroad fares to visit the Exposition
and to replenish their stocks in Eastern markets while
near the sea-board. One noticeable feature of the year's
trade was the decline in the sale of foreign fabrics.
American manufacturers had " carried the war into
Africa," and being able to compete with foreign manu-
facturers in European markets, found no difficulty in
holding their own at home.
The year 1879 saw tne resumption of specie pay-
ments, but this exerted no disturbing influence on the
business of the country. The aggregate sales of dry
goods in this market during that year were estimated at
$52,000,000 as against $46,000,000 in 1878, — an increase
of about fifteen per cent. The capital invested in the
trade was about $9,000,000. The current of business
may be said to have been steady as compared with the
fluctuation in prices in other lines of business, although
profits were smaller than in 1878.
Between the years 1879 and 1886, the general fea-
tures of the trade have been the same as those already
outlined. A succinct review of the year 1885, and the
condition of the business at the opening of 1886, will be
of interest. As compared with 1884 and 1883, 1885
was a fairly prosperous year. The average shrinkage
in values on all classes of goods was about five percent.,
while sales increased in about the same proportion, leav-
ing the value of the goods sold about the same as for
the two years preceding, — -viz., $57,000,000. The cap-
ital invested at the close of the year was about
$8,000,000, a trifle less than at the end of 1884. The
near-by trade proving to be of a rather unsatisfactory
character, merchants pushed for new fields. The result
was a material increase in the trade with the extreme
Northwest (especially Oregon and Washington Terri-
tory), and a less noteworthy advance in the trade with
California and Arizona. The trade with the South is
growing apace, and would be«much more rapidly devel-
oped were Chicago merchants willing to grant longer
credits. This, however, has always militated against
the vast extension of business in the Southern States,
not alone in the dry goods but in every branch of
trade. The long credits that obtained in ante-bellum
days, the Southern merchants have still nurtured in
their commercial transactions, to the virtual exclusion
of Northern competition, and this custom has worked
detrimentally to Southern interests. Financially, the
dry goods trade at the opening of 1886, was believed
to be in a sounder condition than for many years past,
and the outlook for the future was hopeful in the ex-
treme.
STATEMENT SHOWING THE VALUE OK DRY Goons IMPORTED AT
CHICAGO, WITH DUTIES COI.I.KCTED THEREON, FROM 1872 TO
1884, INCLUSIVE.
Year.
Value.
Duties.
1872
$86 1 .100 jj.
1873
$i 811 982
862 381 43
1874.-
1875
2 074 906
1876 ' -
i S-U. 778
1877
1878
l87Q
1880
1881
4 oSS 690
i 6^ .176 ^S
1882
A O72 TjS
1883
4,796,564
2,361,434 93
1884
I c 17 821
FIEI.I>, I'lENEini'T & Co. — This firm of wholesale dealers in
woolens is among the very oldest of the wholesale houses in Chi-
cago in any branch of trade, having been established here in 1841)
by Benjamin M. Field and Anui lienedict, under the firm name of
Field <S: Benedict. Their first place of business was on South Water
Street, between Wells and LaSaile streets, where they remained
until 1856, when they removed to the corner of South Water and
State streets. Two years prior to this removal, however, a change
in the firm had taken place ; Peter W Field being admitted as a
partner, and the style at the same time changing to its present form,
Field, Benedict & Co. In 1861, another removal was made to the
corner of Wabash Avenue and Lake Street, where they remained
until burned out in the fire of October, 1871. In 1864, Benjamin
M. Field retired from the firm and active business life, and returned
to the East to live ; his successors in the house were Richard I. Field
and Frederick L. Snyder, young men who had been connected with
it since 1856, and who were received into partnership. Within a
month after the fire, in which the firm sustained losses aggregating
$140,000, business was resumed at the house of Mr. Snyder, on
Wabash Avenue, near Eighteenth Street. They remained there
until the following spring, when they removed to a building which
had been erected on the corner of Market and Washington streets.
Two years later another change of location was made to the corner
of Wabash Avenue and Madison Street, and in 1879 they moved
to Nos. 244-46 Monroe Street ; and in the fall of 1884 to No.
222 Franklin Street, their present location. As evidencing the
remarkable growth of the wholesale trade in Chicago, the house
of Field, Benedict & Co. has, from the first, enjoyed a stead-
ily increasing trade ; its sales, which, in 1849, were $25,000, an
excellent showing indeed for that time, now amount to over
$500,000 annually. The present members of the firm are Amzi
Benedict, Frederick I,. Snyder, Richard I. Field and Peter W. Field.
Ksnjiiiiiiit M. FU'/ti was born in New Jersey, in 1820. He
was early connected with a leading woolen house in New York
City. In the spring of 1849, he came to Chicago, where his first
business venture was with Mr. Benedict, in establishing the house
whose history has been given. In 1864, he retired from business,
and is now living in retirement on his farm at Bound Brook, in
New Jersey.
Aur.i Benedict was born in Oneida County, N. Y., in 1826,
passing his boyhood largely on his father's farm. When eighteen
years of age, however, he was placed in a store in Utica, N. Y.,
where he remained until in 1849, when he came to Chicago. Here,
in company with Mr. Field, he formed the house of which he is now
the senior member. Mr. Benedict was married, in 1856, to Cath-
arine C. Walrath, daughter of Major John I. Walrath, of Madison
County, N. Y. Six children have been born to them, three of
whom have deceased. The three living are Enella K., Caroline F.
and Sidney A.
OSBORNE RENSSEI.AER KEITH, the eldest of the brothers whose
names have always Deen conspicuous in the commercial history of
Chicago, was born at Barre, Washington Co., Vt., on September
24, 1831. He is the son of Martin and Betsy (French) Keith.
His branch of the Keith family were of Scotch descent, who set-
tled in Massachusetts. His father, when very young, emigrated
to Vermont, and followed the occupation of farming during the
most of his life. The New England ideas and religious con-
victions of right were early impressed upon the character of Martin
Keith, and his wife being a most exemplary Christian woman,
they exercised a great influence upon their family and a large circle
of acquaintances. In his early youth, Osborne Keith attended the
district school, and afterward went to Bakersville, Vt., where he
studied one year. He then engaged as a clerk in one of the mer-
cantile stores at Montpelier, where he continued, until starting
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
West, in 1854, with his brother Edson. Upon arriving here, ( >s-
borne went into the employment of a millinery store, and for one
ye. ii lie uas with I >. li. Fisk \- ('<>., which eoncern had been estab-
lished but a few years. In the spring of is~s. in company with
Albert F. Faxon, "he opened a wholesale millinery house, and from
that date lu has been closely identified with the career of the linn of
which he is now s]H-rial partner. The history of the house of Ed-
son Keith ,V Co. is given in Volume II. of this work, and it incor-
porates the history of Mr. Keith's connection therewith. On
Jann.r \ i. [884, .Mr. Keith became a special partner of the con-
cern, and has since been occupied principally in attending to his
real-estate ami other private interests. Mr. Keith was married in
May. [S7i, to Miss Mary Woodruff, of Ottawa, III. They have
two children, — Alice and ( isborne Roy Keith, lie is a member of
the I'nion League and Calumet clubs, and has always taken a
hearty and active interest in furthering any project that might inure
to the benefit of the city in which he has attained wealth and
reputation.
M AMU I. liKorilKKS. — This firm was organi/ed in 1855. and
mposcd of three brothers, Simon. I. con and F.manuel. Their
first place of business was on the corner of C'lark and Van Buren
is, but the great lire of 1,^71 consumed their building and
forced them to take up quarters on the corner of Michigan Avenue
and Twenty-second Street. This property they purchased, fitted
up. and have since conducted as a branch store. In 1872, they
erected a building on the corner of State and Harrison streets, and
again opened a down-town store, occupying it until driven out again
by the lire of 1874, after which they opened again on Washington
Street, between State and Dearborn. Here their trade steadily in-
creased until in 1875, when they removed again to what their keen
foresight told them was to be the very center of the retail trade,
this time occupying N'os. 121-23 State Street, where they soon
secured the best trade of the city. They continued in this
double room until 1884, when they purchased the building they
now occupy, and added to it Nos. 117-19, throwing four large
store-rooms into one, extending to the alley in the rear and making
one of the finest dry goods establishments in Chicago. In addition
to the many improvements, consisting of elevators, and handsomely
finished furniture and fixtures, they added a plant for one thou-
sand of the Edison electric lights. To-day they employ in their
general business in Chicago about eight hundred people. Since
i>>4. they have opened their New York office at Nos. 86-88 Frank-
lin Street, New York City, and No. 6 Conservatoire, Paris, France.
The firm of Mandel Bros, is a representative Chicago business
house, and a fair example of the success that awaits those who
combine energy, perseverance and business tact, and attach them-
selves to a business they are capable of mastering. Composed as it
is of three brothers, coming to this country at an early age, having
nothing to assist them, except willing hands and ambitious impulse,
they commenced at the lower round of the ladder, and against the
severest trials and afflictions — twice their establishments were de-
stroyed by fire, in 1871 and 1874, — and the general discouragements
incidental to the building up of a large business, they are, notwith-
standing these calamities, one of the great and important business
firms of the City of Chicago. It is of the lives of such men that the
history of this city is composed.
Sim, at Mamicl, the eldest member of the firm, was born in
Germany, on the Rhine, educated at an institution at Kertzenheim,
and did not come to Chicago until he was about twenty-one years
of age. He at once commenced to learn the trade of upholstering,
on his arrival, with the firm of J. & H. Leibenstein, and continued
with them for about five years, becoming very proficient in his
business. He closed his engagement with this firm, and thought
best to unite his efforts with his two brothers, and they at once com-
menced negotiations that resulted in the organization of the firm of
which he still remains a member. He has the management of the
carpet and upholstering departments in the great State Street store,
having qualified himself by years of patient toil for the position.
He was married in Chicago, i'n 1866, to Miss-1'auline Schwab, and
has nine children,— Frank, the eldest, attending college at Grey
Lock Institute, N. Y.; Milton, attending college at Racine, Wis.;
Ada, Sarah, Leonard, Aaron, Maude, Eugene and Belle.
I.tvn Mandfl was born in Germany, on the Rhine, in 1853. He
attended the public schools in this city, and after closing his studies
entered the employ of Ross \ Foster, dry goods dealers, as a cash
boy. and soon became a favorite, nearly always accompanying Mr.
Ross to his stock-farm in hunting excursions! After considerable
experience as clerk in this establishment, he formed a co-partner-
ship with Simon Mandel and Simon Klein, under the name of
Klein \ Mandel, located on the corner of Clark and Monroe
streets. After a time, both he and his brother Simon withdrew,
and with Kmanuel they associated together, forming the firm which
is still known as Maude] liros. He is at present the resident partner
in New York City, and has control of their branch establishment
there. He was married in Philadelphia, in 1869, to Miss Belle
Foreman and has seven children, — Frederick, the eldest, now in
college at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany; Robert, Fannie, Ida,
Blanche, I.ulu and Florence.
Kniaintt-l Miuh!,-l was born in 1843, on the Rhine, in Germany,
anil came direct to Chicago with his mother and brother, arriving
here when about seven years of age. He attended the public
schools until he was thirteen years old, when he began his business
career a- errand boy with John Smith, at that time a prominent
hatter. He left this position and accepted one as bundle boy in a
dry goods store owned by Ross & Foster; was in a little while pro-
moted to a clerkship, and after faithful service was taken in as
partner in the establishment located on Clark Street, owned by
Simon Klein, commenced in the dry goods business for himself,
and by close attention to business and persistent effort to get to the
top, effected a partnership with his brothers, and purchased the
interest of Mr. Klein, commencing then the organization of Mandel
Brothers. His position in the establishment is the important one
of general manager, and he can be found during business hours
can-fully looking over the vast establishment from his elevated
office, and noting everything going on underneath him. He is the
captain of the craft, directs Us movements with a certainty and
confidence that is only acquired by long service and experience,
and is beyond question the man for the place. Cool, collected and
kind to those around him, he exerts an influence that is unmis-
takable even to the visitor. He was married in Chicago, in 1871,
to Miss Babbette Frank, and has three children, — Frank E., Edwin
K. and Rosa.
St m.K.siNc.KK & MAYKR. — In February, 1872, Leopold Schles-
inger and David Mayer formed a partnership and established their
dry goods store at No. 136 Madison Street, west of Uesplaines
Street. Their business developed steadily, and in a few years they
secured larger quarters at the corner of Madison and Desplaines
streets. Their patronage continued to increase, and it was not long
before they opened a branch store at the corner of Peoria and
Madison streets — one of the best locations in the western retail dis-
trict. On April 7, iSSi, they secured a lease of one-half of the
structure on the southeast corner of Madison and State streets, and
they consolidated their entire interests, desiring and intending to
confine themselves to building up a mammoth business in one spot.
In a short time after opening there they secured the entire building,
and now occupy one of the largest, most convenient and handsomest
retail stores in the West. They have branch offices in New York,
Paris, Berlin and Vienna.
Leopold Sfhtcs'nigcr, senior member of the firm of Schlesinger
& Mayer, is of German extraction, and was born in Germany in
1846. lie was, during his youth, permitted the advantage of tak-
ing a thorough collegiate education, after which he entered into
mercantile life as a clerk. He was careful and saving of his earn-
ings, and in a brief time was enabled to embark in business on his
own account. This he continued until shortly after the great fire
of October, 1871, with moderate success. Chicago's great catas-
trophe presented an opportunity of which he quickly availed him-
self. The great retail dry goods district was gone, and, in company
with Mr. Mayer, he opened the dry goods store of Schlesinger &
Mayer. The people patronized them, and the firm treated its
patrons fairly and honorably— in such a manner as insured to the
new house a constant, staunch trade. The development of the
business of this well-known concern is told above, but to Mr.
Schlesinger is due the credit of working incessantly to supply the
wants and demands of the public. His efforts were successful, and
the gratification in knowing his work was well done is now exem-
plified in the immense trade which Schlesinger & Mayer now enjoy.
Davit! Ma\vr was born in Germany in 1851, and came, with
his parents, when but an infant, to America. He commenced
early in life to maintain himself, and while but a lad held a clerk-
ship in different large dry goods concerns in this city. When only
eighteen years of age he became a partner with Leopold Schlesinger,
and engaged in business on his own account. The success to which
he attributes the wonderful development of the firm has been
through the means of hard wor^ and truthful advertising. Their
advertising account each month amounts to many thousands of dol-
lars, and they spare no pains or expense to inform the public of the
many advantages they have to offer. Mr. Mayer is a shrewd, keen
and enterprising business man, thoroughly alive to the demands of
the public and always ambitious to serve those who patronize his
house. He is a member of the Union League Club and is popu-
larly known in social as well as commercial circles.
JAMES \V. TUOHY. — Prominent among the successful business
men of Chicago is James \V. Tuohy, who was born at the Lakes of
availed himself of such meagre educational facilities as were presented
to him, and seeking an honorable employment, he entered the store of
D. 1 leenan >V Co., ( Htawa, 111., as a clerk. In this position he soon
manifested a natural talent for mercantile pursuits, which, under the
encouragement and advantages offered to him by his employers, was
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
719
rapidly developed. In 1873, he established a store of his own at
the mining town of Braidwood, 111., and, later, another at Wilming-
ton, III., both of which, even at that early period of his life, he
managed so capably as to win from Marshall Field the title of the
"boy merchant." At the expiration of about seven years, Mr.
Tuohy decided to dispose of his property in the rural districts and
transfer his future transactions to Chicago, which, to a young man
of his experience, capacity and enterprise presented a prosperous
field for operations. In this city he first embarked in the dry goods
trade at the corner of West Madison and 1'eoria streets, continuing
there until 1883. In September of that year he purchased the dry
goods house in the North Division which lie now controls. This
establishment was originally owned and operated by Carson, Pirie
& Co., who opened it in May, 1876, and was succeeded by the pres-
ent firm of J. \V. Tuohy & Co., of which Mr. Tuohy is the prin-
cipal partner, the " Company" being made up of heads of depart-
ments to whom a conditional interest is given. Their store occupies
the building Nos. 166-70 North Clark Street, and has become, under
the splendid administration of the " boy merchant," a first-class dry
goods house of exceeding popularity, ranking among citizens of the
North Side, in this respect, with that of Marshall Field & Co. on
the South Side. The store is one of the largest and grandest in the
city, well stocked with seasonable merchandise, employs about sixty
persons in its various departments, and in its marvellous success
fully realizes the expectations of its proprietors. In his career as a
dry goods merchant, Mr. Tuohy has justly achieved the reputation
of a careful business man by his close attention to the details of his
establishment, by his talent as a purchaser of popular fabrics, and
by otherwise securing for his store the excellent advantages which
it possesses. On April 26, 1886, this firm opened the West Chi-
cago Dry Goods House, at the corner of Madison and Wood
streets, in an elegant rtew building especially erected and designed
for its use. In 1874, Mr. (among his acquaintance familiarly
called " Jim ") Tuohy was married to Miss Nellie Cavanaugh, at
Ottawa, 111.; they have three children, — Mettie, Josie and Walter
Grant, an infant. Mrs. Tuohy is an accomplished lady, and with
her bright mind and singularly keen notions of business, she lent
incalculable aid to the then " boy merchant" who now stands with
the leading business men of the Northwest.
BENJAMIN F. DARK, manager of the cloak department of
Charles A. Gossage & Co., has been identified with the dry goods
business for the past twenty years. He was born at Bridgetown,
N. J., on June 21, 1834, and is a graduate of the Classical Institute
at Phcenixville, 1'enn. At the conclusion of his studies, he was
associated with the Phoenix Iron Company, of which his father was
manager, and remained with them four years. Following that, he
engaged in the dry goods trade in Chicago, and spent some years
in the same business at St. Louis, Chattanooga, Tenn., and Harris-
burg, Penn. He entered the house of Carson, Pirie & Co., here, in
1883, and when they purchased the establishment of Charles A.
Gossage & Co., was transferred to the position of manager. He
enlisted in the 3d New Jersey Infantry, at Trenton, in July, 1861,
and was one of the participants in the battle of Manasses. Mr.
Dare is Past Chancellor of St. I.ouis Excelsior Lodge, No. 19,
Knights of Pythias, at St. Louis. He was married at Chattanooga,
Tenn., in 1872, to Miss Ella Jones, daughter of Abel Jones, of
Chicago. •
MIIRCKNTIIM-, I! MI. AND & Co.— The Bee Hive, the well-
known dry goods and notion establishment, was opened to the pub-
lic in ib\i, and the organi/.ers were the Morgenthau Brothers and
Bauland Brothers, comprising an association of merchants who, by
the combination of their energies and capital, have made their en-
terprise what its name indicates — a hive where the inhabitants man-
ufacture commercial honey for the customers who attend there.
This establishment is located in the business center of the city, at
Xos. 172-78 State Street, opposite the Palmer House, and occupies
the two double stores from basement to roof, and contains nearly
everything pertaining to their hive of business that could be ex-
pected to be found in such an establishment, and they have also
demonstrated the fact that an institution such as they have built up
can be successful.
Maximilian .}fo>\vnt/i,in, the senior member of Morgenthau,
Bauland & Co., was born at Mannheim, Germany, in 1847. He
commenced his studies in his native land, but when about eighteen
time after leaving the University he was variously employed in
banks and in merchandising, and in 1878 he obtained an interest
in the wholesale and retail dry goods establishment of Ehrich
Brothers, a large house, and remained with them until he came to
Chicago in 1881. In the spring of 1883 the company was formed
that has since so successfully operated the Bee Hive. He is an
active business man, giving close attention to business, and at the
head of an institution that has become a household word. Mr.
Morgenthau, the father of the two brothers by that name compos-
ing one-half the members of this firm, though retired from business,
is an active dispenser of charity, and is known as a public bene-
factor, being prominently identified with the foundation of several
charitable Hebrew institutions, and was an invited guest and
attendant at the dedication of the Michael Reese Hospital of
our city, being specially requested to do so by the trustees. He
is the father of fourteen children, eleven of whom are living,
being quite a contrast to the majority of families in our land in
point of numbers. He and his aged wife still live in New York
City, anil enjoy the pleasant reflection of a well-spent life. Maxi-
milian was married, in 1872, to Miss Fannie Ehrich, of New York
City, and has six children living, — Adele M., Alice R., Maximilian,
Jr., Minna J., William W. and Beatrice F. Mr. Morgenthau is
one of the organizers, and in fact the father, of the Society for
Kthical Culture in Chicago, having been connected with the same
society in New York City, for many years, with Professor Felix
Adler, the leader thereof.
(,'ii.itn;' /.. .}fi'iy,'ii//Kiii, one of the firm of Morgenthau, Bau-
land & Co., and brother of the senior member of the firm, was born
at Mannheim, Germany, and was partially educated in his native
place. He came to New York City with his parents, and attended
school there for a short time. After school he was employed as
clerk in New York, but came to Chicago in 1871, and engaged with
Mandel Brothers, where he remained until the formation of the
partnership wherewith he is now associated. While with the
Mandels he was manager of several of the departments of the store
on State Street. He was the active organizer of the firm of Mor-
genthau Bros. iV Co., when they first opened a dry goods store in
the Pike Building, No. 163 State Street, which was afterward re-
organized and known as the Bee Hive. lie was married, in Chi-
cago, in 1882, to Miss Julia Mayer, daughter of Nathan Mayer, of
the firm of Mayer, Engel & Co.; they have one daughter.
Jin-oli If. K<uilain{ is a son of Henry Bauland, deceased, who
was one of the old settlers of the city in 1848, and is a member of
Morgenthau, Bauland & Co. Jacob was born in Chicago in 1854,
and graduated in 1868 at the public schools. He then took a
course of about six months at the Bryant & Stratton Institute. He
was offered, and accepted, a position with II. A. Kohn & Bros, of
this city, and was entry clerk and finally cashier and bookkeeper for
that firm, remaining with them for about thirteen years. After the
fire of 1871, Kohn & Co. opened an establishment in New York
City, and he was transferred to that department, but after running
that branch for about ten months, their building here being completed,
it was determined to move it to Chicago, and the entire stock was
brought here. He remained with this firm until he was associated
with the house wherein he is now an active partner.
Joseph II. Bnulund, also a son of Henry Bauland, deceased,
was born in Chicago in 1856, and is the junior member of the firm
of Morgenthau, Bauland & Co. He was educated in the public
schools of this city, and commenced business as cash boy in Man-
del Brothers' house, from which subordinate position he was pro-
moted to salesman, then was soon given charge of stock, and was
then advanced to be manager of the stock of that firm, situated on
Twenty-second Street. After twelve years' service with this firm he
moved to Bellfonte, Penn., and opened a retail dry goods store for
himself, and styled it the " Bee Hive," and afterward took in M. J.
Newman, his brother-in-law, as partner, and they operated the store
for about three years very successfully. He then sold out the
establishment, when he and Mr. Newman came to Chicago and
started a manufactory of pantaloons and overalls. After oper-
ating this business for two years, he disposed of his interest anil
was associated in the present firm. He was married in Bellefonte,
Penn., to Miss Rosina Grauer.
DRY GOODS COMMISSION.
KINSMAN & Hoi. MAN have inaugurated a new enterprise that
is the pioneer of its peculiar line in the West. On May I, 1885,
they opened, at Nos. 75-77 Randolph Street, a vast sample room, in
which they carry samples, and samples only, of over forty different
manufacturing nouses and importers in the East. It is the largest
sample room in the country — 40 by 160 feet in size, and they carry
at all times samples valued at $15,000 to $20,000, representing
a stock in the East valued at about $2,000,000, consisting of fancy
goods, art goods, toys, frames, brackets, stands, china, glassware,
cutlery, show cases, musical instruments, holiday goods, lamps,
leather goods, baby carriages, folding chairs and tables, stationery,
blank books, jewelry, soaps, perfumery, etc. They are representa-
tivesof Eastern importers and manufacturers, and, from its inception,
this new enterprise has been wonderfully successful. Representing
in their warerooms full lines of goods from over forty large con-
cerns who do the leading business, in their respective lines, in Amer-
ica, they have the greatest opportunity for saving to the retail buyer
a large cost, for the reason that the country merchant is not obliged
to go to New York to secure his bargains, but by coming to Chi-
720
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
' he can purchase his goods from samples. and also save a
large percentage in freight, as the goods sold liy Kinsman iV Hol-
nian arc sliippcil direct ti> the buyer. Their arrangements are such
that they are in a position to give the very lowest prices, and save
the buyer a trip to Eastern markets, -ave a large cost in freight, and
till orders quicker than sending to the Kast or buying of the road
representatives. They have a branch office in New York City,
where buyers attend to their orders and make prompt shipments to
their customers. The lirm employs ten assistants in their large
ware-room, and the business has already made for itself a solid
Inundation for future success.
('/titr/t'.t Kinsman was born in I oucord, Ma>>.. on October 17,
i>?4. In 1859, his family removed to Chelsea, and it was there
that Mr. Kinsman was reared and educated, attending the public
schools until fifteen years of age. lie then went to lioston, and
secured a position in the fancy goods house of Horace Partridge iV
Co. From an errand boy, Mr. Kinsman, by earnest and faithful
work, rapidly arose to a high position in that concern, and took
» -barge of their entire Western business until 1882, when he with-
drew and formed a copartnership with E. |. Lehman, under the
linn name of Lehman & Kinsman. "The Fair" is one of the
institutions of Chicago, and its great success and popularity was
due in a great measure to the untiring energy of Mr. Kinsman, who
was the active manager of the inside business. In May, 1885, he
ived the idea of establishing a house in this city that should be
the representative of large Eastern concerns, and in company with
Mr. llolman opened up the present business.
S/fiifi^,- .1. Ht'hiian, of the commission house of Kinsman >.\:
I lohnan, is an Indianian by birth, -and was born in 1852. Me was
i in the West anil educated in the common schools, finishing
his studies by taking a course in college for one year. In 1871, he
came to Chicago and secured a position with the old house of Cul-
ver, I 'age .V Hoyne. After two years connection with them, he
was offered a more advantageous position with a New York blank-
book house, and he accepted, serving them for three or four years.
When the lirm of Horace 1'artridge \ Co. decided to open store in
this city, Mr. llolman was secured to take charge of affairs and
establish their branch. He opened the " lioston Store," and re-
mained in charge of that well-known emporium until he formed a
partnership with his friend, Mr. Kinsman, and opened the present
house of Kinsman iV llolman. Mr. llolman was married, on De-
cember 14, 1882, at Newark, Ohio, to Miss Mabel Dean.
l.AfKix Hiu.lAKn Tt KNKK, member of the firm of Turner
Bros., commission dry goods, son of John M. and Hannah M.
Turner, was born in Chicago on September 26, 1845. His parents
came from Philadelphia and settled in this city in 1835; his father
engaged in the lake marine for about sixteen years, afterward enter-
ing the lumber business, and subsequently retiring to agricultural
pursuits in Kane County. Captain John M. Turner was widely
known for his active interest in municipal affairs and earnest efforts
for the city's welfare. He was the first marshal of the fire depart-
ment, and to him is credited the laving of the first water-pipe used
in this city. Young Laurin attended the public schools, and, after
being fitted for business life, assisted his father until 1869, when
he entered the employ of Thomas Foster, with whom he remained
one year. In 1870, he was engaged in the lumber business at
Omaha, Xeb. Disposing of his business in Omaha, he returned
to this city and associated himself with his brother, Edward II.
Turner, in 1882, in the lumber business, and entered the commis-
sion dry goods trade at No. 242 Monroe Street, under the firm
name of Turner Bros. & Co. In 1883, they moved to No. 245 of
the same street, and, on November I, 1885, removed to the Mc-
Cormick building, corner of Market and Jackson streets, their
present commodious quarters. Mr. Turner was married, on Octo-
ber 14, 1873, to Miss Mary Dullield, of Chicago. They have two
children, Laurin H. and Marie Adelle.
I M i KAY & Co. — This house was organized in 1806, in New
York city, the firm being at the time R. J. Jaffray & Sons, and
continued for some time under that name, and was then changed to
J. K. Jaffray & Co., and later to K. S. Jaffray & Co. This lirm is
one of the most important in the dry goods interests in the United
States, and the house proper is located at No. 350 Broadway New
York City, and has branches at No. 7 St. Mildred's Court, London-
No. 54 Union Street, Cdasgow, Scotland; Broadway, Nottingham'
England; No. 116 Portland Street, Manchester, England- No 5
Rue Martel, Paris; No. 12 Bedford Street, Host,,,,; \,,. IOO2 Mar-
ket Street, Philadelphia ; No. 257 West Baltimore Street Balti-
more : No. 719 Market Space, Washington; No. 604 Washington
Avenue, St. Louis; Nos. 144 and 146 Madison Street, Chicago.
I he trade of this house is scattered all over the world, and their
Chicago establishment, under the management of M. P. Forster,
has an extensive reputation throughout the West as a thoroughly
reliable institution, having for years been prominently before the
merchants as a leading house in the dry goods line.
.l/ii ir in /'. /•;«/<•/-, manager of K. S. Jaffray & Sons' branch
house in this city, is a native of Durham, England, where he was
born on September 9, 1842. He came to America in i.Ssj and
located in Chicago, where he engaged in the dry goods business.
When the War broke out he became a member of the Sturges' Rifles.
and later on was transferred to the loth Regular Infantry, lie-
was through the seven-day fight, under McClelian, the sie
Yorktown. and participated in all the battles with his regiment.
lie entered the army as a private, and was mustered out at the close
of the Rebellion as a colonel. He then entered the employ of I'. S.
(affray \ Co., with whom he has since remained. He was married,
in Chicago, in 1868, and has two children, — Jennie and Minnie.
THOMAS S. CKITI KMIKN was born at Brooklyn, N. Y., in Janu-
ary, 1847. lie attended the New York schools and graduated from
the College of New York. At the age of twenty, he was employed
by the house of darner cV Co., of New York City, as a clerk, work-
ing his way up to a position of importance enough to the house that
he was selected as their Chicago agent, coming here in ]S; 4 and
opening an office at No. 148 Fifth Avenue. In 1878, the immense
increase of business obliged his removal to the present location,
No. 252 Monroe Street. Gardner <.V Co. are the largest manufact-
urers of cotton goods and prints in the country. Their largest
trade West is in this city, St. Louis, and the Northwest, and from
St. Paul to New Orleans. The business of the house has become
enormous, their sales for the past year amounting to ^i.5ix>,(xx>,
with prices of goods averaging only live cents a yard. Mr. Crut-
tenden married Miss Susie K. Smith, of Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1871,
and resides at Kenwood.
IAMKS W. FAY was born at Auburn, N. Y., on July 30, 1823,
where he lived and attended the various schools, ami graduated at
the age of eighteen. At this early age he commenced his business
life as a clerk in the dry goods stores of Auburn, and in 1851
formed a co-partnership with David C. Stewart, the firm being
known as Stewart iY Fay, and engaged in the'dry goods ami grocery
trade-. Mr. Fay bought out the interest of his partner in 1853, a"d
continued the business alone until 1858, when he closed out his
interest at Auburn and moved to Ottawa, III., opening a banking
and real-estate and insurance house, in company with his brother,
K. R. Fay. Like thousands of others, Mr. Fay thought Chicago
offered great inducements, and came to this city, accepting the city
agency of the Security Fire Insurance Company of New York.
He subsequently became interested in a stove and furnace manu-
facturing enterprise, forming a new connection in the same business
with Mr. Maclean, and to this gentleman sold his interest in the
spring of 1871. For several years Mr. Fay conducted a commission
and brokerage house in produce and fruits in this city, and in the
past five years has been engaged in dry goods commission and
manufacturers' agency. He was married, in 1850, to Miss Eli/a-
beth R. Cottle, of Auburn, N. Y. They have two children living, —
\Villiam C. and Walter S.
WHOLESALE CLOTHING.
Prior to 1851, only a small retail trade in clothing
was done in this city. The pioneer among the whole-
sale clothing merchants was probably Henry A. Hunt-
ington (afterwards of the firm of Huntington, Wads-
worth & Parks , who opened a store on Water Street in
November, 1851, with what he considered an immense
stock, but which speedily disappeared, and the firm's
sales for the first year reached nearly $150,000. The
opening of railroads, whose construction created a de-
mand for all kinds of supplies, soon induced other en-
terprising capitalists to invest money in this line of
trade, and within eight years the volume of trade ex-
ceeded $2,000,000 annually. In 1864, the number of
firms had been very largely increased, and the sales for
the year were estimated at $12,000,000, three wholesale
' houses alone reporting sales aggregating more than
$4,000,000.
Among the leading houses in the trade at the close
of the year were King, Kellogg & Co., T tittle, Thomp-
son & Co., A. Pierce, Foreman Brothers, I!. I,. Fergu-
son & Co., Kohn & Brothers, P. Wadsworth & Co., W.
15. I.ovejoy & Co., S. F. White, Webster, Marsh & Co.,
Young Bros. & Co., and Kuh & Leopold.
For many years after the War the trade remained
almost in statu quo. It is worthy of note, however,
thai several new firms embarked in business during
1873, despite financial depression. The sales for 1874,
did not exceed $12,000,000, and this was an advance
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
721
of from twenty to twenty-five per cent, over those of
the year of the panic (1873), the increase being chiefly
confined to the country trade. The capital invested in
the business at that time was probably about $5,000,000,
including that employed in manufacturing. Nearly all
the clothing then sold here was of Chicago make,
about eight times as many goods being manufactured
here in 1874 as in 1870. The largest manufactory of
ready-made clothing then existing in the United States
was located in this city. The special feature of the
year's business was the extension of trade with the
South and West. A manifest preference for Chicago-
made clothing was noticeable among buyers; this may
be, perhaps, attributable to the fact that the manufact-
urers of this city kept in view two fundamental consid-
erations— the climate and the wants and needs of the
prospective wearer, while Eastern factories, as a rule,
adopted one style for both North and South, giving sat-
isfaction to neither. At the beginning of the year 1875,
Chicago stood at the head of the list of cities supplying
ready-made clothing to the trade; not even New York
being excepted.
The year 1876 was not a prosperous one for Chi-
cago clothing merchants. While the volume of business
for the first six months exceeded that for the cor-
responding period of 1875, the total sales for the year
fell short of $11,000,000 as against $12,000,000 in 1875,
— a falling off of about one-twelfth. This may proba-
bly be traced to the influence of the Centennial Expo-
sition, which attracted to the sea-board Western buyers,
who embraced the opportunity to replenish their stock
from Eastern dealers, who offered extraordinary in-
ducements both as to prices and credits. No failures
were reported,. however, during the year, and the gen-
eral condition of the trade was sound. It should be
remarked further, that, at that time, Chicago dealers,
with but one exception, sold only Chicago-made goods,
which appeared to suit the Southern and Western
trade better than those of Eastern make; it was
claimed, at the same time, that goods of this description
could be manufactured here cheaper than in the East.
The capital invested (including that of manufacturers)
did not greatly vary from $5,000,000. At the end of
three years, it had increased to $6,000,000. No fail-
ures occurred in 1879, nor were any new firms of prom-
inence added to the list of those engaged in business.
Wages had increased, however, as well as the cost of
material, and profits were proportionately diminished.
The trade, on the whole, however, was fairly prosperous.
To follow its advance, step by step, would consume
more space than, in a work of this character, can be
devoted to the subject. It is interesting, however, to
note the condition of the trade at the close of the
year 1885. Chicago had then become the recognized
center of the American clothing interest as regards
both manufactures and their distribution. The
amount of capital had increased to $7,000,000; the
number of firms at the close of the year was about the
same as at the beginning, some having dropped out
and their places having been filled by others. The
total sales reported during 1885 aggregated about
$20,000,000, an advance of nearly ten per cent over
those of the previous year. The only specially note-
worthy feature of the year's business was the contrast
between its first and last portions. During the first
six months, prices fell off nearly ten per cent, while for
the same period there was a marked diminution in the
volume of business transacted; the latter half of the
year, however, saw a largely increased demand and a
correspondingly large advance in prices, and the period
closed with every promising prospect for the future.
The following table, compiled from the U. S. Cen-
sus Reports for 1860-70-80, shows the growth of the
clothing manufacturing interest in Chicago ' during
twenty years:
Year.
*o.ii ^
m
Capital.
•si,
. O
If
Wages.
Cost of raw
material.
Value of
product.
u
V
i860-
26
$ 113,900
397
$ "5.944
$ 328,846
$ 540,709
1870
76
1,883,380
4,796
1,331,217
3,578,367
5,639.930
1880.
IO2
6,439,650
8,476
3,530,169
11,631,764
17,342 207
HENRY W. KING & Co. — This house was established in 1854,
under the firm name of Barrett, King & Co., at No. 189 South
Water Street. In 1857, a removal was made to Nos. 205-207 South
Water, and three years later to Nos. 25-27 Lake Street. In 1863,
Mr. Barrett retired from the firm, which then became King, Kellogg
& Co., composed of Henry W. King, Charles P. and I'almer V.
Kellogg. In 1868, this firm dissolved, the Kelloggs continuing in
business at the old location, while Mr. King, in company with
W. C. Browning and Edward W. Dewey of New York, organized
a new firm under the name and style of Henry W. King & Co.,
and started in business at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Lake
Street. This was the last change in the personnel of the present house,
its members being to-day the same as in 1868, when the dissolution
took place. At the time of the great fire, the house of Henry W.
King & Co. was, of course, burned out, sustaining a total loss of
$550,000. Mr. King tells, and with evident pleasure, that they
succeeded in saving $100,000 worth of their stock, through the
thoughtful courtesy of Wirt Dexter, the attorney for the Michigan
Central Railroad. Mr. Dexter placed a train of freight cars at
their disposal, into which the goods were loaded as fast as they
could be conveyed from the store to the depot. More might have
been saved, had not the depot building taken fire, compelling the
engineer in charge of the train to hastily pull out for safer quarters.
The goods were taken to Michigan City, and there stored for two
weeks, at the end of which time, the firm having secured quarters,
temporarily, at the corner of Canal and West Washington streets,
they were re-shipped to this city. Owing to their good fortune in
saving this portion of their stock, and to the fact that they then, as
now, had a large manufactory in the East, the firm, within two
weeks after the fire, were again doing business as though no fire had
occurred. In 1872, a removal was made to the Farwell Block, on
Market Street, and three years later to their present quarters, at the
corner of Franklin and Madison streets. Within the past few
years this house has established, in addition to its wholesale busi-
ness, retail stores in Cincinnati, St. Louis and Milwaukee, as well
as Chicago; these, in connection with the sales of the wholesale
house in this city, do an annual business of over $4,000,000. In
1854, their total sales did not exceed $150,000. Comment on the
growth of their trade is scarcely necessary.
Henry William King was born on December 18, 1828, at Mar-
tinsburg, Lewis Co., N. Y., and was educated in the public schools
of his native place. After completing his studies he was employed
in several stores in Martinsburg until 1854, when he came to Chi-
cago and began business. In addition to the labor of his extensive
business, Mr. King has led a very active life in working for the
good'of Chicago's distressed inhabitants. In the years 1870, 1871,
1872 and 1873, he was president of the Chicago Relief and Aid So-
ciety, and during that period the Society disbursed the $5,000,000,
given as the world's bounty for the relief of the sufferers from the
great fire of 1871. His dealing with this large amount was conducted
with so much fidelity and ability, that the Society became a model
for similar organizations in all parts of the world. Since 1873, Mr.
King has been treasurer of the same Society. He is vice-president of
the Chicago Nursery and Half-Orphan Asylum and director of the
Old People's Home. He is a member of the Fourth Presbyterian
Church, and gives much time and attention to the local work of that
society as well as to its interests in other channels. Mr. King was
married, in 1858, to Miss Aurelia Case, of Chicago. They have
four children, two sons and two daughters.
CLEMENT, BANE & Co. — In February, 1867, H. C. Clement,
Charles H. Morton, James C. Clement, Edward P. Phelps, Oscar
F. Bane, and Samuel A. Squier associated themselves under the
firm name of Clement. Morton & Co., and began the wholesale
clothing trade at Nos. 27-29 Randolph Street. They remained at
that location, enjoying a constantly increasing trade, until October,
1871, when the tire burned them out, destroyed their stock valued
46
722
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
at over $200,000, and left them, with hundreds of other Chicago
merchants, to begin in business again from the bottom. They re-
sumed shortly after the tire, and, in December, 1871, established
themselves oii the Lake Front, where they remained until the fall of
1872, when they removed to the southeast corner of State and Mad-
ison streets. There they continued for three years, when a change
was again effected to the northeast comer of W.ibash Avenue and
Madison Street, in the Kutter Building. In January. (SyS, the
house was reorgani/ed under its present firm name of Clement,
Dane \ Co.. the members of which are 11. ('. (lenient, O. K. and
I I'.. Bane, and Clement & Sons, of Rutland, Vt. At the same
time they removed to their present location, at the northwest corner
of Adam's and Franklin streets. In 1868, when Clement, Morton
. m.w Clement, Bane i: Co., began manufacturing clothing,
they at tirst employed only one cutter; now they employ fifty men
in this department' of their factory, besides four large cutting ma-
chines, each of which can do the work of ten men. They also fur-
nish employment, the year through, to an average of two thousand
person-..
//. C. Cl,-»u-iit was born at Bridgewater, Vt., on March 6,
1835. His early life was spent in the store of his father, F.benezer
Clement, at Hydcvillc, Vt. In 1858, he went to Charleston, III.,
where he engaged in the general merchandise business. In 1861,
he organized the First National Hank of that place, and served as
cashier, at the same time carrying on his other business. In 1865,
he sold out his business interests at Charleston and came to Chi-
cago. He married Miss \Iina Bliss, daughter of Ephraim Bliss, of
Mydeville. She died in Chicago in 1871, leaving one daughter,
Mary. His second wife was Miss Fannie Crocker, daughter of
Elisha Crocker, of Boston, Mass.
/•". Kiiitc was born in Washington County, Penn., on
September ir, 1842. His parents were William C. Bane and
Martha McFarland Bane, who removed to the West in 1855 and
d in Charleston, III. At the breaking out of the Civil War in
Mr. Bane, then only nineteen years of age, enlisted in the 8th
Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1862, he was transferred to the
I23d Infantry, when he was made second lieutenant of Co. "A,"
being shortly afterward promoted to the rank of captain. In the
spring of 1864, he was detailed as assistant adjutant-general of
Wilder's Mounted Infantry Brigade, in which capacity he served
until the close of the War. Returning home, he remained for one
year in Charleston, and in the fall of 1866 came to Chicago, form-
ing, in February, 1867, his connection with the old house of Cle-
ment, Morton & Co. Upon the reorganization of the house in
1878, he became a member of the new firm, and has so continued to
the present time. Mr. Bane was married, in October, 1866, to
Miss Ella M. Clement, daughter of James C. Clement, of Charles-
ton, 111. She died in Chicago, on February 26, 1873. In May, 1874,
Mr. Bane was again married to Mary A. Crocker, daughter of
Elisha Crocker, of Boston, Mass.
CHARLES P. KELI.OGG & Co. are among the oldest houses in
Chicago in their line, as manufacturers of and wholesale dealers in
clothing. This house was originally established here in 1852, by
Palmer & Kellogg and H. H. Huntington, under the style of
Huntington & Co., at No. 189 South Water Street. In 1857, the
firm, by changes, became Barrett, King & Co., and removed to Nos.
205-207 South Water Street, where they remained until 1859 ; they
then removed to Nos. 25-27 Lake Street, where they remained
until 1864. In 1864, the firm name became King, Kellogg & Co.
This firm moved to Nos. 24-26 Lake Street, direclly opposite their
old location. In 1868, the name of the firm once again changed,
and became C. P. Kellogg & Co. In 1871, at the time of the fire,
they were burned out on Lake Street, but resumed business again
in December of that year in a two-story frame building, which they
had erected within the walls of the Second Presbyterian Church,
at the corner of Washington Street and Wabash Avenue. In the
spring of 1873, a removal was made to Nos. 243-49 Madison Street,
and two years later to their present location, at the corner of Mon-
roe and Franklin streets. In 1883, the house sustained a heavy
loss in the joint deaths of the father who founded it, and the son,
Charles P. Kellogg, who for many years had been practically at its
head. The present members of the house of C. P. Kellogg & Co. are
William II. Kellogg, John H. Prentiss, George Eckart, George
Sharp, William 15. Main, William G. Warren, Dwight C. Herrick
and James II. Miller, the four gentlemen last named having been
long connected with the house as travelling salesmen, and having
been taken into partnership in 1883. The senior members are all
so well known as to render extended mention unnecessary. Their
business enterprise and experience well qualify them to maintain
the standing and reputation of their house. William H. Kellogg
has been a resident of Chicago since 1872, excepting the four years
he had charge of the St. Louis branch of the house. John H.
Prentiss became a partner in the firm of P. V. Kellogg & Co.,
Utica, N. Y., and Barrett, King & Co., Chicago, in 1855. In
1865, he sold out, and retired from business, but three years later
again resumed and has since maintained his connection with the
house. Mr. Prentiss is a native of ( o. .pcrstown, X. Y., and has
resided permanently in Chicago since 1870. George Eckart, also a
New Yorker, came to Chicago in 1854, and engaged as a clerk with
the firm, and in 1865 became a partner. George Sharp arrived in
•o in i-5<>, and was first employed as bookkeeper for the
house of Purington & Scranton, ship chandlers. A short time later
he entered the employ of Barrett, King Ov Co.; three years subse-
quently he became a partner in the firm of King, Kellogg & Co., the
successor* of Barrett, King & Co.
Cii!.i. INS, I >o\v MM; tS; Co. — This firm was formed in New
York City, in 1841, by the late Henry Collins, and during its
experience of forty-live years has never been known to ask an ex-
tension of time though it has passed through panics that have
caused competitors to go to the wall.
.s'/wc;/ /-A1.*//, manager of the Chicago branch, was born at
Ellingen, Bavaria, in 1840, where his father, Joel W. Flesh, was a
dry goods merchant. He received his preliminary education there,
and afterward completed his studies at the academies of Munich,
the capital of Bavaria. He came to America in 1866, and located
at Piqua, Ohio, where he engaged in the clothing business with his
brother. Three years later he removed to New York Citj and
engaged in the woolen business, and in 1874 entered the employ
of Collins, Downing £ Co. A year later he introduced their goods
in the West, when he located in Chicago. He has exclusive con-
trol of their business for the City of Chicago and some of the West-
ern States and Territories. He was married, in 1875, at LaCrosse,
Wis. , to Miss Bertha Wachenheimer, and has two sons, — Joel W.
and Leon M. He is an enterprising business man and stands high
in commercial circles, controlling, as he does, the business of one
of the heaviest wholesale woolen dealers in the West.
B. KUPPENIIEIMER & Co. — This firm of wholesale clothiers is
an outgrowth of the house which was founded in 1863 by Julius
Kohn, Martin Clayburgh and Morris Einstein, under the firm name
of Kohn, Clayburgh & Einstein. This firm first opened at No. 27
Lake Street. Two years later, Mr. Kohn retired and B. Kuppen-
heimer and David Lindauer became members, and, without any
change in the name of the firm, remained at that location until the
fire of October, 1871, when they were burned out, suffering losses
amounting to $200,000. On the first of December following, they
resumed business on the Lake Front, and in July, 1872, removed to
the corner of Randolph Street and Wabash Avenue. The firm re-
mained there until the fall of 1876, when it was dissolved, Mr.
Kuppenheimer forming the firm of B. Kuppenheimer & Co., com-
posed of himself, his son Jonas, and Samuel Nathan. The other
members of the old house also reorganized, forming the firm to-day
known as Einstein, Longini & Co. The firm of B. Kuppenheimer
& Co. started in business at Nos. 79-81 Wabash Avenue, and
stayed there until, in January, 1880, it removed to Nos. 204-206
Madison Street. At that time Louis B. Kuppenheimer, a second
son of the senior member of the firm, was admitted as a partner.
The house of B. Kuppenheimer & Co. has from its founding enjoyed
a steadily increasing trade, its sales amounting to nearly $1,000,000
annually.
B. Kuppt'nhcinicr was born in Baden, Germany, in 1829. At
the age of eighteen he went into the employ of Leopold Kahn, in
Lichtenau, Germany, as a clerk for three and one-half years. In
1850, he came to America, and first engaged in peddling dry goods
and notions. In the fall of 1852, he went to Terre Haute, Ind.,
and opened a retail clothing house, remaining there until January,
1 86(1, when he came to Chicago, and became a member of the firm
of Clayburgh, Einstein & Co. Mr. Kuppenheimer married Augusta
Rosenfeld, daughter of F. Rosenfeld, of Wiirtemberg, Germany.
They have five children, — Jonas, a member of the above firm;
Emma, now wife of Aaron Sterm, of New York; Louis, also in
business with his father; and Philip and Albert.
GKOSSE & Co. are clothiers at the northwest corner of Chicago
Avenue and Wells Street. The firm is composed of Henry Grosse
and Henry Wieland, who formed a co-partnership in May, 1883, at
Nos. 143-47 Chicago Avenue, and in April, 1885, moved into their
present quarters. Their establishment is one of the largest in the
city, and is fitted up with every modern improvement to facilitate the
handling of stock and for the convenience of their immense trade.
They occupy a room 80 by 60 feet, and use the same area of base-
ment for manufacturing purposes. Through their characteristic
energy and ability the firm have been successful in monopolizing
the trade of the North Side, and their business is annually increasing.
Jlfiuy dvsse, a member of the firm of Grosse & Co., a son of
Henry and Mary E. Grosse, was born in Uder, Saxony, on March
29, 1863. When he was two years of age his parents emigrated to
this country, and located at Chebanse, II1., where they remained
until 1872. After attending the public schools he took a special
course in Bryant iV Stratton's Business College. Upon finishing his
studies he began commercial life in the clothing house of his father,
Nos. 143-47 Chicago Avenue, where he gained a thorough knowl-
edge of the business by serving in each department. At the death
of Mr. Grosse, senior, on February 26, iSSo, the business was con-
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
723
tinned by Mr. Grosse and his brother John Grosse until May, 1881,
his brother then retiring. Henry Wieland succeeded to a partner-
ship in May, 1883, the firm since then being styled Grosse & Co.
Mr. Grosse is well and favorably known to the public, and he is
recognized by the trade as a thorough business man.
HENRY L. HATCH, manager of the Golden Eagle Clothing
Company, is a veteran in the business, having had an experience of
about thirty- three years. He is a son of Albert*;. Hatch and Harriet
(Lemmex) Hatch, the latter a native of Demerara, South America,
and grandson of Major Reuben Hatch and Eunice (Denison) I latch,
who were well known throughout the East. He was born at Wind-
sor, Vt., on September 29, 1830, and educated at Kimball Union
Academy, Meriden, N. II. At I he age of seventeen he engaged in
the dry goods business in Boston, where he remained four years,
and then entered the employ of an importing house in New York
City, where he remained three years. In 1854, he came to Chicago,
and became associated with the linn of II. II. II listed & Co., with
which he was identified until the great fire. He then started in the
clothing business alone, under the firm name of Hatch >\ Co.,
which he continued until 1874, when he closed his business to accept
the position he now occupies. I le was married at Penn Van, X. Y .,
on October 13, 1859, to Miss Helen Kate Durry, daughter of John
I. Durry, a former merchant of New York City, and has had six
children, — M.irgaret, Hattie, Daisy, Kittie, Henry L., Jr., and
I lelen, of whom the latter three are living. Mr. Hatch has been a
member of the Cleveland Lodge of Masons for thirty years, and
is also a charter member of Home Lodge, No. 505, A.F. <.V A.M.;
and was one of the moving spirits of the old Chicago Light Guards.
He has been prominently identified with Christ Reformed Episcopal
Church for many years, and is a public spirited gentleman who has
done much toward the advancement of the city.
RKMK K \ NKWKI.L. — This firm is composed of YY". C. Rem-
ick and L. C. Newell, and is the successor of the old and well-known
house <>t E. YV. 1 loibrook & Co., known in the trade as carrying
in this city the first stock of clothiers' linings, which are now so
extensively used in vest-linings and coat-sleeves. The firm do a
large business with jobbers and manufacturers in Chicago and Mil-
waukee. The house was organized in 1883, and has been very fortu-
nate in obtaining the agency for the ( lilbert Manufacturing Company
of New York, cotton goods, and for the house of Hall, Newell &
Co., of Boston, converters of cotton goods and fancy sleeve-linings.
L. C. .\Vr<v//, member of the firm of Remick & Newell, at
No. 152 Fifth Avenue, was born in Kramingham, Mass., on August,
185(1. After attending various schools, he was graduated in 1872
at St. Mark's School in Southborough, Mass. Soon after, he came
to Chicago, where for several years he was engaged in a subordinate
capacity in the old established house of E. YV. I loibrook & Co.
He remained in the employment of the firm as salesman until 1883,
when the company of Holbrook & Co. was dissolved, being suc-
ceeded by the present house of Kemick & Newell, with the subject
of this sketch as the junior partner.
J. W, GRISWOI.P & Co. — This house was established as early
35.1852, in Hartford, Conn., by Joseph YV. Griswold; four years
later he removed to Milwaukee, where for five years he enjoyed a
steadily increasing trade. In 1863, he decided to remove to this
city, and in that year he located his business at No. 50 Lake
Street. At the same time his brother, Edward P. Griswold, who
had previously been in his employ as a clerk, was admitted as a
partner, the firm then changing to its present form. A few years
later they removed to No. 54 YVabash Avenue, where they were
located at the time of the fire, in which their losses aggregated
$30,000. Immediately following that catastrophe, they resumed
business on the Lake Front, where they stayed until the premises at
No. 254 Madison Street were re-built, and into which they removed
early in 1872. In 1879, a change was again made to their present
quarters, at Nos. 244-46 Monroe Street. Through a long career,
the house of J. YY. Griswold iV Co. has always paid one hundred
cents on the dollar, and to-day is doing a larger business than it has
at any other time before in its history. In 1863, their sales did not
exceed $100,000, while now they amount to over $500,000, per an-
num, and are still increasing.
J. Hr. (irh-iv/il, the founder of this house and its senior mem-
ber, was born near YYetherslield, Conn., on August 24, 1831, his
parents being Thomas Griswold and [erusha (YY'ells) Griswold. In
his earlier days the elder Griswold followed the calling of a farmer,
but later became a wholesale dealer in seeds in the town of YVeth-
ersl'ield. The son was reared mainly on the farm, but as he grew older
received a business training as a clerk in his father's store. In 1852,
he started in business on his own account and founded the house of
which he has since been the head. Mr. Griswold was married, on
August 21, 1857, to Miss Mary Chapman, daughter of Charles
Chapman, of Hartford. They have three children, — Charles Chap-
man, a young man now connected with his father's firm as a sales-
man; (e^sie YY'ells, now the wife of Frank Bissel, of this city; and
Anna Maud.
lidwant /'. (/V/VriWi/ was also born near Welhcrsfield, Conn.,
on August 6, 1838, and passed his boyhood's days on the farm and
in school. In 1856, he came West and entered the employ of his
brother at Milwaukee. On his removing to this city he was ad-
mitted as a partner, and has since retained his connection with the
house. Mr. Griswold was married, on June 9, 1865, to Miss Mary
Browning, daughter of Thomas Browning, of Kalamazoo, Mich.
They have four children, — Edward Browning, Mary Maud, Grade
G. and Harold G.
I ' ii is STKIN & Co. are wholesale dealers in hats, caps, gloves
and umbrellas at Nos. 200 and 202 Madison Street. The firm was
organized in the latter part of 1879, and, while comparatively a new
firm, is already rated among the largest of its class in the city. Mr.
Stein is the happy possessor of the three essentials requisite to
crown any businessman with success — industry, integrity and enter-
prise. In 1865, his brother, Marcus Stein, established a house
dealing in the same line of merchandise at Milwaukee, where, in
1871, L. Stein joined him. In 1875, the senior of the Milwaukee
house, M. Stein, met his death on the ill-fated steamer " Schiller,"
and his place in the firm was taken by Charles Stein, the style then
being changed to Charles Stein & Co., and so continued until De-
cember, 1879, when Louis Stein came to Chicago.
/.<iin'.< SI, 'in was born in Steele, near the city of Essen, Rhen-
ish Prussia, Germany, on October 24, 1841. lie received a portion
of his education at his native place, until his father died. His
mother came to this country with her children in 1855, settling on
a farm adjacent to the town of Waukesha, YYis. There Mr. Stein
went to school in a log school-house until 1858; he then began his
business career as clerk and student of chemistry, in the retail drug-
store of C. Jackson, in Waukesha, where he remained three years.
In 1861, he joined his two brothers, and started a general store
there, under the name of Stein Bros. There he continued until
1871, when he sold out his interest, and went to Milwaukee, where
he remained until December, 1879, when he sold out and came to
Chicago, and established himself at Nos. 200 and 202 Madison
Street. Mr. Stein married, in January, 1875, Miss Gertrude L.
Moss, of New York City. They have two children, — Lawrence D.
and Rosetta.
O. H. WARD was born in South Carolina, in 1842, and is the
son of William YY7. and Maria (Phillips) Ward. His father was an
eminent dentist and practitioner of New York for many years. Mr.
Ward was educated in New York, and after finishing his school
studies engaged as clerk in a large hat, cap and fur establishment
in that city for some time. At the breaking out of the War, he en-
listed in the 7ist New York Volunteer Infantry and served for
three years, being mustered out as a non-commissioned officer.
After returning from the Army, Mr. Ward went to Burlington,
Iowa, to accept a position as head clerk in an extensive hat, cap and
fur establishment, which he retained for four years. In the mean-
time he married Miss Juliett G. Wightman, daughter of J. P.
YVightman, a most respectable and esteemed citizen of that place
and at one time mayor of the city. They have one son and one
daughter. The son, YVilliam Henry, now nineteen years old, has been
a clerk in the Montreal Bank of Chicago for the past two years;
the daughter is a graduate of the High School of Chicago. Mr.
Ward is engaged at present as travelling salesman for the firm of
King Bros. & Co., hat, cap and fur manufacturers of this city.
HART BROTHERS. — Abraham and Henry N. Hart came to this
city in 1854, when they were young men. One of them, Henry,
sought and obtained employment as a clerk in the store of Joseph
J. Schnaltz, a brother-in-law, while Abraham, meeting with nothing
better, began driving a peddler's wagon. A few months later,
however, the brothers established themselves in the retail clothing
trade at No. 5 South Clark Street, where they remained until, in
1859, they removed to Nos. 21-25 on tne same thoroughfare. At
that time they added to their business a merchant-tailoring depart-
ment. In 1862, they started in the wholesale furnishing goods
business, conducting also a retail store until 1869, when they
removed to No. 28 Lake Street, remaining there until burned out
in the fire of October, 1871. In that fire their losses aggregated
nearly two hundred thousand dollars. Notwithstanding this, five
days later saw them re-established in business at the private resi-
dences of Hart Bros., at Nos. 28 and 30 Sixteenth Street. At the
same time they began the erection, on the Lake Front, of a tempor-
ary brick building, two stories in height, which was completed and
occupied within six weeks from that date. In 1872, this building
was vacated for quarters at Nos. 79-81 Wabash Avenue, where
they remained until July, 1874, when they removed to their present
location, Nos. 153-59 Franklin Street. In addition to their whole-
sale furnishing goods business, in which line the Hart Brothers, as
a firm, rank among the largest in the YYrest, they are also members
of the firm of II. F. Ilahn & Co., wholesale jewelers, doing busi-
ness on the second floor of the building at Nos. 157-59 Franklin
Street.
Alinilnnii Hurt was born at Eppelsheim, Duchy of Hesse
Darmstadt, in 1831. 1 1 is early life was spent with his father, assist-
ing- him in his milling and stock business and in procuring a solid
724
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
edni. ilion. Hi lein. lined at home until lR54, when he Q to
this city. Mr. Hart married Hannah Roscnheim, daughter of
I-.I.H Rosenheim, of Witrtemi" have three
children, -lleitli. i, wib ol lacob I.evi, ol Chicago; II. my R. and
Milton R.
I.IMMIII ; I his firm was founded in 1.1(17, by
I'hrich kohrbach, llenjamin l.indauer and l.ipman I.evi, nndei the
name ol kohrbach, l.illdanei ,\ I ., . , ommeuciug business al No.
25 Fake Street. Two years later, Mr. kohrbach disposed of his
real in the lirm to Messrs, lienjamin l.indauer, Fli.is M. ko-
seliblatl and 1 ipnl.in Feu, and the lirm name wa to I.in-
dauei, i.cvi >\ Co. ,and M. i'.. Findauci was admitted as a partner,
In 1170, a removal was made to No. :M Fake Street, where busi-
ness was cart ied on until ( )ctol u-r, 1-71, when the entile stock was
consmne.l in ihe great Inc. The total loss of the lirm through ihis
ter amounted to Sii.-,j,i»xi, of which amount they ie;o\eied
DO t hi ongb policies of insii ranee. Alter the fire, I nisi ness was
ned at the residence of M. K. l.indauer, at No. 1570 \\ .
Avenue, where a cult ing table was improvised from I he do,
coal shed, supported on trestles, in order thai employment might
be at once furnished to their work-people. After I, they
secured temporary quarters on the lake Front, and in July, 1871:,
removed to the premises Nos. 55-57 Wabash Avenue. 'Fen
I. ili i established Themselves at their present location,
Nos. i— 1-7 \i e| In 1172, the Findauer P.rother,
bought the interest of Mr. I.evi, when the lirm name was once more
jed to l.ind.mer Pros. ,\ Co. In 1874, Scligman Lindaucr,
another brother, became a p.-mner, ami in [881 F. M. Rosenblatt
< eding to his interest in the house. The
present members of the him are benjamin, M. F. and Seligman
l.indauer, and Aaron Rosenblall. I n t heir manllfacl iiring depart-
ment, which was begun in a small way ill 1867, Findauer Itros. iV
( o. now employ about four hundred people, and rank as one ol the
• iishinenis in the West.
i:,-iii,iiiiiii /.iin/iiiii-r was born at Jebenhaiisen. in the kingd
ol Wurtenberg, (icrmauy. in i.nii, his paients, Judas anil Miriam
(Finslein) Findauer, having also been natives of the same place.
When about sixteen veal •, Old be leal ned Ihe trade ol a weaver, and
rienilv attended the Academy of Weaving at kellHingcn,
\\Tlri. when he assumed ch.n , ottou
and wooien factory ol his uncles, I., and S. Kinstein, at |eben-
hailsen. lie came to Chicago in iSsi), and for three nionllr, en
in peddling goods between this cilvand |oliet. lie next
d the employ ol ( I. F. Anderson, then in the retail dry goods
and notion business ,,n West Randolph Street. From Mr. An-
derson's Sim,., he wi -Hi Into that ol Martin) llayburgh, ami rem
with that gentleman until |86l, when he went to Mount I'armel,
111. 'Fin-re he engaged ill business for himself as a dealer in
eral OV In HM., he leii'ined to Chicago, and in t In-
following year, as has been already said, assisted iii founding the
ol which he is to-day Ihe head. Mr. l.indauer married Hen-
rietta Rosenblatt, daughter of F. M. koscnblatl ol Stadt Ccisa, in
fhej have six children, — ko .a, Folia, I!., Julius
1!., I .illie, Miriam and Arthur.
i i; BROTHERS, hatters and men's furnishers, have their
stores situated al No. -..37 |l|ur Island Avenue. No. 330 Division
-o. I,,,] West Madison streets. This lirm is composed of
Philip and Adam Paul Kastler. They established their business in
• Ing oi 1871, at No. 62^ North Clark Street, which thi
of that fall swept away, involving a loss of JiS.ixxi. 'File business
was resinned al No. -si South llalsted Street, under the Styl
Kastli \dain P. K > unable to , tCtive
business at the time on account of p ' health. File llalsted •
continued business under the above name until 1874, when
Philip Kastler Withdrew, and formed a co-partnership with |olni
••a, under the him name of Kastler & Figinger, ami enj
in the manillaeture ol caps, their business house being loeate.fon
Fifth Avenue. After a successful .1 about one year the
firm was dissolved. In August, 1875, the brothers again formed a
co-partnership, and resumed their former business at the e.n mi of
Blue Island Avenue and Twelfth Streel. p,\ honorable business
methods and commendable enterprise their business since ihat lime
eadily increased, until they are considered one ol the promi-
nent hrnis ol the dty engaged in this particular branch of trade.
the pioneer residents of the dty, h.-ivin ,.|v „, ,.,,,?
Pkilip A',,sf/,T was born in 1847. His education was received
at the public schools prior to his thirteenth yeai . At thai as;e he
entered Potter Palmer's retail dry goods establishment as cash boy
;""' ll"'rr continued i gradual!) working himself up to
POSH, ons oi confidence and trust. In 1869, he ideniiiied himself
With The hat, cap and lurnishinj; good* trade as -, salesman, and in
1871, in partnership with his brother, embarked in the same busi-
lie is a member of Herder Lodge, No. M.i), A. I1'. ,V A.M.;
w ii, v \l Egan ' hapter, No. \->i,, R. A.M.; and Chicago c,,n>
manaery, No. ni, K.T. lie was married to Miss Catharine I
in 1870. They have had live children, three ol whom are living.
.Id, nil /'. A"id//,r was born on May 5, i.i|<), and in most re-
followed in the footsteps of his brothel Philip. At thi
ul thirteen he entered I 'oiler Pali: ills establishment as a
boy and, alter having become conversant with the business
and leached a more malnre age, he wa , engaged by dilleicnl i on-
me line as a salesman. In 18(17, he entered his
trade, and in 1.171 engaged in business with his
lumber. In 1873, he had for thi larl regained his n
and, in connection with Mr. Kline, went into the grocery business
under the style of Kline ,V Co. This partnership lasted about a
year, when it was dissolved, and Mr. Kastler went to Sycamon ,
III., where he opened a hat, cap and Inniishn in, use.
There he remained until the summer of 1875, when he clos( , I oul
his business, returned to Chicago, and the lirm of Kastler I'.ioibeis
was re-established. lie was married in this city in March, i
Miss Johanna Randolph. They have two children.
Sri IK VhKK \ NKI /.i-.t I . — 'Phis lirm are the successors to a house
iishcd shortly prior to the great lire of 1871. In Novell i be i ,
Messrs. Kisier.v Schrader opened a wholesale an taring
establishment at No. (1,1 Randolph Street. Ill (he following OctO-
ber they were burned out of everything, but within ten da\
the conflagration the lirm had opened for I,,.
stock of their own manufactured goods. They were locab
al No. 177 Fry Street, on the Wesl Side, bill subse.|nentlv i
down town, being located al two different points prior to securing
their present i|uarters. Nos. 128-30 Filth A
occupied for the past eight years, In 1878, Mr. Kister died, but
the business was carried on in the name of Kisler cV Schrader until
1880, Mrs. Kister retaining the interest of her husband. In
she disposed of her share in the business i,, Mr. Schrader, II. I).'
\\oodrieh, who was with Marshall Field ,\ Co. I an\
becoming a pa finer, and the lirm became Sell rader ,V Wood rich
then opened a retail clothing house on the North Side, under the
name of M. A. Sholbe ,\ Co., ihe latter being represented by
.. Schrader iV Woodrich. This they continued lor two years',
when the business was sold to Mr. \\oodrich, and he withdrew'
from the wholesale house. Henry I.. Neu/eit purchasing his intciest
therein. 'Ihe him ol Sehrader ,V Ncn/eit rank among tin
perous and representative houses in their line, their business
embracing the manufacturing and wholesaling of shirts, pants,
overalls, llaiinel and knitted underwear, suspenders, linen collars,
etC, They give employment to a force of from Idly to sixty skilled
both members having an extensive and valuable knowl-
Ol the business, and their executive ability has been .
evidenced ta the n. , e,sful conduct ol their enterprise.
.,1,-rick Sflinnl,-!- was born in Hanover, Cermanv, on March
s. 1 8(1. IK- passed Ihe first twenty-six years of his life in his
native land, where he was educated in the common schools, and
entered business lilcasa clerk ill a mci caul lie establishment. In
18(17, he left ( icnnaiiy and came direct to Chicago, where hi
Since permanently resided. lie secured a position with American
>V Smith, whol, sale di \ goods dealers, and remained in their employ
until the fall of 1870, when he, in company with Mr. Kister, estab
Iishcd the business of which he is now althelie.nl. \h. Sell
harp, shrewd, energetic business man, and has drivel
enterprise io the success which it has attained, lie was married in
August, 187 (i i,, \liss liei-nhardine Filling, of Chicago. They
now have lour children, - Frida. William, Frederick, If., and ller-
Mr. Schrader belongs to Apollo Lodge, No. [59, A.O.U.W,
.1 \\n-.s M. I FVUKIN was bom to the Cit) oi New York in 1840,
and spent his boyhood days and received his education and husi-
ainine in thai city." lie was engaged then as a clerk ilia
tiirnishing goods house up to iSdi), in which yeai he came to
Chicago. He commenced business lor himself in 1870 al No. 72
Madison Street. Thcgieal lire of 1871 swept every thing he had
away, involving a loss of over Sio.ooo. Within a fewdavs he
resumed business on t he North Side, and at present carries , HI his
t men's fine furnishing goods al N,,. i(j North Clark Street,
corner of Ontario. His annual sales amount to over $i s.ixxi. He
is a member of Kilwinning Lodge, No. 303, A.F. .V A.M.
RUBBER GOODS.
E. P,. Pui-sin\ ,V CO.— This house was established by K. Ii.
Preston, who came t,, Chicago in [869, and opened a store, dealing
•her belling and leal her goods. This house was a bran, h of
tern Concern, Mr. Preston being located here as its western
manager. His lirst place of business was on FaSallc Streel, op-
posite the tunnel, where he remained until the ( Vlober lire, in which
his individual losses were nearly $30,000. After the fire he again
established himself in business at Nos. 35-39 South Canal Street.
MANUFACTURES AND TRADK.
725
Men be continued for ;i short time when lie removed i<> N<>. i3s
Lake Slu-cl, when- IK- remained nnlil January, iSyd. Mis next
removal was to No. H»> State Street, .il which loealion he continued
until l-'cbruary, (884, when he removed to No. 151 Lake Street where
lie has since been. In 1872, Mr. Preston established, as an cntcr-
prise of Ills own, a belling factory, first located at No. I :(S Lake
Street, anil employing then lint three or four workmen. The busi-
ih . , bowevei jfreni ,o rapidly that he was soon compelled to remove
to more commodious <|uarters and largely increase his working
force tO meet the demands i if his trade. His laetoi y is now situated
at Nos. (13-17 Fifth Avenue, where he occupies four lar^c Moors
and furnishes employment lo seventy live men ihe year through.
This factory, which lull a few years a^o was started in a small
Way, and consnmin;; thru less Ihan lilu " 1 Mitts" or skins per week,
now re(|iiires three hundred lo furnish its output loi i In lame length
of time. In iSyj, Mr. 1'restoii also started In the 1 msincss of manu-
facturing and dealing largely in lire deparlnieul supplies, including
brass castings, hose-noz/lcs, couplings, trucks, ladders, etc. Shortly
after embarking in this last inenlioneil venture, Mr. Preston bouidil
out the hii 'in, oi George Hannis, who had for years been engaged
in the nianufacinrc of liie ilepartment supplies. In January, iSS-j,
I ieor^c !•',. Preston, a brother, and who hail been associated with
I'',. II. Preston since 1*70, was admitted as a partner in the house,
as were also, at the same time. \V . I >. Allen and l\. (i. Wallace;
from that date the style ol the linn has been K. It. Preston ,\ Co,
In i,">72, the business of this house did noi exceed $i 50, ooo yearly,
but such has been its LHowlh that il now amounts to$i ,1100,1 KIO per
aiiiium, and is still inn easing.
I-'., />'. /'r,'sli>n was born at Stafford Springs, Conn., on Sep-
i i_', iS|s. \\heii ten years old In- entered the cmplo\ oi
\\ealherby ,V Co., drv L'.oods dealers, at Hartford, Conn., and re-
in.lined with them until In- was fourteen. He then en;;av,ed himself
to James I.. Howard X- Co., manufacturers ol car supplies, as a
clerk, and continued in their service until the War ol the Rebellion.
He assisted in raising Co. " K," '-~d Connecticut Volunteer Infantry,
and was made Second lieutenant, promoted to hrsl lieutenant, and
finally commanded the company. In iH(>4, he was appointed In-
spector-! Ictlcral of Connecticut, a position he held until Ihe close ol
the War. In iSdd, he followed a planter's life in Louisiana, raising
cotton and su^ar-cane on a plantation alxinl lifly miles north of
New < Irleain. Alter a residence llleie ol a wear he relumed lo
Cticilt, when he connecleil hinisell' with P. Jewell \ Sous, ol
1 1 art ford, man id act niers ol leather belting, and there lemained until
he came to Chicago in iSd<}. Mr. Preston married Kllen II. Allen,
daughter of William II. Allen, ol Hartford, Conn. They have had
three ehildieii, [WO deceased, Ma\ and Kllcn; and one Ihinv,,
Margui
G, A. /V, •>/<« was born at Willin^ton, Conn., on December
12, 1851. When he was six years ol aye his parents moved to
Hartford, < 'i ..when hi received his • irlj edueaiion. At the
;i}JC of hflecn he went to Pawlnekel, K. I., and enleied the employ
ol II. I,. Karcbrother .\ Co., manufacturers ol leather bellinv, his
brothel. K. 11. I'n .ton, lii-inn at that time the I ra\ ellini; salesman
lor Ihe linn. lie remained with them until Ihe linn was chanved to
llaeon llros. tV Co., his brother, I''.. II., beine, then a partner. The
firm having dissolved in 1870, Mr. Preston came to ( Inca^o and
enieied I he em ploy ol his brother, with whom he has since remained,
brinv; admitted as a partner in January, 1882, from which time he
has had charge oi the fire apparatus business .md leathet beltinv,
factory of the hrm. Mr. Preston married Mi-.s Minnie K. Parrish,
daughtet ol rlon, I. II. Parrish, of < irand Rapids, Mich. They
hau- two children, — liessie K. and Howard K.
MILLINERY.
"Mrs. Daniels, Milliner and Dressmaker, Dearborn
Street, opposite Tremonl, House," is the form of the
announcement found on one of the pages of the Chi-
cago Directory for 1845, and, so far as can he ascer-
tained, this was the first, millinery establishment in
Chicago, where that, track' is now reprcscnlrd by nearly
two hundred and fifty rrlail establishments and seven-
teen wholesale houses — the latter alone having a trade
amounting to about six millions of dollars annually. In
1847-48, we find that Mrs. Daniels was reinforced by
four others, supposed to be proficient in the mysteries of
head-gear, and in 1850 the number had not increased.
Three years later, however, seven millinery signs
appeared, that business of course being then associated
with dressmaking, after the manner of small towns,
with the exception of one estal , I). I!. Kisk's,
which commenced a wholesale business in a small way.
In 1855, the business was represented by twenty-eight
establishments — one wholesale; and three years later by
fifty milliners and ten dealers in millinery and straw
goods, three of whom were wholesale. l!y 1860, the
latter had increased to fifteen, the ordinary establish-
ments remaining about the same. Five years later we
find ninety of the latter and seventeen doing a whole-
sale business, the bulk of which was, however, done by
four or five houses. In 1870, the latter had increased
to twenty-four, while one hundred and thirty-two
retailers competed for the trade of the lair sex. Two
years later the wholesale trade had been reduced to
twelve houses, while the ordinary establishments limn
bered one hundred and sixty-two. In 1875, these had in-
creased to two hundred and thirty and I he wholesale busi-
ness was represented by twenty firms, whose aggregate
trade amounted to the handsome sum of $5,250,000
as against nearly $5,000,000 in 1874. There seem.
to have been a considerable fall hi"; off in the volume of
business done by the wholesale dealers during the
three following years, owing to the financial depression
<il the country doubtless, in 1879 the business gelling
back to a little more than that of 1875. In 1880, the
eighteen wholesale houses show a largely increased
trade, the aggregate then being $6,300,000; the retail
establishments had also increased lo two hundred and
forty. The trade of the former shows a handsome
increase: for 1881 — $6,500,000; and reached its highest
point in 1882, when it footed up $8,000,000 in round
numbers, dropping down to $6,500,000 in 1883, and to
$5,800,000 in 1884. In 1885, the aggregate business of
the seventeen wholesale houses was about the same as
that of the preceding year. This decrease is easily
.11 • ounted for by the decline in values since 1882, each
year marking a lower price for all classes of goods,
making it apparent that (hough an increased volume of
business may have been transacted annually, yet the
i ash totals would show a falling off. In 1885, the total
number of retail establishments in Chicago doing a
millinery business, not associated with dressmaking, was
two hundred and thirty-five, which business, if added to
thai of the wholesale trade, would increase the aggre-
gate lo something like $7,000,000.
( i. li. TKNMS \ COMPANY. — This house is composed of O. H.
Tennis, (1. Winim-\ei, and J. C. Tennis, and was ore,ani/cd in
January, 1884, as a specially store, for the purpose ol jobbing in
arllhcial Mowers, leather,, laees, ornaments, \clu-ls, crepes and
millinery novelties. lly thorough business experience-, each partner
is especially fitted for the work, and their large (tore at \<>s. 114-16
\Vabash Avenue is filled with aililicial products mallim; natural
llowvrs. They largely import then goodi, and Ihe Mowers are pur-
( h.-e.ed in an unfinished state, the pioi-ess ol branchinv, bcinj^ done
by experienced hands at their establishment . They also pun liase
a jjreal many Mower- made in the I'niled Stales, which are fast
.ippioachini;- the jniods of lorei;;n countries in excellence. This
hrm, composed as it is of youn^ men having Ihe e\pei ieiice of
thorough training in the largest house- ...I r ficagO, is destined to
become one ol the loremosi in this branch in the city.
<>r,-\/i-.\ /!. 'I'l-iiiiis was born at Thompsonlown, Jliniata Co.,
PI -mi., in iH53, and receiu-d a common school education. In 1^72,
became to I bicago, and entered the establishment oi l>. li. l-'isk &
Co., and lie;;an ihe BtUd) ol ll" bit .me-.-,, wit II I he expectation of
adopting ; it as a permanent trade. He remained with them until
1.SS4, when he associated with him Mr. Wittmcycr and a jroungei
brother, and opened III.- |.le-enl establishment.
/('An C. '/',-iiin n at Thompsontown, Jnniata Co.,
Pcnn., and was edncaled in his natne place. Me i ami- lo Chicago
in |S64, and en;;ae,ed in business as salesman in various establish-
ment-, until I -ifi.S, when he entered Ihe millinery house of I). P.
l''isk iV Co., and for sixteen years was continuously enj;a^ed with
that firm, ^ivin^ the closest attention to the trade.
(jit^/iir II 'f//f//::i'<:r was born in (.ermany, neai llambnre;, in
1848, and received a thorough education in the institutions oi his
country. In 1871, when the I'Vanco-Prussian War broke out, he
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
entered the Army, ami remained in the service cif his eimntry until
the close, entering as :i private soldier and becoming .1 Don-commis-
sioned officer, being niaile a Knight of the Iron Cross, an honor
conferred upon him lor meritorious conduct on the field of kittle.
He left Germany in 1*71, ami came to Chicago, where he remained
for a year, looking aliont and having in view the selection of some
permanent business. He tinally entered the service of 1). ]?. Fisk
,\ Co. in is;.', and remained in their employ until he formed the
nt partnership. Mr. \Vittmeyer was married in Chicago, in
to Miss Lilly Horn, daughter of Rudolph Born. They have
two children living, — Gustav and Klla.
Jill i Ke;, importer of millinery, was born in 1850,
at Wheeling, W \'a. At an early aye he removed to New York
City, when- he was educated at the Kindskoph Academy. His
motlu-i being a widow with small means, he determined not to be a
burden upon her, so, when young, he went lo Philadelphia to seek
means of support. lie sold newspapers on routes of his own work-
ing up, and in lime found employment in a dry goods store in that
city, where he remained until 1871, when he came to Chicago.
I pon his arrival here he began work as a traveller for Walsh &
llutchins, wholesale milliners, with whom he stayed until 1874,
when he entered the service ol I ». Webster \ Co., and opened and
managed their retail millinery establishment at No. 109 State
: In i>;s, having saved some capital, he opened a store at
No. i-i; Slate Street, and his business succeeded so well that he
was compelled to move to larger premises at No. 135 State Street,
where he remained till March, iSS;, when he took possession of
his present elegant and handsome store. Mr. llallenberg employs
about forty-two people and pays in salaries about §| ,<xx> a month.
During the last four years he has visited, once each year, the best
markets of Kurope. nolably Paris and London, to select g<
suitable for the refined tastes of his numerous customers. Many
of his original models are being reproduced and cuts of same
appeared in Fashion Maga/incs, and Mr. Wallenberg is now quoted
as the correct authority and leader in American fashions.
MRS. A. M. I't 1:11 I,K. dealer in fashionable millinery and hair
-, was born at Wiirtemberg, Germany, in 1840, and is the
daughter of John Chris and I!. M. (Miller) Salzer. She was edu-
cated at Stuttgart, and left Germany in 1856, and came to Galena,
111., residing there with her parents until tst>2, when she came to
Chicago to learn the millinery business. After receiving two years'
training she began business on her own account, in 1864, at No. 77
North Clark Street, and was very successful. In the great lire of
1871 she lost all her possessions, but, undaunted by misfortunes,
she soon after opened a store at the corner of West Madison street
and Milwaukee Avenue, where she also was successful, but again
lost heavily through some injudicious speculations. In 1881, she
located at her present store, where she is doing a large business.
She married, in 1872, C. II. 1'feifer, and has one daughter, Cecelia
Maria Pfeifer. She is a member of the Presbyterian Church.
TAILORS.
In the early days of Chicago, custom tailors were
unknown. With the growth of the town, "store-
clothes" succeeded homespun "linsey-woolsey," but
even after the city had commenced to assume metro-
politan dimensions, by far the greater proportion of the
clothing worn by its citizens were of Eastern manufac-
ture, and purchased ready-made. With the growth of
luxurious tastes, however, came a love for display and a
corresponding desire for garments of better pattern and
manufacture. The first custom tailor in Chicago prob-
ably was Solomon Lincoln, whose soubriquet was "the
prairie tailor." Since his days, the growth of the trade
has been enormous. It is not too much to say that the
work turned out by Chicago tailors may be compared,
without disadvantage, with that produced by any branch
of the trade in any city in the United States. Not a
few leading Eastern firms have established agencies in
this city, conducted by managers chosen from Chicago
citizens, the demand having fully justified such estab-
lishment, lietween the years 1871 and 1886, the num-
ber of custom tailors has been more than quadrupled,
nor has the increased competition militated against the
profits of first-class houses. The direct importation of
woolens by Chicago merchants has done not a little
toward advancing the interests of tailors, while, on the
other hand, the tailors themselves have constituted one
of the most numerous classes of importers' customers.
Ai, I:\AMII.K DtNtnr, merchant tailor, son of Hugh and
Lli/aU Hi M. I luiilop, of Kilmarnock. Scotland, was born on Octo-
ber 15, is(.|. His father was a tailor before him, and was widely
known in Scotland as one of the most reliable and artistic trades-
men in his line. At an early age he began to learn the trade in his
father's establishment. I pon mastering his business he left home
and engaged as cutter for John Hutton, of Newcastle-on-Tyne,
and subsequently was with John Gillies, of Sunderland. In 1868,
he came to the United States and chose this city as his future home.
lie engaged as cutter with John Stevenson, then at No. 5 Wash-
ington Street, for two years, and afterward was employed by J. 11.
Perry ..V Co., southeast corner of Dearborn and Monroe streets, as
cutter. In 1878, he succeeded the firm, and has since been con-
ducting business at his present location, No. 129 Dearborn Street.
Thorough and lirst -class work has met with the patronage of the
best society people, and Mr. Dunlop's trade has become correspond-
ingly exclusive. I le was married on September 22, 1870, to .Miss
|anet G. Murchland, of Scotland. They have five children, — Jennie-,
Sydney, Bertha, Charles and Grace. He is a member of the Doug-
las Club.
COL! INS cX: NKWI.AND. — The members of this firm are M. J.
Collins and W. I). Newland, who associated themselves in their
present business in February, 1879. at No. 209 West Madison
Street. For a short time they occupied quarters at No. 205 West
Madison Street, but then removed to their old place, whence they
changed to their present location in 1882.
ll'ii/imii /muss Ct'/lins, a. son of Thomas P. and Mary Collins,
was born at Bristol, England, on May 14, 1848. He attended
school until he was twelve years of age, when he was thrown upon
his own resources. Naturally self-reliant, he accepted the situation
as a matter of course, and set about making his own way through
the' world. 11 is good judgment induced him to cross the ocean, and
in 1859 he landed at Sew York. Entering the employ of Marshall
Ellis, New York, he remained with him four years; afterward went
to St. Louis and was engaged by Frank Davenport of that city, as
cutter, for two years. In 1867, he came to this city, and was em-
ployed by Matiicws and other establishments two years, when he
engaged with Hitchcock iV Smith, as salesman, for three years. Af-
ter the fire of 1871, he was with John H. Brown as salesman and
cutter for nearly two years, and afterward was connected with the
firm of Lindsay Bros. In 1879. he associated himself with W. 1).
New-land. Mr. Collins was married, on May 14, 1872, to Miss
Anna McCullough, of Chicago, formerlyof Rochester, N. V. They
have five children, — Sydney E., William J., Anna L., Mildred I.
and Olive ( 1.
Willinm Darius .YcwlaiiJ, a son of Darius and Emily New-
land, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., on October 16, 1842.
Until he was fifteen years of age he remained at home and attended
the public schools, proving himself a bright and diligent pupil. At
that age he went to Fitchburg, Mass., and was employed in a chair
factory two years. Subsequently he began mercantile life in a
general store, where he remained four years. He then entered the
wholesale woolen house of Rockwell & Co., Utica, N. Y., and con-
tinued in their employ during the next six years. Immediately
after the fire of 1871 he came to this city, and engaged in merchant
tailoring at No. 209 West Madison Street, where he conducted a
successful business until 1879, when he formed a partnership with
Mr. Collins. After a stay of several years on West Madison Street
the firm removed to No. 116 Monroe Street, where they have been
doing business since 1882. Mr. Newland was married, on De-
cember 25, 1865, to Miss Julia M. Skinner, of Lowell, Oneida Co.,
N. Y. They have two children, — Julia M. and Alice M. Mrs.
Julia Newland died on December 27, 1868. His present wife was
Miss Ida II. Smith, of Chicago, whom he married on May 20, 1878.
They have one child, — Ida Pauline.
CHAKI.KS En\vix HVHK, merchant tailor, son of Edwin N.
and Julia Hyde, of New York City, was born on September 29,
1841. His parents were old residents of New York and were
descended from the pioneers of Western Massachusetts. His boy-
hood was spent in New York City, attending public schools until his
thirteenth year, when he went to Newark N. J., and there began to
learn the trade of manufacturing jewelry with Field & Keep, New-
ark, with whom he remained until 1861. At the first call for troops
in the late War, he enlisted in the 2d New Jersey Volunteer Infantry,
and participated with his command in the battles of first Bull Run,
West Point, Manassas, (laities' Mills, Malvern Hill, etc., and re-
ceived an honorable discharge in 1864. Shortly after his return
home he came West, and while visiting relatives again enlisted, and
was detailed for service as post adjutant at Indianapolis, in which
capacity he served until the close of the War. Coming to this city
in 1865, he identified himself with Scott, Keen & Co., in the manu-
facturing tailoring trade, and in 1867 began business for himself
MANUFACTURES AND TRADK.
727
at No. I r 5 Madison Street. He was one of the sufferers by the great
lire of 1871, but re-opened business on Ilalsted Street before the
flames had ceased, and in May, 1872, removed to No. 255 West
Madison Street, where he occupied a residence which he fitted up as
a business place. In February, 1873, he removed to his present
location. Mr. Hyde has held the position of president of the
Drapers' and Tailors' Exchange for the past two years. He has
been prominently identified with the Masonic fraternity, and has re-
ceived all the degrees, taking the 32° twenty years ago. He was
one of the principal founders of Covenant Lodge, No. 526, of this
city, being the first senior warden and second master of this pros-
perous lodge, now the largest lodge in the State of Illinois, lit- is
a member of Apollo Commandery, being an honorary member of
of twenty years; also an honorary member of Covenant Lodge, No.
526, a member of Corinthian Chapter and of Oriental Consistory;
and belongs to the Illinois Club and other organizations. He
was married on August 10, 1869, to Miss Medora A. Sammons, of
Chicago. They have three children, — Charles A., Walter W. and
Grace M.
WILLIAM GEORGE JERREMS, successor to Alexander Nicoll,
better known as " Nicoll the Tailor," was born on Januarys, I&43>
being the only one of that name in America. Both of his parents
were from old English families, one of his mother's uncles was the
founder of the town of Lemonton, not far from Stratford-on-Avon,
the birthplace of Shakespeare. He was a diligent pupil in the pub-
lic schools until his twelfth year, when he began learning the trade
with George Markham, of Gainesborough, with whom he remained
three years. Going to Australia he engaged in journalism at Sid-
ney, printing and publishing "The Illustrated Sidney News," the
first pictorial sheet printed in New South Wales. At the expira-
tion of sixteen years he came to America, via San Francisco, in
1875, and engaged with Mr. Nicoli as general manager of his Phil-
adelphia and San Francisco branch establishments. At the end of
three years his services were secured as buyer, with headquarters in
England. Two years later he was made superintendent of the
branch houses at Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Cleve-
land and Indianapolis, which position he filled until 1883, when he
succeeded Mr. Xicoll at Chicago and Milwaukee. During the past
year he has also succeeded to the proprietorship of the branches in
St. Louis, Cincinnati and Indianapolis, and has extended opera-
tions by establishing two stores in Kansas City and one in St. Paul.
The Chicago house is the receiving and distributing point for all
of the Western branches. The stock of goods displayed here is the
largest and most varied to be seen west of New York. Mr. Jer-
rems was married on December 25, 1867, to Miss Mary, daughter
of Alexander Nicoll of London, England, and has six children, —
William G., Ellen E., Arthur \vi, Alexander N., Mary N. and
Annie L.
WILLIAM SMITH DOWNS, merchant tailor, only son of Wil-
liam and Sopha E. Downs, of Honcoye Falls, Monroe Co., N. Y.,
was born on July 16, 1834. His lineage is Irish-American, his
father's family coming from the North of Ireland, and that of his
mother being of old New Jersey settlers. His maternal grand-
father, Jacob Smith, was an extensive land owner, and was at one
time proprietor of Smithtown, N. Y. He spent his boyhood, until
fifteen years of age, at home during which time he was a diligent
pupil of the schools of his birthplace. At that age he began to
learn his trade with his uncle, Edward Downs, the leading tailor
of Honeoye with whom he remained five years. In 1853, he came
to this city, and was employed by Messrs. Eames & Thomas, then
on Lake Street, two years; afterward by A. D. Titsworth & Co.,
until the fire of 1871, at which time he had succeeded to a general
partnership in the firm. After the fire he began business at 199
West Madison Street, removing in 1873 to the Lakeside building
where he remained two years. At the expiration of that time he
removed to No. 39 Clark Street, and in 1884 changed to his pres-
ent location, No. 78 Dearborn Street. Mr. Downs was married on
January 22, 1861, to Miss Margaret T. Reeves, daughter of Abra-
ham Reeves, of Bridegeton, N. J.; they have two children, — Wil-
liam M. and Clarence M.
HARRY I!I.K<;I.R, merchant tailor, a son of Jacob and Sophie
I.andenberger, of Bamberg, Bavaria, was born on October 28, 1856.
His father was a cattle dealer and his maternal relatives were in the
same business. His early years were spent in the public schools of
his birthplace, and at the age of fifteen he engaged in the woolen
business with S. L. Oppenheimer, Wurtzburg, Bavaria, with whom
he remained three years. The following three years he was travel-
ling salesman for Dreyfuss Bros., wholesale woolen goods, of Stutt-
gart. Being averse to entering the army, he came to this country in
1877. Upon his arrival in Chicago, for the sake of euphony and
convenience, he dropped the Landen from his name, and was em-
ployed by Alexander Bros., No. 77 West Madison Street, clothiers,
and continued with them for six years. He then began business as
a merchant tailor at No. 243 West Madison Street, and has since
conducted a prosperous and growing trade. Carrying a fine line
of goods and performing first-class work has secured him an exten-
sive and fastidious patronage. By successfully fulfilling their
requirements he has achieved the reputation of being one of the
leading tailors of the West Side. Mr. Berger was married, on No-
vember 30, 1881, to Miss Fannie H. Goodkind, of this city.
JOSEPH LEVERKTT DAY, merchant tailor, is a son of Henry B.
and Mary F. Day, of New Haven, Conn., and was born on March
20, 1839. Until fifteen years of age he remained at home, during
which time he attended school. After a further course of study in
Ohio, he returned to New Haven, and began business in the drug
house of Riley <.V Mai by, where he remained several years. He
then went to Detroit, Mich., and was connected with the firm of
Roe, Kirkland & Co. for some time. After a short stay in the
East, he came to this city in the interest of insurance companies,
among which were the Charter Oak and the Hartford, of Connecticut,
in which business he remained until 1861. At the outbreak of the
War, he enlisted in the Chicago Mercantile Battery, and followed his
command in General Grant's Mississippi campaign, participating in
the siege of Vicksburg, and the engagements of Arkansas Post,
Chickasaw Bayou, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River
Bridge, Jackson, Miss., and was with General Banks during the
Red River Expedition. He was taken prisoner, and for fourteen
months was confined at the prison of Fort Tyler, Texas. In 1865,
he was honorably discharged at New Orleans, and returned to this
city. He then embarked in his present line of business, with J. W.
Lyon & Co., on Clark Street, near Adams, and was connected with
that firm until 1871. After the fire, he located at No. 259 West
Madison Street, continuing there until 1873, when he removed to
his present quarters. Mr. Day was married on October 26, 1868,
to Miss Ida F. Browne, of Chicago, daughter of M. M. Browne,
formerly of Westfield, Mass. He is a member of the Washington
Park Club.
CHARLES CODY, merchant tailor, is a son of John and Judith
(Carroll) Cody, of Tullamore, Ireland, and was born on April 19,
1838. His father was steward and forester to the Earl of Charle-
ville, of Kings County, as was his father before him. His boyhood
was spent in the schools of Tullamore until his eleventh year, when
he went to Manchester, England, and entered a Swedenborgian
school of excellent standard. After a course of study in that insti-
tution he began the tailoring trade with Matthew Richardson, a
prominent merchant tailor of Manchester, with whom he remained
six years. After various engagements with other establishments
he came to this country in 1857, and until 1863 was employed in
New York City, when he went back to Manchester, England, for a
visit of several months. Upon his return, after staying in New
York two years, he took a position as cutter with Samuel Perry,
Davenport, Iowa, and continued with him until 1874. In June of
that year he came to this city, and was employed by Harry Hart as
cutter for two years. During the following three years he was
connected in the same capacity with the firm of H. F. Wachsmuth,
and afterward with Thompson & Wetmore. In September, 1881,
he began business for himself at his- present location, and has met
with an extensive patronage. Mr. Cody was married, on Septem-
ber 23, 1863, to Miss Catharine Duffy, of Manchester, England,
and has four children, — Catharine, John, Thomas and Mary.
MICHAEL G. HAGGERTY, merchant tailor, is a son of John
and Mary Haggerty, of County Waterford, Ireland. His early
years were spent in his native county, and when opportunity offered
he attended the public schools of Lismore, where he obtained a good
English education. On January 22, 1866, he came to this country,
and began the tailoring trade with John O'Mahoney, of New York,
with whom he remained two years. At the expiration of that time
he engaged with Michael Murphy, a leading merchant tailor of the
same city, and continued in his employ three years. In 1871, he
came to this city, a short time before the great fire, and was em-
ployed by Louis Gilbert, near the corner of Adams and Clark
streets, also by several other tradesmen, until 1874. Having accu-
mulated sufficient means, he established himself in business at No.
422 State Street, and in the following year moved to No. 1275
State Street. Three years later he removed to his present location,
No. 2975 State Street, where he has since conducted a thriving
business. Mr. Haggerty was married, on November 13, 1869, to
Miss Bridget Ryan, of Lacon, 111., and has three children, — Mary
A., William H., and John T. He is a member of the Ancient
Order of Hibernians and of the Illinois Catholic Order of Foresters.
BOOTS AND SHOES.
This branch of trade in Chicago suffered more than
any other in the fire of 1871, every factory and whole-
sale house being, without one exception, destroyed.
Owing to the character of the weather, the retail trade,
up to October 9, was but moderately supplied with fall
stock. The season was, therefore, a quiet one, and
728
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
when the fire came, jobbers and manufacturers were
overburdened with goods. No department of business
activity, however, showed more energy and enterprise
than this; and it is worthy of note that, with new loca-
tions, manufacture, and stocks, a one-third larger busi-
ness was transacted in November and December, 1871,
than during the same months of the preceding year,
while the average of the entire twelve months was con-
siderably in advance of that of 1870.
It has been impossible to obtain anything like an
accurate statement for 1872, but a brief and concise
review is presented of each year subsequent to that.
The boot ami shoe trade in Chicago was not materi-
ally affected by the panic of 1873. A good share
of prosperity was enjoyed, while the panic left it on a
healthier basis than it had previously occupied.
In 1874, leading merchants unanimously agreed that
their business had never been more satisfactory, the year-
ly sales aggregating $11,500,000, which was an increase
of ten per cent. The capital employed that year, in-
cluding that engaged in manufacturing, was about
$4.500,000. No failures occurred during the year, but
prices shrunk four per cent. One-fourth of the stock
sold was manufactured in the city, and from thirty
to forty per cent, more goods were turned out by
operatives here than in the preceding year. Chicago
had now become the great hide and leather center
of the \Vest. The manufacturer enjoyed the facility of
selecting for himself from stock of the first rank in
wearing quality where it is used. Having also the best
machinery, manufacturers here could successfully com-
pete with Eastern makers, and a fifteen per cent, reduc-
tion of wages enabled them to offer better goods at
prices comparing favorably with those of the East,
especially of Massachusetts.
The year 1875, was also a prosperous one, with a ten
per cent, increase in sales, but at the same time a
corresponding shrinking in prices. Five new firms
appeared, adding considerably more capital to the busi-
ness. It was estimated that $6,000,000, including that
used in manufacturing, was employed in the trade, and
there were about twenty jobbers. The financial stress,
from which other interests suffered so much, was said
to largely extend the wholesale boot and shoe trade and
encouraged the buying of ready-made stock by thou-
sands who had formerly worn only that made to order.
The year was marked also by a special activity in rub-
ber goods. The sales were brought up to more than
five times that of the year previous, by a decline of
from twenty to twenty-five per cent, in their selling
value.
In 1876, there was an advance of nearly thirty per
cent, in the volume of sales, with a reduction of nearly
ten percent, in the selling prices. The aggregate sales
were estimated at $18,000,000 against $15,000,000 in
1875, and the capital basis was about $6,300,000, or an
increase of five per cent. No failures occurred in
1876, while business was conducted on smaller margins
of profit.
In 1877, the cost of material and labor was less
than in 1876, giving slight decrease in selling values,
profits, however, remaining about the same. There
was an increase in trade of fifteen per cent.; the aggre-
gate of transactions was $15,000,000 and the capital em-
ployed $5,000,000. In January, 1878, twenty-five firms
were engaged in manufacturing and jobbing, and
several of them were doing a larger business than any
house in the United States outside of this city. The
greatest increase was in the line of rubber goods, it
being nearly double that of the previous year. Nearly
all the heavy goods were manufactured from Chicago
leather by the firms selling them.
A still further growth is exhibited by the year 1878,
or about fifteen per cent, over the sales of 1877, but
at the same time a decline in prices of nearly the same
extent. The estimate of sales was $15,000,000 and the
working capital $5,000,000. The decline in prices was
owing to the lessened cost of material and that of live-
stock which, that year, ruled very low; but losses from
bad debts were fewer and collections more prompt than
at any time since the panic of 1873. Chicago slaugh-
ter-houses, supplying large quantities of hides, which
were tanned here and available to the manufacturer
without cost of transportation, gave an advantage over
the Eastern manufacturer, and established the Chicago
trade on the firm basis of home manufacture.
The sales of 1879 were estimated at $17,000,000
and the working capital at about $5,500,000, an in-
crease of ten per cent. So large was the aggrega-
tion of business in the latter half of this year, that
stocks were worked down to a low point. It was with
difficulty that manufacturers supplied themselves, and
local tanners could not meet the orders which poured
in upoa them; consequently the manufacture of boots
and shoes was greatly checked and may have acted as
a preventive to any material advance in the price of
labor. More goods were sold from Chicago this year
than ever before to Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, the South
and Mexico, and large demands came from Colorado,
Arizona and the Far West. Rubber goods advanced
from forty-five to fifty per cent.
The aggregate of sales for 1880 was about
$20,000,000, including all departments, and the esti-
mated capital basis about $6,000,000. During the year
there were no important additions to the number of
firms, and there were no failures. Selling prices ranged
higher throughout the year, owing to a slight advance
in labor and the prices of leather.
The reports for 1881 show a gain of fifteen percent.
in the amount of business transacted, and the trade as
the largest ever known here to date. New opening ter-
ritories created large demands. Dakota, Colorado,
towns in Arizona and New Mexico, rich mining districts
— an attraction for railroads and settlers — became
more and more the operating fields of Chicago sales-
men. The business of the year was marked by a keen
competition, which narrowed the margin of its profits.
There were twenty-four principal business concerns in
the trade, four of which reported a business of over
$2,000,000 each, while seven others reported $1,000,000
and upward. The larger houses reported an increase
of trade over 1880 of from fifteen to twenty per cent.,
while some smaller houses held only their own.
The year 1882 marked an increase in the capital of
$500,000 and in the sales of $1,000,000. Some of the
older firms found it necessary to secure more commo-
dious quarters, while additions were made to the manu-
facturing capacity of the larger houses in consequence
of the great growth in the trade. A slight decline
occurred in rubber goods, the prices ranging higher
than in 1881, in consequence of a corner in the raw
articles. On October 18, a meeting of rubber manu-
facturers was called, representing sixty firms aggrega-
ting a capital of $30,000,000. The meeting resulted in
a resolution on their part to close their manufactories
on December 23, and to keep them closed until the
price of rubber was reduced. This action was followed
by a decline of twenty cents a pound. It was claimed
by the manufacturers that eighty-four cents a pound for
raw rubber left a fair margin of profit for the importer,
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
7*9
and they would not resume active operations at such a
price.
The year 1883 showed a steady and persistent growth.
The aggregate of sales was about the same as for 1882.
Prices ruled steady, reductions were submitted on some
surplus styles, and the trade was comparatively free
from the general loss by shrinkage in the value of stocks
on hand. The capital employed was about the same as
in 1882. More than ninety per cent, of the capital and
business was confined in the area of four bloc"ks bound-
ed by Madison, Adams and Market streets and Fifth
Avenue.
In 1884, there was a slight falling off in the quantity
of goods handled, with a decline of ten per cent, in the
prices of foot-wear, making an aggregate of $17,000,000
and $6,000,000 capital employed; no new firms appeared
and no failures were reported, but the trade was dull in
all departments.
The year 1885, however, showed a slight improve-
ment, an increase of five per cent, being reported.
Prices were more stable and there was less difficulty
in making collections and few bad debts. Still, during
ten months of the year business was dull, and was done
at smaller profits than ever before. The year witnessed
a fierce rivalry between Western and Eastern manu-
facturers, leading to a reduction of profits on the part
of the former and the substitution of a poor quality of
goods on the part of the latter.
The close of the year 1885 * found Chicago with a
larger boot and shoe business than any other city in the
United States, a fact which is owing to the peculiar
advantages and facilities of home manufacture, the
large amount of capital invested, the geographical posi-
tion of the city, and its means of ready communication
with all portions of the great Northwest and West, and
last, but not least, the ability, energy and enterprise of
the men who manage this important branch of the city's
industries.
PHELPS, DODGE & PALMER. — In February, 1864, Erskine M.
1 'helps and George E. P. Dodge, who had previously been asso-
ciated in business in Boston, came to Chicago, and, under the firm
name of Phelps & Dodge, established themselves in the wholesale
boot and shoe trade at the northwest corner of Lake and State
streets. They remained at this location for a year, when they re-
moved to No. 50 Lake Street, and at the same time N. B. Palmer
became a partner, and the firm name was changed to Phelps, Dodge
& Co. In 1867, owing to there being in New York a firm of the
same name, Phelps, Dodge & Co. changed the name of their house
to its present style. In 1869, having purchased the property at
Xos. 48 and 50 Wabash Avenue, they removed to that place, where
they remained until burned out in the fire of October, 1871. In
that fire their losses were very large, but two days later saw them
re-established in business at the residence of Mr. Phelps on Indiana
Avenue, where they remained for a brief period, when a removal
was effected to the temporary buildings which had in the meantime
been erected on the Lake Front. At the same time, too, they had,
as soon as practicable, begun the erection of a new building on the
site of their former quarters on Wabash Avenue. This building,
which was the first brick structure re-built in that locality, was two
stories in height, with stone front ; it was completed and ready for
occupancy by March, 1872, and two years later, three more stories
were added. In 11570, owing to the remarkable increase of their
trade, they were compelled to enlarge their facilities, and accord-
ingly they rented the premises Nos. 52 and_54 adjoining. A year
later, the house sustained a severe loss in the death of Mr. Palmer,
who for years, in fact since the fire, had been in rapidly declining
health. From 1871 to 1870 he had spent much of his time abroad,
in the hope of recuperating his fast failing energies, but without
avail. In 1876 he returned from Paris to Chicago, and shortly
afterward went to San Francisco, from which point he took a sail-
ing vessel for Shanghai, where he arrived after a voyage of twelve
weeks. He stayed at Shanghai but two weeks, when finding him-
self no better, and being fully aware of his precarious condition, he
at once took steamer for home ; but died when only two days out
* In the preparation of this sketch, the Census Reports were consulted in
order to show comparative statistics; but owing to their unreliability In the
matter of capital (for which good reasons are assigned on page xxxix of the
Tenth Census) the above plan has bet-n followed instead.
from that port, on May i<, 1877. In November of that year
Messrs. Phelps and Dodge purchased from Mr. Palmer's estate his
interest in the firm, but stipulating, in accordance with the expressed
wish of the deceased, that the firm name should remain unchanged.
They remained on Wabash Avenue until January, 1882, when they
removed to their present location at the northwest corner of Fifth
Avenue and Adams Street. The house of Phelps, Dodge & Palmer
is to-day, without doubt, the largest of its kind, not only in Chi-
cago, butanywherein the West. They employ in their manufact-
uring department about nine hundred hands, turning out over
two thousand pairs of shoes a day. As evidencing the growth of
the business, it may be stated that in 1804, the total sales did not
exceed $90,000, while now the annual volume of trade foots up over
$3,000,000, and is still increasing. The territory covered by their
trade extends from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Rio Grande.
C. M. HENDERSON & Co. — The boot and shoe house of this
firm was established by Charles M. Henderson in 1859, the firm at
present being comprised of Charles M. and Wilbur S. Henderson
and Francis D. Everett. From a small business of about $250,000
per annum, their operations have increased to the yearly handling
of about $3,000,000 worth of stock. They occupy a fine six-story
block, at the corner of Adams and Market streets, I7OX 120 feet of
which is used as a general office and distributing depot. Besides
their manufactory here, they also operate two other extensive facto-
ries, which produce two thousand pairs of shoes a week, one of which
is devoted to the production of ladies,' misses' and children's shoes
and the other of heavier goods. These factories afford employment
for five hundred persons. All of the machinery in their establish-
ments is of the latest patents, and every invention designed for the
saving of time and stock finds place on their floors. Their trade
is mainly east of the Rocky Mountains, yet heavy shipments are
made to California and Oregon, and extends from Lake Superior to
New Orleans. This concern is the largest combined manufactur-
ing and jobbing house in the United States, and their facilities
place them beyond the competition of Eastern establishments.
Charles Mather Henderson, senior member of the firm of C.
M. Henderson & Co., son of James F. and Sabrina Henderson,
was born at New Hartford, Conn., on March 21, 1834. He
received his education in Connecticut and Massachusetts, and came
to Chicago in 1853. He began commercial life in the wholesale
boot and shoe establishment of his uncle, C. N. Henderson, of the
firm of C. N. Henderson & Co., No. 169 South Water Street, as
clerk, and continued in their employ for two years, when he organ-
ized the firm which has since been known as C. M. Henderson &
Co. In 1862, Wilbur S. Henderson was taken into the firm as
partner. They were located at No. 32 Lake Street when burned
out in 1 808, and at Nos. 58-60 Wabash Avenue at the time of the
fire of 1871. In 1873, they moved to Madison and Franklin streets,
where they remained five years, and then removed to the corner of
Monroe and Franklin streets, and went into their present quarters
in January, 1885. Mr. Henderson was an active participator in the
reform movement undertaken by several prominent citizens of Chi-
cago in 1874, to purify its municipal government, and contributed
large sums to that end. They caused the removal of Mayor Col-
vin, and their action was instrumental in causing the present city
charter to be adopted, also the re-organization and improvement of
the fire department. Mr. Henderson was married on March 4,
1858, to Miss Emily Hollingsworth, of Chicago. They have three
children — Florence H., Grace and Bessie.
Wilbur Solon Henderson, son of James F. and Sabrina Hen-
derson, was born at New Hartford, Conn., on March 10, 1839. In
his seventeenth year, after having obtained a thorough business
education in the public schools of his birthplace, he came to this
city, and entered the boot and shoe establishment of C. N. Hender-
son & Co., who were then located at No. lOg South Water Street.
Mr. Henderson was married on October lO, i860, to Miss Josephine
Hollingsworth, of Chicago. They have two children — Wilbur F.
and Madeleine.
Francis Denison Everett is a son of Jacob W. and Hannah B.
Everett, and was born at Halifax, Vt. , on December 6, 1839.
When he was seven years of age, his parents removed to Spring-
field, Mass., where he received his education. In his sixteenth year
he came to Chicago, and entered the employ of C. N. Henderson &
Co., in the capacity of stock boy. He was advanced, as he became
competent, to a clerk's position, and for many years was one of the
firm's most valuable salesmen. In 1878, he succeeded to a partner-
ship interest in the business of the house of C. M. Henderson &
Co. and for the past seven years has looked after the manufactur-
ing department of the establishment. Mr. Everett was married on
June 13, 1861, to Miss Sarah E. Campbell, of Chicago. They
have five children, — Adelle M., Charles F., Frank W., James C. and
Fannie D.
GKOK<;E W. Lnn.ow & Co.'s shoe manufactory is owned by
•George W. Ludlow, of Chicago, and George R. Keep, of Lock-
port, N. Y., and was instituted in 1880. It w.;s first located at
Nos. 152-54 Monroe Street, where it was operated until Septem-
730
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
her, 1883, wlii-n il was moved to its present location, on Michigan
ne, corner of Randolph Street. There are manufactured ex-
clusively ladies', misses' and children's shoes for the best retail
trade, and the sales extend over the entire country. The factory
commenced in a small way, operating only about fifty hands, lull it
has extended until it now operates over three hundred and has a
weekly pay-roll of over $2, 500. The sales of the first year aggre-
gated (lOO.OOO, while last year's business showed sales of about
§4<xi.ixx>, tin- manufacture only being increased to correspond >vith
the orders. This is the only factory in the West exclusively en-
gaged in manufacturing fine shoes, and the firm owes its success to
the persistent and untiring efforts of Mr. Ludlow, who is a practical
man in every part of the work.
George II'. l.iutlm', son of Ezra Ludlow, of Elizabeth, N. T
was born at that place in 1838. He was educated at private
schools, and at an early age manifested a desire to continue in the
footsteps of his father and his grandfather, who were engaged in
the shoe trade before him. After his school days he at once
opened a retail shoe store in Klizabeth, which he retained until
1861, when he changed his residence to Rochester, N. Y., entering
the service of Churchill ,V Co., and afterward went to Utica, and
was with Reynolds & Co. as their designer for six years finally
going into the manufacture of shoes, associating himself with Mr
Holbrook, under the style of llolbrook & Ludlow, he being the
practical man of the establishment. He remained in the firm for
about seven years. While with Mr. llolbrook he took occasional
trips West, visiting the larger cities and thoroughly acquainting
himself with the merchants, lie discovered that the trade suffered
quite a disadvantage, on account of the distance from manufactur-
ing, and also in the lapse of time between the visits of travelling
salesmen, and he saw that Chicago was the coming market After
consulting with experienced men in the boot and shoe business
already in Chicago, he determined to engage in manufacturing;
and to establish himself while there was an opening. Hav-
ing two son- nearly grown, he thus sought for them an op-
portunity of benefiting by his experience and under his personal
supervision. When he had fully determined to change, ( icorge R.
Keep, of l.ockport, N. V., united his capital with him, and they
were enabled to start on a good financial basis, and in 1880 com-
menced the manufacture of a superior grade of shoes for ladies,
mi— cs and children, heretofore unknown to the city. Mr. Lud-
low'-experience is that of all men who are real pioneers in any
advance business — that of severe strain and tremendous competi-
tion to overcome, of having had to contend against old established
Eastern firms with heavy capital, and of having to edu-
caS the unskilled hands of the West, all of which he has
accomplished. He has found in his two sons, Andrew \\ .
and George N., able assistants, who have really become
experts in several important features pertaining to shoe
manufacture. Mr. Ludlow was married, at Elizabeth,
N. [., in 1861, to Miss Mary Arrison, who died in 1875,
leaving four children, — Andrew W., George M., Minnie
E. and Willie E. In 1876, he was again married, at
l.ockport, N. Y., to Miss Anna Roberts.
AI.MON 1 1. Fi. I. is is one of the largest boot and shoe
commission dealers in the West, and has been actively
identified with the manufacturing and mercantile interests
of Chicago for the past twenty years. Mr. Ellis was born
in 1'utnam County, N. Y'., on March 8, 1823, and is a son
of Townsend and Maria (Ladue) Ellis. The father was
a tanner and currier by trade, but in his later life devoted
his attention to farming. Almon Ellis was reared on his
parents' farm; he assisted his father in the summer months,
and during the winter attended the district schools, in
that way obtaining much practical knowledge with his
common school education. He thus imbibed those habits
of industry and integrity which have since characterized
his business career. When twenty-one years old, he took
a position in a dry goods store at Sylvania, Ohio, and at
the close of his engagement he removed to Toledo. In
1851, he engaged as travelling salesmen for C. Bronson,
a tobacco manufacturer. He was thus connected in busi-
ness, until the latter part of 1861, when he enlisted in
Co. " B," loth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, as a private.
Within sixty days, he became first lieutenant of his com-
pany. He was afterward promoted to the captaincy, and
retained his command till the early part of 1804, when, by
reason of ill health, he tendered his resignation. While
on the field of battle, Captain Ellis made a most honora-
ble record, and rendered valiant service in the engage-
ments at Corinth, Stone River, siege of Nashville, and
other battle of the Western campaign. In 1865, after
recovering from his protracted illness, he resumed his old
position as salesman for Mr. Bronson, of Toledo, lie
remained there until 1867, when he removed to Chicago.
In the early part of 1870, he formed a partnership with
Charles W. Allen of this city, and engaged in the manu-
facture of fine-cut tobacco. Their entire business was
swept away by the lire of 1871, and although they suf;
ered heavily, they met their fate bravely. They re-estab-
lished the business on their old ground] and not only suc-
ceeded in retaining their immense trade, but in three
years thereafter had increased their business till it yielded
an annual product of one million dollars. Mr. Ellis was
identified with the tobacco trade until 1879, when he
disposed of his interest to Mr. Allen and retired from
active business life. This retirement proved monotonous to his en-
ergetic nature, and in January, 1881, he re-embarked in business,
establishing his present house, in company with A. A. Putnam,
under the name and style of Ellis & 1'utnam. The partnership
was dissolved in January, 1884, Mr. Putnam withdrew, and Mr.
Ellis has since carried on the business alone. The premises occu-
pied by him are at No. 164 Market Street. He is a member of the
Washington Park Club and of Home Lodge, No. 508, A.F. & A.M.
SKI./, SCHWAB ,\ Co.— In September, 1871, Morris Selz, Max
A. Meyer, John W. liunn and Joseph O. Rutter established them-
selves in the wholesale boot and shoe trade, on Wabash Avenue
near Randolph Street. At that time the style of the firm was M.
Selx iv Co. In January, 1873, a removal was effected to the north-
east corner of Madison and Franklin streets, where they remained
until in January, 1878. In this year a change in the firm occurred,
Mr. Rutter retiring and Charles H. Schwab coming in; since which
the style of the firm has been Selz, Schwab & Co. About the same
time, a removal was made to their present location at the corner of
Monroe and Franklin streets.
Morris A',/; was born at Wtirtemberg, Germany, on October
2, 1826. He came to America in 1844, and settled at Hartford,
Conn., where he was employed for three years as a clerk in the dry
goods business. In 1848, he went to Talbotton, Ga., and opened
a general merchandise store, which he carried on until 1851, when
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
he went to California. While in that State he was engaged in
mining and carrying on a clothing business, at Jamestown and
Sonora. Three years later he came to Chicago, and for some years
was a member ot the firm of Selz & Cohn, wholesale dealers in
clothing. Mr. Selz married Rosa Frank, of Wiirtemberg, on May
10, 1863, who died on June II, 1869, leaving two children, — Harry
and Manie. On May 5, 1874, he married Hannah Kohn, daughter
of Abraham Kohn, of Chicago, who has borne him two children,
— Lillie G. and Abraham K.
Charles //. Schwab was born at Mulhouse, Alsace, Germany,
on November 13, 1835. In his nineteenth year he emigrated to
America, and came directly to Chicago. He first engaged in the
liquor business at No. 360 South Clark Street, which he continued
until 1876, and in 1878 became a partner in the firm of which he
is now a member. Mr. Schwab was married, in June, 1802, to
Rachel Monheimer, daughter of Isaac Monheimer, of Cincinnati,
Ohio, and has five children, — Charlotte, Henry C., Alfred, Clara
and Jerome.
H. F. C. DOVENMUEHLE & SON, wholesale dealers in boots
and shoes, have occupied their present premises, at Nos. 186-88
Fifth Avenue, for the past two years. When the firm was organ-
ized, in 1875, they were located on Wabash Avenue, where they
remained until they moved to their present location. H. F. C.
Dovenmuehle came to Chicago in 1855, since which period he has
been a resident and has been enabled to rise from the workshop to
his present position among the leading houses in his line in this
city. This house carries a complete line of boots and shoes, and
have a large constituency through the Northwest, and employ several
travellers.
//. F. C. Do-'cniniu'/ile was born in Hanover, Germany, in
1834. After he had received a common school education, he learned
the trade of boot and shoe making, which he followed up to the
time he came to this country. After locating in this city, he was
employed in a boot and shoe workshop up to 1865. His energy
and ambition soon elevated him to a better position, and he started
a retail store, and success followed him from that time. Subse-
quently he was employed as city salesman by Wiswall & Thompson,
wholesale dealers, which position he resigned to start in business
for himself. In 1861, he was married, in Chicago, to Miss Maggie
Jirandt. They have two children, — H. C. and Annie.
//. C. Dovenmuehle was born in Chicago on August 29, 1862.
He received a common school education, after which he entered the
Northwestern University. There he fitted himself for a business
career, and entered his father's employ as a clerk, and, after render-
ing the firm valuable assistance as a travelling salesman, was
admitted as a partner.
\V. 11. Buo\v\ & BRO. — This firm was established in the spring
of 1869, at No. 77 Lake Street, by William H. Brown. Trade
having considerably increased during the ensuing four months,
Nathan H. Brown, a younger brother, was admitted as a partner,
and business continued steadily to progress until in 1871, when the
great fire destroyed the establishment and stock, resulting in a loss
of about $17,000 over insurance. Immediately after the fire, the
firm re-established itself at No. 325 West Madison Street, and re-
mained there until the spring of 1874, when it was moved to its
present location, No. 92 State Street. In the spring of 1878,
Nathan II. Brown died in Italy, and he, by will, left his entire in-
terest in the business to William H. Brown. In the spring of 1880,
Arthur K. Brown of Boston, Mass., came West, and entered the
linn in that year. This well known and popular establishment is
situated in one of the best business localities in the city, in the
Stewart liiock, opposite Marshall Field & Co.'s dry goods emporium.
Herein trade the best classes of the people of the city and through-
out the Northwest. Goods from this firm are sent from Maine to
California.
ll'i llin in II. Kivwn was born at Boston, Mass., on March 5,
1838, within a stone's throw of the historic " Common," and is the
son of Nathan and Ann (Haggett) Brown, of Lyndboro', N. H.
lie was educated at the Latin and High Schools of Roxbury, since
incorporated in the City of Boston. After finishing his studies, he
entered the wholesale boot and shoe manufacturing establishment
of Joseph Whitney & Co., then the principal house in its line in
linsion, and served in the capacity of wholesale clerk for seven
years. At the breaking out of the War, Mr. Brown went to Mil-
waukee, and entered the employment of the new house of Page &
Clarke as salesman, with whom he continued for nearly two years,
when the firm dissolved, Mr. Page withdrawing. Mr. Brown then
joined A. F. Clarke (who had been in the drug business on Lake
Street, Chicago, in 1836), and the firm was known as A. Y. Clarke
,\ Co. The advantages, brilliant prospects and rapid growth of
Chicago presenting an attractive field for future business operations,
Mr. lirown was induced to migrate here in 1869. He was married,
in New York, in 1865, to Miss Fanny L., daughter of Rev. Sumner
Clark, of Wolfboro', N. H., and has three children, — Grace Sumner,
Allen A. and Arthur Lane.
Art /i H r A . />/•('«'«, the other member of the firm, was born at
Boston, Mass., in 1840, and was educated at his native place. He
was married, in 1864, to Miss F.lizabeth Jacobs, a daughter of War-
ren Jacobs, the celebrated morocco leather manufacturer of Danvers,
Mass. They have one child, a daughter, — Elizabeth P.
NEELY BROS. — This firm was organized in 1879, by M. C. and
J. C. Neely. From 1872 to 1879, M. C. Neely and Mr. Smith
conducted the business under the style of the Rochester Shoe House.
At the retirement of Mr. Smith, through the purchase of his interest
in the business by J. C. Neely, the style was changed to Neely
Bros.' Rochester Shoe House, and which has since remained un-
changed. R. Neely, the father of M. C. and J. C. Neely, is a
silent partner in the business.
M. C. Neely was born at Philadelphia on October 31, 1841,
where he received his education, being a graduate of both the com-
mon and high schools. He then went to Davenport, Iowa, to the
home of his parents, and there began his business career, as a boy
in a retail boot and shoe store. At the breaking out of the War, he
enlisted in Co. "D," aoth Iowa Infantry, as corporal. He was
present at many of the principal battles, Vicksburg, Prairie Grove,
Arkansas, etc. At the latter he was taken prisoner, and after three
months was exchanged. During his Army career, owing to his
being an expert bookkeeper, he was ordered to act as clerk for his
commander, General Frank J. Herron. At the close of the War,
being honorably discharged from the service, he returned to Daven-
port, where he remained up to 1872, when he came to Chicago. He
is a member- of Post No. 40, G.A.R.
Joseph C. Neely was born at Philadelphia on February 5,
1852. He entered the pnblic school at Davenport, Iowa, and
graduated in due course from the high school. He began his busi-
ness career as bookkeeper in a wholesale boot and shoe store at
Davenport, and subsequently became a travelling salesman for the
wholesale boot and shoe house of M. D. Wells & Co., of Chicago,
which position he retained twelve years, eventually resigning to
attend to his business affairs in the firm with which he is now con-
nected. He is a member of Hesperia Lodge, No. 411, A.F. & A.
M.; of Washington Chapter, No. 43, R.A.M.; and of Apollo Com-
mandery, No. I, K.T.
./?. Neely was born in the North of Ireland, where he received
a common-school education, coming to this country in 1836. After
living a short time in Philadelphia, he moved to Davenport, Iowa,
where for twenty-one years he was engaged on the Davenport Ga-
zette, in charge of the circulating department. In 1877, he came
to Chicago, since which period he has been interested in the retail
boot and shoe business. In 1838, he was married in Philadelphia,
to Miss Anna Frazier. They have had nine children, two of whom
deceased. Mr. Neely is a member of the People's Church, over
which Rev. Dr. Thomas presides.
NELSON B. HOLDEN, manufacturer of boots and shoes at Nos.
234 and 3036 State Street, opened his doors to the public, in 1868,
near the corner of State and Van Buren streets, and remained at
that location until the fire of 1871, when the establishment was de-
stroyed with almost a total loss. Immediately after the fire, the busi-
ness was re-opened at the corner of State and Twenty-first streets.
In 1879, he removed to No. 234 State Street, which is now his
principal store. Mr. Holden was born at Jackson, Washington
Co., N. Y., in 1841. He came to Chicago in 1868, and went at
once into business. Previous to coming to this city, he was en-
gaged in the tannery business with his father. Mr. Holden is a
courteous gentleman, gifted with a high degree of ability, energy
and industry. He is a member of the Illinois Club, and enjoys the
amenities of social life with the same zest with which he pursues his
business.
FORMAN M. MARTIN was born at Rahway, N. J., in 1846.
His education was commenced in the common schools, but his
parents emigrating to Illinois during his boyhood, he subsequently
prosecuted his education at Dixon College, this State. His father,
upon coming West, settled near Dixon, 111., and engaged in agri-
cultural pursuits, afterward removing to Bloomington, 111., where
he pursued the same vocation. In 1860, the family, accompanied
by Forman, who had by this time completed his education, moved
to Potosi, Mo., where the father, William W. Martin, was identi-
fied with the lead-mining business until 1863, when he and his
family, on account of expressing their Union sentiments, were
driven from their home by the rebels, losing all their property, the
father dying from the effects of exposure in the mountains. Es-
caping to the North with his mother and the rest of the family,
Forman located in Northern Indiana, where he engaged in farming
in the summer and teaching district school in the winter. Four
years later he moved to Bloomington, 111., where he became identi-
fied with the boot and shoe business. In 1872, he came to Chi-
cago and engaged in the same line of trade, and is now manager of
a representative establishment at No. 146 South Clark Street. He
is a member of Apollo Lodge, No. 139, A.O.U.W., Chicago Le-
gion, No. 4, Select Knights, and is grand vice-commander of the
Grand Legion of Select Knights for the Jurisdiction of Illinois.
He is also a member of Lakeside Council, No. 620, Royal Area-
73'
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
num. and Court Energy, No. 19, I.O.F. Mr. Martin was married
at Bloomington. 111.. on November II, 1873, to Miss Esther Mc-
Clun. Thrv have one child, — Alice.
|ns|.;i'H I,C>KAM;KR, wholesak- anil retail dealer in line boots
ami shoe-, No, i'o West Madison Street, was born in Monroe
Ciuinty, Mich., mi February 6, 1842, and is the son of I.ephand
F.stli i.oranger, who were of French extraction. His
grand ancestors served in the War of the Revolution (1777), under
the celebrated French general, Marquis de Lafayette. Mr. l,oi.nr.;r
was brought up on a farm, and devoted himself to agricultural pur-
suits until he was fourteen years old, at which time he went to school
at Detroit. Mich., for three years. There he received at the
public schools the advantages of a good and practical education.
Alter leaving school, he returned to Monroe County, and entered
the printing establishment of Hon. Edward G. Morton, then pub-
lishing the Monroe Monitor, and who was also a member of the
Michigan Legislature, wherein he displayed diplomatic skill and
unrivalled oratory. Mr. I.nrangcr having served two years in this
jshment, an accident occurred to his hand, from a crush in a
printing press, which unfitted him for that business, and he there-
fore abandoned it. The War then being in progress, in 1863 he
enlisted in Co. " I)," qth Michigan Cavalry, as a private, lie
took part in the battles of Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Dai-
ton, Kesaca and Marietta, (.a., and was at the siege of Atlanta.
After the capture of that city, he participated in General Sherman's
march to the sea. At V\ aynesboro', just before reaching Savannah,
Ga., the enemy was encountered, and in a brilliant cavalry charge
he was wounded in the left foot. In all the engagements in which
he took part, he was under the immediate command of Genera!
Kilpatrick. At the end of the War, Mr. Loranger was honorably
discharged, having been promoted in several grades. He is now a
membci of Geo. II. Thomas I'ost, \o. 5, G.A.K. Immediately
after leaving the Army, he went to Detroit, and served as clerk in
a large boot and shoe house for six years, and in 1871 came to
ago. Here he resumed the boot and shoe business until the
spring of 1879, when he embarked in that business for himself at
No. 174 West Madison Street. In iSSi, Mr. I.oranger moved to
the spacious store at No. 168 West Madison Street, which he now
occupies. Mr. Loranger was married at Detroit, on May 16, 1866,
to Miss Rose Sage, daughter of M. Sage. He has seven children,
four bovs and three girls.
Wn.i.i \\t GOODYEAR, dealer in fine boots and shoes, No. 655
West Lake Street, commenced business in 1864, at No. 614 West
Lake Street, where a prosperous trade was carried on for live years.
As the business increased, the proprietor was obliged to seek larger
accommodations at No. 610 on the same street. Mr. Goodyear
was boni in Germany, on May 14, 1837, and was educated at his
native place, there serving an apprenticeship to the boot and shoe
trade for four years. His parents died when he was a mere boy.
In 1856, Mr. Goodyear came to this country, landing in New York,
and coming direct to Chicago, where he worked at his trade as
journeyman shoemaker until 1858. He then want West, located in
Mercer County, 111., and worked at his trade until the breaking out
of War in 1861. He enlisted in the I7th Illinois Volunteer Infan-
try, and served under Colonel L. F. Ross, but through disability
was honorably discharged after one year's service. Returning to
Chicago in 1862, after a long and painful illness, he commenced
the boot and shoe business. Mr. Goodyear is a good business man,
and his store is large and commodious, with every facility for the
immense trade he receives from his numerous friends and patrons.
M. J A' KSON, retail dealer in boots and shoes at 490 State Street,
established himself in business in November, 1855, on Fifth Ave-
nue, between Jackson and Van IJuren streets. After two years, a re-
moval to Clark, near Harrison Street, took place, where business was
transacted for two years. Owing to the increased sales, it was then
found necessary to remove to No. 196 South Clark Street. There
business prospered until the fire of 1871, which destroyed both
building and stock. This store was the first of its kind burned out
at that time. After the fire, the house was re-established at No.
653 State Street. ( Kving to a scarcity of stores, Mr. [ackson was
d to pay a large bonus for a place at which to carry on his
business. He remained at that location nearly two years, afterward
removing to No. 633 on tfce same street. In 1877, the business
began to increase rapidly, and larger accommodations were found
necessary. Mr. Jackson removed to No. 616 on the same thor-
oughfare, where he remained until May I, 1882, when he estab-
lished himself .-it his present location. Mr. Jackson was born on
February 25, 1819, at 1'osen. Germany, where he received a com-
mon ' .aion and served an apprenticeship to the boot and
shoe trade. In 1850, he emigrated to this country, and settled at
I'onghkeepsie, N. V., where he started in business on his own ac-
i emaining in that city one year. I le next went to New York,
where he carried on business for four years, and in 1855 came to
Chicago. His son. Harris Jackson, assists him in his business.
Cn \KI.K.S II. HAI.I. was born at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1848.
His early life was spent at home, where he received the advantages
of the common schools, and in i36<) he came to Chicago, starting
in bnsinc'-s in a small way with a laciory tor making women - and
children's shoes in 1870, at the corner of what was then known as
Wells and Madison streets, bin he moved to LaSalle Street before
the lire of 1871, which entirely swept away his business cflccts.
Alter tile lire he commenced anew, and located on Fifth Avenue,
between Madison and Washington streets and from there he moved
to the corner of Lake and State streets, remaining seven years, after
which he moved to his present quarters on Franklin Street. When
Mr. Hall commenced the manufacture of ladies' and children's
shoes he was almost the pioneer in this business, and he manufact-
ures more now of this class in one year than the aggregate of all
manufacturers in this city at that time, lie was married in Chi-
cago, in 1873, to Miss Emma Foster and has live children, — Agnes
M., Mary E., Catharine, Charles II. , and Emma.
JosKi'ii DosTAi., dealer in boots and shoes, was born in Mo-
ravia, Austria, on February 13, 1842, and received a partial educa-
tion in the schools of his native place. In 1864, he came to this
country and settled in New Orleans, where he remained for ten
years. During a portion of that time, he served an apprenticeship
to the boot and shoe trade, and afterward worked in various shops
as a journeyman. In the spring of 1869, he came to Chicago, and
embarked in business for himself, at No. 433 Canal Street, remain-
ing there until 1872, when he removed to Milwaukee Avenue, where
he carried on business until 1875. In that year he took possession
of his present quarters, No. 743 South Halsted Street. Mr. 1 >o-ial
was married at Milwaukee. \Vis., in 1868, to Miss Veronica Frana.
J. C. IluriiNKK, manager of the North Avenue boot and shoe
store, was born in Germany, on June 17, 1849, where he received
his education, lie served an apprenticeship at the boot and shoe
trade in the old country, and afterward worked at the same for
several years. In 1872, he came to this country, landing in New
York, and from there went to Memphis, Tenn., thence to New Or-
leans, and afterward to Alabama and St Louis, following various
occupations in these places. In 1875, Mr. Hruhnke came to Chi-
cago, following his trade until in 1876, when he commenced busi-
ness on his own account on Sedgwick Street. In six months he
moved to No. 202 Clybourn Avenue. In the meantime he opened
another store at No. 121 Dearborn Street, and continued to run these
two stores for two years. In 1879, tne business was muved to its
present location, No. 282 North Avenue, and the interest in the
other stores was disposed of. Mr. Hruhnke was married in Chi-
cago, in 1876, to Caroline Frehse. He is a member of the North
Chicago llaen, No. 23, Order of Druids. i
EDWARD E. HRAHAND was born in Germany, on March 25,
1846, and when only six years old came to this country, his terminal
point being the Garden City. After remaining in Chicago a few
weeks, his parents moved to Sheboygan, Wis. , taking their son with
them, where they resided for some time. He theie acquired an
education and after school hours learned his trade. lie enlisted
in February, 1865, in the 3d Wisconsin Veteran Infantry Volun-
teers, and served for six months, under General Sherman. II is
term of enlistment was for three years, but the War terminating he
was mustered out. In 1865, Mr. Uraband returned to Chicago,
and obtained employment in custom shoe-shops. In 1872, he em-
barked in business for himself, at No. 359 Larrabee Street, and re-
mained there for three years, subsequently moving to larger premi-
ses at No. 221 North Avenue. Mr. l.raband is a practical and
skillful workman and understands the boot and shoe business in all
its details. He was married in Chicago, in 1868, to Miss Anna
Ketter. They have six children, — George, Maggie, Henry, Frank,
Mary and Eddie. Mr. Braband is a member of New Chicago
Lodge, No. 506, I.O.O.F., and also of Lyon Post, No. 9, G.A.R.
CIIAKI.KS TRF.IX, manufacturer of boots and shoes, was born
in Germany, on October 2, 1831, and is the son of Jacob and Caro-
line (Weber) Trein. He received a common school education at
his native place for eight years, afterward serving an apprenticeship
to his father at the boot and shoe trade, and came to this country
in April, 1857, landing in New York, and coming at once to Chi-
cago. After reaching this city, he worked at his trade in different
custom shops for eight years, and was also connected with a brass--
band corps. In 1865, Mr. Trein commenced the boot and shoe-
business for himself, at No. 46 Hlue Island Avenue, where he re-
mained four years. Sales began to increase and the store being in-
adequate to his necessities, Mr. Trein sought larger accomodations,
and removed his stock and business, in 1874, to No. 52 lilue Island
Avenue, which property he ultimately purchased. He is the oldest
settler in his line of business now on lilue Island Avenue, and has
numerous friends. Mr. Trein married, in Chicago, Miss Mena
Mell, who died in 1867, leaving one son, Charles. In 1868, he
married Miss Mary Swartz of Chicago, who died in 1874, leaving
two children, — Herman and Marv. In 1875, he married Miss Mary
Stade. They have had four children, — Frank, Carrie, Edward and
Louisa.
at
J. M. JOHNSON has an extensive boot and shoe establishment
Nos. 276 and 389 West Indiana Street. Mr. Johnson is a col-
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
733
ored gentleman, and was born at Quire Creek, Va., near the Poto-
mac Kiver, in 1847. He was educated at Warren, Mass., after
serving a term to the carpenter's trade in Virginia. When his
school studies were finished, he went to Albany. N. Y., and engaged
in the wall papering business for some time, and in 1866, came to
Chicago. In 1868, he went into the boot and shoe business for
himself at Xos. 276 and 897 Lake Street, and conducted these stores
until 1882. In that year he sold the interest of his business at No.
897 Lake Street, and continued to run the store at No. 276 on the
same thoroughfare. After a lapse of ten months, he opened another
store at No. 660 West Indiana Street, and carried it on for about
two years, and on December 20, of the same year, he opened an-
other'spacious store at No. 389 West Indiana Street, where at pres-
ent he is doing a nourishing trade. He has worked himself up-
ward through life, and has the reputation of being honest in all his
business transactions, thus securing a large amount of custom
from the general public. Mr. Johnson was married in Albany, N.
V., in 1872,10 Miss Lovina Pettiford, of Raleigh, N. C., and has
two children, — fames M., Jr., and Lovina.
I. LKK, boot and shoe dealer, No. 370 West Indiana Street,
was established in 1870 at the present location. Mr. Lee was born
in St. Sylvestre, near Quebec, Canada, in 1824. When only fifteen
years old, he went to Vermont, and was educated in the district
schools there. On leaving school he was employed at farming for
some time, and afterward removed to Massachusetts, where he
learned the boot and shoe trade. He then went South and engaged
in the lumber trade for a short time, and subsequently returned to
Canada. In 1865, he came to Chicago, and worked in the estab-
lishment of M. D. Wells and Farnham's wholesale boot and shoe
houses for several years, and in 1870 started in business for him-
self. He is a man of sterling integrity, and is largely patronized
by the public in general. Mr. Lee was married in Canada in 1848,
to Miss Mary A. Stewart, and has five children, — Alice, Albert A.,
John W., James A. and F.dmund E. Mr. Lee is a member of Ex-
celsior Lodge, No. 3, K. of P.
PETER HAMMERSCHMITT, manufacturer of and dealer in boots
and shoes, was born in Germany, on July 27, 1841, and is the son
of Frank and Mary (Wirtx) I lammerschmitt. His father was a
farmer, and died when Peter was only eleven years old. His mother
is now eighty-five years of age. She with her son emigrated to this
country in 1862, landing in New York and coming direct to Chi-
cago. ' Mr. Hammerschmitt attended the village schools of his
native place and received a common school education. After com-
ing to Chicago he served an apprenticeship of five years to his
brother Michael, now deceased, who kept a large boot and shoe
store at No. iSo Blue Island Avenue. In 1867, he embarked in
business for himself, on Twelfth Street near Union, and remained
there nearly one year. In the meantime, Mr. 1 lammerschmitt
purchased a lot, and built thereon a large store and residence, at
No. 790 South Halsted Street, and as soon as it was completed
moved his business thereto, now his present location. Mr. Ham-
merschmitt is one of the oldest boot and shoe merchants on South
Halsted Street, and has a very extensive store. Mr. Hammer-
schmitt, by industry and perseverance, has built up a flourishing
business, and made many friends and patrons. He was married
in 1866, in Chicago, to Miss Maggie Mangold, and has five chil-
dren,— Rosie, Anna, Mary, Matilda and Laura. He is a member
of St. Francis' Society of the Twelfth-street Catholic Church.
R. B. HAAKKR. — The favorably and well-known boot and
shoe store of R. B. Haaker, Nos. 307-309 North Wells Street,
came into existence in 1878. Mr. Haaker was born in Germany,
on April 15, 1854, where he received his education and resided until
1872, when he came to this country, his objective point being Chi-
cago. After arriving in this city, he was engaged in various pur-
suits. After three years' labor he rose from an apprentice to the
position of master. In 1878, he started in business for himself, at
his present location, where he has since built up a large and pros-
perous business. Mr. Haaker was married, in Chicago, to Miss
Kittie Geller of this city, in 1884. He is a member of the Sons of
Hermann Lodge, No. 4.
FURNITURE.
The first cabinet-makers in Chicago, like those of
other small towns in the State, were those skilled
mechanics who worked at the bench, and did their turn-
ing with a foot lathe. The directory of 1839 records
the names of seven persons who were the owners of
shops with the signs of "cabinet-maker" and "chair
and furniture maker." The census of 1840 places the
amount of capital invested in this business at $2,500,
and the number of hands employed four. The pub-
lished census returns of 1 850 fails to throw any light on the
subject, but it is known that there were firms or individ-
uals in Chicago at that time engaged in the manufacture
of furniture. Among these were two or three firms who
employed as many as fifteen or twenty hands each, but
the amount of capital invested, or the annual product,
there is no means of ascertaining. The business at that
time was confined to the making of chairs, bedsteads,
and bureaus, all of them of a very common grade.
The revolution in the manufacture of cabinet ware
is, pe'rhaps, more than that of any other industry, the
result of remarkable improvements in machinery. The
adaptation of the rotary-cutting principle to the working
of wood, the invention of the hand saw and the auto-
matic lathe, gave an impetus to the business which alone
accounts for its extraordinary increase and the important
position which that industry occupies in the manufact-
uring interests of this country. In 1853-54, there had
been introduced by several establishments in Chicago
some of this improved machinery. The increased rail-
road facilities opened up new avenues of trade, and the
shipments of those years show that among them were
two hundred and sixty-four packages and forty one
tons of furniture. One establishment employed forty
hands, with an annual product of $40,000, and another
fifty men with sales amounting to $50,000. But even
up to 1860, when the entire product amounted to
$247,863, the principal demand for this class of goods
which the shops were then operated to supply came
from the local trade.
It was not until 1868 that this industry began to
assume its present stupendous proportions. The advan-
tages of Chicago at that time as a manufacturing point
presented themselves to capitalists in a striking manner.
Its multiplied distributing facilities, its vastly increasing
population as a home market, the great supply and cheap-
ness of labor, the immense lumber trade, were inviting and
controlling facts in its favor. The enterprise and skill
which these considerations enlisted made it no longer
necessary to look to the East for any kind of plain and
serviceable, or ornamental and expensive, furniture that
the demands at home or of the growing country around
might require.
The figures of 1870 show that a growth was made in
the preceding decade of nearly one thousand per cent.
But in 1871 came the fire, and amid its smouldering
ruins were numbered fully one-half of the furniture
manufactories of the city. This catastrophe, followed
by a period of stringent times, checked for a while the
natural increase of this industry. With the revival of
business in 1877, however, it again came to the front,
where it has held a leading place ever since.
The following table is compiled in periods of ten
years from the United States Census, excepting for 1860
and 1885, which are the results of local reports :
Year.
21
il
Capital.
No. of
employe's.
Amount
paid
in wages.
Value
material.
Value
of
product.
1840
$ 2 5OO
1850
"1
31
i860
1870
1880
1885
18
59
198
83,750
943,546
2,920,525
212
1,126
5,431
8 700
$ 59,454
584,347
2,332,240
$ 68,311
599,931
f 247,863
1,757,319
7,477,289
I3,7OO,OOO
The following carefully prepared table shows, in
detail, the status and progress of this industry for the
years 1878 and 1882, and is taken from the American
Furniture Gazette :
;.; i
HISTOKV OK CHICAC.O.
\UMiiEK or
K1KMS.
1 I Vt ^
ANNUAL PRODI'. 1
|878.
1882.
1878.
i8s>.
1878.
1882.
Cabinet furniture and
desks ...
24
7
9
4
4
10
10
4
?"
13
H,
5
2=
U
1,380
I')')
•31,8
[5a
231
511
205
119
3-336
331
356
i. 045
')"-
451
$1,5^3,000
47o,<x».
124,000
235,000
giS.OOO
490,000
123,000
st. 702,500
40;, 214
1,117,884
285,141
2,433,800
992,500
Tables
Parlor frames
i abinet ware.
Parlor furniture
Spring beds and mat-
t reuses
Miscellaneous
Total
72
i •_•')
3.171
7.33"
Sj,922,OOO
$10,812,039
\ statciiK-nt, giving st'" further details for 1884,
is as follows :
No, '.t
linns.
l »pi rativ<-s.
Product.
Cabinet ware, including cham-
ber furniture, sideboards and
tables
17
2.^02
$3 362,000
Office, library and school furni-
IO
7°5
1,057,500
Kancy cabinet ware, picture
3°
806
705,250
Mirror frames, mantels, etc ..
( 'hairs
4
4
146
939
179,580
732,420
5
153
229,500
18
02 7
I 140 2 IO
Parlor furniture
25
971
282
2,621,700
•306 2OO
(^O -1 60
Mattresses
8
266
682,285
II
640 680
Retail manufactures
10
262
6lI,3OO
Total
IQO
8 604
$12 909 085
By way of comparison, Chicago in 1870 manufact-
ured about one-half as much furniture in value as Cin-
cinnati, one-third as much as Boston and Philadelphia
and one-sixth as much only as New York. In 1880 the
census returns show that Chicago was in advance of all
other places excepting New York; but in 1885 the
footings show that Chicago marches to the front both
in the number of employes, and in the amount of
the annual product. In parlor furniture especially, Chi-
cago leads the world, the annual sales of upholstered
goods and frames equalling those of New York, Boston
and Cincinnati combined. It is the fourth largest indus-
try in Chicago, being exceeded in the amount of its
annual product only by the meat-packing business, the
manufacture of clothing, and that of iron and steel
The prominence of Chicago in this industry is owing
not alone to its superior shipping advantages, but also
to the immense variety of goods made, the different
classes, and the large range of patterns to select from.
Thus it is that customers are attracted from every point
of the compass, and furniture is daily shipped, not only
to the large cities of the East, but to the South and West,
even to Oregon, California and Manitoba.
(.'IIARI.KS TOBEV, president of the Tobey Furniture Company,
came to Chicago in 1855, and is one of the practical pioneers in the
.'I greatest mechanical industry of this city. He was born at
Dennis, Cape Cod, Mass., on September 10, 1831, on veritable
M'ul acres, the farm his father then owned having descended
through the family for over two centuries. Until he was eighteen
. .f age, he divided his time between going to school in the
winter and fishing in the summer and then entered a furniture
establishment in Boston, beginning his experience in the trade he
was destined to follow at a salary of live dollar- a week. There he
remained for three yean. His quick mind took in all of the details
of the business readily, and he resolved to try his fortunes in the
West. ( in the train to Chicago lie met the agent of a furniture
of I'.oston, and made arrangements to represent that estab-
lishment in this eily. In 1^55, Mr. Tobey opened his lirst store on
Lake Street, and conducted it as a branch hoii-e tor one year, when
the Kastern tirm failed, leaving their agent unpaid for his services.
Ms to this day a note, yellow with the memories of a quarter
i-ntnry, the evidence of unrecompensed enterprise in its initial
stage. In' 1856, Mr. Tobey secured live hundred dollars from a
relative, and began operations on his own account at No. 294 State
Street, ill a -.tore twenty by sixty feet. Mis trade was primitive,
his methods safe, and his stock so small at the start, that when he
made a sidewalk display the store proper was empty. He had one
assistant, who shared with him a couch made of piled mattresses
nightly, until business began to prosper, and by borrowing a second
live hundred dollars from his former creditor, he was enabled to do
better than to buy his slock at sunrise and sell before night. The
year of the panic, a brother, Frank I!. Tobey, came West, and began
working on salary in the State Street establishment. The two
brothers combined their abilities, under the style of Charles Tobey
\- Brother, and the ensuing year a loan of one thousand dollars to
Frank enabled them to take in the adjoining store and enlarge their
business. In 1859, they removed to No. 72 State Street, occupying
also the hall overhead, and materially increasing their stock and
trade. During the period of financial stringency, from 1857 to
i.soo, the Tobey brothers contracted no debts and did not manu-
facture, but bought the stock of those who had succumbed to the
storm they more fortunately weathered. In 1862, they removed to
No. s2 Lake Street. In 1870, the Thayer & Tobey Furniture Com-
pany was organized; F. Porter Thayer being president, Charles
Tobey vice-president, and F. B. Tobey treasurer, occupying the
premises Nos. 77-81 State Street. By the consolidation, the old
Thayer factory, at the corner of Randolph anil Jefferson streets,
came under the company's control. During these years, the com-
panies, separate or combined, did a large business in hotel furniture,
fitting up the entire Grand Pacific Hotel, the old Sherman House,
the Tremont House, and partially the Gardner and the Palmer
Houses. The fire of 1871 entailed a loss of $85,000, more than the
amount of insurance. After the fire, the company continued busi-
ness at their factory, taking an order to furnish the Sherman House
(now the Gault House) the day after the fire, the order to be com-
plete in one week; which was successfully accomplished. In 1873, they
moved to the handsome structure, at the corner of State and Adams
streets, which they now occupy. In 1875, the brothers bought out
Mr. Thayer's interest, and re -organized as The Tobey Furniture
Company, with Charles Tobey as president, and his brother as
vice-president. Mr. Tobey was married, in 1868, to Miss Van
Annan, the daughter of John M. Van Arman, who died in 1872.
At the present time he is a director of several large corporations.
He is a member of the Union League Club, and on the building
committee of that organization.
FRANK II. TOIIKY, vice-president and manager of the Tobey
Furniture Company, became associated with the business from which
that corporation grew, in 1857, two years after it was founded by
his brother, Charles Tobey. He was born at Dennis, Cape Cod,
Mass., on September 15, 1833, his father, Jonathan H. Tobey,
being a farmer and a descendant of one of the oldest New En-
gland families. His mother, Rachel Bassett, claimed a like hon-
orable ancestry. Mr. Tobey was born on the Tobey farm, which
came into the family in 1650. During his early years, Frank
remained on the farm. After leaving the home-roof, his first
experience was as clerk in a general store in his native town of
Dennis, of which village he was assistant postmaster for a term of
five years. His partnership with his brother consisted of active
practical interest in the firm until l8(>6, when he retired from
the same. In 1868, he formed a copartnership with F. Por-
ter Thayer, under the style of F. Porter Thayer & Co., at Xos.
IIO-I2 State Street. In 1870, that establishment consolidated
with Charles Tobey. In June, 1875, Mr. Thayer retired, and,
as the chief executive officer of the company, Mr. Tobey has
seen its business exceed that of any like institution, the mag-
nificent warerooms at the corner of State and Adams streets
being unequaled in the West. His cultured taste has been evi-
denced in the high-art improvements in furniture made by the
company since. In all lines of artistic furniture, the firm takes
precedence and controls the Trent tile and other house decorations,
being the lirst to introduce model apartments ready furnished, for
inspection and selections of furniture. Mr. Tobey is quite well
known in the higher grade of charitable and progressive associa-
tions, as in social and business circles. Like his brother, who
has been stockholder and director of the First and Fourth National
Banks, he has been identified with prominent banking interests.
Both have attended St. Paul's Church for twenty years, Mr.
I obey being its treasurer for several terms. He is 'also local
member and vice-president of the relief work, under the aus-
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
735
pices of the Society for Ethical Culture, an organization composed
of many of our best citizens. His usefulness in this benevo-
lent line, and his interest in all movements looking to the
advancement of the welfare of the general community, are on a
par with his business integrity and his high standing as a citizen
of the great commonwealth he has aided in crowning with happi-
ness, wealth and prosperity.
A. II. .\Nj)RK\vs & Co. — This house is among the representa-
tive and leading furniture manufacturing firms of Chicago. Their
manufacture is divided into seven departments. These include
office furniture, bank and library fittings, fine brass work, school
and church furniture, opera chairs and folding-beds, the latter be-
ing a new feature. This company was incorporated on March 17,
1884, with a capital of $1,000,000, all of which stock was immedi-
ately taken. The board of directors was elected March 31, 1884,
and, subsequently, officers were chosen as follows: A. H. Andrews,
president; H. L. Andrews, vice-president; Z. S. Holbrook, treas-
urer; and C. Frank Weber, secretary. They have retained their
respective positions to the present time. On January I, 1885, they
became the successors of Baker, Pratt & Co., of New York.
Alfred HinsJalf Andrews, the president of this company, came
from Hartford County, Conn., in 1857, and engaged with George
Sherwood, then in the school furniture manufacturing business. In
1865, Mr. Andrews went into business for himself in the old
Crosby Opera House, his factory being located at the corner of
Washington and Jefferson streets. The buildings were too far
west to be included in the list of property destroyed by the great
fire of 1871, though the warerooms, at No. 211 State Street, were
burned down. A dozen fires have, however, caused losses, smaller
or greater, to the company at various times, but the hopeful dis-
position, energy and perseverance of the principal member of the
firm has surmounted every obstacle and carried the business to^uc-
cess. The house, at the present time, is approached by few and
surpassed by no establishment of a similar character in this or any
other country. The volume of business in 1884 exceeded one and a
half million dollars. The company now has five factories, in which
are employed over five hundred hands, many of them skilled in
their various departments, as draughtsmen, carvers, cabinet-makers,
etc. The lumber which they handle is mainly chestnut and ma-
hogany. The latter description of wood (of which they have sold
a large amount to the Pullman Palace Car Company), is obtained
from St. Domingo. A considerable proportion of the school fur-
niture manufactured by the company is shipped to Great Britain,
Germany, Holland, Australia, Japan »and India. On the I3th of
March, 1884, the three Hayden Brothers sold the interests they
had in the business to A. H. and H. L. Andrews, since which time
the company has been incorporated.
THF. ANDREWS LUMHKK COMPANY was incorporated on May
26, 1884, under the laws of Illinois, with $100,000 stock capital, for
the purpose of dealing in lumber of all kinds. The incorporators
were A. H. Andrews, who was made vice-president; C. F. Weber,
who was elected secretary; and Z. S. Holbrook, who was chosen
treasurer. The company purchased large tracts of timber land and
considerable quantities of timber in Northern Arkansas.
J. S. FORD, JOHNSON* & Co., manufacturers of chairs, have
been in existence as a firm under that title since 1873. The enter-
prise they represent has numerous branches. The Chicago firm,
known by the above name, comprises John S. Ford, Henry W.
Johnson, R. A. Hitchcock, and Philander Derby — John S. Ford
and R. A. Hitchcock being residents of Chicago, and Mr. Derby
of Gardner, Mass. The house was first established in 1861, by
Mr. Ford, who began manufacturing chairs alone at Columbus,
Ohio. In 1865, the firm of Ford & Johnson was organized, re-
moving to Michigan City, where Reuben A. Hitchcock joined the
enterprise, the firm becoming Ford, Johnson & Co. in 1868. In
1873, they removed to Chicago, their location being on Monroe,
near Franklin Street, until 1876, when they removed to the corner
of Van Buren and Jackson streets, and in 1885 to Nos. 300-306
Wabash Avenue. When the firm came to Chicago, they bought
out Stoll & Barnes, and Mr. Derby became a partner, being one of
the chief projectors of this great enterprise. Mr. Derby is an ex-
tensive manufacturer at Gardner, Massachusetts, and Mr. Johnson
operates the factories at Michigan City, Ind., but all the goods of
the latter establishments are sold by the Chicago house, while the
Eastern and Western houses exchange and s<sll mutually. The
firm sells its goods all over the country, and employs seven regular
travelling salesmen and numerous local agents. They manufacture
everything in the line of chairs, embracing some three thousand
varieties. They do a large business in seating railroad depots,
churches, billiard halls and summer resorts. The Chicago estab-
lishment employs some eighty men, considerable finishing work on
their goods being done in this city. Their factories are located at
Michigan City, Ind., where some six hundred workmen are em-
ployed.
John Sherltvk l-'onl, member of the firm of J. S. Ford, Johnson
& Co., chair manufacturers, son of Stephen and Eunice Ford, was
bornat Burton, Geauga Co., Ohio, on September 16, 1831. He grad-
uated from the Academy of his birthplace, having studied with the
view of taking a collegiate course, but on the removal of his parents
to Columbus, Ohio, his plans were changed, and at the age of six-
teen he began business life as a clerk in the employ of D. T. Wood-
bury & Co., wholesale dealers in general merchandise. His engage-
ment was for three years at a stipulated salary of $60, §65 and $100
for the respective years during his stay with the firm, in addition
to his board and clothing. He remained with that firm until 1856,
and became a valuable business man to his employers, who were fully
remunerated by his services. Upon leaving Woodbury & Co. , he
connected himself with Brotherlin, Halm & Co., furniture manu-
facturers, as a member of the firm, and continued in that business
until 1863, when the firm dissolved. Shortly afterward he resumed
the same business with a Mr. Stage, under the firm name of Ford,
Stage & Co., and upon the death of Mr. Stage, in 1865, purchased
the entire control of the establishment, which he afterward conducted
under his own name, on Town Street. Forming a stock company
he extended his business, and subsequently sold out to the stock-
holders, retaining the chair department. He then formed a co-
partnership with H. \V. Johnson, the firm being Ford & Johnson,
and, after disposing of an interest in the business, the firm moved to
Michigan City, Ind., in 1868, where they established an extensive
factory. In 1872, the firm came to this city and began business,
the house here being known as J. S. Ford, Johnson & Co., as dis-
tinct from the firm of Ford & Johnson, at Michigan City. Mr.
Ford was married, on September 16, 1856, to Miss Sarah M. Star-
red:, of Columbus, Ohio. They have two children, — Alice M. and
Reuben A.
Henry IV. Johnson was born at Philadelphia, Penn., in 1834,
and his business history is contemporary with that of his partner,
John S. Ford, since 1866. Previous to that date Mr. Johnson re-
sided at Burton, O., having left Philadelphia when six years old, and
received his education at Hiram College, Portage Co., Ohio, of which
institution of learning James A. Garfield was president. At the
first call to arms when the War of the Rebellion broke out, he was
teaching school in Missouri, and, returning to Burton, O., enlisted
as a private in the Union Army, serving through the War under
General W. B. Hazen, in the 4ist Ohio Volunteers, and coming
home a major of U. S. Volunteers, and when he was mustered out
of the service he was brevetted major for gallantry. In 1867, he
joined Mr. Ford in the chair business, and has since had charge of
the factories at Michigan City, Ind. Mr. Johnson was married to
the sister of his partner, Miss Ellen A. Ford, at Columbus, on Jan-
uary I, 1867. They have six children, — Emma F., William F.,
Edward F., Helen F., Margarite F. and Alice F.
Reuben A. Hitchcock has been a member of the firm of J. S.
Ford, Johnson & Co. since 1868, and a resident of Chicago for twelve
years. Mr. Hitchcock, who is the son of Hon. Peter Hitchcock,
and the grandson of Judge Hitchcock of the Supreme Court of Ohio,
was born at Burton in that State, in 1847. His first connection
with the firm of which he is now a member was in 1867, when he
was barely of age, and he was employed as travelling salesman for
a year, and, upon the removal of the enterprise to Michigan City,
became a partner in the same, and has since continued to occupy a
prominent position in the operations of the firm.
Philander Derby, member of the firm of J. S. Ford, Johnson
& Co., is a resident of Gardner, Mass., and an extensive furniture
manufacturer of that village, but his connection with one of the
largest enterprises in that line in this city entitles him to a place in
the history of the industry. Mr. Derby is a native of Vermont,
and was born at Somerset in 1816. Until he was twenty-five years
of age he was employed on a farm, and then began an apprentice-
ship to the chair-making trade, in the employ of Windsor White, of
Templeton, Mass. In 1843, Mr. Derby engaged in the manufact-
ure of Grecian chairs at Jamaica, in 1845 working as journeyman,
and later forming a partnership with S. K. Pierce, at which time
Mr. Derby visited our city, selling goods when Chicago had no
railroads, and he sold them all over this western country. When
this firm dissolved, he engaged in the grain business, which he
abandoned for chair-making. After a varied experience, he finally
founded the extensive firm of P. Derby & Co. In 1873 Mr. Derby
became a member of the Chicago firm. He was married in 1840,
to Miss Viola Dunn, of Westminster, Mass. They have three
children, — Mary A., now wife of George Hogman, of Lowell,
Mass.; Ella V., now wife of George W. Cann, of Frederick, Md.;
and Arthur P.
F. MAYER & Co., furniture manufacturers, Nos. 313-29 South
Canal Street, comprises two partners, Frank Mayer, a veteran in
the business, and Joseph Turk, who has been connected with the
enterprise since 1882. The present business, which is one of the
most extensive in the West, was first established May 20, 1862, at
No. ii South Canal Street, by Mr. Mayer, in the shape of a small
retail store, which, a few months later, was changed to a factory.
In February, 1863, Mr. Mayer took in George Sugg as a partner,
whom he bought out April i, 1864. In 1865, John A. Kirchner
736
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
secured an interest in the business, ami the tirm of ]•'. Mayer \ ( 'iO,
was founded, remaining so until iSSi, for many year-, being located
at tin- "old red mill, at No. ;;;r Smih Canal Street. In 1-71.
the great lire destroyed tlu-ir establishment at a loss of $72,000,
the insurance indemnity being one-sixth of that amount. In 1872,
the tirm built a large factory at No-.. 31 « > 314 South Clinton Street.
In t88a, loseph Turk assumed Mr. Klrchiier's retiring intcrc-t.
'The firm occupies SS x 170 feet on ( anal Street, and 200 x 170 feet
on Clinton Stteet, and rent a large lumber yard on Lumber Street,
buying anil carrying two year-.' stork, ami having a dry-house ca-
pacity of Mime (.0,011(1 feet of lumber. They manufacture all kinds
of chamber suites, sideboards and 1 kcases. They employ some
three hundred workmen, and sell their goods all over the United
States.
l-'miik Mayr, a pioneer in the furniture industry of this
city, and founder of the firm of !•'. Mayer iV Co., has been a resi-
dent of Chicago since isd2, and identified with the progressive
commercial interests of the metropolis for nearly a quarter of a cen-
tury. There are few men in this line whose business careers have
been marked by so full a measure of prosperity. I le has seen the
city develop and enlarge, anil his own business increase, since the
comparative infancy of manufactures in Chicago. Mr. Mayer was
bom in liavaria. May 14, 1*33. When twenty-one years of age he
came to America, anil first settled in New York, lie was educated
in his native country, a, id learned his trade, that of a cabinet-maker,
in Germany, l-'rom 1854 until IS62, Mr. Mayer worked at his
trade in Ulster County, X. V., and in New York City, and on May
20, i.vu, took up a permanent residence in Chicago, and established
himself in the retail furniture trade at No. 11 South Canal Street.
Mr. Mayer had no friends and a bare capital of $200 when he
started.
1'HIN SIMMKX, founder of the hrm of Simmen iS: Sebastian,
first Marled in business in the desk manufacturing line, in 1883,
although he for many years held responsible positions in this city
in his peculiar line of expert proficiency, that of a designer and
carver. Mr. Simmen was born in 1 lesse-Cassel, ( Icrmanv, in 1847,
and learned his trade in his native country. He first located at
New York, after his arrival in America, and in 1867 removed to
Chicago. For live years he was connected with the Sugg & Beiers-
dorf Furniture Company as a designer, and twice started in business
for himself, his ventures finally culminating in the present pros-
perous enterprise of which he manages the mechanical details. In
1^12, l.arscn >V Jorgenson, who occupied the factory now con-
nected with the firm's establishment, made an assignment to John
I Ionian; the latter was inexperienced in the furniture trade, and
sought Mr. Simmen's co-operation. On September IO, 1883, the
two formed a partnership, under the firm name of Simmen .N:
I Ionian, the former assuming almost the entire operation of the
business. Shortly afterward Mr. Sebastian purchased Mr. I Ionian's
interest, and the firm was re-organized in 1884. They have offices
and warerooms at No. 1827 South Clark Street, and a factory em-
ploying some thirty men at the corner of Nineteenth and Blackwell
streets. Mr. Simmen was married in Milwaukee, \Vis., in 1867, to
Miss Louisa Paul. They have four children, the eldest of whom,
Frank Simmen, is apprenticed to his father in the business.
MICHAEL Si'.iiASiiAN, secretary of the Sugg & Beiersdorf Com-
pany, at No. 400 Canal Street, and member of the office -desk
manufacturing firm of Simmen & Sebastian, has been a resident of
Illinois for nearly forty years, and of this city for nearly half that
period of time. Mr. Sebastian was born in liavaria, in 1826, and
when twenty-two years of age sailed for America, first locating at
Philadelphia and there engaging at his trade, that of a cabinet-
maker. This practical line he followed until 1851, when he removed
to Joliet, III. Here he started in business, manufacturing and sell-
ing furniture, his enterprise becoming a well known addition to the
commercial interests of Joliet. In 1868, Mr. Sebastian removed to
Chicago, and shortly thereafter became associated with the Beiers-
dorf establishment, following its fortune for seventeen years. His
mechanical proficiency and business ability gave him an important
position in the company of which he is now a stockholder and sec-
retary. In January, 1884, he joined Mr. Simmen in the business
they have operated since that date. His son, Joseph Sebastian,
aged twenty-six years, is bookkeeper of the firm. He married, in
mber, 1849, Miss Sabina Zipf, of Germany. They have one
son, — Joseph.
\VII.I.IA\I NIF.MANN has been a resident of Chicago for forty
years, and during all that time has been prominently identified with
the development of the furniture industry. His long term of citi-
zenship entitles him to an honorable place on the old settler's list,
and his busy and useful career is deserving of extended mention as
showing the material of which Chicago pioneers were made. Mr.
Niemann was born in Brunswick, Gcrmanv, on June 6, 1821, the
-on of Henry and Dora Niemann. The former was a preceptor in
the schools of Fechdder, where the son received his early educa-
tion, and then learned the cabinet-making trade. At this and
ling IK- served a five years' apprenticeship, during which time
of service he received not one dollar of remuneration, but graduated
as a thorough artisan in his line. He then travelled over Furope
for live years, and in 1845 sailed for America. After a two
mouths' sojourn in New York City, Mr. Nicmaun came to Chicago
ami settled permanently here, engaging at once at his trade, and
working for two years and a half for David and Augustus Jai
at their factory on West Randolph Street. He then started on the
same thoroughfare and 1'eoria Street in a small way, conducting a
limited business, having one boy to aid him in turning the wheel
of the single machine he employed, which, primitive as it was,
through his ingenuity was quite an improvement on the machincn
of the time. Later, Mr. Niemann removed to LaSalle near Divis-
ion Street to a larger shop, and afterward, for two years, ran a
horse-power establishment on Elm Street, which he sold out finally,
and, with Jacob Lauer, operated a six horse-power engine factory at
No. 271) Wells Street, where his brother is now located. \\ ith Sir.
l.auer he formed a partnership under the name of 1 .auer & Nie-
mann. At the end of five years this firm dissolved, Mr. Niemann
keeping tin- warcroom department, and his partner moving the
factory to llalsted Street, the former operating the business for two
years. In isni, Mr. Niemann removed to his farm at Norwood
Park, and worked there at the manufacture of furniture until 1866,
when he returned to the city and became foreman for Louis Sennit/-.,
on Milwaukee Avenue. Here he remained three years, then took
charge of the factory as partner of Uber <V Co., and the Saturday
before the great lire, built his first factory of the present enterprise
on Wood Street. The fire caused a great demand for factory room,
and Mr. Niemann sold out to Gerts, Lumbard & Co. , for $5,ocx>,
and returned to Louis Schullz, with whom he remained for three
years, and then joined the firm of Herold, l.enx \ Co., on Lrie
Street, with whom he was associated till fire destroyed their factory
in igSo. Mr. Niemann then built the present extensive establish-
ment at Nos. 392-402 North Wood Street, taking into partnership
his sons William Henry (who manages the shipping department)
and Albert (who is a turner in machine shop), and his son-in-law,
Hermann \Veinhardt (a partner). The firm has done a large busi-
ness in the manufacture of all kinds of funiture. Mr. Niemann
has been married twice, and is the ancestor of a large and interest-
ing progeny. His first wife was Miss Dora Krickerberg, of Han-
over, to whom he was married the last week in 1847, and by whom
he has four children living, — Mrs. Louisa Theodore Schultze, Mrs.
Dora Fischer. Mrs. Albina \Yeinhardt, wife of his partner in busi-
ness, and William Niemann. By his second wife, Miss Mary
Hopf, Mr. Niemann has also four children, named Matilda, Henry,
Albert and Kmilia. lie has eighteen grand-children, who, with
their parents, all live in this city. Up to 1857, Mr. Niemann had
purchased a large amount of property in and about Chicago.
When the reverses of the panic overtook him, he divided all his real-
estate among his creditors, paying every dollar he owed, and work-
ing day and night to sustain an unblemished business reputation,
lu his later years, surrounded by an affectionate family and pos-
sessed of sufficient fortune, Mr. Niemann enjoys the esteem of the
community as a man of the strictest commercial integrity, and as a
useful and representative citizen, whose forty years' residence has
done much to augment the development and prosperity of Chicago,
and is the oldest furniture manufacturer in business in this city.
HKKMANN WKINHARDT, junior member of the firm of Nie-
mann, Weinhardt A: Co., manufacturers of furniture at Nos.
392-402 North Wood Street, became a member of the same in
1880, when the present extensive establishment at that place was
built. The enterprise, which is under his business management,
was founded by his father-in-law, who came to this city in the
year 1845. While Mr. Niemann, who is an expert designer and
cabinet-maker, and who made some of the first mahogany chairs in
the city, attends to the mechanical details of the factory. Sir. Wein-
hardt has charge of the offices, at No. 243 State Street, whence
orders are filled from Texas to Canada, all over the United
States, and even from Mexico. The factory employs from fifty to
seventy-live men, and has an equipment suitable for the production
of any class of furniture work. Mr. Weinhardt, whose practical
business experience is of a high character, was born, in 1853, in
Hamburg, Germany. Until he was eighteen years of age he re-
mained in his native town, where he received his early education,
sailing for America and settling in Chicago in 1871. Immediately
after the fire he entered the employ of Juergens & Andersen, and
had general charge, as bookkeeper, of their jewelry establishment.
Here he remained for nine years, and then joined his father-in-law
in the furniture business. Mr. Weinhardt was married, in 1873,
to Miss Albina Niemann. They have had three children, two of
whom are living, Adele and Martha, and one, Hermann, Jr. is
deceased.
I \r:>i! Bi ii.Ksi.oRK, one of the veterans in the furniture inter-
est in tliis city, and a representative of that industry whose practical
development of the same has kept pace with local prosperity and
conduced materially to benefit the commerce of the great metropo-
lis, has been a familiar figure in Chicago's manufacturing operations
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
737
for over a quarter of a century. lie is the son of Jacob and
Johanna (Keim) Beiersdorf, and was born at Pirmasens, in the
Palatine of Pfalz, Bavaria, on April 27, 1832. Jacob received his
early education in his native town, and attended the Latin school
for a term of four years. About to enter the Gymnasium, the
National prejudices against his race and unjust persecution drove
him to a trade, and, in 1846, he began to serve an apprenticeship
as a house carpenter and cabinet-maker. He followed this for over
three years, and then went to France and Switzerland, and finally
returned home. Finding, however, that liberty was still denied to
men of his race and creed, on June 15, 1853, Mr. Beiersdorf left
the country in which rigid adherence to principle disqualified him
for citizenship. On August 20, he reached New York, and on Sep-'
tember 8, 1854, took up his residence permanently in Chicago, His
first employment here \vas as a journeyman in house carpentry and
cabinet-making in the sash and door factory of Laubmeyer & Co.,
on Canal Street. This establishment he served for only a few
weeks, when he entered the employ of Stendeig & Isador, at No.
195 Randolph Street. Here he remained until December, 1855,
when he started in business in a very small way with Henry Busch-
mayer as a partner, taking orders for counters, desks and the like,
and manufacturing the same at a factory leased from Dr. Foster on
the lot now occupied by the wholesale establishment of Marshall
Field & Co. Here Mr. Beiersdorf did the first fine mahogany
work in Chicago, at a date when even common furniture was im-
ported from New York, making desks for Mr. Thompson, the
architect, among others, and a bookcase for George S. Bowe°n,
which the latter now treasures as a valuable antiquity that also has
the merit of artistic construction. Mr. Buschmayer retired from the
firm in 1858, and soon thereafter Mr. Beiersdorf removed to South
Clark Street, where, two years later, his establishment was destroyed
by fire, with no insurance. He then secured a factory near Quincy
Street, on the same thoroughfare; later removed to No. 217 Lake
Street; thence to a larger store, at No. 203, and finally to No. 172
Lake Street, where he remained until the ill-fated evening of Octo-
ber 8, 1871. In 1865, Messrs. Beiersdorf, Sugg and Lozier secured
a frame factory at Nos. 400-408 Canal Street, where a branch busi-
ness, although entirely independent of the Lake Street establish-
ment, was operated. Both this place and the main store were
utterly swept out by the great fire, Mr. Beiersdorf losing personally
over $100,000. The blow was a terrible one, for the insurance
secured aggregated less than $3,000. Mr. Beiersdorf refused to
take advantage of a reduced settlement offered by his creditors,
and determined to pay dollar for dollar. To this end he resumed
business in a stable and basement at No. 1509 Wabash Avenue a
few months after the fire, and soon after moved to Van Buren Street.
In 1873, he secured quarters at Nos. 207-209 Randolph Street, the
very day before his recently vacated establishment was swept out by
the fire of 1873. In 1879 ne removed to No. 186 Wabash Avenue,
and in 1883 to the commodious structure at Nos. 412-16 Canal
Street, where he carried on an extensive upholstering establishment
until his final retirement from business. Meantime, the Sugg &
Beiersdorf Furniture Company was carried on as a stock company,
with Mr. Beiersdorf as president, a new building being erected at
the original location of the company. In September, 1884, failing
health compelled an abandonment of business, and Mr. Beiersdorf
having paid the obligations of ante-fire days as agreed, gave up the
business he had followed for three decades. Among his old employes
was Caleb Morgan, the veteran furniture manufacturer of Chicago.
In the spring of iSSi, his employes tendered Mr. Beiersdorf a com-
plimentary celebration of the anniversary of his quarter-century
business career, at which local and national interest in his welfare
was expressed. At the close of a useful and honorable career Mr.
Beiersdorf's record for integrity remains unspotted, and his benefits
to manufacture and commerce have conduced much to local pros-
perity. He was married, in 1863, to Miss Eliza Berg, of this city,
and is the father of seven children, all of whom are still living. His
eldest daughter, Hattie Johanna, is the wife of Charles L. Miller,
a Chicago lumber merchant. The other children are Frances Lou-
isa, Arthur Jacob, Irena J., Selma and Myron J. Mr. Beiersdorf
is highly esteemed by the community of which for so many years he
has been a useful and honorable member. He was on the festival
board and member of the financial executive committee of the
N. A. Scengerfest at Chicago. He was also president of the Young
Men's Fraternity ; was elected to represent the same to form the
present " United Hebrew Relief Association " ; has been a member
of the Academy of Design, and a delegate to several republican
conventions; was one of the committee appointed in 1878 to collect
funds for the relief of the yellow fever sufferers, and, in 1881, col-
lector for the sufferers by the great fire in the State of Michigan.
TOMI.INSON & CARSF.I.EY, manufacturers of fine furniture and
interior finish for residences, and office and bank fittings from
special designs, have been established in that line of business, at
Nos. 2242-56 LaSalle Street, since 1883. The firm was first or-
ganized the year previous, with factory and offices at the corner of
Twelfth and Clark streets, the members of the same being Isaac
47
Tomlinson and Francis M. Carseley. The advance in artistic in-
terior decoration, so progressive and marked during the past few
years, owes much to this firm, who are specialists in ordered work,
constructing a house from beginning to end so far as the wood-
work is concerned, and even providing all the furniture and decora-
tions. They employ about two hundred men, some of whom are
experts in the cabinet-making line. They have a down-town office
in Central Music Hall. They are representative and progressive
men in their line of business, and their extensive establishment is
one of the most complete in the city.
Francis M. Carsi'lt-y, of the firm of Tomlinson & Carseley, was
born at Otisfield, Maine, on July 17, 1832. His father and mother,
Mark and Abigail Carseley, removed to Springfield, Penobscot
County, when he was two years of age, and until 1846 Mr. Carse-
ley experienced all the rigors of frontier life. His father took up a
farm that was located among the primeval forests of Maine, where
he carried his first seedling potatoes twenty miles, from Lincoln, by
a blazed line through the forest. In 1847, the family moved to
Westbrook, six miles from Portland; and two years later Mr.
Carseley, after a brief experience in carpentering and fanning,
learned piano-forte making. For twelve years he worked as a jour-
neyman in this line, serving his apprenticeship in Boston and
Brighton. At one time he was connected with Calvin Fdwards &
Co., one of the oldest piano manufacturing firms in Maine. In
1863, Mr. Carseley went to New York, where he remained until
1864, doing a small business in cabinet-making. He then entered
the service of Carhart & Needham, the pioneers in organ manufac-
ture, and was their superintendent for eight years. In April, 1872,
he came to Chicago, and until 1882 was superintendent and fore-
man in the furniture establishment of A. H. Andrews & Co. He
then entered into partnership with Mr. Tomlinson, and has sus-
tained a practical co-operation in the business of that firm until
the present time. Mr. Carseley \vas married, in 1853, to Miss
Ann Elizabeth Browrn. They have three children, — Frank Edney,
Lizzie Adelaide and Alice Gertrude. The former is foreman in the
factory of the firm.
JOHN PHILLIPS, the pioneer furniture manufacturer of Chicago,
conceded to be the father of that industry in this city by the oldest
living representatives of the same, was born in 1796, in Forfar-
shire, Scotland. His name is a familiar one in the community, and
as the proprietor of " Phillips' Chair Factory," a historic structure
of the late " forties," was closely identified with local commercial in-
terests up to the year of his death, 1870. The early history of his
family is an interesting and romantic one. Shortly after his birth,
his father, John Phillips, a weaver of Forfar, was waylaid by the
press-gang and compelled to serve in the government navy. For
forty years he was banished from his family on the coast of South
America, in naval service, they never hearing of him until, after the
lapse of nearly half a century, he re-appeared to find his wife mar-
ried. The sequel of the strange complication was the wife's return
to the lost husband, the case creating much interest in Scotland.
Meanwhile, the son John had become a workman in his native town,
and, being an expert in wood turning, devoted his energies to the
manufacture and repairing of shuttles for the local weaving mills.
He had married Miss Jane Spence, who died in 1839, and in 1843
sailed from Dundee with a large family to try his fortunes in the
New World. On this point there is still some uncertainty, it being
claimed by some that he came to Chicago as early as 1837. Be
this as it may, in July of the former year, Mr. Phillips started a
small shop on Canal near Lake Street, running a single lathe by
foot power and operating a primitive establishment for jobbing
work. Here he remained a year, and then removed to Lake near
Franklin Street, adding horse power to his equipment. His sons
recall the blind old racehorse that used to turn the wheel they often
rode on, and two of them, John and William, began at that time
to learn the rudiments of the business. The shop was moved the
following year a block further west, and thence to a lot near Kinzie-
street bridge, where a large frame factory was erected, capable of
giving employment to some thirty men. This was in 1847, the site
of the factory being the property later occupied as the North-West-
ern Railway passenger depot. It was burned out once, and some
years later a new establishment was built on the corner of Phillips
and Green streets, Mr. Phillips purchasing an entire block of ground
for his new factory, where he employed as high as a hundred and
fifteen men. Here, until and after his death, the establishment was
conducted with the founder of the enterprise as sole proprietor,
though his sons were associated with him in various capacities,
— William as machinist, Alexander as assistant bookkeeper, and
James in charge of the paint shop. The business was almost ex-
clusively chair-making, in which line Mr. Phillips had a very wide
national reputation. In 1870, Mr. Phillips died at the advanced
age of seventy-five years, and was buried at Graceland Cemetery.
He left a fortune aggregating nearly two hundred thousand dollars
and a will most peculiar in its apportionment of legacies: Three-
sevenths of his estate he left to the town of Forfar, Scotland, one-
seventieth to the Rush Medical College, and the remaining interest
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
to his sons. Dr. J. P. Ross, Henry Fieblecorn, David Russell and
John Marr, his former bookkeeper, were appointed trustees. The
factory was operated especially under their direction by Henry
Ficblecorn, Alexander Blair and John Marr as managers. In 1884,
the estate was closed up. and the establishment, which had suffered
two extensive tires but no failures since its commencement thirty-
three years previously, was sold out. Mr. Phillips was the father of
seven children, all but three of whom are now dead. These latter
were Mary, the wife of Thomas Winters; William S., who died in
'1877, aged fifty-live; David, who died in 1852, aged seventeen; and
John, who died in iSSi, aged fifty-six. The surviving children are
Allies, wife of George Oliver, of Michigan, aged fifty-two; Alex-
ander I '.. a^od titty-four, now a farmer in Nebraska; and James M.,
aged fifty, still a resident of this city. Mr. Phillips was a man of
strict commercial integrity, and his record for business has been one
of marked adherence to justice and system. His endowments were
peculiar ones, ami caused some litigation, but were in harmony with
erratic views In1 entertained. As the western furniture manufacturer
of Chicago, his name has become a household word among mem-
bers of the craft, and his long career, from the primitive stage of
the industry to the time of his death, has not been equalled or
shared by any living manufacturer, certainly not by any whose
birthday reaches back into the past century.
IAMKS M. ['mi I.IPS, the only son of the western furniture man-
ufacturer, John Phillips, now resident in Chicago, is one of the
few survivors of a large family of children who came to America
over forty years since. James was next to the youngest of the fam-
ily, and was born in Forfar, Korfarshire, Scotland, on June 5, 1835,
the son of John and Jane Phillips. When he was eight years of
.ige, lie accompanied his father to Chicago, and before attaining
his majority helped about the establishment the latter founded,
learning the details of the business as an experience solely and not
as a trade, although he became most proficient in the finishing
department. After the factory was located on Green Street, Mr.
Phillips looked after the painting department of the establishment,
and continued with the same until its final abandonment in 1884,
meanwhile visiting Scotland, his native country, on two different
occasions. More recently he has been interested in the sale of fur-
niture for the firm of Phillips & Liebenstein, of which his brother
John, was the founder. The latter was manager of several large
city factories, and started in business in 1862. Mr. Phillips enjoys
a competency, but his long connection with the trade has given him
a business acquaintance he utilizes by occasional brokerage in fur-
niture. He was married, in 1868, to Miss Ellen Stewart, at the
home of his brother-in-law, at Allegan, Mich. They have two
children, named James I), and William O., the former of whom is
engaged in an architect's office in this city. As a member of an
old and remembered family, and himself a long resident of Chicago,
Mr. Phillips enjoys a large knowledge of the city's early days, and
is a recognized criterion in the industry his father founded nearly
half a century since.
FKANKI.IN S. HANSON has been prominently identified with
the commercial interests of Chicago for over a quarter of a century,
having been one of the first furniture manufacturers of the city,
a member of the Board of Trade, and founder and present proprie-
tor of the New England Mills, which latter institution has been a
familiar landmark in the West Division since 1852. A biographical
sketch of his life furnishes many points of general interest, his close
i lion with local business progress constituting him a repre-
sentative citizen, whose personal methods and prosperity form part
of a general system of enterprise that has made Chicago the great
metropolis it is to-day. Mr. Hanson was born on August 5, 1832,
near the Glen House, Mount Washington, N. H., and is the son of
Joseph Hanson who, with his own hands, made the first opening in
the forests where the hotel mentioned now stands. His grandfather
Pinckham, was one of the earliest settlers in that region. It was he
who built the road through the notch in the White Mountains, now
known as Pinckham's Notch, for which work he received a large
tract of land in that section. After several years' residence in this
picturesque district, these pioneers of New Hampshire, for a mere
nominal sum, sold out their interest in that famous spot, and bought
farms at Lancaster, Coos County, in the same State. There
Franklin, with his brothers, worked on the father's farm in the sum-
mer and attended the village school in the winter. This, with a few
terms at the academy of his uncle, Daniel C. Pinckham, comprised
all his educational advantages. At Lancaster, where Mr. Hanson
spent his boyhood, his father, mother and grandparents were buried
in the village churchyard. In 1848, the family (consisting of his
father, brothers and sisters, their mother having died) removed to
Salem, Mass., in the vicinity of which place they resided for four
years, when, with an older brother, Daniel, Franklin came to Chi-
cago, and engaged in the manufacture and sale of furniture. Their
hrst store was at the northwest corner of Randolph and Wells streets,
and, later, at No. 74 State Street. The factory of the firm was out
on the prairie, where now stands the New F.ngland Mills, at Nos.
145-47 West Lake Street. For a number of years the business was
a prosperous one, requiring the services of some sixty workmen.
J{y the use of steam power, large quantities of furniture were turned
out, and sold all over the West, chiefly on credit. The years 1857-
59 were exceedingly hard years in every line of trade; failures all
through the West were numerous, and the firm of 1). P. & F. S.
Hanson went down in the general crash, not being able to collect
five cents on the dollar of what was due them in the city and
country. In 1860, the furniture factory was changed into a mill,
and called the New England Mills. It was in this year that Mr.
Hanson became a member of the Chicago Hoard of Trade. Separ-
ating from his brother, I >. P. Hanson, lie began running the mill
in a very small way, and by the practice of the utmost economy,
joined to diligent attention to business and strictest integrity, he
soon increased the trade, until the establishment is now one oi t In-
largest feed and corn mills in the West. It is here the famous New
England kiln-dried corn-meal is manufactured. This brand of
corn-meal has been sent into nearly all the hot climates of the
world, and never has been known to sour or heat, as meal is sure to
do that does not go through this process of kiln-drying. Mr.
Hanson was one of the early members of the Plymouth Congrega-
tional Church, having joined it soon after its organization. He has
also been a member of the First Congregational Church of this city,
and was also one of forty members of that body who organized the
Tabernacle Congregational Church, at the corner of Morgan and
Indiana streets, and was connected with their Sabbath-schools as
scholar, teacher, chorister and superintendent for over twenty-seven
years. He is now again a member of the Plymouth Church, and
has had charge of the Sabbath-school for two years. Mr. Hanson
was married, on September 12, 1859, by the Rev. Dr. William W.
Patton, to Miss Marie Geary, daughter of Matthew Geary, of the
Island of Mackinac, Mich. Three children have been born to them,
two of whom died in infancy; the surviving child is named Daisy.
Possessed of a prosperous business, and bearing a justly earned
reputation for high commercial integrity and benevolence, Mr.
Hanson is regarded as a progressive citizen of the great community"
which his enterprise and ability, in so eminent a degree, have served
to benefit.
JOSEPH SPIEGEL, the founder of the firm of Spiegel & Co.,
who operate one of the most extensive furniture establishments in
the city, started in that business in 1863. Mr. Spiegel was born in
Armenheim, Germany, in 1840, and up to 1860 was engaged in
various mercantile pursuits. When the War of the Rebellion
began, his brother, Colonel Spiegel, joined General Hanks's divi-
sion, and leading the 45th Ohio Infantry Volunteers in the Red
River Expedition, was killed. Mr. Spiegel being wounded at the
same time, and captured with the Chicago Battery, lay a prisoner
of war at F'ort Camp, Texas, for fourteen months. In 1863, he
he returned to Chicago and formed a partnership with Henry Lieb-
enstein, engaging in the furniture business at Nos. 165-67 Ran-
dolph Street. After the fire he resumed business on the Lake Front,
and a year later removed to Peck Court. In 1873, with Joseph
Cahn, he started an establishment at Nos. 220-22 Wabash Avenue.
In 1877, Mr. Cahn retired, and the present firm was established,
Joseph Liebenstein becoming a partner. In 1885, Albert Lieben-
stein entered the firm, which is one of the most prosperous in its
line in the city.
JOHN H. THAYER, successor to the W. W. Strong Furniture
Company, became associated with the latter corporation in 1868.
The history of the enterprise referred to is familiar to the commu-
nity, as Mr. Strong was well known in comparatively early days of
the furniture industry in this city, and controlled a fine line of
specialties in the trade. The house was formerly a branch of the
firm of Shearer & Paine, of Boston, from which city Mr. Thayer
came when twenty-one years of age, and entered the agency of the
Eastern house under Mr. Strong, first as bookkeeper and then as
member of the Chicago firm. In April, 1879, the Strong enter-
prise failed, and Mr. Thayer engaged in business for himself,
locating at No. 193 Wabash Avenue. Here he has done a large
business as agent, likewise representing the interests of Stotz,
Woltz & Soloman. The store carries a fine grade of furniture, and
the business has been a progressive one, making ordered work a
specialty. Mr. Thayer was born at Boston, Mass., in 1845, and
received his early education in that place. He was one of the first
members of the Calumet Club, and is still connected with that
organization. lie is considered a critical and progressive man in
his business, having been one of the first to realize that with the
re-building of Chicago, interior house adornment must keep pace
with outside architectural advancement, and his warerooms have
always been stocked so as to meet the demands of the time.
CHARLES C. HOLTON, founder of the firm of Holton & Hil-
dreth, and more latterly engaged alone in the wholesale furniture
business at No. 224 Wabash Avenue, first came to Chicago in
1868, and has been a resident of this city since that date. A repre-
sentative and progressive business man, he has contributed largely
to the commercial interests of the community. He was born in
1832, at White Creek, Washington Co., N. V., a village thirty
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
739
E!
miles cast of Troy, and is the son of Henry and Susan i Webster)
Holton, of Nortlilicld, Mass. Both liis father and mother were
descendants of two of the oldest families in New Kngland, espe-
cially the former, whose ancestry leads back in a direct line to
1 'eaeon William Ilolton, who came to America in 1034. A lineal
branch of this family also includes the noted evangelist, I). 1..
Mood\. Mr. llolton's father was a captain in the War of 1812.
I'nlil he was four years of age, the son remained in his native vil-
lage, when the family removed to Akron, Ohio, lie was educated
at the Kensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy. In 1847, Mr.
Ilolton began a wandering, adventurous career that has but few
parallel- in modern biographic-. lie went to sea and rounded
Horn, en route for California, where lie remained in the min-
ing and banking business for seventeen years. Previous to his Far
Western experience, he almost circumnavigated the globe, haying
-ailed from the Arctic ( )cean to the Straits of Ftimly, to nearly
every point on the Chinese -ea-coast, and having li\ed with many
natives and in many climes, lie was one of the first Americans to
land in |apan, previous to Perry's visit to that country. Me was a
n'oneer miner in the I lolden State, and accumulated there a large
'ortutic. Mr. Ilolton was assistant adjutant-general ol the third
brigade in California, and during the War his connection with the
National ( hiard entitled him to an appointment as staff officer with
(leneral I)ent, which circumstances, however, prevented his re-
ceiving, lu [868, Mr. Ilolton, incoming from California to Chi-
cago, met Charles II. llildreth, and they engaged in business at
No. K)4 Lake Street, manufacturing Inrniuire for the wholesale
trade, and for fifteen years did an extensive business in that line.
In is,-2, Mr. Ilolton entered business alone at his present estab-
lishment, with a factory on Van lluren Street, which was destroyed
by lire in iSSj. Mr. Ilolton was married in 18(17, at Carson City.
Ncv., to Miss Clara A. I.iel). a descendant of Klhan Allen on her
mother's side. They have four children, — Charles II., l-'.lhan A.,
Clarence W . ami Stella Clara. Mr. Ilolton is a member of Lin-
coln Park Masonic Lodge. His Ion;; career of usefulness has satis-
tied a business ambition in the possession of one ol the Imc-l
establishments in his line west of New York. As a cili/en he is
universally esteemed, and his integrity and enterprise, the watch-
words of his success, have made him a representative man in every
respect.
I.KVI C. lioviMiruN, an old and respected cili/en of Chicago.
has been a useful and progressive member of the community since
1853, and has been prominently identified with the commercial
interests of the city since that date. Mr. Itoyinglon, who is a
brother of W. W. Boyington, the well known architect, is a native
of Southwick, a town located near Springfield, Mass., where he
was horn in iS22. It was in the latter city that he received his
early education and learned his trade, that of a carpenter and
builder, finally operating a sash and blind factory at that place. In
1853, Mr. IJoyington became connected with the American llridge
Company, of Chicago, in the capacity of superintendent of con-
struction, a position he Idled acceptably lor nearly twenty years. In
1*71', lie purchased a spring - lied bu-iness in this city, and with
superior mechanical and business ability developed it into one of
the most prosperous enterprises in its line in the West. It gradu-
ally grew into the folding-bed line, in which Mr. lioyington is a
pioneer, controlling several important patents, and operating the
lactory. at N'os. 1453-71 State Street, on a scale that furnishes
employment for some sixty men, and comprises the largest estab-
lishment of its kind in the United States. In addition to the local
enterprise, he has a warehouse in New York Cits', where fully lifty
per cent, of the product of the home factory is sold, lie manufact-
ures two styles of beds, the upright and cabinet, and sells to the
trade all over the country. Mr. Boyington was married, in 1847, to
Miss Sarah A. liosworth, of Westtield, Mass., and has one child,
Carrie A., now wife of \V. (!. (iilbert, of Chicago.
FKKIIKUICK KF.I.I.KK, of the linn of Keller, Sturm & Ehman,
manufacturers of pier and mantel frames at N'os. 42-46 North
l.li/abeth Street, has been identified prominently with the commer-
cial progress of Chicago for seven years, and has been a resident of
the city since 1878. Mr. Keller is a native of ( Germany, and was
horn in iS^i. lie came to this country when nineteen years ol aye,
after receiving his education in his native town, and settled perma-
nently in Chicago. In 1860., he became connected with the bank-
ing business, and for several years was teller of the International
liank. In 1878, the firm of Keller, Sturm iV Co., was organized,
and began the manufacture of pier and mantel frames on South
Canal Street, near Polk. On January I, 1880, the tirm erected
their present building and removed to it in 1884, changing the linn
name to Keller, Sturm & Khman. Mr. Keller has the entire man-
agement of the office details, his financial ability being of a high
order. He was married, in 1875. to Miss Louisa Kodemeyer, of
this city. She died in 1876, leaving <>ne child, Louisa. He mar-
ried, in 1880, Miss Mary Miller, of this city; they have one child,
Clara. Mr. Keller's father, Jacques, came to Chicago about the
year 1837, and live years afterward returned to Lurope.
Anoi.i'H SiruM. member of the linn of Keller, Sturm &
Khnian, became associated with that house when it was lirsl organ-
i/cd, in 1878. He has never taken an active part in the business,
except so far as financial direction and business counsel were con-
cerned, as, in addition to this line of trade, he operates a fancy wood
and veneer business at Xo. (») West Washington Street. Mr.
Sturm is a native of Au-lria, and was born in i84_8, and worked in
a large silk manufactory as well as in a large tanner)' in \ ienna.
1 le came to this country in 18118, since which date he has been a
resident of Chicago, and a representative and progressive member ol
the bn-ine— community. In 1870, he commenced to work in the
\encer business with T. S. Constantine. on I .ake Street, and remained
with him up to 1872, when he engaged in the veneer businesson his
own account on West Washington Street, near I nion Street, and
made several removals in that neighborhood until 1S7(>, when he
came to his present location. lie is also connected with the firm
of John |i. X.ernii/. Co., wholesale importers of toys and druggists'
supplies, at No. 43 Lake Street. He married, in 1873. Miss
Johanna Schoth, of Germany; they have seven children living, —
Arthur, Amanda, liiscla, Irma, l.itta. Lrnst and Charlotte.
CIIAKI.KS KIIMV.N, founder of the present linn of Keller,
Sturm .V Khman, came to Chicago in 18(1(1, and has been identified
with the furniture business ever since. Mr. Klnnau was born in
Hesse Darmstadt, Herman), in 1841, and received his early educa-
tion and learned hi- trade, that of a cabinet-maker, in ( )ppenheim
on the Rhine, in that country. In 18(16, he came to Chicago, and
formally years operated a furniture factory on Division Street, in
the North Division of the city, as Charles Khman \ Brother. In
1878, he became a member of the firm of Keller, Sturm \ Khman.
He has entire management ol the mechanical details of the enter-
prise, and superintends the operations of the factor). Mr. Khman
was married on June 5, 1873, to llertha Mohr, of this city. Her
parents were natives of Switzerland, came to Chicago in 1843. and
both died in Chicago. They have live children. — Frederick, Ida,
Amanda, Carl and Adolph. 1 his lirni was the first in the West to
make special business in the manufacture of pier and mantel frames.
'I'm III', i sci IK tv RICKE MAM 1 MTI'KIV; COMPANY, manufac-
turers of parlor furniture, bed lounges and rockers, was founded in
January, 1880, by Charles W. llctschc and Henry Ricke, at Xo.
22 South ('anal Street. In its inception the linn was operated on a
limited scale, the mechanical skill and business enterprise of C. \V.
llelsche comprising its main capital. In 1882, the hrm was merged
into the present company, the incorporation being followed, in May,
1885, by a removal to N'os. 2(1(1-68 South Clinton Street. The
manufactory engages some forty skilled workmen and sells its
goods by travelling agents all over the I'nited States. The officers
of the company are A. J. Copp, president; Charles W. Jletsche,
secretary and manager; and Henry Ricke.
('//((/•/(•.> //'. /.', /.i(7/c, founder of the linn of lietsche iV Ricke,
and secretary and manager of the lictschc \ Ricke Manufacturing
Compati) . into which the former enterprise was merged, has been
identified with the furniture interest in this city for over fifteen
years. Mr. lictschc is a native of ( lermail) , and was born in I laden,
in 1848. When seventeen years old he came to America, and since
1865 he has been a resident of Chicago. Immediately after his ar-
rival here, he apprenticed himself to a mechanical trade and became
an upholsterer, mastering all the details of that branch of the fur-
niture interest. In 1871;, he associated himself with his first part-
ner, Henry Rieke. and organized the linn of C. W. lietsche, and
soon secured a large business patronage in parlor furniture, which
has become a representative enterprise in its line. Mr. Betschewas
married, in 1872, to Miss Kate Kischer. of this city. They have
six children, — Kmma, l.ydia. Oscar, William, Arthur and Clara.
./. /. ('<'//, president of the lietsche & Ricke Manufacturing
Co., was born at Albany, N. Y.. in 1847. When nine years old he
went to Krie County, N. Y., where, at the age of fifteen, he enlisted
in liattery " ti," 1st New York Artillery, lie served in the same
company until the close of the War, when he was mustered out with
the r.mk of sergeant. Returning to New York, he entered the em-
ploy of the American Photo-Lithographic Company, with whom he
remained until 1867, when he came to Chicago. Here he engaged
in the manufacture and sale of mattresses, as a member of the firm
of llannum & Copp, at No. 42 Wells Street (now Fifth Avenue).
Here the lire of 1871 destroyed their entire stock. A month later,
however, the firm resumed business at No. 242 Lake Street. In
1872, Mr. Copp withdrew from the linn and went to Burlington,
Iowa, where he entered the employ of Todd, Pollack & Granger,
furniture dealers, as travelling salesman. One year later he accepted
a position with the I Sloomington Furniture Company of lilooming-
ton. 111. In iSS2, he returned to this city, and became the presi-
dent of the above company. Mr. Copp was married, in 1871, to
Miss Martha |. Kindred, of Sabula, Iowa.
ANSKI. I.F.I. AND CKOCKKK was born at Clarendon, Vt., on Oc-
tober 22, 1817, being the tenth child of a family of eleven children,
and comes of the best Vermont stock, as the Crockers and I e-
lands have ever proved to be. His father was a builder and furni-
740
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ture manufacturer, from whom he acquired an early knowledge of
the business to which he has clung all his life. He removed with
his parents to Schroon, N. V., when about the age of eight years,
remaining till the fall of 1832. At this time a married brother,
residing at Meriden, Conn., wrote to his parents to send anyone
of his brothers who was unemployed, and he would give him a
chance in his business. Ansel pleaded for the opportunity, for he
already begun to plan for his future, although but fourteen years
: -ci he went, and remained three years. He then returned to
his father's home, joining with him in the furniture business, which
was continued two years, or until he concluded to assume life's
obligations alone, locating in Crown Point, N. Y., where he re-
mained for more than two years. Being desirous of advancing his
education he entered an academy at Moriah, where he took a
thorough course. Previous to this his educational advantages had
been limited, attending school only during winter months. Thus
the most of his early earnings went toward completing his educa-
tion. In 1841, he married Miss Laura V. Havens, of Moriah, and
removed to Hartland, N. Y., where he engaged in business, re-
maining till 1845, when he removed to Sheboygan, Wis., residing
and continuing business for sixteen years. During these years he
held positions of trust and honor both in city and county. The
result of this marriage was six children, four of whom are now liv-
ing, — Orsamus \V., Marlow H., Frank E. and Isabel. (). \V. and
Krank K. have followed the furniture business. Marlow H. is an
attorney of note at Ishpeming, Mich. Isabel married John Smith,
a furniture dealer in this city. In the spring of 1861, Mr. Crocker
removed his family and business to Fond du Lac, remaining four
years, leaving the same good record that had always followed him.
Coming to Chicago on April 5, 1865, where his great perseverance
and ambition were to be more rapidly repaid in accumulating a for-
tune, he located at No. 208 Lake Street, where the great fire of Oc-
tober, 1871, devoured the results of all his years' hard work. This
brings him to the age of fifty-five, that time in life when he was
planning to retire. Nothing daunted, inside of three months he
had a store ready for his occupancy at No. 521 State Street. Find-
ing this not a desirable location, a store was built for him by S. B.
Mitchell at No. 176 Kast Madison Street, where he baffled the hard
times which followed the trail of the fire for four years, when he
was obliged to succumb. Again must he begin anew, which was
not an easy undertaking, and it was not until the year 1880 that he
gained a permanent foothold, resuming business at Nos. 130-32
Wabash Avenue, where, although sixty-eight years of age, he is
determinedly, if not as rapidly, regaining much of his lost fortune.
He is the oldest furniture man in the city excepting Charles Tobey.
If he does not head the list in his line of business, it is not because
he stands second to any one in sterling business qualities, integrity,
or uprightness, and personally he is by nature an agreeable and
affable gentleman. In the spring of 1881, he married Mrs. Alice A.
Duel!, of Iowa, a lady of considerable literary talent, culture and
refinement. She has two daughters, Ivy and Myrtle, to whom he
has proved a devoted father and made them legally his own.
JACOB C. WIRTS, founder of the firm of Wirts & Scholle, No.
222 Wabash Avenue, has been a resident of Chicago for over twenty
years. For twelve years he was a partner in the furniture firm
of Colby & Wirts. Mr. Wirts is a native of Ohio, where he was
born in 1840. About the year 1865 he came to Chicago, and was
engaged in the grocery business as one of the firm of Wirts & Pear-
son, for three years, and until he started in the furniture business
in iS6S. After retiring from the firm of Colby & Wirts, February
I, 1879, he organized the present firm, which controls a superior
trade and carries a fine line of the best furniture in the market.
Mr. Wirts was married, in 1866, to Miss Marie Cady, of Vermont;
they have one child, — S. M. Wirts, Jr.
HENRY K. SCIIOLLE, member of the firm of Wirts & Scholle,
came to Chicago in 1879, when he became a member of that enter-
prise. Mr. Scholle was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1843, and
coming to this country at the age of thirteen years entered the fur-
niture factory of the Robert Mitchell Furniture Company, at Cin-
cinnati, the largest of its kind in the United States. There he
learned the trade of finisher, and has been identified with the fur-
niture interest since that date. In 1879, he became a member of
the present firm, and acts in an important managerial capacity in
the business of the establishment. The firm manufacture all their
parlor furniture, and make the Williams's patent folding-bed a
specialty. They also control a combination desk and washstand,
manufactured for them, under contract, at Indianapolis. Mr. Scholle
was married, in 1877, to Miss M. K. Wirts, of Chicago. They
have one child — Henry K. Scholle, Jr.
Y AI.KM INK GK \\ir.k, manufacturer of church furniture at No.
423 South May Street, has been identified with that interest since
1875, and for seven years a resident of Chicago. Mr. Cramer is a
native of Germany, and was born at Wittenberg, in 1833. When
fourteen years of age he was apprenticed to the trade of cabinet-
making and altar building, and served at the same for four years.
In 1853, he came to America, und for two years was located ul
Newark. N. J. Coming West for his health, and after visiting Chi-
cago, he went to Rock Island, where he remained two years, and,
later, for eighteen years, followed his trade and farming in Bureau
County. He then went to LaSalle, and for four years was a resi-
dent of that city, being engaged in altar building. In 1879, he
came to Chicago, and, with Sebastian Buschert, purchased the
pioneer establishment of Anton Buschert. In 1881, the firm of
Buschert & Gramer dissolved, and Mr. Gramer carried on the en-
terprise at the original location, fitting up Catholic churches through-
out the United States. He is one of the two manufacturers in this
line in the city and of the few in the country, there being estab-
lishments of this kind only at St. Louis, Cleveland, Cincinnati, New
York, Philadelphia, Boston, Columbus and Chicago. He employs
some fifteen workmen anil makes his own designs. Mr. Gramer
was married, in Bureau County, 111., in 1864, to Miss Caroline C.
Loder. They have had seven children, named William, Joseph,
Valentine, Eva, Rosie, Annie and Lizzie.
J. MARTIN KKCK, member of the furniture manufacturing
firm of Keck, Buhmann & Hansen, has been a resident of Chicago
for four years, and identified with the interest he now represents
since 1875. Mr. Keck was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1859.
There he received his early education, and, when quite young, en-
tered the extensive furniture factory of J. Keck & Co., which has
been in existence for a quarter of a century, and employs one
hundred and twenty-five men. It is one of the best known enter-
prises of its kind in the State, his father and uncle being members
of the firm. A general apprenticeship to the details of the estab-
lishment gave Mr. Keck a thorough knowledge of the business,
and in 1877 he went into the employ of the firm, and for four years
was its travelling agent and representative in this city. In 1881,
he became a permanent resident of Chicago, and was engaged in
the same line as at Ann Arbor, by C. C. Holton. In 1884, he
abandoned this position, to become a member of the present firm,
with offices and factory at Nos. 90-94 Franklin Street. Mr. Keck
manages the buying and selling department of the business, his
experience in this line making him a valued and important element
in the operations of the firm.
TIIKODORE W. BUHMANN became a member of the firm
mentioned above at the date of its organization, in 1884. Previ-
ous to that time he was, for years, connected with many historic
enterprises in the furniture interest, and, although a young man,
has had a busy and progressive career. He was born in 1858, in
Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, and came with his parents to this
country when ten years of age, locating in Chicago in 1868. When
a boy he began a thorough apprenticeship to the furniture business,
by engaging in an unimportant position in the establishment of IIol-
ton & Co. He was also in the employ of Liebenstein & Co. and
the Tobey Furniture Company. He rose from the start, at one
time having charge of the shipping department of the first-named
establishment. Mr. Buhmann attends to the office details of the
enterprise with which he is now associated, and which makes a spe-
cialty of upholstered parlor furniture. He was married, in iSSi,
to Miss Isabel Lutz, of this city. They have one daughter, —
Marie Buhmann.
HENRY C. HANSK.N, the junior member of the firm of Keck,
Buhmann & Hansen, has been identified with the furniture inter-
ests of this city since 1872. Mr. Hansen was born at Milwaukee,
Wis., in September, 1858, but came to Chicago with his parents
when three years of age. In 1872, he entered the employ of Ansel
L. Crocker, then doing business on Madison Street, and remained
with him for about two years. In 1874, he entered the employ of
Holton & Co., and, mastering the details of the upholstering trade,
in 1880 took the management of the upholstering shop. In 1884,
he became a partner in the enterprise now operated at Nos. 90-94
Franklin Street. He has the management of the mechanical de-
partment of the business, employing some thirty men, and manu-
factures a fine to medium grade of parlor furniture, special orders
in artistic furniture, and, as a specialty, the pillow and patent bed-
lounge, the patents of which are controlled by the firm. Mr.
Hansen was married, in iSSi, to Miss Emma Stevens, of this city.
They have one daughter, Theresa Stevens. His father, Henry
Hansen, started the first picture-frame factory north of Chicago
Avenue, which was located at No. 371 Division Street.
FREDERICK LKHMANN, deceased, at one time closely identified
with the most important brewing interests of the West, was for over
a quarter of a century a resident of Chicago, and his name will be
remembered by nearly every old citizen. Mr. 1 .ehmann was a native
of Germany, and was born at Colmar, in 1819. He received his
schooling at various educational institutions in Germany and France
besides learning the trade of millwright. In 1847, he came to Chi-
cago, and two years later was one of the early pioneers who went
to California during the gold excitement in that State. There he
remained several years, and, returning to Chicago, in 1855, formed
a partnership with Conrad Seipp, and organized the well known
firm of Seipp & Lehmann. The brewery they operated at the cor-
ner of Twenty-seventh and Johnson streets, was one of the earliest
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
74i
and most extensive establishments of its kind in Chicago, and year
by year increased its business, particularly after the great fire of
1871, when it was one of the few breweries that escaped the con-
flagration. Mr. I.ehmann died in 1872, his death being lamented by
a loving family and a large circle of sympathizing friends. His
business interests were carried on by the estate for a year, when the
brewery business was abandoned to his partner, Mr. Seipp. Later,
his son, Alfred A. Lehmann, managed his large estate, and with the
widow still resides in the city. Mr. Lehmann left a family of four
children. The eldest, Alfred A. Lehmann is a member of the firm
of Cudell & Lehmann, and the youngest child, Emma, is attending
school in Germany. Two other sons, Oscar and Edmund Leh-
mann, are now in Europe, where they have completed their educa-
tion. They are now examining the processes of beer manufacture
there, with a view of engaging in the brewing business upon their
return to Chicago.
ALFRED A. LEHMANN, member of the firm of Cudell & Leh-
mann, has been a life-long resident of Chicago and connected with
the most progressive interests of high-art furniture and interior
finishing since 1885. Mr. Lehmann is the son of Frederick and
Marie Lehmann. The son was born in 'this city on August I,
1858, and until he was fourteen years of age made his early studies
in the schools of Chicago. In 1873, he was sent to. Germany to
complete his education, and devoted five years to the acquirement of
a practical training. In 1878, Mr. Lehmann returned to Chicago,
and here continued his studies, making a specialty of a legal course
with a view to entering the practice of the law. Ill-health, how-
ever, compelled an abandonment of this project, and in 1880 he
assumed the management of his father's extensive estate in con-
junction with his mother, who is still a resident of Chicago. On
December 12, 1885, Mr. Lehmann succeeded R. F. Meissner in a
retiring interest in the firm of Cudell & Meissner and became the
partner of Adolph A. Cudell in the manufacture of fine cabinet
work and art fittings for banks, residences offices and public build-
ings, the firm name being changed to that of Cudell & Lehmann.
His business ability and Mr. Cudell's architectural and inventive
talents comprise a most advantageous combination, and the work of
the firm on some of the principal public buildings and residences of
the city and State has gained it a high reputation for exceptional
work and marked its members as representative men in the interest
with which they are so prominently identified.
AHRAHAM J. NEUBERGER has been connected with the furni-
ture interests of Chicago since the early days of the city, and has
been directly identified with the practical growth of that industry
as a manufacturer and dealer since 1865. In 1853, Mr. Neuberger,
who was then only sixteen years of age, entered the employ of the
veteran furniture firm of Liebenstein & Co., at No. 173 Randolph
Street. He first acted in the capacity of clerk, and his long and
faithfu! service won the esteem of his employers and the good-will
of the community at large. In February, 1859, after six years
close attention to all the details of the business, Mr. Neuberger
went to California and engaged in the furniture business on his
own account at Jackson, Amador Co. In March, 1865, he returned
to Chicago, and started a furniture store, the following year, at No.
50 Wells Street, where he remained three years, then returning to
No. 177 Lake Street. In 1870, he engaged a larger establishment
at Nos. 193-95 Randolph Street, where the great fire of 1871 swept
away his entire fortune. He started up at once at No. 150 West In-
diana Street, remained there two years, and then removed to Nos.
78-80 Randolph street, and, in 1877, to No. 167 on the same thor-
oughfare, whence, in 1882, he again removed to his present exten-
sive establishment, at No. 220 Wabash Avenue. During these
years, at one time Mr. Neuberger had two brothers, Joseph and
Frederick, as partners, both of whom have now retired from the
firm. He was born at Ruchheim, Germany, on January 8, 1837,
and came to New York when not sixteen years of age, removing to
Chicago in 1853. Mr. Neuberger was married in 1865, and has
three children, named Martha, Howard and Ruth. He has a thor-
oughly practical knowledge of his business, and in commercial as
well as social circles, is known as a progressive and valuable mem-
ber of the community.
JOSEPH SHAW, the oldest living representative of the local
furniture trade in active business at the present time, came from
England to Chicago in 1843, and was born in Yorkshire, England.
Mr. Shaw had just attained his majority when he settled in Chi-
cago, which was then a veritable village, with the furniture interest
in its most remote infancy. Immediately after his arrival, he went
to work for James McWilliams, who then had a shop on Franklin,
between Washington and Randolph streets, and who had been in
business barely three years, doing a primitive trade in chairs and
general household furniture. He remained with Mr. McWilliams
until 1847, when he transferred his services to E. M. Jones, con-
tinued with him a year, and finally terminated his apprenticeship
in a subordinate capacity with George Brown, who had a factory
on Canal Street near Randolph Street. In all these establishments,
at that time, methods of manufacturing, slow and labo»ious and
now almost obsolete, were employed, and the age of improvements
in wood-turning machinery was just beginning to dawn when Mr.
Shaw entered business on his own account. With the limited cap-
ital of seventy dollars, he began the manufacture of chairs in a
frame structure, which he erected on a lot he bought at No. 315
West Randolph Street, the site of his present warerooms. From
that year until this time he has continued the business uninter-
ruptedly, his name and address uniformly appearing in the same
place in every city directory issued since the year he started in
trade. Up to that date, all chair work was done by hand, only
split and buzz saws being used by Mr. Jones, and but a few planing
mills were here, these being operated by horse-power. In 1870, Mr.
Shaw tore down the old building and erected his present establish-
ment, confining his operations to manufacturing and jobbing. He
has a marvelous memory of settlers and business transactions, and
tells of the dull period between 1845 and 1857, when Chicago,
owing to its youth and the hard times, was a mere trading-post.
At that time a man was fortunate if he received two dollars in
money and the balance in trade, or store-pay, on a transaction, and
the rule and limit of credit was one hundred dollars, payable in
small and long deferred installments. Mr. Shaw was married in
1848, and has five children. He has been most conservative yet
prosperous in his business, and the little factory he started in the
" forties," on a street ungraded and without sidewalks, has formed
the nucleus of extensive real-estate acquisitions, and has become a
landmark of his thrift and enterprise, which have won for him a
high reputation for integrity as a citizen and a useful member of
the business community.
SOREN D. THORSON, the founder and president of the Cen-
tral Manufacturing Company, now one of the most prominent fur-
niture-making associations in Chicago, came to this city in 1870,
and has been connected with that line of business since that year.
The company is the outgrowth of the firm of Thorson & Tollakson,
which was established in June, 1875, the members being Mr. Thor-
son and There Tollakson. The business was first carried on at
No. 27 North Jefferson Street, where the firm remained for three
years, doing a large trade in the manufacture of desks and other
office furniture. In 1878, they removed to the corner of Lincoln
and Kinzie streets, where they were located for a period of three
years. In October, 1882, the present extensive buildings, at Ar-
mour Street, were erected, and the business so enlarged and in-
creased that the company now employs some ninety men and send
their goods from San Francisco to New York. Mr. Thorson was
born in February, 1847, at Stavanger, Norway, and is the son of
Soren and Dorothea Thorson. His father was a farmer, and on
on the estate near Stavenger, Mr. Thorson spent his boyhood, de-
voting his time until he attained his majority in helping on the
farm and learning a trade. Having acquired all the details of the
cabinet-making art, he sailed for America, and reached Chicago in
1870, immediately before the great fire, being then twenty-three
years of age. For a time he worked in the city shops as a journey-
mank but his enterprise soon led to his establishing a business for
himself, from which start has grown the large company of which
he is a principal member. He manages the shipping and finishing
departments, and has a general superintendency of the office de-
tails. In 1879, Mr. Thorson was married in this city to Miss
Maggie Olsen. He is a comparatively young man, but 'his ability
and integrity have won for him an enviable position in the estima-
tion of his fellow-citizens.
CHARLES TARNOW, ex-alderman of the seventh ward, and for
fifteen years a representative furniture manufacturer of Chicago, has
been a resident of the city for over thirty years, and became identi-
fied with the active commercial interests of the city a quarter of a
century since. Mr. Tarnow was born in Germany, in 1831, and
came to Chicago when he was twenty-three years of age. He
learned the trade, that of cabinet-making, in his native town.
There, after receiving a preliminary education, he served an appren-
ticeship of four years, at the same time learning the elements of
drawing and designing, after which, for three years, he travelled as
a journeyman over Europe. In 1855, he secured employment as a
carpenter in this city, and, in 1860, with Christopher Buschack, es-
tablished the firm of Tarnow & Buschack at No. 474 West Four-
teenth Street. Here they began the manufacture of chairs, making
a specialty of walnut goods. Their early struggles were severe,
Michigan factories and local auction sales tending to lower prices.
In 1863, Mr. Tarnow purchased seven lots opposite the original
establishment, and, transferring the latter to his partner, built a
factory at Nos. 473-77 West Fourteenth Street, and engaged in the
manufacture of bedsteads, with Yuers Brothers as special partners in
the enterprise. He was the first to introduce French walnut bedsteads
and suites of local manufacture, and the establishment improved and
prospered until, in 1875, he retired from business a wealthy man.
In 1876, Mr. Tarnow was elected alderman of the Seventh Ward,
on the republican ticket, — the first representative of his party
elected from that ward. He was married, in 1860, to Miss Barbara
Pitman, who died in 1882, leaving one child, Esther.
74-1
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
KriMH.iMi }•'.. I'oiu.K. representative furniture manufacturer at
No. 313 Clinton Street, lias been identified with the commercial
interests oi the metropolis for nearly ten years, although hi- con-
nection with the furniture trade dates back to tin- "sixties." Mr.
I'uhle was horn in this city on March 20, 1854. and is the son of Ru-
dolph anil Johanna I'ohle. who came from Wcimcr. Saxony, in
and settled in Chicago. The son received a thorough com-
mon school education up to his thirteenth year, when he was ap-
prenticed lo l.olm ,\ Kociiig, one of the olde-t furniture linns in
tile city. He acquired a detailed knowledge of the wood-carving
trade, and in iSdcj entered the employ..! I'.nl/ow l!n>thers, and
learned the cabinet-making 'trade. Here he remained until 1871,
devoting his evenings to study at the commercial college ol I'.ryant
,fc Stratton, from which he .graduated as hookkeeper, and in addi-
tion acquired a knowledge of practical drawing and designing.
The year of the great lire, Mr. I'ohle entered the employ ol Stadt-
feld \ Wolf as a cabinet-maker, hut hi- ability soon was recog-
ni/ed, anil he was made foreman of the factory and superintendent
of the shipping room. This position he tilled creditably for live
years, in 1-7(1 associating with II. K. Klopp in a business enter-
prise, under the linn title of I'ohle \ Klopp. His business and
mechanical accomplishments were his main capital, and for some
time the outside working force of their small establishment consisted
of one man. In 1*7'). the enterprise had a lone of some twenty
men, and Mr. I'ohle, purchasing his partner's interest, assumed
entire control of a pro-|>erous ami steadily increasing business.
The fa. -ton was first located at No. ;ii> Clinton Slrcet, but in
April, i>>3. Mr. I'ohie removed to the commodious edilice lie now
occupies. The business that was originally in a room twenty by
sixty feet, has so grown that the factory now operated embraces
some fifteen thousand square feet, and gives employment to tifty
workmcn in the largest table factory in Chicago. In addition to
center tables, Mr. I'ohle manufacture- pillar extension tables, hall
trees and what-nots, and does a business aggregating 875, <xx>, per
annum. Commercially his integrity is high, and socially Mr. I'ohle
is a representative and popular citizen. He is a member of I'nion
1'ark Lodge, No. IP 10, A.I-. >V A.M.; of York Chapter, No. 148, R.
A.M., of si. llcrnanl Commandcry, No. 35, K.T., and of Oriental
Consi-tory, S.I'.R.S., 32°. He is a member of the Kvangelical
Lutheran Chinch, corner of I.aSalle and < Miio streets.
I \MI.S !•'.. MOI IKK, senior member and founder of the firm of
Moore IJros., dealers in furniture, is a. native of New York, where he
was born in 1-53, shortly previous to his lather establishing a busi-
ness in this city. At the age of twelve years lie entered the jewelry
establishment of Wendell i\; llynian, where for nine years he filled
responsible positions, becoming a practical jeweler. In 1874, he
transferred his sen ices to the firm of Kearney >V Swartchild. In Kcb-
ruary, 1881, in conjunction with his brother, Isaac A. Moore, Jr., he
founded tin: linn of Moore I'.ros., engaging in the furniture busi-
ness at No. 455 West Madison Street, and a year later removing to
Nos. 281 S3, on the same thoroughfare. Mr. Moore was married,
in July, 1872, to Miss Cornelia Chaltertoii, of this city. They have
six children, — Mabel, Kdwin, Helen, William, Henry and Ar-
madale.
ISAAC A. MOOKI., IK., member of the firm of Moore P.ros.,
dealers in furniture, at Nos. 281-83 West Madison Street, is a
native born resident of Chicago, and is the natural inheritor of the
industry of which lie has been an intelligent and progressive repre-
sentative for many years, his father, Isaac \. Moore, being; one of
the pioneer furniture manufacturers of Chicago. The history of
the family connection with this interest i- an important link in Un-
commercial advancement of the city. In 1850, David Moore, his
uncle, came to Chicago and a lew years later was joined by his
brother, the father of Isaac A. Moore, Jr. The two started iii the
manufacture of bedsteads in the old red mill on the corner of Canal
and Sebor streets, where Messrs. Meyer, Sugg, IScicr-dorf and other
veterans in the same industry, were establishing business. The
firm was known as |. A. Moore cV I'.ro., and operated at the location
named, and at P.eech and Mather street-, until the time of the great
lire. Isaac A. Moore, Jr., was born in this city, on March 10,
1859, and here received his early education. In 1*74, when fifteen
years of age, |le entered the employ of !•'. Meyer >V Co., as a ship-
ping clerk, remaining with that firm until 187.1, shortly after which
lie started in the present enterprise with hi- brother. The estab-
lishment is a model one, and Mr. Moore's management thereof has
been of a character that lias rendered it solid and prosperous as the
venture of an experienced and enterprising Chicagoan.
lliK\i\\\ /. M \II.K.N, founder of the firm of II. /.. Mallen
.v ('o., manufacturers of furniture, at .Nos. 249-51 South Canal
Street, organi/cd the enterprise which is now one of the largest in
the city in 1875. In that year the establishment was located at
Thirty-fifth Street and Wentworth Avenue, whence, in 187.-, it was
removed to Twelfth and Clark streets, l-'onr years later the pres-
ent establishment was secured, and Hermann W. Mallen, son of
the founder of the firm, became a member of the same. The fac-
tory employs fifty-six expert workmen, and sells parlor suites and
rockers, from Maine to California. The work done is of a high
grade in originality and beauty of design, although the cheaper
grades arc- also manufactured. Mr. Mallen is a native of Ciermany.
born in llano\er on July 24, 1831. I p [o 1873. he was a resident
anil business man in lioslon, where he mastered the details of the
cabinet-making art, a trade at which the son, aged twenty-eight
years, is also prolicient. The hrm is one ol the most solid and
prosperous engaged in the furniture business in this city. lie mar-
ried Miss ( iertrude 1 lillholT, of ( iermany; they have three children, —
Hermann W., a member of the linn; I'hilip II.; and Lmily, now
wife of W. M. Tatche, of Chicago.
l.ll.l.i-s MAM I- A. it 'HIM; COMPANY was organi/ed and incor-
porated in June, 1883, with a capital stock of $5,000 and the fol-
lowing olliccrs : William Harper, of Kalama/oo. president; and
Tlioina- (i. l.ille-, secretary' and treasurer. The object of the
organization was the manufacture "I water-proofed clothing, awn-
ing-, tents, horse and wagon covers, and other articles of a kindred
character. Since the incorporation of this company it has widely
extended its business throughout the West and Northwest, and is
largely represented in the stores of the large cities in those regions.
Thomas (/'. /.///,.( was born in Slavanger, Norway, in 1849,
and received his education at the public schools of that localitv.
When he was sixteen he determined on follow ing a maritime life,
and left his home and became a sailor, shipping on a vessel bound
for Ouebec, Canada. After his arrival there he again sailed on
a Canadian ship for London, Kngland, going from thence to the
Wc-t Indies, and from there returning to Clasgow, Scotland.
From that port he went to the Mast Indies, to Madras, and then to
Java, from whence he returned to London. He then went to Aus-
tralia, and at Sidney, New South Wales, the crew of the vessel
mutinied, and to avoid being implicated he lied; the crew subsequently
forsook the ship. lie afterward shipped from Sidney to Ncwca-tle-
on-Tyne, and from that point made another tour to Shanghai, ( 'hina,
from whence he came to America. It is a matter of pride with Mr.
Lilies that, during all his years of service as a sailor, he invariably
sailed under the American llag. He is a qualified navigator and
has been master of a vessel. In Mav, 1873, he came to Chicago
and in a small way instituted the business in which lie is at present
engaged, by manufacturing awnings, etc., in the spring and winter,
and sailing on the lakes in the summer and fall. His business be-
coming sufficiently remunerative, in 1876 he left the lakes and
attended exclusively lo his commercial enterprise, in which, by close
attention and perseverance, he has built up a most satisfactory con-
nection. In 1883, the enterprise was incorporated, as before stated.
Mr. Lilies was married, in 1874, to Miss Anne Klingenberg, of
Chicago.
CARRIAGES AND WAGONS.
The sign of the " wagon maker " was conspicuous
when Chicago was a village, but the principal work
done in the shops of those early days was the repairing
of wagons which had been made somewhere else. In
1839, however, such progress had been made that there
appeared also signs of "carriage and wagon maker."
According lo the census of 1840, there were eight
establishments of this kind, working thirteen hands,
with a capital of $5,000 and a yearly product of $9,250.
As farms multiplied, anil the country around increased
its settlements, the demand for wagons, especially, soon
became greater than the hand-labor of the country shops
could supply. Then, as the country still more rapidly
improved, and the rich soil brought its rewards of pros-
perity and wealth, came a desire for something better
than a lumber wagon to ride in, and the demand for
carriages sprang up. The attention of capitalists being
directed to this demand, the question arose why these
articles were not manufactured in Chicago instead of
being brought from the Kast. The answer is found in
the successful establishment in this city of over a
hundred factories, which turn out annually nearly
$3,000,000 worth of the finest work in the world.
But it required time to accomplish these splendid
results. The first shop devoted exclusively to the man-
ufacture of wagons was established in 1845, but, up to
1853, there were a great many more vehicles brought
into the city than were shipped out. In 1854, one firm
had a capital of $32,000, and employed seventy opera-
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
743
lives. It sold that year one hundred and eighty-
five carriages, including five which brought from
$500 to $800 each, the entire product amounting
to $45,000. Another establishment turned out
over four hundred wagons and one hundred and
eighty-nine buggies and carts. In 1860, as will be
seen by the subjoined table, the annual product
amounted to $224,170. Between 1860 and 1870,
the remarkable increase of seven hundred and
fifty per cent, was made in the annual product and
in the amount paid for wages.
The disastrous effects of the great fire of 1871
were felt for some years, the product of 1872 being
much less than that of 1870. Then came the
"hard times," which affect this industry more seri-
ously than any other. It is only when people are
prosperous that they buy new and expensive car-
riages; when they feel the pressure of hard times,
they make the old ones answer. In 1875, however,
while the number of establishments did not equal
those previous to the fire, the amount invested as
capital had been increased to $1,400,000, and the
annual product amounted to $2,197,000.
The returns for 1880 show a steady growth,
especially in the number of establishments, which
had more than doubled within the past ten years.
The period ending with 1885 was also notice-
able for; the great augmentation in the trade
achieved, and in the number of houses engaged in
its transaction ; and this semi-decade was likewise
noteworthy, in the great advance in the beauty and
style of the equipages manufactured.
The following table gives the periodic growth
of this industry since 1840. The even years, ex-
cept 1850, are compiled from the United States
Census Reports; the others from the local annual
revenues.
fit fit is;
iiiiiB
ill Hill! HUII iiiiiii
si*
li m
iiiii iiiiii iiiiiii i
ill! l||t ill
«'.
">t
Amount
Value
Value
Year.
•^ c
Capital.
paid
of
of annual
^J=
8
111 VVil^CS.
materials.
product.
y. ~
H
1840
S
T«
$ 9 500
1850
31
4°
47 ooo
1860
2=.Q OCX)
S 75 228
S 57 °75
22J. I 7O
1870
nc
807,000
941
509,024
580,085
1,517 368
1875
; ;
I 400 OOO
I 413
2 197 OOO
1880
ICQ
I "US 281;
1^757
803 666
702 532
2 ^4.2 4Q1
1885
1 I |
I 8(K)
2,6OO,OOO
The report for 1885 does not evidently include many
of the smaller establishments, 'the fact being that there
was never before so much money invested in the busi-
ness, nor so many show houses as in 1885. The dull-
ness in manufacturing generally the past few years has
left its impression on this industry as well as others, yet
the decreased cost of almost every kind of material has
enabled the manufacturers of carriages, buggies and
wagons to maintain their former volume of business.
The work done by the manufacturers of Chicago
will compare favorably with that of any other city in
this country or in Europe. For smoothness of finish
indeed, the best work of London is not equal to that of
Chicago. As a result of this superiority of workman-
ship the foreign demand for vehicles of every kind is
increasing yearly. Carriages, landaus and buggies are
shipped from Chicago, not only to the States adjacent,
but to New York City, Philadelphia, California, Oregon,
and also to Canada, London, Paris and Australia. First-
class work of the kind done here will always be in
demand, and the higher grade of carriages, such as will
Permission of Inland Architect and Builder.
STUUEBAKER BROTHERS' BUILDING.
bring from $1,000 to $1,500, are always finding cus-
tomers. The sales of one Chicago firm alone have
increased from $50,000 in 1877, to $500,000 in 1885.
STUDEBAKER BROTHERS. — The Chicago Carriage Repository
of this manufacturing company is one of the finest houses of the
kind in the city. The general offices and factories are located at
South Bend, Ind. In a humble blacksmith shop in that town, in
1850, the father of the Studebaker Brothers pursued his toilsome
vocation, earning his daily bread and bringing up his boys to a
knowledge of the anvil and the forge. Thirty-four years have
wrought a great change. The carriage and wagon works of the
brothers and the buildings immediately adjacent, cover over thirty
acres of land (including lumber-yards, etc., eighty acres); and their
wagons and carriages have now, in the broad field of competition, a
world-wide renown and have achieved great triumphs wherever
they have entered the lists of the World's industries. At hun-
dreds of local and State expositions many verdicts have been ad-
judged in their favor. At the National Fair at Chicago, in 1867,
they were awarded the first prize for excellence. At the United
States Exposition in 1876, they led all the Centennial awards. At
the World's Great Fair, at Paris, in 1878, they were awarded the
silver medal, and the same by the Mexican Republic in 1879.
Thirty-five years ago they were humble blacksmiths; to-day, beyond
doubt, they are the largest carriage and wagon manufacturers in
the world. They have five repositories in the United States, the
one in Chicago being made a leading feature. The members of
the company are all residents of South Bend, Ind. Their reposi-
tory was established here in 1874. Wilbur F. Studebaker, son of
P. E. Studebaker, treasurer of the company, is the resident man-
ager, and has been one of Chicago's citizens for about six years.
The building now in course of erection on Michigan Avenue, is
one of the finest buildings on the American continent, and is a
tribute as well to the enterprise of the firm as to our city.
C. P. KIMBAI.L & Co., at the corner of Wabash Avenue and
Harrison Street, is about the oldest carriage-building house in
this country. The business was founded by Peter and Porter
Kimball in Maine in 1815, and they attained a good reputation in
those early times as skillful builders of carriages and sleighs. In
1838, the business was conducted by J. M. Kimball, and in 1848
744
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Charles I', and George F. Kimball entered the business, and the
name of Kimball lirothers has been well known for more than a
quarter of a century as one of the leading carriage houses of the
United .States. There were six sons of 1'eter Kimball, all of
whom entered the carriage trade, and they, with their fifteen chil-
dren in the business, omstitute a family of carriage builders. On
January I, 1877, C. P. Kimball and his son, C. F., started the
Chicago house, which at once sprung into favor, and their sales
increased so rapidly that live years later they were obliged to seek
more commodious quarters. In 1879, when they opened their
building, it seemed at that time a large industry to establish in Chi-
cago,—a carriage house occupying the whole of a building forty by
one hundred and sixty feet, and five floors. Now, they occupy a
building at the corner of Wabash Avenue and Harrison Street
which is in all respects one of the most complete carriage factories
on the continent. It is eighty by one hundred and eighty feet in
dimensions, six floors in extent, and contains over two acres of
floor surface, and is always lilled with the choicest and largest as-
sortment of the finest carriages shown in the West. The busi-
ness of the house lias constantly increased, until, in 1884, it
amounted to nearly half a million dollars, which places the firm
second in the United States in sale of fine carriages. They employ
about one hundred and fifty skilled workmen in the mechanical de-
partment, some of whom have been with the house for twenty-five
years and many for fifteen. A few years ago they also added
harness to their other business, and they are now one of the lead-
ing firms in that branch of trade in the West.
Charks J'. Kimliall was born in Oxford County, Me., in
1826. His father was a farmer and a carriage builder, from whom
Charles learned his trade. He was an ambitious youth, but at the
age of eighteen had enjoyed very limited school advantages, his
time being chiefly employed at the bench and in the field. Desir-
ing a better education than he knew could ever be afforded him at
home, he entered into a contract with his father for his freedom,
stipulating to pay for the same at the rate of $150 a year and
board and clothe himself, liy virtue of this contract he was his
own man at eighteen. He went immediately to Bridgton, Cum-
berland County, where he had an elder brother (James M. Kim-
ball, now a prominent and wealthy citizen of Portland, Me.) who
had already established a carriage manufactory. There he secured
employment, working early and late at moderate wages upon
mechanical work. He managed, by dint of extraordinary perse-
verance, to pursue his studies at school from six to eight months in
the year, while he finished his trade, paid his father the stipulated
sum before the expiration of his minority, and saved money besides.
In 1854, Mr. Kimball went to Portland, Me., and engaged in busi-
ness for himself, which steadily grew to be one of great magnitude
and the leading business of the kind in New England. Mr. Kim-
ball is a master mechanic in his department of mechanical skill.
His carriages are always built under his own supervision and from
plans and drawings made by himself, and have a sort of person-
ality about them, and their fame does not only extend throughout
our country but is world wide. In every nation under the sun
where carriages are used, vehicles from C. P. Kimball's works will
be found. In 1876, he paid Chicago a visit, was fascinated with
the push and enterprise of her people, and resolved to remove his
interests here and make it his future home. In November of that
year he moved to this city, and started his great manufactory on
New Year's day of 1877. His extensive business has been con-
ducted with great executive and financial ability and has proved
remunerative, whereby he has amassed a handsome fortune. Dur-
ing all these years of business activity he has found time to take
part in many of the philanthropic movements of the day, espe-
cially devoting himself to the laboring classes. For several years
he was the president of the Maine Charitable Mechanics' Associa-
tion, whose prosperity and usefulness for the mechanic's behalf are
largely due to his untiring efforts. In politics he has also been
quite prominent, having thoughts and opinions of his own; with an
easy flow of speech, he has always been able to hold his own in
debate, and is never content to remain silent on any of the great
issues of the day. His ability in this way, along with his com-
manding presence, pleasing address and courteous bearing, have
pointed him out as the natural presiding officer of many of the
political conventions of his (democratic) party. Usually declining
political preferment, and being of the party not much in power
since he became prominent, he has nevertheless been at one time,
without his solicitation and against his wishes, surveyor of the
port of Portland and Falmouth, Me., and twice alderman of his
own city. While an alderman in 1861, although his party was in
minority in the city government, he was especially active, energetic
and persevering in securing liberal aid from the city to help the
families of volunteers in the service for their country. The
Gubernatorial Convention of his party, held in Bangor in 1869,
over which he presided, unanimously nominated him as their can-
didate for Governor, but he promptly and positively declined the
honor; and when the same party met in Convention at Augusta, in
June, 1871, to put in nomination a candidate upon the " New
Departure" platform, Mr Kimball was M> eminently the man for
the position that, upon the first ballot, he received 445 votes, the
whole number cast, and all parties complimenting him. The lead-
ing republican journal of the State had previously said: "Mr.
Kimball stands better with the business people of the State than
any other candidate the party can present, for the reason that he is
better known as an energetic manufacturer and a prompt and hon-
orable business man than as a democratic politician." In 1872,
Mr. Kimball again received a unanimous nomination for Governor
by the democrats of Maine. The labor-reform party and the
Greeley liberal republicans also nominated him as their candidate.
He organized the State more thoroughly than it had ever been
before, and spoke in nearly all the large places in the State. He
received the largest vote ever given any democrat in Maine, and
retired from politics, honored and respected by all parties. Gov-
ernor Perham, his successful opponent, appointed him United
States Centennial Commissioner from Maine, and he was elected a
member of the executive committee. In November, 1872, the
most prominent carriage builders from seventeen States met in
New York, to form a Carriage Builders' National Association, and
from among all the great builders from all the large carriage marts
but one name was mentioned for president of the association, and
Mr. Kimball received every vote. He held the office by subse-
quent elections until 1876, when he declined re-election. He has
taken no active part in politics since his residence in Chicago, but
while attending and superintending his great business interests he has
quietly used his abilities in the democratic favor so effectively that
he was urged to accept the nomination for Congress for the Fourth
District, as the proper man to represent it. This honor, however,
he positively declined. He was selected by the Citizens' Committee
to prepare the hall and to raise the money necessary (some $30,000)
for the great Democratic Convention in this city in July, 1884, and
did so in an able and impartial manner. In December, 1884, Mr.
Kimball was taken sick with muscular rheumatism, and was' con-
fined to his house for some time. In January, 1885, he went to
Lakewood, N. J., and subsequently to Old Point, Va., returning in
March much improved in health. His old rheumatism soon
returned, and he decided, upon the advice of friends to seek, in Eu-
rope, change of scene and climate for one or two years, and, at the
expressed wish of his wife, he resolved on fixing his domicile at
Frankfort on-the- Main, or Stuttgart, in Germany. Mr. Kimball
communicated his intentions to President Cleveland, and through
the papers on April 20, 1885, he learned that he had been appointed
to the important position of Consul-General at Stuttgart, Ger-
many, for the U.S. A; and with his known business ability and
tact, the people of this Great Republic can be assured that their
commercial interests in the German Empire will be well represented.
I. N. W. SIIKRMAN, of Nos. 228-42 Franklin Street, is a
manufacturer of omnibuses, spring trucks, Concord wagons, light
buggies, etc. This business was established in 1870, by Gerber &
Jarrett. Mr. Gerber died in 1870, and Mr. Lewis became a part-
ner with Mr. Jarrett; and, in 1874, Mr. Sherman purchased the
interest of Mr. Lewis, the firm then being known as Jarrett &
Sherman. In 1878, they succeeded to the business of the old and
well-known firm of Co'an & TenBroeke, all the dimension and
record books, patterns, etc., of the concern coming into their pos-
session, and since that time they have been manufacturing the
same class of work. In 1881, Mr. Sherman bought out his part-
ner's interest, and has since conducted the business himself. His •
works consist of a large three-story building, with a frontage of
one hundred and sixty-six feat on Franklin Street, running from
Jackson to Quincy Street, having a frontage of one hundred and
twenty-five feet on the former and thirty-two feet on the latter
thoroughfare. He gives regular employment to about sixty men,
carries a stock of about $25, ooo, and does a business amounting to
about $60,000 annually.
/. N. Walter Sherman was born in Dutchess County, N. Y.,
in 1833, and during his youth assisted his father, who was an ex-
tensive farmer and stock dealer, receiving at the same time a com-
mon-school education. When sixteen years old, he went to
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he learned the carriage maker's trade,
remaining in that city until his twenty-first year. In 1855, he
came to Chicago and engaged in the stock business with his
broiher, John IJ. Sherman, now vice-president and manager of
the Union Stock-Yards and Transit Company. At that time J. li.
Sherman was operating the cattle-yards at what was then known as
Bull's Head, at the junction of Madison Street and the South-
western Plank Road (Ogden Avenue), where I. N. W. remained
three years. Then, in connection with his brother, he leased and
opened the Myrick Yards on Cottage Grove Avenue, which were
capable of holding five thousand cattle and thirty thousand hogs.
There Mr. Sherman remained until the consolidation of the differ-
ent yards in 1865, and the formation of the Union Stock-Yards
and Transit Company. He then purchased a large stock farm
near Desplaines, Cook Co., 111., which he operated in the most
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
745
Successful manner until 1874, when he disposed of the same and
embarked in the carriage business. Mr. Sherman was married, in
1858, to Miss Martha E. Hopkins, of this city. They have four
children, — Frederick I'., Walter 15., Frank B. and Charles K.
THE HITCHCOCK MANUFACTURING COMPANY, of Nos.
209-11 East Kinzie Street, are manufacturers of spring express
and road wagons, also extension tops, park pho;tons and cutters
of the very latest designs. The manufactory of this company is
located at Cortland, N. Y. C. B. Hitchcock moved to Cortland,
about six years ago, and commenced business in a small way. A
thoroughly skilled mechanic and of an inventive turn of mind,
originating new patterns and styles, the products of his shops be-
came wonderfully popular, and the concern has steadily grown under
his management, until to-day their factories cover over five acres
of groun 1, their buildings all being four stories high, giving them
over twenty-five acres of floor surface, which is all used in the
prosecution of their extensive business. They give employment to
over seven hundred men, all thoroughly skilled. They produce
annually about five thousand wagons and buggies and twenty
thousand cutters, it being without a doubt the largest cutter estab-
lishment in the world. Their annual sales are fully commensurate
with the superiority of their work and the liberal inducements
they are able to offer. Their immense trade in the West has ne-
cessitated the establishment of a repository in Chicago, which has
full control of the Western trade. The company own their own
cars and run special trains in large shipments. The repository
was first established in Chicago in the spring of 1884, and placed
under the management of R. J). Buckingham, through whose
efforts the trade lias been greatly increased in the West. In May,
1885, Mr. Uuckingham associated with himself in partnership N.
1). Preston, of liradford, I'enn., and the repository is now under
the management of Buckingham & Preston. They occupy a
building fifty by one hundred in dimensions, four stories high, giv-
ing them two hundred thousand square feet of floor surface, which
is all utilized. They carry a stock varying from $20,000 to
$40,000, and do a business amounting to $200,000 annually. The
firm are also general western agents and carry a large stock of the
products of the well-known establishment of Peters, Calhoun £
Co., of Newark, N. J., manufacturers of all descriptions of light
and heavy harness and turf goods. In this department their trade
is quite heavy and is steadily growing.
REUBEN I). BUCKINGHAM was born in Chenango County,
N. Y., in 1856, and received his education in the De Ruyter (N.
Y.) Seminary, from which he graduated at the age of twenty. lie
then was a telegraph operator four years, and in 1880 came to Chi-
cago and assumed charge of the Cortland House, on East Adams
Street, which he operated until he took charge of the present re-
pository. In business, as in ot';er relations of life, he is honor-
able and upright, and treats all with courtesy, winning good
opinions and esteem from all.
NOIII.K I). PRESTON was born at Madison, Madison Co., N. Y.,
on February i, 1842, and received his education in the public schools
of that village. In 1853, ne went to Fulton, N. Y., and entered
the Patriot and (Ja/ette office, and commenced to learn the trade of
a printer. There he remained until the breaking out of the War,
when he went to Syracuse and enlisted as a private in Co. "A,"
loth New York Cavalry, and served until November 30, 1864,
passing through hard service, and being wounded three times — one
wound was of quite a serious nature. He was promoted captain
of his own company, on General Sheridan's recommendation, in
June, 1864, and on leaving the service was brevetted lieutenant-
colonel of his regiment. After leaving the army, he returned to
Fulton, N. Y., and entered the milling business, and afterward, at
Syracuse, N. Y., was in the furniture manufacturing business. In
1874, he went into the oil country, making his headquarters at
liradford, and for three years was an oil broker. lie was a member
of the Titusville, Oil City, Parker City and Bradford oil exchanges,
and is at the present time a member of the New York Stock and
Petroleum Exchange. In March, 1885, he left liradford with his
family, and came to this city, his business connections here com-
mencing on April I. He was married, in 1864, in Fulton, N. Y.,
to Miss Annie II. Sanford. They have two children, — Charles E.
and Helen ( i.
E. W. DRYDEN & Co., of Nos. 71-73 Twenty-second Street,
are manufacturers and dealers in carriages, hansom cabs, phaetons,
buggies, light road and delivery wagons; also harness, horse cloth-
ing and turf goods. This factory began business in the spring of
1877, when it was conducted under the name of Smilh & Dryden
for five years. In April 1882, Mr. Dryden commenced his factory
at its present location, and the firm name was changed to E. W.
Dryden & Co. The firm carries a stock of about $15,000, and the
annual business amounts to over $50,000. Thirty-eight to forty
expert mechanics are employed in their shops constantly. The
harness department, up to 1883, was owned and operated by William
Dahncke & Son, but during that year was purchased by E. W.
Dryden & Co., and the two establishments are now operated under
one management.
l-'.d-.sani I!'. Drydfii was born in the County of Limerick,
Ireland, on September 29, 1843, and came to this country in 1847
with his parents, settling in Canada. At the age of nine years he
left home, travelling into New York State, where he commenced the
life of a farmer boy, working on the farm in the summer and going
to school in the winter. In 1857, he went to Detroit, Mich., and
commenced the carriage maker's trade, serving an apprenticeship of
about five years. After completing his trade, in 1863, he came to
Chicago, and four years afterward commenced to work in different
cities throughout the Union, returning to Chicago in June, 1868,
and one year subsequently again left, returning in 1876. He then
entered permanently into busines.5 on his own account in the spring
of 1877 in this city, wherein he has been highly successful and
through which he has accumulated a handsome property, lie was
married, in 1867, to Miss Emma Brewer, of Ohio.
THE WESTERN CARRIAGE REPOSITORY of Henry J. Edwards &
Sons is located at Nos. 291-93 Wabash Avenue. They are manu-
facturers and dealers in all the latest styles of light carriages, pony
phaetons, road wagons, jump-seat buggies, and li&ht harness.
The establishment is under the personal supervision of the firm;
their eastern repository and manufactory is located at Salisbury,
Mass. The works were first established in Syracuse, N. Y., in
1856, and the Western repository in Chicago in 1869. An exten-
sive business is done in this city, amounting to over $100,000 an-
nually.
HENRY J. EDWARDS, the senior member of the firm was born
at Syracuse, N. Y., on April 28, 1832. He received a business
education and spent his early life in his native village. At the age
of twenty, he engaged in the grocery business, and continued the
same for three years. He then formed a partnership with B. C.
Dunbar, under the firm name of Dunbar & Edwards, and engaged
in the carriage business. The partnership continued for nine years,
when Mr. Dunbar retired, and J. R. Gillman entered the firm,
which was known as Edwards & Gillman. At the end of two
years, Mr. Edwards bought out Mr. Gillman's interest, and con-
ducted the business alone until 1869, when he sold it to A. K.
Randall and came to this city. His first location in this city was
at No. 72 Adams Street, which was destroyed by the fire of 1871.
He was on Michigan Avenue for one year afterward, and since
that time has located on Wabash Avenue. In 1881, he associated
with himself in business, his sons, George D. and Henry B. Mr.
Edwards has been twice married, first to Miss Jennie Dunbar
(deceased), at Syracuse, N. Y., by whom he had two sons, his
present partners, — George D. and Henry B. He was again married
to Miss Metta A. Barnes of the same place; she bore him four
children, — Metta B., Lizzie B., Frank H. and Howard J. He is a
member of Evans Lodge, No. 524, A.F.&A.M., and Evans Chapter,
No. 144, R.A.M.
GEORGE D. EDWARDS was born at Syracuse, N. Y. , on Feb-
ruary 5, 1858, where he received his early education and spent his
youthful days. Passing through the public schools, he entered
Oberlin College, at Oberlin, Ohio, and afterward the Homeopathic
Medical College in this city. He finally abandoned his profession,
however, and prior to his entry into business in this city, spent
some three years in Colorado; one year a*s clerk at Trinidad, and
two years at Apesipa, where he had a ranche, a store, a tie con-
tract and was also a dealer in cattle. He returned to Chicago in
1881, and went into business with his father. He was married the
same year to Miss Viora Pearson, of Irving Park. They have one
daughter, — Mina.
HENRY B. EDWARDS was born on January 24, 1861, at Syra-
cuse, N. Y. He received a common school education in that city
and graduated from Bryant & Stratton's Business College in Chicago.
For five years he was a member of Co. "E," 1st Regiment, I. N. G.,
during three of which he was second lieutenant. He has recently
resigned from this organization. His life has always been spent at
the home of his father, except one year, when he made a tour of
the South and West spending most of the time in Texas. He was
taken into the firm at the same time as his brother.
KEAN & LINES. — The western salesroom and repository of
Kean & Lines, of New Haven, Conn., is situated at Nos. 267-69
Wabash Avenue. This well-known firm, whose vehicles have
been the praise of the country for the past thirty years, make a
specialty of fine heavy work, such as landaus, Berlin coaches,
landaulets, broughams, four and six-seat rockaways, victorias,
carts and hearses. All these goods were handled in this city for
fifteen years prior to the establishment of the repository nine years
ag°i by the well-known firm of Coan & TenBroeke. In 1876, the
firm established a repository in the city, and placed it in charge of
David J. Lines, a brother of Henry Lines, the junior member of
the firm.
David J. Lines was born at the village of Wallingford, Conn.,
twelve miles from the city of New Haven, in 1831. When he was
746
HfSTORY OF CHICAGO.
.-, ar old, his parents moved to near Cazenovia, N. Y., then to
Delphi, and thence to Manlius Square, Onondaga Co., N. Y.,
where lie received his education and learned the carriage-black-
smith's trade. He then established and ran a business for himself
lor several years at Fayetleville, N. Y., in which lie met with more
than ordinarv success. In the fall of 1^67. he came to this city
and engaged in the clothing trade; first on Randolph Street prior
to the lire, and on Clark Street afterward. In 187(1, he dispose. 1 of
his clothing business, and took charge of the Kean iV Lines Repos-
itory, with which he has been associated ever since, lie is a mem-
ber" of Garlield Lodge, No. 586, A.F. \.\..\1. lie was married,
while a resident of Fayeltcville, N. Y., to Miss I'hilena 1'. Good-
rich; they have three sons living, — Charles, I1' rank and Edward.
SMI I n iV Kui'I.IKN, southwest corner of \Yellsaud Michigan
streets, are manufacturers of carriages, buggies, etc. This widely-
known house was founded in l.S(,-j, by Messrs. Smith iV: Yonder-
haar, and they were succeeded by the present firm in 1877. Their
is of sales amount to about $35 <xx> annually, with an increase
at once surprising and pleasing to the management each year.
They constantly keep in their employ about twenty-five skilled
mechanics. The carriage works fill a large building, three stories
high, with a basement, which is fully equipped with the latest im-
d machinery. The members of the linn each have a practical
experience in the business of over forty years, a great part of which
h is been spent in this city, during which time they have achieved
licit. ible popularity among the trade, not only in Chicago but
throughout the Northwest.
/',•/<•>• Smith was bom in < icrmany, in 1837, and came to Chi-
cago \vith his parents in 1842. lie passed through the public
scl Is and graduated from a private academy in the city. In
i 353, lu commenced his trade in a carriage shop on the corner of
Stale' and Harrison streets, where he spent live years as an appren-
"I seven vears as foreman. In 1859, he went to Pike's Peak
with a party. Having nothing; but an ox-team, they walked almost
the entire way there and back. He returned in the fall of the
same year, arriving in the city on the evening of September 4, es-
pecially remembered from the fact that it was the night of the
great Lake Street fire. He commenced work again for the man
from whom he learned his trade, with whom he continued until
1862. He then engaged in business for himself with A. Vonder-
haar, the firm being known by the name of Peter Smith & Co.,
which continued until 1873, when his partner died. The business
continued under the same name, however, until 1877, when his
present partner, Frederick Koplien, bought the widow's interest,
lie was married in this city, in 1862, to Miss Margaret Cowan, of
Glasgow, Scotland. They have had six children, three of whom
are living, — George A., Mabel and Jean. He is a member of
Gauntlet Lodge, No. 4, K. of P., and has been a member of the
Fireman's Ilenevolent Association since 1863, and chairman of the
finance committee for the last eight years.
I'rcJcrick K','f!iiii was born in Prussia on January II, 1831.
His parents were Frederick and Kathariua (Trundelburg) Koplien.
Young Koplien received his education in the religious schools of
the old country, and learned his trade of carriage-blacksmith in
New Stettin, Germany, with his father, who, as well as his grand-
father, was engaged in that business. He came to America in
iSss, and directly to Chicago, where he has been ever since. From
1860 to 1863, he carried on the manufacture of wagons at No. 188
Van Buren Street, the firm name being Urbanus & Koplien. He
then worked in various carriage works in the city as a journeyman
until 1877, when the present partnership was formed with Mr.
Smith. Mr. Koplien has been twice married; first, to Miss Au-
gusta Yoss, who died in 1873, by whom he had two children,—
Mary and Charles; the second time, in 1875, to Mrs. Julia Polenski.
They have also three children, — Emma (who is the daughter of
Mrs. Polenski), Julia and Frederick.
JOHNSON & METZLEK, of Nos. 260-62 Michigan Street, are
manufacturers of buggies, carriages, wagons and trucks, the firm
being composed of Mats Johnson and Jacob Metzler. The works
were first established in 1872 by Soip & Johnson and were located
.". 226 Michigan Street. This firm existed for two years,
when it was changed to Johnson & Thornquest. The business
was conducted under this style for about two and one-half years,
when it was again changed, and became Johnson & Jackson. This
partnership continued for four years, when Mr. lackson bought
his partner's interest, and up to May, 1883,— when the present
co-partnership was formed, — conducted the business alone. The
works have been moved several times from their original location,
but are now permanently located in a substantial brick building,
fifty by cine hundred feet in dimensions, with two stories and base-
ment. They give employment to twelve men, do a business that
amounts to over $16,000 annually, and will always be found in the
advance striving to increase their patronage by best serving the
interests of their customers.
\l,ii. Johnson is a native of Denmark, born in March, 1839.
He received his education in his native place and also learned his
trade there, which he commenced at the age of sixteen years, serving
an apprenticeship of four years. After completing his trade, he
worked as a journeyman until 1862, when he came to America. He
spent several nnmi'ns in viewing the country, but in June, 1863,
settled in Chicago, and has since that time made this city his home.
I • n mi isii; to isj-j, the time of his first advent into business, In-
worked at his trade in different establishments in the city. Mr.
Johnson was married in this city, on April 20, 1866, to Miss Dora
1'hea. They have had five children, two of whom are living, —
John and Frederick.
Juri'/' M . .!/,/;/<•;• was born at Naperville, DuPage Co., 111.,
on November K), 1861, and is the son of Dr. Samuel Metzler, one
of the leading veterinary surgeons of Chicago and the Northwest,
lacob Metzler received his education in the grammar and high
schools of this city, and at the age of eighteen commenced to
learn the carriage and wagon maker's trade in the works of which
he is now a partner. He was married in this city, on November
19, 1880, to Miss Lucy Netzley; they have two children, — Clyde
and Robert.
GEORGE KIIINF.N, of Nos. 214-16 Superior Street and Nos.
211-13 Huron Street, is the proprietor of the North Side Carriage
Works. He manufactures carriages and light running vehi-
cles of all descriptions, in which business there is no establish-
ment in the city that enjoys a higher reputation for first-class
work. He gives regular employment to about twenty-five men.
His works include two buildings, 011640x100 feet, two stories
high, and one 40x110 feet of the same height. He carries an
average stock of about $20,000, and his business reaches $50,000
annually. His is the leading manufactory on the North Side atid
one of the oldest and largest in Chicago, and his trade not only
reflects credit upon himself but also upon the business of the city.
Mr. Kuhnen was born in Germany, in 1835, where he received his
education and learned his trade, which he commenced in his seven-
teenth year, serving an apprenticeship of three years. In 1854, he
came to America, settling in this city, where he worked at his trade
for five years. He then formed a partnership with his brother
Nicklaus Kuhnen, which continued until 1872, when it was dis-
solved, each continuing the business on his own account. He was
married in this city, in 1853, to Miss Katherine Statten, by whom
he had three children, — Amelia, Alexander J. F. and Clara, all of
whom are still living, though Mrs. Kuhnen died in 1877.
NICHOLAS KUH.NKN, of Nos. 215, 217 and 220 Superior
Street, is one of the oldest and most prominent carriage dealers
and manufacturers in Chicago. He is a native of Germany, born
on September 27, 1824. He learned his trade from his father be-
fore leaving home, which he did in his sixteenth year. He then
travelled three years in Germany, working as a journeyman in dif-
ferent cities. In his twentieth year he was compelled to enter the
Army, and for three years served his country as a soldier. On
leaving the Army, he came directly to America, landing in New
York City in the spring of 1848. He worked in different towns
in New York State and Pennsylvania for about a year, and in
June, 1849, went to New York City, but having the YVestern fever,
he soon set out for Chicago. He made the entire trip by boat,
occupying the space of sixteen days in the transit. At that time
there were but three or four small wagon repair-shops here, one on
the corner of Randolph and Clark streets, where the Sherman
House now stands. There he found his first employment, work-
ing eight days for the proprietor for $3, and receiving in payment
for the same an order on a grocery store. He next was given em-
ployment by Peter Schuttler, who was at that time running a small
repair-shop on the corner of Randolph and Franklin streets, and
worked for him three years, or until the shop burned out in July,
1852. After that Mr. Kuhnen worked for different men until
1858, when he commenced business for himself, on the corner of
Chicago Avenue and Clark Street, which he continued successfully
until 1865. He then disposed of his interest, and was out of busi-
ness two years. At the end of that time he opened an establish-
ment at his present location, where he continued until the great
fire of 1871, which swept everything away. He did not resume
business for several years after the fire; in the spring of 1876,
however, he re-built his works at Nos. 215 to 219 Superior Street,
and immediately opposite, at No. 220, erected a large three-story
warehouse. He is now doing an extensive business, amounting to
about $50,000 annually, employing on an average about thirty
nien. llf claims to have built the first spring wagon ever made
in Chicago. Mr. Kuhnen was married in this city, on January 27.
1857, to Miss Elizabeth Fritz, of Germany. They have three
children.— Nicholas, Jr., George and Louis.
JOHN J. HICKS— The wagon and truck works of John J.
Hicks, at Nos. 1-5 Illinois Street, are among the pioneer enter-
prises of the city. This business was established in 1850, by
Philip Hicks, upon a moderate capital. With the growth of the
city, the business of this house expanded, and assumed important
proportions. Later, Philip Hicks was succeeded by John J. Hicks,
the present proprietor, and a gentleman of unbounded ability and
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
747
broad practical experience. The works are large and suitably ar-
ra iged for the successful and convenient execution of all work in
his line. All requisite machinery of the best patterns is provided,
ami the equipment of the factory is complete, a large number of
expert artisans being kept constantly employed. This is one of
the oldest and most reliable factories in the city, and its proprietor
i-. miversally known and respected.
IACOI; i'KK.ss, of N'os. 62-64 North Halsted Street, is a manu-
facturer of w.igims, buggies, trucks, etc. Mr. Press has been
identified with the carriage and wagon trade in this city since 1855,
commencing work on February of that year for Henry Webber,
who is now conducting one of the largest factories in the city. He
worked in the Webber factory and other shops of the kind, as a
journeyman, until 1859, when, in partnership with John Kuhl, lie
went into business at N'o. 23 Milwaukee Avenue, the firm being
known by the name of Kuhl & Press, under which style it was
successfully conducted for eight years. Mr. Press was then out of
the wagon business for two years, during which time, in connection
with his brother, John, he conducted a malt-liquor restaurant at
\o. 61 West Kin/ie Street. In June, 1869, he commenced busi-
ness at his present location. The premises occupied have a front-
age of forty feet on Halsted Street and one hundred and forty
on Kul ton Street. The front or main building is forty by fifty feet
in dimensions, and two stories high. He gives regular employ-
ment to ten men, and does a business that amounts to from $15,000
to $20,000 annually. This is now among the oldest establishments
of the kind in the city. Mr. Press has met with success, and has
built up a trade that is a credit at once to himself and Chicago.
Mr. Press was burn in Hesse I larmstadt, Germany, on September IO,
1835. He received an excellent education in the regular schools of
that country, and enjoyed the unusual advantage of a thorough
nnvhanica! instruction from his father, who was a wagon and car-
riage builder of the best repute in Germany. In the Tall of 1854,
his father and mother decided to emigrate to America, and at once
started with their family, consisting of seven children, for this
countrv. The father and one son were taken sick and died during
the voyage < In December 24, 1854, the surviving members of the
tamily reached this city, which they have since made their home.
In the following February, Jacob Press went to work at his trade,
and by years of untiring industry has accumulated a handsome
property. He is a member of Germania Lodge, No. 182, \.V.H
A.M. He was married on June 7, 1862, to Miss Lizzie Plass, who
came from his native town. They have had nine children, — l.ouis
(deceased), Ida, Lizzie, William, Jacob (deceased), Klvina, Jacob,
Mary and John.
Rossi >\v BROTHERS, of Nos. 128-34 Chicago Avenue, corner
of Market Street, are wholesale manufacturers of farm wagons.
Twenty-six years ago their business was stalled in a very circum-
scribed way. liiit in a country like this, energy, enterprise anil
integrity never fail to achieve success, as the prosperous trade
built up by this house exemplifies. It must be a just cause of pride
when they compare their small beginning with their establishments
of to-day, consisting of two large two-story buildings, with base-
mrnts, one eighty by forty feet, fronting on Market Street, the
other twenty-five by seventy feet, fronting on Chicago Avenue.
Attached to rear of latter building is the blacksmith shop, twenty-
live by sixty feet, and also to the north of the Market Street build-
ing is the engine house, fifteen by forty feet, the lower story being
occupied by the engine and the upper as a dry kiln. These various
structures afford them eighteen thousand square feet of floor surface,
which they utili/.e in the prosecution of their extensive business
The factory is neatly arranged, and has a complete equipment of
modern machinery and appliances, and an engine of eight horse-
power supplies the motive power; from thirty to forty hands are
constantly employed, many of them being of long experience and
of exceptional skill. The stock carried to fill the requirements of
the business varies in value from ten to fifteen thousand dollars, ami
their business transactions amount to over thirty thousand dollars
annually, which, in prosperous years, is sometimes trebled. They
manufacture from five hundred to over one thousand wagons per
annum, and their trade extends all over the Southwest and North-
west. Wherever their wagons have been introduced they have
built up a reputation on their own merits. The great tire of 1871
destroyed their works, involving a loss of forty thousand dollars.
The firm was composed of Charles and Frederick Rossow, but since
April i, 1884, Charles Kossow has not given it his personal atten-
tion, and is now engaged in the livery stable business on South
Ilalsted Street. Krederto'k Kossow now has full charge of the
same, and the business is prospering under his management.
/•>,,/,•;•/<•/• A'li.f.foT.:' was born in Germany, on June 29, 1827.
There he received his education and learned his trade, serving an
apprenticeship of three years, and after completing the same worked
as a journeyman for nine years. He came to America in 1854,
settling in this city, where he was employed at his trade until 1859,
when the present works were established. He was married, in
1854, in Germany, to Miss Minnie Consoi , and started immediately
to America with his young bride, who died on February 26, 1870.
They have nine children, — Louis and Matilda (deceased), Louise,
Charles, Hattie, Paul and Emil (twins), Herman and Alfred. He
was married the second time, in this city, to Miss Mary Richards,
on October 29, 1877. liy this marriage there are three children, —
F'rederic, Annie and Ida.
THOMAS VIVIAN, member of the firm of Vivian & Henry,
carriage and wagon manufacturers, son of Peter and Grace Vivian,
was born in County Cornwall, Kngland, on December 2(1, 1828.
When four years of age his parents came to this country and
finally settled at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. At the age of eighteen,
after having acquired an excellent education, he began the trade of
carriage and wagon maker in the establishment of David C). De
Wolf, in May, 1846, with whom he remained three years and a
half. At the expiration of that time he began business for himself,
and two years later, in 1855, he came West, and entered the employ
of Joseph Kettlewell, of Iowa City, Iowa, where he continued two
years. He then went to Vpsilanti, Mich., and worked at his trade
until 1870, when he removed to llay City, and was engaged by
John McGraw in the lumber trade, erecting mills, etc., nearly five
years. In 1874 he came to this city, and formed his present associa-
tion with Charles Henry in the carriage and wagon manufacturing.
The firm was first located at No. 56 Curtis Street, subsequently
removing to No. 373 West Randolph Street, which is the main
office, with a branch establishment at No. 175 West Adams Street.
Mr. Vivian was married, on May 19, 1850, to Miss Rebecca Cad
doe, of Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., who gave him, before her death in
August, 1868, four children.— John, Grace, Charles and Icnnie.
His present wife, formerly Miss Marv Lanxon, of Rochester, N.
Y., he married November 17, 1870. They have two children, —
Maud and May.
CHARLES HENRY, member of the firm of Vivian & Henry,
carriage and wagon manufacturers, son of William and Mary
Henry, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, on January 14,
1846. After obtaining a business education, he began to learn his
trade, at the age of fourteen years, with William Johnson, near
Marietta, Ohio, with whom he remained until 1861. He enlisted
at the first call for troops in the 7th New York Light Artillery, and
served until September I, 1864, participating in the operations
throughout the Shenandoah Valley, and before Richmond, Fair
Oaks, etc. In the fall of 1864, he was appointed wagon master of
the headquarters train of the Sixth Corps, and so continued until
the disbandment of the armies. He then located at Raleigh, N.
C., and continued his trade nearly two years, when he went to
Washington, I). C., and was connected with the city pumping
works until 1876. Coming West in that year, he located in Chicago,
and resumed his trade at the corner of Center Avenue and Madison
Street, under the firm name of Henry & Co., with Guy Cunning-
ham as a partner. Mr. Cunningham retired soon afterward, and
Mr. Henry formed his present connection with Thomas Vivian.
The firm remained at No. 56 Curtis Street a short time, then
removed to their present location, where they have since remained.
THE KING WIIIFELK-TREE was originally patented by Abram
King, of Canton, Ohio, in 1877, and never came into use until
after the death of the patentee, when it became the property of a
party of gentlemen, who organized a stock company under the laws
of New S'ork, with a capital of $100,000. In 1884, there were
twenty-four States licensed to manufacture and sell this article.
The manufacture is largely done in Chicago for the West, and the
business is under the supervision of FYank Scales. The firm have
manufactured about three thousand in the West, and at least one
thousand of the double-trees are in use in Chicago alone. This
whiffle-tree is a great comfort to the horse, as it lightens the draft
and any jar to the loaded wagon, as it gives way before the final
pull is made, and also gives when the wheel strikes any obstacle.
It is not only a humane device but also an economical one.
FRANK STALKS was born in I.aFayette County, near Shulls-
burg, Wisconsin, on F'ebruary 19, 1848, and was reared on a
farm, receiving his early education in the district schools of his
native place, afterward in Chicago, completing his studies at the
Georgetown College, Georgetown, D. C. He returned to Chicago
in 1868, and commenced the study of law, was admitted to the Bar
in 1870, and practiced until 1878, since which time he has been en-
gaged in manufacturing. He became owner of a zinc mine in Ten-
nessee, and operated it for four years, when he came back to this
city and went into the King whiffle-tree business, which has pros-
pered under his management. He married Miss Carrie liartlett,
daughter of Luther liartlett, who settled in DuPage County in
1836. They have one daughter, — Ettie.
STEKN HROTHKRS. — This firm, at No. 963 West Madison
Street, manufactures and deals in carriages, buggies and wagons,
and is composed of Julius W. and Mathias II. Steen. The brothers
were born in Hamburg, Germany; [ulius W., on March 9, 1861,
and Mathias 11., on March 3, 1863. In 1871, the brothers, while
but mere lads, one ten and the other seven years old, came to
America, and directly to Chicago, each one finding employment
74»
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
here. About a year after their advent into this country they en-
tered the carriage works of Jerrett & Sherman, on the corner of
Jackson and Franklin streets. In the spring of iSSt, they opened
a shop for themselves at No. 221 Fast Jackson Street, where they
were engaged on private work and prospered finely. In 1883, they
erected the large three-story (one hundred and twenty-four by
twenty-four feet) brick building that they now occupy at No. 963
West Madison Street. They employ, on the average, about twenty
men, and are doing a successful and rapidly increasing business.
C.M.VIN I'AVID Tott'KK, member of the firm of I. S. Tower &
Co., carriage manufacturers, is a son of Calvin and Ann 1!. Tower,
and was born at Providence, K. I., on July 16, 1832. The family
is of English origin, the members of his immediate family having
settled in New England in an early day, and finally locating at
Providence. \Vhcn he had reached the age of twelve years his
parents removed to Hoston, where he proved himself a bright and
intelligent pupil in the public schools. Three years later he began
business life as an apprentice in the trimming department of Joseph
1'ray's carriage manufactory. Fourth Street, South Boston, where
he remained for four years. At the expiration of his time he
travelled through the Kastern States until 1850, when he returned
to Hoston and worked at his trade six years. He then went to
Nashua, N. II., and established himself in business, which he con-
tinued until the latter part of 1858, when he disposed of his in-
terests and came to Chicago. In connection with his brother Isaac
S., who had preceded him several years, he established their present
business at No. 105 South Clinton Street, where he has since re-
mained. Mr. Tower was married, on December 27, 1857, to Miss
Sarah |. Uichardson, of Coaticook, Canada East. They have one
child, — Grace E.
WATCHES AND JEWELRY.
Within the forty-five years which cover the period
during which most of the branches of trade in Chicago
have recorded their beginning and growth, the jewelry
trade, no less than other branches, has made wonderful
progress. The first record of the jewelry trade appears
in 1839, when Smith Jones Sherwood, at No. 144
Lake Street, was a watchmaker and jeweler. In 1845,
the number had been increased to three, in 1848 to
four, and in 1850 to five, by which time the population
had augmented to a fraction less than thirty thousand.
In 1855, the number of persons engaged in the trade
in Chicago had increased to twenty-four, all retailers;
and in 1860, when the population was a little over
109,000, to fifty-four, of whom five were classified as
manufacturing jewelers and one silversmith, the six
turning out an aggregate product of $60,000.
The beginning of the wholesale trade seems to have
been in 1863-64, at which time three firms were adver-
tised as wholesale and retail. Two years later the
wholesale trade was represented by nine firms out of
the sixty-nine dealers in the business; about twenty
were also manufacturing jewelers and silversmiths, their
estimated product being upward of $100,000. In
1870, there were thirteen wholesale dealers and one
hundred and ten retailers, and the volume of trade had
become about $2,500,000. The great fire of 1871 pros-
trated the jewelry business, as it did everything else for
a time, but courage and enterprise soon gave to this
branch of trade an impetus which carried it steadily
forward, until, in 1875, there were about twenty-five
wholesale firms — a few of them exclusively so — and
one hundred and forty-five retail dealers. Four watch
companies — including the National, of Elgin, and the
American, of Waltham — had in the meantime estab-
lished branch houses here, and the manufacturing
jewelers had increased their business materially. The
aggregate trade of the Chicago jewelers for 1875 may
be set down at about $4,250,000, as against $3,700,000
for the previous year, while the aggregate capital in-
volved in the business was not much short of $1,000,000.
The increase of the business during the next five
years kept pace with the wonderful growth of the city
and the development of the great Northwest, so that
by 1880 quite an addition had been made to the firms
doing an exclusively jobbing business, and the half
dozen or so older wholesale houses had begun to rank
with those of New York and Philadelphia. The man-
ufacturers of watch-cases, as well as of watches, had
also established branch houses, and light manufacturing
in jewelry and jewelers' supplies had made rapid pro-
gress. At this time the trade was represented by about
thirty-five wholesale and one hundred and sixty retail
dealers, anil eighteen light manufacturers. The volume
of trade belonging to the former was about $6,500,000
and that of the retailers about $700,000; this was an
increase of about $900,000 for the wholesale and
$150,000 for the retail trade over that of 1879.
It was (hiring 1879 that The Jewelers' Journal of
Chicago w.'is established by S. M. & W. W. Wilcox in
the interest of the growing trade of the city and the
Northwest. It has ever since, under the editorship of
the latter gentleman, most ably represented its con-
stituency.
During the five years last past the jewelry busi-
ness has shown fluctuations from year to year, but, on
the whole, has made substantial progress. The jobbing
trade in watches has become enormous, all the Ameri-
can manufacturers being represented by the trade, and
all of the product of the National Watch Factory of
Elgin passing through the hands of Chicago houses.
The trade in silver-plated ware has also grown to large
dimensions, that item alone being now estimated at
$1,000,000 annually. A brief summary of the jewelry
business for each of the five past years will best show
its condition and progress.
For 1881, we find that the number of dealers reported was —
wholesale, 42; retail, 155. Amount of trade, wholesale, $6,250,000;
retail, $750,000; watch cases, $300,000; watch movements,
$1,000,000; manufactured jewelry, $500,000; aggregate for the
year, $9,700,000.
In 1882, there were of dealers, wholesale, 43; retail, 170.
Amount of trade, wholesale, $6,850,000; retail, $1,000,000; watch
movements (including all of Elgin watches), $3,300,000; watch
cases, $1,200,000; sales by clock companies' agents, $750,000;
aggregate for the year, $13,100,000.
In 1883, the number of dealers was, wholesale, 53; retail,
178. Amount of trade, wholesale, $5,750,000; retail, $950,000;
watch movements, $4,000,000; watch cases, $1,250,000; clock
cases, by agents, $1,200,000; plated-ware, $900,000; aggregate for
the year, $14,050,000.
l-'or 1884, we find 52 wholesale and 182 retail dealers. The
amount of trade was, wholesale, $4,600,000; retail, $800,000;
watch movements, $3,200,000; watch cases, $1,000,000; clocks,
$900,000; plated ware, $850,000; aggregate for year, $11,300,000.
In 1885, there were in business 60 wholesale dealers and 205
retailers. The amount of trade was, wholesale, $5,500,000; retail,
$900,000; watch movements, $3,750,000; watch cases, $1,100.000;
clocks, $1,000,000; plated ware, $900,000. Aggregate transactions
for the year, $13,250,000.
The above estimates will be found to fall short of,
rather than to exceed, the aggregate volume of the jew-
elry trade, inasmuch as jewelers' cases, jewelers' tools
and general supplies and optical goods are not in-
cluded, only so far as these have passed through the
retailers' hands or formed a part of the trade reported
by the regular wholesale jewelers. There must also
obviously be a considerable item of manufactured jew-
elry, not included either in the sales of the retailers or
wholesalers, and not here reported. It is probable that
a round half million of dollars might justly be added
to the annual aggregates for each of the past three or
four years for the above items.
The wholesale business in this city is on a firm ba-
sis, thoroughly systematized, and so organized as to
protect its interests. As a means of doing this, as well
as for the cultivation of a social and friendly feeling
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
749
among the members, the "Chicago Jewelers' Associa-
tion" was formed in 1876, and includes all the regular
houses connected with the wholesale trade. The Asso-
ciation has succeeded in fixing and registering on its
books the standing of some thirteen thousand six hun-
dred jewelry dealers in various parts of this country,
and is gradually extending its operations into Mexico,
Canada, and other countries.
GILES BRO. & Co. — This extensive jewelry house was estab-
lished by Charles K. and William A. Giles, in 1860, at No. 142
Lake Street, where they remained until 1871, when they moved to
No. 79 State Street. After the great tire they resumed business at
No. 122 Twenty-second Street, and while the business portion of
the city was being re-built, they opened in the Hutchinson resi-
dence, No. 384 Wabash Avenue, between Hubbard Court and
Congress Street, retaining the store on Twenty-second Street as a
branch establishment. In the summer of 1873, they built their
elegant store, at Nos. 266-68 Wabash Avenue, and occupied it until
the following year, when they moved to the building which for-
merly stood where the dry goods house of Mandel Bros, is located.
Fire again caused a change, but business was resumed at No.
266-68 Wabash Avenue. During 1879, they removed to the build-
ing at the corner of State and Washington streets, which has since
been occupied by the firm and Charles K. Giles, present proprie-
tor. This establishment has grown with the population of the
city, and from its modest beginning, in 1860, has developed into
the largest wholesale, retail and manufacturing jewelry house
west of New York. Their business extends throughout the United
States and Canada, and reaches to the Sandwich Islands and other
distant parts of the globe.
Charles K. Gilt's, proprietor of the jewelry house of Giles
Bro. & Co., is the fourth son of Prescott and Elmira Giles, of
Athol, Worcester Co., Mass., and was born on August 2, 1839.
His father was among the hardy pioneers who first settled Worces-
ter County, and was recognized as one of its most worthy and re-
spected citizens. Mr. Giles spent his boyhood days at home,
assisting his father in farming until he was eighteen years old,
during which time he received a thorough schooling, and was fitted
for a business life. He then went to New York, and entered the
jewelry establishment of his brother, Frederick Giles, Maiden
Lane, where he remained one year. In connection with his brother,
William A.,_he opened a retail and wholesale jewelry store at
Prairie du Chien, which was successfully conducted until 1860,
when the superior advantages of this city, as a distributing point,
became apparent, and he came to this city. Forming a partnership
with his brother, William A., he laid the foundation of his present
business. In 1882, he purchased the control of the house, and is
now sole proprietor. Mr. Giles was married, on March 25, 1873,
to Miss Mary Ferry, daughter of William H. Ferry, of this city.
Ettas Af orris, vice-president of Giles Bro. & Co., is a native of
Wales, Great Britain, and was born in 1838. When he was thir-
teen years of age, the Morris family emigrated to America and set-
tled in Chicago. Thus it is that Mr. Morris is a Chicagoan in all
that the term implies, as he has made his home in this city for
about thirty-live years. In his youth he attended the primitive
schools, and at the age of nineteen he entered the jewelry store of
J. T. & E. M. Edwards to learn the jeweler's trade. He served
his apprenticeship, and then took a salesman's position with the
firm, with which he remained until their retirement from business
some years before the great fire. He afterward took a position
with W. M. & John B. Mayo, jewelers, with whom he was con-
nected until 1869. In that year he became connected with Giles
Bro. & Co., and has since that time been identified with, that well
known house. In 1883, upon the withdrawal of E. A. Giles, Mr.
Morris was elected vice-president of the company and still retains
that office, as well as holding an interest in the business which
was obtained upon the formation of the incorporated company in
1882. Mr. Morris is one of the oldest jewelers in the city. He is
a member of Blaney Lodge, No. 271, A.F. & A.M. Mr. Morris has
been married three times; first in May, 1860, to Miss Jennie L.
Reynolds, of Chicago, who died on March 17, 1863, leaving two
children, — Edward J., now with John V. Farwell & Co.; and
Annie B. , now Mrs. E. E. Carr, of Wisconsin. On June 15, 1867,
Mr. Morris was wedded to Miss Jennie E. Manahon, of Chicago,
and they had one son, Harry E., now living. This lady died on
July 17, 1870, and in June, 1872, Mr. Morris married Miss Harriet
Safford; they have two daughters, — Ilattie and Edna.
James I'. Ridgway, secretary and treasurer of Giles Bro. &
Co., was born at New York City, on October 2, 1854. He was
reared there, and during his boyhood studied at the public schools,
but finished his education at an academy at Nazareth, Penn. In
1872, he came to Chicago and took a position in the office of Nor-
ton, Cole & Co., millers, with whom he remained for five years.
He was then tendered a responsible position with Giles Bro. &
Co., which he accepted, taking entire charge of their office. In
1882, when the firm became a stock company, Mr. Ridgway secured
an interest in the business and was elected secretary and treasurer,
which office he holds up to the present time. Mr. Ridgway was
married, on July 24, 1876, to Miss Gertrude M. Stanton, of Chi-
cago. They have two children, — Helen and Philip. Mr. Ridgway
is a member of Blaney Lodge, No. 271, A.F. & A.M.
JUERCKNS & ANDKRSKN. — This iirhi of manufacturing jewelers
was established in 1857 by Paul Juergens and Sebastian 1). Ander-
sen. During the early part of that year Mr. Juergens was engaged
in the jewelry business, in connection with his father, at No. 117
Lake Street, in the rear of Hord & Hoes's business house. Upon
taking Mr. Andersen into the business, their quarters were enlarged
and occupied until the great fire of 1871. In a few days after that
event, a large barn was rented on Eldridge Court, and their entire
corps of workmen resumed work. They remained in their impro-
vised shop for nearly a year, when they removed to Jackson Street
and Wabash Avenue. In 1876, they removed to their present loca-
tion, at the corner of State and Madison streets They are the
largest manufacturers and wholesale dealers of jewelry in the city,
and- are widely known throughout the West.
I'anl Jitcrgens was born at Oldenburg, Holstein, Germany, on
September 19, 1834. His father was a member of a jewelry firm
in Oldenburg which had been doing business over three hundred
years, and the occupation of the family for generations had been
that of jeweler and watchmaker. Until thirteen years of age Paul
Juergens attended the schools of his native city, when he entered
the Polytechnicum, graduating in 1848. At that time the revolu-
tion of his province against the Danish Government took place,
and he joined the popular army of General Bonein, whom he served
until the close of the revolution. In 1850, the family came to this
country, landing at New York on October 28, and he shortly after-
ward entered the employ of Meyer, the jeweler, at No. n Spruce
Street, with whom he remained one year, when he engaged with
Cooper & Fisher, of Amity Place, until 1854. During that year the
family came to this city. After a prospecting tour throughout the
West, he returned to Chicago, and opened a shop at No. 77 Lake
Street, in connection with the establishment of Isaac Spear, then
the largest jewelry house in the city, where he continued two years.
In 1857, he formed a partnership with Sebastian Andersen, and re-
moved to No. 117 Lake Street, where they stayed until the fire of
1871. Three days after the great fire they rented a barn on Eldridge
Court, and resumed business with twenty-eight employe's. The
next year the firm moved to the corner of Jackson Street and Wa-
bash Avenue, where they remained nearly five years, when they
removed to their present location at the corner of State and Madi-
son streets. Mr. Juergens was married to Miss Augusta Kruger,
of Chicago, on October 23, 1861, and has five children, — Mary,
Emma, Frederick W., Anna and Hans.
Sebastian Drake Andersen, of the firm of Juergens & Andersen,
was born at Tondern, Schleswig, Germany, on August 2, 1827. He
attended the public schools of his birthplace until sixteen years of
age, when he entered the employ of Joseph Hansen, a manufactur-
ing jeweler of that city. After remaining with him four years, he
went to Hamburg, and while there the revolution of 1848, of his
province against the Danish government, awoke his sympathies.
He enlisted on the popular side, and participated in seven battles,
escaping all injury. At the cessation of hostilities, he returned to
Hamburg and resumed work at his trade. In 1854, he came to
this country, and remained in New York until 1857, when he went
to Chicago and formed a partnership with Paul Juergens, his
present associate, and with him began the wholesale jewelry busi-
ness. He married the sister of his associate, Miss Carolina Juer-
gens, in 1854, and has two children, — Julius and William.
CALEB CLAPP, a member of the firm of Clapp & Davies,
wholesale jewelers, was born at Montgomery, Vt., on March 28,
1844. His ancestors were among the English families who first
settled the New England States, his father's brother, Joel Clapp,
being the first white child born in Montgomery, over ninety years
ago. He spent his boyhood days, until sixteen years old, at home,
and attended the district schools. Having secured an excellent
common school education, he went to Cincinnati and entered the
employ of his brother, William B. Clapp, jeweler, then located on
the corner of Fourth and Vine streets. His industry and business
ability, in three years, were rewarded by a half-interest in the busi-
ness and the management of the store. In 1868, Mr. Clapp and
his brother came to this city, and started in business, under the old
Sherman House, and shortly afterward moved to No. 108 Lake
Street, where they remained until burned out in 1871. After the
fire, they re-opened at No. 57 West Washington Street, moving to
Nos. 149-51 on State Street during the following year. He sold
his interest in the business to his brother, William B., and Otto
Young in 1876, and the next year resumed business at No. 161
State Street. Two years later he formed a partnership with Mr.
75°
HISTORY OF CTMC\r,0.
Davits, his present associate, and moved to No. 03 Washington
Street, where they have sinee remained, lie was married to Miss
I in. i Uohhin-, of Cincinnati, on April •_'<>. I •*'>;.
I. II. lYuiiv iV Co. — John II. Purdy, founder and present
head of this house, was horn at Bath, Stcuhcn Co., N. V., on
\pril 4, ts.is. His lather was a painter, and with him John
partially learned the painter's trade. At tile age of nineteen, he
lie;;. in 1" learn the trade of repairing walciies and jewelry, under
an indenture of three years, at §35 a year, with hoard and washing.
I nun these earnings, in two an, I a half years Mr. Purely saved
twenty dollars, with which he purchased his lirsl entire new suit of
clothes. In I liis same suit lie was married, four years later (1859),
.11 Mount Pleasant, Iowa, to Mary E. ( 'regg, of I'.ath, \. N". In
is;t>, Mi. Pnrdy engaged as a journeyman watchmaker at Addison.
and afterward at I'enn Van, N. V. lu 1.^59, he went to Ues
Moines, Iowa, and in connection with S. C. (Goodwin engaged in
the jewelry husincss. In 1864. this partnership was dissolved, and
Mr. Purdy carried on the husincss alone, under the name of J. II.
I'urdy iV ('<>. In 1^1,5, having sold out to Plumb Bros., he came
to Chicago, and for leu years was engaged as a commercial traveller
for (.'hicago and New York houses. On January I, 1875, Mr.
Purdy I. Tim -I an arrangement with Charles Wendell, at No. 170
State Street, whereby lie was enabled to travel in a few of the North-
western Slates, and sell on his own account, as the firm of J. II.
Purdv \ Co., dealing in a complete line of tools and materials for
watchmakers and jewelers. In 1880, a partnership was formed
with Leopold Stein, under the firm name of J. II. Purdy \: Stein,
who commenced business at the present location, Nos. 125-27 Slate
street, i >n February 21, 1883, Mr. Stein withdrew, leaving Mr.
Purdy sole owner of the business. It is now conducted under the
name of J. H. Purdy & Co. In order to show the increase in the
business of this house, it is but justice to state that in 1884 their
ledger shows sales to nearly fifteen hundred customers, located in
thirty-four States and Canada. Mr. Purdy has two sons, — Fred,
who is engaged with his father in business; and Charles S.
I. P. JOHNSTON. — With the growth of population, wealth and
culture, naturally follows an increased demand for ornament, and
everv demand calls into being its corresponding source of supply.
The house of J. P. Johnston holds a prominent place among the
foremost commercial institutions of this city, and was established
in iSSi. Through vigorous and judicious management, it has ac-
quired a trade much larger even than that possessed by some of
its older competitors, and which has added materially to its financial
strength and influence. Mr. Johnston carries an average stock of
><>, which, for its completeness and beauty of design and exe-
cution is unsurpassed in the West. An extensive trade has already
been established in the States of Michigan. Ohio, Indiana and
Wisconsin, and is rapidly being extended to all the Western States.
Mr. Johnston was born in January, 1852, at Freeland. 111. When
quite young his parents removed to Clyde, O., where he was edu-
cated and remained until he was seventeen years of age. In 1880,
he came to this city. l!y persistent industry and the closest economy
he has won for himself a start in life, and by his perseverance and
capacity has created and built up a business and a commercial
standing of which he can justly be proud. With a trade already
established, and possessing extensive facilities, his success is already
assured; viewed from this standpoint, his future prospects are in-
deed of the most promising character.
ISAAC: WAITS NICHOLS, wholesale dealer in diamonds, watches
and jewelry, was born at Randolph, Vt., on April 16, 1843. His
father, who was a shoemaker, was born at Randolph in 1793, was
one of the earliest settlers of that place, and recently died at the
age of ninety years. He attended the public schools until twelve
years of age, when he became a student at the ISarre (Vt.) Academy,
in the meanwhile devoting much of his time to learning his trade
as jeweler. After leaving school, he continued his trade in
liarre until 1865, when he came to Chicago and entered the employ
of W. II. C. Miller, No. 108 Clark Street, with whom he continued
three years. He then began a retail jewelry business on his own
account at No. 124 State Street, where he was burned out by the
conflagration of 1871. Subsequent to the fire he resumed business
at No. 304 West Madison Street one year, and then moved to No.
70 State Street. Two years later he'removed to No. 89 Madison
Street, and relinquished the retail business for that of diamonds,
watches and wholesale jewelry, and in 1883 he moved into his
present quarters, No. 70 Madison Street. .Mr. Nichols is well
known to the trade as a reliable and energetic business man, and
has succeeded in building up an extensive business since the great
fire, by which he was a heavy loser. His commercial standing is
lirst-class. Mr. Nichols was married, on February 10, 1874, to
Miss Mary M. Swords, of Chicago.
THE SitfKi.Y MANUFACTURING COMPANY, makers of all
kinds of jewelry, was organized and incorporated under the State
laws in 1882, and is one of the leading establishments in Chicago.
The business is controlled and conducted by Edmund R. P. Shur-
ly, president, ami Edwin A. Giles, secretary and treasurer.
Both of these gentlemen are well and favorably known to the Hade,
and it is to their reputation and judgment that the companv owea
its success.
/•.'<//«««!/ K. /'. Sinii'ly, president of the Shurly Manufactur-
ing Company, was born in Cambridge, England, on January 27,
1*29. When he was eight years old, his parents came to this
country, and after a year's stay in New York City, moved to Al-
bany, and then went to New Philadelphia, Ohio, where thc\ n
mained one year, afterward settling in Buffalo, N. Y. lie attended
school for a few years, when he entered the employ of 1 1. ( ). I loo. 1,
jeweler of that cily, with whom he staid one year. Upon return-
ing from St. Catherine's, Canada, where he made a short slay, he
engaged with C. H. Goodrich, and remained with him seven
years. In 1851 he started in the jewelry business with P. C. Stau-
baugh, having purchased the store of his late employer. Two
years later he secured his partner's interest and continued the busi-
ness with his brother, C. J. Shurly, until 1861. He enlisted in
the 2Ist New York Infantry Volunteers at the first call for troops
to suppress the Rebellion, and was shortly thereafter commissioned
captain in the 2bth New York Infantry Volunteers, in which lie
served two years, participating in the engagements of I'.iill Run,
Slaughter Mountain, Thoroughfare Gap, second Hull Run, An-
tictain. Krcdericksburg, and others. In the last-named battle he
was severely wounded. He became captain in the Veteran Re-
serve Corps, and was then transferred to the iSth United Stales
Infantry Volunteers. In 1864, he was stationed at Camp Douglas,
and all of the papers, documents and other matter concerning the
conspiracy to liberate the Confederate prisoners passed through his
hands and he \vas instrumental in frustrating the design. lie was
the last commanding officer at that point. Sir. Shurly was honor-
ably discharged at the close of the War, but enlisted again to
in subduing the hostility of the Sioux Indians. In 1868, he was
placed on the retired list, having seen nearly seven years of active
military service. He returned to Chicago in 1869, and resumed
business at No. (>}4 Clark Street. After the fire of 1871, he
opened a jewelry store in the Sherman House, upon its being re-
built, where he remained nearly six years. In iSS-j, he sold out
his interest to A. M. Church, and organized the Shurly Manufac-
turing Company, of which he is now president. Mr. Shurly was
married, on • November 25, 1856, to Miss V. A. Goodwin, of
Rochester, N. Y., and has one son, — Burt R.
/•.'i/ri'/H A. (/V/t-j, secretary and treasurer of the Shurly Man-
ufacturing Company, was born in New Salem, Mass., on August
iS. 1843. Until he was eighteen years of age, he attended the
public schools of his birthplace and graduated from the New Salem
Academy in 1861. He was among the first to respond to Presi-
dent Lincoln's call for troops at the beginning of the War, and en-
listed in the 27th Massachusetts Infantry Volunteers. He saw
active service for three years, and participated in the engagements
of Roanoke, Newburn, Little Washington, and others of the
same campaign. Upon his discharge, lie returned to New York-
City, and went into the jewelry business with Giles, Wales & Co.,
at No. 13 Maiden Lane, where he remained until 1868, when he
located at Dubuque, Iowa, and organized the firm of E. A. Giles
& Co., wholesale and retail jewelers. His health failing, he sold
out his interests and travelled two years. He then came to this city
and became a member of the company which he now represents as
secretary and treasurer. Mr. Giles was married, on January 20,
1869, to Miss Lucy Mayor, of Pawtucket, R. I., and has two
sons, — Frederick M., and Edwin T.
J. 11. STOKKY, of the firm of J. W. & J. 13. Storey, was born
in Philadelphia, on February 18, 1838. When he was three years
of age, the family removed to Hartford, Conn., and there he re-
sided until he was twenty-one years old. His education was
obtained at the Easton Academy, and when he was eighteen years
old he apprenticed himself to the jeweler's trade and became a
first-class watchmaker and jeweler. In 1859, he located in Chi-
cago. On January I, 1890, he opened a jewelry store on Clark
Street, opposite the Sherman House, remaining there for three
years. Mr. Storey can well establish his claim of being about the
oldest jeweler in Chicago, as there were few stores of that kind
here twenty-five years ago. In 1863, he made a business of fitting
and furnishing military equipments, such as swords, pistols,
sashes, belts and regimental goods generally. This he continued
through the War, and was also transacting business on the Board
of Trade In 1867, he opened a private bank for the purchase
and sale of securities, loans, financial negotiations, etc., and this
business he continues at the present time at No. 84 LaSalle Street.
In 1874, Mr. Storey formed a co-partnership with C. B. Shourds,
and the firm opened an elegant jewelry house at the corner of
State and Randolph streets. This is now one of the leading and
best-known houses in the city. In 1883, Mr. Storey took into
partnership E. A. Clarke, under the title of " The Reliable
Furniture Company." They erected a line three-story building at
No. 1349 State Street, placed in it a large stock of furniture, and
commenced a business which has gradually grown to considerable
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
75'
proportions. The business to which Mr. Storey devotes the
greater part of his time is in the wholesale and retail furniture
house, owned by J. W. & J. B. Storey, the senior of the firm being
the father of the 'subject of this sketch. This was established on
October 20, 1879, and owing to the infirmity of the father, the
management of the affairs of this house devolves upon J. B.
Storey. In the great fire of 1871, Mr. Storey lost everything but
his credit, and with this as his backing he re-opened his private
bank on Clinton Street. Securities of all kinds were greatly de-
preciated but he handled insurance claims and did a general
brokerage business, which proved very remunerative and soon
placed him on a sound financial basis again. Mr. Storey has
made two fortunes in his lifetime, and it is owing to his energy,
pluck and enterprise that he has been so successful. He was mar-
ried, on April 30, 1864, to Miss Sarah E. Shippermon, of Chicago.
AUGUSTUS EDWARD SHADER, member of the firm of Chand-
ler & Shader, wholesale jewelers, son of Antony and Mary Shader,
was born in Brandis, Bohemia, on August 28, 1851. When he was
three years of age his parents emigrated to this country and located
at Racine, \Vis., where he remained until twelve years old, during
which time he attended school. He came to this city in 1863, and
spent two years with various parties, chiefly with the Chicago
Tobacco Works. In 1866, he engaged with Charles Wendell, No.
87 Lake Street, wholesale jeweler, with whom he continued until
1873, and at the end of that time began business for himself, in
the retail trade, at No. 246 West Madison Street. At the expira-
tion of a year and a half he closed out and engaged with Kearney
& Swartchiid, wholesale jewelers, No. 172 State Street, and
remained in the employ of that firm until 1881. He then formed
a co-partnership with 1). I). Chandler, and under the firm name of
Chandler & Shader has since been in the wholesale and manufac-
turing trade, with office and rooms at No. 57 Washington Street.
The firm of Chandler & Shader is widely known throughout the
West, and both members of the firm are held in high esteem by
the trade as reliable and thorough going business men, who opened
the first establishment in the city devoted exclusively to wholesaling
jewelry. Mr. Shader was married, on July 9. 1878, to Miss A.
Marie Kitt, of Chicago. They have three children, — Olive G.,
Ethel M. and Eugene A.
J. B. CHAMBERS, the senior member of the firm of J. B.
Chambers & Co., jewelers, was born on March 14, 1819, in Sharon,
Litchfield Co., Conn., the son of George and Currence (Johnson)
Chambers, of Yorkshire, England. His early education fitted him
for the occupation of school-teacher. As a " Yankee School-
master," and as a student of law and music, he passed the years of
his early manhood. In 1843, having moved west, to Tompkins
County, N. Y., he was married to Alice F. Reynolds, of Groton,
and was engaged for about thirteen years in mercantile pursuits at
Ithaca, N. Y. In 1857, he arrived with his family in Chicago, and
engaged in the auction and commission business at No. 116 Ran-
dolph Street. This business was gradually merged into the jew-
elry trade, although the auction sales were continued for many
years. In 1868, the firm secured the location they now occupy, at
the corner of Clark and Madison streets. They were obliterated
by the fire of 1871, and temporarily did business for a year or
more at No. 61 West Madison Street, but in 1873 moved back to
their old store, where, for over twenty years, they have done a jew-
elry business second to no house in Chicago. Beverly R. Cham-
bers, son of J. B. Chambers, born in 1846, was a member of the
linn; and Ava W. Farwell, born in 1847, wife of ex-Comptroller
John A. Farwell, is his daughter. J. B. Chambers died on January
15, 1886, and B. R. Chambers died in April, 1886.
THEODORE KEARNEY. — Theodore Kearney and Samuel Swart-
child entered the firm of Wendell & Hyman, jewelers, as junior
partners in 1865. The place of business was then at No. 99 Lake
Street. In May, 1870, these two gentlemen purchased the watch
material and tool department of the firm of Wendell & Hyman, and
opened a store on their own account on the second floor of No. 115
Lake Street. In 1870, they added a machinery manufacturing de-
partment, in which they were among the first in the West. At this
place they successfully carried on business until overtaken by the
conflagration of October, 1871, in which they suffered total loss.
They re-opened at No. 429 State Street on October 20, 1871, and
continued until the following fall. Upon the completion of the
Pike Building, corner State and Monroe streets, they occupied
rooms there, moving in November, 1872. After five years' increas-
ing trade at No. 172 State Street, they moved to Nos. 113-15 State
Street. After two years at this location another change was made
to the present store, Nos. 133-35 State Street. The firm remained
the same during all these years, up to January, 1882, when Theo-
dore Kearney purchased the entire business. In 1881, a complete
line of watches and jewelry was added to the business.
Theodore Kearney was born in County Sligo, Ireland, on No-
vember 2, 1840. His father, who was a farmer, moved to Oswego,
N. Y., the following winter, and began operations as a salt dealer.
In those days (1840-41), British emigration to America was generally
made by way of Quebec and Montreal. When but ten years of age
Theodore Kearney was for seven months a scholar under A. G.
Wilder, at the Kinzie School. He left school, and began work at
the ship carpenter's trade for Miller & Doolittle. Three months
later he tried a short season of boiler-making for Mason & Mc-
Arthur, and after four months' experience, which taught him that
he was out of his element, he found employment with Louis Nolan,
a jeweler at No. 57 Clark Street, known as the " Evans Block."
This was in 1853. lie remained with Mr. Nolan for three and a
half years, when receiving a good offer from William A. Hendrie
he engaged with him for a year. Before the expiration of the time
a big business opening promised itself at Belvidere, 111. A year's
experience with fames Wilson, in Belvidere, induced Mr. Kearney
to undertake business for himself. In 1857, Aurora, 111., held out
such attractions that he and George Bement opened a store. This
was the year of the panic, and business proved unprofitable. The
next year Mr. Kearney was in Chicago again, and was salesman
for George W. Stevenson & Co. for the following eight years, until
1865, when he took up business for himself as herein before slated.
Mr. Kearney was married, in 1860. to Bridget E. Melody, daughter
of John Melody, of Waukegan, 111. They have had four children,
— Devin, Charles E., Theodore and Frank.
II. MUHR'S SONS. — The house of II. Muhr's Sons, of Phila-
delphia, Penn.. was established in 1853. They manufacture the
crown-filled watch-cases, rings and lockets, for which they have
become celebrated over the entire United States, and are doing a
very heavy business in their specialties yearly. They employ an
army of travelling men, and have in all the large cities branch
offices, presided over by their agents. The partners of the estab-
lishment remain at home. In charge of their Chicago branch, at
room 12. Nos. 100-104 State Street, is that very genial and popu-
lar gentleman, S. Kaiser, who has been connected with the whole-
sale jewelry business for the past seventeen years.
S. KAISER was born at New York City, on May 29, 1853,
where he attended the public schools. At the age of lifteeu
he graduated from the high school, corner of Twenty -third
Street and Fourth Avenue. He then began his business career as
clerk in the employ of the jewelry house of Bloch Bros., No. 4
Maiden Lane, with whom he remained nine years. From that em-
ploy he went to H. Muhr's Sons, where he has since remained.
On March 15, 1881, he was married, in Chicago, to Miss Jennie
Kohn. They have one girl, — Florine. Mr. Kaiser is a member of
the Merchants' and Standard clubs of this city.
FRANK LEWALD, of F. Lewald & Co., wholesale jewelry
merchants, was born in New York, on September 29, 1854. Dur-
ing his infancy his parents removed to Milwaukee, Wis., where he
remained until he was fourteen years of age, during which time he
attended the public schools. In 1868, he came to this city and
entered the employ of E. Devide, who was carrying on painting,
with whom he stayed nearly three years. He then engaged with
C. E. Webber & Co., on South Water Street, and for ten years
continued in their employ. In 188:, he went to St. Louis and
began the jewelry business on his own account, at No. 211 Fourth
Street. At the expiration of two years he returned to this city and
resumed business at No. 119 Madison Street, under the firm name
of F. Lewald & Co. His success may be attributed to character-
istic energy and persevering effort which have won for him a posi-
tion high in the estimation of the trade. He was married, on
March 7, 1883, to Miss Bertha Kohn, of Rock Island, and has one
son — Clarence. Mr. Lewald is a member of the Ideal Club and of
several charitable institutions.
SETH THOMAS CLOCK Co. — Machines for measuring time date
back to the early part of the 6th century. Since then, invention
has worked great changes. The first American clocks are said to
have been made by Seth Thomas, who manufactured them for the
trade in 1813, at Plymouth, Conn. The American Clock Com-
pany was organized on January I, 1865, in New York, by E. C.
Mine and Seth E. Thomas, for the purpose of putting on the mar-
ket, in even competition, the clocks of the different companies
included in the organization. The names of the companies inter-
ested were: Seth Thomas Clock Co., New Haven Clock Co., E.
N. Welch Clock Co., Welch, Spring & Co., Gilbert Clock Co., and
Seth Thomas' Sons & Co. Up to this time these companies had been
manufacturers only of different styles of clocks. In October, 1865,
at No. 115 Lake Street, the American Clock Company established
their Chicago house, with W. 'F. Tompkins as agent. They con-
tinued at No. 103 Lake Street up to the fire of October, 1871.
After the fire, in which their combined loss was $170,000, they re-
opened at No. 170 State Street, remaining there until January I,
1879. In the spring of the previous year, the firms composing the
American Clock Company decided to go into liquidation on Janua-
ry i, 1879, and use the year 1879 to settle up their business. After
1879, the different companies carried on their own interests respect-
ively under their own managers. Mr. Tompkins, as manager,
752
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
represented the Seth Thomas Clock Company at No. 170 State
Sired. This company is a corporation organized under a special
act of the Connecticut Legislature.
\\ ii I j AM I-KANKI.IN To.Mi'KiNs, manager of the Seth Thomas
Clock Cump.my. was born at Bristol, Conn., on August 24, 1829.
llis education \vas begun in the public schools of his native town,
where he applied himself assiduously to his studies until he was
seventeen years of age. He then entered the wholesale and retail
merchandising establishment of Mr. \Velch, of Bristol, with whom
he remained three years. The following year was spent in the
employ of Smith \ Son, of Chapel Street. In 1860, he was en-
gagvd by the American Clock Company in their New York depart-
ment, until October, 1865. He then came to this city in the interest
of that company, where he remained until 1879, since which time
he has had charge of the Seth Thomas Clock Company's Western
branch. The latter concern was established at Thomaston, Conn.,
in 1813. It is one of the oldest companies in this country, and is
probably the most widely known clock company in the world. Mr.
Tompkins was married on May 2, 1852, to Miss Julia M. Cook, of
Cheshire, Conn.
WIU.IAM HKNRY SMITH, western manager of the Terry Clock
Company, was born at Adams, Mass., on April 25, 1858. His
education was begun and finished at I'ittsfield, Mass., where he
remained until twenty years of age. He first entered commercial
life in a retail store in I'ittsfield, where he staid two years, then
coming to this city, where he entered the employ of the Terry Clock
Company. Through close attention to business and energetic in-
dustry, he attained his present position, and is recognized as a
business man of unusual ability. The company he represents is
the oldest in the country, Eli Terry having made his first clock in
1792. It had a brass dial, silver washed, with his name engraved
upon it, ami still keeps accurate time, being now in possession of
the estate of his late grandson, James Terry, of Terryville, Conn.
In the clock factory of EM Terry, about the year 1807. Seth Thomas
learned his trade as clock-maker. During the next five years, clocks
were manufactured by others at Waterbury, Winsted, Litchfield
and Bristol, Conn.
GLASSWARE, ETC.
FRENCH, POTTER & WILSON, importers and dealers in crock-
ery, china, glassware, etc., is an off-shoot of the original Boston
house, established there in 1822, by Abram French, who continued
at the head of its affairs until his death, which occurred in Febru-
ary, 1884, at an advanced age. In May, 1872, the branch house
was established in this city, under the name of A. French & Co.,
with William O. Chapman as resident partner. Their first place of
business was at No 337 Wabash Avenue, where they remained two
years, when they removed to Nos. 101-103 on 'he. same thorough-
fare; from there, went to the northwest corner of Wabash Avenue and
Washington Street. At this location, their business assumed pro-
portions necessitating their seeking larger quarters. In January,
1883, they removed to their present location, in the Taylor Build-
ing, northeast corner of Wabash Avenue and Washington Street.
In 1879, Mr. Chapman having retired from the house, the present
firm of French, Potter & Wilson was formed by W. A. French,
Edwin A. I'otter and W. Herbert Wilson.
Mr. French is a son of the original founder of the house, and
resides in lioston on his father's homestead, an historic spot, having
once been the property of that famous writer, Peter Parley.
EJwin A. rotter was born at Bath, Maine, in 1842 and is the
son of William Potter and Parnelia (Gilmore) Potter. His grand-
father, William Potter, was a native of Georgetown, Maine, born
July 16, 1765, and died May 30, 1831, and was a son of John Potter,
who was born in Rhode Island in 1738, his death occurred Feb-
ruary ii, 1792, at Georgetown, Maine. William, the father of E.
A., was twice married; first to Jane Mary Morse, of Phippsburgh,
Maine, in March, 1833, and by whom he had one child. His
second marriage was to Parnelia Gilmore, daughter of John Gil-
more, of Woolrich, Maine; from this union six children were born,
all of whom are yet living. Edwin A. the second child of this
marriage, was early given a business training, in connection with
his father's business of lumber and ship-building. In 1872, when
the branch house was established here, he came to Chicago. Mr.
Potter now has a charming home and family, at the suburb of
Kenwood. In October, 1873, he married Harriett A. Berry, daughter
of Colonel Alfred Kerry, of Georgetown, Maine. They have three
children, — William Chapman, Edwin and Gertrude.
OvrvnoN linos. tv OVIMITI.X. — This firm is composed of
Theodore T., Edward J., Edward J., Jr., and Charles K. Ovington.
The business was commenced in Brooklyn, New York, by Theodore
T. and Edward J. who are parents of the other two members of the
firm. About thirty-eight years ago, the father of these two gentle-
men was obliged to take a stock of china and glassware on a debt,
and in order to amuse his sons and occupy their time, he allowed
them to open a store and dispose of the goods. At this period the
great Brooklyn lire swept away nearly everything in the crockery
line except their establishment, and this resulted in a demand upon
them right away, that forced them into the trade which has been
regularly kept up. In 1872, they concluded to open a branch firm
in Chicago, and each interested a son to commence business here
in a small way, while the seniors conducted the large house in
Brooklyn. First opening on West Madison Street, they then moved
to the South Side in 1875, and in 18X5 took possession of their newly
fitted up quarters at No. 145 State Street, occupying the entire
building. They now have one of the finest establishments in
their line of trade, and are doing an immense wholesale and retail
business.
'J'/nviii»v T. OriiigloH. father of Charles K. Ovington, was
born and reared in New York City, and is the senior member of
the house of Ovington Brothers, crockery merchants of Brooklyn,
New York, and also occupies tne same relation to the firm in
Chicago. This house is one of the oldest in Brooklyn.
Charles K. Oi-in»tmi was born at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1856,
and educated in that city. He left school at the age of fourteen,
and entered the crockery business with his father, in which he has
since been continuously engaged. He is connected with the house
of Ovington Brothers, Brooklyn, N. Y., and is also interested in the
Chicago house.
l-'.ihi'anl J. Ovington, Si:, member of the firm of Ovington
Brothers, of Brooklyn, N. Y., was born in New York City, and
since the opening of this house has held his position as partner.
He is the father of Edward J., Jr., who has grown up in the same
line of business. The importance of Chicago led the New York
firm to establish the sons in a manner far superior to that in which
they began their career, besides giving them the benefit of their
experience.
Edward J. Ovington, Jr., was born at Brooklyn, N. Y., in
1855. He was educated in that city and entered the store of his
father at an early age. He remained in Brooklyn until 1876,
when he came to Chicago, and has since that time superintended
the business of the firm. He has seen the enterprise grow from a
small establishment to a mammoth concern, having a selection of
goods creditable to any city, and occupying one of the finest stores
in Chicago, with every appliance for convenience adopted in modern
buildings, and located in the very center of the business portion of
this great metropolis. He was married in 1880, "to Miss Mary
Barnes, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and has three children,- — Earle, Ray-
mond and Edward.
GEORGE BOHNER & Co. are manufacturers and jobbers of
lamps, glassware and chandeliers. The pioneer wholesale house in
the above line of business in this city was that which was estab-
lished in 1863 by N. F. Merrill, now retired from active business
life, though still a resident of Chicago. When Mr Merrill opened
his house, which was located at No. 71 Randolph Street, the trade
was very limited — a few barrels of oil and a few dozen lamp chim-
neys and burners being considered a good day's business. Since
the time of common glass and tin lamps, genius has invented the
elegant art lamps and chandeliers which combine luxurious orna-
mentation with usefulness; and this splendid improvement has all
occurred during the last few years. In a great measure this prog-
ress has been due to the ingenuity and skill of George Bohner.*
Prior to 1871 there were no hanging extension lamps, such as are
now to be found in nearly every home, and none were put on the
market until Mr. Bohner brought out his invention — " Bohner 's
Patent Library Lamp." From his device has developed the great
variety of library lamps now to be found all over America. Prior
to the fire of 1871, Mr. Merrill sold out to Eaton, Maguire & Co.,
and they were succeeded by Eaton & Brown. On January I 1871,
the firm became Brown & Bohner, the members being H. S. Brown
and George Bohner. The firm of George Bohner & Co. succeeded
them in 1875, since which time Mr. Bohner has had exclusive man-
agement. In the great fire of 1871, Brown & Bohner were completely
burned out at No. 71 Randolph Street. They immediately re-
sumed business in one of the lake-front shanties at the foot of Yan
Buren Street, the rear end of their store projecting out over the
"basin" of the lake. Later on, the store was removed to the
business district, and the premises are now located at Nos. 55-57
Wabash Avenue. The house employs forty persons, and does a
business aggregating $300,000 per annum. The goods manu-
factured by Bohner & Co. are unsurpassed in variety, beauty, and
originality of design, and the reputation of the firm is of the
highest.
PATENT MEDICINES.
H. F. BrcKi.EN, manufacturer and dealer in patent medicines,
was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., on July 19, 1848. His edu-
cation was completed at the New York State Academy and at Bryant
* For personal sketch of Mr. Buhner, see " Iroquois Club."
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
753
& Stratton's Commercial College in Chicago. In 1860, he moved to nent houses of Chicago is Bunte Bros. & Spoehr, manufacturing
Elkhart, Ind., where he lived and worked for sixteen years, as a
druggist's clerk and a druggist. He came to Chicago in 1877,
and was married in the same year to .Miss Bertha E. Redfield,
daughter of Hon. George Kecltield, who was State Senator, and
Slate Treasurer for Michigan. They have two children. Mr. Buck-
len is the proprietor of four patent medicines in which he does a
very large and successful business, — Dr. King's New Discovery for
Consumption, Coughs and Colds, Bucklen's Arnica Salve, Electric
Bitters, and Dr. King's New Life Pills.
He also prints a newspaper called the
" Druggist," devoted to " Health, Business
and Science," to advertise his medicines, and
also expends, annually, about one hundred
thousand dollars with the leading newspa-
pers all over the United States and Territo-
ries, setting forth the excellent qualities of
his wonderful remedies.
THEODORE NOEL, proprietor of the cel-
ebrated natural remedy, " Elixir Vite," is a
native of Niles, Michigan, and was born on
July 3, 1840. His father, Dr. William T.
Noel was a Virginian by birth and was
lineally descended from the Huguenot stock;
his mother, who is still living at ninety-two
years of age, is from one of the oldest and
most respected families of Virginia, and is
related to the descendants of the pioneer set-
tlers of Jamestown. In 1853, the family
removed to San Antonio, Texas, where
young Theodore continued in school until
his fifteenth year, when he left home to seek
his fortune. After having been engaged in
several vocations he became an agent for
"Audubon's American Fowls," "Appleton's
American Encyclopedia," and other works
of similar character, and in a twelve month
received $22,000 in commission. With these
proceeds he established himself at Galves-
ton, Texas, in the publishing trade, which
he continued until 1861. Notwithstanding
he voted the republican ticket, and was in
full sympathy with the political principles
emanating from the old whig party, he, with
thousands of others, rather than to be stig-
matized as a traitor to his State, friends and
family, was induced to join the Confederate
flag. He served under General Sibley in
Nmv Mexico and Arizona for some time, and
subsequently was attached to the secret ser-
vice and signal corps until the War closed,
lie participated in fourteen battles and thir-
ty-two skirmishes, and was wounded six
times. 1 hiring the \\ ar he was army corre-
spondent for the " Galveston News " and the
" Richmond (Tex.) Enquirer," and when
released from the service he published a
volume entitled " From Sante Fe to the
Mississippi," which detailed the operations
of the Confederate Army in the Southwest,
and was a success as a literary work and
from a financial standpoint. The next four
years were spent raising cotton and cane on
a plantation in Southern Texas with great
success, which he relinquished to engage in
publishing at Waco, where he remained until
1876, when he came to Chicago as the rep-
resentative and manager of the Texas Land
and Emigrant Association. He disposed of
his property in Texas for lands in Utah and
Montana, and established a paper, "The
American," in this city, in the interest of
mining and internal improvements. Mr.
Noel was first to introduce the mineral sub-
stance " Elixir Vitse " to the public, which has become famous as
a remedy throughout the world. Mr. Noel was married, on Janu-
ary 12, 1864, to Miss Harriet S., daughter of Judge Harris, of
Brazoria, Texas. They have one child, — Joseph R.
CONFECTIONERS.
BUNTE BROS. & SPOEHR.— In making a careful review of the
various commercial branches and manufacturing industries which
have materially aided the metropolis of the Northwest, many estab-
lishments worthy of special note can be found. Among the promi-
48
confectioners. This firm has been in business but a few years, but
in a comparatively short time they have built up a trade that is truly
wonderful, placing their goods with success in States where no
other Chicago manufacturer in this particular branch of trade had
ever thought of venturing. This firm was established in 1876, and
and was first located at No. 416 State Street. Cramped quarters
soon compelled a change of location to No. 83 Market Street, and
at the time of their removal, in March, 1885, to Nos. 72-74 West
THE H. E. BUCKLEN BUILDING.
Monroe Street, they were also occupying Nos. 79-81 on the former
thoroughfare. Two hundred hands are employed, many of them
of long experience and exceptional skill. The trade of the house
now extends into every State and the majority of the Territories,
and amounts to over $350,000 annually. This firm was the first in
Chicago to introduce their products in Eastern cities, and met with
heavy competition from the manufacturers of New York and Boston.
But Messrs. Bunte Bros. & Spoehr, is well as other Chicago manu-
facturers who have since entered the Eastern market, found they
could more than compete with those cities, and have built up a large
and increasing trade. The firm is composed of Ferdinand Bunte,
Gustavus Bunte, and Charles A. Spoehr.
754
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
C/iar/,-s .1. Sfiv/i>- was horn at Gocppingcn, Germany, in 1841,
anil was educated in a commercial school at Stuttgart. He came
to America, in tsoy ami settled in Philadelphia, residing in that
city for two years. Hi- came to Chicago in iso.), anil until the
founding of the lirm of which he is the junior member, in 1^7(1, he
was engaged in different enterprises in this city, being identified
with John Kran/'s establishment from 1871 101876. lie was mar-
ried, in iSsi, to Miss Johanna llnnte, of this city, by whom lie had
one son, Conrad. His wife died in the spring of 1 882, ten months
after marriage. Mr. Spoehr was married again, in August, 1884,
to Miss Frida Ilacuerlen; they have one son, — Herman.
MARTIN PAWSON, of Nos. 214-111 Kast Kinzie Street, is a
niannfaetnrer and wholesale dealer in confectionery. 'This busi-
ness was originally established in 1855, by J. r>. 1 1 emu-gen ..V Co.,
which was afterward N. Crickard \ Co., of which lirm Mr. Daw. son
was bookkeeper. Mr. Crickard died in 1868, and Mr. I >awson
• eded to the business and formed a partnership with M. Shields,
the lirm being known by the style of 1 lawson ,S; Shields. The
house was at that time located at No. 17 (.'lark Street, where they
did a successful business until the great lire of 1871, which swept
away everything they had, involving a loss of $15,000. After the
fire the firm resumed business temporarily at No. 83 South Green
Street, subsequently moving into their new building at Nos. 43-45
State Street. There they continued until 1878, when the partner-
ship was dissolved, Mr. Dawaon continuing the business at No. 211
State Street, where he remained until October, 1863, when he
I to his present quarters. The history of this house, in its
wonderful growth, is a fitting commentary on the unprecedented
progress of the city. The products from his factory have attained
a reputation for pure and prime excellence on their own merits,
extending all over the South, West and Northwest, and securing
a vast business for the same, until the transactions of the house now
amount to over $300,000 annually. The premises now occupied
are commodious, convenient and specially arranged for the busi-
ness, consisting of two large brick buildings, forty-five feet front
and one hundred feet deep, four stories in height with basement,
giving him twenty-two thousand five hundred feet of floor surface,
which he utilizes in the prosecution of his extensive business. Mr.
1 lawson was born in Ireland in 1845, and came to Chicago with
his parents in 1852. He received his education at St. Mary's of
the Lake private school, destroyed in the fire. Mr. Dawson en-
tered the establishment of which he is now proprietor when a boy;
first as clerk, next as bookkeeper, and now sole proprietor. Suc-
cess has attended him, and to-day he stands in the front rank of
our wholesale merchants. He is a member of the Union Catholic
Association, of the Irish-American Club, and is secretary of the
National Confectioners' Association.
JOHN C. NKKMKS & Co., manufacturers and jobbers of con-
fectionery, are located at Nos. 28-34 Michigan Avenue. This
house was founded in 1858, by C. W. Sanford, and in 1867 the
style was changed to C. W. Sanford & Co., John C. Neemes, now
the senior member of the house, at that time entering the Brffl.
Prior to the lire, the house was located at No. 38 East Randolph
Street ; after the fire, business was resumed at the corner of Lake
and Peoria Streets, and in 1873 was removed to its present loca-
tion. The premises now occupied are four stories and basement
in height, and 80x124 feet in dimensions, giving them over
51,000 square feet of floor surface, which they completely utilize in
the prosecution of their extensive business. When operations were
resumed after the fire, George H. Brooks purchased the interest
of Mr. Sanford, and the house became Known as Brooks & Neemes.
-'>, Mr. Brooks withdrew from the house, and the present firm,
consisting of John C. Neemes, Mark S. Van Deusen and William
Leimert was organized. Industrious, enterprising, and conducting
their business upon the most elevated plane of integrity, the firm
have inspired confidence in trade and attracted custom. They
have built up a reputation, as mentioned above, and on the merits
of their superior goods have extended their trade from contracted
limits until it now reaches from the Eastern States to the Pacific
and the Gulf of Mexico, their transactions amounting to
over $5°°.ooo annually, and are constantly increasing.
ji'lin I'. .\'<;-wes was born at Poultney, Vt., and there he re-
ceived his education and spent his boyhood days. He came to
( 'hieago in 1857, and in 1868 became a member of the house of
which he is now the senior member. Mr. Neemes is a cultivated
and genial gentleman, as befits his trade, and is respected socially
as well as commercially. He was married in 1862, and has four
children,— Harriet I)., Helen May, Grace M. and [ohn C.
M. K. !'\<;K >\; COMPANY, located at Nos. 207-13 Lake Street,
are manufacturers of confectionery and wholesale dealers in con-
fectioners' supplies. This house was established, in a small way,
by M. E. Page, in 1861; the entire extent of space occupied by
him at that time for offices, store-room and factory was seventeen
feet front and forty-live feet deep. The history of this house, and
its wonderful growth, is a lilting commentary on the unprecedented
progress of Chicago. The firm has extended its trade until it
K aches from the Eastern States to the Pacific Coast and Gulf of
Mexico, ami amounts to over $1,000,000 annually. The premises
occupied by the linn are commodious, convenient and specially
arranged for the business. The factory has a complete equipment
of the most modern machinery and appliances, a large amount of
w'hich was invented, designed and built under the supervision of
Mr. Page. Engines of two hundred horse-power supply the motive
power, and three hundred hands are employed. The stock carried
to till the requirements of their extensive patronage will average
$200,000, twenty-live tons of material being used daily. For years
.Mr. Page gave his unremitting personal attention to the business,
which now requires the additional supervision of his partner, K. P.
Patterson, who became a member of the firm in 1867. They have
each been connected with the business for about twenty-live years.
Milli'ii !•'.. /'((;'<• was born in Maine, in 1832. His father,
Samuel Page, one of the earliest settlers of Chicago, came here in
1833, and died in 1849. The son was reared and educated in this
city. In 1868, Mr. Page was married to Miss Dora St. George, a
native of Milwaukee and a descendant of the St. Georges of En-
gland. She died on January 24, 1885, leaving five children, —
Milton E. Page, Jr., now in the employ of his father; Walter
Henry, Laura O., Albert G. and Frances Virginia.
PAPER BAGS.
GODFREY & CLARK, of No. 120 Lake Street, are manufactur-
ers of, and wholesale dealers in, paper and paper flour-sacks, and
carry red and grey express, manilla, hardware and rope papers as
specialties. Successful from the start, this popular house was estab-
lished by the above firm at Pittsburgh, Penn., in 1860, where their
principal house still remains, being located at No. 830 Liberty
Street. Their mills for the manufacture of their goods are at
Elkhorn, Penn., and Tarentum, Penn., and are among the largest
of the kind in the United States. They were so unfortunate,
during 1883, as to have their mills at Tarentum destroyed by fire,
but they were again re-built on a much larger scale in 1884. The
firm employ in their mills and Pittsburgh house four hundred men;
have invested in mills, machinery and stock about $500,000 ; and
do a business- reaching nearly one million dollars annually. The
Chicago house, which was established in 1872, occupies a large
five story building, having a capacious basement, at No. 120 Lake
Street, where they constantly carry from twenty-five to thirty
thousand dollars' worth of stock. Their trade during 1884 amount-
ed to over $100,000, and is rapidly increasing. The aid of fourteen
men, fully conversant with the business, is constantly required in
the different departments of the Chicago house to conduct it prop-
erly. They especially cater to the millers' trade direct, making a
specialty of the celebrated Godfrey & Clark- double satchel. bottom
paper flour-sack, which can not be excelled by any house in the
country. The long standing and prominence of this firm for mak-
ing good stock from the best of material, and the high rank they
have held in the market for a long series of years give them a lead-
ing position in the trade. The Chicago house is fitted out with a
complete printing office for printing labels on Hour-sacks, the
machinery being entirely new, their inks of the most brilliant
colors, and type and engravings of the latest and most unique
designs. The popular and now much used red express paper was
first manufactured and introduced in the West by Godfrey \ Clark.
Joseph C. Godfrey, son of the senior member of the firm, is the
manager of the house in this city, of which he took charge in
April, 1884. He was born at Pittsburgh, Penn, on September 4,
1865. He passed through the high schools of that city and en-
tered the \\Ystcrn University at Alleghany City, from which he
graduated in 1882. From that time until April, 1884, he spent
his time in the Pittsburgh house, making himself conversant with
the details of the trade. He is a young man of fine business abili-
ties, and has a bright future before him.
TIIK UNION BAG AND PAPER COMPANY was first organized as
a private house by Francis T. Wheeler and J. Ilinman in 1866. It
was then located on LaSalle Street near South Water. In 1871, a
company was formed, consisting of Mr. Wheeler, L. G. Fisher, Jr.,
and W. E. Hale, under the firm name of Wheeler, Fisher & Co.
After the fire they did business at Nos. 107-109 Lake Street for
about five years. In 1873, Mr. Fisher bought out Mr. Hale. In
1875, a stock company was formed, called The Union Bag & Paper
Co., with a capital of $50,000. This was subsequently increased
to $225,000 and in July, 1882, to $500,000. From 1876 to 1882,
the location of the factory was at Nos. 53-55 Michigan Avenue.
I luring that year, at the corner of Third A" venue and Polk Street,
Messrs. Wheeler it Fisher erected a substantial six-story brick
building, 75 x 100 feet, all but one floor of which is occupied by the
company. Starting with an annual production of 10,000,000 bags,
business increased so rapidly that the manufactory now turns out
about 300,000,000 annually, valued at $500,000. They are made
entirely by machinery, which takes the paper in a roll, folds, pastes,
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
755
cuts, dries and counts at the rate of three hundred bags a minute.
The shipments of the company go all over the world. Francis T.
Wheeler, its president, came to Chicago from Madison, Wisconsin,
in the spring of 1866 and in October of that year established this
business. This was his first independent business enterprise, and
how great a success he has made of it, is told by the foregoing
statement of facts. L. G. Fisher, Jr., secretary of the company,
has contributed his energy and business ability toward bringing
about these flattering results.
NOTIONS, TOYS, ETC.
The notion trade in Chicago was for many years
conducted as a feature of the business carried on by the
dry goods houses and drug stores, coining under the
general designation of fancy goods. It was not until
1853 that the notion and toy trade began to be consid-
ered as a distinct branch of business, four establish-
ments at that time giving attention mainly to this variety
trade, though not then, or for two or three years after-
ward, doing so exclusively. In 1855, the firms devoted
for the most part to this trade numbered ten, and, in
1858, eleven. In the latter year, one house — Vergho,
Ruhling & Co. — commenced the wholesale business in
connection with the retail. From this time the whole-
sale trade steadily increased, while the retail business
kept pace with the growth of the city. Thus we find,
by 1860, some dozen notion and toy stores, of which
three or four had a very respectable wholesale trade.
In 1865, the number of stores had reached a total of
forty. Of these, three confined their wholesale business
to toys proper, and six others to the wholesale trade in
notions. During the five years following, the growth
of the population seems to have justified the existence of
sixty-five general notion and toy stores in 1870, while
fifteen were devoted to the wholesale trade, a few of them
exclusively. Two years later, the latter had increased to
seventeen and the former to one hundred and two, the
aggregate trade being estimated at not far from $400,000.
By 1875, the business was represented by twenty-two
wholesale and one hundred and sixteen retail houses,
some of the latter in combination with dry goods, etc.
With the wonderful impetus given to all kinds of busi-
ness by the growth of the population in Chicago from
1875 to 1880, the notion and toy trade had increased
so rapidly that, in the latter year, two hundred and
eighty notion and variety stores were found doing a
retail business, and thirty-five firms were engaged in
this branch of the wholesale trade, some of them in con-
nection with other lines. The estimated value of the
entire trade for 1880 was $900,000. The business, es-
pecially among retailers, has shown a large increase
since 1880, no less than 383 stores, great and small,
being devoted to this peculiar trade as retailers, and
thirty-six ranking as wholesale in 1885. The business
of the latter year is measured by an aggregate of about
$1,200,000, fairly belonging to the legitimate notion and
toy trade of Chicago. During the past five years the
manufacture of toys, mostly wooden, and of toy furni-
ture, has grown to considerable proportions in this city,
being represented by four or five establishments, with an
aggregate capital-of about $250,000, and producing, for
each of the two years 1884 and 1885, about $600,000
worth of goods.
VKRUHO, Rui ILINO& Co. —This house, now one of the oldest and
best known of any in this branch of trade in the West, was founded
here in 1855, by Charles Vergho and Adolph Ruhling, under the
present firm name of Vergho, Ruhling & Co. Their first place of
business was at the corner of Dearborn and South Water streets.
They remained at that location until in 1860, when they moved into
one of the new buildings which had been erected at No. 154 Lake
Street, that portion of the block on Lake Street between Dearborn
and Clark having been visited by a big fire on September 15, 1859.
Here they continued unti! the great blaze of October, 1871, in
which they were burned out, sustaining losses amounting to
$253, ooo. Notwithstanding their reverses here, however, two
weeks later saw them re-established in business on the Lake Front,
and (with the exception of a wonderful diminution of stock) doing
business the same as though no fire had ever occurred. In the sum-
mer of 1871 they removed to Nos. 138-42 State Street, where they
remained until 1883. Their business having greatly increased, they
were compelled to seek larger quarters, which they found at the
corner of Wabash Avenue and Madison Street. In this connection,
and as evidencing the remarkable growth of the business of this
house, it may be of interest to state that in 1855 their total sales
did not exceed $50,000, and even these figures were reduced con-
siderably a few years later, in consequence of the panic of 1857;
now, however, their annual trade exceeds $700,000, and is still
increasing, while the territory covered by their sales extends over
the entire West and Northwest. The house of Vergho, Ruhling &
Co. is also the oldest in its line of trade, having been in existence
longer without a change of firm name and style than any other
house in the West.
Charles Vergho, its founder, was born in Bavaria, Germany, in
1830. His parents were Benediks and Josephine (Herzog) Vergho.
He came to Chicago in 1852, and was for three years engaged in
banking. In 1855, he founded the house of which he is still the
head, and which ranks among the very foremost of Chicago's com-
mercial institutions. He married Emilie Varges, daughter of
Louis Varges, M.D., of Chicago. They have three children, —
Agnes, Ida and Charles; another son, Herman, is dead.
.-liM/i/i A'it///iiiff was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1821. He
was engaged in clerking for several mercantile firms in Hanover up
to 18.19, when he came to Chicago. He went to Milwaukee,
remaining there for one year, returning to Chicago in 1850. He
then clerked for Urhlaub & Suttler, dealers in fancy goods and
notions, on Lake Street, up to 1855, when, with Mr. Vergho, he
established the above house. He married Josephine Haack, of
New York City; they have four children, — Herman, Adolph, Fritz
and Gustav.
OILS.
THE P. C. HANFORD OIL Co. — The business to which this
corporation became successor was originally established in 1861,
by O. P. Chase and P. C. Hanford, under the name of Chase,
Hanford & Co. They were then located at the corner of LaSalle
and South Water Streets, and business steadily developed from a
small beginning. In those days petroleum products were four or
five times higher in value than at the present time, and the five
years' business of the firm showed a volume of about $200,000
annually. Prior to the great fire of 1871 the firm removed to the
corner of South Water Street and Wabash Avenue, and in that loca-
tion they were burned out. They re-built the store and occupied it.
In 1875, Mr. Chase withdrew and Mr. Hanford purchased his inter-
est, changing the name to P. C. Hanford & Co. , the company however
being nominal. During the succeeding years the business devel-
oped wonderfully, and Mr. Hanford decided to organize a stock
company, and thus bring to his aid the monetary assistance neces-
sary to properly carry so large a business. In 1883, the P. C. Han-
ford Oil Company was organized with a capital of $500,000. P. C.
Ilanford was elected president, Albert E. Hutchins vice-president,
and Stephen N. Hurd secretary. These gentlemen are all active
in the management of the business, each having many years of ex-
perience in the oil trade. They are wholesale dealers in all grades
and kinds of illuminating and lubricating oils and such goods as are
handled in the general paint trade. They also carry and handle
large stocks of turpentine and rosin, and in their line are probably
the heaviest operators in the West. Their barrelling works at En-
glewood have a capacity of one thousand barrels a day; and at Mil-
waukee they also have a branch, where an average of about five
hundred barrels per diem are handled. The company owns the
building in which its city office is located — Nos. 1-13 Wabash Av-
enue and Nos. 51-53 South Water Street, and they carry heavy
stocks there at all times. They are direct buyers, and have all
the facilities for handling oils. The business has become enormous,
the annual transactions reaching the sum of $3,000,000.
Hanford, Hall & Co. — This firm was organized in 1884, and
became successors to the business of the Chicago Linseed Oil Com-
pany. The firm is composed of P. C. Hanford and A. O. Hall,
the general management of the business being in charge of the last
named gentleman. The mills of the company are located at Grand
Crossing, 111., and have a working capacity of fully one thousand
bushels of flaxseed per diem. They manufacture everything that
comes under flaxseed products, and do a business annually of over
$500,000. Twenty-five persons are employed in the works. Since
the mills have come into the hands of Messrs. Hanford & Hall they
have greatly increased the volume of business.
756
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Plrilamkr C. //iiiifi-ni was born at I .ockporl , III., in I >'< V:. ami
has passed his whole life in the West, the greater portion of which
has been spent in Chicago. At the age of sixteen, he arrived in
this i-ity, and became cmplo\cd as a bookkeeper ill a grocery bouse;
Subsequently following the same \ocation in a well-known drug
house until 1861, the year in which he entered into business on his
own account. His career from that date to the present is told in
the skctt ties given above, and they point to the lact tliat he has
been eminently successful in his business undertakings. Mr. IIun-
ford is a typical Western man. having all the characteristics of
force, energy and sagacity which have marked the course of
those men who have, by their individual efforts, built up this
wonderful city, lie was married, on September 3, 1868, to
Miss Emma C. O. Marshall, daughter of lames A. Marshall,
one of the earliest settlers of Chicago. They have two chil-
dren,— Julia Blanche and Charles William. Mr. II an ford
is a member of Home Lodge. No. 5<>S, A. K. \ A. M., and
of the Chicago, Calumet and Washington 1'ark clubs.
RKl'RKSKNTATIVE CITIZENS.
I.\MAN Bl. AIR, deceased, was born at Corlland, N. V.,
on November hi, iMj. After receiving a common school
education, he started out in the world to shift for himself at
i oi nineteen, lie came by canal to Buffalo, and thence
by steamer to I letroit. The trip across the State of Michigan
to Si. Joseph, and thence to Michigan City, was made part!)
by wagon and partly on foot. There he expected to find his
brother, ( 'haunccy, but he was disappointed. Unable to -d
employment in Michigan City. Mr. Ulair came to Chicago,
and was no more fortunate. He then proceeded to Milwau-
kee on loot, but Timlin;; no work, returned to Michigan City,
where he secured a place in a hardware store, receiving his
as compensation. Subsequently he became a dry-goods
clerk in the same town. In 1837, he took charge of a store
which his brother (.'haunccy had purchased, and not long
after became interested with him in the business as a partner,
the firm name being C. li. & 1,. Blair. The firm prospered,
and in 1862 Chauncey removed to Chicago, and he was fol-
lowed by I.yman a year later. He soon became a member of
the Board of Trade, and in a few months realized a hand-
some profit from the sale and purchase of grain. About that
time Mr. Ulair became connected with the firm of Jones &
Culbertson, then quite extensively engaged in the packing
business. In 1865, Mr. Jones disposed of his interest in the
business, and the firm of Culbertson, Ulair A: Co. was formed,
and was continued for nearly a score of years, when the
commission linn of Ulair & Ulair was established. Mr. Blair
was a member of the Tolleston -Shooting Club, and was
preparing to make an expedition to the shooting grounds of
the club, in September, 1883, when his gun accidentally ex-
ploded in his hands, and he was almost instantly killed. Mr.
Blair left a widow and three children, — Mrs. Cyrus Adams,
Miss Mamie, and Lyman Blair, Jr. Deceased was a brother
of Chauncey Bulkley Blair, president of the Merchant's Na-
tional Bank; of William Blair, and of Mrs. Crosby and Mrs.
K. W. Densmore.
WALTER CASS NEWBKRRY was born at Waterville, Oneida
Co., N. V., on December 23, 1835, and is a son of Amasa S. and
Cornelia P. (1'angburne) Newberry. He received an academic edu-
cation, and entered into business as a dealer in hops — the staple
product of his native county — succeeding his father in the trade,
who died soon after Walter had attained his majority. Mr. Newl
berry prospered in his business, and attracting the attention of his
uncle, Oliver Newberry, in Detroit, he was offered and accepted a
partnership interest with him in the shipping house of O. Newberry
& Co. When the War of the Rebellion came on, Mr. Newberry
volunteered his services, and joined the 8 1st New York Volunteer
Infantry, and went to the front as a private. In May, 1862, the
company to which he belonged had the misfortune of losing their
gallant captain ; but Mr. Newberry, then a lieutenant, was equal to
the occasion and assumed the position, and a short time afterward
was created captain by General George B. McClellan. In 1863,
he was serving on the staff of General Negley at ( Gettysburg, and
on account of his bravery and splendid services in that memorable
battle, he was made major of the Twenty-fourth Cavalry, and, in
the same year became lieutenant-colonel. His honors did not rest
here, for, in 1864, he was commissioned colonel of the Twenty-
fourth Cavalry, and, in 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general,
and confirmed as such by the Senate " for distinguished services at
Dinwiddie Court House, Virginia," where he was wounded nine
davs before the surrender of General Robert K. Lee. In July.
1865, ( .eneral Newberry was mustered out of the Army, and" laid
aside his sword to re-enter the peaceful life of a civilian. After
A few years residence in Virginia, where he served as superintendent
of public property of the State, on the stalT of Governor Walker,
for four years, and as mayor of the city of Petersburg, he removed
to Chicago in jSy6, and re-entered his old business in hops, malt,
and brewers' supplies, in which he has continued to the present
time, having built up a large and extensive trade. General New-
berry is prominent in military circles, and numbers his acquaint-
ances by the score, all of whom have the highest respect and esteem
lor him. lie is an active member of the Iioquois Club and
interests himself in democratic politics in his ward and the city.
General NYwberrv is a nephew of Walter L. Newberry. whose
name is perpetuated in Chicago's history by reason of his magnifi-
cent bequest for a public library; he also represents a portion of
the non-resident heirs of his uncle's vast estate. As a citizen and
business man General Newberry is as useful and valuable as he was
when a soldier, and he commands the highest respect and greatest
confidence of all classes of men.
FREIIERICK TTTTI.E, one of the early residents and business
men of Chicago, and well known to nearly every prominent busi-
ness man here, is a native of New York, having been born in
Oneida County, on October 26, 1808. He was brought up and
educated in the East, and resided there for some years after attain-
ing-his majority. On Januarys, lS36 — fifty years ago — Mr. Tut-
tle landed in Chicago. He at once became identified in business
life by becoming a part proprietor in the stage line — then known as
the Western Stage Company — which ran between this city and
Detroit, Mich. 1 le continued thus engaged until 1842, when, with
his brother, Nelson Tuttle, he opened a general store at what is
now known as No. 68 Lake Street. Mr. Tuttle continued engaged
in general merchandising for four or live years, and then, with |edu-
than Brown, became proprietor of the American Temperance
House and afterward of the first City Hotel in Chicago. Brown &
Tuttle continued in the management of the City Hotel until 1853,
when they took a lease of the Sherman House. They kept that
until 1857, and while there they were highly successful.' Mr. Tut-
tle then became a special partner of the hardware linn of Tuttle,
llibbard \- Co., the successors to whom is the present firm of Hib-
bar.l, Spencer, Uartlett & Co. Since 1857, Mr. Tuttle has not
been actively engaged in mercantile life, he having wisely placed
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
757
the greater part of his fortune in real-estate, which, with the growth
and development of Chicago, has so increased as to make him one
of our wealthy men. When the law establishing a Hoard of 1'olice
Commissioners in this city went into effect, Governor Vates, on
February 22, 1861, honored Mr. Tmtle with the appointment as
one of three commissioners. He served a short time, and then
resigned. Mr. Tuttle lias for many years been a stockholder in
the Rosehill Cemetery Association, and is now president of the
same. lie was married, on August 6, 1846, to Mrs. Mary M.
Norton, of Chicago. They have one son, Frederick 1C. Tuttle.
Mr. Tultle is one of the original members of the Calumet Club and
Old Settlers' Society. lie resides in a handsome house on Mich-
igan Avenue, near the Calumet Club House, and at the latter, his
favorite retreat, he meets the acquaintances of "auld lang syne,"
and with them lives over the days and events of early Chicago.
JOHN Wr.si.i v HOANK, president of the Merchants' Loan and
Trust Company, was born at Thpmpson, Windham Co., Conn., on
March 23, 1833, and is a son of Joel and Olis'a (Ilaskell) Doane.
Mr. Doane was reared and educated in the Nutmeg State, receiving
such advantages in learning as the common schools could give.
When twenty-two years of age he determined to come West, and
upon arriving here rented a small store and commenced merchan-
dising. He had but little money, but adopting the rule of small
profits and quick sales, he was soon enabled to conduct a larger
business on his small investment. Endowed with the faculties of
perseverance and patience, lie gradually increased his business year
by year, ami >oon became one of the foremost wholesale grocers in
the Northwest. He worked hard ami unceasingly, and the business
which, in 1856, was insignificant, had been brought up to such
immense proportions in 1870, that it amounted to three million
dollars per annum. In the great tire the house of J. W. Doane Ov
Company sustained immense losses, but their credit wasof the best,
and with the assistance ol ICastern friends they were soon estab-
lished again. \\ ith the energy, enterprise and industry which had
thus far characterized the career of the senior member, the firm set
about to retrieve their lo-ses, and in a short time the house was again
in its fronted financially prosperous condition. In 1872, Mr. Doane
disposed of a large interest in his business to Messrs. Tmvle and
Roper, and then engaged in a new enterprise, he being the lust
merchant that ever attempted importing teas, coffees, raisins, etc.,
direct to Chicago. This concern is located at the corner of Wabash
\\etuie and Randolph Street, and to the business Mr. Doane de-
votes a portion of his time. Since his election to the presidency of
the Men-hams' Loan and Trust Company, Mr. Doane has been
conspicuous in the management of that institution, and his opinions
on finance and monetary matters are courted by many, from the
fact that he is seldom wrong and is a close observer and student of
the financial questions that daily come before him. Mr. Doane
has achieved a notable success in life, through an undeviating course
of right and a strict devotion to his business. Through his able
management, industry and economy he has succeeded in accumu-
lating a competency of magnitude, and to-day stands at the head of
one of the greatest banking houses in the country. Mr. Doane
was married to Miss Julia A. Moulton, daughter of |osis Moulton,
of Laconia, X. II., on November 10, 1857. Mr. Doane has been
a. member of the Calumet Club since its organization, and in 1885
was elected president, vice General . \nson Stager, deceased.
LliiiiY, MI-NKII.I. A LlliliY.— The trade in packed canned
meats is undoubtedly one of the most important of the industries of
( 'liicago. The leading house in the trade is that of l.ibby, McNeill
& Libby, the largest packers of canned meats in the entire world.
This firm lirst embarked in the business of packing beef product
in April, iSiiS. The style of the firm was then A. A. l.ibby \- Co.,
the partners being Arthur A. Libby, Archibald McNeill and Charles
1'. Libby. For several years their operations were confined to
packing beef in brine, in barrels and in tierces. The first year
they had in their employ not to exceed five men, and their total
sales of product did not reach $60,000, the number of cattle
packed being exactly one thousand two hundred head. The busi-
ness of packing beef in this manner exhibited a healthy annual
increase until 1875. In the year previous, the process of preserving
compressed meats in cans was begun, and to William J. Wilson
is due the honor of inventing the process which lias caused a com-
plete change in the packing business. In iSoS, a Frenchman, M.
Appert, discovered a process of canning meats which continued to
be used by manufacturers up to the time of the Wilson invention.
His method was to cut the beef the same dimensions of the tin can
which was to hold it. Then it was forced into the can, sealed, and
cooked. This mode caused beef to contract, thereby losing its
bulk, and the juice of the meat became a gravy which was not
always desirable. On March 31, 1874, Mr. Wilson commenced
packing compressed beef in pyramidal tins, which has since assumed
such gigantic proportions. In July, 1875, the firm of Libby, McNeill
& Libby became part owners of the invention and they commenced
using the same process. The first year of their business in that
line they used 45,420 cattle, and the sales of the canned product
amounted to $187,637. Since then their business has more than
quadrupled. In a single year this firm has packed as many as
2O°. 577 head of cattle, and the sales of the canned product for one
year reached the enormous aggregate of $3, 138,386.09. From July
17, 1875, to February I, 1884, they packed a total of 989,949 cat-
tle, and the figures to January I, 1886, would, probably reach
1,200,000. If to these figures are added the number slaughtered by
this firm previous to their entering the canning business, when all
their beef was cured in barrels and tierces, they have packed at least
1,500,000 head. To comprehend the immensity of their business
it is only necessary to reflect that, allowing eighteen head to the
car, fully 75,000 freight cars must have been required in the trans-
portation of these cattle from their native hills and prairies to Chi-
cago. That in so limited a space of time and from so small a
beginning, a business of such vast proportions should result, simply
establishes the fact of the unquestionable excellence of these goods.
To the firm of Libby, McNeill & l.ibby belongs the distinction of
having packed more cattle than any other linn in the world. Of
the vast quantity of their product, Cleat Britain takes fifty per cent.,
Germany twenty per cent., and the United States and Canada the re-
maining thirty per cent. Depots for the sales of the beef product
of this firm have been established in the principal towns throughout
the United Kingdom, and they ship canned goods to every civilized
country on the globe. The popularity of their goods in this
country is already too well known to make comment necessary.
Awards over all competitors in various Impositions have been made
to them. In the Paris F.xposition of 1878, they received the gold
medal ; at I.inz, 1877, gold medal ; Leipzig, 1877, lirst prize and
gold medal ; Royal Agricultural Society, London, July, 1879, gold
medal; Centennial F.xposition, 1876, highest award and medal;
and at American Institute Fair, 1876, first prize and gold medal.
1 heir principal works are located at the northwest corner of State
and Sixteenth Streets, and cover one entire block. In the block
south of Sixteenth Street, they also occupy several large, commodi-
ous buildings, in which their others and retail markets are situated.
Their slaughtering is now done wholly at the Union Stock-Yards,
the down-town buildings being used solely for cooking, preparing
and canning of meats. The refrigerators in the main building, for
cooling the meats, have a capacity of 3,300,000 pounds. In the
rear of the packing house are the smoke houses, with adjoining
rooms for canvassing, and the output during the summer months
of the canvased smoked beef and beef hams is calculated at 60,000
pounds weekly. Five large iron tanks, with a capacity of 80,000
pounds are in constant use for rendering the tallow and marrow,
and five large boilers furnish steam for rendering, cooking, running
the canning and packing machines and the elevators, and working
the presses used in the manufacture of tin cans, all of which are made
on the premises. To do all this work requires one thousand five
hundred and thirty-nine employes, which shows the great increase in
their business in the short space of eighteen years. During the
eleven years that have elapsed since they began packing compressed
canned beef, Libby, McNeill & Libby have slaughtered nearly
1,500,000 cattle and- have packed more than 42,000,000 cans. It is
impossible to estimate how much of fame such a firm as this gives
to our city through its exports alone; and it is such firms as this
that have raised Chicago to the exalted position it holds among the
great trade centers of the world.
TltK MriT.u. Tut sr SOCIETY, of Chicago, was organized
under a special and perpetual charter granted by the State of Illi-
nois by an Act approved March 6, 1867. The principal objects
of this Society are somewhat unusual, but nevertheless of immense
value to the people of these times. The Society makes home, or
Chicago, investments for those who do not have the opportunity,
ability or disposition to investigate the best methods available for
this purpose. Estates are to be freed from Encumbrances-, or to be
distributed by assignments or otherwise among creditors. Some
estates are to be finally administered upon and distributed among
heirs or special beneficiaries, or to be held in trust for certain spec-
ified purposes. Others have incomes to be collected and safely
kept at interest until needed. It is often desirable to provide for
improvident or dependent persons an income which they can not
dissipate; for children during minority; for those who wish to be
relieved from the care of their estates; and for others still who desire
to endow charities. The foregoing are a few of the needs of the
public which this Society aims to meet by devoting its entire atten-
tion to business of a fiduciary nature. It has a capital of $300,000;
and its business and affairs are managed by a board of trustees
selected by the stockholders for their integrity, experience and
conservatism, including many of the best known financiers and
business men of Chicago. The officers are Thomas B. Bryan,
president; John 1). [ennings, vice-president; Samuel D. Ward,
treasurer. The advantages of a corporation like the Mutual Trust
Society over an individual as trustee are manifold and important.
The corporation has a perpetual existence and can manage any
758
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
trust, however long its terms. It is a financial corporation in
whilst- car* every trust of whatsoever nature will lie salrlv ami pru-
dently administered.
JOHN D. IKNNINCS is one of tin- few men who have been con-
spicuously identified with the growth anil development of Chicago
from its incorporation as a city ( 1*37) to the present time. Mr.
Jennings was born on April lo, 1816, at Benson, Rutland Co., Vt.
His ancestors were of Knglish descent, and lived for more than two
hundred years in the State of New York. 11 is father, Samuel Jen-
nings, who was born in 177'), at liethlehem, V Y.. moved to Lock-
port, N. Y., in 1820, and built the first frame house in that place,
which was known as the Lockport Hotel, and which he kept until
1832. In 1834, John 1). Jennings went to Buffalo, N. Y., and en-
gaged in the real-estate business. Two years afterward, he removed
to New York City, and continued in the same busines until January
I, 1837, when, owing to the financial depression of the previous
year, he found his occupation gone. Mr. Jennings then resolved
to move West and engage in the mercantile business. He pur-
chased a stock of goods, which he brought to Chicago on July I,
1837; but the hard times having reached here, Mr. Jennings de-
cided to take his goods to Cass County, Mich., where he continued
his general store until 1842. Chicago was, however, his headquar-
ters from 1837, the business in Cass County being carried on by a
brother. Since 1837, Mr. Jennings has been a constant landholder
in this city, and he is undoubtedly one of the oldest tax-payers in
Chicago. In the spring of 1843, he removed his family to this city,
and during the summer of that year he built the first store erected
on Lake Street, east of State Street. At that period the finest res-
idence portion of the city was between the lake and State Street,
and when Mr. Jennings " desecrated " the east end of Lake Street
by building a business house, it brought down upon his head the
indignant anathemas of the citizens residing thereabouts. The site
of that store is the spot now known as No. 56 Lake Street. Again,
when he erected a business block on \Yabash Avenue near Kldridge
(Hurl, some \ears later, the opposition of the residents in that
quarter was such that, to use a modern phrase, they resolved to
"boycott" the establishment, hut their efforts proved futile, for it
was not long before lower Wabash Avenue was one of the leading
business streets in the town. Mr. Jennings continued in the mer-
cantile trade up to 1850, when he sold out and thereafter confined
himself to private real-estate operations. As a judge of the values
of central Chicago real-estate, Mr. Jennings is an acknowledged
authority, and his experience and sound judgment are fre-
quently called upon. In many ways Mr. fennings has seivcd
his adopted city as a public benefactor. In 1864, ten per
cent, scrip was issued in Chicago to the amount of two and
a half millions of dollars, to pay the bounty of voluntcci sol-
diers. A large amount was counterfeited, one-third of which
was sold to Mr. Jennings, but immediately he discovered and
reported the counterfeit, thus preventing a serious and far-
reaching fraud. Mr. Jennings and N. Newhall sent to Bos-
ton at their own expense, for Mr. Brown to come here and
raise the building at the corner of Dearborn and Randolph
streets, which was the first raised in the city. Mr. Jennings
was one of the prime agitators in the movement which subse-
quently led to the inauguration of the South I 'ark boulevard
system. lie was also largely interested in the development
of the South Side street railways, being particularly instru-
mental in securing the building of the \Y abash Avenue line
in 1874-75. lie has been identified with the Mutual Trust
Society of this city since its organization, having held the
office of vice-president of that corporation during its exist-
ence. Mr. Jennings was married, on November 28, 1838,
to Miss llanna \V. Bri/se, of Lockport, N. Y. They have
two children living, — George Frank and F.dwin B. Mr.
Jennings is a member of the Calumet Club.
K.u.l'H N. ISIIAM was born at Manheim, N. Y., on
March 16, 1831, the son of Dr. Nelson and Delia (Snell)
(sham. He acquired his rudimentary educational his native
place, and also received a valuable fundamental training in
materia medica from his father. lie afterward took a full
course in. the medical department of the New York Univer-
sity, and graduated as a Doc-tor of Medicine in 1854. In
November, 1855, he came to Chicago, and engaged in the
practice of his profession; anil in that he has achieved dis-
tinction, such as has been the lot of few either to merit or
attain. He was one of the inaugurators of the Chicago
Medical College, and has occupied the chair of principles
and practice of surgery in that eminent institution; he was
identified with the Michael Reese (Jewish) hospital from
1862 to 1866; during President Lincoln's administration he
was appointed surgeon of the U. S. Marine
hospital, anil from 1873 to 1876 had the gov-
ernance of the new hospital; during the War
he had charge of the U. S. military hospitals
in this city, and during the same period was
one of the most zealous and efficient pro-
moters of the U. S. Sanitary Commission.
He has made several trips to Kurope, and
spent one season in Russia, and there ener-
getically pursued the study of medicine and
surgery. In November, 1856, he married
Catherine Snow, of this city; they have four
children, — George, Ralph, Catherine and
Harriet.
ALEXANDER WHITE was born at Elgin, Morayshire, Scotland,
on March 30, 1814. His father, David White, was a soldier in the
British Army, and fell in the battle of Waterloo. Alexander re-
ceived a good common school education in his native town, and
while being educated manifested a decided talent for drawing and
painting. In 1836, he sailed for New York City, and soon after his
arrival there, through the advice of a friend, went south to Mobile,
New Orleans, and St. Louis, where finding little encouragement he
started northward on a steamer for the Illinois River. On nearing
Naples, 111., the steamer collided with another, and several passen-
gers were drowned. Mr. White and the other survivors drifted
down the river on the wreck to Naples, where they were rescued
and brought to shore. Among those lie met at Naples, doing nothing
but whittling sticks, was Stephen A. Douglas. It had been Mr.
White's intention to proceed to Jacksonville, 111., but he changed his
destination from Jacksonville to Chicago. At Ottawa he took a
stage for the balance of the route, reaching the then small and un-
attractive City of Chicago in the spring of 1837, the second day after
the election of the first mayor, William B. Ogden. He stopped at
the Tremont House, which was then a small affair. The first man
he spoke to was Ira Couch, the proprietor of the house. He was
not long in determining that Chicago was the place for him. He
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
759
started out on his own account, leasing a lot on North Water Street,
the present site of the North-Western depot, and built thereon a
two-story frame store, which he opened with a stock of paints and
oils. I lere he remained for two years, and then removed to LaSalle
Street, between Lake and South Water streets, moving his frame
store there. This was the first house-moving; performance in Chi-
cago, and was achieved despite the dissuasions of everyone who was
cognizant of Mr. White's intention. The river being crossed on
the ice, cracked while the structure was being moved over it. Two
years after, he leased the lot known as No. 165 Lake Street, moving
his shop thither from LaSalle Street, and remained there for sixteen
years, Lake Street having become a great business thoroughfare.
In the meantime, he had added to his business the sale of glass, dye
stuffs, etc., and had also become the agent of Eastern houses for
specialties connected with his business. He also placed on sale a
selected lot of engravings, which were the first ever offered for sale
in Chicago. He found considerable difficulty in disposing of them,
the first purchaser being a Catholic priest. Those were years to
him of hard struggle, but ended in success. Old residents can
still recall the characteristic sign in front of the old Lake Street
store — a globe representing the world, through which a man's head
squeezed its way with apparent difficulty, and with the inscription,
"A tight squeeze to get through the world." The business
throve, and soon extended to a great wholesale trade on South
Water Street, besides two retail houses, one on the West and
one on the South Side. In 1844, in order to pay a visit to his
aged mother, as well as enjoy a rest from his arduous business
cares, he decided on a trip to old Scotland, but before his de-
parture he was entertained at a banquet, given in his honor
by some of his old friends and fellow-citi/.ens, among them
Stephen A. Douglas, K. K. Swift, George Steel and others.
It was at this time he erected for his devoted mother, in his
birthplace at Klgin, Scotland, a home she enjoyed, surrounded
with every comfort, during the remaining years of her long
life. Soon after his return from Scotland in 1844, he bought
from William B. Ogden, for 8400, a lot, 60 feet in frontage,
on the east side of Wells Street, between Randolph ami Wash-
ington streets. Here, for many years, and down to {he time
of the great fire, stood the familiar homestead, which will be
remembered by many old residents as one of the most at-
tractive sights nf those old days, with its pretty front garden
always blooming and fragrant with flowers, and distinguished
amid all its surroundings by the artistic taste displayed in its
arrangements. On the site of that old home, now a center
of business, his family has erected a worthy memorial, in
the shape of a massive stone front building. After years of
prosperous trading, Mr. White, in 1857, disposed of the
business in which he had won a most enviable repute for
thoroughness and merit, to Messrs. Lewis t\; Page — the firm,
by its successors, is still in existence — and turned his attention
to real estate investments. His first venture in this line was
as early as 1839, when he became the owner of a lot on West
Van Buren Street, which he accepted from Mrs. J. 11. Kinzie
in payment of a bill for painting the St. 'James Episcopal
Church. The bill was $20. This proved to be a profitable
investment, and was the beginning of a succession of others
equally fortunate. Among the more notable of these may lie
mentioned the purchase, from T. B. Carter, of a lot 100 feet
on Washington Street, opposite the old Court House Square,
for $4,000. It is worth recalling in this connection, that it
was Mr. White who inaugurated " the big auction sales" of
real-estate which have since played so important a part in
that branch of activity in Chicago. The real-estate activity
of 1807 to 1870 was ushered in by the auction sale of October
17, 1867, of various properties belonging to Mr. White. It
was deemed a hazardous experiment at the time. Previous to
making the sale, Mr. White expressed himself as fearful of
the results, as nearly all of the real-estate men had discour-
aged him, but he determined to make the sale at all haxards;
and the venture more than fulfilled Mr. White's expectations.
He had calculated on a result of $175,000 at the outside, and
would have been satisfied with that amount — -the sale realized
$245,000. The sale opened at n o'clock a. m., at the old
Metropolitan Hall, and closed at about 2 o'clock p. m.
It was another evidence of his business sagacity and his
reliance on his own judgment in that as in all matters.
Previous to this sale the real -estate market had been
quite dull, but this vendue gave it an impetus, it being the
largest in extent of property and in the aggregate amount of
value that had ever taken place in Chicago. It was at this sale
he disposed of his city residence, on the southwest corner of
Wabash Avenue and Hubbard Court, to Mrs. Ira Couch, the wife
of the first man he spoke to on his arrival in Chicago, as before
noted. Soon after the disposal of his mercantile business in 1857,
he re-visited, with his family, his native country and Continental
Europe, returning the following year to Chicago, to give his entire
attention to real-estate investments. lie soon purchased the south-
west corner of Wabash Avenue and Hubbard Court, and built thereon
the handsome residence above referred to in his real-estate auction
sale. In connection with it, he opened the first private art gallery
in Chicago, exhibiting a choice collection of oil paintings, which he
selected while abroad, many of which were painted to order. It
contained a number of the best works of modern genius. Some of
the more noted pictures in this connection were entitled, " Wash-
ington Crossing the Delaware," by Leutze, which is now of National
reputation. Another, a well known and highly valued portrait of
George Washington by Gilbert Stuart. The following are a num-
ber of the artists represented in this collection: Boughton, Brc-
voort, Beard, Brown J. G., Bellows, Church, Coleman, purand,
[''airman, Gifford, Hays, Hart, Johnson (David & Kastman)'Parton,
Richards, Shattuck, Sonntag, Thomas Sully, Gilbert Stuart, An-
dreas Achenbach, Bouianger, Brilloflin Compte-Calix, Camphausen,
Dieffenbach, Fichel, Edward Krere, Gue, Guillemin, Hidderman,
Hiibner, Jordon, Koek-koek, Lambinet, Joseph Lies, Meyer Von
Bremen, Meyerheim, Noterman, Nehlig, Preyer, Rossi, Rolfe.
Seignac, Troyon, Toulmotiche, Verboeckhoven, Van Schendel, Wil-
lems and Weber. It was a matter of general regret in the community
when, in 1866, Mr. White decided to dispose of his collection, but
THE ALEXANDER WHITE BLOCK.; NOS. 83—87 FIFTH AVENUE
it was for the purpose of revisiting Europe, to replace it with a
still finer and more extensive one. He leased his Wabash resi-
dence, and removed his family to New York, for the purpose princi-
pally of giving them the advantage of a thorough education in all
branches. While there in 1866-67, he disposed of his first collection of
paintings at remunerative prices, compared to what they originally
cost him, at the old Leed's Art Gallery at No. 1817-19, on Broadway,
on November 27, 1866, and March 27-28, 1867. He then revisited
Europe, sojourning at the leading art centers, and returned with his
760
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
family, in i>(«), to Chicago. Virtually retiring from active business,
he purchased a country scat in the heart of the city of Lake Forest,
anil called it " Rosedale." This was considered the most tastefully
and elaborately laiil out rural residence \vc-t of New York. ( >u May
14, 1870, Mr. White invited a number of his old Chicago friends,
together with a goodly number of artists and art loicr-, to his country
home at Lake Forest, to witness the opening of his art gallery. It con-
tained smile one hundred and sixty works of art, by the leading ar-
tists of the modern schools, both native and foreign. Among the
former may be mentioned the names of Uellows. Casilear, Church,
lie Haas, (iuy, the two Harts, Hays, 1 1 untiujjton, Inness, Johnson
(Fastman and 1 lavid), Nehlig, Ricliards, |lr. Kugglcs, Shattuck,
Sonntag. and Tail. Among the foreign, the names of Andreas Achen-
bach, Aubert llaugnict, lioughton, lirillouin, llouguereafl, Rosa
Bonheur, lioulangcr, Camphaiisen, Col. Chaplin, Diaz, I >c Keyser,
lianni Dyrkmanu, F.d. Frcre. Gerome, Jalabert, Koek-Koek,
Meissonier, Carl Muller, Merle, Meyerheim, Madon, Meyer Von-
llremen, Nickol, Pcrrault, 1'reycr, Roybet, Schreyer, Siemens,
Toulmouche, Tsehaggeny Van Schendel, Verboeckhoven, Yibert,
Willems, /amacois and Zicm. Many ol the works were ordered
directly of the artists, Mr. White having en joyed a personal acquain-
tance with many of the continental painters. Some of the paint-
ings made their authors illustrious. A numberwere chefs d'ojuvres,
and are well known from their engravings. Beyond all doubt the
collection was the finest one ever brought together in the West. In
the early fall of 1*70, Mr. White visited Kurope for the third time
for pleasure, but principally with a view to the purchase of further
gems of art, and after a yeat ''-• sojourn returned with his art treas-
ures. He had scarcely arranged his new collection, making his
third and last collection, and was arranging for a second opening,
when the great lire of I letober, 1871. took place. Mr. White was a
great loser, together with many of the old settlers in Chicago, in
•he great lire in 1871. His losses in that tire sug-
ge-t the cause of his parting with his art treasures. His entire col-
lection was brought to New York to be disposed of by auction on
the evenings of December T2 and 13, 1871, at the Clinton Hall
Sale Rooms, corner Astor Place and Kighth Street. This collection
was on exhibition, for some time before its sale, at the Leavitt Art
Rooms, Xo. 817 Broadway. The London Art Journal for 1872
had the following: " The collection of paintings belonging to Mr.
Alexander White of Chicago excited general interest, and quite
eclipsed the National Academy of Design, which opened about the
same time. It must be admitted that the Academy looked very like
a primary school in comparison. The critics and connoisseurs did
not hesitate to pronounce Mr. White's collection the finest collection
in America." The proceeds of the admission fee were given to the
Chicago relief fund, for the benefit of the artists of this city who
were rendered penniless by the great lire. Most of those who came
to Chicago contemporary with him have passed away, and yet there
are few of the late coiners who have not heard of him, so closely
was he identified with city improvements and public institutions.
There was scarcely an important event in the art history of Chicago,
which is not in some manner associated with the name of Alexander
White. He took an active part in the first exhibition of pictures,
which was made at Hesler's Gallery, on Lake Street, about 1857.
He was also instrumental in organizing a subsequent large exhibi-
tion in Burch's Block, and the two exhibitions which were given for
the benefit of the Sanitary Commission during the War. He was
also a warm friend of the Opera I louse Art Gallery and Academy
of Design. 1 le was an earnest friend of artists, especially of young
artists, — "of the boys," as he was wont to call them. His reputation
as a connoisseur was not simply local. His cultivated taste and good
judgment in all matters pertaining to the fine arts were recognized
by artists and art lovers, not only here but in New York, and the
art centers of Europe. In New York, great weight was attached to
his opinion on line art matters, and the mere mention of his name
in connection with any art scheme was always a sufficient guaranty
of its excellence. As an instance of this and of his reputation abroad,
it will be remembered that when Meissonier, the great French
painter, set on foot a plan to relieve the Chicago artists who suffered
by the great fire, he invited Mr. White to co-operate with him and
with Messrs. C.oupil of Paris, and Messrs. Schaus & Knoedler of
New York. He was actively engaged at the time of his death,
in the maturing of plans to resuscitate art in Chicago. Among
these were the restoration of the Academy of Design and the
founding of a permanent Free Gallery of Art, from the proceeds of
the sales of the pictures donated by the French artists, in connec-
tion with the free Public Library on the site of the old Post Office,
corner of Dearborn and Monroe streets, which he proposed to pur-
chase for that purpose. The refined taste displayed in Mr. White's
artistic pursuits found further expression in the cultivation
of flowers, of which he had gathered around him a large number of
the choicest kinds, numbering among them rare exotics from many
continents, chief of which was his collection of camellias and
orchids, in which he took so much pride. The latter were regarded
as the most extensive and complete collection of their kind in the
West. His beautiful home at Lake F'orest, with its picture gallery1,
conservatories, and elegant grounds, will be long remembered by
those who have enjoyed the genuine Scotch hospitalities of its
owner. On March 18, 1872, at his country seat in Lake Forest,
amidst his favorite ll.nvei- and art treasures, he passed away. He
was public spirited as a citizen, warm and genial as a friend, and
liberal in his patronage of art and culture; he was a man of re-
markable shrewdness in business matters, self-reliant, always de-
pending upon his own counsel, and keeping that counsel to himself;
he was generous in all his impulse-, scrupulously exact and honest
in all his dealings and relations with men ; strong in his convictions;
charitable in all deserving cases; and never bigoted, but ever liberal
in thought. In politics he had never taken an active part, although
faithful to his duty as a citizen, and voting as his honest judgment
dictated, lie was in all respects a worthy outgrowth of the remark-
able city which he helped to build up. In this connection it may
be appropriately mentioned that in all that pertained to his domestic
relations, his life had been singularly fortunate and blessed. His
wife was Mi-s Ann Reid, oi Orange. Banff, Scotland, whom he
wedded at Chicago in December, 1837, anil who survives him. In
her, Mr. White possessed a treasure of rarer worth than all others
that fortune gave. In all of what he achieved or attempted that
was best, she was his faithful helpmeet, to whose honest counsel he
ever paid heed, and whose guidance never led him astray. These
two "clamb the hill thegither " and saw " mony a canty day \vi' ane
anither." Their children grew to manhood and womanhood under
their eyes, and their education was a subject of their constant solici-
tude and special pride. In Mr. White, art lost a generous and in-
telligent patron, and Chicago an enterprising and honored citizen.
In an ;esthetic point of view alone, his death was a great loss to
Chicago, and its announcement caused unfeigned sorrow in many a
studio both in America and F.uropc. (if the pleasant memories
which remain of this plain open-hearted Scotchman, none are more
pleasing than his love lor the line arts and (lowers, and the high
foreign reputation which he helped, perhaps more than any other
person, to give Chicago. The wealthy merchant and landholder
living in retirement, with his devoted wife and children, sur-
rounded by M the refinements of his position, and recognized as
a patron of art, is one which bears its moral too plainly on its front
for us to point it out ; and when we add that besides material wealth,
Mr. White had secured the richness of the regard of his fellowmen,
and carried with him their regret, we have said all that is necessary
to explain why we point to him as an example of one who was a
credit alike to the land of his birth and of his adoption.
WILLIAM I). PKESTOX, cashier of the Metropolitan National
Bank, is a son of the well-known banker, David Preston, of De-
troit, Michigan, in which city he was born anil educated. His first
experience in business life was attained in the banking house of
which his father was the principal owner, and which is now known
as " The Preston Hank of Detroit." After remaining in that insti-
tution for a number of years, during the time holding responsible
and important positions, Mr. Preston was engaged with Governor
Alger, of Michigan, in the wholesale lumber trade for about four
years. He then came to Chicago, and entered the banking house
of Preston, Kean & Co., of which his father was senior partner,
and represented that gentleman's interests until 1884, when the
organization of the Metropolitan National Dank was effected. Mr.
Preston became largely interested in the latter institution, and was
the assistant cashier of the same until January I, 1886, when he
became cashier, which office he holds at the present time. Mr.
Preston inherits the financial and executive ability for which his
father is noted, and since coming to this city has -.von the esteem and
regard of business men generally. He is' a member of the Union
League Club.
CIIAKI.KS II. Nix was born in a small hamlet near Bingen-on-
the-Rhine, Germany, on June 30, 1836. At the age of six years
he entered school, where he remained, under the Germany compul-
sory education law, until he was twelve years of age. He came to
the United States in 1847, settling in the Wabash valley, Indiana,
attended school there, and finished his education. He was next
apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, and remained in that capacity for
nearly three years, in the meantime perfecting his education by
private study. In 1854, he went to St. Louis, and worked there as a
joiner, studying civil engineering at evening schools at the same
time. He afterward went to the Far West, and in 1859 to Pike's
Peak, camping at Denver, then a wild plain, but now a beautiful
city. lie next went to Saute Fc, where he fell in with officers who
were representing the Government in the construction of F'ort Union,
and who, recognizing his ability, recommended his appointment to
the corps of civil engineers. I laving received his appointment, he
was connected with the construction of the fort until its completion,
when he resigned. In 1857, he returned to the Kast, read law, was
admitted at Hunting-ton, Ind., and engaged in general practice
until the panic ol 1873. In the meantime he had also engaged in
various speculations, by which he rapidly increased his fortunes.
In 1873, he came to Chicago for the purpose of doing a loan busi-
MANUFACTURES AND TRADE.
761
ness, in which he made large gains. He is at the present time, a
wealthy and influential citizen. lie owns large property on the
North 'Side, and some five hundred or more lots in the South
Division. Besides this, .Mr. Nix owns valuable hotel property in
various places, to wil: The Mayer House, Fort Wayne, Ind.; St.
Charles Hotel, St. Joseph, Mich.; Pishcotauqua Hotel, Lake
Geneva, Wis. ; and the Albany Hotel, Denver, Colo., which is one
of the finest on the continent. Mr. Nix was married, in 1865. to
Miss Elizabeth Satterthwaite, the daughter of a prominent Quaker
of Indiana.
SUNDRY INDUSTRIES.
THE FAMOTS DuPONT GUNPOWDES is the product of the
works of the firm of E. |. Dul'ont de Nemours & Company, at Wil-
mington, Dei. The Chicago branch, now in charge of E. S. Rice
at No. 71 Wabash Avenue, was established many years ago. The
founder of this business was Elenthere Irenee DuPont, who was
born in Paris, France, on June 24, 1771. In his early youth he
was the pupil of the eminent chemist Lavoisier, who was an inti-
mate friend of his father, DuPont de Nemours. Lavoisier at that
time was superintendent of the royal manufactories and depots of
powder and saltpetre, and at the mills at Essonne, Irenee DuPont
acquired a thorough knowledge of the manufacture of gunpowder.
The events of the French Revolution involved himself and family
in political troubles, and they all came to this country, arriving at
Newport, R. 1., on January I, 1800. Some months later an acci-
dental circumstance called Dul'ont's attention to the bad quality of
the gunpowder made here at that time, and suggested to him the
idea of establishing works of his own. Having decided to do this,
he went back to France in 1801, re-visited F.ssotine toacquaint himself
with the various improvements in powder-making which had been
made sim-e he left the place. In August of that year he returned to
this country well supplied with plans and models, and bringing with
him some of the machinery for his future mills. In the following
year (1802), these were established on the batiks of the Brandywine
Creek, four miles from Wilmington, Del. After many disappoint-
ments and losses, his energy and courage surmounted every obstacle,
and at the time of his death by cholera, on October 31, 1834, his
powder mills were the most extensive in the United States. Since
then the business has been managed by his sons and grandsons,
who retain the firm name. The present head of the house, Henry
DuPont, is a graduate of the I'nitcd States Military Academy at
West Point, as is als:> his distinguished son, Colonel Henry A.
Dul'ont, whose brilliant career as the commandant of a light
battery of the Fifth United States Artillery is a part of the history
of the Army. About the year 1881, Colonel DuPont resigned from
the Army, in order to take active interest in the affairs of the powder
company of which he is an important factor.
ELLIOTT SMITH RKT. is the general agent of the firm of E. J.
DuPont de Nemours & Company. He has charge of all the busi-
ness of the company in the West and Northwest, comprising some
fourteen States and Territories, with one hundred agents report-
ing to him. Mr. Rice was born in Crawford County, Penn., on
August 29, 1851. He received his education in public and private
schools in Riceville, Crawford Co., Penn. (a town founded by his
family), and at a commercial college in Buffalo, N. Y. Leaving
that institution in iSftS, he kept books for a short time in a whole-
sale grocery house in Titusville, Penn. Thence he went to Frie,
Penn., where, from July, 1869, until March, 1878, he kept the
books of another wholesale grocery concern. He then associated
with himself, as his partner, Charles A. Curtze, and they opened and
conducted a similar business, also in Erie. About this time Mr.
Rice became a sub-agent in Erie for the DuPont powder, and, on
January I, 1883, he sold his interest in the grocery business and
came to Chicago to assume his present charge. The Chicago
agency was established many years before the War. During that
struggle, the demand for gunpowder was so enormous that the
DuPont Company was obliged to abandon all their Western busi-
ness, and concentrate their force on the production of this material
of war. When the emergency passed, the Western business was at
once resumed and the Western headquarters re-established in the
natural place, — the City of Chicago. Mr. Rice was married, in Sep-
tember, 1874, to Miss Annie Johnston, of Frie, Penn.; they have
two children, — Frederick and Margaret. Mr. Rice is a member of
Keystone Lodge, No. 455, A.F. & A.M., of Erie, Penn.
JOSEPH B. COI.LINS, general manager of the Western business
of the Davis Sewing Machine Company, was born on his father's
farm at Smyrna, Chenango Co., N. Y., on December 24, 1841, the
son of L W. and Fannie M. (Peck) Collins. Mr. Collins was edu-
cated at Sodus Academy, Sodus, N. Y., from which he graduated
when he was eighteen years old. After two years experience as a
school-teacher, he came West, in 1862, and located at Belvidere, 111.,
where he engaged in the hardware business. In 1864, he removed
to Peoria, and became a member of the firm of L. Pratt & Co.,
wholesale coffee and spice dealers. The firm sold out in 1867, and
four years later Mr. Collins entered the employ of the Davis Sew-
ing Machine Co., as travelling salesman for the Chicago office,
which was opened in that year. In August, 1872, Mr. Davis was
appointed manager of the Si. Louis oliice, which position he held
until May, 1873, when the St. Louis and Chicago offices were con-
solidated, and he was appointed manager of both, with headquarters
in this city.
JOHN E. LANDEI.I. is a self-made man. Commencing his busi-
ness life in a humble way, he has passed through all the gradations
from poverty to wealth, and now stands an example of what untir-
ing industry, strict economy and honesty can accomplish. He is
the son of poor but honorable parents, and was born in Sweden,
on April 9, 1853. When he was two years of age, his parents emi-
grated to Chicago. His father and mother died not long after their
arrival in this country, and he was sent to Bristol, Kendall Co.,
111., where he lived on a farm for ten years with Andrew Knudson,
working during the summer and attending schools in the winter
time. Returning to Chicago he began peddling shoe-blacking to
the retail grocery stores, lie also worked for Fred Dowe, continu-
ing in his employment four years. At the expiration of that time
his employer assisted him in establishing a retail grocery store at
No. 161 West Frie Street, where he continued for two and a half
years; then, selling out, he went to work as a teamster for the Star
Chemical Works, owned by S. P. Richards, and continued with
him for six years, until Mr. Richards failed. By his prudence and
economy Mr. Landell had saved sufficient money to purchase the
effects from the United States marshal, and opened the store, on
January I, 1879, at No. 186 East Jackson Street, and on May I,
1883, he moved to No. fi Dearborn Street, where he now has a
large and prosperous business in the manufacture of Landell's
Purity Baking Powder and all kinds of extracts, such as Jamaica
ginger, etc. His business annually amounts to more than §100,000.
CEMETERIES.
MARCUS A. FARWELL, president of the Oakwoods Cemetery
Association, and for thirty years actively identified with the mer-
cantile history of Chicago as a wholesale grocer, was born on a
farm in Coshocton County, Ohio, on July 8, 1827. His family
were Western pioneers. The educational facilities of his native
place were not the best, but nevertheless he obtained, during his
boyhood, a very good education in the common English branches.
At the age of nineteen he concluded to try his fortunes alone, and
went to Michigan, where he secured a position as clerk in a country
store. He continued there for four years; but not making the
advancement in life that he anticipated, he started for Iowa. He
remained there for only a brief time, when he decided to come to Chi-
cago. He arrived in 1851, and at once went to work for a whole-
sale grocery house. Chicago had in that year commenced to make
rapid headway as a commercial center; and during the following
two or three years, Mr. Farwell, by his careful economy and strict
devotion to business, succeeded in accumulating a sufficient sum of
money to enable him to buy an interest in the firm of M. D. Oil-
man & Co. On January I, 1856, he was admitted a partner in the
business, and he continued a member of the firm and its successors
— Oilman & Farwell, Orannis & Farwell and Farwell, Miller & Co.
— until 1883, when he disposed of his business interests and with-
drew from active mercantile life to manage the affairs of the Oak-
woods Cemetery Association. In 1864, Mr. Farwell was the owner
of one hundred and sixty acres of land where Oakwoods Cemetery is
now situated. The Oakwoods Cemetery Association was then
incorporated; and from 1864 to the present time Mr. Farwell has
been most actively engaged in managing the cemetery, and has
always held an official position, being at first secretary and treasurer
for a long term of years, and in 1879 he was selected president,
vice Jonathan Young Scammon, resigned. The cemetery is one of
the most beautiful of those that surround Chicago, and to Mr. Far-
well is perhaps due the greatest credit for its admirable manage-
ment. In political affairs Mr. Farwell has always been more or
less interested, but he is not in any sense a politician in the modern
meaning of that word. In 1880-81, he served in the capacity of
South Town Collector; and to give an idea of the high esteem in
which he is held by Chicago business men, it is only necessary to
state that the required bond of six million dollars was tendered him
by the prominent merchants and capitalists without any solicitation
on his part whatever. In 1882, he was a candidate for county
treasurer on the republican ticket, but as the democrats gained the
victory he failed to obtain the office. When the Fox Lake Club
was organized, Mr. Farwell was elected president, and served as such
for three years. He has been a member of the Union League Club
for many years, and is a member of Oriental Lodge, No. 33, A. I1'.
A; A.M. Mr. Farwell was married, on February i, 1860, to Miss
Lucian D. Cross, of Montpelier, Vt. They have four children, —
Cora E., Frederick, Luther C. and Ralph Farwell.
762
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
PAJEAT, designer and wholesale dealer in granite mon-
uments, was born at Kecsville, Essc.x Co., N. \., on June 24, 1^40.
and is of French extraction, his part-ills being Mark and Adcle
(Bcron) I'aieau. lie attended si In >ol at the academy in Keesville
until about eighteen years old; then was employed as bookkeeper
by the Peru Steel \ Iron Company of Clintonville, N. Y.,nnd
subsequently \\-as rasliier and bookkeeper for Sheldon «S: Sloson,
wholesale marble dealers, where he studied and practiced the art of
designing. In 1^79, In- came to Chicago, still in the employ of
Sheldon A: Sloson, whom he represented here for three years.
Among his designs may be mentioned those for the monuments of
the estates of Thomas rfoyne, Judge Kent, Mrs. Boardman, Irving
Ciotild, \Vilmarth Brothers, and William H. Cunningham, Hon.
II. I!. Nurd, !•',. K. Rogers and many others. He has also ex-
ecuted numerous designs for patrons in the Kastern States as well
as in the whole Northwest. Mr. I'ajeau was married, on September
IO, 1872, at West Rutland, Vt., to Mary Li/./ie Cochrane. They
have one son, — Charles Hamilton.
A. 1!. Kiss, undertaker, carrying on business at No. 161
Twenty-second Street, is the son of Elias and Martha (Lamphier)
RUSS. He was born at Hartford, Vt., on March I, 1829. After
attending the schools near his residence, he acquired a knowledge
of the trade of wagon and carriage making at Woodstock and
Montpelier. Vt. At the latter place he formed the acquaintance of
General Leiz Humphrey, contractor for the construction of that
portion of the Great Western Railway, lying between Niagara Kails
and Hamilton, Canada. Returning to Montpelier he married Miss
Jane K., daughter of /ebadiah and Eunice (Humphrey) Hollis, her
mother being a sister of ( ieneral Humphrey. Mrs. Rttss was born
at Quincy, Mass., on July 12, 1828. Mr. and Mrs. Russ have had
four sons, — Fred 11., Charles I.., Edward E. and Owen A. After
his marriage, Mr. Ixuss went to Lowell and entered the employ of
the Lowell Locomotive Works, in whose shops he worked for over
two years, doing from Lowell to Cambridge, he was employed for
seven years in the shops of the Boston & Lowell Railroad. In
1863, he enlisted in Co. " A," 471!] Massachusetts Volunteers. He
was engaged in the attack on Vicksbnrg, where he received promo-
tion for gallant conduct. At New ( trleans he was assigned to duty
on the staff of General T. \V. Sherman. Here he was brevetted
to the rank of captain and placed in command of Fort Rinks. ( >n
receiving his discharge at the close of the War, he again entered
the employ of the Boston ,\ Lowell Railroad Company. After
spending three years in the oil regions of Pennsylvania, and having
lost $40,000 in the business at Oil City, lie came to Chicago, reach-
ing this city in July, io»S. His first business venture in this city
was in the furniture trade. He suffered in the lire of 1871, and in
July, 1874, embarked in the undertaking business, which he has since
conducted with marked success. Since 1879, he has kept a record of
funerals which he has superintended, incorporating in such record
many entries of importance as vital statistics. Mr. Russ is a Mas. .11
and has received the 32°. He is also a member of many other
secret societies and has repeatedly been a delegate from these bodies
to general conventions, grand lodges, etc.
BIKRKX *V CARROLL. — The business of this lirm of undertakers
was established, in 1859, by Henry Birren, father of Nicholas Bir-
ren, who carried it on until 1877, when the present partnership was
formed by Nicholas Birren and John Carroll. It is the 'oldest
undertaking establishment on the North Side. They keep a full
stock of undertakers' supplies, and also have a large livery stabJe
which they carry on in connection with their undertaking business.
This stable was established in 1872, by John Carroll.
Nicholas film-it was born at Buffalo, N. Y., on May 17, 1846,
and is the son of Henry and Catharine (Faber) Birren. His parents
came to Chicago in 1849, where his father engaged in the undertak-
ing business in 1859, his son assisting him from the time he was
fourteen years of age till 1877, when the latter succeeded to the
business and organized the present firm. Mr. Birren was married,
on June 5, 1873, to Miss Mary Kraus, of Chicago ; they have had
five children,— Henry, George, Clara and Mary, living, and Ellen,
deceased.
Jo/in Can-oil was born in the County of Cork, Ireland, in 1837,
and is the son of Jeremiah and Ellen (Murphy) Carroll. He came
to America in 1853, and went to Cincinnati, where he remained two
years, and then came to Chicago, where he has since resided. He
was employed as coachman three years by John F. Barnard, then
he served in the same capacity seven years for Judge Beckwith, and
afterward was employed by Walter L. Newberry as coachman about
seven years. In 1872, he commenced business on his own account
as a livery man, which he followed until 1877, when he formed a
partnership with Nicholas Birren in the undertaking and livery
business, in which they are still engaged. Mr. Carroll was married,
on February 16, 1873, to Miss Bridget McAvitt, of Chicago; they
have live children, — Mary K., Dennis, Katie, Nettie and John S.
CORNELII s BIRRKN, undertaker, was born at Buffalo, N. Y.,
on March 2S, 1848, and is the son of Henry and Katharine (Faber)
Birren. His parents came to Chicago in 1849, where he attended
the public schools and afterward assisted his father in the under-
taking business. In 1-^71) he engaged in the same business on his
own account, having purchased that established by his father in
1873. He is also a member of the lirm of Birren Brothers, under-
takers, which was organi/ed in iss-j. Mr. Birren was married in
Chicago, on February II, 1879, to Miss Margaret (Ilk, of Prussia;
they have three children, — Annie K., Peter ami Mary.
PATRICK COYI.K, undertaker, of the firm of P. & H. Coyle,
No. 2();}i Archer Avenue, is a son of Hugh and Bridget (Malone)
Coyle, who are natives of Ireland. Hugh came to the t'nitcd
States in 1849, and died soon after at Auburn, N. Y.; Bridget died
in Ireland. Patrick was born in Ireland on August 12, 1833, and
came to the United States with his father. In 1854, he came to
this city and began the business of railroading, which he followed
some twenty-six years as an engineer, working on most of the roads
coming to the city. During the War he ran ( iovernment trains on
the Tennessee and Alabama roads, after which he returned to Chi-
cago and continued railroading till iSSa. In that year, he and a
younger brother bought out the old established business of John
Connor in the undertaking and livery lines, which they have advan-
tageously continued since, and now have a large and profitable
business. In isijS, he married Miss Jane Colnon ; they have five
children, — Edmund Francis, Aaron, John, Kate and Jane Marie.
Mr. and Mrs. Coyle are members of tin- Catholic Church.
JIIIIN SMITH, undertaker, was born in Sweden, on October 3,
1842. In 1860, he learned the trade of a carpenter and cabinet-
maker in his native place, where he worked until 1-869. '" tna<
year he came to America, and has resided in Chicago ever since.
He was employed here as a journeyman carpenter about live years,
and then was watchman for Field, Leiter & Co., at their wholesale
store, until 1878, when he commenced business on his own account
as an undertaker with Gustaf Segersten, under the lirm name of
Segersten \- Smith. They remained together one year when the
lirm was dissolved, and since then he has been alone in the busi-
ness. Mr. Smith was married, on March 5, 1872, to Miss Matilda
Vestergren, of Chicago, and has five children, — Charles, Albert,
Ella, Elmore and Arthur.
M. W. BONI-IKLD, undertaker. No. 2857 Archer Avenue, is a
son of Michael and Mary (Julian) Bonfidd, natives of Ireland.
They emigrated to America in June, 1830, landing at Otiebcc, and
they came to Chicago in 1843. where they died — .Mary in 1862, and
Michael in 1883. Mr. lionfidd was born in Miramichi, New
Brunswick, on October I, 1839, and was educated at Notre Dame,
Ind. After finishing his studies, in 1857, he began business as
salesman for the well-known house of |. II. Shay .X: Co., the leading
dry goods house in the city at that time; also taking a course in the
commercial school of Bryant \ Stratton. lie then clerked for his
father summers and winters, learned the business of cutting and
curing meats for English markets, in which he became an expert,
and could earn from S'> to .xs a day. In 1862, he went to railroad-
ing with the Alton & St. Louis Railway Company, as a freight
conductor, where he worked some years. In 18(14, he went to
Chattanooga, and was detailed as headquarters butcher to ( ieneral
Sherman. In 1869, he started a family grocery store, which he
continued one year, when, finding less profits than were desirable,
he worked in Texas for some time at his trade of meat cutter, for
Cragin iy_ Martin, of New York. Returning to Chicago he engaged
in general teaming, which he followed until the fire of 1871. In
the spring of 1872, he began the undertaking business, and is now
one of the most flourishing members of that guild in the city. In
1862, he married Eliza Jane, daughter of John and |ane (Tweedy)
Hickey ; they have six children, — Stella, Susan, George A., Henry
E., Sidney W. and Inez. Mr. Bonlield belongs to one of the best
known families in the city and one of the oldest; J. F. Bonfield, a
brother, having been city attorney under Mayor Heath; and another
brother, John, is Captain of Police; and J. H. is a detective.
FRANCIS CIIAHFEE, undertaker, No. 786 West Madison Street,
is the fourth son of Ezra and Hila Ann (Rathbun) Chaffee, natives
of Vermont and New York, respectively. Francis is a twin son,
born in Boston Mass., on June 23, 1845, where he was educated.
He worked at farming about twenty years, and then engaged in
business in Buffalo, remaining about two years. He then came to
Chicago, in 1870, and engaged as a grocery clerk, which he con-
tinued till 1878, in which year he entered the business of an under-
taker. He began with small means, but by his industry and energy
now has an excellent business. In 1878, Mr. Chaffee married
Sarah E., daughter of Philip and Abbie Burroughs, natives of New
York; they moved to Wisconsin some years ago, and afterward to
Chicago, where they now reside. Mr. Chaffee travelled much in
the Southern States, visiting all the principal cities. He is a mem-
ber of Calvary Episcopal Church and of an I.O.O.F. Lodge. He
is a very benevolent citizen, and devotes much of his fortune to the
poor and to the Church.
MRS. MARY MCLAUGHLIN, undertaker, No. 418 West Twelfth
Street, is a widow of Michael, who was a son of Patrick and Ellen
McLaughlin, of County Longford, Ireland. He was born in 1821,
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
763
and in 1850, he came to America and located in Chicago, going; to
work for John Gavin. He remained with him until he began busi-
ness for himself as an undertaker, which business he continued
until his death on November 14, iSSr. In 1861, he married Mary
Ramsey Farrell, daughter of James and Mary (Ramsey) Farrell, na-
tives of Ireland and Scotland respectively. Mrs. McLaughlin was
born in Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland, on February 15,
1840. She came to the United States when twelve years of age,
obtained a good education, was married in her twenty-first year,
and assisted her husband through the trying scenes of panics and
tires, they being burned out in 1871, losing all their property. She
is the mother of nine children, five of whom are living, — John, born
June 29, 1864; Annie, born May I, 1871; Nellie, born September
10, 1873; Frances, born November 22, 1875; and Elizabeth, born
October 6, 1877. Being possessed of good health and much en-
ergy, at her husband's death she resolved to continue the business
he had left. She has been very successful, and has proved that a
woman can do business. Mrs. McLaughlin and her family are
members of the Catholic Church.
MIKI.I.KK iV HARDKKOPF are undertakers and liverymen, the
the firm having been organized, in 1883, by Peter Mueller and Otto
N. Hardekopf.
r,ttr Mueller is the son of Michael and Susanna (Casper)
Mueller and was born on May 21, 1842, in Kisselbach, Germany.
He came to Chicago in 1848, with his parents,, and learned the
carpenter's trade from his father, who was a carpenter and builder.
He worked for him until 1872, when he commenced business on
his own account as a carpenter and builder. This he followed for
six years, and in 1878 formed a partnership with Herman Sig-
mund, under the firm name of Sigmund & Mueller, undertakers.
They carried on the business together until 1883, when the firm
was dissolved. He then engaged in the same business with Mr. Ilar-
dekopf, his present partner. Mr. Mueller was married, on May 29,
1869, to Miss Johannah Einwalter, of Chicago; they have five chil-
dren,— Mary, George, Annie, Hermon and Henry.
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
No interests suffered more deplorably from the great
conflagration of October, 1871, than those of the Roman
Catholic Church; and in no part of the reconstruction
has been shown more courage and energy than that dis-
played by the Catholics, whose fine academies, colleges,
schools, magnificent church-edifices, and other institu-
tions, are among the chief orna-
ments of this city. These institu-
tions are so numerous that, in a
work like this, only the more im-
portant can be treated. In the
following sketches an idea is given
of the importance and magnitude,
as well as of the growth of this
branch of religious interests.
In 1880, the growing impor-
tance of this city as a religious
center was recognized by the cre-
ation of the Archdiocesan See of
Chicago. It is only second to New
York in the number of Catholic
communicants, it having about
four hundred thousand; and is at
the head of the Catholic archdio-
cesan provinces of the North and
Northwest.
THE MOST REV. PATRICK AUGUS-
TINE FEEHAN, D.D., the present Arch-
bishop of Chicago, was born in County
Tipperary, Ireland, on August 29, 1829,
the son of Patrick and Judith (Cooney)
Feehan. Destined to the priesthood by
his parents, he was carefully trained by
the best teachers within reach. In his
sixteenth year he was sent to the Ecclesi-
astical Seminary at Castleknock, and two
years later to St. Patrick's College, Mav-
nooth. In both of these institutions he
was a distinguished student. In 1852,
though entitled to a place on the Dun-
boyne establishment, he preferred to en-
ter at once upon the duties of the priest-
hood. He selected the Archdiocese of
St. Louis as the scene of his future la-
bors. He was ordained priest on Novem-
ber I, 1852, and until July, 1853, he
taught in the Ecclesiastical Seminary and
preached in the Cathedral, alternately
with Archbishop Kenrick and two young
priests now in the Episcopacy. In ^uly,
1853, he was appointed assistant at St.
John's Church, St. Louis, Mo. About this time a terrible cholera
epidemic raged in the city, which called forth all the self-sacrifice
of the devoted young priest. Days and nights were spent in ad-
ministering consolation to the poor sufferers, sometimes even pre-
paring them for burial where friends and kindred deserted them.
He was appointed president of the Ecclesiastical Seminary in July,
1854, and filled this office with great distinction until July, 1858,
when he was appointed pastor of St. Michael's Church, St. Louis.
A year later he was promoted to the pastorate of the Church of the
Immaculate Conception, St. Louis, where he continued until No-
764
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
vembcr I, 1865, when he was consecrated Bishop of Xasliville,
Tenn. Ho was accompanied ti> his new home- by Rev. Fathers
Kiordan anil \\.iNh of St. I.ouis, who died of yellow fever in 1878.
The I'M ~st years w ot great labor. By his untiring efforts
and constant attention to duty lie brought the people to the sacra-
ments, lie instructed and prepared the children for Kirst Communion
and Confirmation, and by his ;^i, talent won tin- confi-
dence of public men. lie was most arduous in preaching and in-
structing the people, and many new Catholics were received into the
BISHOP THOMAS FOLEY.
Church, some of whom were among the old settlers and wealthy
citizens. When Dr. Fechan went to the diocese of Nashville he
found a few Dominican Fathers and a con vent of Sisters in Memphis,
an academy and an orphan asylum conducted by Sisters of the
same order near Nashville. The academy was si) heavily in deb!
that it was sold at auction soon after liishop Feehan's arrival. lie
bought it in for the Sisters, thus securing their lasting gratitude
and preventing great loss to the Catholic community. In August,
1866, the cholera made its appearance in Nashville. During its
continuance Bishop Feehan labored unceasingly to console the sick
and dying. At the close of the epidemic he purchased a home on
one of the finest sites of the city, and established a community of
the "Sisters of Mercy from Providence, R. I. The yellow fever
again visited Memphis in 1^77 and 1878,10 which twenty-three
priests fell martyrs. The diocese was soon again enjoying health
and prosperity, when the news came from Rome that Dr. Feehan
liad hern appointed first Archbishop of Chicago. The death of
Right Rev. Thomas Foley, D.D., administrator of Chicago, caused
a vacancy in the hierarchy difficult to (ill. Bishop Feehan was
chosen to fill the vacancy on September lo, 1880. The arrival of
Archbishop Fechan in Chicago was the occasion of a grand demon-
stration. He found that his new charge comprised eighteen
counties in the northern part of the State of Illinois. The wants
of the Catholics were zealously attended toby one hundred and
eighty priests, who had charge of one hundred and sixty churches.
lie found that although his predecessors had done much to meet the
wants of the times, still the great lire had destroyed nearly all the
Catholic structures of any importance in the City of Chicago, and
new churches could scarce])' l>e creeled to keep pace with the rapid
growth of population. I'nder the administration of Archbishop
11, forty churches have been erected in the archdiocese during
the past live years, new parochial schools have been built and old
ones enlarged, so that over thirty thousand Catholic children are
educated in these Structures. The great financial interests of the
archdiocese have been carefully attended lo, and the archdio-
cese of Chicago is one of the richest and most solvent in the
United Stales. Homes for the aged, hospitals for the sick,
Houses of 1'rovidence for young women, orphan asylums,
foundling asylums, all attest the far-seeing care of Dr. Fcchan
to meet the many needs of a large center of population, while
his encouragement of a school for deaf mutes, his wise direc-
tion of the establishment of the Chicago Industrial School for
girls, and his munificent donations to St. Mary's Training
Scl I for boys at Feehan ville, dcscrse lasting gratitude.
There is no section of the city or of the archdiocese of Chi-
cago that has not felt his /eal for religions charity and
Christian education, while St. Patrick's Academy, the pastoral
residence of the Holy Name Cathedral and his own archie-
piscopal residence will always stand as monuments of his mu-
nificence and desire to have the ardent faith of his devoted
and liberal people appear even in material structures. These
stand not only superior to any ecclesiastical residences in
Chicago but have few, if any, equals on the continent. Arch-
bishop Fcehan is a giant in works as well as in stature. As
a legislator, Archbishop Fechan has been prudent and con-
servative, tie participated in the proceedings of the Second
Plenary Council ot Baltimore in iSbo; he took an active part
in the General Council of the Vatican; he was one of those
summoned to Rnttc to formulate the Schemata of the Third
Plenary Council of Baltimore, and deserves great credit for
the part taken in the wise deliberations of that bodv. As
Metropolitan he has the whole State of Illinois under him,
with a Catholic population of about eight hundred thousand.
RKV. PATRICK DAVID C.II.L, chancellor of the Di
of Chicago, was born at Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland,
on February 22, iS;<>. 1 1 is father was James Gill, president
of the Clonmel National Hank and ( iovermr.ent inspector of
the system ot National Hanks in Ireland. lie was born in
|s|o, near Tralee, and died on December 18, 1872. James
Hill was married to Miss I.ncy Hallinan, of a landed-estate
family near Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland. She died in
i slid. Father (iill for three years attended a private school
in Clonmel, afterward going with two brothers to a boarding-
school at Mechlin, Belgium, for fcur years. In 1^71, he
entered the ( 'oliegc of the lesnit Fathers in -Most, the insti-
tution in which was educated the famous missionary, Rev.
P. J. DeSmet. In the summer of 1873, he returned to Ire-
land, becoming a student in Carlow College, where he finished
his philosophical and theological education, graduating in
1879. On Itine 7, 1879, he was ordained priest, and almost
immediately afterward came to America, going to Nashville,
Tenn., where he was assigned to duty by Piishop Feehan, as
assistant of a church in Nashville. In the fall of isSo, the
Bishop, having been nominated Archbishop of Chicago, sent
him to Rome as bearer of his report, and to be at the same
time his procurator in receiving the Pallium. He returned
to Chicago bearing the Pallium in the early part of April, l88l,
and was assigned to the assistant pastorate of St. Columbkill's
Church. In the spring of 1882, he was transferred to the Cathe-
dral as assistant pastor; and on January I, 1883, was appointed
chancellor, and secretary to the Archbishop, offices which he still
retains.
CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY NAME. — The founda-
tion-stone of this church, on the corner of State and
Superior streets, was laid on Sunday, July 19, 1874,
Rev. Father Damen preaching the sermon. The edifice
was completed in 1875, ancl was opened with "Teat
pomp on Sunday, November i. by Rt. Rev. ISishop
Ryan, of St. Louis. The cathedral is cruciform in
shape, built in the Gothic style of architecture, of solid
stone masonry, the exterior being rock-faced, and cost,
including the grounds, $250,000.
The main entrances, of which there are three, are
on State Street, the central one having a vestibule
twelve feet in width. There are also two side entrances,
at the transepts, and three broad entrances in the rear
of the church. The spire, supported upon a massive
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
765
tower, is the highest in the city, being two hundred and
ten feet to the summit of the cross. Two rows of col-
umns, extending the entire length of the church, sup-
port a Gothic groined-roof. The roof is paneled and
tinted with a soft gray, relieved by heavy bands of gold;
each of the panels is outlined with gold, and all termin-
ate at their angles with bas-relief medallions. The
chancel and transept arches are richly ornamented in
the same general style. The chancel is lighted by five
stained-glass windows, of which the central bears the
figure of Christ. Two oriel windows and seven small
Gothic windows light the transept, and a magnificent
oriel window illuminates the nave from its western ex-
tremity. At this end also stands the organ. The
striking feature of the interior is the grand altar. This
is constructed of various descriptions of rare marble ;
the body of Italian, the pillars of Tennes-
see, the white finish of altar-panels of
Vermont, and the cross of the center-
panel of Irish green-and-black and Afri-
can yellow marbles. The tabernacle is
of pure white marble, inclosed and mount-
ed with solid gold, and the whole piece
is crowned by richly-carved pinnacles, in
the center of which is a niche containing a
massive crucifix. On the north side of
the chancel is the Archbishop's throne,
which is of the most elaborate and costly
description. There are two other altars,
on the north and south sides of the transept
respectively, one to St. Joseph and the
other to the B. V. Mary, both of which are
of exquisite beauty.
The Cathedral of the Holy Name was
constructed under the supervision of Rt.
Rev. Thomas Foley, administrator of the
I liocese of Chicago. Adjacent to the ca-
thedral is the clergy-house, built in a style
uniform with that of the church, at a cost
of $75,000. It was completed in 1881,
and is the home of the vicar and his assist-
ants, of whom there are six at the present
time. Since the fire the cathedral clergy
have been Rev. John McMuIlen, D.D.,
from 1871 to 1 88 1 (afterward bishop of
Davenport), and Rev. Patrick J. Conway,
the present incumbent and vicar-general of
the Diocese.
VERY REV. PATRICK JOSEPH CONWAY, V. G.,
son of Miles and Catherine (Kenny) Conway, was
born in Ferns, County Wexford, Ireland, on No-
vember 29, 1838. His family came to the United States in
1852, and settled in Chicago. Soon after the death of his pa-
rents, in 1854, he determined to study for the priesthood. With
the exception of one scholastic year in the University of Notre
Dame, Ind., and one in St. Mary's Seminary, Barrens, Mo., he
pursued his studies in the University of St. Mary's of the
Lake, which occupied the present cathedral block. He graduated
with honors in 1862; and, continuing his theological studies in this
institution, was ordained priest by Rt. Rev. Tames Duggan, D.D.,
on July 9, 1865. He was for a few months a professor in his Alma
Mater. In the fall of 1865, he was appointed pastor of St. Louis's
Church. In December, 1866, he was transferred to the pastorate
of St. James's parish. The church, which was too small for the
increasing congregation, was enlarged, and he established parish
schools and erected a pastoral residence. In June, 1871, he was
promoted to the pastoral charge of St. Patrick's parish. The
streets in the vicinity of his new charge having been filled in, mak-
ing the churcli entrance several feet below grade, the edifice was
raised eight feet, affording a spacious basement; and suitable furni-
ture was provided for the church, the interior of which was beauti-
fully decorated. In 1874, he erected a large brick school-building
on Desplaines Street, which, under the management of the Brothers
of the Christian School, lias become one of the best commercial
schools of the city. In 1876, he built a twelve-room brick school
on Adams Street, which is in charge of the Daughters of St. Vin-
cent de Paul. In iSSo, he erected a line parish residence adjoining
the church, on Adams Street, at an expense of swo.ooo. Besides
these improvements, which co-l over si25,ooo, Father Conway paid
off $45,000 of the debt which he found on taking charge of the
parish. In November, iSSl, Archbishop Fcuhan, promoted him
to the position of vicur-gcncral and rector of the Cathedral of the
Holy Name. On entering his new field of labor; the work of fin-
ishing the rectory, at the corner ol Superior and Cass streets, begun
by Bishop Mc.Mulleu, fell to his charge.
The Sacred Heart Convent and female par-
ish school adjoining, in charge of the Ladies
of the Sacred Heart, afforded ample accom-
modations for the girls of the parish, but
there was no parish school for boys. The
vicar-general at once purchased lots'on Sedg-
wick Street, near Chicago Avenue, and there
erected, in iss.2, a brick school-house having
a seating rapacity for one thousand children.
CATHEDRAL OF THE HOLY NAME.
The building and grounds cost $60,000. Vicar-General Conway
won, by his untiring zeal, the confidence and esteem of his people.
This was evinced in the flattering words and substantial testimo-
nials given him, as he bade adieu to the congregation to which he
had ministered. Vicar-General Conway is everywhere highly es-
teemed for his affable manners, fine scholarship, rare executive
ability and exceptional pulpit oratory.
REV. JOHN JOSEPH CAKKOI.I., first assistant pastor at the
the Cathedral of the Holy Name, was born at Ballina, Sligo Co.,
Ireland, on June 24, 1856. His father was Francis Carroll, and
his mother Mary (Howley) Carroll. They came to America in
1867, and settled at Rochester, N. V., where they still reside. In
Ireland, he attended the National School at Ballina about two years;
and subsequently attended the public schools in Rochester. After-
ward he was a student at St. Michael's College, a classical school
connected with the Oueen's University, at Clover Hill, Toronto,
Canada, from the fall of 1871, to June, 1876. In 1876, he entered
St. Joseph's Theological Seminary, at Troy, N. V., remaining there
four and a half years. In 1878, he was affiliated with the diocese
of Chicago. I'pon graduating from St. Joseph's Seminary, he was
ordained there by liishop McNierney; and upon arriving in Chicago
was appointed, on Christmas day, iSSo, assistant pastor of the
parish of the Cathedral of the Holy Name, a position in which he
is still retained.
766
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Ki v. l>. M. I. POWUNG was born in Ireland. He rciviu-d
his classical education in his native country, ami, in 1864, runic lo
jo. His theological education was rcrcivcd in Baltimore,
Mil., 'at St. Mary's Sulpitian Seminary. He came tp Chicago in
1875, as a ]>tii--t,'and from that time to l^Si, was assistant pa-tor
of the Church of the Holy .Name. lie was rhanrcllor of the
diocese about two years, ami, on January 1, 1883, became pastor of
M. Hi idiot's Church, his present position.
ST. Coi.r.Mi'.Kii.i.'s CHURCH originated in 1858, in a
movement among the Catholics of Hubbard Street and
vicinity, who desired a church near their homes. The
first meeting with this end in view was held on Novem-
ber 21, 1858, in the basement of St. Patrick's Church,
Very Rev. Dennis Dunne presiding. A committee was
appointed to collect money to build a church edifice tit
the corner of Owen (now Indiana) and Paulina streets.
The church-building, erected under the superintendency
of Mr. Kelly, was a frame structure and cost about
$1,200. It was dedicated on Sunday November 20,
1859, by Rt. Rev. Bishop Duggan, assisted by Rev.
Fathers Ward, Damen and Higginbotham. Rev. Mr.
Ward succeeded in 1860, by the present pastor, Rev.
Thomas C. Burke, who enjoys the distinction of being
one of the oldest pastors in Chicago. Some of his as-
sistants have been as follows:
Rev. Thomas Edwards, 1868; Rev. Thomas Murphy, 1869;
Rev. C. I.. I.ightner D.D., 1870-73; Rev. M. Forhan, 1874; Rev.
M. Van de Laar, 1875-79; Kev. John A. Henlock, 1880; Rev. J.
S. O'Neil, 1881; Rev. P. Gill, 1882; Revs. James M. 1 lagan and
Michael Foley in 1883 and 1884; and Revs. Michael Foley and
Thomas Butler in 1885.
In August, 1871, the present large and elegant stone
church edifice on the corner of Indiana and Paulina
streets was commenced. The corner-stone was laid on
Sunday, September 3, of that year. Dr. McMullen de-
livered the address on this occasion. The style of
architecture is the Romanesque and the cost of the en-
tire structure was $150,000.
RKV THOMAS BUTI.EK has been connected with St. Columb-
ian's Church since May, 1885, and was identified with important and
progressive ecclesiastical interests in an English diocese for several
years anterior to that date. His own record, and that
of his brother, form an interesting portion of the
church history of Chicago, the family having given to
this city three of its most notable priests, who have
become known throughout the country as zealous ex-
ponents of the principles of the Catholic religion, and
for their oratorical power and linguistic and literary
ability. Father Thomas Butler is the youngest son
of John and Mary Butler. His father was a respecta-
ble merchant of Limerick, Ireland, where he was en-
gaged in the timber trade for many years, and there
this son v*as born, in 1850. The ambition of the pa-
rents involved the award to each of their children of
tirst-class educational advantages, and the results were
signally satisfactory — out of seven sons, six adopting
the learned professions, the remaining son following
a business career. The father died in 1805, but the
witlow and mother and four sons, one of whom is
quite an eminent member of the medical profession,
now reside in England. Mrs Butler, who still resides
in Limerick, is eighty years old, and yet is hale and
hearty. At an early age Father Butler began the attain-
ment of the rudiments of a thorough education, and
attended the Catholic University in Dublin. Later
he went to the Catholic University in Louvain, where
he graduated in 1876, with the honorable title of
Graduate in Canon Law and with the degree of Bach-
elor of the same, a dignity which is claimed by very
few even of the learned scholars of America. He
was ordained a priest when only twenty-four years of
age, by the Bishop of Manchester, in England, and,
for half a decade subsequent to 1875, filled the posi-
tion of teacher in the bishop's house, and having
charge of the inspection of the schools in the diocese
of Salford. In iSSi, Father Butler came to America,
direct to Chicago, and thence, in February, iSSi, went
to assist his brother, Dr. T. J. Butler, at Rockford,
111., where Dr. Butler was dean and had the supervis-
ion of some forty parishes. There, Father Butler re-
mained over four years, in May, 1885, assuming his
present post of duty. Father Butler is a thorough and
conscientious priest, and his personal attributes of
character and mental attainments are of a superior
order. He is a brilliant and effective orator, his elo-
quence being augmented by a thorough literary knowl-
edge and the possession of rare linguistic ability. He
writes and speaks with great facility both F'rench and
German. The phenomenal proficiency of his brother,
Dr. Butler, in vocal music, which has given him
the reputation of being the finest singer of the mass in America,
is shared by Father Butler, who is the possessor of a voice of rare
scope and beauty, and is also an accomplished musician. On the
threshold of a career which gives the promise of great usefulness,
Father Butler has already won honorable distinction, and is beloved
and esteemed by his associates and parishioners, who recognize his
value as a member of the Order and as a pastor and a friend. One
of his brothers, the ex-dean of Rockford, Dr. T. J. Butler, is now
in Europe, and another brother, Father Patrick T. Butler, is pastor
of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, in the North Division
of the city. The latter has been in charge of that church for many
years, was a graduate of the Propaganda at Rome, and, from 1864
to 1869, was secretary to Bishop Duggan, of Chicago.
Ki:\. I \\ir.s M'iNK'iK II \<;AN was born at Indian Creek, Mon-
roe Co., Mo., on November 12, 1853. His father, Joseph B. Ha-
gan, a farmer and lawyer, was elected judge of the county court of
Monroe County. He died in 1876. His mother, Mary (Beall1
I lagan, died in 1870. Father II agan was educated at the Louis-
ville High School by his brother Frank, city attorney of Louisville.
He left this school in 1868, going to St. Joseph's College, Bards-
town, Ky., one year: taught two years at St. Viateur's College,
Boiirbonnais Grove, 111.; going thence to the Jesuit College at
.•town, 1). C. While there, he was the first winner of the
Congressional debating medal, founded by Hon. Richard T. Mer-
rick. From 1876 to iSSi, he attended the University of Innspruck,
in Tyrol, founded in 1672, and the only one on the continent now
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
767
controlled by the Jesuits. Me was ordained on July 4, 1880, by
Bishop l.eiss of Brixen. lie finished his studies in Rome, and
returned to the United States in iSSi, reaching New York on July
4. His lirst appointment was as assistant pastor of the Church of
the Nativity, Chicago, to which he was assigned by Archbishop
Fechan. On June 15, 1882, he was transferred to St. Columbkill's
Church, where he remained as assistant to Father Burke until May
15, 1885, when he became assistant pastor of St. Stephen's Church.
Father I lagan has won a National reputation as a temperance
worker and orator. He was elected president of the Chicago Cath-
olic Total Abstinence Union, in 1883, and has held that position
ever since. I le speaks German and French fluently, being often
taken for a ( Icrnian. lie hopes to push the temperance work among
the ( icrman as well as among the Irish Catholics, his mastery of the
German language making such a work comparatively easy. Those
who best know him and are most familiar with his work say that
the three points in his character which stand out in the boldest re-
lief, are, his popularity with the people, especially with the non-
Catholic portion of them; his power as an orator; and his success
as a temperance worker.
ST. J AMKS'S CHURCH. — Under the pastorate of Rev.
P. W. Rionlan, the new church-edifice, which is not only
an adornment of the South Division, but an enduring
monument of his own enterprise and energy, was erected.
The church-edifice is so nearly in conformity with that
of the Cathedral of the Holy Name as to require no
detailed description. The building was erected at a
cost of $100,000, and was dedicated on Sunday, May
24, 1880. In October, 1883, Father Riordan was suc-
ceeded by Rev. H. McGuire, tlie present priest. Under
the latter clergyman with his assistants, other permanent
institutions have been established, such as the parochial
schools, the present membership of which is seven hun-
dred. The school-buildings were erected at a cost of
$25,000. During 1885, improvements were made in
the church at an outlay of $10,000, consisting of three
magnificent altar-pieces. The number of communicants
in the parish is seven hundred and fifty.
FATIIKK llicii MrGi'iKK was born on March 12, 1846, and
was ordained a priest on July 9, 1871, receiving his lirst appoint-
ment on August 15, 1871, as assistant pastor at St. John's Church,
where he remained until February 28, 1874. He was appointed on
that dale, pastor of St. 1'ius's Church, where he remained until his
appointment to the pastorate he at present holds, that of St. James's
Church, on September 23, 1883.
ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH. — The basement of this
church, which was in course of erection at the time of
the fire, was occupied for the first time in August, 1872.
Rev. P. J. Con way remained pastor until November, 1881.
His various assistants were —
1872-73, Revs. E. A. Terry and W. Campbell; 1874, Revs.
K. A. Terry and Joseph Carten; 1875-76, Revs. Thomas Mackin
and |. [. Bennett; 1877, Revs. J. J. Bennett and I. S. O'Neill;
1878-80, Revs. J. J. Bennett, J. S. O'Neill and T." F. Galligan;
1881, Revs. T. F. Galligan, James J. Flaherty and S. Maloney.
In 1 88 1, Very Rev. Patrick Terry became pastor. His assistants
were, in iSSi, Revs. T. F. Galligan, James J. Flaherty, S. Maloney
and T. F. Burke; and, in 1884, Revs. I'. A. I.. Egan and Thomas
F. Burke. Upon the death of Very Rev. Patrick Terry, in Sep-
tember, 1884, Rev. T. I1". Galligan succeeded to the pastorate; and,
in 1885, Revs. I". A. L. Egan and Thomas F. Burke became his
assistants.
In 1873, Rev. P. J. Conway had a gallery built in
the church-building, the interior handsomely frescoed, a
fine organ put in and also three new altars, and made
other improvements, at a total cost of $20,000. In
1875, he erected a large brick school-building, for male
scholars, at a cost of $24,000. The school has always
been under the charge of the Brothers of the Christian
School, and has an attendance of about six hundred.
The Female Academy, which until 1876, occupied a
frame structure immediately west of the church, was in
that year supplied with a large brick building, costing
about $24,000. This school, until 1861, was in charge
of the Sisters of Mercy; then was conducted by the
Sisters of Loretto, and in 1871, they were succeeded by
the Sisters of Charity. The number of pupils is about
five hundred. The priests' residence was completed in
1881.
RKV. T. F. GALLIGAN, pastor of St. Patrick's Church, the son
of P. J. and Catharine (McCready) Galligan, was born in New
York City, on July 17, 1851. His father came to America in early
manhood, anil died in 1860; his mother is still living in Chicago.
Father Galligan received his classical education in St. Joseph's Col-
lege, Bardstown, Ky., where he remained six years, graduating in
1873. From 1873 to 1877, he was in attendance at St. Viator's
College, at Bourbonnais Grove, 111., coming thence to Chicago,
where he was ordained on the day of his arrival, on August 30,
1877. He was appointed assistant pastoral St. Patrick's Church,
in which position he remained until iSSi, when he was transferred
to the Cathedral of the Holy Name, as assistant pastor; then was
removed to the southern part of the city, to organi/c the new parish
of St. Rose of Lima. Of this parish he was pastor something over
a year, when he was transferred to St. Pius's Church, on Ashland
Avenue, where he remained also about a year. Upon the- death of
Very Rev. Dean Terry, in 1884, he was transferred to the pastorate
of St. Patrick's Church, in which position he still remains.
Sr. PVIKICK'S CUMMKRCIAI. ACADEMY. -In 1*01, along
L-shaped building occupied the lot upon which now stands the
structure known as St. Patrick's Commercial Academy. The Chris-
tian Brothers, then as now, were in charge of the establishment,
anil up to 1874 the academy and parochial school were carried
on conjointly in the old premises. Children, unable because of
the lack of means to partake of the advantages of a higher course
offered by the Academy, received the elements of a simple educa-
tion given in the parochial school. The course of study pursued in
the academy embraced grammar, history, Fnglish composition,
rhetoric, higher arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, men-
suration, architectural drawing, French, German, Greek and Latin.
About 1874, in order to oiler to all equal advantages, the parochial
school and the academy were united into one. Previous to that
time the Academy had produced many men of respect and nota-
bility, who did then and who now grace honorable professions.
About 1882, the faculty were led to believe that they could best
adapt their Academy to the wants of the pupils by opening a com-
mercial department, wherein would be taken up and studied, in
preference to all others, those branches calculated to qualify the
boy for successfully assuming the responsibility of a business life.
In 1883, a commercial department was opened, and to-day St. Pat-
rick's Commercial Academy is one of the best known institutions of
its kind in Chicago. When the Christian Brothers lirst took charge,
about one hundred and fifty pupils were in attendance in the paro-
chial department, and about one hundred and twenty-live in .the
academy proper; while to-day the figures verge on six hundred.
The subject to which the most attention is given, after religious
instruction, is penmanship. Beautiful writing is a thing to be ad-
mired; legible and rapid writing a thing to be commended. In the
academy, that which deserves commendation is preferred to that
which elicits praise and admiration. If both can be combined, the
style is then superior to either of them singly; and while giving
much attention to the acquisition of a rapid and legible hand-
writing, the pupils are nevertheless drilled in the beautiful. At the
closing exercises of this Academy, on June 18, 1884, held at Central
Music Hall, a gentleman who has devoted many years to the teach-
ing of penmanship, stated, after examining some specimens of
writing from the Academy, that they were superior to twenty
thousand specimens which he had recently examined in various
cities. Bookkeeping is given the next place. In teaching it, the
faculty of the Academy pursue the most practical methods possible.
After the student has been thoroughly exercised in the theory, he is
next taught its application. He engages in transactions in the
school-room as a merchant does in a counting-house; the reality of
currency and goods are of course lacking, but this deficiency is
supplied by a class of currency and articles that represent real mer-
chandise. By such means the best results are undoubtedly ob-
tained, namely, familiar practice in business transactions and an
acquaintance with both the ait and science of bookkeeping. Com-
mercial law next receives attention. Many difficulties in litigation
would be avoided if some of our merchants had a knowledge of
the simple principles of this study. Even the consultations so
often held with lawyers would not then be necessary, and time and
money would be saved. It is not the purpose to educate the pupils
for the legal profession; they are merely given such reliable informa-
tion as will enable them to conduct their transactions in a strictly
legal manner. Next in the course are composition and business
correspondence. Every man is at some time or other called upon
to express his ideas on paper. If he can not form or pen a sentence,
and continue to clothe his thoughts in language until he has in cor-
rect English plainly expressed himself, he will undoubtedly be
looked upon as a man wanting education. Brevity in business
letters and a capability to compose on all ordinary occasions, are
y68
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
absolutely indispensable. Phonography is another iini>ortant art,
anil opens to the pupils a new field, which is likely to prove more
fertile in situations than some others. Business men who have large
correspondence ean save time ami labor by employing a phonogra-
pher to write their letters. In this age of electricity it is coming
more ami more into use every day. It is of general utility to the
pupil when sufficiently advanced to write words as rapidly as they
are uttered. lie ean use it in bookkeeping, composition and even
in arithmetic, and once acquired it becomes a means of obtaining a
livelihood when other means would fail. This art, joined with type-
writing, is of great utilitv. In order to assist the pupils in learning
the use of the type-writer, there are several Remington machines
in the class-room. Even telegraphy is also taught; anil although it
may not be of immediate use to the pupil, still it may, in the hour
of need, prove of great financial assistance. It will well repay any
one to visit the classes of this excellent institution, to note the
means adapted for facilitating the studies, the progress that the
scholars have made, and get an idea of the future prospects of the
pupils who are educated in it for the various spheres of life.
S r. I'K.TLK'S CHURCH. — Previous to the fire this
church was very large. In 1870, there was a congre-
gation of about twelve hundred families. As one result
of the tire, many German families were obliged to move
further south, and Father Fischer was ordered by
IJish'ip Foloy to build a new church-edifice at the cor-
ner of Hanover and McGregor streets, which was named
St. Anthony of Padua Church. The depletion of mem-
bers continued, until at the present time only about one
hundred and twenty families remain.
Father Fischer, npon taking charge of the Church of St.
Anthony of Padua, was succeeded by Kev. Kdward Froelich, on
May 25, 1873. He remained until August 15, 1875, when the
Franciscan Fathers were placed in charge. They came, at the
invitation of Bishop Foley, from the Franciscan monastery at Teu-
topolis, Ftiingham Co., lil. The three Franciscans Fathers who
came were Kev. I.iborius Schaefermeyer, who had been, previous
to becoming a Franciscan, vicar-general of the Diocese of Alton,
who remained until 1879, when he removed to St. Louis to take
charge of St. Anthony's Convent. The second of the three was
Kev. Maternus Mailman, who remained until 1878, when he was
sent to Memphis. The third was Rev. Eusebius Mtiller, who
after remaining in Chicago a few months, was sent to Minnesota.
Rev. Father Schaefermeyer was succeeded by Rev. Augustinus
Henseler, who remained until July 15, 1885, when he was followed
by the present pastor, Rev. Kilian Schloesser. Rev. Father Mail-
man was succeeded in 1878, by Rev. Nemesius Rohde, who also
remained until July 15, 1885, and was succeeded, for five months,
by Rev. Anselm Puetz, and then by Rev. Eustace Niemoeller,
O.S.F., who still remains with Rev. Augustin McClory, O.S.F.,
and Rev. Symphorian Forstmann, O.S.F., assistant priests.
In the preceding volume the last teacher in the
school mentioned was Frederick Pryor. After him, in
1866, Sisters of Notre Dame came from Milwaukee to
take charge of the school, and have had charge ever
since. There are about two hundred and fifty scholars
in attendance.
REV. FATHER KILIANUS, custos of the Franciscan Province
of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in America, and superior of the Fran-
ciscan order in Chicago, and pastor of St. Peter's Church, is one of
the oldest members of that order in Chicago, and is noted through-
put the West for the practical work he has done for the church dur-
ing over a quarter of a. century of active service. His record in
this regard belongs to the community at large as much as to the
adherents of the Catholic faith, for he has founded and built educa-
tional and ecclesiastical edifices, the influences of which have con-
duced to the social and business growth of many places. Father
Kilianus is a native of the Rhineland, Germany, and was born in
Cologne, on May 9, 1826. His family name is Schloesser. At
that city he received his early education and entered the order of St.
Francis, in 1847, at Warendorf, Westphalia. He then studied
philosophy and theology at Paderborn, and was there ordained a
priest in 1856, remaining in Westphalia in an ecclesiastical capaci-
ty, most of the time being stationed at Werl and Wiedenbriick.
From the last place he came, on August 7, 1860, to America, and
went to Teutopolis, Effingham Co., 111., where a year later he was
made superior of the house. There he built, in the time of nine
years of his stay, a college, several churches and many schools in
t lie surrounding neighborhood, besides a Franciscan convent. In
1869, he went to Memphis, and during the year built St. Mary's
Church in that city. In 1871, he was sent to Cleveland, where he
began a career of progress and duty which has given vast ecclesi-
astical and educational benefits to that place. In the next fourteen
ye.irs lie built St. Joseph's Church, a Gothic edifice almost unsur-
passed in its architectural beauty in the West, and costing over
.i>cx>, a convent and a hospital. He left Cleveland after a
l>ast,, rate thai endeared him to its people, with the debt of the
church reduced to one-third of its original cost. Father Kilianus
is esteemed and beloved by his associates and parishioners alike, and
since coming to Chicago in July, 1885, has become known at his
new post as a most progressive and able adherent of the religion to
which he has devoted his life.
REV. PETER FISCHER, the pastor of St. Anthony of Padua
Church, was born at Netikirehen, Lower Havana, on' September
IS, 1834, the son of Wollgang and Anna (Holzer) Fischer. Ilis
lather was a farmer. Father Fischer's education was received at
Straubing Gymnasium, which he entered in 1846, remaining five
years. lie graduated in 1'assau in 1856. In 1857, he came to America
and attended St. Thomas's College in Kentucky, one year. He
then went to St. Mary's of the Mount Seminary, in Cincinnati,
and afterward to St. Vincent's Theological Seminary at Cape Gi-
rardcau, Mo. In 1860, he was ordained priest by Archbishop Ken-
rick, of St. Louis, and was sent to treeport, 111., as assistant
priest. lie was next sent to Galena, III., where he remained
eighteen months; and then to N'aperville, 111., where he remained
until 1864; then becoming pastor of St. Peter's Church, Chicago,
continuing in that relation until 1873. In this year he organized
the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, of which he is still the pastor.
I le has erected, on Hanover Street, a large brick church-edifice of the
Roman style of architecture, at a cost of $70,000, exclusive of the cost
of the ground, §8,000; a priest's house adjoining, at a cost of $5,000;
and a school-house at a cost of about $io,cxx>. The church at this
time has a membership of about six hundred families, and there
have been three colonies from it, which are now established as in-
dependent churches, — St. Augustine's Church, established in
the Church of the Immaculate Conception, in 1883; and St.
George's Church, in 1884.
ST. MARY'S CHURCH. — In the spring of 1873, Rt.
Rev. Bishop Foley purchased the Plymouth-church
property, at the corner of Wabash Avenue and Eldridge
Court. The first Catholic services held therein was on
October 6, 1873, being the nearest Sunday to the anni-
versary of the great fire. On account of the destruc-
tion of the Cathedral of the Holy Name, St. Mary's was
used as the Pro-cathedral from the lime of its purchase
until the removal of the Bishop to the North Side, in
1876. The pastors of this church since the fire have
been
Rev. Patrick M. Noonan, from 1872 to 1877, and Rev. Joseph
P. Roles, from September, 1877, to the present time. The assist-
ants have been Rev. W. J. Madden, 1872 ; Rev. Edward J.
Dunne, 1873-75; Rev. Maurice F. Burke, 1875-78; Rev. Dennis
Hayes, 1878-80; Rev. Ambrose Goulet, Jr., 1880-83; Rev. lames
Sullivan, September, 1883, to July, 1884 ; Kev. Arthur P. Loner-
gan, from January, 1883; and Rev. J. C. Gillan, from July, 1864,
to the present time.
In 1881, there was organized a colored Catholic
society, St. Augustine's, which has since worshipped in
the basement of St. Mary's Church. This society is in
charge of Rev. Arthur P. Lonergan. Immediately
after the fire, the congregation of St. Mary's was very-
large, and contained some of the most distinguished
residents of Chicago. Owing to the encroachments of
the business district, it has steadily decreased in num-
bers, until now the resident population of the parish is
quite small. The attendance upon religious exercises
is very large, notwithstanding, being composed in the
main of visitors and of attendants at the numerous
hotels in the central portion of the city.
REV. ARTHUR P. LONERGAN', assistant pastor at St. Mary's
Church, was born at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, on June 17, 1854,
the son of Edmund and Anna Lonergan. His classical education
was received at St. F'rancis Seminary, near Milwaukee, and his
theological education at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore. He was
ordained deacon at the Cathedral in Baltimore, on December 23,
1882, and was promoted to the priesthood by Archbishop Feehan.
on December 29, 1882. He was then appointed assistant pastor
to Kev. Joseph P. Roles, at St. Mary's Church, his present posi-
tion. Besides his duties as assistant pastor he takes charge of the
colored Catholic Society, known as St. Augustine's Society, the
first colored Catholic society organized in Chicago. It consists of
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
769
about sixty-five families, who have commenced the accumulation of
a building fund. Rev. Mr. Lonergan became their pastor in
March, 1883, ami was thus the first priest to minister to the spirit-
ual necessities of colored Catholics in Chicago.
ST. JOHN'S CHURCH. — The corner-stone of this
church, located on the corner of Clark and Eighteenth
streets, was laid on Sunday, October 7, 1877, by Rt.
Rev. John L. Spalding, Bishop of Peoria, who also
preached the sermon. Over ten thousand people
assembled, and fifty-six societies participated in the
exercises. The new church-building was dedicated on
October 3oth, 1881. It is rough-cut free-stone, and
built in the style of the thirteenth-century period of
ecclesiastical art. Around the chancel, which is hexag-
onal in shape, are richly colored windows of stained
glass. The bell was placed in position in 1876, the
ceremony of blessing it being performed by Bishop
Foley, assisted by Revs. J. S. Verdin, P. W. Riordan,
J. H. Grogan and others. It weighs six thousand
pounds, and was rung for the first time on St. Patrick's
day that year.
ST. PAUL'S CHURCH. — This church was organized
in 1876, by Rev. E. Weber, and was so called to perpec-
uate a church of that name established shortly before
the great fire and destroyed by it. The families, of
which there were forty, had belonged to the Church of
St. Francis d' Assissium, as in the case of the first
organization, though they were not the same. On
account of financial stress, it was difficult to raise
money for a church-building; they purchased and
remodeled a modest frame structure, near the corner of
Ambrose Street and Hoyne Avenue. The school,
which was established contemporaneously with the
church, was conducted for three years by lay teachers,
and afterward taken charge of by School Sisters, under
whose direction it has since remained. There are now
four teachers and three hundred and fifty scholars. A
brick basement was constructed underthe frame church-
building, which has since been used for church purposes,
while the upper portion of the building was used partly
for school and in part for priests' residence. A pastor's
residence was erected in 1885, on the northeast corner
of Ambrose Street and Hoyne Avenue. The entire
property of this church is worth about $20,000. The
societies connected with this church are the Ladies'
Society, the Young Ladies' Society, and the Men's
Benevolent Socieiy. The parish is now composed of
three hundred families, and feels greatly the necessity
of a new church-edifice.
REV. E. WKBKR, pastor of St. Paul's Church, was born on
August 2S, 1850, in Trevus, 1'russia. Me commenced his studies
at the Gymnasium in his native town, and afterward, for two years,
was a student at the University of Muenster, in Westphalia. He
thc-n studied at the American College in the same city. His or-
dination to the priesthood occurred on May 31, 1874, and he imme-
diately afterward came to America. He served some time as
assistant pastor in Rockford, 111., and in 1876 was appointed, by
Bishop Koley, to establish the Parish of St. Paul, which he has
brought to its present degree of prosperity.
CHURCH OK THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION. — The
basement walls of this building, being of rubble-stone,
were not destroyed by the great fire. The pastor, Rev.
P. T. Butler, had the space roofed in, and the room
thus obtained was used for a place of worship until the
present structure was nearly completed, in 1874. This
new edifice was made a little larger than the old one,
and built around it, the old church serving on Sundays
for religious worship until work on the new structure
had progressed sufficiently to render necessary the
removal of the former. The building, of brick with
cut-stone foundations, was completed in the fall, and
dedicated by Bishop Foley, assisted by the pastor and
49
by most of the Catholic societies in the city. The
address was delivered by Dr. McMullen. The cost of
the church was about §30,000. The priests' residence
was built in 1878, at a cost of about $7,000, and a new
three-story brick school-house in 1885, at a cost of
about $11,000. The latter adjoins the church on the
north, and the former on the south. The various
assistants of Rev. P. T. Butler have been— Rev. P.
Guilfoyle, Rev. P. Daly, Rev. Ignatius Baluff, Rev.
Achille Bergeron, Rev. Thomas Carroll, Rev. J. Delaney,
and Rev. Patrick O'Brien, the present assistant.
The societies belonging to the church are the Sodal-
ity of the Immaculate Conception, organized in 1865;
the National Temperance Society, organized in 1868;
the Altar and Rosary Society, and the Young Ladies'
Sodality. The number of families in the parish is about
five hundred.
REV. PATRICK T. BUTLER, pastor of the Church of the Im-
maculate Conception, was born in Ireland in 1839, tne son of John
and Mary (Griffin) I Sutler. His education was principally in his
native country, at the college of the Propaganda Fide. He left Ire-
land in 1863, coming directly to Chicago, where he has been since lo-
cated. He was secretary and chancellor of the Diocese of Chicago
for one year. For two years he was pastor in Hyde Park and South
Chicago, and during 1867-68 was in charge of the Catholic church
in Englewood. In 1869 he came to the Church of the Immaculate
Conception, Chicago. His pastorate in this church has been re-
markably successful. Since the fire he has built the fine brick
church-edifice of the parish, at a cost of $25,000; a priest's resi-
dence, in 1878, at a cost of about $5,000; and a school-house in
1884, at a cost of about $10,000. His church is harmonious and
prosperous in a high degree.
ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH. — Immediately after the
great fire of 1871, in which St. Michael's was destroyed,
the parish erected a temporary frame building on the
south corner of the church lot. Here, services were held
until 1873, while, in the meantime, the work of recon-
structing the church-edifice was rapidly pushed forward.
The latter being ready for occupancy in the fall of 1873,
the temporary building was appropriated for school
purposes and society meetings until 1882, when it was
sold and removed from the lot. A temporary school-
building was also constructed at once after the fire,
which is now used for the residence of the Brothers of
Mary, while a more commodious school-house has been
erected. This latter, on the corner of North and Hud-
son avenues was opened early in 1881. The cost of the
edifice complete was about $50,000. The school now
contains one thousand five hundred pupils and eighteen
teachers, nine of whom are Brothers of Mary and nine
Sisters of Notre Dame. The clergy-house was partly
restored in 1872, and completed in 1876. The church-
building itself was repaired very soon after the fire, at a
cost of $40,000. Interior refitting and decorations were
added, at an expense of $11,000, in 1883. The interior
presents a scene of magnificence rarely equalled and
not excelled by any auditorium in this city. The total
value of St. Michael's property is estimated at $250,000.
The societies connected with St. Michael's are St.
Michael's Society (organized in 1862), St. Matthias So-
ciety, St. Vincent de Paul Society, St. Alphonsus Society,
the Knights of St. George, the Casino, St. Mary's Sanc-
tuary Society, and the Confraternity of the Holy Family;
the latter consisting of four divisions — for married men,
young men, married women, and young women respec-
tively. The parish numbers about two thousand
families. The clergy of the parish have been, during
this period, as follows:
At the time of the great fire and until the spring of 1873, Rev.
Peter Zimmer, C.SS.R.; Rev. John DeDycker, C.SS.R., followed
until July, 1877; Rev. Michael Miller, C.SS.R., until March, 1880;
when the present incumbent, Rev. Joseph Essing, C.SS.R., took
charge. Assistant priests have been engaged from time to time, of
770
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
r 11 i> c c,.i,nfi,W T SS R ant iristor of St Joseph's Church, was born on October 4, 1848, at
TTaricherT S™R M" £S£ cS K - ' la.m. C. Thieve,,, , iennanv, Ihe son of John Baptist and Agatha ( Ebner)
SS. k'an;, \:u,"eM. ^nu^.^.K. ' Leber, neither of whom are now living. . father, onstantme _,,„„•
Hi \ (OSEPH BSSING, pastor of St. Michael's Church, was
bunion November a6, 1837. He wa» educated m I'mssia; joined
the Order of Kedemptotists <m ( letober 4, iS(,i; wag ordained on
and came to America when his order was driven
from Cennany in iS74. Soon after his arrival in America lie came
to Chicago, and in 1880 became rector of St. Michaels Church,
his present position.
KKV. FRiix'UM's LI'ETTE. first assistant pastor ot
Michael's Church, was born in Baden, on February 17, 1823. lie
obtained his education in Havana; joined the Order of Kedempto-
rists in February, 1844; and was ordained on March 20, 1847, in
Havana. In 1848, he came to America, and, after serving as rector
of churches in various parts of the country, came to Chicago in
i<7o. lie soon became assistant pastor of St. Michael's, and later
first assistant.
ST. JOSEPH'S CHURCH.— After the fire, a small frame
edifice was erected on the old site of this church, at a
cost of §6,000, which was used until the present brick
structure, on the northeast corner of Market and Hill
•ts, was n-.'idy for occupancy. The corner-stone was
laid in October, 1876, and the church-edifice was dedi-
1 on October 6, 1878. The building cost about
§40,000. In 1874, a large four-story brick school-house
was'erected. The basement of this building is used for
a chapel for Sunday services in winter, and on week-
days throughout the year; the second and third floors
ised for school-rooms, and the upper story is a large
hall for concerts and entertainments, being also the head-
quarters for the Knights of St. George. A priests'
house waserected in 1882. It is athree-story brick, and
cost about $9,000. The immediate successor of Rev.
l.cander Schnerr was Rev. Meinard Jeggle, from 1873
to March i, 1874. He was succeeded by Rev. M. Cor-
binian, who remained until March 14, 1875. Rev.
Ciiles Christoph was then prior until June 6, 1879, being
followed by Rev. Suitbert Demarteau, who, on August
20, 1884, was succeeded by Rev. Bernardine Dolweck, the
present prior, who has been connected with the church
since 1882.
The societies connected with St. Joseph's Church are
St. Joseph's Society, organized in 1851; St. Benedict's
Benevolent Society, established in 1862; Knights of St.
George, established in 1883; St. Benedict's Court of
Independent Order of Catholic Foresters, established
in 1885; St. John's Young Men's Society, established
[111877; St. Aloysius Society of Altar Boys; St. Rosary's
Society, for married women; and two Sodalities of the
Blessed Virgin, for young women. There are about five
hundred and fifty families connected with this church,
among whom are numerous old German citizens of
Chicago.
REV. FATHER BERNARDINE, O.S.B., prior of St. Joseph's
Catholic Church, was born in Lothringen, now a portion of the
German Empire, in 1828. His family name was Dolweck. He
studied in the college at Bitche, Moselle Department, until 1850,
when, in company with his parents, he came to America. He then
studied in the Catholic Seminary at Cleveland, Ohio, where he was
ordained priest by Bishop Kapp, on December n, 1853. From this
time until 1863, he was priest in the diocese of Cleveland, serving
as pastor for different churches. He then xmited with the Order of
St. Benedict, at St. Vincent Monastery, in Westmoreland County,
Penn. He was a novitiate in St. Vincent one year, when he went
to St. Mary's Priory, Newark, N". T., where he remained until Sep-
tember, 1873, acting as pastor and prior of various churches in
that State. He was stationed at Erie, Penn., one year; was then
assistant in St. Joseph's Priory, Covington, Ky., until February,
1877; going thence to Richmond, Va. ; and the following year, be-
ing transferred to Covington, La., near New Orleans, as pastor of
St. Tammany's parish. In June, 1882, he was sent to Chicago as
assistant in St. Joseph's Priory, which position he held until August
20, 1884, when he was appointed prior by Arch-Abbot Wimmer, as
the successor to Rev. Suitbert Demarteau, O.S.B.
KEV. FATHER CONSTANTINE, O.S.B. (Francis Leber), assist-
,
to Vmerica on October (), 1*71. He ha. I studied at Constance,
Haden, and at the Monastic Benedictine College at Einsiedeln, Swit-
zerland, leaving this institution in August, 1*71. On October 14,
1871, he arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was employed in a
book-store until 1873. He then joined the Order of St. Bern-diet ,
at St. Vincent, Westmoreland Co., I'enn. He entered the novitiate
in this monastery, and studied theology and philosophy until April
8, 1879, when he was ordained priest by Hishop Tuigg, at St. Paul's
Cathedral, Pittsburgh. He was sent to St. Joseph's Church, ' 01
ington, Ky., where he was assistant pastor until August, [879,
when he was called to act as chaplain at St. Joseph's Church, Johns-
town, Penn. On March 5, iSSi, he was appointed pastor of the
Church of St. Stanislaus, Pittsburgh, I'enn. In August following
he was transferred to Chicago as second assistant pastor of St. Jo-
seph's Church; and in August, 1884, became first assistant pastor.
ST. Pius's CHURCH. — This church was organized in
1874, Rev. Francis Coosemans being the first pastor.
Father Coosemans was a member of the Society of
Jesus, the church being founded and conducted by that
order for about a year, when they surrendered the parish
and conveyed the property to the Bishop. In 1875,
Bishop Foley appointed Rev. Hugh McGuire pastor of
this church, and he remained until 1884. Until 1881,
he was without assistants. In that year, Rev. P. J. Tinan
was ordained, and assigned to that duty; and shortly
afterward Rev. Daniel Lyons became his second assist-
ant. Father McGuire was followed by Rev. T. F. Gal-
ligan, who, in September, 1884, was succeeded by the
present pastor, Rev. Francis S. Henneberry. Rev. G. A.
Kinsella and Rev. Edward O'Reilly are now the assist-
ant pastors of the church.
The church-building, a frame structure on the corner
of Van Horn and Paulina streets, which seated about
three hundred people, was enlarged, in 1877,503510
seat six hundred and fifty people. ( )riginally, there
were about one hundred and fifty families in the parish,
while at the present time there are about five hundred.
Plans were adopted in 1885 for the erection of a new
church-edifice at the corner of Ashland Avenue and
Nineteenth Street, immediately north of the priests'
residence, which is a three-story brick structure, erected
in 1884, at a cost of $5,000.
REV. FRANCIS S. HENNEBERRY, pastor of St. Pius's Church,
was born in Chicago, on March 27, 1854, the son of John and Mary
(Hnrke) Henneberry. His mother, who is still living, was one of
the first members of St. Mary's Church in Chicago, which ^was
organized by St. Cyr in 1833. Father Henneberry was educate. 1
at St. Patrick's Academy and St. Ignatius College, Chicago, finish-
ing his theological studies at the Seminary of Our Lady of Angels,
at Niagara Falls. He was ordained on June 7, 1879, by Bishop
Ryan, of Buffalo, and came directly to St. James's Church, on \Va-
bash Avenue, as assistant to Rev. P. \V. Riordan. In October,
1883, he was sent to the Cathedral of the Holy Name, where he
remained until September, 1884, being then appointed to his pres-
ent position.
CHURCH OF THE HOLY FAMILY. — This church, of
which a history appears in Vol. II., down to the time of
the great fire, still remains in its imposing beauty one of
the chief architectural adornments of the West Division.
Since 1871, various buildings have been erected by
the parish, of which the most important is the Sodality
building, immediately in the rear of the church-edifice,
erected in 1879, at a cost of $40,000. It is a spacious
structure containing numerous rooms and various halls
for the use of the different societies connected with the
church ; among others a reading-room, and two libraries
aggregating three thousand volumes. St. Joseph's
Home, an industrial school and temporary refuge for
homeless girls, on the corner of May and Eleventh
streets, was commenced in 1876, and enlarged and finally
completed in 1885, costing $16,000. Besides these
institutions are St. Ignatius College and St. Joseph's
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
771
School, on the corner of West Thirteenth and Loomis
streets. The total number of pupils enrolled is four
thousand.
The total number of souls in the parish is eighteen
thousand. The pastors during the period covered by
this volume have been as follows :
At the time of the great fire, and until 1873, Rev. Arnold
Damen, S.J.; 1873-75, Rev. John C. Coghlan, S.J.; 1875-79,
Rev. C. Koopmans, S. [.; 1879-84, Rev. Henry C. Bronsgeest,
S.J.; 18*4-85, Rev. Francis Ryan, S.J.; 1885, I. G. Zealand,
S. J. Each of these rectors has been assisted by other clergy, the
number of assistants now being eight.
REV. FRANCIS RYAN, S.J., pastor of the Church of the Holy
Family, was born in Newfoundland, on March 25, 1844. Ills
parents, James and Ellen (Quinlan) Ryan, were from County Tip-
SODALITY BUILDING, CHURCH OF THE HOLY FAMILY.
perary, near Clonmel, Ireland, where the Ryan and Quinlan families
have been known for several hundred years, and where the descend-
ants of the old stock still possess the old homesteads of Ballinacluna
and lialladyne. Having received a good early education in New-
foundland, from a lirst-class teacher, and M.A. of Trinity College,
Dublin, Mr. Ryan went to Ireland, in 1858, and entered All Hal-
lows Seminary, Stillorgan, near Dublin, finishing his classical
studies. He had for his professor of rhetoric the eminent and dis-
tinguished Dr. Conroy, who was afterward appointed apostolic
delegate to Canada. From All Hallows Seminary, Mr. Ryan
passed on to All Hallows College, where he studied philosophy two
years and theology two years. The eminent Dr. Conroy, after-
ward apostolic delegate to Canada, was his professor in theology
here, as he had been of rhetoric in the Seminary. In 1865, Mr.
Ryan left college and entered the Society of Jesus. Having gone
through the preliminary studies of the Jesuits, at their houses in
Dublin and their famous French College'of St. Acheul, at Amiens,
Jesuits complete their theological studies and are ordained priests,
spending four years in the study of theology, taking his degrees in
philosophy and theology, and being ordained a priest of the Society
of Jesus. In 1876 he came to New York, spending two years at
Fordham College as first prefect and professor of philosophy. Fie
was then invited by the apostolic delegate to Canada, Dr. Conroy, to
accompany him, as assistant and secretary, to Newfoundland, and,
joining the delegate in Chicago, in June, 1878, was with him until
his death. Father Ryan then went to Montreal, and was appointed
Sunday-evening lecturer at the Jesuit Church in that city, where he
remained for three years. I luring these years, besides his'lectures, he
gave many missions to the people and retreats to the clergy of
Canada, and was so highly esteemed that, when the diocese of Ham-
ilton, Ont., became vacant, his name was sent to Rome for the
miter. But preferring the labors and duties of a Jesuit priest to
those of a bishop, his superiors at Rome, at his request, sent him to
Chicago, where he has since been pastor and Sunday-evening lect-
urer for the Holy Family parish. Father Ryan is a very popular
priest. He is a large man, of fine presence, interesting in conver-
sation, and most affable in manner. As a preacher, his style is rather
that of the professor than of the pulpit orator, his mind being
analytical and logical rather than synthetical and imaginative. He
takes a philosphical view of his subjects, and presents his thoughts
in pure and precise language that can not be misunderstood, and
he is especially powerful in presenting arguments upon a thesis to
an audience of scholars and divines. He is thus eminently qualified
to perform all the duties of a bishop, but prefers the more humble
position of Jesuit priest and pastor.
ST. IGNATIUS' COI.I.KGE.— This building was erected for the
education of the Catholic youth of Chicago, in 1869, through the
efforts of the Society of Jesus. It was chartered by the Legisla-
ture of Illinois on June 30, 1870, with power to confer the
usual degrees. The college stands on Twelfth Street, just
east of the Church of the Holy Family. It is of brick, with
stone trimmings, and consists of a main building flanked by
':% two wings. There are thirty class-rooms, all well lighted and
Hi ventilated. It has a hall seating fifteen hundred, with a
Mj| gallery which will accommodate four hundred. The entire
j cost was $200,000.
Originally there were two distinct courses of study, the
; classical and commercial. The former, a six years' course,
! embraced the English, Latin and Greek languages, mental
and moral philosophy, pure and mixed mathematics, and
physical science. The latter, a four years' course, was lim-
ited to the branches of an English education. French and
German were optional. In 1879, a scientific course was
added to the curriculum, which was designed to qualify
young men for civil and mechanical engineering, mining,
assaying, etc.
The first board of managers was — Rev. Arnold Damen,
S.J., president; Rev. J. S. Verdin, S.J., vice-president;
Rev. J. De Blieck, S.J., secretary; Rev. M. Oakley, S.J.,
treasurer; Rev. D. Swagers, S.J., chancellor.
The presidents and vice-presidents of the faculty have
been as follows: Presidents — Rev. Arnold Damen, S.J., to
1872; Rev. F". Coosemans, S.J., 1872-74; Rev. J. De Blieck,
S.J., 1874-77; Rev. Thomas H. Miles, S.J., 1877-80; Rev.
Thomas O'Neill, S.J., 1880-84; Rev. Joseph G. Zealand,
S.J., 1884 to the present time. Vice-presidents — Rev. J.
S. Verdin, S.J., to 1877; Rev. R. J. Meyer, S.J., 1877-79;
Rev. Henry A. Schaapman, S.J., 1879-80; Rev. William T.
Kinsella, S.J., 1880-82; Rev. John E. Kennedy, S.J., 1882
to July, 1884; Rev. Aloysius Bosche, July, 1884, to the pres-
ent time.
The societies in connection with this institution are three,
— the Loyola Debating Society, the German Academy, and the St.
Cecilia Society. The first was organized on November 10, 1875,
and was known, until 1881, as the Chrysostomian Society. Its ob-
ject is to promote the cultivation of eloquence, the acquisition of
sound knowledge, and a taste for literature. The German Acad-
emy was organized in 1878, for the study of the German language.
The St. Cecilia Society was organized on October 23, 1879, for the
study of vocal music.
The museum, established in 1871, contains a rare and costly
collection. Among the mineral specimens are quartz, lead, copper,
silver and gold ores; in the animal are numerous specimens of orni-
thology, ichthyology, entomology and conchology, including a
beautiful collection of radiata, polypi and corals, a rare species of
medusa's head, several varieties of gorgonia flabellum, and a botan-
ical collection of cryptogamous and phanerogamous plants, chiefly
from the Rocky Mountain region and Nebraska. The collection of
amethysts, for which the museum is chiefly indebted to Rev. F. X.
Shulak, S.J., is said to be the most complete and perfect in the
world. The museum also contains a valuable collection of Indian
curiosities, and a full set of philosophical and chemical apparatus.
The library, established in 1870, for the benefit of the faculty
and students, is maintained by the college authorities. It num-
bers about twelve thousand volumes, embracing standard works in
history, poetry and general literature, as well as a magnificent col-
lection of ancient and modern works in various languages pertain-
ing to art, science and belles-lettres. During 1884, an effort was
made to perfect the reference department in the several branches
of sacred science. About two hundred rare and valuable volumes
have been added to the library this year.
REV. JOSEPH G. ZEAI.A.MI, S. J., president of St. Ignatius
College, was born on December 29, 1831, at Geldrop, Province of
North Brabant, in the Netherlands. His ancestry was Dutch, his
father being Francis Van Zeeland and his mother Elizabeth Ver-
hoeven. On coming to America, Father Zealand modified the spell-
ing of his name, adopting its English form. He pursued his
772
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
studios in his native hind, taking a classical course at the ( lymnasium
of Gemmert anil the 1'etit Seminaire of Bois-lc-l )ur, and studying
philosophy at the Grand Seminaire in the sanii1 city. In Decem-
ber, 1853, in company with the celebrated Father DeSmet and
seven young I.cvitcs, he sailed from Havre for New York, on the
steamer " 1 1 umboldt," and was wrecked in a fog on the coast of
Newfoundland, lie had a narrow escape, having been accidcntally
detained, with one companion, on the stranded vessel for several
hours after all others had been rescued. Previous to embarking he
had joined the order of Jesuits. After two years spent at their
novitiate in Florissant, Mo., he taught clasMrs for three years at
the college of Hardstown, Ky., and for another year at Milwaukee.
During the next four years he continued his theological studies at
the St. l.ouis I'niversity and at Boston College in Massachusetts.
Having taken priestly orders in 1863, and taught the classics for
another year at St. Xavier College, Cincinnati, he was called to St.
l.ouis I'niversity to assume the position of prefect of studies. He
was superintendent of classes during the next seven years, and in
1871 became president of the University. In 1874, he was the
companion of Father Damen in his missions, and during five years
shared his arduous labors in the Catholic revivals in nearly every
State in the Union. From 1879 until 1882, he had pastoral charge
of the Jesuit Church at St. Charles, Mo., and the following year
was treasurer of their great Western boarding college, at St. Mary's,
K.is. In 1883, he was called to Omaha, Neb., to assume the
presidency of Creighton College, and in July, iSS-|, came to Chi-
cago, succeeding Rev. Thomas O'Neill as president of St. Ignatius
College. The importance of the positions held by Father Zealand
in the various educational establishments of the order, attest his
more than ordinary ability as a college officer. As a disciplinarian
he is perhaps without a rival. Time and again, during his repeated
terms of office, have his associates, in the onerous and often per-
plexing duties of the class-room and campus, had occasion to
admire his ingenuity and tact in this particular. To them, not less
than to the college students, has his method of government always
commended itself; for it must not be supposed that the traits of
military precision and executive strength which form the striking
features of his manner, are restricted because of a lack of due
regard for individual needs. Not less considerate than just, he is
freely accorded the distinction of being a superior who never gives
his subordinates any serious reason for complaint.
REV. llr.NKV C. I>RiiNsi:r.KST, pastor of the Church of the
Sacred Heart, was born in 1842, at the Hague, Holland. His
education was received at the Episcopal Seminary of Uois-le-Duc,
a fortified town of the Netherlands and capital of the province of
North Brabant. He was ordained priest in that city in 1868.
Meeting Father Damen, he was induced by him to emigrate to
America, which he did in the same fall. He immediately joined
the Society of Jesus, passed the ordinary probations, and was ap-
pointed professor in St. Xavier College at Cincinnati. In 1873,
he was appointed pastor of St. Ann's Church, a colored congrega-
tion, to which he ministered until 1876, with such satisfaction to
them that when they learned of his appointment as companion to
Father Damen, S. J., they earnestly petitioned for a. revocation of
the order. He remained travelling companion of Father Damen
until 1879, when he became pastor of the Holy Family Church.
Here again he was very popular, on account of his unwearied at-
tention to the wants of his people. In 1885, he was transferred to
the Church of the Sacred Heart, of which he is now pastor. Father
Bronsgeest is an able preacher, has a fine voice, and is an excellent
singer, which accomplishment, when properly utilized, is a potent
element in the solemnity of religious services. His sermons are
always listened to with marked attention.
REV. WALTER II. HILL, S.J., assistant pastor of the Church
of the Sacred Heart, was born near Lebanon, Ky., on January 21,
1822. His parents were Clement and Mary (Hamilton) Hill, both
natives of Maryland. I le entered St. Mary's College near Lebanon,
Ky., in 1835, and pursued a classical course of study. During
the next three years he taught in that College; but in 1846, the
Jesuits having abandoned it, he went to St. Louis in October, to at-
tend medical lectures in the St. Louis Medical College. On Feb-
ruary 3, 1847, he entered the Novitiate of the Society of Jesus at
Florissant. When the Jesuits of Missouri accepted St. Joseph's
College, Bardstown, Ky., in July, 1848, he went to that college and
remained prefect of studies there until October 13, 1855, when he
returned to St. Louis, and taught from that time until 1858, in St.
Louis University. He then went to the scholasticate at College
Hill; going thence, in September, 1860, to Boston. He was or-
dained priest in the Cathedral of St. Louis, by Archbishop Kenrick,
on August 24, 1861. lie taught at the University until the summer
of 1863; and during the following year was tertian at Frederick,
Md. In September, 1864, he returned to St. Louis University,
where he taught philosophy. On August I, 1865, he became rector
of St. Xavier College, Cincinnati, and while there erected the
present main building. Returning again to St. Louis, on Septem-
ber 16, i86g, he was socius of the provincial until August, 1871,
and taught philosophy for the next thirteen years. lie published
" Flemctits of Philosophy," comprising "Logic and General
Metaphysics," in 1873; " F.thics of Moral Philosophy," in 1878;
and " Historical Sketches of St. l.ouis I "nu crsity," in 1879. (In
August 31, 1884, he became assistant pastor of the Church of the
Sacred Heart in Chicago. He commenced leaching at the age "1
••cvonteen, three years before graduating; received the degree of
llachelorof Arts upon graduation in 1843, and that of Master of Arts
in 1844. With reference to his ability as a writer, the " History of St.
Louis and St. l.ouis County" contains the following language:
" Walter H. Hill, S.J., is a man profoundly read in the works by
the Scholastic Philosophers, and has quite a faculty for logical
statement. Indeed it would be impossible for any one to rca-on
more close to the line. He follows the syllogism as closely as the
plowman follows the plow in the nicely opened furrow. It is sel-
dom that we lind text books so learned as these two tractates (General
Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy). They are founded upon Aris-
totle, to the leading versions of which they are continually marginal
references, etc."
PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. — The schools of the Holy Family parish
now number live. They were started in the old frame church on
Eleventh Street, and have since grown into a very large and perfect
system of educational machinery.
T/it' //c/r J-'amily Sc/iool is situated on Morgan Street, south
of Twelfth. The school building, of brick, is four stories high.
This school is devoted to boys, the average attendance being about
one thousand six hundred and fifty. The cost of the building was
about $60,000. Rev. Andrew O'Neill is director, and is assisted by
twenty-five teachers.
The C,'/i7',-nt Sfhool for girls is on West Taylor Street. It
averages about one thousand pupils, and is under the direction of
the Ladies of the Sacred Heart. The building cost about $30,000.
SI. .-1/oysins Sf/imi/, on Maxwell Street, also for girls, is under
the care of the Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary, with thirteen
teachers. The average attendance is about one thousand. The
cost of the building was $40,000.
The Git, in/in n ./«;,</ ^f/mol is on Forquer Street, east of
I lalsted Street. The building cost $7,500. The school is for small
boys and girls, and has an average attendance of live hundred.
St. Joseph's School, on West Thirteenth Street, is also for
small boys and girls, of whom about five hundred and fifty attend.
The cost of the building was $6,500.
In each of the two latter schools there are four teachers — Sis-
ters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The cost of instruc-
tion in all these schools is very low, averaging for each scholar about
five dollars a year, only those who are able being required to pay.
CONVKNT OK ST. Al.ovsius.— In 1867, Rev. Father Arnold
Damen, S.J., invited the Sisters of Charity, whose mother house is
at St. Joseph's Convent, near Dubuque, Iowa, to send members of
their order to this city to establish a parochial school. Sister Mary
Agatha Hurley was deputed, with eight others, to take charge of
the new mission, and arrived in this city on August 6, 1867. On
the iQth of that month their first school was opened, in a rented
building on Maxwell Street, between Clinton and Jefferson streets.
The Sisters made their residence at No. 512 Halsted Street, where
they remained until January I, 1870. In 1869, Father Damen
erected a school-building at No. 210 Maxwell Street, which was
enlarged in 1882. The structure, as it now stands, is three stories
and basement in height, and contains twelve school-rooms; the
chapel and dormitories occupying half of the second floor. The
mission of the Sisters of Charity is entirely educational. Over one
thousand day pupils are annually enrolled at St. Aloysius, and there
is an average daily attendance of seven hundred and fifty scholars.
These Sisters also have chaige of and instruct the parochial schools
of the Church of the Sacred Heart, St. Pius's, St. Bridget's and
St. Vincent's, and also a branch school at St. Pius's and Father
Gill's new school; and there are two primary branch schools belong-
ing to St. Aloysius. In the latter institution there are twenty-two
Sisters engaged in the work. The usual intermediate and higher
studies given in first-class academies are afforded the students; and
in the class of 1885 there were six graduates. Mary Agatha Hur-
ley, the first Mother Superior, still remains in charge of St. Aloy-
sius' School, which has long since become recognized as a leading
institution of learning in this city.
CHURCH OF NOTRE DAME DE CHICAGO. — This
church, which has a French-speaking congregation, was,
up to 1885, located on the northwest corner of Halsted
and Congress streets, with the school in the basement.
In 1884, the parish purchased ground at the corner of
Vernon Park Place and Sibley Street, for the sum of
$15,000, and in the spring of the same year, commenced
erecting a convent building on the west side of their
land, which was completed in July, 1885. This build-
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
773
ing, in the form of a Maltese cross, is built of brick and
is three stories high. The property at Halsted and
Congress streets was sold, and the church and school
transferred to the new building on its completion. The
interior of the new house is handsomely finished in hard-
woods. The first floor is divided into recitation, music
and dining rooms; the second floor contains reception
room, parlor, music hall and private apartments; the third
floor is at present used by the church. This occupies
the whole floor, with the exception of two small apart-
ments at either side, used by the priest and assistants.
In 1886, the parish will erect, on the corner of Ver-
non Park Place and Sibley Street, a $40,000 church-
edifice, and the present building will be devoted entirely
to educational purposes. When the parish has finished
the erection of the church-edifice and pastor's residence,
their property will represent a value considerably in ex-
cess of $100,000.
REV. A. L. BERGERON, pastor of the Church of Notre Dame
de Chicago, was born on September 4, 1856, at Kankakee, 111.
His father, Anthony Bergeron, a farmer, though born in St. Louis,
was of French descent. His mother, Lucy (Bosset) Bergeron,
was born in Ouebec, and was also of French descent. Both are
still living. Father Bergeron first attended the high school at Mo-
mence, 111.; going thence, in i860, to the College of St. Viateur,
at Bourbunnais drove, 111., where he remained for fourteen years,
the first ten in the classical department, and the last four years in
the theological department. Upon graduating from the classical
department, in 1876, he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
He was ordained, on July 5, 1878, by Bishop Foley, and was
assigned to St. Stephen's Church as assistant pastor, remaining there
•until May, iSSo. He was then transferred to the Church of the Im-
maculate Conception as pastor ; and from February, 1882, until
March. 1884, he was pastor of St. Joseph's Church, at Manteno,
111., when he was transferred to his present position, succeeding
Rev. James Cote.
CONVENT HE THE. CONGREGATION DF, NOTRE DAME. — This
order was founded in Canada about two hundred years ago by the
Venerable Mother Margaret Bourgeois. In 1882, Sister Emeren-
tienne, Superior, and three other nuns, were sent to this city from
the mother-house in Montreal, to- instruct the French children in
the Parish of Notre Dame. The convent at present only receives
day scholars ; those now attending number two hundred and sev-
enty-three. The instructors and a majority of pupils in this school
are of French origin, and ordinary conversation in the school-room
is carried on in the French language. The course of study com-
prises all the branches of instruction necessary for a perfect French
or English education.
ST. PROCOPIUS" CHURCH. — This church was founded
in. 1877, by Rev. William Coka, who purchased a church-
building on Halsted Street, near Nineteenth Street, and
moved it to the site of the present church, Eighteenth
and Allport streets. The congregation rapidly increas-
ing, the erection of a new building of brick, costing
$45,000, was begun in 1882. The old edifice was con-
verted into a school-house. The first teacher, John
Petru, is still the principal, being assisted by two male
teachers and by seven Sisters of St. Francis. The
school numbers about eight hundred pupils. The
church, the third Bohemian congregation organized in
the city, is now the largest, containing about eight
hundred families.
CHURCH OF ST. ELIZABETH. — The parish of St.
Elizabeth, which lies between Thirty-fifth and Forty-
seventh streets and between Clark Street and In-
diana Avenue, was organized in 1881, Rev. D. J.
Riordan being placed in charge. At the time of organ-
zation there were one hundred and fifty families in the
parish, while now there are four hundred. Father
Riordan purchased the frame church-edifice which had
been used by St. Ann's congregation, and removed it
to Dearborn Street, it being occupied by his parish
until the new brick building on Forty-first and State
streets was completed. This was dedicated on Novem-
ber 2, 1884, by his brother, Most Rev. P. W. Riordan,
then coadjutor-archbishop, and now archbishop, of San
Francisco. The cost of the new church-edifice and
school-building has been nearly $25,000.
REV. D. J. RIORDAN, pastor of St. Elizabeth's Church, was
born in August, 1846, at Kinsale, County Cork, Ireland, the son of
Matthew and Mary (Dunne) Riordan. His father, by trade a ship-
builder, came to Chicago in 1848, and was foreman for Doolittle &
Miller, and for other firms. He died in October, 1873. 1). [.
Riordan received his education in the parochial schools of St.
Patrick's Parish and in the University of St. Mary's of the Lake,
which he entered in 1859, and where he remained until 1863, with
the exception of one year spent at the Seminary of Our Lady of
Angels at Niagara Falls, N. Y. In 1863, he went to Belgium, and
studied two years in the preparatory seminary at Malines. From
1865 to 1869, he attendee! the American College at Louvain, study-
ing philosophy and theology. He was ordained at Malines, on
May 22, 1869, and afterward spent one year in travel and study
through Germany and Italy. In October, 1870, he returned to
Chicago, and was appointed pastor of St. Rose Church, Wilming-
ton, 111., succeeding Rev. Dr. McMullen. In 1872, he was ap-
pointed chaplain of Mercy Hospital, Chicago, a position which
he retained until October, 1873, when he became chancellor, and
secretary to Bishop Foley, holding that position until 1881. He
was then appointed to organize the new parish of St. Elizabeth, in
which woik he has been since engaged.
ST. MALACHY'S CHURCH. — This parish was formed
in 1882, by Archbishop Feehan, out of St. Jarlath's and
St. Columbkill's parishes. Rev. Thomas P. Hodnett
was assigned to the work of organizing the new parish.
It embraces the territory lying between Chicago Avenue
and Adams Street, and between Rockwell and Robey
streets to Kinzie, where the eastern boundary runs back
to Hoyne, and thence extends to Chicago Avenue.
Having obtained permission from the building commit-
tee of the Council to erect a frame chapel on the lots
already purchased at the corner of Western Avenue and
Walnut Street, preparations were in progress for its
erection when officers of the Fire Department forbade
the work to proceed. But Father Hodnett, not being
legally enjoined, collected two hundred men and fifty
boys, and in seven hours, on July 3, 1882, had erected
and enclosed a frame building, upon which he set a
flag-staff and hoisted the stars and stripes. Having
thus triumphed, he named the little chapel "The Ark,"
fitted it up for worship, carrying in chairs for seats, and
then proceeded with the greater work of building a
church-edifice on the corner of Western Avenue and
Walnut Street. The corner-stone of this building was
laid on Sunday, September 10, 1882, with imposing
ceremonies.
The edifice was dedicated on Sunday, December 21,
1884, the opening sermon being delivered by Rt. Rev.
Bishop John Hennessy, of Dubuque, Iowa. The build-
ing is of stone, in the modern Gothic style of architec-
ture. The interior of the church is very elegant, a
prominent feature being a memorial window, the gift of
Rev. T. P. Hodnett, in memory of his father, Thomas
Pope Hodnett.
Originally there were about three hundred families
connected with the parish; now there are about five
hundred, with a total membership of twenty-five hun-
dred. A stone school-house has been erected just south
of the church, at a cost of about $20,000. The school
is in charge of the Sisters of Mercy of the Western Re-
serve, who also conduct St. Patrick's Academy in this
parish. The societies connected with this church are
St. Malachy's Young Men's Literary Association, the
Catholic Order of Foresters, a branch of St. Vincent de
Paul's Society, and St. Malachy's Total Abstinence and
Benevolent Society. Father Hodnett is assisted by
Revs. M. C. Mackin and D. A. McGrath, the latter
coining to this church in May, 1884.
REV. THOMAS POPE HODNETT, pastor of St. Malachy's Church,
was born on February 2, 1845, in Glin, County Limerick, Ireland.
774
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
He is the son of Thomas Pope and Elizabeth Griffin (Hallinan)
llmlnett. His father died in 1848; his mother is still living, at the
cottage Knock, County Clare, Ireland, at the age of sixty-three.
When thirteen years old he entered a private academy, and the fol-
lowing year St. Munchin's Jesuit College, at Limerick, where he
remained four years, completing with honor the whole "course of
humanity." He then entered the affiliated college of the Catholic
University of Ireland, St. Flannans, at Knnis, where he passed the
examination with the highest honors, and received his graduation
papers from Rt. Rev. Dr. Woodlock, now Bishop of Ardagh, Ire-
land. After this he attended the Concurcus of the Diocese of
Killaloe, held at Nenagh, North Riding of Tipperary, and, as a mer-
itorious competitor, was assigned to a place in the Irish College,
Paris. Following that, he successfully passed another examination
under the Lazarists Fathers, at Castle Knock, near Dublin. He
remained at the Irish College, Paris, France, from 1863 to 1866,
distinguishing himself in his studies. In the latter year he resigned
his position at Paris and came to the United States, arriving in
completing his theological course under the Very Rev. Michael
Heiss, now the Most Rev. Archbishop of the Province of Milwau-
kee. At that institution he was ordained on September 30, 1867,
by the sainted and scholarly pioneer Archbishop Ilenni, of Milwau-
which now stands the University of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart.
In 1868, he became pastor of St. Thomas's Church, Potosi, Wis.,
in which he remained three years, and was then transferred to St.
Clement's Church, Lancaster, Wis. Two years later he became
rector of St. Jerome's Church, Oconomowoc, Wis., and in January,
1874, returned to the Diocese of Chicago. Bishop Foley appointed
him pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Lincoln, Logan Co., 111., with
the affiliated missions of Elkhart and Atlanta, where he remained
eleven months. Upon the formation of the Diocese of Peoria, he
was transferred to St. Patrick's Church, Dixou, 111., with the affil-
iated missions of Harmon and . \shton, Lee Co.. 111. On June IO,
1882, he was summoned by Archbishop Feehan to organize the new
parish of St. Malachy, Chicago, out of portions of the two parishes
of St. |arlath's and St. Colurabkill's. Father I lodnett built a church
and a large- school on Western Avenue, and superintends an acad-
emy at the corner of Oakley and Park a\eiiues. The result of his
active and zealous labors in this new field are shown in
the history of St. Malachy's Church. Thus far Father
Hodnett has either built, or paid for, five churches and two
or three parochial residences and schools, and has been
instrumental, to a great extent, in the founding of the
University of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, at Water-
town, Wis. He has been also connected with the tem-
perance movement in this State and in Wisconsin. He is
widely known and his influence as a follower of Father
Mathew is greatly felt.
ST. JosKi-ifs HOMK. — In 1876, a small band of Sis-
ters of the Order of the Holy Heart of Mary, were sent
from the mother-house at Buffalo, .\. V., to this city, to
found a home for females out of employment and for
those who were employed but had no homes of their own.
They purchased ground on South May Street, near the
corner of Eleventh, and erected a substantial brick build-
ing, four stories high. In 1884, the order commenced
another building on the north side of the old structure,
which adjoins it, and of the same height, the two forming
one building. The new structure was dedicated on Sep-
tember 26, 1885, by Archbishop Feehan. The chapel is
situated on the north side of the new building. In the
rear of the main structure is a three-story building, in
which are located the dress-making rooms and laundry.
The cost of the grounds and buildings was about 850,000.
There are seven Sisters of the Order of the Holy Heart
of Mary in charge of the Home, and the average number
of inmates is from seventy to ninety. The institution is
self-sustaining.
\i \HK.MY OK THE SACKKD HEART was founded in
1858, by Madame Gallway, who, accompanied by ten
ladies of the community, came in August of that year, on
invitation of Bishop Duggan. A small house was rented
on the South Side, but a great increase of pupils rendering
extensive accommodations necessary, a large house on the
North Side was procured, to which a frame addition was
built. The difficulty of procuring spiritual assistance made
the community desirous of a closer proximity to the lesuit
Fathers, and in 1860 Madame Gallway purchased tw
acres of land on the West Side, near the Church of t he-
Holy Family. In May the erection of the new convent
was commenced, which was occupied on August 20, 1860.
The frame house on the North Side, which was moved to
this location, became their first parochial school, and was
immediately put into operation with three hundred and
fifty pupils. In 1864, an addition to the Academy was
built, for the accommodation of boarders and novices.
In 1866, the old parochial building was replaced by
a large brick edifice, capable of accommodating one
thousand children. In 1869, a second addition was built. The
novitiate, which had been temporarily removed to St. Louis
for want of accommodation, was brought back to Chicago;
but in 1872, it was definitely located at the new Convent of
Maryville, near St. Louis. In 1879, a new chapel was built ad-
joining the academy; and in 1885, a large hall was erected close
to the parochial school, to be used for divine service, and also for
school exhibitions. The Academy comprises numerous class-rooms,
with an extensive library and a fine museum. The grounds
attached to the institution, comprising about ten acres, are laid out
with much skill. Madame Gallway remained Mother Superior
until 1866, when she was succeeded by Mother Gaunthreaux, who
died in the institution in 1872. She was replaced by the present
Superior, Mother Niederkorn, who has been away three times,
being relieved by Mother Bourke Freret and Mother Gauci.
ST. PATRICK'S ACADEMY is one of the most recently estab-
lished of the Catholic Female Seminaries of Chicago, yet is one of
the best known and most flourishing. It is situated on the south-
west corner of Oakley and Park avenues, and is under the care of
tlie Sisters of Mercy, a religious order favorably known to residents
of Chicago through the Academy of St. Francis Xavier, which is
under its charge. St. Patrick's Academy was founded in 1883,
when six Sisters came to Chicago. The institution is in the parish
of St. Malachy. It was at the request of Rev. Father Hodnett,
pastor, and of Rev. Father Gill, chancellor of the diocese, with the
approbation of His Grace, the Archbishop, that these Sisters came
from Nashville, Tenn. The number now at the Academy (which
has been made a mother-house of the diocese) is twenty-three, not
all of whom, however, have yet completed their novitiate.
KKLIGIOUS HISTORY.
775
The academy-building is a substantial brick edifice. The
corner-stone was 'laid on June 5, 1883, and on September 10 the
Um-er portion of the building was so far completed as to admit of
the reception of pupils. The Sisters lived in a rented house on
Park Avenue, until Christmas, when the upper stories were finished,
and they removed to the Academy.
The school opened with forty-eight pupils, and the roll for the
past year showed an attendance of two hundred. It has three
departments, primary, intermediate and senior ; the two former
embracing eight grades, and the latter covering a course of three
years. The studies are those taught at the Chicago grammar and
high schools, with the addition of a course of religious instruction,
including catechism, scripture history and Christian doctrine. The
chief aim of the Sisters is to attain thoroughness, promotions from
one grade to another being made only after the test of a stringent
i •\.unination. Pupils may, however, take an elective course of
study; and to those who desire it, instruction is given in vocal and
instrumental music, painting, modern and ancient languages, and
plain and ornamental needle-work. No class has yet graduated,
nor is it expected that any will before 1887. The Sisters acting as
officers of the community at present are — Mother Assistant, Sr. M.
Basilia; Mistress of Novices, Sr. M. Xavier.
MOTHER MAKV I.'ATHKKIXK, now at the head of the mother-
house of the Sisters of Mercy in the Archdiocese of Chicago, and of
the Academy of St. Patrick, entered upon her religious career in
June, 1867. She is a sister of Most Rev. P. A. Feehan, Arch-
bishop of Chicago. Before assuming the vows that bound her to
her present life of devoted self-abnegation, she lived in St. Louis,
Mo. For years before connecting herself with any religious com-
munity, she had determined to renounce the world; but her mother
being in failing health in consequence of a paralytic stroke, she
believed that the first duty of an only daughter was to soothe and
support her mother's declining years. Until her mother's death,
therefore, she remained at home, her two brothers, one a physician
and the other a merchant, also living under the same roof. After
her mother's decease, Mother Catherine determined at once to put
into execution her long cherished plan. Having been up to that
time undecided as to the order whose vows she should assume, and
learning that Sisters were needed by the community of the Sisters of
Mercy at Nashville, Tenn., she determined at once. It is possible
that her choice may have been, in some measure, affected by the
consideration that her remaining brother (the present Archbishop)
was then bishop of Tennessee. Her novitiate lasted from June,
1867, to November 25, 1869, when she took the final vows and
became a professed Sister. The constitutions of the order of the
Sisters of Mercy provides for four offices in each community, to be
Tilled by election. Immediately upon the completion of her novitiate,
Mother Catherine was chosen to fill the dual office of mother bursar
and mistress of novices, both of which positions she retained until
1883, when she was elected Mother Superior, shortly before being
sent to this city. The wisdom of this selection and those associ-
ated with her is shown by the rapid growth and constantly increasing
prosperity of the institution under their care, which are to be
attributed, in no small degree, to their executive ability as well as
to painstaking devotion to the cause of Christian education.
SISTER MARY BASILIA (Callaghan), mother assistant of St.
Patrick's Academy, and of the mother-house of the Sisters of
Mercy in the diocese of Nashville, Tenn., first entered upon the
life of a religieuse in August, 1864. Her novitiate ended in March,
1867, and her profession, the first to take place in Nashville, was
solemnized with appropriate ceremonies. Since taking the final
vows, Sister Mary liasilia has held responsible and important posi-
tions. With the exception of a short time, she has held the office of
assistant mother of St. Patrick's Academy, and during a part of
the time has also been directress of the Young Ladies' Sodality of
that institution. She is a lady of superior education, being pos-
sessed of the highest accomplishments in language and music; is a
thorough scholar in French, Italian, German and Latin; and is an
excellent performer upon the piano, organ, harp and guitar. She
imparts her knowledge with great ability, and her rare graces of heart
and mind have won the love and reverence of associates and pupils.
Sister Mary Basilia, assisted by five others of her order, has imme-
diate charge of the musical department.
ST. ADALBERT'S (POLISH) CHURCH. — This church
was started as early as 1872, in which year Jacob Lilla
and Francis Szymanski purchased some lots at the cor-
ner of West Seventeenth and Paulina streets. In 1874,
the ground was paid for, and Rev. John Mulliter ap-
pointed pastor. He remained long enough to organize
the parish, being succeeded by Rev. Dominic Mayer,
who built the basement of the present structure, which
was used for a number of years by the congregation.
He was succeeded in 1878, by Rev. Adolphus Snigurski,
during whose pastorate the church-building was com-
pleted, being dedicated in June, 1884. It is a Gothic
structure of brick, and cost about $45,000. In July,
1884, the present pastor, Rev. John Radziejewski, took
charge. The number of families connected with this
church is about one thousand. The parish schools were
established in 1878, by Rev. Dominic Mayer. The first
teacher was Mr. Wendzinski, the second August Wrob-
lewski, the third, Miss Weisshaar, and the present in-
cumbents, Mrs. Doyle and Francis Zabka. The school
is held in the basement of the church and has three
hundred and seventy-five scholars. In September, 1885,
it was taken in charge by the Sisters of Nazareth, from
Rome, Italy.
The following societies are connected with the church:
St. Adalbert's Benevolent Society, organized in 1873;
Society of the Sacred Heart of Mary, organized in 1878;
Knights of St. Casimir, organized in 1881; Society of
the Holy Name of Jesus, organized in 1883; Society of
St. Dominic, organized in 1885; Society of St. Stanislaus
Kostka, organized in 1885; Society of St. Valentine,
organized in 1885; Rosary Society, organized in 1873;
Young Ladies' Society, organized in 1885.
A church subordinate to St. Adalbert's was organized
in 1885, at Bridgeport, and named the Church of St.
Mary of the Perpetual Help, by Rev. John Radziejewski,
who purchased an entire block of land, containing fifty
lots, sixteen of which are reserved for the use of the
church. A frame church-building was purchased and
moved on the ground, as were also a school-house and
a priests' residence; the church being dedicated on Au-
gust 16, 1885. There are two societies connected with
this church, that of St. John Kamti, and St. Stephen's
Society. The school, containing two hundred pupils,
is taught by three Sisters.
REV. JOHN RADZIEJEWSKI, pastor of St. Adalbert's Church,
was born in Krucz, Czarnikau County, Province of Posen, Poland,
on October 18, 1844. His father was Peter and his mother Mrs.
Mathilda (Kurz) Radziejewski. He was educated in the Pedagogium
at Ostrowo, near \Vielin, and at the Polish Seminary in Rome, where
he completed his studies in 1869. On May 22, 1869, he was or-
dained, and served as pastor four years in Posen. Afterward he
served six years as assistant priest in Paris, France. He came to
America in 1881, and soon after landing went to Chicago. He
was appointed assistant priest at St. Stanislaus Kostka Church, in
which capacity he served two years, and became pastor of the Church
of the Immaculate Conception, at South Chicago, in 1882. In
1883, he built a frame church-edifice there; and in 1884 was ap-
pointed to his present pastorate.
REV. LEOPOLD MOCZYCEMBA w-as born on May 4, 1859, in
San Antonio, Texas, the son of Anton and Philippina (Wenz)
Moczygemba. He received his education for the priesthood at St.
Francis' Seminary, near Milwaukee, Wis., and was ordained on
June 24, 1884. Shortly thereafter he was appointed assistant priest
at St. Adalbert's Church, where he remained until the latter part of
1885, when he was sent to take charge of the Polish parish in Le-
mont, Cook Co., 111., which position he has since occupied.
REV. FATHER EDWARD J. DUNNE has been connected with the
chief pastorate of All Saints' Church, corner of Wallace Street and
Twenty-fifth Place, for over ten years. In fact, his parish duties
commenced before there was any church at the present site. To
his energy, eloquence and faithfulness a large debt of gratitude is
due, not only by his parishioners, but by the community at large, for
through his individual exertions the parish of All Saints has become
most important and progressive, and his ecclesiastical ministrations
have resulted in vast improvement in the religious and domestic wel-
fare of his parishioners. Father Dunne is a native of Ireland, and
was born in Tipperary, the son of Richard and Julia (Cook) Dunne,
on April 23, 1848. When he was a year old his parents came to
America, and located in Chicago, where the son and future priest
attended the Brothers' schools. In 1860, he entered the noted
Catholic institution of learning in Chicago, St. Mary's of the Lake.
From this school he went to study at the Seminary of St. Francis,
at Milwaukee, and completed a thorough theological and philosoph-
ical education at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Md. There he
was ordained priest, on June 29, 1871, and returning to Chicago
became assistant pastor of St. James's Church, and later filled the
776
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
same post of duty at St. Mary's Church. In 1875, Father Dunne was
given charge of the parish of All Saints. At that time there was
no church-edifice, and for a time ma— - was celebrated in a store near
the site of the present church. He collected money himself for the
building of a place of worship, and in 1875 completed the large edifice
now used as a school, and, later, the beautiful church he now occu-
pies Father Dunne is one of the oldest and best-known priests in
the diocese, and is noted for his energy in practical work in behalf
of the Church and also as a Billed and erudite preacher. lie is
deeply beloved by his parishioners, whose interests he has so faith-
fully served during the past decade, and enjoys the confidence and
esteem of his associates and the community at large, who regard
him highly for his long, useful and progressive career.
RKV. DANIKI. ll. Tm'Mi v, assistant pastor of All Saints'
Church, was born at lioston, Mass., on ( ictober 12, 1846. lie is
the son of Patrick and Mary (McCarthy) Toomey, who sent him to
the public schools of his native place at an early age. There, in
the more advanced classes, he received the rudiments of a thor-
ough classical education, which later was interrupted by his varied
career as a soldier and in commercial life. When only seventeen
years of age, and about to begin a collegiate course of study, Father
Toomey enlisted in the Union Army as a private in the eighth unat-
tached company of Massachusetts Infantry. In this command he
served until August, 18(14, and in November of that year began
service in the naval corps, being sent with the southwest squadron
under Admiral Dahlgren. For some time he was detailed on
detached laud service, and was with the command sent to effect a
junction with deneral Sherman's army in its inarch to the sea. lie
s.i\v much active service, being in fifteen engagements with
Admiral Dahlgren and < Generals Foster and Sherman. In Decem-
ber, I.s!>5, he was discharged from the navy, and, returning to lios-
ton, resumed his studies, going to Villanova, 1'enn., in 1869, where
for two years he was a student in the Augustinian College. He
then went to Troy, N. \ ., and for two years engaged in a thorough
theological and philosophical course of study, being compelled to
abandon the college, St. Joseph's Seminary, on account of ill
health. He then removed to New York City, and engaged in the
commission business, dealing in hemp, sugar and other articles of
the East India trade. He remained in this business for three and
a half years, returning to lioston at the expiration of that time, and
engaging for two and a half years in the real-estate business. He
then went to Notre Dame, Ind., and, becoming a member of the
order, studied at the University and taught in some of its classes.
There he remained three years, completing his education, and on
January I, 1882, going to Cincinnati, where he became a preceptor
in St. Joseph's College. In 1883, he came to Chicago, and for a
time was engaged in a wholesale grocery house on Wabash Avenue,
which he left to become connected with St. Viateur College, at
Bourbonnais drove, near Kankakee, 111. There he remained two
years, being ordained as a priest for the Chicago Archdiocese on
May I, 1884, by Archbishop Feehan, of Chicago. He remained a
year at St. Viateur's after being ordained, teaching at that college,
and in August, 1885, was appointed assistant pastor of All Saints'
Church. Father Toomey 's life has been a varied one, but amid its
vicissitudes he has acquired a. fine scholastic knowledge and is
esteemed as a useful and progressive member of the order to which
he has devoted his life.
REV. J. M. CAIMAN, pastor of the Church of the Nativity,
has been connected with the priesthood for over fifteen years, and
identified prominently with the most progressive ecclesiastical in-
terests of this diocese since that time. He was born at Dublin,
Ireland, on January 24, 1847, the son of Thomas and Margaret
(Maran) Cartan. When he was one year old his parents came to
America, and located at Ottawa, III. Here his father operated a
general supply store for canal boatmen, and later went on a farm
near the town. The son received his early education at the public
schools of Ottawa, and, in :S6i, accompanied his parents to Chi-
cago, where his parents died, his mother in 1885, and his father in
the same year, at the advanced age of eighty years. Shortly after-
ward, Father Cartan began a thorough education at the University
of St. Mary's of the Lake, remaining at that institution six years,
and going through a classical course, completing his studies with
philosophy and metaphysics. He graduated in 1867, with the de-
gree of Bachelor of Arts. He then went to St. Francis Seminary,
near Milwaukee, \Vis., where he took up theological studies, and,
on December if>, 1870, was ordained as a priest, by the Rt. Rev.
Bishop Foley, for the Diocese of Chicago. Two days later he was
assigned to duty as assistant to Rev. Dr. Mcdovern' at Blooming-
ton, III., at which place he remained two years, in 1872 being
transferred to St. Patrick's Church, in this city, by Bishop Foley.
At this church, as assistant to Father Conway, he remained two
years, on November 19, 1874, being sent to his present post of
duty. He succeeded Rev. J. S. O'Neill, since deceased, who built
St. James's Church, at Rockford, whither he returned. At the
time of coming to this parish, Father Cartan found the district
sparsely settled, and containing some two hundred and fifty fami-
lies, representing a population of 1,800 people. His zeal and in-
dustry, within a few years, were rewarded with the attainment of
one of the most successful missions ever undertaken in the \\cst.
There was no institution of learning, except the public school, in
the parish, which took in a part of the town of Lake, and Father
Cartan soon gathered funds to erect a frame building at Fmerald
Avenue and Thirty-ninth Street, at a co-l of s;,<x>o, which, in Sep-
tember, !>-;_ was Mneii in charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph from
Carondelet, Mo. In 1*7(1, the foundations of the spacious church
structure itself, at Dashiel and Thirty-seventh streets, \\.is begun,
the corner-stone being laid, by Bishop Foley, on October 28 of that
year. ( In September I. 1879, the building was completed, and
impressive dedication ceremonies marked the event. Very Rev.
Dr. |ohn McMullen performed the ceremony, Rev. K. |. Dunne
(who preached the sermon), Kev. J. S. ( lallagher, Rev. Joseph J. Fla-
herty and Father Cartan took part in the same. In 1*84, a branch
school was established under the direction of two Brothers of the
Holy Cross, from Notre Dame, Ind., which was founded to afford
commercial education for boys. The societies auxiliary to the
church are as follows: Catholic Order of Foresters. St. Vincent
de Paul Society for the Poor, Total Abstinence Temperance So-
ciety, Married Ladies', Young Ladies' and Girls' sodalities. Sodality
of Holy Angels, for the little ones, Married Men's Sodality and the
Prayer Society. The organization of the church is on a most
favorable progressive basis, and a remarkable advancement is due
to Father Cartan's labors. Rev. Father M. Lyons was the founder
of the parish in 1869, the first meeting being held in a public school
building on April 5 of that year. The present church is a beauti-
ful structure, built in the Roman-Gothic style of architecture, by
P. C. Keely, of New York. Father Cartan, during his twelve
years' ministry, has won the confidence and esteem of his associates
and is dearly beloved by his parishioners. An eloquent speaker,
possessed of high scholastic attainments, these qualifications and
his devotion to the interests of the Church have won him honorable
distinction. He is admired and respected for his energy and pro-
bity by all classes of the community where the parish is located,
his efforts having not only advanced the religious status of its popu-
lation, but conducetl to material social and business advancement.
The parish where he began his ministrations was without a Catho-
lic church or school in 1874, and had a population of two thousand
souls. It now includes eighty thousand people, with eight churches
in the district. Father Cartan paid off the $5,000 indebtedness
against the church after he took charge, and has increased the value
of the church property to over $125,000. He stands eminent as an
ecclesiastic, and will long be remembered for the benefits his labors
have bestowed and his precepts invoked in a community where he
is universally honored as a progressive and useful representative of
the holy calling to which he has devoted his life.
DENIS AI.OYSIUS TIGHK was born on August I, 1849, at Bally-
mote, County Sligo, Ireland. He received his education first, for
three years, at St. John's College, in County Mayo, Ireland, leaving
there and coming to America in 1866. He continued his studies in
the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, from whence he gradu-
ated in the class of 1869-70, taking a theological course after gradu-
ation. He was ordained by Very Rev. Bishop Foley, at the lesuit
College, on July 18, 1874, and was assigned to St. James's Parish,
in Chicago, as assistant to Rev. P. \V. Riordan, now Archbishop of
San Francisco. On November I, 1877, he was given charge of the
parish of Hyde Park and South'Chicago, which then comprised the
region extending from Thirty-ninth Street to the Indiana State line.
While there, he purchased the land and built the church of St. Pat-
rick, at South Chicago, and also bought the land on which the paro-
chial residence of St. Thomas is now erected. In 1880, Father
Tighe was assigned to the charge of the parish of the Holy Angels,
and his parishioners first worshiped in the building which was sub-
sequently consecrated and dedicated as the Memorial Baptist Church,
on Oakwood Boulevard. The erection of the church which now
belongs to the parish of the Holy Angels was commenced in the
latter part of August, iSSo, it being dedicated on December 19 of
the same year. It is an elegant structure, which cost 812,000, and
was erected from plans furnished by dreg. Vigeant, and where his
pastorate has reflected credit both on himself and the Church of
which he is a faithful and earnest servant. When the first mass
was said before the parishioners, on February 22, 1880, there was a
congregation of about thirty people, while the church had a Sunday-
school attendance of about thirty-five scholars. At present the
church has about one thousand communicants and an average at-
tendance at the Sunday-school of one hundred and fifty. The
church property, including the parsonage, is now valued at about
$25,000; when Father Tighe entered on his parochial duties there,
his financial possessions more resembled those of the apostles than
of a nineteenth century clergyman.
VF.RV RKV. FATHER AUSTIN MORIM, D.D., O.S.M., superior
and vicar-general in America of the order of Servile Fathers, has
been prominently identified with the most important and progressive
interests of that order for sixteen years, having founded the same
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
777
in this country-, in 1870. The life of this eminent divine is so
closely allied to the progress and development of the community of
the Servile Fathers, which is only twenty-four years younger than
the order Franciscans, that its growth and advancement become a
part of his own individual experience. Previous to entering upon
ecclesiatical duties directly in its service, however, his early training
was of a character most deserving of mention in the sketch of a
man who has displayed remarkable powers of ability, perseverance
and patience in pursuance of a cherished and unselfish object. He
was born at Florence, Italy, on March 4, 1826, being the son of
Paul and Anna Morini, and passed the first twenty-seven years of
his life in his native place. There he acquired, at an early age, the
rudiments of the thorough education which, later, marked him as a
student of great promise and high scholastic attainments. Having
acquired a classical and theological educ ition, and especial profi-
ciency in humanities and rhetoric, Father Morini graduated, and
entered the order of Servile Fathers on January 5, 1844, when
only eighteen years of age. In May, 1850, he was ordained
priest, and three years later he received his first degrees and
took charge of the students in humanities and rhetoric at the
monastery. In 1856 he received tl.e degree of D.D. This position
he filled for eleven years, and in 1864 was sent to London,
England, to endeavor to implant the order in ( Jreat Britain. After
six years earnest effort in this direction, the London foundation be-
ing in a promising condition, he was sent, with two other fathers,
Rev. Andrew Venturi and Rev. lionliglio Baldi, and a lay brother,
to establish the order in America. He landed at New York with
his associates in July, 1870, and a month later they were formally
given charge of the Irish congregation at Doty's Island, Menasha,
\Vis., by the Bishop of Green Hay. Here a community was soon
formed. In April, 1874, he gave a mission in Italian to the Italians
of Chicago. An effort was made to form an Italian congregation
in this city, but the obstacles in the way were so numerous that the
task failed of satisfactory accomplishment. This and other circum-
stances suggested to the Superior the advisability of accepting the
offer made to him by the lamented Bishop F'oley to locate in Chi-
cago: With the assistance of Father Venturi, he set about the for-
mation of a congregation of Irish people, with other Catholics of
different nationalities, sparsely resident on the prairie in the western
portion of the city, not far from Central Park. In August, 1874,
Father Morini began to build a brick church and residence on Tack-
son Street, near Albany Avenue, where the community with the
novitiate are now permanently located. The Fathers attending the
congregation, which is F'.nglish speaking, as assistants to Father
Superior Morini, are Fathers A. Venturi, parish priest, and J.
Touissi. The other priests of the commu-
nity recently ordained are Fathers M. Mc-
Cann, M. Leplae and II. Crevier. In ten
years the parish has become an important
one, and the efforts of the Fathers have
been a blessing to their parishioners and to
the community at large. Father Morini
directs the important functions of his high
and holy office with a dignity and sincerity
which has entitled him to the confidence
and esteem of his associates, and he is uni-
versally respected and beloved by the mem-
bers of the congregation of the Church of
Our Lady of Sorrows, a structure which
has no equal in Chicago for the elegance
and chaste character of the frescoing. This
and the accompanying buildings are monu-
ments to the practical devotion of Father
Morini to the interests of the Church, to
which he has given a life replete with sanc-
tity and usefulness.
REV. THOMAS FRANCIS CASHMAN,
pastor of St. Jarlath's Church, was born on
December 3, 1842, at Glanmire, County
Cork, Ireland. His parents were Michael
and Fllen ( Kiely) Cashman: his father being
a farmer. He was educated at St. Vincent's
Seminary in Cork, where he remained four
years, and at the Collegiate Seminary of
Mount Mellery, County Waterford, from
which he graduated in 1858. He was in —-^^^^^
business with his father until 1863, when he
came to America. In 1864, he came to Chi-
cago, entering the Seminary of St. Mary s
of the Lake, where he studied theology. In 1868, he was or-
dained by Bishop Loures, of Fort Wayne, for the diocese of
Chicago. He was appointed assistant to Rev. P. J. Conway,
then at St. James's Church ; three months later he was made
pastor of St. Joseph's Church, at Pekin, III., where he remained
until 1872. While there he organized missions at Manito, Ha-
vana, and Mason City, Mason Co. ; and at Delavan and Tre-
mont, Tazewell Co., building a church in each place. In 1872, he
was transferred to St. Jarlath's Church, Chicago, which had been
organized in 1869, where he has since remained. Father Cashman
has been more than ordinarily successful as a pastor. Since coming
to this church he has liquidated a debt of $14,000 then existing; has
built a parochial resilience at No. 658 West Jackson Street, at a
cost of $8,000; has erected a parochial school at a cost of $9,000;
has built a convent for the Sisters of St. Dominic at a cost of
$4,500; and is now engaged in the erection of a new stone church-
edifice, which will cost not less than $75,000. When he commenced
his pastorate there were but seventy-live families in the church; now
there are three hundred, and the churches of St. Malachy and of
the Seven Dolors have been taken from the original St. farlath's
parish. Father (.'ashman is thoroughly educated, and takes a deep
interest in history, religion and philology.
REV. SosTi-.NK.rs MOKKTTI, pastor of the only Catholic Church
for the Italian speaking community of Chicago, has been identified
with the progressive ecclesiastical interests of Chicago for over ten
years, and to his patience, perseverance and ability is due the final
establishment of a church devoted to the spiritual needs of that
nationality. Father Moretti was born at Castellazzo, Hormida, in
Piedmont, Italy, on October 5, 1841, being the son of Joseph
Anthony and Leonna Moretti. When seventeen years of age, he
completed the rudiments of his early education, and entered the
order of Servile Fathers, at Bologna, on August IO, 1857. There
he pursued his ihcnlogical sludies, and was transferred to the
sanctuary of Monte Berico, Vicenza, in May, 1861. He was or-
dained as a priest on August ", 1864, and ten years laler came to
America, landing in New York on October 19, 1874. He came at
once to Chicago, and in November, 1880, having secured three lots
on Illinois Street, began building the basement of the present church
struclure. This is regarded as a remarkable result of six years'
labor, as all previous efforts in this direction in Chicago had failed
of accomplishment. The place of worship was ready for occu-
pancy on Faster Sunday, 1881, from which time Italian services
were held regularly in that structure. The work of building the
church proper has been carried on with great energy, and ihe beauti-
ful building, in pure Italian style of architecture, has been brought
very near completion. Its frescoing is a work of the finest art.
The figure painting, which is very fine, will be done by Mr. Gregory,
the distinguished Italian painter. Father Moretti is an eloquent
and persuasive orator, and possesses high scholastic attainments.
His long and useful service in the Church has won the confidence
and esteem of his associates, and he is revered and beloved by his
many parishioners.
ACADEMY OF ST. FRANCIS XAV1F.K.
REV. VINCENT HARZYNSKI, pastor of St. Stanislaus' Church
was born in Poland, on September 20, 1838. His father was
Joseph Bar/ynski, and his mother's maiden name was Mary
Sroczynski. He received his education in Poland, and was or-
dained on October 28, J-^MF, in the diocese of Lublin. For the
first three years after his ordination, he was assistant priest in dif-
ferent churches in his native country; and, in 1865, went to Rome
778
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
and joined the congregation of Our Lord of Resurrection. Remain-
ing in Rome eighteen months, he was then sent to 'IVv-
missionary, being so engaged eight years in San Antonio and
vicinity. On September 6. 1874, he came to Chicago to become
pastor of St. Stanislaus' Church, and has occupied that position
ever since. He has built up a large congregation, a large church-
building, a line school-house, and a house for the Sisters. In i"4.
he established a mission at the corner of Belden and Southport
avenues, and erected a provisory church-building, of three stories,
which is intended for a school, Orphan Asylum and Sisters' house.
A church-edifice is afterward to be erected.
Sr. I-'KAV is XAYIF.K'S Aru'KMY FOR FKMAI.KS. — By the
great lire the Sisters lost their buildings and all they contained,
suffering a loss of about $100,000. They rented a frame house on
Cottage Grove Avenue, opposite the Chicago Uni-
versity, remaining there until August 28, 1873,
when they took possession of their present building,
on the corner of Wabash Avenue and Twenty-ninth
Street. This is a large structure of brick, with
stone trimmings, and c :i.isement and four
stories. The north half of the building is occupied
as the convent and the south half as the Academy.
There are at present one hundred and thirty Sisters,
of whom seventy-six are in the main building, thir-
ty-four engaged in hospital duty, and twenty in
branch houses. Nineteen of those at the convent
are teachers in the Academy, where there are one
hundred boarders and one hundred and fifty day-
scholars. About forty instruct in the parochial
schools in the following places: Town of Lake
and Brighton Park. All Saints' parish. St. John's,
and St. lames'. The Mother Superior, Sister Mary
Scholastica Drum, elected in May, [867, has since
been succeeded by Sister Mary Genevieve
Granger, the present incumbent.
INT. IF TIIF. IMM\( 1LATF ('.IN-
CEPTION.— In August, 1868. the Domini-
can sisterhood of the convent at Sinsinawa
Mound, \Vis. . sent six Sisters to this city
to found an educational institution. They
purchased ground on Franklin and \Vie-
land streets, just north of where the
Church of the Immaculate Conception
now stands. The parish erected a wooden
building on the property, containing four
school-rooms and private apartments for
the use of the Sisters, which was donated
to them. The institution was fairly es-
tablished, when the great fire of 1871 swept away
their entire possessions. Those who had charge
of the institution returned to the mother-hou-e at
Sinsinawa, disheartened and discouraged. In 18-2,
Bishop Foley made overtures for their return, prom-
ising substantial assistance. Thus encouraged,
they came back to Chicago and erected a two-story
and a half building; but the promised aid of Bishop
Foley was not realized. After the Bishop's death,
the Sisters struggled to save the institution; and,'
though not yet free from indebtedness, they are
now successfully conducting the school. The' Sis-
ters also teach in the parochial school recently built
by Father Butler of the Church of the Immaculate
Conception, adjoining the convent. The first
Mother Superior was Sister Ambrose, who died
on June 2, 1871. She was succeeded by Sister Dominica
and the latter by Sister Borromeo. In September, 1882 Sister
Mary Clement became Mother Superior, and she now presides over
e institution, assisted by eight Sisters of the Order of St. Domi-
nic. I he parochial school of the parish of St. Jarlath has been
presided over, since January, 1872, by the Dominican Sisters who
came from Sinsinawa Mound. The first Mother Superior was Sister
1 nomasma. The present Mother Superior is Sister Villana who
was elected on September i,
O.NVINI OF inr Hi- M. i >i.:i INK SISTERS.— In August, 1860
Sister M. 1- ranees. O.S.B., and Sisters M. Antoina and M Gon-
zagacame to this city, from the mother-house at St M HIT'S Flk
Co Perm., on invitation of Father Fink, then pastor of St fo-
seph s Church, and assumed charge of the parochial school. The
listers of the Holy Cross, who left Chicago in 1860, and had up to
this time conducted the school, had their convent on the southwest
corner of Chicago Avenue and Cass Street; and the building which
the Benedictine Sisters occupied was located diagonally opposite,
i his was a brick structure, four stories high, and contained the
convent, the parish and the select schools. Sister M Frances
Knapp was the first superioress, remaining one year, and was suc-
ceeded by Sister M. Nepomucene Ludwig. In 1868 Sister M
Teresa Krug became superioress, and in 1876, she was succeeded
by Sister M. Luitgardis Huber, who has since been at the head of
the convent. In 1871, the parish of St. Joseph saw its church and
school swept away in the great conflagration. The Benedictine
Sisters did not own any of the buildings, but were, of course, greatly
saddened by the loss of the school, the value of which was about
»). But they remained courageous and faithful, and when
the parish purchased a block of land on the southeast corner of
North Market and Hill streets, and apartments were secured for
another school, the Sisters went to work to replace their loss. They
owned a piece of ground on Cass Street, and with this they were
enabled to get a fair start in their re-building. The success attained
by the Sisters is only commensurate with the constant labor and
earnest devotion they have given to their work.
There are three large buildings now located upon their prop-
erty, all earned and owned by the sisterhood. The frame building
at the corner of Market and Hill streets was erected immediately
after the fire, being finished in 1872. In 1879, a large brick addi-
tion was built on to the rear. These buildings are used as a home.
In 1882, a handsome brick structure, used solely for school pur-
poses, was finished. This fronts on Market Street, is four stories
high, and contains fifteen large rooms.
The sole mission of the Benedictine sisterhood is one of instruc-
tion and they have done much towards stimulating the minds of
our youth to noble endeavor, and fitting them for usefulness in after
years. The convent has an extensive garden and play-ground,
furnished with every facility for the amusement and physical wel-
fare of the pupils. The course of study includes everything from
the primary to the highest branches in English and German, music
and the arts. I'upils are charged for board and tuition, but there
are usually a number who receive instruction gratuitously. The
institution was incorporated July I, 1872, as the Convent of SS.
Benedict and Scholastica. The average number now in attendance
at the select school of St. Scholastica is one hundred and twenty.
The Sisters also have charge of the parochial school of St. Joseph's
Church, at the corner of Franklin and Hill streets, where an average
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
779
of four hundred and twenty-six pupils receive instruction. There
are thirty-eight Sisters at the convent, and six who are engaged in
mission work.
Tin-: SKKYIII: SISTKKS' IXWSTRIAI. HOME. — The original
mother-house of the Servile Sisters is in Florence, Italy, where the
Servile Third Order was commenced in 1284, and has continued
to nourish during the centuries lhat have elapsed. In the fall of
1870, Bishop Melcher, of Wisconsin, invited the order to send
representatives to America. On their arrival, the fathers were
given charge of St. Charles Borromeo's Church, on the line between
Menasha and Neenah, Winnebago Co., \Vis. The sisters took
control of ihe schools of that parish, and also had a school at
Appleton, Wis. The -first Rev. Mother in Menasha was Rev.
Mother Xavier ; and the tirst superior at Appleton was Rev. Mother
Mary of the Blessed Sacrament. The second mother in Menasha
was Rev. Mother Francis of Assisi, who brought the order to Chi-
cago, on invitation of Right Rev. Bishop Foley. They made their
advent here on December 26, 1877, establishing their convent and
home, in the following May, at No. 1266 West Van Buren Street.
Subsequently they purchased a lot, three hundred feet square, at the
corner of West Van lUiren Street and Albany Avenue. In 1878,
work was commenced upon the present convent, the corner-stone
being laid by VicaMJeneral McMuIlen. The building is yet in an
unfinished condition and consequently has not been dedicated. The
convent proper is a live-story structure, with large iron stairways
leading to the main entrance, over which stands a marble figure of
the Virgin Mary. There are other buildings adjoining the convent,
two and three stories in height. All the buildings are of brick and
stone, built in a substantial manner. The mission of the Servile
Sisters is the care of homeless and destitute children from nine to
eighteen years of age, who may be sent to their inslitution by par-
ents or the courts, or who come of their own accord. The children
are laught work for which they may have capacity, in the forenoon,
while in the aflernoon inslruction is given in the common English
branches. The Sisters own the grounds and buildings which ihey
occupy, the cost of which has already been over $40,000. The in-
slilulion is supported partially by conlribulions of money and cloth-
ing, and by the sale of manufaclured arlicles made by the inmates ;
bul Ihe chief income is derived from ihe inleresl on invesled bonds.
Each of fifleen Sislers of ihe convent have $2,000 and upward in
Uniled Slates bonds, the income from which is devoled to the uses
of iheir convent. The average number of non-paying inmates is
about fifty. Some four hundred children have already passed
through ihe Induslrial Home, of whom only ihree have died. Rev.
Molher Francis of Assisi, the founder of ihe community in Chicago,
which is now Ihe mother-house of America, is the present superior
of the convent.
THE IIorsE OF THE (loon SIIKPUKKI). — In 1858, Rev. Dr.
McMuIlen, then pastor of St Luke's Church, on ihe corner of Polk
and Sherman slreels, was a frequent visitor to ihe Bridewell, which
\vas situaled only a shorl distance from his church. During these
visits he became impressed with the fact that the greater portion of
the female inmates needed some means other lhan mere confinemenl
in a jail to effect any permanent improvemenl in Iheir condition. At
his solicitation a number of nuns of the society of the Sisters of the
Shepherd came lo Chicago in lhal year, to eslablish an insti-
lution for ihe reclamalion and proleclion of unforlunales of their
own sex. Dr. McMuIlen oblained lemporary quarlers for ihe Sis-
lers in a building on Ihe Wesl Side. The land was bought on which
now stands their asylum, and they commenced the erection of a
small frame building, which, when almost completed, was burned.
But the public of Chicago, regardless of church or creed, subscribed
liberally toward a new house, which was al once pul up. In 1869,
a brick edifice was erected. The great fire of 1871 left their home
in ruins, the loss being between §175,000 and $200,000. In the
year following, another building was erected, to which has been
added several wings. This stands in a large open space on the
original site, at ihe corner of Norlh Markel and Hill streets. The
total value of the properly is about $200,000. The aid received
from the Relief and Aid Society, together with ihe munificenl ben-
efaclions of the lale Bishop Foley, proved of greal assistance in
the work of building.
In 1878, ihe inslilution made public a slalislical report and
financial statement which showed the indebledness al that time lo
be $16,500. In ihe summer of 1878, aclive measures were taken
to pay off the debt, as well as to enlarge Ihe buildings. A bazar
ami series of entertainments were held in the Exposition Building.
The festival lasted one week, the enlertainments consisting of con-
certs, organ recitals, military drill and review by the F'irsl and Sec-
ond regiments, Sixth Battalion and Lackey's Zouaves, displays of
ihe benevolent and civic societies in full regalia, and a fifty-mile walk-
ing match. The Iheaters gave benefits, and Ihe Chicago Jockey
and Trotting Club tendered the receipts of one of their meetings
for the charity. The nel receipls amounled to $8,695, and were
applied to erecting Ihe north wing.
The subjecls commilted to the care and custody of the inslitu-
lion are divided inlo three classes: The reform class, consisting of
fallen women; the juvenile reformatory class, consisting of offenders
commilted by the order of the courts and justices; and the indus-
trial class, which is composed of girls who, either from their friend-
less state or the evil associations by which they are surrounded,
would be likely lo fall into vicious courses. These ihree classes are
kepi apart, their rooms being divided and their hours for exercise
so arranged as to avoid associalion. There are. also Iwo olher
deparlmenls, Ihe Magdalen Asylum and Our Sislers' Communily.
The inmates are engaged in some useful occupation; and from iheir
needlework and embroidery, the laundry and the bakery, a consid-
erable revenue is derived. The girls in the industrial and other
departmenls are taught reading, writing and plain work, with a
view to their earning their livelihood as servants, whenever their
reformation is so far assured as to warrant their recommendation.
Many prefer to remain in the asylum rather than again encounter
life in the oulside world. Since Ihe eslablishmenl of Ihe institution,
nearly four Ihousand girls of every religion, class, condilion and
color, have been brought under ihe influence of Ihe Sislers; of whom
only an inconsiderable number have been senl out as hopelessly
irreclaimable.
THE Hot SE <>i PROVIDENCE, presided over by the Franciscan
Sislers, was established in this cily on Seplember 15, 1882. The
order of the Franciscan nuns has its mother-house in Germany.
The provincial house is at St. Louis, from whence came the sisters
who established this house of refuge in Chicago. In 1882, they
purchased property at the southeasl corner of Markel and Elm
slreets, on which was a two-slory frame slruclure. By Ihe assist-
ance of the provincial house, a subslanlial new building was erecled,
which was dedicated on January 7, 1885. The old frame building
stands al Ihe east end of the brick edifice and is used in conjunc-
tion with the latler. The ground cost $11,000 and Ihe new building
$22,000, but a portion of ihe properly is yel unpaid for. The
mission of Ihe Franciscan Sister^ is to afford a home and proteclion
to servant-girls out of employment, and to those employed in shops
and stores, who have no homes. From forty to fifty young woman
yearly find a shelter here. During ils first year Ihe institulion was
presided over by Sisler Emilie, and since ihen by Sister Csecilia,
who is assisted by nine others of the Franciscan sisterhood.
THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
The death of Bishop Whitehouse, which occurred on
August 10, 1874, cast a deep gloom upon the diocese.
In the following September, at the Annual Convention,
Rev, G. F. Seymour, D. D., of New York City, was
elected his successor; but the General Convention of
clerical and lay deputies which met in October, declined
to consent to his consecration. In February, 1875, Rev.
James DeKoven, D.D., warden of Racine College, was
elected bishop, but a majority of the standing commit-
tees of the dioceses throughout the country, also declined
to consent to his consecration. The reason for the re-
jection of these clergymen was probably their high-
church tendencies.
In the following September, Dr. DeKoven having
declined to permit his name to be again used, Rev.
William E. McLaren, D.D., rector of Trinity Church,
Cleveland, Ohio, was chosen bishop. His election be-
ing approved by a majority of the standing committees
of the dioceses, and by the bishops, his consecration
took place on September 8, 1875, at the Cathedral in
Chicago.
The diocese having become too extensive for the
management of one bishop, in December, 1877,3 divis-
ion was effected, the two dioceses of Quincy and Spring-
field being organized by Bishop McLaren. Early in
1878, Rev. Alexander Burgess, of Massachusetts, was
elected bishop of Quincy, and Rev. G. F. Seymour, of
Springfield. During the same year, the three dioceses
were confederated under provincial relations. Since
that time, so far as Chicago is concerned, the Church
has doubled its strength. At the present time, there
are in the city and immediate vicinity forty-eight par-
ishes and missions, the more important of which are
briefly noticed in the following sketches:
780
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Tin CATHEDRAL <>i SS. PF.TKK AMI PAUL. — The
first attempt at a cathedral by the Protestant Episcopal
Church in the United States was made in the city of
Chicago, and was a movement of the late Rt. Rev. Henry
|. Uhitehouse. 1). !>., 1,1,.])., who first broached the sub-
ject to the General Convention of Illinois in his first
RT. REV. HENRY JOHN WHITEHOUSE.
address to his diocese in 1852, and it was ever after an
earnest desire on his part to reach the consummation of
liis cherished scheme. Negotiating for a convenient
site for Cathedral purposes, Grace Church and that of
the Holy Communion were offered the Bishop, but no
definite action was taken in regard to them The Church
of the Atonement, which had been founded by Rev.
Dudley Chase, was seriously endangered by the heavy
debt which rested upon it. It was a small structure on
the corner of Washington and Peoria streets. This was
also offered to the bishop, providing he would assume
the indebtedness which encumbered it. Among those
who urged the bishop's acceptance of this offer, were I >r.
L. P. Cheney, Hon. L. B. Otis, Henry Keep and George
P. I.ee. The offer was finally accepted, and the bishop,
with money accruing from his negotiations for lots on the
South Side, paid the liens, amounting to about $5,000.
On Easter, 1861, the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul
was first opened for worship, and was termed the Bishop's
Chapel. Very soon it was enlarged and improved, and
another lot purchased. The decorations in the Cathe-
dral were according to the bishop's own designs. Me-
morial windows were presented by various parishes in
the diocese, bearing their names. The organ was the
gift of members of the congregation and others. The
handsome stone font, also designed by the bishop, was
presented by James Carter, as a memorial to his wife,
Mrs. Helen Anderson Carter, and bears the inscription,
" She hath done what she could." Other gifts comprise
brass standards, by G. S. Norris, of Baltimore, in
memory of Hugh Davey Evans; and the brass eagle
lecturn, by William F. Whitehouse, chancellor of
the Cathedral, as a memorial to the deceased mem-
bers of the bishop's family. Means to enlarge and
improve the Cathedral were raised by subscription,
which met large and generous contributions. Still
an incumbrance was left on the property, but the
work now so thoroughly inaugurated went on
prosperously.
The first chaplain was Rev. John Wilkinson, who
was followed by Rev. S. B. Duffield. In 1867,
four canons were appointed, namely, Revs.Knowles,
Dorset, Magill and Street. Services were held
morning, afternoon and evening. In due time a
chapel was added; two school-rooms, in which an
industrial school, a day-school for boys and girls,
and a free night-school were established, and con-
tinued until a lack of means for a time caused
their discontinuance. In August, 1874, Bishop
Whitehouse passed away, and shortly after his
death the indebtedness of the Cathedral, mainly
incurred in improving the building and the pur-
chasing of additional ground, amounting to some
$17,000, was paid in full.
It was in this church that the celebrated trial
of Bishop Cheney occurred. Here also Bishop
McLaren received his consecration, and here inva-
riably meets the Diocesan Convention. The cathe-
dral was consecrated on Wednesday, December
10. 1879, the ceremonies being participated in by
many prominent bishops and other clergy of the
church, and the sermon preached by Rt. Rev. W.
C. Doane, Bishop of Albany, N. Y.
In 1883, a handsome and commodious clergy-
house was added to the cathedral, costing $20,000.
In 1884, Rev. J. H. Knowles resigned. At that
time the parish numbered three hundred families.
In his report of that year, Canon Knowles stated
that during his connection with the cathedral
One thousand and seventy-four persons had been baptized,
seven hundred and forty-two of them by himself; seven hundred
anil sixty-six persons had been confirmed, of these he had con-
firmed all except about sixty; four hundred and ninety-three mar-
riages had been solemnized, of which number lie personally officia-
ted at four hundred and twelve; the number of funerals held had
been four hundred and seventy-nine, of which three hundred and
ninety-eight had been conducted by himself.
Rev. J. H. Knowles's rectorship covered a period of
seventeen years. He was followed by Rev. G. T. Grif-
fith, the present incumbent.
RT. RKV. WILLIAM EDWARD MCLAREN, S.T.D., Bishop of
Chicago, was born at Geneva, N. Y., on December 13, 1831.
After 1844, he resided at Hagerstown, Md.. and at Pittsburgh,
Penn. In 1851, he graduated at Jefferson College, Canonsburg,
Penn. He then spent six years in editorial labor, after which he
entered Allegheny Theological Seminary, and, in 1860, received
Presbyterian ordination. After ten years' labor in that connection
in Smith America, at Peoria, 111., and at Detroit, Mich., he entered
the Episcopal Church, and was there advanced to the diaconate
in St. John's Church, on July 29, 1872. He was ordained priest
on October 20, 1872, having received a call to become rector of
Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio, where he remained until 1875.
lie was elected bishop of Illinois that year, and was consecrated at
the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul. Chicago, on December 8,
1875, by Bishops McCoskry, of Michigan; Bedell, of Ohio;
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
781
Whipple, of Minnesota; Talbot, of Indiana; Clarkson, of Ne-
braska; Spaiding, of Colorado; Gillespie, of Western Michigan;
and Willis, of Wisconsin. His attending presbyters were Rev.
lames DeKoven, 1). I)., and Rev. George Worthington, D. D.,
now bishop of Nebraska. In 1877, the Diocese of Illinois was
divided, and two other sees formed — the Diocese of Qiiincy and the
Diocese of Springfield. Bishop McLaren retained charge of that.
portion which kept the title of Diocese of Illinois, which includes
Chicago and the northern portion of the State. In 1883, the
name was changed to the Diocese of Chicago, by consent of the
General Convention and by the action of the Diocesan Convention.
In 1883, Bishop McLaren was elected president of the Western
Theological Seminary of Chicago, an institution incorporated and
endowed by Dr. Tolman Wheeler to the extent of $225,000.
Bishop McLaren received the degree of S.'l'.D. from Racine Col-
lege, Wisconsin, in 1875, and that of D.C.L. from the Univer-
sity of the South, at Sewanee, Tenn., in 1884. Since Rt. Rev.
Dr. McLaren became Bishop of Illinois in 1875, he has accom-
plished three great works which deserve specific mention. The
division of the original diocese of Illinois into three dioceses was
enumerated above; the establishment of the Provincial System,
under which the several dioceses of a State become one Federate
Convention or Council; and the establishment of the Western
Theological Seminary, also mentioned above. lie has likewise con-
tributed materially to the success of that noble charity, St. Luke's
Hospital. As an orator, Bishop McLaren is impressive, but makes
no effort at display. His writings are distinguished by energy of
thought ami beauty of diction. They consist of " Catholic
Dogma, the Antidote of Doubt," published in 1883; sermons, ad-
dresses, numerous papers and poems in periodicals, and miscella-
neous writings, lie is a hard worker, has done much for his
diocese, and is especially active in building up and starting the
Western Theological Seminary on a career of useful-
ness. Bishop McLaren is married, and has three
children.
TRINITY CHURCH. — Immediately after
the great fire, this parish having lost its
church-edifice, and the homes of its people
being for the most part laid in ashes, was
much scattered. Rev. Dr. Edward Sullivan
was at that time the rector. In July, 1873,
the corner-stone was laid of a new building
on the corner of Michigan Avenue and
Twenty-sixth Street. It was opened for
worship on November 22, 1874. It is a
clere-story Gothic, of stone, has a seating
capacity of one thousand, and cost $100,000.
At Easter, 1882, free from debt, it was con-
secrated. Rev. R. A. Holland, S.T.D., had
charge of the parish from 1879 to 1883,
being succeeded by Rev. L. S. Osborne, the
present rector.
In addition to the church-edifice, this
parish owns a fine rectory, at the corner of
Twenty-sixth Street and Indiana Avenue,
and Trinity House, adjacent to the church,
in which meet the societies, guilds and Sun-
day schools. The parish organizations are
The Young Men's Guild, founded, in 1882
by Dr. Holland; the Ladies' Aid Society,
and the Young Ladies' Missionary Society.
At the present time there are five hundred
communicants and seven hundred Sunday-
school children. For several years the ave-
rage yearly contributions of the parish have
amounted to $30,000.
REV. I.nns SHREVE OSBORNE was born on October 10,
1851, at Salem, Mass. His father, Henry Osborne, was a mer-
chant of Salem, and of English descent. His mother was .Mrs.
Louisa (Shreve) Osborne, of Salem, Mass. He lived in Salem
until he was eighteen years old, attending the common and high
schools. At eighteen he entered Harvard College, and remained
until 1873, when he matriculated at the Philadelphia Divinity School,
graduating therefrom in 1876. In June, 1876, he took deacon's
orders, and immediately went to the Diocese of Southern Ohio as
a missionary to Xenia, Yellow Springs and Waynesville. In May,
1877, he was ordained priest at Springfield, Ohio, by Bishop
Thomas A. Jaggar, and in January, 1878, became rector of Grace
Episcopal Church, Sandusky, Ohio, remaining until January,
1884, when he came to Trinity Episcopal Church, Chicago, as the
successor of Rev. R. A. Holland, who had accepted a call to New
Orleans. Since the commencement of the rectorship of Rev. Mr.
Osborne, there has been a net gain in the membership of about
eighty, and the society has purchased the line parsonage property,
in the rear of the church, and fronting on Indiana Avenue, at a
cost of about $40,000. Rev. Mr. Osborne was married, on April
23, 1878, to Miss Marie B. Ashburner, daughter of Algernon and
Mrs. S. I!. Ashburner, both of Philadelphia. They have two
children, — Elizabeth C. and Algernon A.
ST. JAMES'S CHURCH. — The fire of 1871 scattered
this congregation far and wide. On the Sunday follow-
ing, services were held in the open air, in the shadow of
the blackened walls of the ruined church. Dr. Hugh
Miller Thompson, who went East to appeal for funds with
which to re-build, secured $17,000. He shortly after re-
signed, and in March, 1872, Rev. Arthur Brooks assumed
the rectorship. In the following February the old ves-
tibule was fitted up for services. In 1872, the working
force of the parish was two hundred and fifty souls.
They were burdened with a bonded debt of $40,000;
but had in hand, from insurance and gifts in the East,
about the same amount, and $50,000 was raised from
the sale of pews. The work of re-building went vigor-
ously forward, when the financial crisis of 1873 caused
its entire suspension. In 1874, the work was resumed.
In 1875, Rev. S. S. Harris, D.D., who had succeeded
CATHEDRAL OF SS. PETKR AND PAUL.
to the rectorship, held the first service in the com-
pleted building. The cost of the new building was
estimated at $100,000. On Christmas day, 1876, a
chime of nine bells was placed in the tower as a memo-
rial to James Carter, by his surviving children. After
four years of service, Dr. Harris resigned, having been
called to the office of bishop. He was succeeded by
Rev. Dr. Frederick Courtney, under whom the church
enjoyed great prosperity. The bonded debt was cleared
off; and on May 31, 1884, the church was consecrated
by Bishop McLaren.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
'The now church edifice is almo>t like that dost:
In- tlu- iii- iv In >tyle 'I is I'-othic. with nave, transept-
aiul ..nee'l. It lias a seating capacity ot one
thousand throe hundred. The interior is ono of the
handsomest in the city. A line 0 | '.pies the
entire south : -.rod through the
ener_ iv H, Smith atul other ladies of the
parish. A prominent feature is the memorial rerec
which is of carved oak. having five
. '. -paintiiu 'rilied Christ sur-
rounded by ar_. S V ::ie main entrance star
font of p -.1 marble.
* \\,: T.-.o church i magnificent
memorial windows, made in London. .heir
names, and those of the donors, are . s at to
Mrs. F. H. Winston, by her husband; one in n\
K.oven, by John DeKovon; one
in memory of Fanny DeKoven Dickey; one to Mr. and
R - :i. by their children; one to Mrs.
F. Iv Hooker, by her husband; one: -• ^-.ick-
1 . Dunlap. by her
children; and one to Mrs. J. A. F.llis, by her husband.
There are also memorial raring the names,
ul \Vhiteho-ase, Rc\ C
V. Kelley, O.D., Rev. John M - s, »n<
H. \\'::-,>to-.i. The tab'. in memory of tlu
diers lo>t in the Rebellion, who went from this p.
re, and w - . ,-ied
in the new edifice. 'The building has a commodious
rtirposes
and s used for
;
Rev. Or. \Yilliam H. Vibbert. who has been the rec-
tor since iSS^, came to this parish from St. Luke's. I'.er-
mamown. Philadelphia,
'The parish organization in December, 1885. was as
follows:
(.'. K. l.arr.ilx-o, senior w.itdeir. H. A. l\>\\iu-r. junior
warden; !•". li. IV.ilvHly, \\ . O K
\ Street, 1'. S. rumiinglum. H. H-iusher. Jr.,J. 1 . K
i and A. (.'. Mi-rUir-, vi>irynien.
There were, in December, 1885, one thousand
three hundred and fifty souls in the parish and >ix
hundred and sixty-two communicants.
i' UVVKY OH'KCH. — This bewail as a mission
- J.ay-school in January. iSo;. Interest rapidly
developed, leading to a parish c \ n in the
same year, witi; Rev. A \Y. Snyder as rector, who
remained until 1871. The parish interest-, were
not affected by the great tire. The church-edifice,
built in 1807, is a frame building, having a seating
capacity of three hundred. In 187.-, under Rev.
|. F. \\alker. it was enlarged by the deepenir.
the chancel and addition of aisles. In the fall of
1874. Rev. Luther P.u\ - called. He found
a debt on the church of §7.000. whic: - s edily
lifted: and under his administration the church
has seen % CSS and prosperity. Fxtevior n
in 1885. greatly added to the attractiveness of the
church. Tlu e hundred and ninety com-
municants, and two hundred and fifty memiu -
. Sunday-school.
Si. MARK'S On KCH. — The lire oi
beneficial elfect upon this parish, as the .
influx of residents from the In:
a more permanent growth. Rev. D. F. \\arren,
D.D.. was then the rector. He wa- s d, in
. by Rev. T>. F. T
In the fall o: e church-edi:
ile.-t roved by lire, but was immediately rebuilt. In
the summe: ot i88a, it was
hundred people. Since that year. I :h of
the church has been commensurate with ti
the population. h> ~ - ip ranks
fourth among the churches of this denomi:
the city.
'The parish organi/ation in 188- ms as
Ko I'. !
\> \\ . \Vatkins \\ . 11. Sunmicrs. J. K.
' \\ 1 ' Kelly, S, \
Kl \ 1-'KV.\K1 IN 1"! I
S
Hi- u:!;. S
- I
with William U. I
.
I. Kinlex
,«tten. . N -
.
Dr. 1. 11. R
\\hioh ilu; .: the
SS
- -
f
Mich. IHiriiv
•
|
in which li, :>u«f\l,
Ouri: :hc momlv -
The mmiN Sunday-school s
\ : .
-
in
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
783
Mr Fleetwood was married to Miss Helen L. McDole, of Cleveland,
in January, 1868. She died on May 4, 1577, leaving three
children, — Helen. William Webster and George \Vorthington.
Mr. Fieetwood was subsequently married to Miss Josephine K. Fake,
of Chicago, daughter of Henry Fake, who came to Chicago ir
and who resided here most of the time until his death ii.
s second wife, Rev. Mr. Fleetwood has one child, — Henry
Warren.
GKACK CIH;RCH. — After the fire, the chapel con-
nected with this church became literally an asylum for
the homeless; the vestibules were made storehouses for
isions; the rector's wife established a clothing
iu at the pa and §6,000 in cash were
distributed by the rector and officers of the
church. Although the church - edifice was
not destroyed by the fire, the society wa-
crippled that the rector insisted upon a re-
'ion of his salary from §6,000 to $2,500,
and the lared free. At Kaster,
; 5, the pews were again rented and the
salary of the rector re-stored. In 1874, an
:!~ering of §15.000 materially lessened
the debt. In 1883, the whole indebtedness
church consecrated by
McLaren. Kev. I Jr. Clinton Locke,
the present rector, has held his position twen-
•if St.
rner of State and Twentieth
stn 1 for worship on St. Clem-
ent's day, .November 23, 1884. It was erected
at t .-corg<: A. Armour,
•.ent building, handsome and com-
plete in all its appointments, is only the pre-
cursor of a i tantial structure to be
hereafte: : its in this church
Its Sunday services are choral and
'relational, led by a surpliced choir.
There is daily worship at 7 a. m., 9 a. m. and
5 p. in. kev. John II. Knowles is pastor.
ST. — This parish
was formed by the union of the Chup
-t. John and the Atonement. After the
fire, St. John's parish undertook to build a
new church edifice, but failed to carry out the
project. The building, which they left unfin-
'. by the Third Presbyterian
.vas almost totally destroyed by fire
in /S.'-;.}. St. John's congregation then wor-
shiped temporarily in the Swedenborgian
church-edifice on \\a-hington lioulevard.
On ier ii, 1878, it was determined to
unite the two of St. John and the
new name of St. An-
il Church, using the church-
r parish, at the corner of Washington
•I and Kobey Street. On September 23, Kev.
d was called to the rectorship, which
igned on iJeci-mber 8 of the same year.
i ebruary i ), \'-'rl<l. Kev. W. F. Knowlton was ch
•if, remaining unti, I • ebruary 14, 1881. In the follow-
ing June, Kev. II. I!. Knsworth was called to the charge,
•I until June i, 1885. buring his ministry
Ii was greatly encouraged, and in the summer
of 1883 the. f hurch-edifu e was rebuilt. It was a frame
building, and stood on piles. It was raised, a stone
i under it, and otherwise refitted at a
of . ,00. Kev. L. IJ. Mansfield, of California,
has recently taken charge.
CHURCH OK mi. ASCENSION. — The conflagration of
October g, 1871, consumed this church and the homes
of all the parishioners. The altar silver was saved by
the heroic devotion of a little girl, Louisa Knderly.
daughter of the sexton; and the stone font was rolled into
the street, where it was damaged, but not c
The same silver and font, sole relics of the old church
furniture, are now used by the congregation. The peo-
ple were scattered, and many of them financially ruined.
The church and furniture were insured for $10,000, —
o in each of two companies, one of which paid in
full, the other only $2,000. This sufficed to liquidate
the principal of a mortgage of §7,000, and the v
ST. JAMl
soon paid a balance of interest and other floating debts
amounting to $7,000, leaving the parish free from obli-
gation and its bare lot paid for. The first parish ser-
vices after the fire were held in February, 1873, in a
parlor of the re-built Clarendon Hotel; afterward, for a
short time, in a society hall on North Clark Street, near
the bridge; and finally, until the completion of the main
building of the present church, in February, 1874, in a
new frame store, No. 310 North Wells Street.
With the view of re-building the church, the rector,
Rev. C. P. Dorset, and Rev. Canon George C. Street,
' iate rector, had raised by solicitation, outside the
parish, between $2,000 and $3,000; members of the con-
gregation subscribed about $2,000, and the bishop per-
mitted the hypothecation of a part of the lot for $3,000.
With these funds was begun the chapel now used as the
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
parish church. It has been enlarged by the addition
along the west side from the wing, and has a seating
capacity for four hundred.
Mr. Dorset introduced the service of acolytes at the
altar in the new church, together with other ritualistic
ceremonies and emblems, except altar lights and in-
cense, the use of which it was reserved for his successor
to establish. In addition to the regular Sunday cele-
brations, he had begun to have daily mass on all week
days at 6:30 a. m. But failing health compelled him to
abandon this, and finally led to his resignation in the
spring of 1875. It was 'the desire of the congregation
Permission of Inland Architect and Builder.
CHURCH OF THE EPIPHANY.
to secure a successor to Mr. Dorset who would have
the courage to carry on to greater perfection the ritual-
ism already begun. Accordingly, after much corre-
spondence in various quarters, the vestry elected Rev.
Arthur Ritchie, who was one of the assistants of Rev.
Fr. Grafton in the Church of the Advent, Boston. He
accepted the call in May, 1875, and assumed charge on
the first Sunday in August following. Mr. Ritchie
maintained all the ritual already adopted, added altar
lights and colored vestments, and in due time completed
his idea of an appropriate and beautiful ritual, by the
addition of incense at communion and other occasions.
Soon after coming he established a daily early mass,
and daily morning and evening prayer, which have been
continued to the present time. He openly taught as a
duty, and promoted, the practice of auricular confession,
as .Mr. Dorset had less publicly done, and had a confes-
sional erected in the church.
'I'm: Ki ITAUSTIC nm-'icci.TY. — At the beginning of Mr.
Rilchif's rectorship, the episcopate of the diocese had been vacant
for inure than a year by the death of Bishop VVhitehouse. Near
the close of 1875, Bishop Whitehouse was succeeded by Rt. Rev.
William Edward McLaren, S.'l'.l). Mr. Ritchie taught, from the
lirst, that non-fasting communion was contrary to the practice of
the church in all ages, except the Anglican branch during the last
two or three centuries. He had provided the means for as frequent
fasting receptions as might be desired. The early masses soon
began In be better attended, and, after a few months, the practice
uf going forward at the choral celebration at 1 1 o'clock on Sunday
mornings, called solemn mass, \vas altogether abandoned. There-
upon those parts of the communion service assuming the attend-
ance of persons for reception, were omitted as being unnecessary
anil imoroper. These were the Long ami Short Addresses to
Communicants, the Confession, Abso-
lution, and Comfortable Words. The
Commandments were also usually
omitted, to shorten the service, hav-
ing been previously said on the same
day at early mass.
Out of the practice of this short-
ened service, and what the bishop
considered a defiant attitude on the
part of the rector in some other mat-
ters, serious differences arose. The
bishop was exceedingly lenient re-
garding the purely ritual matters, and
forbade nothing in that line practiced
at the Church of the Ascension; but,
while admitting the beauty and the
propriety of the shortened service, he
pronounced it rubrically unlawful,
and urged its discontinuance. With
this the rector declined to comply,
on the ground that the fact of his
knowing that no one would come
forward to receive, made the usr of
the omitted parts illogical and ab-
surd, and that their retention would
be a greater breach of the rubrics
than their omission; further, that this
service had been in use more than
four years before any objection was
made to it, and that the rubrics were
rules for the proper and uniform ad-
ministration of the church's oilier-,
and binding as a whole upon the
consciences of the clergy; but that
change of circumstances sometimes
rendered them inapplicable and void,
and that the present was a case in
point. The bishop claimed, on the
other hand, that the circumstances in
this case were not fortuitous, but of
the rector's own making, and could
not therefore be pleaded; that he had
inhibited the practice in question as
soon as he knew of its existence; that
the bishop was the lawful arbiter;
and that the rector was violating his
ordination vow in refusing to obey.
The latter maintained that the bishop
was not the lawful arbiter, but was amenable to the laws with other
clergy; that he had notpromiscil absolute, but only canonical, obedi-
ence to his bishop, as expressed in the language of his vow; that
only a proper ecclesiastical tribunal could lawfully determine this
matter; and therefore he would demand a trial. This the bishop de-
clined to grant. The rector then asked to have the case submitted to
a commission of five priests in the diocese, of the bishop's choosing,
and offered to discontinue any practice such commission should
condemn as unlawful, if furnished a copy of the grounds for its
decision. This the bishop also refused, for the reason that he knew
of no canon authorizing such a proceeding.
The rector persisted in the shortened service, and the bishop
ceased visiting the parish. The parishioners supported Mr. Ritchie,
while the clergy and churchmen of the city were loyal to their
bishop. This state of things, circumscribing his usefulness and
impairing the resources of the parish, having continued for about
two years, Mr. Ritchie resigned the charge and accepted a call to
the Church of St. Ignatius, in New York, his resignation taking
effect on May I, 1884, near the close of the ninth year of his
pastorate.
When Mr. Ritchie came to the parish of Ascension,
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
785
its indebtedness amounted to nearly $9,000, which,
mainly through his management, was paid off in two or
three years; and during his rectorship more than $22,000
over and above current expenses, and a new loan of
$3,500, were raised for church-building extension, im-
provement and furniture. After his departure, the
church immediately called Rev. Edward A. Larrabee,
rector of St. Paul's Church, Springfield, in the diocese
of that name. Mr. Larrabee accepted the call, and
assumed charge on June i, 1884.
The foundation of a new church-edifice was laid in
1880, and about two years later the walls were built up
about twenty feet above the ground. Nothing has since
been done upon them except to cover the parts liable to
damage by exposure to weather. When completed, it
Charles P. Dorset, in the chapel of Jefferson Park
Presbyterian Church. On July 3, 1868, the property
on Throop Street was purchased for $7,250, and the
first church-edifice was soon after erected. The first
rector was Rev. R. F. Sweet, who resigned in Novem-
ber, 1870. Rev. Charles M. Fox, D. I)., .began his ad-
ministration in April, 1871. The great fire followed,
threatening the interests of the parish at first, but prov-
ing subsequently to have a stimulating effect. But the
North and South Side people began to return to their
re-built homes; in one year the Epiphany pew-rents de-
creased $1,600, and the future did not look so bright.
Rev. Charles H. Stocking, who assumed charge in 1872,
received a call to Grace Church, Detroit, which he ac-
cepted. Rev. B. A. Rogers, D.D., entered on the va-
•* m 8
' 'i§ ' T=S
fi I. A JRiiSi
_jr ] P
rn^sr:!^^/
— -*—|.^33i*r' - •?;ro; V 'f
: -
Permission of Inland Architect and Builclrr.
WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.
will be a substantial stone structure, with seating room
for seven hundred people, and will cost about $50,000.
Parish organization. — Rev. E. A. Larrabee, S.T.D., rector;
J. B. Hall, Samuel Gehr, wardens; C. H. Tompkins, John H.
Batten, Thomas M. Hibbard, C. Steward Warren, N. S. James,
Josiah Edson, Dr. \V. G. Cummins, vestrymen.
RKV. EDWARD A. LARRABEE, pastor of the Church of the
Ascension, was born in Chicago, on March 31, 1852. He is the
son of C. R. Larrabee, of the hardware firm of Larrabee & North,
who came to Chicago from Ticonderoga, N. Y., in 1848, and who,
for many years, has been senior warden of St. James's parish.
During his youthful years Edward A. Larrabee spent his time in
the Chicago public schools, and entered Racine Grammar School
in 1865, and Racine College in 1869. From this college he gradu-
ated in the classical course in 1873, and immediately went to the
General Theological Seminary in New York City. There he
studied three years, graduating in June, 1876, with the degree of
S.T.B. On July 9, 1876, he was made deacon at St. James's
Church, by Bishop McLaren, and was placed in temporary charge
of St. John's Church, Quincy, 111. On May 27, 1877, he received
priest's orders, and remained with this church as priest until 1879.
He then went to St. Paul's Church, Springfield, 111., where he re-
mained until June I, 1884, when he came to the Church of the
Ascension, Chicago, as the successor of Rev. Arthur Ritchie.
CHURCH OF THE EPIPHANY. — The history of this
church dates from the evening of March 21, 1868, when
a meeting was held at the residence of Hon. George
Gardner, to prepare a memorial address to Bishop
Whitehouse, asking his consent to the organization of
the parish. The bishop's consent having been obtained,
the first service was held on April 5, 1868, at the resi-
dence of D. W. Page, No. 361 Washington Street, Rev.
H. N. Bishop, D.D., of St. John's Church, officiating.
On Easter Day, 1868, services were held by Rev.
cant charge, but on account of the severity of the
climate, he was soon compelled to resign. The parish
was in debt; the expenses were curtailed by disbanding
the choir, and the stipend of the incumbency was re-
duced. The church called the present rector, Rev. T.
N. Morrison, Jr., and in December, 1876, he took charge
of the parish. Under him the church has become one
of the most important in the Episcopal communion.
On the southeast corner of Ashland Avenue and
Adams Street, rise the massive walls of the new Church
of the Epiphany, together with chapel and school
buildings, forming a beautiful and artistic group, of the
Norman Gothic style of architecture, in heavy, rough-
hewn brown-stone. These buildings were completed in
December, 1885, and dedicated by Bishop McLaren.
The parish organization under which this work has
been accomplished, is as follows:
Rev. Theodore N. Morrison, Jr., rector; George Gardner and
C. J. Magill, wardens; I. A. Grier, J. H. French, J. H. Williams,
M. D. Talcott, H. D. Oakley, J. H. Holden, C. H. Jordan and
E. S. Warren, vestrymen.
ST. ANSGARIUS" CHURCH. — This is the only Swedish
Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. It
was founded principally upon the charities of Mesdames
Jenny Lind Goldsmidt and Christine Nilsson. Its first
edifice was swept away by the great fire of 1871, but
was immediately re-built through the energy of Rev.
Jacob Bredberg, who had been the incumbent for fif-
teen years.
The present church-building cost about $22,000, of
which $10,000 was contributed from the Relief Fund
786
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
and $10,000 by Bishop White-house. It is a pure
Gothic, of red brick, and lias a seating capacity of seven
hundred. The communion service, valued at $1,000,
was the gift of Madame Jenny l.ind Goldsmidt, who
had contributed at different times to the parish, both
before and after the fire. In 1879, Rev. J. liredberg
being in failing health, Rev. John lledman, the present
rector, was called to act as his assistant ; and, in 1880,
upon the death of the former, assumed the entire charge
of the parish. During his administration many repairs
and improvements have been made upon the church
property. A clergy-house, valued, with the ground, at
$5,000, has been secured. At the present time there are
CHRIST R. E. CHURCH
in the parish three hundred communicants and one hun-
dred and seventy members of the Sunday-school.
REV. JOHN MKDMAN, pastor of St. Ansgarius' Church, was
born on June 25, 1848, in the parish of Krokstad, Sweden. He
studied at the State College at Goteborg from 1863 to 1870. He
then attended for two years the University of Lund, in the south-
ern part of the country. In 1876, after' an extensive journey in
Southern Europe, he came to America. In 1877, he entered Seabury
Hall, Faribault, Minn., with the view of completing his mastery
of the English language. After remaining in that institution two
years, he came to Chicago, and on September 28, 1879, was
made deacon by liishop McLaren, and was ordained priest by the
same Bishop, on March 20, 1881. He became rector of St. Ans-
garms' Church on April 6, 1881. At this time there were but nine
families and three other individuals belonging to the church, while
in 1884, there were seventy-seven families and one hundred and
twenty-eight other individuals, or a total membership of over three
hundred. During the first year of his pastorate the expenses of
the church were but nine hundred dollars, and in 1884 they were
over seventeen hundred dollars, Mr. Jledman is the editor and
publisher of the first Swedish Episcopal monthly in America, called
Del AY//1//;-!/ //<•/««<•/, of which the first number appeared in Sep-
tember, 1884. The rector of St. Ansgarius' Church resides in the
clergy-house of the parish, located next to the church.
OTHER PARISHES. — Church of Our Savior, Rev. W. J. Pe-
trie ; St. Thomas's, Kev. J. 1C. Thompson; St. Stephen's, Kev. A.
Lechner ; Good Shepherd, T. Oliver Stokes, lay reader ; St. Luke's,
T. B. Townsend, lay reader ; Clybourn-avenue Mission, Kev. 1C.
A. l.arrabce ; Holy Communion Sunday-school, A. 1C. Neely,
superintendent ; St. Luke's Hospital, Rev. G. C. Todd ; St. Bar-
nabas', Kev. T. N. Morrison.
WESTERN THEOI.DCICAI. SEMINARY. — The erection and
endowment of this school for the ministry of the Episcopal Church
is due to the generosity ol I >r. Tohnan Wheeler,
who, in 1883, placed at the disposal of Bishop
McLaren sufficient means to carry the Seminary to
completion. The Seminary stands on the north
side of Washington Boulevard, near California
Avenue, the grounds having a frontage on the
boulevard and running through to Park Avenue.
The buildings, two in number, present an imposing
appearance as seen from the boulevard. These are
the theological hall proper and a dormitory for the
students.
The theological hall, which will be known as
Wheeler Hall, is of the late Gothic-English colle-
giate style of architecture, the material being red
pressed - brick with brown -stone and terra - cotta
trimmings. In the center of the front is the main
entrance, leading through a Gothic portico into a
spacious hall, to the right of which is the dean's
office, and on the other side a commodious recep-
tion room. At the east end of the building, in
front, is the Seminary chapel, a richly finished
apartment. Tile east end of the chapel projects
sixteen feet beyond the main front line of the
J\ building in the form of a five-bayed apsis. Each
bay has a chancel window, in the middle one of
which is a figure of Christ, and in the others are
figures of the four evangelists. On the east side
of the chapel is the organ-chamber, containing a
handsome organ. Opposite the apsis is an elegant
rose-stained glass window. At the extreme west
end of the building is the library, having space
for twenty thousand volumes. It is lighted in
front by a magnificent Gothic, quadruple, stained-
glass window. In the upper part of this window
are portraits of Bishops Seabury and White, the
first two American bishops who received orders
from the Scotch bishops, and the Archbishop of
Canterbury, respectively. All other American
bishops received their orders from these two, and
this window is intended as a memorial of this fact.
On the top floor of this building is a large hall for
elocutionary purposes and general meetings. On
the main floor is a commodious department devoted
to the Wheeler School for Boys, and convenient to
this is situated the refectory. All the remaining
space of the four floors of the main building is
devoted to professors' rooms, a robing-room, and
lecture-rooms.
Twenty-live feet distant from Wheeler Hal!
and chapel is another four-story building, the ex-
terior of which corresponds to the larger building
by its side. This is the dormitory-building, and it is admirably
fitted and arranged for the accommodation of students. In this
building excellent hospital quarters and a gymnasium are provided.
The Seminary was opened on September 29, 1885, the Eeast
of St. Michael and All Angels, Bishop McLaren delivering the
address.
THE REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
The Reformed Episcopal Church was organized by
Bishop Cummins and other clergymen and laymen who
had withdrawn from the Protestant Episcopal Church,
in December, 1873. It is episcopal in its government
and service, but recognizes and works in harmony with
all other Christian churches. It believes in and holds
fast to the evangelical views and practice of its founders
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
787
in America, and many of its members were prominently
identified with the early days of the Episcopal Church
in Illinois. Gurdon S. Hubbard, the oldest inhabitant
and Episcopalian in Chicago, is a communicant of St.
Matthew's Church; while Henry I. Chase, a son of
Bishop Chase, first bishop of Illinois, and three grand-
sons, are communicants of St. John's Church.
CHRIST CHURCH. — This church was not formally
allied with the new organization until February, 1874,
when a new vestry was chosen. Hon. William Aldrich
was elected senior warden, and Elbridge G. Keith
junior warden. These wardens served continuously
until the death of the former in December, 1885. Ac-
cording to the canons of the church, one-third of the
vestrymen must be changed at the parish meeting on
Easter Monday of each year. The present officers are
as follows :
H. N. Wheeler, R. W. Hare, R. T. Martin, William Mose-
back, James Barrell, George F. Brown, J. D. Dezendorf, Gilbert
li. Shaw, and H. Philpot.
Bishop Cheney has been the only rector of Christ
Church since 1860. The assistant rectors since 1874
have been in the order given:
Rev. Charles II. Tucker, Rev. Dr. W. M. Postlethwaite, Rev.
Franklin W. Adams, Rev. Charles M. Gilbert, Rev. James A.
Fisher, Rev. Dr. S. II. Mende, Rev. Dr. William H. Cooper, Rev.
J. W. Fairley, Rev. II. F. Butler, Rev. William Tracy.
Confirmations are held yearly at Christ Church; and
on such occasions many additions by letter from other
churches are made, over ninety per cent, of which come
from the Episcopal and Anglican communions.
The benevolent work of the parish is varied and
practical. It maintains two missions — Tyng Mission,
corner Archer and Wentworth avenues, having five
hundred pupils, in charge of Rev. E. T. Somerville; and
Emanuel Chapel, formerly St. George's Chapel, having
four hundred pupils, in charge of Rev. A.
F. Butler. There is an industrial school and
kitchen garden, and the Unity and Folio
clubs, which are also maintained by the
parish. The directors of the Protestant Or-
phan Asylum, Michigan Avenue, near Twen-
ty-second Street, are largely from this church,
and the children of this institution attend the
worship and Sunday-school at Christ Church.
Christ church-edifice is situated at the
corner of Michigan Boulevard and Twenty-
fourth Street. It is a handsome stone struc-
ture, in the simple Gothic style of architect-
ure, with two towers. The seating capacity
of the church is one thousand one hundred.
The total value of the property, $125,000.
ST. PAUL'S CHURCH. — Early in January,
1875, Rt. Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, bish-
op of the Northwest and West, and rector of
Christ Church, Chicago, with his associate
rector, Rev. Dr. W. M. Postlethwaite, now
United States Chaplain at West Point, held
services in the building formerly used by St.
John's Protestant Episcopal Church, corner
of Lake Street and St. John's Place. On
February 14, 1875, the congregation resolved
to effect a permanent organization, and Bishop
Cheney appointed as a committee to perfect
arrangements for the establishment of a par-
ish, John Walker, John W. Bennett, H. P.
Merrill, E. St. John and George W. Rainey.
On April 5, 1875, the following officers were
elected:
A. M. Wright, senior warden; J. W. Bennett,
junior warden; lohn Walker, R. T. Whitcomb, T.
A. Bryan, H. Eddy, E. St. John, H. P. Merrill,
George W. Rainey, C. W. Castle and L. J. Colburn,
vestrymen.
A call having been extended to Rev.
Samuel Fallows, D.D., president of the Illi-
nois Wesleyan University, to become the
rector, he entered upon the duties in the latter
part of June, 1875. During the same year the congre-
gation left the contracted quarters of the old St. John's
Church, and. occupied the American Reformed Church,
on Washington Boulevard, near Ann Street,
Dr. Fallows continued in the rectorship until May,
1877, when he was elected missionary bishop and pre-
siding bishop of the Church. Rev. J. W. Hunter, D.D.,
of Canada, then served as rector until the fall of 1878.
Revs. P. B. Morgan, H. M. Collisson and W. H. Cooper,
D.D., temporarily served as rectors until 1879, when
Dr. Fallows was assigned to the missionary bishopric
of the Northwest and West, resuming his position as
rector.
In the summer of 1878, St. Paul's Church purchased
the building at the corner of Washington Boulevard
and Carpenter Street from the Third Presbyterian
Society. When Bishop Fallows assumed the rectorship
in 1879, he found a debt of over $30,000, which he
proceeded at once to provide for by obtaining donations
and subscriptions. The congregation of St. Paul's
788
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
having steadily removed to the south and west of the
city, it was deemed advisable to sell the church property
On Washington Boulevard, ami erect a new church in
the midst of the parish. Accordingly, in July. 1885,
this property was disposed of, and a new structure
iK-gun un Adams Street and Winchester Avenue, which
will be (ine of the most beautiful and commodious
places of worship in Chicago.
St. Paul's Church at the present time numbers about
four hundred communicants and three hundred Sunday-
si IK >ol scholars. The parish organization is as follows:
Kt. Rev. Samuel Fallows, 1) D., rector; ]. II. Bradshaw and
John Fairbanks, wardens; J. M. Hail, 1!. A. Eckhart, !•'. II. Rob-
inson, I. L. Fulton, 11. d. (Iray, 1C. II. Kellogg. !•',. St. John and
\V. F. Patterson, vestrymen.
OniKK CII''KCHKS. — Other churches of this denomination are
as follows: St. John's. Rev. I. 1). Wilson, D.I )., rector; Jeremiah
::ng, senior \vanlen; II. II. Helding, junior warden; St.
•w's Church; Gra h, Rev. deorge T. dibson; and
Kinanuel Church, Rev. James S. Green, D.D.
Rr. Ri:v. S \MCEL FALLOWS, D.D., was born at Fendleton,
near Manchester. Fngiand, on December 13, 1835. lie came to
America with his parents in is.(S, who settled on a farm near Me-
dina, Dane Co., Wis. lie worked on his father's farm in sum-
mer and attended school in winter until he was eighteen years of
age, when In- united with the Methodist Episcopal Church) and in
1853, went to Aztalan, to attend the graded school. Continuing
his studies he worked in the harvest field in summer and taught
il in the winter, the first district school taught by him being
at Fountain 1'rairie, Columbus Co., Wis. He then attended the
Seminary at Sun Prairie, afterward Lawrence University, at Apple-
Ion, and finally graduated at the State University at Madison.
Duii'ig his student days he became noted for the force and elo-
quence of his addresses at religious meetings, and received the
appellation of the " boy preacher." At the age of nineteen he
was licensed to preach, and preached in school-houses in the vicin-
ity of Madison. While in the State University, he was assistant
pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Madison, Wis., and
was tutor to the freshman class, graduating in iSso., as valedic-
torian of his class. He was then elected vice-president of Gales-
ville University, and had charge of that institution two years.
During this time he was married to Miss I,. 1J. Huntington,
daughter of Rev. Dr. \V. 1'. lluntington and niece of Rt. Rev. F.
I >. Huntingdon, Bishop of the I'roteslani Episcopal Church of
Central New York. In October, 1861, he was appointed pastor of
the Methodist Fpiscopal Church at Oshkosh, \\ is. In the fall of
1862, he became chaplain of the 32d Wisconsin Infantry, remain-
ing with this regiment until 1863. He then resigned the chap-
laincy to accept the pastorate of the Methodist Episcopal Church
at Appleton, Wis., and was soon afterward elected to the chair of
Natural Sciences in Lawrence University. In a few months after
this election he organized the 401)1 Wisconsin Infantry, composed
mainly of teachers and students, and known as the Normal Regi-
ment, of which he became lieutenant-colonel. When Jhis regi-
ment was mustered out he enlisted in the 40,1 h Wisconsin Infantry
and was appointed its colonel. In October, 1865, he was brevetted
brigadier-general for meritorious services. • Upon being mustered
out he was appointed pastor of the Spring-street Methodist Epis-
copal Church of the same city, beginning the erection of its
beautiful house of worship. While serving in this church he
was appointed superintendent of public instruction by Gov-
ernor Fairchild, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of A.
J. Craig. He was twice elected to the same position, and
left the impress of his ability in the schools of the State. In
1873, the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Law-
rence University. In 1874, he was elected president of the
Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, in which posi-
tion he remained two years. While president he successfully
inaugurated, for the first time in America it is believed, the
fundamental idea of the London University, the gran. ing of
collegiate degrees of a higher and lower nature upon candi-
dates, after a thorough examination, without actual college
residence. This same plan has since been carried forward
ill the establishment of the "Chautauqua University" and
the "Correspondence University," of which he is one of the
incorporators. In May, 1875, he accepted the rectorship of
St. Paul's Reformed Episcopal Church, Chicago, and came
.to this field in the following June. He soon came to be re-
cognized as one of the most eloquent pulpit orators in Chica-
go, and has made St. Paul's Church one of the most influen-
tial and prosperous in the city, On July 15, 1876, he was
elected bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church, with the
jurisdiction of the West under his charge. He was afterward
twice elected presiding bishop, and has now the Episcopal
supervision of the West and Northwest. He was for several
years chaplain of the G.A.R., Department of Illinois. His
family consists of four children, two sons and two daughters.
As a man and as an ecclesiastic, Bishop Fallows stands very
high among Chicago's divines, for his ability and for his
sterling character. He was elected a member of the Victo-
ria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain, on
January 3, 1885.
RKV. JAMES S. GREENE, D. D., rector of Emanuel Re-
formed Episcopal Church, was born at Dublin, Ireland, on
April 22, 1815. He was named after his father, who was
born at Swords, seven miles north of Dublin, on December
13, J785- His grandfather, John Greene was born in Lan-
cashire, England, and was by profession a land surveyor,
and. at the instance of the British Government, went to Ire-
land to assist in the survey of the land coast line of the island.
He had been recently married to Miss Elizabeth Stuart, only
daughter of a prominent gentleman of Lancashire, and upon
removing to Ireland, built a residence at Swords, in which he
lived until his death in the eighty-fifth year of his age. He
was the first man to welcome Wesleyan Methodist preachers
north of Dublin, and preaching has since been continued in
his house every other Tuesday the year round. James S.
Greene, father of Rev. James S. Greene, was educated in
Dublin, graduating at Trinity College, with a view to the
ministry in the Established Church of Ireland, but sud-
denly changing his mind, he purchased a captain's commission
in the Enniskillen Dragoons. He commanded his company,
under the Duke of Wellington, at the battle of Waterloo, and
received honorable mention in the dispatches of his command-
er-in-chief. Upon his return to Ireland, he met, at his colonel's
quarters, Miss Elizabeth Durang, a Florentine, and a protege of
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
789
the captain's wife. Miss Durang's father while an attache of the
Government of Italy, was detected in a conspiracy against the
peace and welfare of the Government as it then existed, but suc-
ceeded in effecting his escape to Ireland, beyond the jurisdiction
and reach of the infuriated authorities. Captain Greene and Miss
Durang fell in love at first sight, and were soon afterward married.
Miss 1 Uirang was a Catholic of the strictest sect, but after studying
the Bible at her husband's father's house, and after listening to the
preaching of Rev. John Xewland Maflit, since well-known as a
revivalist in the United States, she, together A'ith her husband, be-
came members of the \Vesleyan Methodist Church. She was the
mother of eight children, all born in Ireland, of whom but two re-
main. In 1834, the entire family came to the United States, and
in January, 1862, Captain Greene died, and was followed by his
wife in May of the same year. James S. Greene, after being pre-
pared for college by Dr. Maguire of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin,
entered Trinity College, where he remained one year, his father
bringing him with the rest of the family to the United States. In
a month after settling in Rochester. N. \'., James S., Jr., entered
the \Veslcyan College at Middletown, Conn., taking the degree of
Bachelor of Arts in 1836. Two years later he received that of
Master of Arts, and in 1873 that of Doctor of Divinity from the
same institute. In the fall of 1836, he commenced his career as an
itinerant Methodist preacher. In 1840, he was transferred from
the Genesee to the New York Conference, and appointed to a
' church in New York City. In 1842, he was sent to another of the
New York churches, and in 1844 he was, by request, transferred
to the Baltimore Conference, and appointed pastor of the church
by whose request the transfer had been made. The division of the
great body of Methodism had been made, and Mr. Greene and his
church cast their lot with the Southern branch. In less than two
years his health failed, and he retired from the regular ministry.
He employed himself in various capacities thenceforward in the
South, preaching as his health permitted, until September, 1882,
when, with his wife jind daughter, he came to ( 'hicago. In the latter
part of 1883, he was employed by Bishop Cheney to preach at
Emanuel Church, a mission of Christ Church, in the afternoon of
Sundays, and at Tyng Mission in the evening. In March, 1884, he
was instructed to give his entire attention to Emanuel Church; but it
was not until November 17, 1884, that he became canonically identi-
fied as a presbyter of the Reformed Episcopal Church and rector
of Emanuel Church. Since Mr. Greene took charge, the number of
communicants has more than doubled; the church-edifice has been
thoroughly renovated; the Sunday-school largely increased; and an
additional large room finished in the basement of the church. Mr.
Greene has for several years been very popular as a lecturer in the
winter courses of literary associations in nearly every Southern
city; and now, although seventy years of age, with no apparent
abatement of his early vigor, he has frequent invitations from lec-
ture bureaus, all of which he declines. Mr. (Ireene has been twice
married; lir>t in 1838, to Miss Rachel Smeltzer, daughter of a
wealthy farmer of Seneca County, N. Y. She died in 1852. By
that marriage he had live children, only two of whom survive, a
son and a daughter, the son living in Minnesota, married, but child-
less; and the daughter living San Francisco, married, and having
four children. Mr. Greene was married the second time in 1859,
to Miss Frances A. Cullison, daughter of a wealthy Virginia
planter who had returned to Baltimore. Mil. They have had one
child, a daughter born in 1863, and whose musical attainments, both
vocal and instrumental, are confessedly of a high order.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. — Follow-
ing the great fire of 1871, the services of this church
were held in a frame building, on the corner of Clark
and Harrison streets, until the fall of 1872. Rev. Dr.
Daniels was the pastor. The society soon re-built their
block, but in much more substantial form than that
of the old, the entire cost being about $130,000.
The present block, corner of Clark and AVashington
streets, is a four-story building containing ten base-
ments, eight stores, pastor's study, lecture-rooms, par-
lors, and a large auditorium. The revenue derived
from the rents of stores, etc., in the block is about
$35,000 annually, by which the society has met all its
expenses and contributed to various benevolences
(mainly to church extensions in the city), since the
great fire, to the amount of $237,000.
The successive pastors have been
Rev. Dr. Daniels, until 1872 ; Rev. H. W. Thomas, until
1875 ; Rev. Dr. Jewett (now deceased), until 1877 ; Rev. M. M.
Parkhurst, D.D., until 1880 ; Rev. John Williamson, until 1883;
Rev. R. M. Hatfield, until 1885 ; Rev. W. A. Spencer, until
January, 1886, when he was called to the secretaryship of the
Church Extension Society, Philadelphia. The present pastor is
Rev. II. YV. Ijolton, formerly of Boston.
TRINITY METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. — At the
time of the great fire of 1871, this society, with Rev. Dr.
J. H. Bailiss as pastor, worshiped in a frame building,
pending the completion of their church-edifice on Indi-
ana Avenue near Twenty-fourth Street. After the fire,
a consolidation took place between Trinity and Wabash-
avenue churches, with Rev. S. M. McChesney as pas-
tor. Rev. Dr. Bailiss went to Indianapolis. Trinity
Church has the finest of the Methodist Episcopal
church-edifices in this city, having also the wealthiest
congregation of the churches of this denomination in
Chicago.
The pastors since the fire have been as fol-
lows: Rev. S. M. McChesney, until 1874; Rev. O. H.
Tiffany, 1874-77; Rev. W. F. Crafts, 1877-79; Rev.
R. B. Pope, 1879-82 ; Rev. F. M. Bristol, 1882-85 ',
and the present pastor, Rev. J. Alabaster, who was ap-
pointed in October, 1885.
MARIE CIIAIT.I.. — This chapel is a memorial to Marie Higgin-
botham, daughter of H. N Higginbotham of this city, who died at
the age of four years, in the winter of iSyg. Soon after her death,
contributions were made to build this chapel ; Mr. lligginbotham
gave $17,000, Trinity Church $17,000. and Clark Street Methodist
Episcopal Church, Sl5>°°°- The chapel was built at a cost of
$40,000. It is located at the corner of Twenty-fourth Street and
Wentworth Avenue. It was dedicated in October, 1885. Rev. F.
A. Hardin is pastor of the society.
GRACE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. — After
the fine church-edifice of this society was destroyed in
October, 1871, a temporary chapel was erected on the
old lot, which was dedicated and known as " The first
church after the fire." The lot spoken of was pur-
chased by D. L. Moody, and the present site, on La Salle
Avenue and Locust Street, was purchased by the society
for $25,000. The work of re building began about the
middle of 1872, and dedication services were held on
May 4, 1873. The basement has a seating accomoda-
tion for twelve hundred, and contains Sunday-school and
class-rooms, study, parlors, kitchen, and all modern con-
veniences. It is furnished throughout in solid black
walnut and butternut, and is heated by a steam appar-
atus. The upper, or main, room has a gallery on each
side, and seats fifteen hundred persons. The edifice is
in the Gothic style of architecture, and cost, including
the lot and organ, $100,000.
The pastors of Grace Church during the period
covered by this sketch have been as follows:
Rev. M. M. Parkhurst, D.D. (under whom the church was re-
built), until 1874; C. E. Felton, D.D., two years; J. Atkinson,
D.D., three years; R. D. Sheppard, D.D., three years; William
Fawcett, D.D., three years; R. D. Sheppard. D.D., one year;
Frank M. Bristol, A.M., succeeded in 1885.
Ri.v. FRANK MILTON BRISTOL was born in Orleans County,
N. Y., on January 4, 1851. His father was Leverett Augustus
Bristol, who was born in 1821. He was a merchant of Niagara
County, N. Y., and later of Kankakee, 111. He was married, in
1848, to Miss Angeline Butterlield, daughter of Dr. Alexander
Butterfield, of Olcott, N. Y., who was, in 1861, one of the pro-
prietors of the Galena Courier. On both sides of his family, Rev.
Mr. Bristol is of Scotch anil English ancestry, and his ancestry for
some generations were Methodists. His father died in 1863, and,
having long suffered from ill health, left his family in circumstances
that rendered it necessary for his son to work for several years at
whatever his hands could find to do. The year 1864 he spent at
Rockford, 111., in the family of his uncle, Rev. \V. B. Slaughter,
U.I)., a portion of the time attending the public schools. The
next three years he worked on the farm of Lemuel Milk, of Kan-
kakee, attending school during the winter months. He then spent
one year in an attempt to learn the jewelry trade, but, on account
79°
HISTORY 01' CHICAGO.
of tin- low ingta, gave it up, and went to work in a pianino-mill.
this occupation lie entered tin- drug Wore of his uncle, \V.
(',. Swanncll, with the view of becoming a druggist. After re-
maining tliere about two years, and while so engaged, he attended a
Methodist revival meeting-, and became convened, an event which
ale course of his life, lie at once determined to
become a minister of the Gospel, remaining in the drug store six
is after his conversion. The first book he read after this
pivotal event was D' Anbignc's History of the Reformation. His
uncle, Rev. \V. 11. slaughter, then living in ( Mnalia, Neb., learning
of his desire to become a Methodist minister, and knowing he had
CENTENARY M. E. CHURCH.
not the means to pay his expenses while in attendance at college, in-
vited him to < imaha. where he might enjoy the advantages of his own
excellent library and personal instruction. After remaining in Oma-
ha for some time, he returned to Kankakee, 111., and engaged with
a surveying company to assist in surveying the railroad from Kan-
kakee to San Pierre, Ind. Soon after the completion of this work,
a Mrs. ]•'.. M. Ridout, seeing him perform the part of Christian in
a representation of the Pilgrim's Progress, and learning of his de-
sire to tit himself for the ministry, volunteered to assist him finan-
cially, and paid his expenses during his lirst two years at the North-
western University, from 187010 1872. He remained thereuntil 1*77,
paying his own expenses by preaching at Kltie Island two years,
and at Joliet one year, as assistant pastor to Rev. |. M. Caldwell.
He graduated with the degree of liachelor of Philosophy, and
Irotn ^77 to is;,,, Was pastor of the Fnglcwood Methodist F.pis-
eopal Church. From 1879 to lS§2, he was stationed at Wabash-
avenue Methodist Kpiscopal Church; in 1882 was appointed to
Trinity Methodist KpiM:opal Church; and in 1885 became pastor
of Cracc Church. Rev. Mr. liristol was married on May 9, is;s
to Miss Nellie Frisbic. of Morgan I 'ark. They have three chil-
dren, -I.everett Dale, Raymond Wolcott. and Cora. The North-
western University conferred on Rev. Mr. I'.ristol, during 1882, the
degree of Master of Arts.
Rt.v. K"i;i ••];!• l>. SIIKIT \KI> was born on July 23, 1846, in
Chicago. Ilis father was Robert Sheppard, of the early Chicago
lumber linn, Sheppard, Sheriffs >.V Smith. His mother was Samantha
(Dickinson) Sheppard. one of the early school-teachers of I hicago,
and daughter of /.enas Dickinson, who came from Massachusetts
to this city in 1835. Robert 1 >. Sheppard attended the Foster
School, and afterward the Chicago High School, two years. He
then attended the Northwestern University at F.vanston, during the
preparatory course and the freshman year, and the Chicago Uni-
versity, graduating from this latter institution in 1869. Having
utili/.ed his vacations in the pursuit of his theological studies, it
w.as necessary for him to attend Gar-
rett Hiblical Institute only one year,
from which lie graduated, in 1.170.
He immediately joined the Rock Riv-
er Conference, and was stationed at
Michigan Avenue Methodist Fpisco-
pal Church, where he remained ihree
years, until 1873. During the years
1873-74 I'e "'as pastor of the Third-
street Methodist Kpiscopal Church
at Rockford. 111. During the next
three years, lie was stationed at the
\\cstcrn-a\cnuc Methodist Kpiscopal
Church, Chicago. From the fall of
1877 to the fall of 1878, he was
abroad, making a tour of observation
and study through ( lermany (in which
country he spent six months), also in
Kgypt, Palestine, Asia Minor, Greece
and Italy. Returning to Chicago in
the fall of 1878, he was appointed
pastor of Grace Methodist Kpiscopal
Church, remaining three years; after
which he was pastor ot the First
Methodist Episcopal Church, Auro-
ra, III., three years. In the fall of
1884, he was re-appointed pastor of
(irace Methodist Fpiscopal Church,
in this city. The degree of Masler
of Arts /// fiirsn was conferred upon
him by the Chicago University in
1^72, and that degree in //r'/;<j;v in
1875. Since iSys |H- has been one of
the trustees of the Northwestern
University at F.vaiistou. and since
iSS4 one of the trustees of (iarrett
Hiblical Institute. Rev. Mr. Shep-
pard was married on June 13, 1872,
to Miss Virginia Uoring, daughter of
Nahum l.oring, who came West at
an early day and established himself
as a merchant at N'aperville, when it
was thought that city was the future
metropolis of the West, Mr. l.oring
was the father of Mr-. George F.
Foster and of Mrs. James A. \Vhit-
taker. Mr. and Mrs. Sheppard have
three children, — Robert Loring, Mar-
guerita and Virginia.
CENTLN AR\ MKTHOIUST
EPISCOPAL C'.IIUKCH. — This
was at first the Canal-street
society, organized in 1842, with sixteen members who
had been formerly connected with the Clark-street
Church. In 1853, a removal was made to Jefferson
Street. In 1866, the present site was secured, on
Monroe Street, near Morgan. This being the centen-
nial year of American Methodism, the church took the
name of Centenary Church. The lecture-room was
opened on February 17, 1867, and the whole structure
was finished and dedicated on March 15, 1868. The
cost of the building, including all interior fittings, was
$80,000. The following pastors have been assigned:
Rev. Charles II. Fowler, 1866; Rev. R. M. Ilattield, 1868;
Rev. Charles II. Fowler, 1871; Rev. J. C). Peck, 1873; Rev. S. 11.
Adams. 1875; Rev. II. \V. Thomas, 1877; Rev. A. C. George,
1880; Rev. P. II. Swift, 1883; Rev. II. G. Jackson, 1885.
C. KANT-IM.ACK METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. —
This church was founded about twenty-five years ago.
At the present time February, i8cS6), they are erecting
new buildings on Halsted Strei-t, near the Presbyterian
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
791
Theological Seminary. The church and parsonage will
cost about $45,000, including lots. The pastors have
been assigned as follows, since the fire:
Rev. T. C. Clemienning, 1871-74; Rev. T. P. Marsh, 1874-77;
Rev. F. P. Cleveland, 1877-80; Rev. Isaac Seinberger, 1880-81;
Rev. 1.. I-:. Curts, 1881-83; an(l KCV' M- M- 1'arkliurst, the pres-
ent pastor.
PARK-AVENUE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. —
This church, one of the wealthiest in Chicago before
the fire of 1871, suffered great personal losses in that
memorable disaster. Although the church property
was not in the track of the flames, the places of busi-
ness of most of its members were, and these being
destroyed left them completely stripped. Since the
fire, the history of this church has been marked by
struggles, still, at the present time it may be said to be
in a condition of fair prosperity. During the period
covered by this sketch $14,000 have been paid, leaving
the property entirely free from debt. In 1874, an organ
was built in the church at an expense of $2,000.
x The pastors of the church during this period have
been as follows:
Rev. II. \V. Thomas, D.D., Rev. N. H. Axtell, D.D., Rev.
Thomas K. Strobridge, Rev. J. W. Davis, and the present pastor,
William Fawcett, 1 >. I >.
\VAHASH-AYK\UE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
— Immediately after the great lire, the Wabash-avenue
church -edifice was rented to the Government for
$25,000 per annum, for post-office purposes. The con-
gregation consolidated with Trinity Methodist Episcopal
Church for one year, each society preserving its own
identity. The pastor of the Wabash-avenue society
took charge of the united churches. The Wabash-
avenue society, upon renting their house of worship,
donated their pews, organ and furniture to the Michigan-
avenue Methodist Episcopal Church. This building
continued as a post-office until July, 1874, when it was
destroyed by fire In the fall of 1872, the society pur-
chased the Olivet Presbyterian Church property for
about $45,000. The property comprised church-edifice
and two parsonages. Here services were at once
resumed. Rev. |. L. G. McKeown, I).])., being assigned
the charge. Rev. Mr. McKeown remained two years.
Rev. John Williamson, D.D., then served the church
until October, 1876. From 1876 until 1879, R-ev- A.
W. 1'atton was pastor; from 1879 until 1882, Rev.
Frank M. Bristol; from 1882 until 1885, Rev. T. P.
Marsh: the present pastor, Rev. R. W. Bland, was
appointed in October, 1885. The church received
$75,000 as rent from the Government while the building
was occupied as a post-office, and $30,000 insurance
after its destruction by fire in 1874; and after buying its
present property had a fund which was placed at interest
and is a source of revenue to the society. The church
is in a flourishing condition, having property valued
to-day at about $75,000, a membership of nearly three
hundred, and a Sunday-school of four hundred.
RKV. T. I'. MAKSII was born on July 30. 1845, at Orland,
Intl. His father, Dr. Madison Marsh, moved from New York to
Indiana, in 1841. Soon afterward he was elected to the State Sen-
ate by a majority of one in the popular vote. Jesse D. Bright was
then elected to the United States Senate by a majority of one vote
in the Indiana Legislature, that one vote being claimed by Dr.
Marsh; and the United States Senate voted in favor of declaring
war with Mexico by a majority of one vote, that one vote being
claimed by Jesse I). Bright, he voting in favor of the war. Dr.
Madison Marsh was a most eminent and successful physician and
surgeon. He married Miss Hannah I*. Hudson, daughter of Sam-
uel E. Hudson, a man of considerable property, and a prominent
citizen of Newark, N. Y., and afterward of l!loomin<jton, 111. Rev.
T. I'. Marsh was their second son. He lived at Orland, Ind.,
until he was fifteen years old, graduating from the Northwestern
Indiana Institute in 1858, intending to enter the Michigan Univer-
sity. In 1859, he came to Chicago, which has since been his
home. In 1860, he attended Bryant iV Stratum's Commercial Col-
lege, acquiring a knowledge of business which has been of im-
mense value to him throughout his entire career. In 1861, he
entered the Army as clerk for Captain S. I,. Brown, who com-
menced his military service as assistant quartermaster, and was
promoted to be assistant quartermaster-general, with the rank of
brigadier-general. He commenced on a salary 'of $25 a month,
and had it raised until, before the close of the War, it was $175 a
month, when General Brown had the purchasing of forage for the
I'.iMcrn Army. In April, 1865, he resigned his position to attend
the Wesleyan Academy at \Vilbraham, Mass., having become im-
pressed that his mission was in the ministry. In July following,
he graduated from that institution and entered Wesleyan I niver-
sity, Middletown, Conn., graduating therefrom in 1869. He then
came to Chicago and became cashier for Hale t-V Hi'os., the largest
furniture dealers in the city. I le remained with them until 1870,
in the mean time establishing State-street Mission. Hale Bros,
offered him an interest in their business, which would probably
have given an annual income of about $3,000, but again he sacri-
ficed his financial interests, this time to enter upon the work of the
ministry. His first charge was the I )ixon-street Methodist Epis-
copal Church, in this city, where he remained until the fall of 1872,
when he was appointed to the Oak Park and Austin Methodist
Episcopal Church. The Austin church-edifice was built and the
foundation of the Oak Park Church was laid during this lime, and
the parish divided, Rev. Mr. Marsh remaining with the Austin
Church two years, making three years in all at the two places. In
1875, he was appointed lit (Irani Place Church, Chicago, where his
pastorate was very successful. In 1878, he was appointed to St.
Paul's Methodist 'Episcopal Church, where he remained one year.
In 1879, he was called to the Court-street Methodist Episcopal
Church, Rockford, 111., where he labored with great success until
1882; when he was appointed to the \Vabash-avenue Methodist
Episcopal Church. During his pastorate of three years the church
underwent thorough repairs, having been re-painted, re-roofed, re-
frescoed and re-furnished. A new parsonage was also purchased
next to the church, and is now one of the finest in the Conference.
Rev. Mr. Marsh received the degree of Master of Arts in 1872
from Wesleyan University. During the past year he has been
secrelary of the Methodist Social Union, the success of which
body is largely due to his business education. He was married at
East Saugus, a suburb of Boston, on September 6, 1870, to Miss
Hattie M. Newhall, daughter of Fales Newhall, one of the earli-
est Methodists in that region of the country ; she is a sister of F.
H. Newhall, who was at one time professor of belles-letlres in
Wesleyan University, and one of the most distinguished Metho-
dist divines of New England. Mr. anil Mrs. Marsh have had six
children, four of whom are living, — Hattie Paulina, Winifred,
Van Newhall, and Marion.
ORKINGTON EUNT was born al Bowdoinham, Maine, on De-
cember 24, 1815, his parents being William and Matilda Lunt.
Until fourteen years of age, he lived with his parents in his native
town, where he attended school and assisted in the store of his
father, who was a merchant of the place. When twenty-one years
of age he became his father's partner in business until the latter
retired, leaving the entire concern in his hands. After that, in
1842, he came to Chicago, which has since been his home. In the
summer of 1844, he began to operate in grain, and in the following
year, encouraged by his success in these operations, he leased a lot
having one hundred feet front on the river, just east of Eake-street
bridge. This he took for ten years at $125 a year. These years
were marked by prosperity and continual increase of business.
Soon after leasing the property referred to, he purchased it, owing
to the fact that other parties had entered adverse claims against it.
In 1855, Mr. Eunt was elected to the office of water commis-
sioner for the South Division for three years, and at the end of his
term of office was re-elected for three years more. During the last
three years, the City Departments having been consolidated in the
Board of Public Works, he held the position of treasurer and
president of the Board. He was auditor of the board of directors
of the ( ialena & Chicago Union Railroad and also its vice-president
for two years. For upward of thirty years Mr. Eunt has been the
secretary and treasurer of Garrett Biblical Institute; was one of
its founders, and also one of the charter members of the North-
western University at Evanston, III. During his residence in
Chicago he has taken great interest in educational matters and es-
pecially in the Methodist Episcopal Church, contributing at differ-
ent times large amounts in behalf of the local churches of this
denomination, his first donation being $12,000 to the Wabash-
avenue Church in 1857. In 1865, owing to ill-health induced by
over-work, Mr. Eunt determined to spend several years in foreign
travel, and made the tour of Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land.
Shortly after his return the great fire occurred, in which Mr. Eunt,
with many others, suffered severe loss, but with them at once set to
work to build better than they had done before. He erected the
792
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
fine banking offices, \o. IO2 Washington Street, now occupied by
IVcston, Kean & Co. Feu- lives are marked by greater activities
than that of Mr. I, tint. Coming early to this marvellously busy
Western metropolis, he has, for many years, lu-cn idcntilicd with its
important concerns and has been a kc.-n observer of it- growth
ami development. Few men are better known in Chicago than he,
and few are more highly esteemed; nevertheless, he is a man of
modest mien and gentle manners, who has endeared himself to
a large number of personal friends through his lmig and useful
career. Mr. Lunt was married, on January 16, 1842, to Cornelia
A. Gray, of Howdoinham, Maine, anil lias had four children, one
of whom died in infancy, — Nina C.; Horace G., a lawyer in this
city: and George, on the Chicago Board of Trade.
M iriiuiAX-AVEXUE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
— This church was formerly known as the Indiana-
avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, and its history
under that name is given in the second volume of
this work. In December, 1871, the society took pos-
session of the basement of the new church-edifice
on Michigan Avenue. A portion of the new building
was completed, and formally dedicated by Rev. C. H.
Fowler, on February 5, 1872, with sufficient funds
pledged to pay the entire debt. During the pastorate
of Rev. J. \V. Phelps, the church-building was fully
completed and again dedicated, by Rev. Dr. Fowler.
The ministers have been as follows:
Rev. R. I). Sheppard, 1870-73; Rev. J. W. Phelps, 1873-74;
Rev. M. M. I'arkhurst, 1874-76; Rev. John Williamson, three
years; Rev. G. K. Van Horn, two years; and Rev. M. E. Cady,
three years. The present pastor, Rev. John Williamson, was ap-
pointed in ( )ctol>er, 1885.
The value of the church property is $60,000.
\\'l ••^TKkX-AVKXUE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
— In the fall of 1871, Rev. Alexander Youker was sent
to this church. During his pastorate, the building in
which the society worshiped was moved to the present
location, which was donated by the Clark-street Metho-
dist Episcopal Church. The disaffected portion of the
society leased a lot on the corner of Fulton Street and
Artesian Avenue, and erected a neat chapel. The pas-
torate of Rev. Mr. Youker continued through three
years of prosperity and revival to the church. During
1873, Jackson-street Mission was organized under the
auspices of H. \V. Matthews, Samuel Claude and others.
The church-building was enlarged by the addition of
wings, making the seating capacity about five hundred.
In October, 1874, Rev. R. I). Sheppard was stationed at
Western Avenue, and remained three years. Rev. S. H. Adams
followed in October, 1877. The next pastor was Rev. J. M. Cald-
well, who remained three years. He was succeeded, in 1881, bv
Rev. J. II. More, who resigned in the spring of 1883, on account
of ill-health. For a time the pulpit was supplied by Rev. W. X.
Ninde. The present pastor, Rev. W. II. Burns, was appointed
in October, 1883.
The corner-stone of the new church-edifice was laid
on July 22, 1884. The services in connection with the
dedication lasted from May 10 to May 17, 1885. Ser-
mons were preached by Bishop H. \V. Warren, Dr.
Newman, of New York, Rev. F. M. Bristol, Bishop
Merrill, Bishop Foss, Rev. Dr. Kennard, of the Fourth
Baptist Church. The dedication proper was conducted
by President Cummings, of the Northwestern Uni-
versity, and Rev. Luke Hitchcock, then the presiding
elder of the district. The total cost of the church-
edifice was about $40,000. The present membership is
about four hundred and forty-eight, with a Sunday-
school of seven hundred and twenty-five.
KKV. I.I-KK HITCHCOCK, I). IX, was born at Lebanon, Madi-
son Co., N. V., on April 13, 1813. Luke Hitchcock was raised at
Lebanon, N. V., enjoying such advantages for education as the
common schools of those times afforded, attending school in the
winter season and working on the farm in summer. At the age of
eighteen he attended a select school a few weeks, and afterward
engaged in teaching three successive winters, spending summers on
the farm. In 1834, he spent a few months at Cazenovia Seminary,
New Vork, with the view of preparing for and going through col-
lege. r>nl he was induced to leave the institution and enter the
ministry, and in October, 1834, he was admitted on trial into the
Oueiila Conference of the Methodist Kpiscopal Church. In 1836,
he was admitted into fidl connection with the < 'onlerciice, and was
ordained deacon by Bishop Waugh, and in 1838 he was ordained
elder by Bishop Hedding. In 1834, he was appointed to the pas-
torate of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Camillus, Onondaga
< 'o. . N. Y., and in 1835 to the church at Fabius. In 1836, he \\ as
appointed to the church at Ca/eno\ ia Station, and was married to
Miss Jane Elixa Ilirdsail, a daughter of Major David II. Birdsall,
of Fabius, N. Y., on February 14, 1837. While in Cazenovia,
Rev. Mr. Hitchcock was attacked with a severe cough, on which
account he was assigned to the Methodist Kpiscopal Church at
Ithaca, N. Y. , where the climate was milder. There he remained
one year, and was favored with a pleasant and successful ministry.
But the climate being still too severe, he was the next year sent to
Owego, N. Y. But the climate here did not furnish so great a
change as his health required, and at the close of the year he was,
by his own request, granted a location, and removed to Lee County,
III., in August, 1839. There he took charge of the Dixon circuit,
a territory thirty miles from north to south and twenty-five from
east to west, and including what is now the city of Rochelle. In
1840, he again accepted the same charge, but during the year trav-
elled quite extensively in Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa, in the
interest of Rock Riyer Seminary, located at Mount Morris, Ogle
Co., 111., and which was one of the first seminaries founded in Illi-
nois. At the close of the Conference-year, his health had so far
improved as to give promise of an entire recovery, and in the fall
of 1841 he was re-admitted into the travelling connection. Unit-
ing with the Rock River Conference, he was appointed to the
agency of the Rock River Seminary. In 1842, he was appointed
to the pastorate of the churches of Ottawa and I'ern. In 1843 he
was sent to the First Methodist F.piscopal Church, Chicago, then
the only Methodist Church in the city. The lake winds proving
too severe for him, he returned to Lee County in 1844, and he was
appointed presiding elder of the Ottawa district, continuing in the
district two years. The work here proving too exacting, he was
compelled to ask a superannuated relation, and he remained on the
superannuated list four years. In 1850, he was appointed presid-
ing elder of the Belvidere district, continuing in the same four
years. In 1854, he was appointed presiding elder of the Mount
Morris district; in 1858 of the St. Charles district; and in 1859 of
the Chicago district. In 1860, he was elected by the General
Conference as agent of the Western Methodist Book Concern, and
was re-elected in 1864, 1868, 1872 and 1876, continuing in that
position twenty years. During this entire period he was a member
of the Rock River Conference, and in 1880 he was appointed pre-
siding elder of the Dixon district. In 1881, he was appointed
presiding elder of Chicago district, and in 1885 became superin-
tendent of City Missions. The honorary degree of Master of
Arts \vas conferred upon him in 1858. by Ihr \\esleyan University
of Middletown, Conn., and subsequently the degree of Doctor of
Divinity by Cornell College of Mt. Vernon, Iowa. Dr. and Mrs.
Hitchcock have had seven children, as follows: Birdsall Ingersoll,
who was married on October 16, 1862, to Miss Sarah I). Wood-
bridge, and is now residing in Leadville, Colo.; Elizabeth M.,
married on January 22, 1863, to J. E. Wilson; Myra A., married
on October 7, 1868, to Rev. Charles II. Fowler, now Bishop of
San Francisco, Cal.; Mary Jane, married in March, 1868, to
Charles E. Smith, now residing in Cincinnati, Ohio; Charles Au-
gustus, married to Miss Laura S. Gould on April 20, 1876, and now-
residing in Dakota; Ella Adaliza, married to Elijah C. Wilson, of
this city; Laura Adelaide, married on June 29, 1880, to T. M.
Archer Brown, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
LANGLFA'-AVENUE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
—Immediately after the great fire, Rev. C. G. Trusdell,
the pastor, was elected superintendent of the Chicago
Relief and Aid Society, but still acted as pastor of this
church. The church membership is now about four
hundred, with a Sunday-school of four hundred. The
church property is valued at $20,000.
The pastors, during the period covered by this vol-
ume, have been as follows:
Rev. C. G. Trusdell, 1871-73; Rev. Louis Meredith, 1873-75;
Rev. W. C. Willing, 1875-77; Rev. T. C. Clendenning, 1877-80;
Rev. R. M. Hatfield, 1880-82; Rev. J. W. Richards, 1882-83;
Rev. A. C. George, October, 1883, until April, 1885; Rev. G. W.
liennett, April, 1885, until October, 1885. Rev. |. M. Caldwell
was appointed in October, 1885.
FULTON-STREET METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
—This church had its origin in a division of the mem-
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
79.3
bers of Western-avenue Church, in 1871, with reference
to the removal of their church-building from its loca-.
tion on Seymour Street, to the corner of Western
Avenue and Monroe Street. Those not in favor of the
removal leased a lot on the corner of Fulton Street and
Artesian Avenue, and soon engaged a student from
Garrett Biblical Institute to supply their pulpit. In the
fall of 1872, Rev. G. L. S. Stuff was appointed to the
charge. On October 31, the members having a short
time previously moved into Good Templar's Hall, on
Lake Street, near Seymour, organized the Lake-street
Methodist Episcopal Church, with thirty-six members.
In June, 1873, they raised a subscription of $2,225 f°r
a chapel. The lot on the corner of Fulton Street and
Artesian Avenue was leased for five years, and the
name of the church was changed to the Fulton-street
Methodist Episcopal Church. The building was begun
on August 9, 1873; completed in October, at a cost of
$4,000; and dedicated on November 2, 1873.
Rev. Mr. Stuff remained with the church two years. In
Ofetober, 1874, Rev. R. S. Cantine was appoin'ed pastor, and re-
mained two years. In Oetober, 1876, Rev. S. M. 1 'avis became
pastor, and remained one year. Rev. William II. Holmes became
pastor in October, 1877, and was succeeded, in 1879, by Rev.
George Chase. In 1881 Rev. J. II. Ailing was appointed, and in
1883 Rev. J. I". lirushingham became pastor.
Kiev. JOHN I'. BKUSIIINGIIAM was born ai Cuba, Allegany Co.,
N. Y., on February 16, 1856. His parents, Patrick and Mary
lirushingham, emigrated from near the Lakes of Killarney, Ireland,
to America, in 1855. They were devoted Roman Catholics, and
brought up their family in their own faith. Their son spent his
early life up >n the farm. At the age of fourteen he went to live
with a Protestant farmer, who gave him access to a valuable librarv.
and also the influence of a quiet Christian home. At the age of
fifteen, he was converted in the Methodist Episcopal Church, and
was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church, While
in the employ of a physician at Olean, N. Y., he conceived the idea
nl obtaining a college education and of entering the Christian
ministry. lie spent one year in Allegheny College. Meadville,
IVnn , and during his first vacation. began preaching in the villages
surrounding his home, although persecuted by Catholics, especially
by his relatives, and the next year became a teacher in the Olean
Academy. During this year he fdled the Methodist Episcopal pul-
pit at Yorkshire, N. Y. Having obtained some little means, he
started for the Northwestern University at Kvanston, III., and, after
two years in the preparatory department, entered college, and gradu-
ated in iSSi. He then took a theological course in the Garrett
Biblical Institute, received degree of H.I), in 1883, having obtained
his entire education without financial assistance from any one,
preaching throughout the entire course. In 1884, he joined the
Rock River Conference, and was appointed to the pastorate of
Fulton-street Methodist Episcopal Church. During his pastor-
ate the indebtedness of the church has been liquidated, the lot,
previously leased, has been purchased, and a fine brick parsonage
lias been bought — all of which is evidence of the ability and popu-
larity of the young pastor.
LINCOLN-STREET METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
— - In 1873, this church was an independent mission,
holding services at Hayman's Hall, on Wood Street.
Meetings were subsequently conducted in the Wissing
Building, corner of Paulina and Twenty-second streets,
till March, 1875; in a vacant building on Twenty-second
Street, east of Paulina, until Ma}', 1875, when that was
destroyed by a gale; and next, in the German Methodist
house of worship, corner of Laflin and Nineteenth
streets, until the society built a small chapel on the
northeast corner of Lincoln and Ambrose streets, at a
cost of $1,200. Services r/ere continued here until
December, 1881, when the present church-edifice was
dedicated. This stands on the southeast corner of
Lincoln and Ambrose streets, the chapel on the other
corner being now used by the Swedish Evangelical Lu-
theran Church. The new building cost $12,000.
The pastors of the society have been
Rev. Mr. Switzer, from October 5, 1873, until January 18,
1874; Rev. W. E. King, from January 18, 1874. to June 27, 1877;
Rev. Mr. Alexander, until April 6, 1878; Rev. G. T. Newcomb,
until the fall of 1878; Rev. \V. \V. Power, 1878-79; Rev. Fred-
erick Porter, 1879-81; Rev. W. II. Reese, 1881-82; Rev. A. II.
Kistler, 1882-83; Kev. Frederick Porter, 1883-84; and Rev.
William II. Leach, the present pastor.
On IKK METHODIST EPISCOPALCHURCHE3. — Emanuel Church,
Rev. J. A. Mattock, pastor; Dixon-street Church, Rev. R. S. Fin-
ley, pastor; liuliaua-strtet Church, Rev. A. Youker, pastor; Jack-
son-street Church, Rev. J.\V. Richards, pastor; Northwest Church,
Rev. C. A. Logan, pastor; Paulina-street Church; St. Paul's Church,
Rev. \V. A. Evans, pastor; Stale street Church, Rev. D. |. Holmes,
pastor; Winter street Church, Rev. \V. II. liuriis. pastor; Ilalsted
Street, Rev. Joseph ' >dgers, pastor; Ada Street, Rev. R. S. Cantine;
Welsh Church, Rev. David Harries.
KF.V. DAVID HARRIES, pastor of the Welsh Calvinistic Metho-
dist Church, was born in Llangendeirn, Carmarthenshire, South
Wales, on December I, 1824. His lather was Henry Harris, a
deacon in the Calvinistic Church, and a leader of the choir for
many years. Ilis mother's maiden name was Elizabeth Jones, a
sister of Rev. John Jones, of Llangendeirn. While David Har-
ries was )et a boy, he attended a school kept by John Lloyd, who
was a line scholar and a faithful teacher. It was in obedience to
him that he changed the spelling of his name from Harris to Har-
ries. From the fact of his having Christian parents and a pious
teacher, it resulted that he has been a member of the Church from
his childhood. ISut notwithstanding this early leaning toward a
pious frame of mind, he was converted by listening to a sermon
preached by Rev. William Evans, of Tonyrefail, from Romans x.
9-10. Rev. William Evans is now the oldest preacher in Wales,
having been in the ministry over seventy years Upon being con-
verted, Mr. Harries decided to devote himself to the work of the
ministry. His early education was received at the parish school at
Llangendeirn, and then at Carmarthen College, where he remained
three years, leaving it in 1843. He was then elected an elder by
the church, the office of elder in the Calvinistic Methodist Church
combining the duties of both deacon and elder in the Presbyterian
Church. He was elected to the dcaconship in 1851, and in the
mean time preached occasionally. In 1853. he commenced to
preach in Pittsburgh, for the Calvinistic Methodist Church, having
arrived in that city in 1849, and having served that church two
years as deacon. His call to this church Xvas unanimous, and he
continued there as preacher until 1854. At this time, he moved to
Ironton, Ohio, where a church had been recently organized on the
Strength of his promise to become its pastor. Soon after his ar-
rival, the people and himself began to build a small church-edifice,
and afterward a larger one, and dedicated it free from debt. After
pn -aching live years, as is required by the Calvinistic Methodist
Church, he was ordained to the ministry by the " Gymanfa," or
Synod, which was held in Palmyra, Ohio. In iSGS, he took a short
vacation and went to Wales on a visit, and, after returning, re-
mained with his Ironton church two years more, during one of
which he preached also at Portsmouth, Ohio, where he organized
a church- J luring this year, he received a call to become pastor of
l.ongstreet Calvinistic Methodist Church at Columbus. Ohio, where
he remained five years and four months, when he received a call to
the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church at Chicago, to succeed
Rev. David Williams. lie was installed on August I, 1875. When
he began his ministry, there were one hundred and forty-five mem-
bers, and a debt of $3,000. This debt has since been paid, the
church-building improved, and the membership increased to three
hundred and eighty-one. The church has been successful under
his ministry, and is in a prosperous condition. In 1878, Rev. Mr.
Harries again visited Wales, this time at the invitation of his min-
isterial brethren in Liverpool, as one of the two ministers invited
to preach before. the "Gymanfa," which assembled at Liverpool on
Whitsunday of that year; the other minister being Rev. Dr. L.
I'M wards, of liala, Wales, now president of Bala College. This,
Rev. Mr. Harries considered the greatest honor of his life. For
fifteen years he served as stated clerk of the " Gymanfa." or Synod,
of the Calvinistic Methodist Church of Ohio. When the General
Association met in Wisconsin, in 1877. he was made its moderator;
and was appointed by his denomination delegate to represent it in
the General Assembly, which met in Farwell Hall, Chicago, on
May 17, 1877. He was married on June 6, 1846, to Miss Margaret
Lewis, of Llangendeirn. They have had eight children, — seven
daughters and one son. Five of the daughters and the son are
living; the son, David Charles, being in the employ of Marshall
Field & Co.
PORTLAND-AVENUE GERMAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL
CHURCH. — Rev. George H. Simons continued as pastor
of this church until September, 1872. The second
pastor, Rev. William Keller, remained until September,
1875. He was succeeded by Rev. B. Lampert, who
served until October i, 1877. Rev. Jacob Bletsch
794
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
succeeded, and Rev. IT. A. Wagner followed m>m 1879
until 1882. During this period the debt of $775, in-
curred in erecting the parsonage durin- the pastorate
Of Rev. lacob Illetsch, was paid. In iSX2, Rev. rned-
rich (lottschalk became pastor. In 1883, the society
built a two-story brick church-edifice on the south
east comer of "Twenty-eighth Street and Portland
Avenue, at a cost of $17,000. The entire properU is
valued .it $20,000. U is clear of indebtedness and the
membership of the church has increased during Rev.
Mr. Cottschalk's pa-tonne to two hundred and four.
Ki v !•'. dm TSCKAI.K was born on July I/. lS43. '" North
l'ms>ia. His father, fohn Gottschalk, is still living at the a|
eighiy-hve. His mother was Mrs. Don (Tarn) Gottschalk. The
> , with tin- exception of one son, who hail emigrated to Am-
before, came to tliis country in iSji>. They re-
mained in Buffalo, \. V., about six months, and then went In
Milwaukee, Wis. Afier some years spent in this city, the subject
of this sketch went to Ohio, anil there attended Wallace College
ami lialdwin University at Berca, two years, lie then entered the
ministry in isiij, at Fond du Lac, Wis., where he remained until
'lie was then at Heaver Dam, with two other appointments,
until 1867; al Columbus, Wis.. from [86710 iSoo.; at Oshkosh,
Wis , from [86910 (872; and at Madison, Wis., from 1872 to
1874. In 1874, in order to better qualify himself for his labors, he
entered GarteU P.iblical Institute, al Kv.uiston, III., graduating in
lie then returned to Watertown, Wis., where he remained
from [87610 1879. In i>7<>. he was appointed pastor of the Max-
well-street C.erman Methodist Kpiseopal Church, Chicago, and re-
mained there until 1882, when he became pastor of Portland-ave-
11 ue derm. in Methodist Episcopal Church, where he still remains.
Rev. Mr. Gotlschalk was married on September 13, i860, to Miss
Louisa Amelia Adam, daughter of George and Elizabeth Adam,
vman, Wis. They have had nine children, — Franklin !>.,
Albert Wesley, Kmma Louisa, Lydia (deceased), \rthur Fricdcricli
ised), P.enjamin Theophilus, Lillie Ellen, Clara Crace, and
Herbert F.tlward.
OIIII.K GERMAN MF.TIUMUSI- EPISCOPAL CHURCHES.— -Ash-
land-a ven ue Church, Rev. C. Weinreich. pastor; Centennial Church,
Rev. I. Berger, pastor; Center street Church, Rev. K. J. Funk,
r; Clybourn-avenue Church, Rev. C,. I.. Mulfinger, pastor;
Ebenezer Church, Rev. P. Reeh, pastor; Immanuel Church, Rev.
|. BletSCh, pastor; Maxwell-street Church, Rev. P.. Lamport, pas-
tor; Farwell Church, Rev. G. A. Mullinger, pastor; \\entworth-
avenue Church, Rev. K. Gottschalk, pastor; West Fullerlon-ave-
nne i 'Imrch, Rev. W. Voelkner, pastor.
RK\. CiiAtu.Ks C,. WF.INKI.ICII, pastor of the North Ashland-
te German Methodist F.piscopal Church, was born in Saxony,
on December 2. iS;,o. His father was Charles Weiureich, a baker
bytraile. His mother was Dora (Von Dran] Weinreich. The Subject
of this sketch came to America in 1848, ami settled at Milwaukee,
Wis., where he attended the public schools and engaged in teaming.
I 'p. .11 the breaking out of the Rebellion, he enlisted as a private
soldier in the 2oth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and served
through the War. being promoted to a sergeantcy. After leaving
the Army he went to Ohio to attend Wallace College and Baldwin
Unive: •>. >' Berea, remaining in those institutions three years,
graduating from them in 1868. lie then went to Oshkosh, Wis..
as assistant pasior of the German Methodist F.piscopal Church,
and became the regular pastor in the fall of the latter year. In
he was sent to Platteville, Wis., where he remained until
1.171. lie was then pastor at New llremen, 111., until 1873; at
lilne Island, 111., until 1876; at Valparaiso, Ind., until 1878; at La
Porte, Iml., until is.Si; at Hlue Island, 111., until 1884, in which
year he became pastor of the North Ashland-avenue ( 'hurch. Rev.
'Mr. Weinreich was married on August 13, 1865. to Miss Gertrude
lilasser. They have eight children, as follows : Emma, Lydia,
George, Clara, Franklin, Amanda, Walter, and Clarence.
SwF.tiisn Mr.i uonisi KIMSCUPM. Cm i« m,.s. — Market-street
Church, Rev. A. Anderson, pastor; May street Church, Rev. K.
II. I '.I strom, pastor; Fifth-avenue Church, Rev. O. F. I.instrom,
pastor; Atlantic-street Church, Rev. E. \. Davidson, pastor.
RKV. llKXRY WKRNKK F.KI.I NI>, pastor of the First Swedish
Methodist Episcopal Church, was born on January 17, 1848, in
[onfcoping, Sweden. His father, Nels M. Ekliiml. was a manu-
facturer of arms, in a factory wherein small arms were made for
the Swedish Government. His mother was Helena Jacobson pre-
vious to her marriage with Mr. Eklund. From the age of live to
that of fifteen Henry W. Eklund attended the common schools,
and took private lessons in general knowledge. His parents being
lie was obliged to assist iii supporting the family, and as soon
as of sufficient strength worked in the laelory uith his father, re-
maining there six years. In 1869, he came to America, and for two
years worked at his trade with a view of perfecting himself as a
;ij,. In 1871, having determined to adopt the ministry as a
•i the Swedish Methodist Episcopal Theo-
Sehool at Galesburg, remaining there one year, and going
cond year to Galva. In 1873, lie became pastor of the Swed-
ish Methodist Episcopal Church, at P.ishop Hill, 111., remaining
one vear, ami then becoming pastor of the church of the same de-
nomination al Moline. Alter a pastorate of three years, lie went
to Burlington, Iowa, where he also remained three years, and was
then pastor iwo years at Galesburg, 111. Iii the fall of 1882, he
came to Chicago, to assume his present charge. Under him the
church has prospered, and is now in a very flourishing condition.
At the beginning of his pastorate there were four hundred and
i persons in full connection with the church, and at the pres-
ent time there are live hundred and forty, and about sixty on pro-
During Rev. Mr. F.klund's first year in Chicago he
icd for a newly organized Swedish Methodist Episcopal
h in Lake View, now in charge of Rev. O. F. I.instrom.
Mr. Eklund was married to Miss Almeda C. Gustus, on October
Hi, 1873. They have two children, — Arthur Henry, and Grace
Amanda.
NIIK\VI C,IA\ MF.TIIOIUST EPISCOPAL CuruciiKs. — First
Church, corner Indiana and Sangamon streets, Rev. (.). A. Wiersen,
pastor; Maple wood-avenue Church, corner Maplewood Avenue and
Thompson Street, Rev. O. Jacobson, pastor.
DR. THOMAS'S ARK AIC.XMKNT. — The trial of Rev.
Hiram \V. Thomas, I >.!>., for heresy opened on Thurs-
day, September 21, iS8i, in the lecture-room of the
First Methodist Episcopal Church, corner of Clark and
Washington streets. Rev. W. C'. Willing, D. I)., acted
as judge of the Ecclesiastical Court. Revs Emory
Miller, H. W.Bennett, Robert 1). Sheppard, and N.
11. . \xtel! acted as counsel for Dr. Thomas. His legal
advisers were Hon. I,. 1,. ISond, Earlin Q. Ball, and
Professor Austin Bierbower. The prosecutors in the
case were Revs. Drs. Jewett and Hatlleld. The jury
were Revs. |. W. Agard, T. 11. Ilazeltine, Joseph W.
1'helps, Josephs. David, William Craven, John Ellis,
Robert Proctor, G. R. Van Horn and Joseph H. Ailing.
The charges and specifications against Dr. Thomas
were as follows:
CHICAGO, /«/!• /_,-, iSSr.
To the Re\. W. C. Willing, Presiding Elder of the Chicago Dis-
trict, Rock River Conference:
We, the undersigned, members of the Rock River Annual
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, complain to you
that Rev. Hiram W. Thomas, a minister of the Methodist Kpiseo-
pal Church, and a member of said Rock River Conference, has
been disseminating doctrines contrary to our articles of religioner
established standard of doctrine, and is hereby charged therewith
as follows;
Sfffi /ifatit 'H i. — In denying the inspiration and authority of
the canonical Scriptures in such a way as to antagoni/e the fifth
article of religion as found in the discipline of the Methodist
Episcopal Church. This, in a sermon preached in the Centenary
Methodist Church, of Chicago, on October 10, iSSo, said sermon
having been printed in the Chicago Times of October II, 1880,
and in certain statements made to members of Centenary Church,
Chicago, near the close of his first year as pastor of said church,
and also to other persons at other times.
tyri /ifii/it>ii 2. — In denying the doctrine of atonement as held
by the Methodist F.piscopal Church and embodied in the &
and twentieth of her articles of religion, as set forth in the disci-
pline. [In this specification reference is made to a sermon
preached by the said II. W. Thomas on October 10, iSSo, before
mentioned and published in the Chicago Times and Tribune, of
October 13, 1880; also to sundry statements made to members of
Centenary Methodist Episcopal Church, and at the time mentioned
in a previous specification; and also to statements made at sundry
times to other persons.]
Sfift-ififitliini j. — In teaching a probation after death for those
who die in sin; thereby antagonizing the standard of the Metho-
dist Episcopal Church in relation to the endless punishment of the
wicked. This, in the sermon of October IO, iSSo, and sundry
other statements.
[To these charges and specifications Dr. Thomas interposed a
lengthy demurrer. The points raised by him, apart from those
which may be said to have been of a technical character, were sub-
stantially, that no recognized articles of religion or theological
standards were recognized in the Methodist Episcopal Church, nor
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
795
did the charges themselves allege their existence; and that both
charges and specifications, considered as a whole, were of too
vague and indefinite a character to be entertained.]
The charges and specifications were then amended
as follows:
Sft'cification i. — Teaching doctrines contrary to the articles
of religion of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Specification 2. —
Teaching doctrines which are contrary to the established standard
of doctrines of said Church. Specification j. — With teaching
doctrines which are contrary to the doctrines and belief of said
Church.
The charges and specifications having been carefully
and at great length elaborated and defined, the defend-
ant pleaded not guilty.
Testimony was taken, in the order named, from
Aaron Gurney, D.I).; George B. Armstrong,city editor of
the Inter Ocean; Revs. J. M. Caldwell and M. M. Park-
hurst, D.I).; Sophia A.
Phelps, Francis W. Ben-
jamin and Mrs. Manilla
E. Garrett. These were
followed by the reading
of extracts from Dr.
Thomas's sermons. Fol-
lowing the testimony, Dr.
Sheppard addressed the
jury in behalf of the de-
fendant, after which came
the lengthy argument of
FIRST I'kKSIIYTKRIAN CHURCH.
Rev. Dr. Axtell. The concluding speech of the defense
was made by Rev. Dr. Miller, of Iowa, which made a
deep impression on the court, jury, and audience. The
argument was concluded by Rev. M. M. Parkhurst,
D.D., on behalf of tiie Church. The verdict was ren-
dered at twenty minutes past twelve o'clock on Satur-
day, September 10, as follows:
We, the committee appointed in the case of Kev. II. \Y.
Thomas, IX D., in which he is charged with disseminating doctrines
contrary to the articles of religion and established standards of
doctrine of the Church, do find as follows:
First specification sustained by six votes for and three against.
Second specification sustained by five votes for and four
against.
Third specification sustained by eight votes for and one against.
First charge sustained by six votes on the first and second
specifications and by one vote on the second and third specifica-
tions, and not sustained by three votes.
All the charges and specifications are sustained.
The presiding elder then made the following an-
nouncement:
liy paragraphs 209 and 213 of the discipline, I find that it is
settled that l>r. Thomas is suspended from the ministry and church
privileges of the Methodist Episcopal Church until the ensuing
Annual Conference.
Thus ended the trial at Centenary Church.
At the Conference held in Sycamore, 111., on Octo-
ber 5, 1882, the case was again taken into considera-
tion, when the charges and specifications being heard,
testimony read and the merits of the case being dis-
cussed, the Conference jury of fifteen rendered the
following decision:
Specification i. — (Denying the inspiration of the Scriptures)
not sustained; second and third specifications sustained. First
and second charges are sustained, and Dr. Thomas is expelled from
the ministry and his membership in the Church.
Dr. Thomas was greatly surprised at this verdict and
appealed to the judicial Conference, but his appeal was
not entertained.
The trial was followed by much controversy and
criticism on both sides in the secular and religious
papers, the former of which seeming intent upon mak-
ing the matter as sensational as possible. It is perhaps
proper to add that the sentiment of the
Methodists in general was voiced, not so
much in the action of the Conference or the
leaders in this celebrated prosecution, as in
an editorial which appeared in the North-
western Christian Advocate, the organ of
the Church for the Northwest, of December
7, 1881, the closing words of which are
here quoted:
" Now that the struggle is past, we say cordially
that Dr. Thomas is in a position (we wish it had
been voluntary on his part) where every Methodist
can. without embarrassment, give him all kindness
and brotherly love. He can think, say, write, and
urge all that is nearest his heart, without a word of
Methodist criticism as to himself personally. He
is now in the ranks of, or near to, those from whom
Methodists can receive criticism and antagonism
without flinching. We congratulate the non-Meth-
odist public in having a preacher who is far more
evangelical than the average of independent teach-
ers. He has brains and reading and attractiveness.
We sincerely hope and pray he may have thousands
of disciples and converts, and that he may live many
years and do a hundred times more good than even
he hoped to do. The world needs earnest teaching,
and we shall be glad to know that the People's
Church is gathering heavy sheaves."
=?!£3- THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.
FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. — At the
close of the third year of Rev. Dr. Mitchell's
ministry, came the great fire of 1871, sweeping away
the church -edifice, together with the chapel and
mission-buildings owned by the congregation. But
as the present pastor said in a historical discourse,
preached in 1883, "Out of disaster came renewed
strength." The fire caused the removal of the so-
ciety further south, led to a union of Calvary Church,
and to the erection of the present large and beau-
tiful church-edifice. The union of these two churches
796
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
brought into the First Church some of its best
and most generous helpers. The great expense of the
new building entailed a debt of $70,000, which was
lifted in 1878. Dr. Mitchell's ministry was marked by
great achievements. Tin- Furty-lirst-^treet Presbyterian
Church of Chicago was organized on February 14,
1875, by Revs. Arthur Mitchell, Edwin R. Davis and
Edward P. Wells. For some years this enterprise was
sustained by the First Presbyterian Church. The
present Railroad Chapel, involving an expense of
$70,000, was also the result of Dr. Mitchell's zeal.
During his ministry seven hundred and fifty-eight per-
sons were added to the church. In 1877, the year fol-
lowing the Moody revival meetings, eighty-six were
received on confession. This was also a time for
severe losses, the fluctuation of the population being a
drain upon the life of the church. During Dr. Mitchell's
pastorate occurred the famous trial of Professor Swing,
on charges of heresy brought by Professor Francis L.
Patton. The trial was held in the lecture-room of the
church, with the pastor as moderator.
Rev. John H. Barrows, D.I)., began his pastorate
on November 6, 1881. He was formally installed in
the following December. During his ministry there
have been large accessions to the church and large
benevolent contributions. A free kindergarten, in the
Railroad Chapel, provided for by the donations of Mrs.
Marshall Field, and another free kindergarten supported
by the Young People's Missionary Association, have
also been instituted. An instance of the interest felt by
this church in the large non church-going element of
the city is seen in the institution of the Sunday evening
services in Central Music Hall. These were com-
menced on February 18, 1883, and continued each Sun-
day until June. The musical part of the services was
conducted by William L. Tomlins, with Clarence Eddy
as organist, and the additional aid of the choir of the
First Church. The following members of the
congregation acted as a committee responsible for
the support and management of this enterprise:
Marshall Field, Byron I.. Smith, D. K. Pearsons, H. M.
Sherwood, William II. Swift, Charles M. Henderson, Marvin
Ilnghitt, F. F. Spencer, I >. W. Irwin, John Ailing, II. M.
Humphrey, C. 15. Nelson, Charles D. Hamill, George H.
Laflin, Nathan Corwith, Henry Corwith, John B. Drake,
Alfred Cowles, George F". Bissell and A. C. Bartlett.
The church-edifice at the- corner of Indiana
Avenue and Twenty-first Street was erected in
1871, has a seating capacity for eleven hundred,
and cost, including the lot, $165,000. The present
membership of the church is about nine hundred.
REV. JOHN HKNRY BARROWS, D.D., pastor of the First
Presbyterian .Church, was born on July II, 1847, at Medina,
Mich. His parents were Rev. John M. Barrows, more re-
cently professor of natural science in Olivet College, Michi-
gan, and Catharine Paine (Moore) Barrows, both persons of
strong and conspicuous character. He united with the
'• .': church in Olivet, Mich., in 1863, and graduated from Olivet
College in June, 1867, being a member of the same class
with his brother, Rev. Walter M. Barrows, D. D., the emi-
nent secretary of the America Home Missionary Society. He
studied theology at Vale, Union and Andovcr Theological
Seminaries. In 1869, he went to Kansas, and spent there
two and a half years in missionary and educational work;
and his experience in these fields may have given him his
willingness to use a new method as a step toward new use-
fulness. In 1874, he was called to the pastorate of the Con-
gregational Church at Springfield. His intellectual and moral
resources were enlarged and enriched by a year of travel in
Europe, during which time he supplied the American Chapel
at Paris. After the termination of this tour, he was pastor
for six years of the Eliot Church, at Lawrence, Mass., during
which time the church-edifice had to be enlarged, and while
this enlargement was being made he preached to great audi-
ences in the City Hall, disclosing his ability
to hold and sway large assemblies with a
strictly gospel theme. After leaving Law-
rence, he was pastor of the Maverick Church
in Kast Boston, Mass., and there he devel-
oped his tact in church administration in
paying off what seemed to be an overwhelm-
ing debt. lie came to Chicago, as pastor of
the First Presbyterian Church, on November 6. I.-VM. and since
that time he has made his power felt in every field of labor he has
entered. Dr. Barfowswas married on May 6, 1875, In Miss Sarah
Eleanor Mole, daughter of Thomas Mole, of Williamstown,
Mass. They have four children, two daughters and two sons.
SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. — In the spring of
1871, the congregation of this church became convinced
that its interests required the removal of their place of
worship to a location more convenient to a majority of
the members. Accordingly a sale of their old property
was effected, and a lot purchased on the corner of
\\abash Avenue and Twentieth Street. On the first
Sunday in October, 1871, the last public service was
held in the old building. One week later, the church
property was destroyed; a few months after this event,
the property of the Olivet Church, which had been
united with the Second Church, was sold by the trustees
of that society, and the Second Presbyterian congrega-
tion exchanged their lot on the corner of Wabash
Avenue and Twentieth Street for that on the northwest
corner of Michigan Avenue and Twentieth Street,
where the present edifice stands.
Rev. Dr. Patterson preached his farewell discourse on
January 19, 1872, and was succeeded by Rev. J. M.
Gibson, who preached his initial sermon on February
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
797
16, 1874. Mr. Gibson, remained with the church until
1880, after which, for two years, they were without a
regular pastor. During Mr. Gibson's administration,
the beautiful new house of worship was completed, the
dedication occurring on June 7, 1874, the pastor deliver-
ing the sermon. Mr. Gibson was succeeded by Rev. S.
J. McPherson, the present pastor, in November, 1882.
The membership is about eight hundred, with three
hundred in the Sunday-school. There are also
in the Moseley Mission school about four hundred ^
scholars.
A permanent fund of $10,000 was provided by
a bequest of Flavel Moseley, a member of this
church, for the benefit of mission schools. The
interest on this fund is applied annually, according
to the will of the donor, by the trustees of the
church. The Moseley Mission, on Calumet Ave-
nue, is thus named in memory of Mr. Moseley, and
has a fine building, free from debt, and held by the
trustees of the church for the use and benefit of
the Mission.
The Second Presbyterian Church-edifice is one
of the finest in Chicago. It is a clere-story Gothic
of the Renaissance style, with nave and side-aisles.
It is built of bituminous limestone, with bands of
weatherings and arches of lighter sandstone. A
massive tower stands on the southeast corner of
the structure. The church contains one of the
largest organs in the city, it having been built at
the cost of $10,000. In the rear of the auditorium
there are Sunday-school, lecture, class and library
rooms and pastor's study.
The following are the officers of the church at
the present time (1886):
Elders, Thomas B. Carter, Zuinglius Grover, John S.
Gould, Erastus Foote, George C. Benton, H. P. Merriman,
Thomas Deal, A. G. Pettibone, II.. M. Ralston and Edward
Brust. Trustees, John S. Gould, John Crerar, Robert T.
Lincoln, Francis D. Gray and George C. Clarke. Sunday-
school Superintendent. 11. M. Ralston.
REV. SIMON JOHN McPiiERSON was born on January 19,
1850, at Mumford, Monroe Co., N. Y. His grandfather, Finlay
Mcl'herson, was a pioneer in Western New York. He came from
the Highlands of Scotland, and was a member of the Clan Mc-
Pherson. His son, John Finlay McPherson, the father of the
subject of the present sketch, now lives on the land obtained by
him from the Government of the United States, in the last decade
of the eighteenth century Rev. S. J. McPherson's mother was,
previous to her marriage, Miss Jeanette Fraser, whose ancestry be-
longed to the Clan Fraser. Her father was a highly educated man,
conkl converse in Latin, and, though educated as a physician fol-
lowed the occupation of a farmer. He was a man of prominence
and influence in his home in Livingston County, N. Y. The boy-
hood of Rev. S. J. McPherson was spent on the farm, and in the
country schools a part of each year, both summer and winter, until
he was fifteen years of age. His preparation for college was made
at LeRoy, Genesee County, and at Fulton, Oswego Co., N. Y.
He was in attendance two years at each place. He entered Prince-
ton College in 1869, and graduated from that institution in 1874,
having lost one year through ill health. He received the first honors
in a class of one hundred members, delivering the English saluta-
tory. '1 he next year he was tutor of Mathematics in the College.
In the fall of 1875, he entered Princeton Theological Seminary,
and graduated therefrom in 1879, having in the meantime spent
fifteen months in travel and study through Europe, Egypt, and
Palestine, and spending one winter at Athens, Greece. In 1877,
he delivered the master's oration in Princeton College, and re-
ceived the degree of Master of Arts from the College. In April,
1877, he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Rochester, N.
Y., and after declining a call to the Fourth Presbyterian Church of
Indianapolis, accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of
East Orange, N. J., being installed pastor in September, 1879.
He remained there until 1882, and during the three years of his
pastorate the membership increased by one hundred and fifty, and
the average attendance more than doubled. He was called to the
Second Presbyterian Church, Chicago, in August, 1882, and en-
tered upon his pastorate on November I following. During his
pastorate the membership has grown by about one hundred and
fifty, and the income of the society is now larger than ever before.
A debt of $37,5oo has been paid, and during the last two yi-.ir-.
$140,000 have been raised for congregational and benevolent pur-
poses. Rev. Mr. McPherson received the degree of Doctor of
Divinity from Knox College in 1883. He was married on May 15,
1879, l<) Miss J,ucy Bell Harmon, of Danville, 111. Mr. and Mr--.
McPherson have three children, as follows : Jeanette, Oscar Har-
mon, and Elizabeth.
THIRD PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. — In the autumn of
SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH; BEFORE COMPLETION
OF STEEPLE.
1877, the property on the corner of Washington and
Carpenter streets was sold to the congregation of St.
Paul's Reformed Episcopal Church, and in May, 1878,
the new edifice on Ashland Avenue was occupied. This
building had a seating capacity for one thousand nine
hundred persons. On October 10, 1884, it was destroyed
by fire. On the following Sunday, the pastor preached
in the Madison-street Skating Rink, where the congre-
gation worshiped until May 24, 1885, when their church-
edifice was again ready for occupancy. This was re-
built materially on the old plan. The auditorium is
one of the finest in the city. There are also lecture,
Sunday-school, library and other rooms connected with
the church. The total cost of the reconstruction was
$60,000.
During the pastorate of Rev. Dr. Kittredge, this
church has enjoyed a remarkably successful career.
Three churches have been organized from the member-
ship of the Third Church: The Reunion, Westminster
and Campbell Park churches. Three Sabbath-schools
also have been organized, with a total enrolled member-
ship of two thousand six hundred and forty scholars.
These schools are the Home, Foster and Noble-street
Missions. Among other institutions of this church may
be mentioned the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society,
organized in 1870, with a present membership of two
hundred, and which supports two foreign missionaries;
the Young Ladies' Benevolent Society; and the Young
People's Library Association, organized in 1880, as an
outgrowth of the young peoples' Monday prayer-meet-
ing, which has an exceptionally fine library, comprising
HISTORY OF CIIICAC.n.
over thirteen hundred volumes; and the Mission Hand of
Seed-sowers, organized on March 11, 1882, consisting
of forty members under twelve years of aye, who save
their money for missionary purposes.
The weekly prayer meeting has reached the phe-
nomenal attendance of one thousand persons. The total
church membership at the present time is about three
thousand. The total benevolences of the church for
the year of 1884-85 amounted to nearly $34,000.
The organization of the church is as follows:
Pastor, Rev. Abbott E. Kittredge, D.I).; Assistant Pastor,
Rev. William S. Post, D.D. Elders: Charles S. Currier, Louis F.
Burrell, Edward M. Teall, James A. Hair, Frank E. Spooner, Al-
bert G. Beebe, Levi W. Yaggy, Andrew M. Henderson, David
Bradley, Lathrop S. Hodges, James P. Kctcham, Thomas Kane,
Deming H. Preston, James S. Knox, Benjamin C. Prentiss, Tho-
mas Goodman, Henry A. Osborn (treasurer), Ralph N. Trimming-
ham (clerk). Deacons: John II. Snitzler, William D. Messinger,
James S. Hubbard, Lindsay J. Woodcock, Albert B. Clark, Joshua
Emery and William H. Beebe. Trustees: David Bradley, L. R.
Hall, Frank K. Spooner, Charles E. Currier, Thomas N. Bond,
James A. Hair, Lathrop S. Hodges, A. J. Harding and James
P. Ketcham.
FOURTH PRESHVTKRIAN CHURCH. — Just before the
great fire, the Westminster and North Presbyterian
clui relies were consolidated under the name of the
Fourth Presbyterian Church. Rev. I). C. Marquis,
pastor of the North Church, having received a call to
the Central Church, of Haltimore, at the time of the
consolidation. Professor Swing, who was pastor of the
Westminster Church, was called to minister to the new
organization. The society then consisted of four hun-
dred member*, which number rapidly increased until
the great tire came and swept away tiieir property.
Nothing daunted by this disaster, the services were con-
tinued in Standard Hall, until that place proved too
small to accommodate the congregation, when they re-
moved to MeYiekcr's Theater for fourteen months
The new church-edifice, on the corner of Rush and Su-
perior streets, was opened on January 4, 1874. It
is built of Athens stone, rock-faced, the Around
plan being in the form of a Latin cross. The
entire cost of the church was about $<So,ooo. The
seating capacity is one thousand two hundred.
When Professor Swing withdrew from the Pres-
byterian Church, in December, 1875, a number of
the members of the Fourth Church in sympathy
with him left the church upon his retirement. The
society was reduced fully one-third. The church
secured Rev. John A. French, of Morristown, N.
J., who commenced his labors in March, 1X77, and
continued until January i, 1880, when he was com-
pelled to resign in consequence of ill-health. He
was followed, on April 7, 1880, by Rev. Ilerrick
Johnson, I). I)., of Auburn, N.. V. who remained
until July i, 1883, when he retired to take the
position of professor in the Presbyterian Seminary
of this city. The church was then without a reg-
ular pastor for about two years, but was supplied
by Rev. Drs. Marquis and Johnson. The present
pastor, Rev. M. Wolsey Stryker, of Holyoke,
Mass., began his labors in April, 1885, being in-
stalled on May 12, following. The church is now
in a prosperous condition, having a membership of
four hundred and seventy five, with three hundred
in the Sunday-school. The Howe-street Mission,
founded and supported by this church, has a mem-
bership of seven hundred. The elders of the church
are Mark Skinner, H. F. Waitc, H. \\ . King, R. I!.
Mason, H. A. Hurlbut, H. J. Willing and C. H.
Mulliken.
JEFFERSON - PARK PRKSIIVTKKIAX CHURCH. —
On January i, 1867, several persons who had been
members of the Reformed Presbyterian Church,
on Fulton Street, deemed it necessary to sever
their connection with that denomination and unite
with the old - school branch of the Presbyterian
Church. They accordingly petitioned the Pres-
bytery of Chicago to organize them into a
church to be called the Jefferson -park Presbyterian
Church, the petitioners embracing a majority of the
Fulton-street Church, with the pastor and most of the
elders. The Presbytery appointed Rev. Willis Lord,
D.D., Rev. Robert W. Patterson, D.I)., and Hon. Lin-
coln Clarke to organize the new church. This committee
met the petitioners in the lecture-room of the Free-Wili
Baptist Church, corner of Peoria and West Jackson
streets, on January 21, 1867. The following comprises
a list of the petitioners:
W. J. Manna,* Jane Ilanna, Sarah Ilanna, W. I'.. Holmes,
Isabella 'Crighton, Eliza ]. Hair, Annie E. P. Hair, A. 1!. Clark,
Mrs. A. B. Clark, Joseph P. Ross, Mrs. J. P. Ross, George Hal-
ket, Peter Sinclair, Mrs. P. Sinclair, James Fraser, Susan Eraser,
John McLaren, William Meglade, Eliza Meglade. James I Higuid,
Mary E. Duguid, John Rankin, Annie Rankin, W! C. McCallum,
Eliza McCallum, Somerville Thomson, Hugh Templeton, lames
McMillan, M. McKay, Mary McKay, A. Mitchell, Thomas Gil-
lies, Jane Patterson, Isabella Patterson, Sarah Patterson, Alexander
Patterson.
After suitable exercises, one hundred and twenty
persons were enrolled as members of the new church,
* The compilers are hidi-l>t.tl
sketch.
Mr. Hanna for the particulars of this
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
799
and John Crighton and William G. Holmes were chosen
as ruling elders and duly installed. On March 20, fol-
lowing, the congregation extended a unanimous call to
Krv. Dr. Patterson, formerly of the Fulton-street
Church, who was installed on April 21. A lot was
secured on the northeast corner of West Adams and
Throop streets, and a temporary frame building erected.
Dr. 1'atterson increased the membership until the great
lire of 1871, when the church-edifice was for many
weeks used as a home for refugees from the burned dis-
trict, and he personally devoted himself to caring for
the distressed. During the winter of 1871-72, over-
work of this kind induced ill-health, and I)r Patterson
was compelled to retire from service. The congrega-
tion sent him to the Holy Land, from which he returned
in 1872 much improved; but on resuming his labors, his
health again failed and he was compelled to seek
another climate. Failing to find a successor agreeable
to the majority, in October of the same year the con-
gregation worshiped along with the American Reformed
Church on Washington Street. On November 15, 1874,
services were resumed in their own place of worship,
after it had been refitted and improved. Professor
Francis L. Patton became stated supply, and the church
rapidly increased. The construction of a large and
handsome brick church-edifice was commenced in the
summer of 1876, and dedicated on January 6, 1877. Its
cost was upwards of $45,000. It is of the amphitheater
style, seating 800 persons.
On July 16, 1879, Professor Patton accepted the call to become
the pastor, was soon installed, and remained with the church until
April, iSSi, when he resigned to go
to Princeton Theological Seminary.
Dr. Patton was followed by Rev. |. !•'..
Wright, of Madison, \Vis., who was
duly installed on May 14, 1882, but
resigned in the following January.
Rev. \V. G. Craig, D.U., succeeded
as stated supply, until January 30,
1884, when Rev. Thomas Parry, of
Terre Haute, Ind., became the pastor.
Mr. Parry's pastorate has
been a successful one, marked
by a large increase of member-
ship.
REV. THOMAS PARRY, pastor
of the Jefferson Park Presbyterian
Church, was born on October 10, 1645,
in Denbighshire, North Wales. His
father was John Parry, a farmer, and
his mother Phoebe (Hughes) Parry.
John Parry was a member of the
Episcopal Church in Wales, but after
coming to this country did not unite
with any church until he joined the
Calvinistic Methodist Church a short
time before death, which occurred in
1883. Mrs. Parry, while in Wales,
was a member of the Calvinistic
Methodist Church, but after coming to
this country, was outside of the church
for fifteen years, and then she joined
the Calvinistic Methodist Church. She
died in 1875. Thomas Parry prepared
for college at Wayland University,
Beaver Dam, \Vis., entering that in-
stitution in 1862, and remaining until
1866, when he graduated and immediately went to Princeton
College, in which institution he remained until 1870, graduating
with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The next three years
he spent in Princeton Theological Seminary, graduating in
1873, and in the same year received the degree of Master of
Arts from Princeton College. He then went to Constantine,
Mich., as pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, where he re-
mained nearly four years. While there his church pulled down,
re-built, and renovated their church-edifice, greatly improving it.
In May, 1878, he went to Ottawa, 111., as stated supply to the
Presbyterian Church, remaining eight months. l''rom Ottawa he
went, in February, 1879, to Providence, R. T., as pastor of the
First Presbyterian Church. He remained there two years, and
then went to Terre Haute, Ind., to the Central Presbyterian Chinch.
This church was formed by the union of two churches — the llaldwin
and the First Presbyterian — the two uniting in extending the call,
previou- to their union. During Rev. Mr. Parry's pastorate in
Terre Haute, his church bought a Methodist church-building for
$2,000, in which they started a mission, over which a separate
pastor was appointed. Mr. Parry preached in three different
places, and increased the membership of the Central Church from
four hundred and fourteen to live hundred and eighty-four during
his pastorate, which commenced in May. iSSi, and lerminated in
January, 1884. In this month he was called to his present charge,
as the successor of Rev. Mr. Wright. The membership of his
church here increased in numbers one hundred and twenty-four
••during 1884. Mr. Parry was married on June 4, 1874 to Miss
Cecelia Crawford Camp, daughter of 1C. P.. and Fanny Camp, of
(Irani, Indiana Co.. Penn. They have hail six children, four of
whom are living. a> follows: Fanny, Florence, James McCosh
and F'.li/.abeth Mabel.
THE SIXTH PKESHYTERIAN CHURCH. — This church
was the result of a union of the Ninth and Grace Pres-
byterian churches. The former was organized on July
10, 1866, at the residence of Edward Silvcy, with a
membership of twenty persons. It was located on
Ellis Avenue, within the limits of the district now
known as Fairview and Oakland. Rev. Alfred Eddy,
of Chicago, accepted the call of the church on August.
30, and almost immediately began his labors. In 1872,
thirty-live members met to form a new organi/.ation.
Their petition to the Presbytery was answered by the
appointment of Rev. William M. Mlackburn, D.I)., and
Edwin R. Davis to act in the premises. This committee
also met at Edward Silvey's residence, on May 8, 1872,
FOURTH PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.
and organized Grace Presbyterian Church with a mem-
bership of forty-one persons. A call was extended to
Rev. Hen. Ex.ra S. Ely, of Stockton, Cal., which he
accepted, and was installed in November, 1873. He
remained with the church until July, 1875. In the
meantime a lot was purchased on Vincennes Avenue, and
a building erected, which was dedicated on July 27, 1873.
The two churches worked separately until the close of
1874, and early in 1875 they were united on an equal
Soo
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
standing. To avoid difficulty with regard to the trans-
fer of real-estate to the new organization, the com-
mittee of conference, acting on the advice of the IVes-
bytery, agreed that the name of Grace Presbyterian
Church should be abandoned, that the pastor and officers
should resign, that the members of the Ninth Church
should present letters of dismission, that the church
should be dissolved by the Presbytery, and that the new
organi/ation should receive the name of the Sixth Pres-
byterian Church. This plan was successfully consum-
mated. Rev. Henry T. Miller, of Rockport. X. Y.,
be-, m his labors on October 15, 1X75, anil was installed
on January 27, 1876; on July 16, 1882, he resigned,
preaching a farewell sermon on October 15, iS,S_>.
During Mr. Miller's pastorate, such was the growth of
the congregation that a larger edifice became necessary.
The corner-stone of the present building was laid on
|uly S, 1879. It is of stone, with slate roof, has a seating
rapacity of eight hundred and fifty, and cost ,$iX.5;,i.
After Mr. Miller's retirement, a call was extended to Rev.
John H. Worcester, Jr., of South Orange, N. Y., which
iie accepted, entering upon his duties on February 11,
;. and being installed on the Tuesday following.
KKY. JOHN Hoi'KINs WOKCI .-, I K.R, JK., pastor of the Sixth
Presbyterian Church, was bom at St. Johnsbiiry, Yt., on April 2,
1845. His father was Kev. J. II. Worcester, U.H., who preached
in >t. Jolinsbury and lUiriington, Vt., when- la- still resides. His
grandfather was also a minister, and both the latter were Congrc-
gationalists. The mother of Rev. J. II. Worcester, Jr.. was Mis.
Manila I'. (Clark) Worcester, of St.' Johnsbiiry, Yt. His education
was obtained at the University o{ Vermont, where he graduated
wiili tiie decree of liachclor of Arts in 1865. After this he taught
for two years in a young ladies' school of which his father was prin-
cipal, and from 1867 id |S(«) attended the Union Theological
Seminary. From the fall of 1869 to the fall of 1870, he studied in
lierlin and Leipsic, and then for a year studied again in the Union
Theological Seminary, graduating in 1871, and during three months
in the fall of that year was engaged as tutor in the University of
Yermont. On lannarv 10. 1872. he was installed pastor of the
First Presbyterian Church at South Orange, N. J., remaining there
as pastor until the first Sunday of January, 1883, when he came to
Chicago to assume the duties of the pastorate of the Sixth Presby-
terian Church. In New Jersey his pastorate was peaceful, har-
mojiions and successful; and in Chicago his ability as a pastor and
preacher have been abundantly demonstrated by the harmony and
rity of his church. Kev. Mr. Worcester was married, on
October 29, 1874, to Miss Harriet W. Strong, of Auburndale,
Mass. They have had four children, three of whom are living.
EIGHTH PRESISYTKRIAX CHURCH. — After the resig-
nation of Rev. Lewis R. Reid, Rev. Sa'muel VV. Duffield
eeded to the pastorate, and was publicly installed
on December 22, 1874. The next pastor was Rev. John
M. U'orrall, D.D., who was called from Covington, Ky.,
and began his labors in June, 1877. At this time the
church was burdened by a debt of $21,000. Under Dr.
Worrall's ministry this debt was paid, and more than
four hundred members were added to the church.
Owing, however, to his ill-health, together with that of
members of his family, he was compelled to seek another
climate, and his resignation occurred on June i, 1882.
The late pastor, Rev. Thomas Edward Green, of Sparta,
111., was installed on January 18, 1883.
The church has a large Sunday-school, also a branch
school known as the Onward Mission, at the corner of
Indiana Street and Hoyne Avenue. During 1885, about
§5,000 were expended in additions and repairs upon the
church-building, corner of Washington Boulevard and
Robey Street. A new gallery increases the seating
capacity one-third, making in all accommodations for
nine hundred people.
Among those who have served the church long and
devotedly, may be mentioned the following :
Elders — S. R. Bingham, 1864-73; K- ''• Chamberlain, 1864-72;
O. F. Woodford (deceased), 1867-83; Thomas Hood, 1867; Jesse
McAllister (deceased), 1869-72: Asa Williams, 1869-72; J. Ed-
wards Fay, 1871; \Y. k. Post, 1871-81. Trustees— E. H. \\liil-
IH \ . Thomas Hood, John Collins (deceased), J. Edwards Fay,
H. Leonard, Joseph N. Stinson, 1 1. N. Martin (deceased), A. II.
Castle.
The present officers of the church are
Elders — Thomas Hood, James liiichanan, John K. Stevens,
K. M. P.uckman. J. Edwards Kay, K. A. Kcdiugton. Kphraim
lianning. Alfred II. Castle. I Vacons — I laniel li. Moon-, T. T.
i, James S. Goodman, W. W. Ramsey. James R. Howie, I).
P. Whitney. l>r. Hugh P. Skiles. Thomas Hood, A. ('.. Copeland.
Trustees — Robert I,. Martin, William Rutherford, Alfred H.
Castle, Shelton S. liranson, William liarker. Sunday-school Super-
intendents— K. M. Huckman and Thomas Hood.
RKV. THOMAS EDWARD GKKKN, late pastor of the Eighth
Presbyterian Church, was born at Ilarrisville, I'enn., on December
27, 1857. lie is a descendant of very long-lived ancestry, his
grandfather, Thomas ( irecn, who, though of American birth, was
of English ili-scenl, dying in 1873, at the age of one hundred and
four, and leaving eleven children, all of whom are still living. Rev.
John M. (Ire-en, father of the present subject, and at present pastor
of the Kirst Presbyterian Church, Centralia, 111., was a minister of
the Methodist Episcopal Church at Ilarrisville, Penn., and at
various other places within the jurisdiction of the Erie Conference,
which covers a portion of Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio,
lie was stationed at Ravenna, Ohio, from 1865 to 1868. The
mother of Rev. Thomas Edward (Irecn was Mrs. Martha E.
i Mel rcary) Green, daughter of Thomas G. McCreary, who was of
Scotch and Welsh descent. In 1868, Rev. John M. Green started
with his family for Denver, Colo., but upon arriving at St. Joseph,
Mo., Mrs. (Irecn was taken ill, and in consequence the design of
going to I lenvcr was abandoned. He then engaged in supervising
mission work in Northwestern Missouri, and in 1871 returned to
Illinois, settling at Lebanon. At this place Thomas Edward Green
spent three years as a student at McKcndrec College, the oldest
Methodist institution in the West, graduating from that institution
in 1^75. and standing very high in his class. He then became
superintendent of a public school at Upper .Alton, a school which
was conducted under a special charter from the Illinois Legislature,
and which was more of an academic order than it was of the regular
public school system. In June, 1876, he retired from this position,
and rested until the fall of 1877, when he went to Princeton
Seminary, finishing the theological course in 1879. lie commenced
his ministry as pastor of St. Paul's Presbyterian Church, Mt. Carmel,
111., on May 18, 1879, remaining there until October 31, 1880, from
which time until May I, iSSi, he supplied the church at Effingham.
lie then received a unanimous call from the Kirst Presbyterian
Church of Sparta, III., the call being signed by every man, woman
and child member of the parish. This church is the largest in the
State, south of Bloomington, having a membership of nearly four
hundred, and a congregation of eight hundred. Rev. .Mr. Green's
pastorate terminated in December, 1882, during which ihe member-
ship increased over one hundred. He then received a unanimous
call to the Eighth Presbyterian Church. Chicago. His first service
here was held on December 24, 1882. During his pastorate, the
membership increased over three hundred, and the congregations
usually filled the church to overflowing. In February. [886, Rev.
Mr. Green formally withdrew from the Presbyterian denomination,
and united with the Episcopalian church. Rev. Mr. Green received
the degree of Master of Arts from McKendree College in 1878.
He was married on April 21, 1880, to Miss I. aura E. Johnson,
daughter of James Johnson, of Mt. Carmel, 111. They have two
children. — Eleanor and Marie Gladys.
IMRST SCOTCH PRKSI:YTKKIAN CHURCH. — After the
pastorate of Rev. Mr. Burns, which closed in April, 1870,
this church was without a minister until July n, 1872,
when Rev. James Maclaughlan was called. His ministry
continued until February, 1882. For some time after
the fire of 1871, this house of worship, like many others,
was used as a place of refuge, and the church people
were among the foremost in the labor of caring for the
destitute from the burned district. Mr. Maclaughlan
was followed by the present pastor, Rev. Henry Sawers,
of Middletown, Iowa, on June 10, 1883, whose adminis-
tration has been very successful. He has relieved the
society of all incumbrance, raised funds for a complete
refitting and improvement of the church-building, erected
a commodious parsonage, and brought the membership
up to three hundred and fifty. In addition to this, he
has founded, in connection with his church, Hope Mis-
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
801
sion on Augusta Street, near Western Avenue, which,
with the Sunday-school of the parent church, numbers,
at the present time, about four hundred.
The elders of the church are Alexander Barnet,
William J. Jackson, I. C. Hamill, Alexander Eunson
and Benjamin Smith.
REV. EDWARD HENRY SAWEKS, pastor of the First Scotch
Presbyterian Church, was horn on April 5, 1847, in Laurieston,
Parish of Falkirk, Sterlingshire, Scotland. His father was William
Sawers, a gardener for the estate West Quarter, which belonged to
the Livingston family, a family which had been attainted and de-
graded from all its titles, except that of Knighthood, in the time of
Charles Stuart. Mis mother was Mrs. Janet (Kennedy) Sawers.
I'M ward Henry Sawers was intended for the ministry from his
birth. He acquired the rudiments of his education at the parish
schools, and then studied at the Grammar School at Sterling, when
lie was obliged to give up his studies for a time, though he did not
abandon his aim of becoming a minister of the Gospel. In 1868,
he established the Falkirk Kvangelical Association, organized upon
the same plan as that of the Young Men's Christian Association of
this country. The object of the Association was to reach those
people not reached by the ordinary church-work. Mr. Sawers left
Scotland in 1871), and came direct to Canada, and went to work to
earn money with which to pay his expenses while completing his
preparation for the ministry. In May. 1871, he commenced study-
ing at Knox College, and then attended the University of Toronto,
where he remained until 1876. He then came to Chicago and
studied Theology under Dr. Francis Patton, in the Seminary of the
Northwest, for three years, dining which time he was a member
of the First Scotch Church in Chicago. Graduating from the
Seminary in 1879. he went to Middletown, Iowa, as pastor of the
Presbyterian Church, and remained until June I, 1883. In Iowa
he was very successful in building up the little church. Upon
leaving there he came to Chicago and assumed his present charge.
I hiring his pastorate in Chicago he has been very much more than
ordinarily successful in all departments of his work. The church
has been iii fact almost entirely reorganized; a debt of $2,500 has
been paid; two hundred and fifty-seven members have been added
to the roll; the church-edifice has been thoroughly repaired and
renovated; a new mission has been established at No. 688 Augusta
Street, near Western Avenue, and a good building erected for its
use; and, above all, the spiritual condition of the church has been
very much improved, as is indicated by the augmenting attendance
and by the increasing interest in religious work. Rev. Mr. Sawers
was married on \pril 16, 1878,10 Lida Hamilton, daughter of Rev.
\V. L. Hamilton, of Trinity Church, Henry County, Iowa. They
have three children, as follows: Edith Duncan, Agnes Wilson, and
Charles William.
HOLLAND PRLSKYTERIAN CHURCH. — Emanuel
Van Orden, a licentiate under the care of the. Presby-
tery of Chicago, having preached since the first Sunday
of May, 1870, in the school-house of the Evangelical
Lutheran church, corner of Chicago Avenue and Noble
Street, consent having been given by the Presbytery of
Chicago to organize a Holland Presbyterian church, on
October 23, an organixation was perfected with a mem-
bership of sixteen persons. Rev. E. Van Orden was
elected pastor, at a salary of $1,000 a year, $800 of
which was to come from the Presbyterian Home Mission-
ary Society. On December 4, 1870, the new church-
edifice, on the corner of Noble and Erie streets, was
dedicated, and, in the afternoon of the same day, the
pastor-elect was formally installed. The first com-
munion service was held on December n. The com-
munion set was presented by Mrs. William Blair, of the
Si-mud Presbyterian Church. On September 22, 1872,
Rev. E. Van Orden preached his farewell sermon.
On January 28, 1873, Rev. Jacob Post, of Milwau-
kee, was elected pastor, and was installed on November
9 of the same year. The services in this church were
held first in the Holland language, but later, under Rev.
Jacob Post, once each month in English. On Septem-
ber 21, the congregation resolved to have their service
in their own language in the morning, and in English
in the evening. Up to this time only Dutch had joined
the church, but by the new arrangement many English
came also. This proved unfortunate, as two factions
51
grew up, between whom there could be but little fellow-
ship. There were really two distinct congregations
under one pastor, and the officers were invariably
Dutch. On March 28, 1875, Rev. Mr. Post dissolved
his relations with the society, and for a time the pulpit
was occupied by missionaries. Rev. Mr. Oggel, of the
Westminster Church, supplied the pulpit during a part
of 1878 and 1879. In December, 1884, Rev. John Van-
derhook, of Kalamazoo, Mich., was elected pastor,
under whose efforts the church has greatly improved.
The church numbers about one hundred members.
OTHKK PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES. — Belden-avenue Church,
Rev. Gerrett Snyder, pastor; Campbell Park Church, Rev. John
H. Walker, pastor; Fifth Church, Rev. W. G. Woodbridge, pas-
tor; Reunion Church, Rev. William R. Scott, pastor; Westminster
Church, Rev. Charles S. Hoyt, pastor; Railroad Chapel, Charles
M. Morton, pastor; Fullerton-avenue Church.
RKV. WILLIAM RICHARDSON SCOTT, pastor of the Reunion
Presbyterian Church, was b..rn on April 25, 1857, at Port Sarnia,
Canada. His father, William Scott, was a merchant of Port Sar-
nia, who moved to Chicago in 1859, and has resided here ever
since. W. R. was born at Dundee, Scotland, and came to America
when about fifteen years of age. He married Miss Emily Rich-
ardson, daughter of John Richardson, of Port Sarnia, Canada.
They have two daughters, — Emma and Victoria, and two sons, —
Milton P. and Rev. William R., the latter the eldest of the four.
He entered one of the public schools of Chicago at eight years of age,
and graduated as the first medal scholar, in 1873, from the Lin-
coln School; afterward graduated from the Central High School in
1876. He then attended Lake Forest University, in which he
completed the freshman and sophomore years of his college course.
In 1878, Mr. Scott entered the Chicago University, from which he
graduated in iSSo; when he became a student of the Presbyterian
Theological Seminary of the Northwest, and graduated therefrom
in 1882. He then entered the Union Theological Seminary at
New York. While in this institution he devoted himself to the
study of Theology under Dr. Shedd (the most distinguished living
theologian of the Presbyterian denomination in this country), of
Exegesis under Dr. Philip Schaff, and of Church History under
President R. I). Hitchcock. Having thus completed a continuous
course of education from his eighth year up to this time, upon his
return to Chicago he was called to the pastorate of the Reunion
Presbyterian Church, in April, 1884. During his pastorate, be-
sides meeting all its current expenses, the church has paid off
about $1,500 of its floating debt, and has completed its new brick
church-edifice at the corner of Ashland Avenue and Hastings
Street, the property being valued at $16,000. During the year
there were twenty additions to the membership of the church, the
present membership being one hundred and fifty. "
PRKSHYTKRIAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OK THE NORTH-
WEST.— The first attempt to establish a Presbyterian theological
seminary for the Northwestern States was made by the Synod of
Indiana in 1830, in connection with a college at Hanover, Ind., on
the Ohio River. Rev. John Matthews, D.D., of Virginia, was
elected professor of didactic and polemic theology, and removed to
that place in the spring of that year. There, for the next ten years,
he taught classes of theological students, assisted by Rev. George
Kishop, M.A., and other instructors. At this place, forty-five young
men were thus trained for the ministry. In 1840, the seminary
was removed to New Albany, Ind. Its board of directors, acting
under the direction of the Synods of Indiana and Cincinnati, then
associated in the care of the institution, were induced to make this
removal in consideration of a donation of $15,000, offered by
Elias Ayers, of New Albany, on condition of this change of local-
ity. For the next seventeen years, the seminary was taught at New
Albany by the following faculty: Dr. Matthews (until his death in
1848), Dr. James Wood, Dr. Daniel Stewart, Dr. Erasmus D. Mc-
Allister, Dr. Thomas E. Thomas, and Dr. Philip Lindsley. At
this point one hundred and forty-seven students received instruction.
In 1857, the seven Northwestern Synods that had now become
associated in the control of the seminary, partly induced by the
opening of the new seminary at Danville, Ky., and the nearness of
Lane Seminary, at Cincinnati, and partly by a desire to have a
seminary in some locality more central to the great Northwestern
field, took measures for the transfer of their institution to the Gen-
eral Assembly, leaving the Assembly free to choose the new location.
The Assembly of May, 1859, meeting in Indianapolis, accepted
the offer of the Synod, and, after a full discussion, fixed upon Chi-
cago as the proper place. It was known to the Assembly that a
large and valuable donation in land, suitable for a site, could be
obtained in this city. Hon. Cyrus H. McCormick, who attended
the meeting in person, offered $100,000 as a permanent endowment
in case the Seminary should be established here. The Assem-
80 2
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
bly accordingly appointed a board of directors and a faculty, and
ordered the opening of the institution in the following autumn.
Professors for tin- rcsprcthc departments were elected, as follows :
Rev. Nathan I.. Rice. !).!>., Rev. Willis Lord, 1>.I>.. Rev. I.eroy
J. Ilalsey, D.I)., and Rev. \V. M. Scott, D.I). These were in-
augurated soon after the opening of the first session in Chicago.
The session opened in September, 1859, with fifteen students.
Since that time the institution has graduated a class every year, the
average of regular graduates being between eight and twelve per
annum.
In 1863, a substantial brick and stone building was erected on the
Seminary grounds, at a cost of $16,000, chiefly from funds obtained
in the City of New York. The Seminary grounds, consisting of
twenty-live acres on the North Side, situated between llalsted
Street and Sheffield Avenue, and between Belden and Fullerton
avenues, were donated in two adjacent lots, one of twenty acres,
the gift of Hon. \V. 1!. Ogden and his partner, Mr. Sheffield, of
New Haven, Conn., the other of live acres, donated by William
Lill and Mr. Diversey, of Chicago. At the time of this donation
the land was valued at $i,oooan acre; at the time of the great
fire it was valued at ten times that amount. In 1875, another
building, costing $15,000 was erected, containing chapel, library,
and recitation rooms, the funds being contributed by C. H. Me-
Cormick and C. 15. Nelson, of this city, and Jesse I.. Williams, of
Fort Wayne, Ind. Since the inauguration of the first professors,
the chairs of instruction have been filled for varying periods by the
following teachers: Rev. Charles Elliot, D.D., Hebrew Language
and New Testament Exegesis; Rev. W. M. Blackburn, I). I).,
Biblical and Ecclesiastical History; Rev. E. D. McMaster, D. I).,
Didactic and Polemic Theology; and Rev. Robert W. Patterson,
D. U., Christian Ethics and Apologetics.
Mr. McCormick, the donor of the site for the institution, has, at
different times, added other large donations in cash. During 1883,
three elegant brick and stone dwellings for the use of the profes-
sors were erected on the Seminary grounds, costing about $30,000,
most of it the gift of Mr. McCormick. In 1884, $20,000 was
given by Tuthill King, of Chicago, for the endowment fund of the
Seminary, and $75,000, in building, by Cyrus II. McCormick. In
1885, $100,000, partly for meeting deficiencies and toward the
general endowment fund, were received from Mr. McCormick's
estate. The present faculty consists of Rev. L. J. Ilalsey, D. D.,
LL.D., Rev. Thomas II. Skinner, I). I)., Rev. \Vi G. Craig, D.I).,
Rev. David C. Marquis, D.D., Rev. Herrick Johnson, D.D.,
LL.D., Rev. Edward L. Curtis, A.B., and W. \V. Cams.
The Seminary library consists of about ten thousand volumes,
and forms a choice collection of theological and miscellaneous
books, well adapted to the wants of professors and students. It is
receiving constant additions by means of funds provided ,by its
founder, the late H. K. Corning, and Major James Hite. There is
also secured to the library, by the will of the late Rev. W. H. Van-
Doren, D.D., the valuable addition of some one thousand five hun-
dred volumes.
REV. HERRICK JOHNSON, D.D., was born near Fonda, N.
Y., on September 21, 1832. He graduated at Hamilton College in
1857, where he delivered the Clark Price Oration on " The Assimi-
lation of Character to Objects of Thought." In 1860, he gradu-
ated from Auburn Seminary and in the same year was ordained
assistant pastor of the First Presbyterian Church at Troy, N. Y.,
the celebrated Dr. Beman being at that time pastor. In the fall of
1862, he received a call to the pastorate of the Third Presbyterian
Church at Pittsburgh, where he remained until the fall of 1867, and
during the following winter supplied the church at Marquette,
Mich. In May, 1868, he accepted a call to the pastorate of First
Presbyterian Church at Philadelphia, where he was the immediate
successor of Rev. Albert Barnes. Remaining in this pulpit four
years, he then became professor of Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral
Theology in Auburn Theological Seminary, where he remained
until 1880, when he accepted a call to the Fourth Presbyterian
Church, Chicago, and also to a lectureship in the Theological
Seminary of the Northwest. In July, 1883, he resigned his pas-
torate of the Fourth Church, and accepted the professorship of
Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology in the Seminary, which
position he still retains, lie was a member of the Second General
Council of the Presbyterian Alliance, which convened at Philadel-
phia, and read before that body a paper on the "Proper Care,
Support and Training of Candidates for the Ministry." The vol-
ume entitled "Christianity's Challenge" was prepared by Dr.
Johnson in the winter of 1880-81. The succeeding winter was
made memorable by the theater controversy, which led to the pub-
lication by Dr. Johnson of " Plain Talks about the Theater,"
which has passed through several editions. In May, 1882, he was
elected moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian
Church at Springfield, 111. The same year he received the George
Wood Medal for the premium tract on the "Glory of Christ,"
which was awarded by the proper committee of the American
Tract Society to the volume named " Christianity's Challenge."
In 1883. he was made chairman of the committee to prepare a
scheme for the organi/ation of the Board of Aid for Colleges and
Academies, which plan was unanimously adopted, and Dr. Johnson
was made president of the Hoard. He received the degree of
Doctor of Divinity from Western Reserve College, Hudson, Ohio,
in 1867, and the degree of Doctor of Laws from Wooster Univer-
sity in 1882. He was married in 1860, to Miss Kale I. llarden-
burgh, of Auburn, N. Y.. whose grandfather settled the place,
and after whom the village was named Hardenburgh before it was
named Auburn. Dr. and Mrs. Johnson have no children.
Ri-.v. EDWARD LEWIS CfKTis, associate professor of Old
Testament Literature and Exegesis in the Presbyterian Theological
Seminary of the Northwest, was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., on
October 13, 1853. His father is Rev. William S. Curtis, D.I).,
now retired and residing at Rockford, 111., a distinguished minister
in the Presbyterian Church, who was professor of Mental and
Moral Philosophy at Hamilton College, N. Y., eight years, and
was president of Knox College, 111., live years. I-'or the past fif-
teen years he has been a director in the Presbyterian Theological
Seminary of the Northwest. The mother of Edward L. Curtis
was Martha Augusta (Leach) Curtis, daughter of Andrew Leach,
of Pittsford, Yl., a farmer and a prominent citizen in the commu-
nity in which he lived. After attending the common schools, Ed-
ward L. Curtis prepared for college at the Free Academy at
Elmira, N. Y. In 1869, he entered Beloit College, remaining two
years, when he entered the sophomore class at Yale. In 1874, he-
was graduated from this institution with honors, standing fourth in
a class of one hundred and twenty members. For the next two
years he taught school — one year in the high school at Pittsfield,
Pike Co., 111., and one year as classical instructor at liiddle Uni-
versity, Charlotte, N. C., an institution devoted exclusively to the
education of the freedmen. In 1876, he entered the Union Theo-
logical Seminary, New York City, remaining three years, and upon
graduating received the Brown fellowship with $700 a year for two
years, entitling him to study abroad. Most of these two years
was spent at the University of Berlin. In iSSl, he returned to
America, and was invited to the position of instructor in Old Test-
ament Literature and Exegesis. In April, 1884, he was appointed
associate professor. Rev Mr. Curtis was married on April 27,
1882, to Miss Laura Elizabeth Ely, daughter of Rev. I!. E. S.
Ely, now of Ottumwa, Iowa, and formerly pastor of Grace Pres-
byterian Church, Chicago. They have two children, — Elizabeth
Eudora and Martha Anita.
THE TRIAL OF REV. DAVID SWING. — Professor
Swing was arraigned before the Presbytery of Chicago
on April 13, 1874, the trial proceeding on April 13 and
April 20, May 4 to May 8, inclusive, and May 12 to May
16, inclusive, and on May 25, when the final adjourn-
ment was taken. The organization of the Presbytery
for the purpose for which they had convened occurred
on the first day. Forty-five clergymen, members of the
body, were present, together with Ansel D. Eddy, D.D.,
from the Presbytery of Troy, and William Beecher, from
the Congregational Association of Chicago, who were
in attendance as corresponding members; in addition
to these were twenty-six commissioners, from as many
churches of the city and suburbs. Rev. Arthur Mitchell
was elected moderator, and Revs. E. W. Barrett and W.
F. Brown temporary clerks. The prosecutor in the case
was Rev. Francis L. Patton, D.I)., who opened the trial
by reading the charges and specifications against Pro-
fessor Swing. These charges and specifications, after
being announced, were placed in the hands of the fol-
lowing Judicial Committee: Revs. Robert W. Patterson,
D.D., B. E. S. Ely, and Elder R. E. Barber. The charges
and specifications, as reported upon and amended, were
as follows:
"CHARGE I.
" Rev. David Swing, being a minister of the Presbyterian
Church of the United States of America, and a member of the
Presbytery of Chicago, has not been zealous and faithful in main-
taining the truths of the gospel; and has not been faithful and
diligent in the exercise of the public duties of his office as such
minister.
" Specific atw/i i. — He is in the habit of using equivocal language
in respect to fundamental doctrines, to the manifest injury of his
reputation as a Christian minister, and to the injury of the cause of
Christ; that is to say, in sundry sermons printed in the Chicago
Pulpit, and in sundry other sermons printed in the Alliance news-
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
803
paper, and also in sundry other sermons printed in a volume en-
titled Truths for To-day, said sermons all purporting to have been
preached by him. The references to one or more of the following
doctrines — to-wit: the Person of Our Lord, regeneration, salvation
by Christ, eternal punishment, the personality of the Spirit, the Trin-
ity, and the fall of man — are expressed in vague and ambiguous lan-
guage; that said references admit easily of construction in accord-
ance with the theology of the Unitarian denomination; that they
contain no distinct and unequivocal affirmations of these doctrines
as they are held by all evangelical churches.
" Specification 2. — That the effect of these vague and ambiguous
statements has been to cause grave doubts to be entertained by
some of Mr. Swing's ministerial brethren respecting his position
in relation to the aforesaid doctrines; that leading Unitarian minis-
ters— to wit: Rev. R. Laird Collier and Rev. J. Minot Savage — have
affirmed that his pivaching is substantially Unitarian; that Mr.
Swing, knowing that he is claimed by Unitarians as in substantial
accord with them, and of the doubts existing as aforesaid, and,
moreover, having his attention called in private interviews to the
ambiguity and vagueness of his phraseology, has neglected to
preach the doctrine of the Trinity, of justification by faith alone,
and of the eternal punishment of the wicked.
" Specification 3. — He has manifested a culpable disregard of the
essential doctrines of Christianity, by giving the weight of his in-
fluence to the Unitarian denomination, and by the unworthy and
extravagant laudation in the pulpit, and through the press, of John
Stuart Mill, a man who was known not to have believed in the
Christian religion; that is to say, that sometime in the past winter,
ami during successive days, he was advertised to lecture in the city
of Chicago in aid of a Unitarian Chapel, and that he did lecture in
aid of such chapel, and in doing so aided in the promulgation of
the heresy which denies the Deity of our Blessed Lord; that in an
article written by him, and published over his name in the periodi-
cal called the Lakeside Monthly, bearing date October, 1873, and
entitled ' The Chicago of. the Christian,' a passage occurs, which,
taken in its plain and obvious sense, teaches that Robert Collyer, a
Unitarian minister, and Robert Patterson, a Presbyterian minister,
preach substantially the same gospel; that the gospel, meaning the
Christian religion, is mutable, and may be modified by circum-
stances of time and place; that the local gospel, meaning the gospel
of Chicago, is a mode of virtue rather than a jumble of doctrines;
and moreover, that on the Sabbath following the death of John
Stuart Mill, a well known Atheist, Mr. Swing preached a sermon
in reference to Mr. Mill, the natural effect of which would be to
mislead and injure his hearers by producing in them a false charity
for fundamental error.
" Specification ./. — In the sermons aforesaid, language is em-
ployed which is derogatory to the standards of the Presbyterian
Church, or to one or more of the doctrines of said Church, and
which is calculated to foster indifference to truth and to produce
contempt for the doctrines of our Church; that is to say, that he has
at sundry times spoken disparagingly of the doctrine of the Trinity,
Predestination, the Person of Christ, Baptism, the Christian Minis-
try, and Vicarious Sacrifice. That by insinuation, ridicule, irony
am! misrepresentation, he has referred to the doctrines of our Church
in such a way as to show that he does not value them; and that by
placing in juxtaposition true doctrines and false minor points in
theology and cardinal doctrines of evangelical religion, he has
treated some of the most precious doctrines of our religion with
contempt. The reference is particularly to sermons entitled Soul
Culture, St. Paul and the Golden Age, Salvation and Morality,
Value of Yesterday, Influence of Democracy on Christian Doctrine,
Variation of Moral Motive, A Religion of Words, all published in
the Chicago Pulpit; and to Religious Toleration, Christianity and
Dogma, Faith, The Great Debate, Christianity as a Civilization,
published in Truths for To-day; and in sermons entitled The De-
cline of Vice, Christianity a Life, and A Missionary Religion, pub-
lished in the Alliance newspaper.
" Specifications. — Being a minister of the Presbyterian Church,
and preaching regularly to the Fourth Presbyterian Church of this
city, he has omitted to preach in his sermons the doctrines com-
monly known as evangelical; that is to say, in particular, he omits
to teach or preach one or more of the doctrines indicated in the fol-
lowing statements of Scripture, namely, that Christ is a ' propitia-
tion for our sins,' that we have 'redemption through His blood,'
that we are ' justified by faith,' that ' there is no other name under
Heaven given among men whereby we may be saved,' that Jesus is
'equal with God,' and is 'God manifest in the flesh,' that 'all
Scripture is given by inspiration of God,' and that ' the wicked
shall go away into everlasting punishment.'
"Specification 6. — He declares that the value of a doctrine is
measured by the ability of men to verify it in their experience; in
illustrating this statement, he has spoken lightly of important
doctrines of the Bible, in a sermon entitled ' Christianity and
Dogma.'
"Specification 7. — In the sermons entitled respectively 'Old
Testament Inspiration ' and ' The Value of Yesterday,' published in
the Chicago Pulpit, and in the sermons entitled ' Righteousness,'
' Faith,' ' The Great Debate,' printed in Truths for To-day; also in
the ' Decline of Vice,' printed in the .Alliance, — he has used language
which, taken in its plain and obvious sense, inculcates a phase of the
doctrine commonly known as ' Evolution' or ' Development.'
"Specification S. — In a sermon entitled ' Influence of Democ-
racy on Christian Doctrine,' published in the Chicago Pulpit, and
preached April 20, 1873, he has made false and dangerous state-
ments regarding the standards of faith and practice.
"Specification 9. — He has given his approval, in the pulpit, to
the doctrine commonly known as Sabeilianism, or a Modal Trinity,
and has spoken slightingly of the doctrine of the Trinity as taught
in the standards of the Presbyterian Church, Confession of Faith,
Chapter 2, Section 3.
"Specifica /if" Jo. — In the sermons entitled respectively, 'The
Great Debate,' and ' Positive Religion,' prinu-d in tlu- volume called
Truths for To-day, false and dangerous statements are made res-
pecting our knowledge regarding the Being and Attributes of God.
11 Specification //. — In a sermon entitled 'A Religion of Words,'
published in the Chicago Pulpit, ami in the sermon entitled ' Reli-
gious Toleration,' he uses language in regard to the Sacrament of
Baptism inconsistent with the doctrinal standards of the Presby-
terian Church (Confession of Faith, Chap. 27, Sees. I, 2, 3, 4, and
Chap. 28, Sees. I and 5); that is to say, he speaks flippantly of
infant baptism.
' ' Specification 12. — I le has used language in respect to Penelope
and Socrates which is unwarrantable and contrary to the teachings
of the Confession of Faith, Chap. 10, Sec. 4.
"Specification /^?. — In a sermon printed on or about September
15, 1872, from n Peter 3:9, lie made use of loose and unguarded
language respecting the Providence of God.
"Xpcci/icittinii 14. — In a sermon preached at the installation
of Rev. Arthur Swazey, D.I)., as pastor of the Ashland-a venue
Presbyterian Church, Chicago, and previously preached about
January, 1872, in Standard Hall, Chicago, he repudiated the idea
of a call to the ministry, and taught that the office of the ministry,
like the profession of law and medicine, is the natural outgrowth
of circumstances.
"Specification 15. — He has made false and misleading state-
ments respecting the Old Testament sacrifices.
"Specification ib. — In the sermons aforesaid, religion is re-
presented in the form of a mysticism, which undervalues the evi-
dences of revealed religion, and is indifferent to the distinguishing
doctrines of Christianity.
" Specification 17. — In the sermons aforesaid he employs the
words used to indicate the doctrines of the Bible in an nnscriptural
sense and in a sense different from that in which they are used by
the evangelical churches in general, and the Presbyterian Church
in particular; that is to say, he so uses such words as regenera-
tion, conversion, repentance, divine, justification, new heart, salva-
tion, 'Saviour.'
"Specification iS. — He in effect denies the judicial nature of
the condemnation of the lost, as taught in the Confession of Faith,
Chap. 4, Sec. 4 and Chap. 33; Shorter Catechism, Chap. 19, Art. 84.
"Specification i(). — lie teaches that faith saves because it
leads to a holy life; that salvation is not peculiar to Christianity;
that salvation is a matter of degree; and that the supremacy of
faith in salvation arises out of the fact that it goes further than
other Christian graces towards making men holy.
"Specification 20. — lie teaches that men are saved by works.
"Specification zi. — He denies the doctrine of justification by
faith as held by the Reformed Churches and taught in the West-
minister Confession of Faith, Chap. 2.
"Specification 22. — In the sermon entitled 'Good Works' he
misrepresents the doctrinal views of those who believe in ' justifi-
tion by faith alone,' by using language which is calculated to pro-
duce the impression that those who hold the doctrine aforesaid,
divorce faith from morals, and believe that men may be saved by
an intellectual assent to a creed without regard to personal char-
acter.
"Specification 23. — He has spoken of the Bible, or portions
thereof, in terms which involve a denial of its plenary inspiration
as held in the Presbyterian Church and taught in the Confession
of Faith, Chap. I, and in the following passages of Scripture..
II Timothy, 3:16, Acts 1:16, 20, in a sermon entitled ' Old Testa-
ment Inspiration ' and in sundry articles written by him and
printed in the Interior newspaper.
"Specification 24. — He has spoken of the Bible, or portions
thereof, in terms which involve a denial of its infallibility and which
tend to shake the confidence of men as taught in Confession of
Faith, Chap. I.
"CHARGE II.
" Rev. David Swing, being a minister of the Presbyterian
Church in the United States of America, and a member of the
804
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Presbytery of Chicago, does not sincerely receive and adopt the
Confession of Faith of this Church as containing the system of
doctrine taught in the Holy Scriptures.
".S/vi ///<•<///<« /. — Since he began to minister to the Fourth
Presbyterian Church he has declared to the Rev. Robert Laird
Collier, a Unitarian minister in charge of the Church of the
Messiah, in Chicago, in substance, that he agreed with him.
Collier, in his theological views, but thought it best to remain as
he was' for the time, as he could thereby accomplish more good for
the cause.
"Specification 2. — lie does not accept and believe doctrines
contained in the Confession of Faith, vi/., the doctrines commonly
known as Predestination, the Perseverance of the Saints, and De-
pravity, as appears from the sermons above referred to and the
testimony of George A. Shufeldt, Esq.
"Specification j.—llc has declared, in a letter to George A.
Shufeldt, Esq., since he began his ministry in Chicago, that he
had long before that time abandoned three of the five points of
Calvinism affirmed by the Synod of Don, naming the three, mean-
ing three of the doctrines adopted and taught in the Confession
of Faith.
"Sfii-cificathH 4. — In a sermon delivered in the Fourth Presby-
terian Church on April 12, 1874, he made statements which, by fair
implication, involve a disbelief in one or more of the leading doc-
trines of the Confession of Faith— to-wit: of Flection, Persever-
ance, Original Sin, the Vicarious Sacrifice of Christ, the Trinity
and the Deity of Christ.
" The specifications contained under Charge I are relied on as
contained under and in Charge n, the same as if repeated, ex-
cepting the 6th, loth and l6th.
" The foregoing charge with its specifications maybe proved
by the printed writings of Mr. Swing, as above referred to, and by
the testimony of the following witnesses: Robert Laird Collier,
George A. Shufeldt, and also of the witnesses named in Charge i.
[These were Oliver H. Lee, Horace A. Hurlbut, William C. Gray,
Charles M. I (owe, Leonard Swett, William C. Ewing, A. C.
McClurg, Messrs. Carpenter and Sheldon, Rev. W. C. Young,
Rev. |. I!. MeClure, Rev. R. K. Wharton, Rev. C. L. Thompson,
Rev. R. Laird Collier, Rev. |. Minot Savage, C. O. Waters, Rev.
Arthur Swazey, D.D., F. A. Riddle, Rev. R. W. Patterson, D.D.,
A. D. Pena. John McLandburg, Rev. Robert Collyer, Henry G.
Miller, William C. Goudy, Rev. J. II. Trowbridge.]
" Respectfully submitted,
(Signed.) " FRANCIS L. PATTON.
CHICAGO. April 13, iS-jj."
In the above specifications, Professor Swing's lan-
guage, books and sermons were freely quoted in support
and illustration of the allegations therein contained.
After all the witnesses in the case had been duly
cited to appear, the Moderator announced to the Pres-
bytery that they were about to pass to the consideration
of the business assigned for trial. He enjoined on them
to properly regard the position they now occupied and
the solemn duty in which they were about to act. The
prosecutor was also warned that
" Should he fail to prove the charges he had brought, he him-
self must be censured as a slanderer of the gospel ministry in pro-
portion to the malignity or rashness that should appear in the
prosecution."
At this point Professor Swing appeared, and pleaded
" not guilty " to the charges brought against him. He
did this, as he said, on the ground that the charges and
specifications were too vague and embraced no import-
ant offense. He did not desire to raise technical objec-
tions. He admitted the extracts from his sermons and
writings, but asked the Presbytery to consider the en-
tire essays or whole discourses from which the extracts
had been taken. Professor Swing's reply to the charges
was somewhat lengthy, setting forth his views on the
theological questions that were most concerned, to-
gether with a statement of his general creed.
At the conclusion of Professor Swing's reply, Rev.
Dr. A. E. Kittredge introduced a resolution to the
effect that the proceedings be arrested at this point, in
the hope of reaching an understanding between the
parties and avoiding the necessity of further trial. This
resolution was laid on the table.
In the further proceedings of the trial, testimony
was taken of Revs. W. C. Young, C. L. Thompson, Dr.
R. W. Patterson, J. H. Trowbridge, Dr. Arthur
Swa/.ey, W. C. Goudy, H. G. Miller, George A. Shu-
feldt, Horace F. Waite, Oliver H. Lee, Henry W. King,
and H. A. Hurlbut.
On Tuesday, May 12, Professor Patton entered
upon his argument for the prosecution, which occupied
the greater part of three days in its delivery.
On Thursday, May 14, Rev. George C. Noyes began
his argument for the defense.
On Friday, May 15, the Presbytery assembled to hear
the continuation of the argument of Mr. Noyes; but at
this point Professor Swing was permitted to speak on
his own behalf. At the close of the argument of Mr.
Swing, his counsel resumed and concluded his defense,
which was immediately followed by the closing argu-
ment of the prosecutor.
On Monday, May 18, it was, inter alia,
" Resolved, That the roll be called and the members proceed to
express their opinions on the case, it being understood that each
member shall be allowed ten minutes in which to state his opinion,
with the privilege of speaking as much longer as others not speak-
ing may give him their time."
The roll was called, and the opinions were given in
the order following:
Rev. R. W. Patterson, Rev. Dr. L. J. Halsey, Rev. Dr. Arthur
Swaxey, Rev. W. C. Young, Rev. A. H. Dean, Rev. J. M. Faris,
Rev. Dr. W. M. lilackburn, Rev. Newton Barrett, Rev. Walter
Forsyth, Rev. W. F. Wood, Rev. E. R. Davis, Rev. E. L. Hurd,
Rev. W. F. Brown, Rev. J. B. MeClure, Rev. |. II. Taylor, Rev.
Ben E. S. Ely, Rev. Arthur Mitchell, Rev. J. II. Trowbridge,
Rev. I. II. Walker, Rev. J. T. Matthews, Rev. C. L. Thompson,
Rev. Abbott E. Kittredge, Rev. Glen Wood, Rev. L. II. Reid,
Rev. Dr. Jacob Post, Rev. Christian Wisner, Rev. D. J. Burrell,
Rev. William Brobston, Elder James Otis, Elder J. M. Orton.
Elder O. II. Lee, Elder J. Edwards Fay, Elder Francis A. Riddle,
KUler S. B. Williams, Elder D. R. Holt, Elder R. E. Barber, Rev.
William Beecher, Rev. Dr. A. D. Eddy.
The opinions of the court being concluded, the fol-
lowing resolution was adopted :
" That the vote be taken on the several charges and specifica-
tions at one calling of the roll, each member, as his name is called,
voting 'sustained' or 'not sustained.' "
Two other resolutions were adopted :
"That the vote on each specification be upon its moral bear-
ing, as sustaining or not sustaining the guilt alleged in the charge
under which it is placed."
"That it is allowable to vote ' sustained in part,' if any membei
so desire."
Revs. R. W. Patterson, D.D., James McLeod and
Elder R. E. Barber were appointed a committee to ex-
amine the vote and bring in the finding of the court.
The report brought in by the committee, and adopted,
was as follows :
"The Committee find, from the record of the clerks, that the
vote of the Presbytery in this case stood as follows: Sixty-one votes
were cast, in which fifteen were in favor of sustaining the second
charge; forty-six against sustaining the first charge, and forty-eight
against sustaining the second charge. We therefore find that the
accused has been acquitted of both the charges by the judgment of
this court as aforesaid. (Signed.) " R. W. PATTERSON.
" JAMES McLEOD.
" R, E. BARKER."
The report of the committee was immediately fol-
lowed by the announcement of Professor Patton that he
should appeal from the decision given in the case to the
Synod of Illinois, North.
It may be added, that the spirit in which this cele-
brated case was conducted is well expressed in the lan-
guage of Rev. William Beecher, who said he had never
attended a meeting of this sort where there was less
acrimony, less of unkind and ungenerous feeling; that as
a general fact, the affairs of the court had been conducted
with admirable Christian firmness, intelligence and ability.
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
805
UNITED PRESBYTERIAN MEMORIAL CHURCH. —
This denomination is quite distinct from " The Presby-
Cadiz, Ohio, in the same month, and remained there until March
20, 1878. His pastorate there was gratifyingly successful. He
terian Church." The United Presbyterian Church is the refs!?,ned to ac^f the call of the First United Presbyterian Church
, • r . if . ot Chicago. 1 he church at Cadiz, Ohio, is one of the prominent
result of a union of two branches of the Presbyterian churches of the denomination, and during the pastorate of Rev.
Mr. Meloy it erected an elegant church-edifice costing $21,000.
The church in Chicago was, at the time of his coming, small, the
salary was small, and there had been nume'rous pastors, each
remaining but a short time. The field was uninviting, and the
prospects discouraging, but the membership has been increased
from sixty-one to upward of two hundred, a debt of nearly $10,000
has been cancelled, and the congregation has become entirely self-
" family," consummated on May 26, 1858. In 1736,
certain ministers seceded from the Established Church
of Scotland, on the ground of "corruption of doctrine
and tyranny of administration." They organized a
presbytery called the Associate or Secession Presby-
tery. They increased rapidly, and, in 1753, sent
missionaries to Pennsylvania. There were also in this
country members of the Reformed Presbyterian, or
Covenanter Church. Between
these a union was formed, and
the united church was called
the Associate Reformed Pres-
byterian Church. They were ..~.
familiarly called the Union .;"'V '"'-._.. J^
Church. A-few of the Seces-.
sion churches refused to unite,
and also some of the Cove-
nanter churches. This left
three organizations, — Associ-
ate Reformed, Associate and
Covenanter churches. The
United Presbyterian Church
was formed by the union of
the two former, and of this or-
der is the church in this city,
which is the only one of the
kind now here.
It was organized in 1860 as
a mission station, and was lo-
cated on Green Street. There
were also missions on the North
and South sides, but these were
allowed to fail. The members
secured a lot at the corner of
Paulina and Monroe streets in
1867, where they erected a
house of worship in 1869. In
1882, a parsonage was added.
The early ministers were Rev.
D. G. Bradford; Rev. W. D.
Jacks, 1866; Rev. J- M. Baugh,
1869-73 ; Rev. J. W. Bain,
1874-77. The present pastor,
Rev. W. T. Meloy, began his
labors in the spring of 1878.
Immediately after the great fire, the house of wor-
ship was transformed into a storehouse of supplies that
were received from the Chicago Relief & Aid Society
and from members of the church, as well as a place of
refuge for its friends from the burned district.
The church-edifice is a brick structure of the simple
Gothic style of architecture, with basement containing
Sunday-school rooms, kitchen and pastor's study. The
original cost of the edifice was $30,000. Adjoining the
church is a parsonage, erected at a cost of $5,000.
The property is entirely free from debt.
REV. WILLIAM TAGGART MELOY, pastor of the First United
Presbyterian Church, was born on October 4, 1838, in Washington
County, Pen n. His father, John Meloy, though of English de-
scent, was born in Lancaster County, Penn. He was somewhat
prominent in politics, having been a member of the Pennsylvania
Legislature in 1846 and 1855. Mrs. Meloy was born in Ireland,
her maiden name being Fliza Young. William T. Meloy gradu-
ated at Washington College in 1860, and then studied theology in
Alleghany City. He was licensed to preach on April 20, 1864, by
the United Presbyterian Presbytery of Chartiers, Penn. He was
ordained by the Presbytery of Wheeling, Va., on June 2, 1865.
He was settled as pastor of the United Presbyterian Church of
sustaining. Besides performing his ordinary literary labors, Rev.
Mr. Meloy has written a book called " Lucille Vernon, or the
FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.
Church at Lansington." The natural manner and style of his pen
have been favorably mentioned. He was married on September 5,
1865, to Miss Mary M. Brownlee, of Washington County, Penn.,
daughter of James and Martha Brownlee. They have six children,
— Martha B., John Y., William W., Robert B., Harry B, and Charles
McClay.
THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.
FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. — The church-
edifice of this society was burned on January 16, 1873.
While the fire was still in progress, the trustees and
building committee met at the residence of H. Z. Cul-
ver, and resolved to re-build at once. The committee
had in hand $108,000 in cash. The church and its con-
tents were fully insured. An old indebtedness of
$15,000 was cleared away, and the remaining funds
were put at interest until needed. From the spring of
1873, worship was held in the basement until February
15, 1874, when the new building was completed. In its
exterior appointments, the new church-edifice is like
the old structure, in its main features. The ground
plan is cruciform. The mean height of the ceiling is
8o6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
fifty-seven feet, the entire area of which is unbroken by
roof supports. The auditorium declines from every
side to a common center, and the gallery extends to the
wall at the head of the transept, on either side of the
organ space. The pews are of solid black walnut, and
will seat eighteen hundred persons. The organ, rising
from behind the pulpit, is a magnificent adornment to
ilic auditorium, and cost §11,000. Handsome chande-
liers depend from the roof, containing two hundred and
twenty-eight electric-burners. There are three large
rose-windows, elaborately ornamented in ecclesiastical
designs. In the lower story are lecture and Sunday-
school rooms, parlors, and kitchen, appropriately fur-
nished anil fitted throughout. The building is heated
by steam, lighted by electricity, and cost, including the
organ, $105,000. Rev. E. P. Goodwin, who succeeded
REV. E. p. GOODWIN.
Rev. Dr. Patton, is still pastor, and under him the
church has become one of the largest and most impor-
tant of the denomination in the United States.
The First Congregational Church has been very suc-
cessful in the establishment of missions, of which there
are now of importance, as follows :
Tlit- lI'i-.tfi-m-nTi-ni/,- /tniiifh, organized on March 7, 1880, in
a store on Western Avenue, but now worshiping in a commodious
building, the erection of which was due to H. (;. Hillings, who
was superintendent from February, 1879, until December, 1884.
Kev. John C. Goddard was connected with this mission as pastor
for about five years. In July, 1884, Rev. \V. \V. Macomber be-
came pastor.
'/'//<• Cfiitrnt I'ark Rra itch was organized on February 8, 1880.
This mission was located near the corner of Lake Street and Albany
Avenue. In 1885, three lots were secured, and a payment of $400
made in view of a permanent building. Rev. A. N. Hitchcock
was at that time in charge of this branch.
'I'll,- .\'»;Y//;,vf/ limitfh was organized on July 2, 1882, in the
town of Jefferson, corner of Powell Avenue and Pleasant Place.
In 1884, a beautiful house of worship was erected and dedicated.
The KanMph Str,\i Mission, No. 97 West Randolph Street,
near |H'ferson, and Tlic Orton Mission on the corner of Lake and
Seymour Streets, arc, with the others above mentioned, in a pros-
perous condition, and promise at no distant future to become inde-
pendent and self-supporting churches.
The report for 1885 shows the Sunday-school of
the First Church to contain two thousand three hundred
and eighty members. The collections for benevolent
purposes for the year were $26,974.43.
The officers of the church are: Rev. !•'.. P. Goodwin, 1 >.!>.,
pastor; Thomas M. A very, James \V. Sykes, William K. Clarke,
lames 11. Pearson, Samuel I. Curtiss, I >avid S. M linger, deacons;
Kdwanl II. Case, clerk ; William M. Longlcy, treasurer ; Maro L.
liartlett, chorister; Samuel I. Curtiss, Sunday-school superintend-
ent. The trustees are Henry V lloldi-n, I lavid S. M linger, John
K. Harmon, R. T. Crane, William 1). Marsh.
NKW ENGLAND CHURCH. — The fire of October 9,
1871, swept away the church-edifice of this society.
The members were widely scattered. Their homes
and places of business, with very few exceptions,
were destroyed, and they sought shelter and aid
in other cities. Two families, only, built tempo-
rary houses on the still smoking ruins of their
former abodes, and remained to live and labor
among the destitute. Two weeks after the fire,
a Sunday-school was gathered in Z. B. Taylor's
hastily constructed warehouse. Preparatory steps
were also taken by E. S. Chesbrough and Z. B.
Taylor for the immediate erection of a plain wood-
en structure for church and Sunday-school pur-
poses, on the old chapel grounds in the rear of the
church lot. Their action was promptly approved
and sustained by the society, who gathered, twen-
ty-five of them, in Mr. Blatch ford's warehouse,
corner of Clinton and Fulton streets, and then
subscribed $1,400 to defray the expenses of the
temporary structure.
In response to a public call by the pastor, a
meeting of the society was held on October 29,
1871, in the First Congregational Church, at which
time it was resolved to re-build the main edifice as
soon as practicable, and that the pastor, Rev. L. T.
Chamberlain, be requested to proceed to the Kast
to raise funds for that purpose. But immediately
subsequent to the fire, Mr. Chamberlain was ap-
pointed to superintend the distribution of aid and
relief to the destitute and suffering in the North
Division. He was so efficient in this capacity,
that for a time his visit to the East was postponed,
and it was several months before the visit was en-
tered upon. Going East, he succeeded in raising
$30,000 toward the re-building of the church. In
the meantime the temporary structure was erected,
and was occupied for purposes of worship on Decem-
ber 3, 1871.- During Mr. Chamberlain's absence at
the East the pulpit was supplied by Rev. E. H Smith.
Early in the following spring a permanent stone chapel,
now used by the Sunday-school and for social gath-
erings, was commenced and completed. The first ser-
vices were held in it on September 14, 1873, and it was
dedicated on September 23, 1873. In 1874, the re-
building of the main edifice was commenced. It was
completed on January i, 1876, and dedicated the fol-
lowing day.
On July 28, 1877, Mr. Chamberlain having accepted
a call to the Broadway Congregational Church, Nor-
wich, Conn., tendered his resignation of the pulpit of the
New England Church, to take effect in the following
September. Rev. Mr. Chamberlain's ministry, continuing
some eight years, is said to have been the longest and
most eventful thus far in the history of the church.
Large accessions to the church were frequent. After
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
807
the fire of 1871, the membership was two hundred and
sixty-five, and in September, 1877, it had increased to
four hundred and forty-four. Following Mr. Cham-
berlain's resignation, the pulpit, for a few months, was
without a regular minister. In December, 1877, a
unanimous call was extended to Rev. Arthur Little,
D.D., of Fond du Lac, Wis. Dr. Little accepted the
call, and was publicly installed as pastor on June icS,
1878. His pastorate has been a successful one, marked
by the steady growth of the society, over three hundred
having been received by him into church fellowship.
An indebtedness of $35,000, incurred through the
fire, has been entirely removed, and the interior of
the church has been improved by refitting and
decorating at an expense of $1,500. The Sedg-
wick-street Mission has been organized (1882) with
a regular pastor, the pastor's salary and all its
other expenses beinp; p;> 1 by the New England
Church. The -property on Sedgwick Street is
valued at $14,000. The membership of the mis-
sion is about six hundred and fifty, including con-
gregation and Sunday-school.
On April 13, 1884, the New England Church
met with a severe loss in the demise of Colonel C.
G. Hammond, one of its original organizers and
for many years one of its most liberal supporters.
The organization of the church at the present
time is as follows:
Rev. Arthur I.iltle, n.-D., pastor; William II. Bradley,
]•:. \V. Blatchford, Albert I.. Coe, Caleb F. dates, KIlis S.
Chesbrough, William Dickinson, Caleb J. Richardson, dea-
cons; George 15. Carpenter, Oliver li. Green, Henry W.
Rogers, Jr., John P. Wilson, Frank B. Rockwood, trustees.
REV. AKTIIIK LILTI.K, D.D., pastor of the New England
Congregational Church, was born on May 24, 1837, in Bos-
cawen, N. H. His father was Simeon Bartlett Little, and
his mother Harriet (Boyl) Little. His father was of Knglish
descent, and distantly related to Hon. Josiah Bartlctt, whose
name stands second on the Declaration of Independence.
His occupation was that of a farmer. His mother was of
Scotch-Irish descent, and came from that stock which planted
a colony in central New Hampshire early in the eighteenth
century, giving to the towns the names of Londonderry,
I Jerry, etc. Mr. Little's youth, until he was sixteen years of
age, was spent at home, where he worked upon his father's
farm. He then entered Kimball Union Academy, at Meriden,
N. II., where he fitted for Dartmouth College, from which he
graduated in 1860. In 1861, he taught in the academy at Lud-
low, Vt. In the winter of 1861, he entered Andover Theological
Seminary, where he remained one year, and then went to Princeton
Theological Seminary, where he remained until March, 1863, when
he received an election to the chaplaincy of the First Vermont
Heavy Artillery, then in the defenses of Washington, D. C. In
order to meet this unexpected appointment, he left Princeton,
returned to his home in Boscawen, was ordained by a Congrega-
tional Council on March 16, at once received his commission, and
hastened to join the regiment. lie remained in the service until
the close of the War, and was mustered out on July 6, 1865, at
Burlington, Vt. His regiment was in the famous campaign in the
Shenandoah Valley, under General Sheridan, and with the Army of
the Potomac at the surrender of General Lee. In January, 1866,
Mr. Little was installed by the Londonderry Presbytery, as pastor
of the Presbyterian Church in Bedford, N. H. There he remained
two years, when he yielded to an urgent call to become pastor of
the Congregational Church at Fond du Lac, Wis. He entered upon
the duties of that pastorate on November 2, 1868, and remained
there ten years, greatly blessed and prospered in his work. On
one occasion while in Fond du Lac, he received into his church a
hundred converts, and, during the continuance of his Wisconsin
pastorate, he aided many other churches in times of revival. In
l.muary, 1878, he accepted a call to the pastorate of the New En-
gland Congregational Church, in Chicago. Mr. Little was married
io Miss Laura Elizabeth Frost, daughter of Deacon Benjamin and
Mary (Brant) Frost, of Thetford, Vt., on August 15, 1863. Mrs.
Little died on January 21, 1883. There is one daughter, — Mary
Brant. Mr. Little held the office of chaplain to a regiment of
militia while he remained in his native State. He received the de-
gree of Doctor of Divinity from Dartmouth College in iSSo. He
was moderator of the National Council of Congregational Churches
in 1883.
PLYMOUTH CHURCH. — On May 15, 1872, an over-
ture was received by the South Congregational Church
from Plymouth Congregational Church, setting forth
their need of moving south of Twenty-second Street,
the majority of their members having already removed
to that vicinity and desiring a union of the two churches.
After careful consideration, this union was warmly ad-
vocated by the pastors of the two bodies, who gener-
ously offered to resign their positions. As Rev. Mr.
Tyler insisted upon resigning, the sum of $5,000 was
presented to him by the united churches. By the sep-
PLYMOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH.
arate votes of the Plymouth and South Congregational
churches, the two were consolidated on July i, 1872,
with the corporate name of Plymouth Congregational
Church, under the pastorate of Rev. W. A. Bartlett.
On July 7, 1872, the united church held service in the
house previously occupied by the South Congregational
Church, corner of Indiana Avenue and Twenty-sixth
Street. In a few months, the elegant stone structure
on the corner of Wabash Avenue and Eldridge Court,
built by Plymouth Church and occupied but five years,
was sold for $112,000, reserving the organ. The next
spring, a lot was purchased on Michigan Avenue, be-
tween Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth streets. At that
time the society was entirely out of debt and in a pros-
perous condition. The present edifice, on Michigan
Boulevard, was erected at a cost of $100,000. The
lot on which it stands was purchased for $33,000. It
is a fine structure, whose large auditorium has a seating
capacity of sixteen hundred. One of the attractive
features of the auditorium is a large memorial window,
in the front main gable, erected in 1873, by Joseph F.
Armour to the memory of his wife, Amelia G. Armour,
costing about $1,000, and a fine organ, built by Erben,
of Buffalo, costing $10,000, but enlarged and remodeled
at different times at an expense of $3,000.
Connected with the society are flourishing industrial
8o8
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
mission and Sunday schools, a kindergarten, and a
medical mission. The aggregate number in these is
one thousand two hundred. The first service was held
in the new church on July 4, 1875. Rev. Mr. Hartlett
was succeeded by Rev. Charles Hall Everest, who was
installed on December 4, 1877. His resignation occur-
ring on January 29, 1882, he was followed by Rev. H.
M. Scudder, the present pastor, his installation taking
place on December 12, 1882. The membership of the
church is about seven hundred, of which number there
are but three or four of the original organizers.
The church organization during the year 1885, was
as follows:
Rev. Henry M. Scudder, pastor; John F. Temple, Arthur
Woodcock, George E. Farwell, Henry T. Steele, John II. Ilollis-
ter, Alfred Kirk, George H. Bliss, George E. Bensley, C. Marion
Hotchkin, deacons.
UNION PARK CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. — The
corner-stone of the present elegant and commodious
edifice owned by this society was laid on August 7,
1869, and the building was dedicated on November 12,
1871. The total cost of the edifice was about $200,000.
Fronting Union Park it has one of the most desirable
sites in Chicago, and is no mean ornament to that por-
tion of the city. There is indebtedness on the property
of $5,000, which it is said, will be met in April, 1886.
Rev. Dr. Helmer, who was pastor at the time of the
great fire, icsigned on December 12, 1875. Rev. David
N. Vanderveer became pastor in June, 1876, and re-
signed on August 31, 1878. The present pastor, Rev.
Frederick A. Noble, D.D., began his pastoral duties on
April 20, 1879. The present membership of the church
is nine hundred, with a Sunday-school of eight hundred
and ninety-five. Two branch missions have been
founded by this society, namely, Oakley Mission in
1875, on Indiana Street near Oakley Avenue, with a
present membership of two hundred and eighty-five,
and Ashland-avenue Mission, corner of Ashland Avenue
and Twelfth Street, in 1883, with a present membership
of two hundred and twenty.
The officers of the church for the year 1885, were as
follows:
Deacons: Julius W. Butler, G. J. Dorr, L. C. Platt, Charles
Munson, Nelson L. Litten, B. F. Homer, Isaac A. Freeman, H. W.
Rice, A. Arthur Banks, Robert E. Jenkins, M. J. Fitch and James
R. Dewey. The Superintendent of the Sunday-school is Robert
E. Jenkins; of Oakley Mission, M. J. Fitch; of Ashland-avenue
Mission, George J. Dorr. The clerk of the church is A. Arthur
Banks.
REV. FREDERICK A. NOBLE, pastor of the Union Park Con-
gregational Church, was born on March 17, 1832, at Baldwin, Me.
His father was James Noble, a farmer of Maine, of Scotch descent,
and his mother was Jane (Cram) Noble of English descent. The
subject of this sketch began to teach school at the age of sixteen.
He prepared for college at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and
at Kimball Union Academy, Meriden, N. H. He graduated at
Yale College in 1858. From the first he took high rank as a
debater and speaker. He was first president of " Brothers in Unity."
He studied for the ministry at Andover, Mass., and at Cincinnati,
Ohio, remaining two years at the former place and one year at the
latter, in Lane Theological Seminary. He began to preach in the
fall of i86i,at St. Paul, Minn., for the "House of Hope" Pres-
byterian Church. He was shortly afterward called to the pastorate,
and was regularly installed on June 17, 1862. He was the first
installed pastor of the church. His pastorate in St. Paul continued
until January I, 1869. It thus covered the whole pen'od of the
Rebellion. He took a decided stand in pulpit and on the platform
in favor of the maintenance of the Union and the destruction of
Slavery. Many of his discourses of that period were published in
the newspapers and in pamphlet form. One of his sermons, entitled
"Blood, the Price of Redemption, "caused a great deal of discussion.
For three successive winters of this period he was chaplain of the
Minnesota Senate. He was also appointed by the Government one
of three commissioners to superintend Indian payments. He served
on this commission one year. From St. Paul he was called to the
Third Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, Penn., where he labored,
not only to build up the church and to reduce the debt it had just
incurred in erecting a new and magnificent building, but he also bore
active part in many outside interests. This pastorate lasted about
eight years. I luring his connection with the Presbyterian Church,
In was four times a member of the General Assembly, was on the
special committee to adjust the details of the various societies of
the Church after the reunion of the Old and New School Bodies. He
was a member of the Frecdman's Aid Committee, and did much to
push the work and to press the necessity of the work upon the
attention of the churches. It was in his church at Pittsburgh, and
while he was pastor, that the formal re-union took place between the
Old and New School branches of the Church. The American Hoard
also met in his church at Pittsburgh in the same year. \VhiIe there
the degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon him by the
\\ (stem Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio. lie left Pittsburgh for
New Haven, Conn., in the autumn of 1875. Becoming pastor of
the First Church of Christ of that city, popularly known as the
Center Church, his connection was transferred from the Presbyte-
rian body to the Congregationalisls. But as he had been educated
in Congregational institutions and under Congregational influences,
he was simply returning to familiar associations, methods and
names. At New I laven he was brought into close personal rela-
tions with the venerable and now sainted Dr. Leonard Bacon. This
association was very delightful and profitable to Dr. Noble in many
ways. While in New Haven, Dr. Noble exerted himself to popu-
larize the gospel and make the churches feel a deeper interest in
the needs of the masses. It was under his leadership that a success-
ful movement was undertaken to bring Mr. Moody into the place.
As the result of this effort, he had the pleasure of welcoming into
his church, on one Sunday, forty-six new members, a larger number
than had been been admitted at any one time before for nearly tifty
years. He was a member of the famous " Beecher Council." An
urgent call from the Union Park Congregational Church of Chicago
took him away from New Haven in the spring of 1879. Since that
time he has been the pastor of this church. Under his ministra-
tions the church has been steadily improving. It has built the
Oakley Mission building within the last two years, raising and pay-
ing over for this purpose about $11,000. It has also improved its
home property considerably and reduced the church debt very
greatly. The membership of the church has largely increased, and
it now takes rank among the first churches of the denomination for
its works of benevolence. Dr. Noble had a large share in the es-
tablishment, in iSSi, of the New West Education Commission.
From the first he has been its president. He has taken an active
interest in the National Council. He preached the opening sermon
of the Council at the last meeting at Concord, N. H., in 1883.
Since Dr. Noble has been in Chicago many of his sermons have
been published in pamphlet form, as well as numerous discourses
and papers on special topics. Among these may be mentioned a
discourse on the " Mormon Iniquity," delivered before the New
West Education Commission, on November 2, 1884, and a paper
on " Law and the Liquor-Traffic," read before the General Associ-
ation of Congregational Churches at Ottawa, 111., on May 30, 1883,
in which he took strong ground in favor of prohibition. The Union
Park Congregational Church was the first of the Chicago churches
to adopt the new Congregational creed. Dr. Noble was married
on September 15, 1861, to Miss Lucy A. Perry, daughter of the
late George Perry, of Manchester, N. H. They have three chil-
dren,— Frederick Perry, who graduates from Amherst College this
year; Mary Perry, who also graduates this year from Ogontz Sem-
inary; and Philip Schaff, now at school at Farmington, Me.
TABERNACLE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. — The
sketch of this church in Volume II. closes with the pas-
torate of Rev. E. F. Williams, who was dismissed by
vote of Council on October 16, 1873. During the years
1874-75-76, there was no regular pastor, the pulpit
being supplied by Rev. John Kimball, Rev. J. W. Healy,
D.D., and Rev. W. W. Patton, D.D. The great fire of
1871 seriously crippled some of the strongest financial
supporters of this church, and the stringency of the
times made the payment of the church debt an impos-
sibility. The property was in danger of being lost to
the society, when D. L. Moody offered to assume the
liabilities if the church would become undenominational
and non-sectarian. Accordingly, in June, 1876, the
church voted to abandon the name Congregational and
become an independent evangelical church. During
1876, Major D. W. Whittle and Rev. W. J. Erdman were
acting pastors. On January 13, 1877, Rev. A. Youker
became the regular pastor. He was compelled to resign
on May 2, 1881, in consequence of his ill-health. The
best comment on the pastorate of Mr. Youker was, that
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
809
upwards of three hundred persons united with the
church as a result of his labors.
In 1881, the church renewed its connection with the
Chicago Association of Congregational churches. In
June, 1881, Rev. C. M. Gilbert was ordained pastor, and
remained in this relation until his decease on January
29, 1882. Although his pastorate was so short, Mr.
Gilbert greatly endeared himself to his congregation.
The present pastor, Rev. F. E. Emrich, was installed on
November 28, 1882. His -administration has been
marked by a steady growth of the church by accessions
to its membership.
REV. FKKDKRICK ERNEST EMRICH, pastor of the Tabernacle
Congregational Church, was born at New York City, on August
25, 1848. Mis father, Philip Emrich, and his mother, Mrs. Anna
(Ganss) Emrich, were both natives of Germany, the latter having
come to America in 1830 and the former in 1839. He lived in New
York City until 1868, during which period he attended the public
schools, and a private German school. In 1868 he went to Wilton,
Maine, where, on "February 26, 1869, he married Miss Olive E.
Chandler, daughter of John P. Chandler of that place. In the
spring of the same year he was admitted as a probationer to the Maine
Annual Conference, and was stationed at North Augusta and Sid-
ney until the spring of 1871. In the fall of 1871, he entered the
Bangor Theological Seminary, where he remained one year, and
then went to Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, taking a full classi-
cal course and graduating in 1876. He then entered Hates Theo-
logical Seminary, graduating in 1877, having, by hard study,
completed the two years' course in one year. In 1871, he united
with the Congregational Church, preferring a settled pastorate to
Methodist itineracy. In September, 1875, he was ordained, and
preached ail the time he was in the college and seminary. From
the spring of 1871 to September, 1872, he supplied the pulpit at
Burlington, Maine, and from this time to April, 1874, supplied the
church at Turner, Maine. From April, 1874, to [uly, 1877, he
supplied the Congregational Church at Mechanics' Falls, Maine.
At this time he was installed pastor of the church, and remained
there until September, 1882, when he was called to the Tabernacle
Congregational Church at Chicago. He answered the call imme-
diately, and commenced to preach here during that month. He was
installed pastor in the following November, notwithstanding grave
doubts in the minds of a portion of the Council as to his orthodoxy.
The vote on installment was thirteen to eight. The points upon
which Rev. Mr. Emrich seemed to vary from orthodox standards
were that he declined to admit that the Bible was a revelation from
God, but took his position on the doctrine that it contains a revela-
tion from God. With reference to endless punishment, he could
not and would not deny that there may be a possibility of reform in
the future life. Regarding the doctrine of the atonement, while he
entertained the common evangelical view, he could not but admit
that there may be some truth in the moral view, or in the Bushncll
theory of the atonement. However, notwithstanding these appa-
rent tendencies toward hetrodoxy, inasmuch as he read a great deal
and was a very scholarly man, he was considered capable of doing
a noble work in the ministry, and was installed by the vote above
given. Kev. Mr. Emrich's wife died on June 10, 1884, having
borne five children, three of whom are living, — Frederick Ernest,
Jr., Richard Stanley Merrill, and Melvin Eveleth.
OTHER CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES are as follows: South
Congregational Church, Rev. Edward F. Williams, pastor; Beth-
any Congregational Church, Rev. Charles C. Cragin, pastor; Union
Tabernacle Church, Rev. E. B. Read, pastor; Clinton-street
Congregational Church, Rev. J. C. Armstong, pastor; California-
avenue Congregational Church, Rev. D. D. Davies, pastor.
CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.— The office of the treas-
urer of the Seminary, with many important records, accounts and
documents, was destroyed in the fire of 1871. It was found, after
the fire, that, although the investments of the Seminary's funds were
almost wholly in Chicago, only $2,000 were secured on property in
the burned district, and that loan was soon paid. The Seminary has
since met with few if any reverses, except those imposed by the
financial depression of the country. From time to time additions
and improvements have been made, among which the Hammond
Library deserves special mention.
In 1875, Rev. E. M. Williams, of Minneapolis, an alumnus of
the Seminary, presented the institution with a set of rare books on
Egyptology, which are valued at $1,500. In iSSi, Rev. H. D.
Kitchell, D.D., made a contribution from his own library. The
Seminary library having reached something like six thousand vol-
umes, by donations, the need was felt of a building in which to
properly care for and protect it. This led to the donation by Hon.
Charles G. Hammond, known as Hammond Library. Its corner-
stone was laid on April 27, 1882, the address being delivered by
Rev. Truman M. Post, D.D., of St. Louis. It was opened in
December, 1883.. The basement contains the heating apparatus
and a fire-proof vault. The first story contains the reference-
library and reading-room. The upper story is intended for the
general library. It has been prepared for a gallery to extend all
around the walls. The present capacity of the reference-library is
two thousand five hundred volumes, which can be increased to
three thousand five hundred. The capacity of the main library is
thirty-two thousand volumes, which, by the addition of the gallery
above mentioned, can be increased to forty thousand. The materi-
als used in the construction of the building are brick, iron and
terra cotta, no more wood being used than was absolutely neces-
sary. The iron-work is fire-proofed by inclosures of porous terra
cotta, and everything that modern science can suggest has been
applied to screen the building and its contents from danger of fire.
The cost of the building was $34, ooo.
Since 1871, there have been a few changes in the faculty. To
the chair, resigned by Professor Haven, Rev. George Nye Board-
man, D.D., was elected in April, 1871, and inaugurated on Sep-
tember 14 of that year. Rev. Theodore Hopkins, D.I)., was
elected professor of ecclesiastical history, on April 29, 1874, and
inaugurated on April 29, 1875. Rev. Samuel Ives Curtiss, Ph. 1).,
D.D., was elected professor of biblical literature in the place of Dr.
Bartlett, on May 15, 1878, and inaugurated on April 22, 1879.
The professorship of biblical literature was divided on June 10,
1879. Professor Curtiss was retained as the New England professor
of Old Testament literature and interpretation, and Professor J. T.
Hyde, D.D., was transferred to the professorship of New Testa-
ment interpretation. At the same time, Rev. G. Buckingham
Willcox, D.D., was placed in charge of the special department and
the chair of pastoral theology, entering upon his duties in the
autumn of 1879.
The financial status of the Seminary, as reported by the treas-
urer at the opening of the Hammond Library, in the autumn of
1883, was as follows : In addition to the unproductive assets of
the Seminary, the site, buildings, library, etc., of productive assets,
paid in and pledged, there were credited to seven professorship
endowments, $198,000; professorship fund, $80,000; scholarship
endowments paid in, $35,000; the Patton binding-fund endowment,
$1,000; the E. S. Jones' alcove library fund, $5,000; general funds,
available, $18,300; total, $337,300. Down to 1879, 404 students
had been instructed in the Chicago Seminary, — 209 of whom were
graduated. The total number of students enrolled in 1879-80, was
29; in 1880-81, 31; in 1881-82, 43; in 1882-83, 44; in 1883-84, 43;
in 1884-85, 63.
PROF. JOSEPH HAVEN, A.M., D.D., LL.D., was born on Janu-
ary 4, 1815, at Dennis, Barnstable Co., Mass. His ancestors were
all of the old Puritan stock, many of them clergymen. His father
was the minister of the town, a graduate of Harvard College, and a
man of refinement and culture, who carefully educated his son to
an early intellectual development. In his sixth year the child was
found indulging himself by reading a Virgil, which he had found
among his father's books. He was prepared to pass his examina-
tions at ten, but he could not be entered at Amherst until fifteen.
He was graduated with honors as the youngest member of his class.
His Alma Mater to this day regards him as her finest undergradu-
ate writer. Immediately after graduating, in 1835, he went to New
York City, where he spent two years as instructor in the State In-
stitution for the Deaf and Dumb. In 1837, he entered Andover
Theological Seminary ; he was graduated in 1839; and in Novem-
ber was ordained and installed at Ashland, Mass. In 1840, he
married the daughter of Professor Ralph Emerson, of Andover,
Mass., relative of Ralph Waldo Emerson. On December 31, 1845,
he was installed over the Harvard Congregational Church in Brook-
line, Mass, During this pastorate he, with others, started The
Congregationalist, of which he wrote the first editorial. About
this time he wrote his first article, published in the " Bibliotheca
Sacra," being a review of Paley's Natural Theology, which was
characterized by the same clearness of reasoning, severe style and
ease of diction which, in a greater degree, marked his later works.
This he followed with a review of " Bushnell on the Trinity," which
won the special commendation of Professor Moses Stuart, received
emphatic notice of the most astute theologians, and brought the
young author at once into prominence. The marked approval with
which these works were received by the religious thinkers and
writers led to his call, in 1850, to the Chair of Intellectual and
Moral Philosophy at Amherst College, which he occupied for eight
years. Professor Haven, in 1854, passed most of the time in Eu-
rope, residing a while in Heidelberg. His " Mental Philosophy"
was published in 1857, after much toil in its preparation. The
work has ever since been a standard text-book in the higher institu-
tions of learning throughout the United States, also in colleges in
Turkey and Japan. In 1858, Professor Haven came to Chicago
and accepted the Chair of Theology in the Chicago Theological
Seminary, which he held for twelve years. As the result of many
further laborious days, both in Amherst and Chicago, he published,
8io
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
in 1859, his work on " Moral Philosophy," which is perhaps better
known on this continent than that of any other writer. These
works have attained a sale into the hundreds of thousands. He
next published "Studies in Philosophy and Theology," treating
these subjects with the same felicity of diction which was his prom-
inent characteristic-. In 1870, he again went abroad, taking in his
tour Turkey, Kgypt, the Holy Land and Greece. He had the
pleasure ol listening, in Roller! College, Constantinople, to recita-
tions in Haven's Mental Philosophy, bribe students of the many
nationalities collected there; and while in Athens, by invitation
from the ( loverniuent, he heard the seniors in college.- recite from
Haven's Mental Philosophy, translated into Greek. His " History of
Philosophy Ancient and Modern " was published in 1876. He
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH.
also prepared " An Introduction" to a book of Rev. F. H. Burris,
on "The Trinity," published in 1874. A text-book, prepared for
higher classes, on Systematic Theology, he left in manuscript ready
for publication. Several sermons were published in permanent
form at different times during his life. He delivered lectures in
many cities and colleges ; that delivered in 1860, before Kenyon
College, "The Ideal and the Actual," and before the Porter Rhe-
torical Society of Anclover Theological Seminary, further advanced
his fame. Many will easily recall the enthusiasm of his Chicago
audiences, held in rapt attention by his eloquent and profound disclos-
ure of " The Civilization and the Religion of Ancient Kgypt, as
attested by her Monuments." These lectures were published' in
1875. The degree of D.I), was conferred upon him by Marietta
College in 1869, also D.I), by Amherst College in 1872.' That of
I.1..D. lie accepted from Kenyon College in 1872. There was
something worthy of more than admiration in the nobleness of his
character, uniting strength, love, simplicity and self-forgetfulncss.
He was always willing to give his strength and life in aid of any
good cause. At the time of his death, in May, 11574, he occupied
the Chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy in the Chicago Univer-
sity ; was president of the Chicago Philosophical Society ; was
conducting the department of Knglish Literature in the Chicago
Athenajum ; and had been supplying the pulpit of the Jefferson
Park Presbyterian Church, where he won the love and respect of
all ; at the same time he was revising his works.
KKV. (',. S. F. SAVACK, D.I)., linancial secretary of the Chi-
cago Theological Seminary, was born at Upper Middletown (now
Cromwell), Conn., on June 29, 1817. His ancestors were among
the first settlers of Middletown, having emigrated from Knglaiid,
and become large landed proprietors in the new town. His grand-
father, Nathaniel Savage, was a soldier in the Revolutionary \Var.
Absalom Savage, father of G. S. !•'., was for many years captain of
a Liverpool packet, sailing between Liverpool and New York City.
He died at sea in 1820. Captain Savage was
married to Sarah \Vilcox, whose father was a
soldier in the Revolutionary War. She died in
1833. The early education of Rev. (',. S. F.
Savage was obtained at the academy at L'pper
Middletown. He entered Yale College in 1X40,
and graduated in 1844, as a member of the lust
third of his class, which consisted of one hun-
dred and four graduating members. As mem-
bers of this class who afterward distinguished
themselves, the names are gucn of Christopher
dishing, John Welsh Dulles, Samuel Augustus
' Fisk; Henry II. Haight, governor of Califor-
nia from 1867 to 1869; Henry D. Smith, in-
ventor of the process of manufacturing carriage
hardware; and \Yilliam II. \Vashburn, governor
of Massachusetts, and successor to Charles
Sunnier in the United States Senate. At the
age of fourteen he united with the Congrega-
tional Church, and when twenty-one resolved to
devote himself to the ministry. W ith this ob-
ject in view he entered Yale College. After
graduating, he spent one year in theological
studies at Andover, Mass., and two years at
New Haven, graduating in August, 1847. On
September 28 of that year he was ordained as
home missionary at Upper Middletown, Conn.,
and left the next day for the West, with a com-
mission from the American Home Missionary
Society to any open Held of labor in Northern
Illinois or Wisconsin. In November he ac-
cepted a call to the pastorate of the Congrega-
tional Church at St. Charles, 111., where he
remained twelve years, nearly four hundred
being added to the church during that time.
For four years of this time lie was correspond-
ing editor of the Prairie Herald and the Con-
gregational Herald, both published in Chicago.
At the close of 1859, he entered the service of
the American Tract Society, as secretary for the
West, and removed to Chicago, on January I,
1860. He continued in the service of the So-
ciety ten years, devoting most of his time, dur-
ing the four years of the War, to sanitary and
religious work in the Army. In 1870, he be-
came Western secretary of the Congregational
Publishing Society, continuing in that relation
1 wo years. He then accepted his present posi-
tion, that of financial secretary of the Chicago
Theological Seminary, of which institution he
became a director in 1854. ' He has been a.
trustee of lleloit College since 1850. For
three years he published and was associate
editor of the Congregational Review, which, after the great fire
of 1871 was merged in the New Knglander. An estimate of the
value of his services to the Chicago Theological Seminary is given
in the language of Rev. A. S. Kedzie, in his history of the Sem-
inary: " In July, 1872, Rev. George S. F. Savage, D.D., elected
treasurer at the previous meeting of the Board, entered upon the
duties of that office, with great advantage to the Seminary and
satisfaction to the Board, and with like acceptance serving to this
date. Securing funds imperilled by the late financial depression,
safely investing them, providing for claims on the treasury, caring
for the welfare of the students and the safety of the buildings, made
his vocation, like that of his predecessor, perplexing and onerous.
Yet its duties have been well met. Also by his large acquaint-
ance he has made the Seminary widely and favorably known,
thereby securing to it an encouraging increase of both general and
permanent funds." In 1870, he received the honorary degree of
Doctor of Divinity from Iowa College. Dr. Savage was married
on September 28, 1847, to Miss Kli/abeth Prudden, daughter of
Kphraim Prudden, a distinguished lawyer of Knfield, Conn., who
was a son of Rev. Kphraim Prudden, pastor for nearly fifty years
of the Congregational Church at Knfield.
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
811
REV. HUGH MACDONALD SCOTT, B.A., B.D., Sweetzer and
Michigan professor of Ecclesiastical History in the Chicago Theo-
logical Seminary, was born on March 31, 1848, at Guysborough,
Nova Scotia. His father was John Henry Scott, a carpenter and
builder by trade, a descendant from Scotch ancestry, who came to
America at a very early day. 1 le was a United Empire Loyalist, and
previous to the \Var of the Revolution emigrated to Canada. Mrs.
Scott, previous to her marriage, was Miss Sarah Macdonald, daughter
of Hugh Macdonald, who was born in the Scottish Highlands, and
came to America in 1810. The education of Hugh M. Scott was ob-
tained first in the village of Sherbrooke, Guysborough Co., N. S.t
after which he went to Dalhousie College, Halifax, N. S. Upon
leaving this institution he went to Edinburgh, Scotland, and there
attended the Free Church College, and afterward the Edinburgh
University, graduating from this institution as Bachelor of Divinity
in the spring of 1873, having passed a special examination for the
degree. The summer of 1873 he passed at the University of Mer-
lin, and two months of the fall at Tuebingeii, Germany. He then
returned to Nova Scotia, and took charge of a Presbyterian Church
at Merigonish, I'ictou County, where he remained as pastor from
187410 1878. He then went to the University at Leipsic, Ger-
many, for the purpose of studying New Testament Literature and
Church History, remrttuing until |uly, iSSi, when he came to Chi-
cago to assume the duties of his present professorship, beginning
with the opening of the fall term in September of that year. Pro-
fessor Scott is one of the authors of " Current Discussions in The-
ology," an annual publication, designed to set forth in concise and
comprehensive form the progress and discoveries in theology as they
are made. He is also a contributor to the " Bibliotheca Sacra," his
last paper published in that quarterly being entitled "The Present
Moral Condition of Germany," the article embodying the results of
his observations made in Germany during the summer of 1883.
Professor Scott was married on May 2, 1883, to Mrs. Helen Grace
Gladwin, daughter of J. H. Pearson, long a prominent citizen of
Chicago. They have one child: — Arthur Pearson.
THE BAPTIST CHURCH.
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. — The great fire left the
church property of this society unharmed; but most of
the members were impoverished, their residences de-
stroyed, and many of them compelled to seek new
abodes remote from the church-building. In 1871-72,
the house of worship was made a distributing point for
the relief of the suffering. The fire of July, 1874,
destroyed the building, and the congregation worshiped
temporarily on Wabash Avenue, near Fourteenth Street.
The present site, corner of South Park Avenue and
Thirty first Street, was purchased and the present edifice
erected in 1875. Three years of struggle followed. A
new congregation had to be built up in a then thinly-
settled part of the city; and the property was heavily
incumbered.
During the pastorate of Dr. Everts, the First Church
was largely interested in the University of Chicago and
in founding the Baptist Theological Seminary. This
church directly contributed for the seminary-building
and endowment the sum of $35,000. While Dr. Everts
was pastor, about one thousand eight hundred members
were received into the church, and the Shields, the
North Star and the Indiana-avenue missions were
established.
After January i, 1879, Rev. Dr. Galusha Anderson
supplied the pulpit for some time, while the finance com-
mittee was busy with a basis for funding the church
debt, and on the Sundays, February 2 and 9, subscrip-
tions were taken which resulted in reducing the obliga-
tion to $30,000. On February 19, the trustees were
authorized to mortgage the property for $30,000, which
was done. Early in February, 1879, the church
extended a call to Rev. George C. Lorimer, D.D., pas-
tor of the Tremont Temple, Boston, and on May 4,
1879, he preached his first sermon as pastor. Dr. Lori-
mer's pastorate was successful in the highest degree.
During January, 1881, the church raised sufficient
means to pay $12,000 on the mortgage, leaving a debt
of but $18,000, which shortly afterward was fully pro-
vided for. Early in 1881, the Michigan-avenue Baptist
house of worship was destroyed by fire, and the mem-
bers, seeing no way of re-building, decided to disband,
expressing a willingness to transfer their remaining
church property to any new Baptist church which should
be organized and located upon the field lately occupied
by themselves. The matter was referred to the standing
committee representing the Chicago and Lakeside Bap-
tist Association and the Baptist General Association of
Illinois, and by them referred to the First Baptist
Church, as most deeply interested in the settlement of
the question. The First Church recommended the
formation of a new Baptist church, to take the title of
the property, as proposed by the Michigan- avenue con-
gregation. A resolution was also adopted declaring
that the First Church would give letters of dismission
1)R. P. S. HENbON.
to such of its members as should wish to unite with the
new organization. A committee of five members of the
First Church was next appointed to co-operate with a
similar committee of the Michigan-avenue Church, to
aid in carrying out the plan proposed. This committee
reported that a considerable number of persons were
ready to unite with the new church, and that sufficient
pledges of money had been secured to re-build, as well
as for an organ. These were all on condition that Dr.
Lorimer should be the pastor. On May 13, i88i,the
clerk read a list of two hundred and one persons who
had requested letters to the new church, all active, earn-
est workers. There was a feeling of dismay, and, as for
several weeks the number kept increasing until it
reached two hundred and twenty-five, affairs for the
First Church did not look very promising. On Septem-
ber 25, Dr. Lorimer delivered his farewell sermon, and,
with his people, withdrew to his new field, the First
Church having given to the new organization, as a token
8l2
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
of good-will, $1,600. The most pleasant relations have
always existed between these two bodies. Rev. Dr. P.
S. llenson came from Philadelphia, and assumed the
pastoral charge of the First Church in March, 1882.
1 1 is pastorate has been exceptionally successful. Before
the close of his first year, a line organ was erected at a
cost of $7,500, and at once paid for. He organized a
movement to raise a jubilee offering of $25,000, which
resulted in subscriptions sufficient to cancel the remain-
ing indebtedness, with a surplus for improvements about
the building.
SECOM> I'.uTisT CHURCH. — On October 10, 1871,
Dr. T. \V. Goodspeed, of Quincy, 111., came to preach
at the Second Baptist Church, and decide whether or
not he would accept the call to act as co-pastor with
his brother. Dr. K. J. Goodspeed, whose failing health
compelled him to seek an assistant; but to his mind the
lire answered the question, and he returned to Quincy.
He was. however, soon afterward recalled, and entered
upon his duties as assistant pastor in January, 1872. In
January, 1876, Dr. T. W. Goodspeed resigned. His
resignation was soon followed by that of his brother,
and-the pulpit was vacant until June, when Rev. Galu-
sha Anderson, 1). D., then of Strong Place Baptist
Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., was elected to the pastorate.
Dr. Anderson remained until 1878, when he resigned to
take the presidency of the University of Chicago. In
October of the same year, Rev. John Peddie, D.D., then
pastor of the Fourth Baptist Church, of Philadelphia,
became pastor, and resigned in March, 1880. Dr. Ped-
die's administration was a successful one, and his resig-
nation was due to the severity of the climate in this
region. During the administration of Rev. Drs. T. W.
and E. J. Goodspeed, large contributions, amounting to
$41,783, were made to the Baptist Theological Semi-
nary, $34,306 to other benevolent objects, and this dur-
ing the years 1872-74, so marked by financial depression.
In October, 1880, Rev. W. M. Lawrence, D.D., of
the Spring Garden Baptist Church, Philadelphia, suc-
ceeded to the pastorate. During his administration
eight hundred members have been received into the
church and a debt of $10,000 on the property paid.
REV. \YII.I.I\\I M.\M;AM LAWRENCE, D.D., pastor of the
Second liaptist Church, was horn on May n, 1848. He is of dis-
tinguished ancestry on both his father's and mother's side; on his
father's side the first ancestor of whom there is any knowledge was
Sir Robert Lawrence, who accompanied Richard Cc^eur de Lion in
his famous expedition to Palestine, and from whom he received the
honors of Knighthood and a coat of arms, in recognition of his
bravery in being the first to plant the banner of the cross on the
battlements of the town in the memorable siege of St. Jeanne
d'Acre in 1119. Dr. Lawrence was born in a building located on
the present site of the Masonic Hall, Washington, D. C., the son
of William Spencer Lawrence. When his father went into business,
he was taken as a little lad to Brooklyn and sent to school there at
the age of four years; at the age of nine lie entered the Brooklyn
Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute. He received his first lessons
in Greek from I )r. Raymond and his first lesson in Latin from 1 )r.
ISunker, with both of which languages he has been ever since more
or less familiar. He became well grounded in the French language,
by studying under the direction of a French lady who was then
teaching a private school. He passed seven or eight years in the
Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, and completed his
preparations for college with a private tutor, but on account of sick-
ness did not enter college as soon as prepared. Before he was six-
teen years old, he was familiar with Shakespeare, and was firmly
grounded in the history of every country. He matriculated in
Amherst College, which he was compelled to leave on account of ill
health. He then went into business with his father for one year.
He resumed his studies at Madison University, and at Hamilton
Seminary, Hamilton, N. Y., graduating in 1871. He received the
degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in 1870, and, later, the degree of
Master of Arts. Some months afterward he received a unanimous
call to the First Baptist Church at Amsterdam, X. Y., where his
pastorate was very successful. He was ordained on August 5,
1871, at Amsterdam, by Rev. Dr. (;. \V. Clark. Dr. Lawrence then
accepted the pastorate of the Spring < larden Church, Philadelphia,
on November I, 1872, ami during his pastorate of eight years added
three hundred and sixty-seven members to the church. Dr. Law-
rence while in Philadelphia served on the Board of the Pennsylvania
Baptist General Association and of the Pennsylvania Baptist Edu-
cation Society, and was for one term president of the Philadelphia
Conference. He was heartily received upon entering his Philadel-
phia pastorate by the Baptist clergy of the city, and during his stay
was continuously the recipient of every mark of confidence. In
1880, he received a call from the Second Baptist Church of Chicago,
ami, in October, resigned his Philadelphia charge to take that at
('hit ago, succeeding here Rev. Dr. John Peddie. Until 1886, Dr.
Lawrence has received over seven hundred into the church. The de-
gree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on Rev. Mr. Lawrence in
May, 1881, by Morgan Park Theological Seminary, when he was
only thirty-three years of age. < >nc of the highest honors conferred
upon Dr. Lawrence was his election, in 1883, to a membership in
the Victoria Institute, the philosophical society of Great liritain, a
body composed of the most eminent scholars of the world. In
literary matters, he is, by natural taste as well as judgment, inclined
to the study of Lnglish Literature and Civil History. Dr. Law-
rence was married, on September 5, 1871, to Miss Anna Isabella
Hyde, of Hamilton, N. Y. They have two children, — Adelaide
C. and Frederick Spencer.
THK FOURTH BAPTIST CHURCH. — This church dates
from November 12, 1856. Its inception was the work
of Daniel Hurd, of Lowell, Mass. Through his efforts
the Union Park Baptist Church was organized, which
had earlier been a mission Sunday-school on Lake
Street, below Bryan Place During the pastorate of
Rev. E. G. Taylor, from November i, 1865, to October
i, 1870, there was a noteworthy increase in the mem-
bership, amounting to over five hundred. In August,
1873, the Ashland-avenue Baptist Church was organ-
ized. Its membership was, for the most part, drawn
from the Union Park Church. Its only pastor was Rev.
D. 15. Cheney, D.D. In July, 1874, these two ehurches
formed a new society, adopting the title, the Fourth
Baptist Church. Dr. Cheney became the first pastor,
and on his retirement, in 1878. left the church enjoying
great unity and harmony. In the fall of 1878, he was
succeeded by Rev. E. B. Hulbert, whose pastorate of
three years was marked by a steady growth in members
and by the removal of every financial obligation that
rested upon the society. Dr. Hulbert resigned in order
to take the professorship of ecclesiastical history in the
Baptist Seminary at Morgan Park. On January i,
1882, Rev. J. Spencer Kennard, D.D., of Boston, was
invited to the pastorate, and has served the church until
the present time. The membership of the church in
December, 1885, was four hundred and eighty, and the
number enrolled in the Sunday-school was four hundred
and fifty.
There is connected with the church an industrial
school and kindergarten for poor children, with an at-
tendance of more than one hundred. There are also
the usual benevolent societies, and also a Yoke-Fellows'
Band, which consists of and is carried on by young men
for mission purposes in the vicinity. They publish an
illustrated paper called The Day-Spring, of which one
thousand copies are distributed gratuitously every
month. The church owns desirable property on Wash-
ington Boulevard, corner of Paulina Street, on which
stands the house of worship, a frame structure erected
over twenty years ago. The value of the property is
estimated at $25,000, and is without debt.
IMMANUEL BAPTIST CHURCH. — The pastors of this
church from 1871, until its reorganization, were Rev.
Jesse B. Thomas, D.I.)., now of Brooklyn, N. Y., and
Rev. Frank M. Ellis, now of Baltimore. The reorgani-
zation of the church in May, 1881, when the name was
changed from Michigan avenue Baptist Church to
Immanuel Baptist Church, is detailed in the sketch of
the First Baptist Church. From that time to the pres-
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
813
ent, under the administration of Rev. Dr. Lorimer, this
church has been remarkably successful as to its con-
gregation and membership. The annual report for
1885, showed a membership of seven hundred and
years, and during his pastorate performed a work of eminent
Christian usefulness. In 1868, he removed to Albany, N. Y.,
where he remained until 1870, when he became pastor of the
Shawmut-avenue Baptist Church, Boston. This was a church of
more than ordinary literary culture, hence it was natural that he
was met with discriminating criticism; but his inherent abili-
ty, his careful study and his assiduous preparation for the
pulpit, disarmed his critics and won appreciation in the
city and throughout New England. The Shawmut-avenue
Church delayed to provide for the increasing congregations
which assembled to hear the eloquence of Dr. Lorimcr,
and this necessitated (virtually) his acceptance of the pastor-
ate of the Tremont Temple, which had been for some time
earnestly desiring him to take charge of the pulpit. The ardu-
ous character of his pastorate in Boston greatly impaired his health,
anil caused him to consider favorably a proposition from the First
Baptist Church in Chicago. The sequel has shown the wisdom of
the choice. The church enthusiastically rallied to his support,
sixty-four, with a congregation varying from fifteen
hundred to two thousand.
Connected with the church is its flourishing Sunday-
school, of which B. F. Jacobs is the superintendent; the
Industrial School, conducted by
Mrs. J. M. Wood worth; and the
Training School, which seeks to
fit young women, for home and
foreign missionary work, and is
managed by Miss Burdette and
Mrs. Ehlers. In addition to these,
the Tabernacle Mission has for
some time been carried on by
members of this church.
REV. GEORGE C. LORIMER, D.D.,
LL.D., pastor of the Immanuel Baptist
Church, was born near Edinburgh, Scot-
land, on June 4, 1838, and in that city
received his early education. When about
fourteen years of age, he went to sea,
but after one voyage returned to his home
and to school. Circumstances compelling
him to provide for his own maintenance,
he served in the Theatre Royal, Edin-
burgh, during the evenings, and studied
and went to school during the daytime.
From the age of fifteen he was connected
in this way with the theatrical profes-
sion, principally in the business depart-
ment, although occasionally he appeared
on the stage. Determining to devote
himself to this profession, he came to
America when eighteen years of age, and
became a member of a stock company of
a theater at Louisville. Being in the
habit of attending church, he one evening
visited, by invitation, the Walnut-street
Baptist Church, of which Rev. \V. \V.
Everts was the pastor, where a revival
was in progress. He there gave his
heart to the Saviour, made a profession
of religion, and was subsequently bap-
tized by Dr. Everts. lie quietly aban-
doned the histrionic profession and re-
sumed his studies, going to Georgetown
College, Kentucky ; also giving instruc-
tion in elocution, taking part in religious
meetings, and addressing congregations
in neighboring towns. He became con-
vinced that it was his duty to enter the
ministry, and was licensed by the Baptist
Church. The prestige created by his
conversion from the stage, of his won-
derful oratorical power and the fervor of
his addresses, attracted large congrega-
tions wherever he went. At this time,
and for some few years afterward, he
only slept about five hours out of the
twenty-four, devoting the remainder to
the systematization of his work and to his
theological and literary studies. After
a few months he became stated supply at Harrodsburg, Ky.,
where he was ordained in 1859. In that year he married congregation, revival followed and many were added to the mem-
* E. II. Burford, of liar- bership. The stability and promise of the First Church having
INTERIOR OF IMMANUEL BAPTIST CHURCH.
reaction from discouragements helped to increase and inspire the
Miss Belle C. Burford, daughter of
rodsburg, whose literary attainments and earnest religious spirit
have been of great assistance to Dr. Lorimer in his ministry.
In 1860, he removed to 1'aduach, Ky., but shortly afterward
returned to Louisville, and assumed the pastorate of the church
in which he had been baptized. He remained there for seven
been assured, the way seemed open for an effort to restore the
Michigan-avenue Baptist Church. This church had sunk under the
discouragement of debt until its existence was almost despaired of.
Some had urged that the First Church, with its name and tradi-
tions, should return north to that field, and leave their place and
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
property lit the University Place Baptist Church. But after delib-
eration it appeared that the only feasible way to save the Michi-
gan-avenue ( 'hnrch was for the pastor anil a part of the members of
the First Church to go there and rehabilitate it. The First Church
magnanimously encouraged this mo\emenl. and for some months
roniinued the support of the pastor, who preached for them and
CENTRAL BAPTIST CHURCH.
performed all the service of pastor, while preparation for removal
was being made. They gave more than two hundred members.
eighty being from their mission called the Tabernacle, to crown the
iiient with success. The restored Michigan-avenue Baptist
Church has the largest seating capacity of any liaptist Church in
Chicago, and cost over $100,000. During Dr. Lorimer's two pas-
torates in Chicago he has continued to be in great demand as a
lecturer and occasional preacher, and he has refused several over-
tures for settlement in other cities. Dr. I.orimer's mind is con-
servative and loyal to the accepted standards of the Christian faith;
he is neither startled by the irreverence of theological iconoclasts,
nor bewildered by the affected learning of those who declare that
. the Prophets and Christ were no more inspired than are all
men of genius and moral sensibilities. Among Dr. I.orimer's pub-
lished works are " Isms, Old and New," from the press of S. C.
Griggs& Co., Chicago (1881), and "Jesus, the World's Saviour,"
also from the press of S. C. Origgs & Co. (1881). He is also the
author of a work on " Society," recently issued, in which he dis-
cusses the principal social questions of the times, the problems of
"Labor and Capital," " Fducation," "Amusements," etc. lie
has also written a history of liaptist struggles /or liberty, published
by l.ee >Y Shepard, Boston, and has in preparation an exhaustive
treatise on the Peasants' \Var. lie is
the author of several stories, and has
likewise done considerable editorial work
on various papers. Ilis old college made
him I. L.I), in June, 1885.
CENTENNIAL BAPTIST CHURCH.
— This society was formed in
1875, its first meetings being held
in a store on Ogden Avenue. It
was called Centennial Church be-
cause its new building was dedi-
cated on the first Sunday in Jan-
uary, 1876. It is located at the
southeast corner of Lincoln and
Jackson streets, and is a plain
Gothic structure, of brick, erect-
ed at a cost of $8,000. The first
organization, which numbered for-
ty, began as a mission Sunday-
school from the Fourth Baptist
Church, and later was turned over
to the Second Baptist Society.
In 1873, the great influx into its
neighborhood led to an organiza-
tion. The first pastor, Rev. N. E.
Wood, D.D., remained two years,
and under him the church en-
joyed great prosperity. Rev. 1 >r.
C. E. Hewitt," of Peoria, 111., fol-
lowed for two years, after which
the church was carried on by sup-
plies for eight or nine months. In
December, 1879, Rev. A. K. Par-
ker, D.U., came from Poughkeep-
sie, N. Y., to its pulpit, where he
still remains. The church debt,
$5,300, was lifted in September,
1885.
Among active and prominent
members of this society may he
mentioned Dr. John M. Gregory,
of the Civil Service Commission,
and C. C. Kohlsaat, who has been
for ten years the superintendent
of its Sunday-school.
WESTERN - AVENUE BAPTIST
CHURCH. — This church began as
a mission Sunday-school. It was
founded by the Union Park, now
Fourth Baptist, Church. On
Thanksgiving Day, 1867, a few
members of the Union Park
Church, with their pastor, Rev.
Dr. E. G. Taylor, laid the corner-stone of the pres-
ent edifice on a lot donated by Dr. Boone, on the
corner of Warren and Western avenues. In the fol-
lowing spring, the building was completed. In Jan-
uary, 1869, Rev. John Gordon, then a student at
Chicago University, was elected pastor, under whom
the present organization was perfected. In 1875, he was
succeeded by Rev. John Irving, a student from Spur-
geon's College, London, Eng. Three years of struggle
followed, owing to the financial stress of the times.
Rev. Mr. Irving returned to England, and, in 1877,
Rev. C. Perren, Ph. I)., of St. Catherine's, Out., suc-
ceeded. There was a debt on the old building of about
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
$6,000, which, through Mr. Perren's efforts, has been
paid; the structure has also been enlarged and improved
at an expense of $14,000, by the addition of basement
and gallery, increasing the seating capacity to eight
hundred. The present indebtedness on the property,
amounting to about $6,000, is largely provided for.
LASALLE-AVENUE BAPTIST CHURCH. — This society
was formerly known as the North Star Mission. The
great fire of 1871 having destroyed their chapel, the
society erected three stores with a hall above, in which
they worshiped until 1883. Later, three additional
stores were built. During this period the pastors were
Revs. E. R. Pierce, J. M. Whitehead, R. P. Allison and
Joseph Rowley. Owing to the changes in the popu-
lation, occasioned by the fire, the society met with
various disappointments and reverses, and soon an-
nounced a willingness to disband, if the Baptists of the
neighborhood would unite and complete a new organi-
zation, offering afthe same time to donate to such new
organization their entire property. The offer met with
a hearty response. Rev. Travis B. Thomas, of Shelby-
ville, Ky., became the pastor, and soon perfected the
organization, a new chapel was erected between Division
and Goethe streets, and the old North Star Mission
became the LaSalle-avenue Baptist Church. The
chapel was opened, free of debt, in January, 1885. It
is a brick structure, having a main audience-room capa-
ble of seating five hundred persons, and two smaller
rooms for Sunday-school and other purposes. The
property on the corner of Division and Sedgwick streets
was sold in December, 1885, for $70,000, enough to
clear the incumbrance upon it and furnish the nucleus
of a new building fund.
CENTRAL BAPTIST CHURCH. — The Central Baptist
Church was organized on June 23, 1873. Rev. C. H.
DeWolfe had preached for this body before that event,
in a chapel on the corner of Center and Dayton streets,
built and owned by Rev. Mr. Cooper, of the Reformed
Episcopal Church, for which this church paid thirty dol-
lars a month rent. The church, upon its organization, was
named Immanuel Baptist Church. Rev. C. H. DeWolfe
was chosen pastor, and remained with the church eleven
months, his resignation taking effect on May 31, 1875.
On June 16 following, J. D. Burr, a student in the Bap-
tist Union Theological Seminary, became pastor, and
was ordained on August 7, 1875. Just previous to this
the society removed to a store-room near the corner of
Halsted Street and Garfield Avenue, where it continued
until August, 1876, and then removed to the chapel, No.
290 Orchard Street. On May 6, 1877, Rev. Mr. Burr
tendered his resignation, and Rev. E.O.Taylor, of Ionia,
Mich., was called on July 19, 1877. In the following
September, the church removed to Chicago Avenue,
with the view of receiving the remaining members of
the North Baptist Church, which had not been re-built
after the fire, with such property as might come into its
possession. The church re-organized on October 10,
1877, under the statute, and adopted the name of Central
Baptist Church, and at the same time received large
accessions to its membership. After six months, it be-
came evident that it would be advisable to remove tem-
porarily to the chapel on Orchard Street. There the
church soon became self-sustaining, and on November
24, 1 88 1, having received from the North Baptist Church
$1,500, a lot was purchased on the corner of Halsted
Street and Belden Avenue, at a cost of $3,500, which
was paid for in cash. In August, 1884, the building on
Orchard Street was sold, and temporary refuge was
taken in a store-room known as Temperance Hall, No.
721 Larrabee Street. On October 7, 1884, ground was
broken for the new building, on the corner of Halsted
Street and Belden Avenue, which was completed and
dedicated on December 13, 1885.
OTHER CHURCHES. — South Baptist Church, Rev. Carlos Swift,
pastor; Olivet Baptist Church (colored). Rev. II. H. White, pastor;
Bethesda Baptist Church (colored), Rev. A. 1). Podd, pastor; North
Ashland-avenue Baptist Church; Millard-uvenue Baptist Church;
Providence Baptist Church (colored), Kev. J. W. Polk, pastor;
Ilumboklt Park Baptist Church, Rev. C. H. Holden, pastor; Fir^t
German Baptist Church, Kev. Jacob Meier, pastor; Second German
Baptist Church, Rev. Franz Friedrich, pastor; First Swedish Bap-
tist Church, Rev. E. Ongman, pastor; Second Swedish llaptist
Church, Rev. E. Sandell, pastor; the Scandinavian Baptist Church,
organized in 1884.
Kiev. JACOB MEIER, pastor of the First German liaptist
Church, was born in Baden, Germany, on September 6, 1839.
His father was Jacob Meier, a farmer, and now living in Iowa. His
mother, Susanna (Euderlin) Meier, died in Germany in 1854. Jacob
Meier attended the public schools in Germany and also studied
with private instructors. Me came to America in 1857, his father
not coming until 1859. He attended evening schools in New York
City for three years, working at his trade as a shoemaker to earn
his livelihood. In 1859, he was converted to Christianity, and
joined the First German Baptist Church in New York City, lie
was also connected with the Sunday-school, and held various
offices in the church. In 1861, he went to Cincinnati, and at the
time of the first Morgan raid was a member of the 371)1 Ohio
Volunteer Infantry, three months' men, in which he served his time
as a private soldier. He then returned to Cincinnati and resumed
work at his trade. In 1864, he went to Muscatine, Iowa, where he-
was licensed to preach. In order the better to qualify himself for
the work of the ministry, to which he had resolved to devote his
life, he attended Rochester Theological Seminary, one year. He
commenced to preach at Muscatine, Iowa, where he was ordained
in June, 1871. He was pastor of the First < ierman Baptist Church
of Muscatine until 1877. The church there increased in member-
ship during his six years' pastorate from sixty-two to one hundred
and seventy-six. In 1878, he came to Chicago to perform the du-
ties of pastor of the First German Baptist Church, a position he
retains at the present time. The membership of his church has in-
creased from 225 to 380 ; in 1882, forty-seven members were dis-
missed therefrom to organize a church at South Chicago. In
1884 his church erected a brick edifice at a cost of $13,000, at the
corner of Willow and Burling streets, which is now occupied by a
mission, but which is soon to be organized as the Second German
Baptist Church of Chicago. Rev. Mr. Meier was married on Feb-
ruary 22, 1864, to Miss Mary Hofflin, daughter of Matthias Hof-
flin, of Muscatine, Iowa. They have had eight children, seven of
whom are living, as follows : Frederick, John, Mary, Emma,
George, William, and Ernest.
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. — The institution of this Uni-
versity dates from 1854. About that time Hon. Stephen A. Doug-
las offered the late Rev. Dr. A. D. Eddy, and he in turn the Presby-
terians of the city, a piece of land on which to erect an institution
of learning. The Presbyterians, however, did not accept the offer;
but Rev. Dr. J. C. Burroughs, representing the Baptists, and at
that time pastor of the First Baptist Church of Chicago, took the
matter in hand and proposed the building of a college that should
be controlled by his denomination. The result was, that Mr. Doug-
las, on April 2, 1856, made a contract with Dr. Burroughs, convey-
ing to him the site on which the University of Chicago now stands,
provided that he would procure the organization of a board of trus-
tees under the law of 1845, and assign his contract to them, and
that such board of .trustees should erect a University building on the
premises, to cost $100,000, — $25,000 to be expended before May I,
1857, $25,000 before May I, 1858, and the remaining $50,000 to be
expended prior to or within the year 1860. These conditions being
complied with, Senator Douglas agreed to deed the ten acres of land
to the board of trustees. Owing, however, to the divided interest
of the Baptist denomination among various institutions in this and
neighboring States, many influential persons looked upon the enter-
prise with .disfavor. The board failed to complete the foundations
of the proposed building according to the conditions imposed. On
November to, 1856, Senator Douglas granted an extension of time,
and added the following limitations:
" This extension is granted upon the condition, and with the
understanding, that the title of said land shall forever remain in
said University for the purposes expressed in said agreement, and
that no part of the same shall ever be sold or alienated or used for
any purpose whatever."
During July and August, 1856, $100,000 was subscribed, and
subsequently $150,000 more, but on account of the financial de-
pression of 1857-58, many of the subscriptions became valueless.
The work went slowly forward. Plans for the University building
were submitted by Boyington & Wheelock, and were adopted by the
8i6
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
board in M;iy, 1857. The design presented a main building will)
two wings, connected by corridors, and a bell-tower one hundred
and fifty-six feet in height; the entire structure of Athens marble,
rock-faced, with mouldings; containing spacious rooms for recita-
tions, libraries, president, professors, and societies, anil two chapels,
the larger capable of accommodating eight hundred persons. In the
attic there was to be a large gymnasium, and one wing was to contain
dormitories and studies for one hundred students.
( )n July 6, iSsU. a public meeting of the citizens of Chicago
mil vicinity was held, at which time a preliminary organization was
cifected, and within si\i\ davs SHKVVXI was subscribed, as slated
abo\e. I >n January 30, 1857, an act was passed by the Legislature
of Illinois, incorporating the institution.
The incorporators of the I'nivcrsity held their first meeting on
May 21, iSj7, at which the following Hoard of Trustees was ap-
pointed: lion. Stephen A. Douglas, president; William Jones,
president of the executive committee; Charles Walker and James
11. Woodworth, vice-presidents; Iliram A. Tucker, treasurer;
Robert II. Clarkson, recording secretary; Samuel Hoard, l.evi 1).
. K. D. Taylor, John II. Kin/ie, John C. Burroughs, Walter
S. (iurnee, Thomas lloyne, A. J. Joslyn, J. K. Pollard, James K.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.
Burtis, Robert Boyd, C. N. Holden, and William B. Ogden, all of
Chicago; Mason Bray man, Springfield; James Dunlap, Jackson-
ville; Jchabod Clark, Kockford; Charles 11. Roe, Belvidere; Elijah
(love, Ouincy; II. ( ;. Wcston, I'eoria; S. <',. Miner, Canton; N.
\Y. Miner, Springfield; James R. Doolittle, Racine, \Vis.; Thomas
Maple, Canton; D. Valentine, Aurora; X. C.. Collins, La Moille;
J. Bulkley, Upper Alton; R. S. Thomas, Virginia City, Mason Co.;
John Dement, Dixon; J. II. Manton, Quincy; Rev. Dr. Francis
Wayland, Providence, R. I. On the next day the Board of Trus-
tees held their first meeting, electing their officers and appointing
the following executive committee: William [ones, president;
John C. Burroughs, secretary; Samuel Hoard, Levi D. Boone,
Charles Walker, J. II. Woodworth, H. A. Tucker and Robert H.
Clarkson. The following additional appointments were also made:
Justin A. Smith, corresponding secretary; J. I!. Olcott, general
agent; J. Young Scammon, librarian; John M. Woodworth, cura-
tor of the museum; William H. Bushnell, steward.
The executive committee immediately adopted the plans, and
the corner-stone of the University was laid on July 4, 1857. Hon.
Thomas Drummond was presiding officer of the day, and made a
brief speech. After the opening prayer by Rev. John E. Roy,
Rev. John C. liurroughs gave a history of the enterprise, and in-
troduced Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, who, though too ill to speak,
was present and was enthusiastically received. The chief address
of the occasion was delivered by /Ion. Isaac N. Arnold. After
several other speeches, the stone was laid with appropriate cere-
, T ,*r r, .,, _,. r r i ju_jin%_ i_iv,\-nvyn UL i i\ju. i > mid in i», v^/i/ tlCll. U IK)
monies, by J. V. Z. Blaney. I he committee of arrangements for in that office until his death, on August 3 1877 In the e
the day was Cyrus Bcntley. Ceorge C. Walker, M. B. Smith, J. T. of 1864, steps were taken to erect the main building. Thi
Edwards, C. I. Boggs, D. L. Jacobus, C. Bridges and T. Day. of the structure cost $122, ooo, the money for which on a(
\ot long after this the institution met its first adversity. The
financial embarrassments of that year rendered it impossible to col-
lect many of the subscriptions that had been made. The trustees
met on August (>, 1857, for the purpose of signing contracts for the
completion of the building, but concluded to discontinue the work,
and nothing was done for more than a year. l!y the original con-
tract and the extension, $50,000 should, by this time, have been
expended on the building; but, not being able to raise the funds,
the board had expended but $7,000. Both original contract and
extension had therefore been forfeited, and Senator Douglas had it
in his power to reclaim the property. Instead of doing this, how-
ever, on August 31, 1858, he executed an unconditional deed ol the
ten acres of land to the board of trustees of the University, his
object being to enable the trustees to mortgage the land and raise
the money with which to continue building. At a meeting of the
trustees, held on September 7, 1858, the following resolution was
passed :
" A'fsoh'fii, by this board, that the University grounds, and
the building to be located thereon, be mortgaged or conveyed by
trust-deed, as herein provided, as security for a loan or loans not
exceeding the sum of $25,000, and for a term not exceeding live
years, to secure the erection of the University build-
ings, and that the president and vice-president or
secretary of the board be and they are hereby au-
thorized and directed to execute such trust-deed or
mortgage."
With the money obtained on this mortgage, the
erection of the building proceeded, and by Febru-
ary 10, 1859, the south wing and corridor were fin-
ished. In the meantime the trustees resolved to
begin the work of instruction. A faculty was
elected, consisting of Rev. John C. Burroughs,
D.D., president and professor of moral and intel-
lectual philosophy; Albert H. Mixer, A.M., of Roch-
ester, professor of Greek language and literature;
and I.e Roy Satterlee, A.M., professor of English
language and literature. Instruction was com-
menced by the president and these two professors
on September 29, 1858. Six students were enrolled,
and preparatory classes organized the same day in
St. Paul's Universalist Church, corner of Wabash
Avenue and Van Buren Street. The University was
divided into three departments — the Academic, or
Higher English and Classical School, a Collegiate
Department, and a Scientific Department, which
excluded ancient languages but retained the modern.
At a meeting of the executive committee, on April
5, 1859, it was resolved to organize a Department of
Law, and on Monday evening, April II, 1859,3
meeting of the Board of Counsellors of the Law-
Department was held, at which Hon. Thomas
Hoyne stated the object of the proposed depart-
ment. For the endowment of a Law Department
in connection with the University, Mr. lloyne sub-
scribed $5,000, and Messrs. Hoyne, Dickey and
McCagg were appointed a committee to secure a
suitable person to take charge of this branch.
The University chapel was opened on June 26, 1859, the ser-
mon being preached by Rev. II. K. (ireen. " The first annual com-
mencement exercises were held on Thursday, July 21, 1859, at which
time the institution was dedicated.
The committee selected to secure a suitable person to take
charge of the Law Department reported, July 20, in favor of open-
ing it on September 2, 1859, and placing it 'in charge of Professor
Henry Booth, recently of the State and National Law School of
Poughkeepsie, N. V., and recommending as his associates John M.
Wilson and (Irani (loodrich, judges of the Superior Court of Chi-
cago. Accordingly the Law School was opened on that day, in the
rooms of Bryant \ Stratum's Commercial College, the address
being delivered by David Dudley Field, of New York. The next
day the work of the school commenced with thirty students.
On September 7, 1859, A. J. Sawyer was elected professor of
mathematics and principal of trie preparatory department; and on
the I3th John M. Woodworth was chosen naturalist of the Univer-
sity and curator of the Museum. The second year opened with 178
pupils in attendance. E. C. Johnson, of New York, a thorough
and accomplished scholar, was added to the faculty, becoming pro-
fessor of Latin. The first senior class, which graduated in July,
1861, was composed of Charles Trufant Scammon and Thomas
Worcester Hyde.
The vacancy in the presidency of the board of trustees, occa-
sioned by the death of Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, on Junes, 1861,
was filled by the election of Hon. William B. Ogden, who remained
early part
s portion
on account of
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
8I7
the inability of the authorities to collect the subscriptions in time
(which had been solicited mainly by Professor A. H. Mixer), was
in part raised by a mortgage upon the ten acres of ground and
University building, in favor of the Union Mutual Life Insurance
Company of Maine. This was for $15,000, and was a second
mortgage upon the property, the first being for $25,000. Other
sums were advanced by this company from time to time, until 1866.
The main building was completed in 1865. In 1867, the
indebtedness of the institution was $100,000, and a special effort
was made to clear it off. A meeting was held on May 30, in front
of the main edifice, and addressed by Hon. William B. Ogden,
Hon. Thomas Hoyne, and others in favor of the project. This
effort was stimulated by a proposal of Mr. Ogden to the effect that,
in case the sum of $100,000 should be raised, he would himself
erect the north wing of the University, the estimated cost of which
was $50,000. This wing was to be called Ogden Hall, as the main
building was called Douglas Hall. The south wing, to which
William Jones had so liberally contributed (Mr. Jones's donations up
to this time amounted to $30,000), and to whom the University was
indebted in its earlier struggles, was named Jones Hall.
About this time the chair of Greek was endowed, the fund
being obtained mainly in New York by Rev. W. W. Everts, pastor
of the First Baptist CTmrch; and the endowment of another chair
was nearly completed by Rev. John C. Burroughs, assisted by Rev.
Drs. N. M. Miner and Charles H. Roe.
1 luring the earlier history of the University, the following
named gentlemen were officers of its board:
J'lvsii/t'iits : Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, to his death, June 3,
1861; and Hon. William H. Ogden, to August 3, 1877.
l-'irst \~icc - Presidents : Hon. Charles Walker, until 1868;
Hon. J. Young Scammon, until 1879.
S,-,-,'inl Vice-Preridents : Hon. J. H. Woodworth, until 1863;
Hon. I. Young Scammon, until 1869; Hon. Samuel Hoard, until
1875.
'/'>;; isiin-rs: II. A. Tucker, until 1863; Hon. J. H. Wood-
worth, until 1*70; Rev. Charles Hill Roe, D.D., until 1873.
S,r>-:-f,!i-i\:t ; Rev. Robert H. Clarkson, D.D., until 1860 ;
Rev. Robert A. Smith, until 1865; Cyrus Bentley, until 1873.
The faculty, during the same period, was as follows : Presi-
dent, and 1'rofessor of moral and intellectual philosophy — -Rev.
John C. Burroughs, D.I I., until 1875. Professor of Greek lan-
guage and literature — Albert H. Mixer, A.M., until 1868; James
R. Boise, Ph.D., until 1877. Professor of Latin language and lit-
erature— Edwin C. Johnson, A.M., until his death, July 3, 1863;
Joseph C. Breck, one year; vacancy, one year; J. William Stearns,
A.M., 1865 to 1875. Professor of mathematics — Alonzo J. Saw-
yer, A.M., until 1869; vacant one year, when Alonzo J. Howe, A.
M., principal of the preparatory department, became acting pro-
fessor of mathematics. Professor of chemistry, geology and mine-
ralogy— [. 11. McChesney, A.M., until 1869. Professor of astron-
omy, and Director of the Dearborn Observatory — Truman Henry
SalTord, A. H., until the fire of 1871. Hoyne Professor of interna-
tional and constitutional law — Henry Booth, A.M., until 1874.
Hon. John M. Wilson, Hon. Grant Goodrich, Harvey B. Hurd,
and Hon. John A. Jameson were all professors in the Law Depart-
ment, during this period. Besides there were from time to time
various other professors in the respective departments, as Hon.
Digby V. Bell, professor of commercial science; William Tilling-
hast, professor of vocal music; Joseph O. Hodnot, professor of
civil engineering and natural sciences; C. Gilbert Wheeler, pro-
fessor of analytical and applied chemistry; and Elias Colbert, hon-
orary assistant and director of the Dearborn Observatory.
In 1*75, Dr. Burroughs, having resigned the presidency, was
elected chancellor, and Hon. James R. Doolittle served as presi-
dent pro tern, until the election of Rev. Lemuel Moss, D.D., who
continued one year, and was succeeded by Hon. Alonzo Abernethy,
formerly superintendent of public instruction in Iowa, who retained
the office until 1878. Mr. Abernethy was followed by Rev. Dr.
Galusha Anderson, until the close of the academic year 1885.
The years from 1875 to 1881, inclusive, bore very severely on
the University, owing to the financial crisis in the country. The
internal affairs, however, were never better than during these years;
the number of students was large, and a competent and efficient
corps of instructors was maintained. In the earlier years of the
University, about twenty scholarships of one thousand dollars each,
had been endowed for indigent students. But so great was the
financial stress at this period that this money, as well as that of the
twenty-thousand-dollar Greek professorship, was consumed, except-
ing six hundred dollars, in paying interest, and in the current
expenses of the institution. Great credit is due Rev. Galusha An-
derson, for his efforts in meeting the current expenses during his
administration, all the indebtedness, excepting that of the mort-
gage, being paid, mostly by his personal solicitations.
The money obtained from the Union Mutual Life Insurance
Company of Maine amounted to nearly $64,000, for interest on
which $25,000 had been paid by the University; yet at the fore-
52
closure, in the winter of 1885, the decree of indebtedness, including
expenses thereof, was $320,000. The trustees have recently deci-
ded not to assume the liquidation of this indebtedness, and will give
up the University property to its creditors.
PROFESSOR NAIIIAMKI. Br TI.EK, JR., M.A., was born on
May 22, 1853, at Eastport, Maine. His father, Nathaniel Butler,
is a Baptist minister, who since 1881, on account of ill health, has
been engaged with the Hollowell Granite Co. of "Maine. The
father of Nathaniel Butler, Sr., was J'ohn Butler, whose father,
John Butler, emigrated from England and settled in New York in
1780. His mother, Mrs. Jeannette L. (Emery) Butler, was a
daughter of Judge Stephen Emery, also of English ancestry, who
was attorney-general of Maine in 1839, under < io\ei nor Eairlield.
Both parents are still living. After spending seven or eight years
in the common schools, Nathaniel Butler began his preparations for
college at Watervilie, Maine, in 1868, under the celebrated teacher
and scholar, James II. Hanson. In the fall of 1869, he entered
Colby University, at Watervilie, and remained a student there until
he graduated, in June, 1873, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
In the fall of 1873, he came to Illinois, and took the position of
assistant principal of Ferry Hall, Lake Forest, where he remained
associated with Edward P. Weston, I, L.I)., three years. In 1876,
the school was removed to Highland I'ark, and I'rofessor Butler
sustained the same relations to the school there as at Lake Forest,
until 1879. He then taught a private school for boys one year in
Chicago, and then went back to Highland Park as principal of the
Ladies' Seminary, to succeed Edward P. Weston, LL.D., who had
died in 1879. After serving four years in that capacity, he was
elected professor of English literature, rhetoric and logic, in the
University of Chicago, which position he now fills. In the spring
of 1884, he was ordained to the Baptist ministry, and has since
filled various pulpits, but has assumed no regular pastorate. I'ro-
fessor Butler was married on April 28, iSSi, to Miss Florence R.
Sheppard, daughter of Albert M. and Anna M. (Titsworth) Shep-
pard, of New Jersey. They have one child, — Sheppard Emery.
PROFESSOR ALFRED AU.KN BKNNETT, B.S., professor of
chemistry and geology in the University of Chicago, was born on
November 30, 1848, at Milford, N. H. His father, Rhodolphus
D. Bennett, was a man of liberal education, a farmer, and of Scotch
ancestry. He died in January, 1885. The Bennett family settled
in Connecticut early in the history of the colony, and their descend-
ants are now to be found in all parts of the United States. Pro-
fessor Bennett's mother was Mrs. Mary (Woodward) Bennett,
daughter of Isaac Woodward, a farmer of Merrimac, N. II. The
subject of this sketch attended the public schools of his native place
and, from 1869 to 1871, the Massachusetts State Normal School, at
Bridgewater. He was then principal of the Grammar School at
Manchester, N. H., two years, and, from 1873 to 1877, he attended
the University of Michigan, graduating in the latter year with the
degree of Bachelor of Science. After graduating, he returned to
the University to pursue a post-graduate course, and remained
there until February, 1878, in which month he was elected pro-
fessor of natural science in the Michigan Military Academy, at
Orchard Lake, Oakland Co., Mich. He remained in this position
two years and a half, and in the summer of iSSo returned to the
University of Michigan to continue his post-graduate studies. He
was thus engaged until February, 1881, when he was elected pro-
fessor of natural science in the Iowa Wesleyan University, at
Mount Pleasant. He remained there two and a half years, until
|une, 1883, at which time he was elected professor of chemistry and
geology in the University of Chicago. Here he has done all that
could be done, considering the financial straits of the University, to
establish and build up laboratories in the chemical, biological and
physical departments, and has made very gratifying progress in
each of these departments, but more especially in that of chemistry.
Professor Bennett was married on July I, 1878, to Miss Amelia E.
Chapin, of Ann Arbor, Mich., who, like himself, is of New England
ancestry. They have no children.
PROFESSOR OSCAR HOWES, A.M., was born on April 30,
1831, at Brewster, N. Y. His father was Bailey Howes, a farmer, of
English ancestry, and his mother was Mary (Cole) Howes, daughter
of Obed Cole, of Carmel, N. Y. After spending the usual time in
the district school and upon his father's farm, he entered the pre-
paratory department of Madison University, and graduated there-
from with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1850. He then spent
one year as resident graduate at the University of Rochester. He
then went to Europe, where he remained two years, part of the time
in the Universities of Berlin and Munich, the object in going abroad
being to familiarize himself with the French and German lan-
guages. In 1854, he became professor of Latin and Greek in
Shurtleff College. Upper Alton, 111., in which position he remained
nineteen years, spending one year of the time in travelling through
Europe, Egypt and the Holy Land. In the summer of 1874, he
became professor of Latin and modern languages in Madison
University, where he remained until 1882, when he became pro-
fessor of modern languages in the University of Chicago. Professor
8i8
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
Howes was married on August S, iSjS, in Miss Adelaide I-'.. I la/en,
at Faribauh. Minn. They have three children, — Mary 1... Aura
I-'., and Nellie.
PKiM-TSSKK l.l-.WIS SlCAKT, M.A., prOfCSSOT OI I .Utlll lall-
..uagc and literature in the University of Chicago, was horn in
Glasgow, X-otlaml, on December 12, 1847. His father, Lewis
Stuart, was a merchant of Glasgow, and was for twenty years an
elder in the llarony Parish Presbyterian Church. His mother's
maiden name was Mary Home. Lewis Stuart was educated at the
high school, and afterward at the I 'Diversity of Glasgow, which he
attended from iSf«> to [863. I le then taught one year in Scotland,
and one year at St. James's Collegiate School at St. Heliers, on the
Island of Jersey, lie then returned to Scotland to settle up the
estate of his father who had recently died. In 1869, accompanied
by his mother and her other three children, he came to the United
States, and settled at C.raml Rapids, Mich. From 1871 to 1879,
lie was engaged in Kaiama/oo College as professor of Greek, and
in the latter "year he was elected professor of the Latin language
and literature in the University of Chicago. Professor Stuart was
married on July 28, 1877. to Miss Lva Louise \Vinans, at Cold-
water, Mich." She was born at Klmira, N. V., on. April 7, 1851.
Professor and Mrs. Stuart have three children,— Augusta Glessner,
Kdna Olson, and Florence Louise.
THE CHICAGO SOCIETY OF THE NEW
JERUSALEM.
The early history of this religious organization is
given in Volume I. of this work. After the great fire,
this society sold its lot on Adams Street, and purchased
property on Eighteenth Street and a lot at the corner
of West Washington Street and Ogden Avenue, erect-
in.;; houses of worship, and, at the same time, securing
a parsonage adjoining the Eighteenth-Street Hall. In
1871, Rev. Mr. Hibbard went to Europe for the im-
provement of his health. During his absence, the ser-
vices were conducted by Rev. Calvin Day Noble, anil
upon Mr. Hibbard's return there was a division in the
society, Mr. Noble and his friends organizing a separate
society, which, however, soon became extinct. The in-
terests of the Swedenborgian society suffered much
through the panic of 1873, and not being able to sup-
port their minister, he became a general missionary of
the General Convention.
In March, 1877, some members of the church desir-
ing a younger minister and a more central place of
worship, formed a new society called the Union Sweden-
borgian Society. Rev. L. P. Mercer was called to be
their pastor, and worship was instituted in Hershey
Music Hall, on Madison Street.
In the spring of 1881, the society sold the lot on the
corner of Prairie Avenue and Eighteenth Street, pur-
chased a site on Van Buren Street, between Wabash
and Michigan avenues, and began the erection of a
church-edifice. The corner-stone was laid on June 8,
and the lecture room was occupied on November 6.
During the summer of 1881, the Union Swedenborgian
Church, worshiping in Hershey Hall, being invited to
unite its membership with the parent society, made an
application in the name of eighty of its communicants,
who were received into the Chicago Society on Novem-
ber 6, the first Sunday in the Van Buren-street Temple.
Rev. L. P. Mercer served the society until in January,
1882, when he was formally installed as pastor of the
Chicago Society, which office he still retains. In June,
1882, the auditorium was completed and the church
dedicated. The cost of the church, with lot, was about
$60,000.
The society owns valuable property in the North
and West divisions ; a lot on North Clark Street, cor-
ner of Menominee, on which is erected a temporary
chapel; and a lot on Washington Boulevard, corner of
Ogden Avenue, on which stands a commodious house
of worship, built in 1872. In the summer of 1885, the
society sold the Ogden Avenue front of the West Divi-
sion lot to the Zion's Jewish; Congregation, and with
the proceeds of the sale paid all its indebtedness, and
re-furnished the interior of the Union Park Chapel. All
the property of the society is now free from incum-
brance. The Lincoln Park and the Union Park chapels
have been occupied for some years by congregations
composed in part of members of the society. During
the summer of 1885, these congregations were organ-
ized into Immanuel Church of the New Jerusalem and
connected with the General Church of Pennsylvania, a
co-ordinate body with the Illinois Association. Since
the organization of an independent society, the Chicago
Society has resumed the occupancy of these places of
worship, and missionary services are conducted in them
by the pastor. The present membership of the Swe-
denborgian Church in this city, is about two hundred.*
CHRISTIAN CHURCHES.
There are three churches of this denomination in
Chicago: First'Church, corner of West Jackson Street
and Oakley Avenue: Central Church, corner of Indiana
Avenue and Twenty-fifth Street, Rev. Henry Schell
Lobingier, pastor; and West Side Church, corner of
Western Avenue and West Congress Street, Rev. John
W. Allen, pastor.
KKV. HKNKY SCIIKI.I. I.oiuxciKR, pastor of the Central Chris-
tian Church, was born at Laurelville, Westmoreland Co., 1'enn.. on
October 27, 1849. His father, Jacob Lobingier, was of German
descent, and his mother, Lillias V. (Stewart) Lobingier, was de-
scended from the Scotch-Irish and French. At the age of seven-
teen he entered liethany College, \V. Ya., which, after spending
nearly two sessions in close application to study, he was obliged to
leave on account of failing health. In September, lS6cj, he re-
entered the college, and graduated therefrom in 1873. Immediately
upon graduation he was called to the church at Morrisania, N. N'.,
where he remained over live years. 1 Hiring this pastorate the mem-
bership of the church was doubled, and the church itself lifted upon
a plane of larger prosperity and greater usefulness. At the invita-
tion of the First Christian Church in Philadelphia, Penn., he re-
moved to that city in October, 1878, and remained pastor over four
jears, and while there did much to encourage the missionary spirit
among his people, which led eventually to the organization of the
Third and Fourth Christian churches. In the summer of 1882, the
church in Chicago having united to form the Centra! Church, Rev.
Mr. Lobingier was invited to occupy the pulpit. The invitation
was accepted and he began to preach in January, 1883. lie still
remains with this congregation and rejoices in its increased harmony,
its present peace, and in its bright prospects for the future. Since
he came, about sixty new members have united with the church.
Kev. Mr. Lobingier married Miss Annie II. Sinclair, of Morrisania,
N. Y. They have two children, a son and a daughter. The Lo-
bingier family were among the pioneers of Western Pennsylvania,
and the old homestead has been in their possession for more than a
century. The natural beauty of the scenery in its vicinity exerted
a powerful influence upon the mind and heart of the boy who grew
up in its midst. His imaginative and reflective faculties were rap-
icily developed by the companionship of mountains and brooks, as
is manifest in his literary work, in which he excels. lie is a fre-
quent contributor to the press, especially to denominational period-
icals, and is now engaged upon a work designed as an answer to
the statement of P. C. Mo/.oomdar, in his book " The Oriental
Christ," that it is impossible to correctly apprehend the nature of
Christ except through oriental eyes.
EVANGELICAL CHURCHES.
FIRST GERMAN EMANUEL CHURCH OK THE EVAN-
GELICAL ASSOCIATION. — This church, escaping the great
fire of 1871, fell prey to that of July, 1874, when the
congregation removed to their present site, corner of
Thirty-fifth and Dearborn streets. Two lots were pur-
chased, and the church-edifice, transferred from another
society, was moved and placed upon them. The church-
* The compiler is indebted, for the data contained in this sketch, to the
pamphlet of Dr. Alvan E. Small and to Rev. L. 1'. Mercer.
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
8iq
building is a small frame structure with basement. It
has a seating capacity for six hundred persons, and, with
the lots, is estimated to be worth $14,000. In the fall of
1884, a parsonage was purchased for $4,500.
The present membership of the church is about two
hundred, with a Sunday-school roll of about the same
number.
The names of the pastors, during the period covered
by this volume, have been as follows : Revs. \V. I-'.
Walker, J. K. Grob, Christian On, Theodore Alberding,
Christian Ott, and Michael Heyl, the present pastor,
who was appointed in 1884.
Kiev. MiriiAiu. HEYI, pastor of the First Church of the Evan-
gelical Association, was born on November 17, 1839, at Klastadt,
I Iessen-1 larmstadt, Germany. His father was Christian Heyl, and
his mother l.arbara (I'.ohland) Heyl. They came to America in
1847, and settled at Springfield, Ohio, where they remained until
1852, when they came to Groveland, Tazewell Co., 111., and still
later went to Mason County. Michael lleyl obtained his education
at the public schooUiof Springfield, Ohio, and in Illinois. In iSoi,
lie entered the ministry, joined the Conference at Des I'laines, and
was sent to the Genesee circuit as an itinerary. In 1862, he was
sent to the Yellow Creek circuit, and after five months, this circuit
being divided, he was sent to the Rush Creek circuit, and there re-
mained the balance of the two years, at the end of which time he
was sent back to the Yellow Creek circuit. The year 1866-67, he
was .in the C.enesee circuit, ami was then stationed at Kanknkec.
In lS6(), he was sent to the Folk-street Church, Chicago, and, in
1871, went to Des I'laines. From there he was sent to Gencsee,
where he remained from 1873 to 1876. Thence he was sent to the
Twelfth-street Church, Chicago, and in 1878 to St. John's Church,
Chicago. In 1881, he was sent to the Centennial Church, where
he remained until 1884, wh'en he was sent to his present charge.
Since he commenced his labors with this church, it has considerably
increased in number and has bought a parsonage on Dearborn
Street, for which $4, 500 was paid. Rev. Mr. Heyl was married on
June 2, 1864, to Miss Catharine Christina Sehroth, and has had
eight children, seven of whom, four sons and three daughters, are
living.
SECOND CHURCH OF THE EVANGELICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.— After the fire, this society re-built its church-
edifice on the old foundations, at an expense of about
$9,000. It is a two-story Gothic structure, with a seat-
ing accommodation for four hundred. Rev. Hintze,
pastor at the time of the fire, was followed by those
named below, in the order given : Revs. A. Goeckley,
George Escher, Theodore Alberding, C. Ott, H. Ro-
land, and Martin Stumm, the present minister. The
membership of this church is one hundred and seventy-
five.
Kiev. MARTIN STAMM, pastor of the Second Church of the
Kvangelical Association, was born on July 18, 1838, at Schleit-
heini, Canton Schal'fhausen, Switzerland. He came to America
on January 8, 1852, and lived in New York City until 1858, when
he went to Kankakee, 111. In 1861 he entered the ministry, and
joined the Illinois Conference of the Kvangelical Association. He
commenced his labors by travelling, in connection with Kev. John
Schneider, through the Napcrvillc circuit, which had ten congrega-
tions. In 1862, he was sent to I.ockport, 111., the center of a large
mission. In 1863, he was stationed at Perkins Grove, and, in
1864 to the Mason circuit, at which place he built a church. In
1865 he went to Hampshire circuit, in 1866 to I tunkley's Grove
circuit, and in 1867 to Mendota, as missionary collector, to col-
lect funds to build a new church. He was then returned to Naper-
ville, and thence went to Flgin, where he built a parsonage; from
which place he was sent to the 1 'oik-street Church of the Evangeli-
cal Association, at Chicago, to harmonize the difficulties then exist-
ing therein. From Chicago he was sent to Freeport, where he
made arrangements to build a new church; from there to Joliet, in
1873, where also he built a parsonage; from there to Aurora, in
1875; thence to Geneseo, in 1876; thence to Naperville, as presiding
elder of the Naperville district, where he remained four years; and
ihen was sent to Ottawa mission, where also he erected another
church. He remained there two years; and came to Chicago as
pastor of his present church in 1884. Kev. Mr. Statnm was married
on April 26, 1864, to Miss Emeline Clouse, of Maiden, 111. They
have had live children, four of whom are living.
SAI.KM CHURCH OF THK EVANGELICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.— Rev. Amos Goeckley was pastor of this church
from 1871 to 1873. His successors have been : Rev.
H. Hintze, 1873-74; Rev. J. Himmel, 1874-76; Rev.
M. Heyl, 1876-78 ; Rev. C. Atigenstein, 1878-81 ; Rev.
S. Dickover, 1881-82; Rev. W. Goessele, 1882-84;
who was succeeded by the present pastor, Rev. G. Vet-
ter. In 1880, the society erected a new house of wor-
ship on [he site of the old. It is a neat, two-story
brick structure, having in the lower story Sunday-school
and class-rooms, while above is an audience room with
a gallery having a seating capacity of five hundred.
The cost of the church was $14,000. It was dedicated,
free of debt, in 1880. The present membership is
three hundred, with a Sunday-school numbering three
hundred and fifty.
REV, JOHN S( iiNi;niER, presiding elder of the Chicago Dis-
trict of the Illinois Conference of the Evangelical Association of
North America, was born on September 19, 1832, in Morscheim,
Kheinptalz, Havana. His parents were Johannes and Flixabeth
Schneider, poor, but honest and industrious. They were members
of the Evangelical 1'rotestant Church, and in their religious life and
in the training of their children always manifested an exemplary
zeal. Young John was given an education in the elementary
branches and in the religious instruction customary in the State
church. At the age of fourteen, he was confirmed and made a
member of the church. About this time his father died, and the
support of his mother and two younger sisters devolved upon
him, rendering hard work a necessity. On October n, 1850, in
company with his mother and live sisters, he took passage for
America, landing at New York City on December I, and remain-
ing there through the winter. In the spring of 1851, he came to
Chicago, where his eldest sister had gone three years before, and
where she was employed as a servant in the family of 1'hilo Carpen-
ter. Mr. Schneider was attacked with cholera, but by the kind-
ness ami care of Mr. Carpenter and the nursing of his sister, whom
Mr. Carpenter brought to him, he believes his life was saved. It
was also by the influence of Mr. Carpenter that his thoughts were
brought back to religious subjects. He began to read the Hible
more than ever, and to attend church. I'ersistent study and effort
led him to the consciousness of forgiveness of his sins, and he soon
joined the church and became an active member in the society. lie
was chosen exhorter and Sunday-school superintendent, in which
capacity he served until July, 1854, when he presented himself to
the ( 'onference for license to enter the ministry. His first appoint-
ment was to the lirookville circuit. After preaching three years in
Illinois, lie was appointed to a district in Iowa, where he remained
three years, or until 1860. He was then recalled to Illinois, and
appointed to the Deer Grove Circuit, and in 1861 to the Naper-
ville Circuit. In 1863, he was appointed to lirookville and Freeport
station, and in |S66 he was elected presiding elder, and appointed
to the Naperville district. In 1870, he was re-elected and given
charge of the Mendota district. In 1872, he was elected agent and
treasurer of the North-Western College, and at the end of two
years declined a re-election. In April, 1874, he was appointed col-
lector of the Conference mission, his efforts in this direction being
rewarded with unprecedented success. In 1875, he was again
elected presiding elder, and appointed to the Chicago district, where
he served until 1879, when he was re-elected and appointed to the
Mendota district. At the end of two years, he was appointed to
the Chicago district. In 1884, he was again elected presiding
elder, and appointed to the Chicago district, his present field. Dur-
ing the last quarter of a century the Illinois Conference has elected
him successively six times as a delegate to the General Conference,
which meets once in four years. Kev. Mr. Schneider was married,
on April 26, 1856, to Miss Magdalena Kapp, of Henry County,
111. They have had five children, four of whom are living, as fol-
lows: Samuel N., John T., Daniel S. and Benjamin J.
EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN EMANUEI. CHURCH. —
At the time of the great fire the pastor of this church
was Rev. Christian Koerner, whose pastorate continued
until August, 1872. After the great fire, this church
was crowded by an influx from the North Side, but the
refugees did not remain long. Rev. Louis Hoelter,
then a student, supplied the pulpit from September to
December, 1872, when he was followed by Rev. L.
Lunge. Mr. Lange resigned in November, 1878, to
become a professor in Concordia College, St. Louis.
During his connection with the parish, a large brick
building was erected, at a cost of $12,000, for day-
school purposes. Four hundred scholars receive in-
Szo
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
struction at this school. A second school-house was
built on the corner of Fourteenth Street and Ashland
Avrniu-, costing §6,000, and is attended by one hun-
dred and eighty children. Rev. Louis Hoelter was
called to the regular pastorate from Quincy. 111., in De-
cember, 1878. He has erected a school-house, corner
lypress and Ashland streets, at a cost of $7,000,
which has now two teachers and one hundred and
twenty-five scholars. The number of communicants in
this parish is about two thousand one hundred. In
September, 1884, Rev. J. Leidel was appointed assistant
pastor.
Several churches have sprung from this, as follows :
Zion's Church, corner of Nineteenth and Johnson
streets, having church-edifice, parsonage, two schools
and two thousand communicants, with Rev. A. Wagner
as pastor ; Trinity Church, corner of Twenty-fifth
Place and Hanover Street, having church-edifice, par-
sonage and one parish school, also a school in Bridge-
port, one in Brighton and one in Hamburg; and St.
Matthew's Church, corner of Nineteenth Street and
Hoyne Avenue, having a church-edifice, parsonage and
two schools.
UK\. HKNKY Lulls HOKLTEK, pastor of the German Evan-
gelical Lutheran Kmanuel Church, was burn on March 31, 1848, at
and, Ohio. His father, Henry L. Hoelter, was born in
iNiut the year 1820, came to America in 1838, and died
in i>55/ His mother, Mrs. Mary (liohning) Hoelter, is still living.
l"p to his eleventh year he was educated at the public and parochial
M-hools of Cleveland, Ohio. He then went to Concordia College,
Fort Wayne, Im!., where he remained one and a half years, and
then, on account of illness, remained at home until he was sixteen
years old. At this time he returned to Concordia College, and
remained six years, graduating at the age of twenty-two. From
ordia College he went to Concordia Theological Seminary at
St. Louis, Mo., from which he graduated in 1873. In this year he
commenced his ministry as assistant pastor of a congregation at
Ouincy, 111., and, in 1874, became pastor of the church. In 1878,
he came to Chicago as pastor of the German Evangelical Lutheran
Kni.uHicl Church, where he has since remained. At that time
there were two hundred voting members, while at the present time
there are three hundred and thirty, and between six hundred and
scvm hundred families in the congregation. They have erected a
school building, at a cost of $7,000, at the corner of Cypress and
Ashland streets, and are accumulating a building fund for the
erection of a new church-edifice, which it is expected will take place
within a year or two. Rev. Mr. Hoelter was married on February
5, 'S7l, to Miss Emile Seidel, daughter of Rev. Jacob Seidel, then
pastor of St. John's German Evangelical Lutheran Church of
(Quincy, 111. They have four children, — Edward, Theodore, Ger-
trude and Clara.
ST. STEPHEN'S GERMAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN
CHURCH. — This church was organized on May i, 1879,
by the present pastor, Rev. L. C. Koehler, Ph.D. The
church property was purchased on Se[)tember i, 1879.
It had previously been occupied by the Second Re-
formed Congregation, which disbanded on December
15, 1878. The property consisted of three lots on the
northwest corner of Wentworth Avenue and Twenty-
fifth Street, upon which stands a frame church-edifice
with brick basement, having a seating capacity for one
thousand persons. For the property, the sum of $10,475
was paid, but it is valued to-day at $18,000. In 1879,
the house of worship, having been thoroughly repaired
and refitted, was dedicated in the fall by the president
of the \Vartburg district of the General Synod of Illi-
nois, Rev. J. I). Severinghaus, A.M. At the time of the
dedication there was a debt on the property of $8,000,
about half of which has since been paid. The organ,
valued at $3,000, was purchased with the property.
Improvements have been made in the church from time
to time by the catechumenical classes and the Ladies'
Association of the parish. Connected with the society
is the parochial school, where English and German are
taught ; the school is held in the basement, but the
society hope at no distant time to erect school buildings.
KK\. l,i<i\ii\Kii CMAKI.KS KIIKIII.KK, pastor of St. Stephen's
Evangelical Lutheran Church, was born on February 5, 1850, at
Wipkingen, a suburb of Zurich, Switzerland. His lather was Pro-
fessor Charles Christopher Koehler, of the Ereiberg Gymnasium, in
liailen. 1 1 is mother is Mrs. Regula Koehler, nee Fehr, from Egli-
san, Canton X.urich, Switzerland. Iloth are still living in I.oerrach,
Grand Duchy of Baden. The subject of this sketch was educated
at the I.oerrach Gymnasium from 185910 1^64, and at the Gym-
nasium at liasle from 1864 to 1867. lie then attended an academy
at I.aChcaux de Fonds (Warm Springs) in Switzerland for eighteen
months; afterward the liasle University eighteen months; then the
Xurieh University two years, and finished his education at the
Leipsic University, where he studied eighteen months, leaving the
University in 1874, having conferred upon him the degree of Doctor
of Philology. Upon completing his education, he immediately came
to the United States, and was engaged ten months in teaching
historv, Latin and Greek in a German-English Academy in Mil-
waukee. In 1875, he went to the northern part of Wisconsin, and
preached nearly two years at Sandy liay, Two Creeks and Carlton.
In 1877, he came to Chicago, and began to teach Latin, Erench
and German to private students. While thus engaged, he organized
St. Stephen's Church in 1879, beginning to preach in January of
that year, and organizing the congregation in May. At that time
only six families joined the new church. At the present time there
are one hundred and twenty families in connection with it, and six
hundred communicants. The church-building and lots were pur-
chased at a cost of $10,475, ano^ about $2,5cx> have been spent in
repairs. Rev. Mr. Koehler is a member of the committee of ex-
amination for the German theological students of ihe \Yartburg
Synod, a district of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran
Church in the United States, lie is city editor of the Lutherische
Kirchenfrcuml, the official church paper of the General Synod among
the Germans, and author of the book called "Die Loesung der
socialen Erage in den Vereinigten Staaten."
ST. MATTHEW'S GERMAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN
CHURCH. — This church began as a school in 1869, on
the corner of Paulina and Hinman streets, under the
auspices of Zion's German Evangelical Lutheran
Church. In September, 1871, about thirty families be-
longing to this church organized St. Matthew's Church.
The first officers were — H. Karitz, John Wolf and Chris-
tian Gipke, trustees; and F. Koenig, F. Washer, F.
Krueger, K. Rentner and Carl Bank, deacons. The
trustees of the new organization ])urchased a block of
land lying between Twentieth and Twenty-first streets,
and Hoyne and Leavitt streets, and in 1872 erected a
two story church-edifice. The basement story is of
brick, and is used for a school, the upper story being
frame and used for the church services. To raise the
money required for its erection, the trustees have sold
lots from time to time as occasion required. In 1875,
a two-story brick building was erected west of the
church, at a cost of $4,000. In 1882, another school-
house was erected on the southwest corner of Twenty-
first and Hoyne streets, at a cost of $12,000. In 1884,
still another school was added, on California Avenue, at
a cost of $5,000. This school is taught by Rev. Paul
Brauns, who is also assistant pastor of the church. In
1883, a parsonage was erected at a cost of $3,500. The
entire property is worth about $152,000. Rev. H. Engel-
brecht is pastor at the present time.
RKV. JOHN AHAM STRECKFUSS, pastor of St. Peter's German
Evangelical Lutheran Church, was born on December 23, 1855. in
Ohio. His father was Rev. John George Streckfuss, born in
Werndshcim, Bavaria, on March 3, 1814; died at Okawville, 111.,
on December 12, iSSo. His mother, Mrs. Katharina Margaretha
(Illassneck) Streckfuss, was born on August 17, 1818, at Ca-
dolzburg, Bavaria, and died May 19, 1882, at Davenport, Iowa.
At the age of thirteen, Rev. John A. Streckfuss entered Con-
cordia College at Fort Wayne, and remained there six years. At the
age of eighteen he entered Concordia Theological Seminary at St.
Louis, Mo., and remained three years, graduating in 1878. He
was then vicar in Chicago for six months, and in 1880 went to
Davenport, Iowa, where he remained until 1883. In January of
that year, he came to Chicago, and became pastor of St. Peter's
German Evangelical Lutheran Church, where he is still located.
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
821
Rev. Mr. Streckfuss was married, on January 4, 1883, to Miss
Amalie Maria Katharina Mennicke, daughter of Rev. Christian
Augustus Mennicke, of Rock Island. They have one child, — John
Martin.
RKV. I.oi'is I1'. J. LOCHNER, pastor of the Evangelical
Lutheran Trinity Church, was born in Nuremberg, Bavaria, on
April 7, 1842. His father was Charles Lochner, a lithographer,
and his mother was Louisa 15. (danger) Lochner. They came to
America in 1849, settling at St. Louis, where Charles Lochner died
almost immediately. Mrs. Lochner died in Milwaukee, in March,
1885. The education of the subject of this sketch was received in
Concordia College, St. Louis, Mo., he having entered that institu-
tion in 1853 and remaining until 1861. From this time until
March, 1864, he was in attendance at the Concordia Theological
Seminary, from which institution he graduated at that time. He
then entered the ministry in connection with the Evangelical
Lutheran Missouri Synod, and took charge, as vicar, of St. Stephen's
Lutheran Church in Milwaukee, from May to October, 1864. His
first regular charge as pastor was at Richton, Cook Co., 111., where
he remained from November, 1864, to October, 1867. At this
time he accepted a call to the Evangelical Lutheran Bethlehem
Church at Richmond, Va., where he remained ten years. This
church had, at the time he began his labors there, about twenty
voting members, having been considerably reduced in membership
and strength as one of the results of the War. During his pastor-
ate the membership increased to .forty families, a very gratifying
increase, considering the few German families that inhabited that
section of the country. In 1877, he received and accepted the call
to his present church. At that time there were about one hundred
and sixty voting members in connection with it; now there are three
hundred and twenty-live. The schools in connection with the
church have increased from five classes with four teachers, to nine
classes with nine teachers, and now have nearly eight hundred
scholars. A new school-house has been built in Lake Township,
at the corner of Loomis and Forty-ninth streets, and a new church
has been established there, with Rev. K. C. Leeb, the first teacher
of the school, as present pastor of the church. The debt has been
reduced by Rev. Mr. Lochner from $15,000, bearing six per cent,
interest, to $7,000, bearing no interest, and the congregation and
schools are in a remarkably harmonious and prosperous condition.
Rev. Mr. Lochner was married on November 10, 1864, to Miss
Louisa Knab, daughter of David Knab, of Milwaukee, Wis., and
one of the oldest settlers of that city. They have had seven chil-
dren, live of whom are living, — Lydia L., Carl O., Louisa H.,
Ottilie C., and Agnes M.
RKV. WILLIAM II. F. BARTLING, pastor of the German
Evangelical Lutheran St. Jacobi's Church, was born on December
16, 1838, at Lutter, Hanover, Germany. His father, John Henry
Bartling, a farmer, was married to Miss Dorothea Kruse, and with
her and their six children emigrated, in 1843, to America, settling
at Addison, DuPage Co., 111. William Bartling attended the pub-
lic schools of Germany from his sixth year to the time of coming to
this country, and then entered the school of his brother, John Henry
Bartling, who commenced teaching at that time at Addison, ami is
there teaching still. In 1851, being prepared for college, he en-
tered Concordia College, at St. Louis, Mo., and after studying in
the collegiate department six years, entered the Theological Semi-
nary, and graduated in 1860, after completing the prescribed three
years' course. He was ordained at Pittsburgh, Penn., on April 15,
1860, by Rev. E. A. Brauer, and remained in Pittsburgh as vicar
to Rev. Mr. Brauer until the following November. He then came
to Elk Grove, Cook Co., 111., and preached there and at Dundee,
III., and Arlington Heights, 111., for two and a half years. He
then went to Springfield, 111., and became pastor of the German
Kvangelical Lutheran Trinity Church at that place, where he re-
mained until May, 1870, enjoying a successful pastorate, and being
the first pastor there of the Missouri Evangelical Lutheran Synod.
He started a school, which he taught in connection with his
ministerial duties for two years, when, on account of overwork, his
health so far failed as to render it necessary for him to provide a
successor to himself in the school. On the second Sunday after
Easter, 1870, he became pastor of the German Evangelical Lutheran
St. Jacobi's Church at Chicago, and has since continued in that
pastorate. The church was organized in 1869, by Rev. Henry
\Vunder, as a mission from his own church. When Rev. Mr.
Bartling came to it there were about thirty-five voting members.
Now there are three hundred and fifty such members, and about
fifteen hundred communicants belonging to the church. Rev. Mr.
Bartiing was married on April 21, 1861, to Miss Minnie Brock-
munn. They have had eight children, seven of whom are living, —
Johanna Christina Dorothea, now Mrs. Rev. Theodore Kohn, of
Dallas, Texas; Sophia, Henry Charles, Albert, Matilda, Otto, and
Hermann. The youngest child, Minnie, was born on December
14, 1880, and died on November 4, 1884.
REV. CHARLES KOKKNKK. pastor of the English Evangelical
Lutheran Church of the Holy Trinity, was born in the Palatinate,
Germany. His father Jacob, and grandfather Frederick, Koerner,
were both natives of the same country, but his grandmother, on
his father's side, was of French Huguenot extraction. At the
beginning of the Revolution of 1848, while he was yet a child, his
parents emigrated to America, to try their fortune in the new world.
Young Charles studied privately with a Lutheran clergyman at
Englii
Church at Rhinebeck, N. Y., and remained there until 1871, when
he was called to the Church of the Transfiguration, Pottstown,
Penn., where he resided until 1881; and in the beginning of the
same year was invited to the pastorate of the Church of the Holy
Trinity. When he came to Chicago the congregation was worship-
ing on the southwest corner of Dearborn Avenue and Erie Street,
in a rather unchurchly looking basement, in a neighborhood where
very few Lutherans reside. Acting on his advice, the property was
sold, and a lot bought on the southwest corner of LaSalle Avenue
and Elm Street, and in 1883 they began to erect the new church
with stone front, in modern Gothic style, costing about $50,000.
The church has a membership of three hundred, is rapidly growing
in numbers and financial strength, and, with large Lutheran mate-
rial to draw from, has a bright future before it. Its present flour-
ishing condition is largely due to the wisely directed energy of the
pastor.
SWEDISH EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN SALEM CHURCH.
— This church was organized in 1868, by Rev. Krl
Carlson, with about two hundred members. Three lots
were purchased on Bushnell Street by Emanuel congre-
gation for $1,000, and presented to the Salem congrega-
tion. Upon these lots, in 1869, a church-building was
erected, at a cost of $5,000. This building was dedi-
cated in 1872. Rev. A. Hull was pastor two years, and
was followed by Rev. P. Nyqvist, who remained until
1875. After his resignation, the pulpit was left vacant
for nearly two years. In 1877, a call was extended to
Rev. Carl B. L. Boman, who accepted the charge, and
through whose efforts the church was greatly strength-
ened. When he resigned, in October, 1885, there were
seven hundred communicants. The old church-build-
ing was now too small for the growing congregation,
and preparations were made to build a more spacious
house of worship, and in a more convenient location.
Accordingly, four lots were purchased on Portland
Avenue, between Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth
streets, and on this new site a church was erected, with
adjoining school-rooms and parsonage. It is a plain
but substantial brick structure, and is valued at $35,000.
The church was dedicated on March i, 1885. The
congregation now numbers seven hundred and twenty-
five communicant members, with a total parish member-
ship of one thousand and fifty. The present pastor, Rev.
L. G. Abrahamson, late of Altona, 111., has but recently
assumed charge of the parish.
REV. CARL BERNHARD LEONIIARD BOMAN, late pastor of the
Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Church, was born at Dalarne, Swe-
den, on November 15, 1849. His father was Antonius Boman, and
his mother Mrs. Margareta Elizabeth Boman, both of whom are
still living at Dalarne, Sweden. The subject of this sketch received
his early education in the mission schools at Smaland, Sweden,
where he studied from 1870 to 1873. He then came to America,
and attended the Augustana College and Seminary at Paxton, and
moved to Rock Island with the institution. In 1877 he graduated,
having been in attendance there four years. lie was engaged a
few months preaching at Clinton, Iowa, and Sterling, 111., and then
came to his late charge. At that time the church was on Bushnell
Street, and had about three or four hundred nominal members on
the roll, though the actual number was considerably less than that,
as the church had been without a pastor for three years. There
are now about seven hundred communicants and, including chil-
dren, about one thousand members. In 1884, through the exer-
tions of Rev Mr. Boman, a new brick church-edifice was erected,
as stated in the history of the church. Rev. Mr. Boman was mar-
ried on June 6, 1877, to Miss Ida Sophia Romvall, daughter of
Andrew and Sophia Romvall, of Carver County, Minn. They have
four children, — Hannah Bernhardina, Ida Leontina, Carl Emanuel,
and Lilly Victoria.
I\KV. CARL A. EVALD, pastor of the Immanuel Swedish Evan-
822
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
gelical Lutheran Church, was bom in Orebro, Kil parish, Sweden,
nil May •_'?, i>4<). His father's name was Andcr- Anderson, and
his mother's name, previous to lu-r marriage, Christine Sjoquist.
From iSvi to 1868, he pursued his studies at ( Irebro College, and
from this time, to 1871, he remained with his parents. lie then
emigrated to America, and in the autumn of i>;i. entered August-
ana College and Theological Seminary, at Paxton, III. lie was
ordained on September 2n. i>7->. at I ialcsbnrg, III., by the Swedish
Evangelical Lutheran Angustaiia Synod, and appointed pastor of
tin1 Angustaiia Church, at Minneapolis, Minn., where he remained
from 1872 to 1875. In the spring of that year, he accepted a call
CHICAGO AVENUE CHURCH.
to his present church, and was installed on April 4. In this position
his work has been crowned with more than usual success. In 1877,
he became editor of a weekly paper published in the Swedish lan-
guage, named Nad och Banning (* Irace and Truth), and he is also
editor of a monthly paper, also published in Swedish, named IJarn-
vannen (Children's Friend). Rev. Mr. Evald has been married
twice — first to Miss Annie F. Carlsson, daughter of Rev. Erl Carls-
son, on October 4, 1876. She died in Stockholm, Sweden, on No-
vember 27, 1880. He was married the second time to Miss Emmy
C. Carlsson, a sister of his first wife, on May 24, 1883. I!y the
second wife he has one daughter, — Annie Fidelia Christina.
KKV. M. C. KANSKKN, pastor of the Swedish Evangelical Lu-
theran Gethsemane Church, was born on April 6, 1845, at Temshog,
Sweden. His father, who was a farmer, died in Sweden. He worked
on his father's farm until seventeen years old, and attended the paro-
chial schools such portions of the year as he could not work. In
these schools he studied the Lutheran catechism and Bible history,
in addition to the ordinary branches of a common school education.
At the age of seventeen he commenced studying at the Academy of
Jemshog, his native town, remaining there two years, studying the
C.erman and Swedish languages, mathematics, history, etc. He
then taught school and took private lessons in German, history and
theology, having all the time the ministry in view. Having rela-
tives in America, he was induced to come this country, reaching
here in 1867, and going to Rockford, 111. He soon afterward went
to the Augustana College, at Paxton, 111., graduating therefrom in
1871, with the degree of A.I'..; also graduating the same year in the
theological course. Having received a call to the Swedish Lutheran
Church at Dayton (then \Ycst Daylon), Iowa, he was ordained.
He remained with this church two years, and then went to Keokuk,
working there as a missionary six months. lie then went to Elgin,
111., and during his residence there travelled two years in the mis-
sionary field in the Northern peninsula of Michigan. He then went
to i Miinnwa. Iowa, where for four years he had charge of the Swe-
dish Lutheran Church. I luring his last two years in ( Htumwa he
was chairman of the Iowa ('(inference of the Angustaiia Synod.
Became to Chicago <>n October 28, 1879,10 take charge of his
present church, which under his ministrations has increased in mem-
bership from about one hundred to nearly four hundred, and is now
in a very nourishing condition. Rev. Mr. Ranseen was married on
October 3, 1872, to Miss Anna Sophia Anderson of Elgin, 111.
They have' seven children, three boys and four girls, all living.
REV. N. C. BRUN, pastor of the Norwegian Lutheran Bcth-
lehem Church, was born on February 20, 1840, in Norway.
His father was a fanner, lie worked on his father's farm
until 1861, when with the rest of the family he went to
Canada, remaining there one year. I le came to the I'niled
States in 18(12, arriving in Chicago that year. lie entered
the Augustana College, then at I'axton, III., in 18(13, ami
remained there live years. From there he went to Marshall,
\Vis., as tutor in Augsburg College and Seminary, lie
was ordained in 1870, having received a call from the
Lutheran congregations in Kansas; these congregations
were at considerable distance from each other, being in
Brown, 1 loniphan and Greenwood counties. Rev. Mr.
Brun was the first regular Norwegian Lutheran minister to
perform missionary work or to preach in Kansas. Re-
maining there three and a half years, he then went to Min-
Ota, performing in that State a work similar to that per-
formed in Kansas, preaching to several congregations in
Meeker and adjoining counties. Ill 1877, he received a call
to the Bethlehem Church in Chicago, where he has been
ever since located. lie preached his first sermon herein
i i. lober, and has added considerable numbers to his church
membership, which now consists of upward of one hundred
and tifty communicants. Besides his ministerial work, he
edits and publishes the leading Norwegian Lutheran child's
paper, "l.nthersk Borneblad," and other children's and
Sunday-school literature. Rev. Mr. Brim was married on
December 29, 1870', to Miss Ellen Running, who died in
1880; he was married to Miss Lucinda Bryan in January,
issi. There are four living children, — three by the first
wife and one by the second.
Ki.v. (ill. Ill I., pastor of Our Savior's Norwegian
F.vangcliral Church was born at Valders, Norway, on
September IO, 1838 His father, J. Juul, was a farmer,
and emigrated with his family to Manitowoc County, \\ is.,
in 1848. There Ole Juul grew up on a farm until 1860,
when he went to Concordia College, St. Louis, Mo., and
remained there four years, graduating, in 1864, from both
the collegiate and theological departments. Having re-
ceived a call from the Norwegian Lutheran Church at
Dodgeville, \Vis., he was ordained, and remained pastor of
that church two years. He was called to Our Savior's Nor-
wegian Lutheran Church in New York City, going there in
1866, and remaining ten years. This was a new religious
body in 1866, but under Rev Mr. Juul became a llourishing con-
gregation. Commencing with but a few families, it had in 1876, at
the close of his pastorate, over forty families, together with large
numbers of young people. With his assistance, the congregation
built a new church-edifice, costing about $20,000. His labors in
New York ( 'ily were of a character to attract attention in Chicago
and was the cause of his call to his present charge. In Chicago his
ministry has been marked by unusual success, his church member-
ship now being somewhat over nine hundred. Rev. Mr. Juul was
married in |S66, to Miss Gustava Maria Gruda. They have had
seven sons and two daughters, and have six children living, all bovs.
Mr. Juul looks upon Rev. I. A. Ottesen, of Koshkonong, \Vis., as
the cause of his adoption of the ministry as his life work. He has
always been a close student, having read the Bible through in his
fourteenth year. He has a thorough knowledge of the Latin, En-
glish and German languages, and also reads Greek.
GERMAN UNITED EVANGELICAL ST. PETER'S
CHURCH. — Rev. Gotthelf Lambrecht, whose biography
appears in Volume II. in connection with a sketch to
date of this church, is still the pastor. The church has
enjoyed a steady growth in members and general pros-
perity. In the summer of 1883, two costly bells were
placed in the church tower ; and in September, 1883,
$8,000 were expended in adding a commodious base-
ment to the building, together with auditorium decora-
tion at a further expense of $600. The property is
worth over $20,000. The ministry of Mr. Lambrecht
has been an exceptionally successful one. In 1880, he
established a mission church at Jefferson, whose edifice
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
823
he dedicated on September 24, of that year. The
church services are all in the German language, although
Mr. Lambrecht performs many marriage and baptismal
services in English.
GERMAN UNITED EVANGELICAL ZION CHURCH. —
Rev. Dr. William Hansen, pastor of this church at the
time of the great fire, died in the fall of 1873, and was
succeeded in October of that year by the present minis-
ter, Rev. Philip Klein. At the beginning of Mr. Klein's
pastorate a debt of $20,000 rested on the church prop-
erty, $14,000 of which he has succeeded in liquidating.
Many improvements have been made in the meantime
upon the buildings. The school-building, as stated in
the preceding volume, was rented to the city for educa-
tional purposes, but in 1881 the parish again occupied
it with their own day-school, which, for nearly five years,
has been in a flourishing condition, having an attend-
ance of two hundred scholars. The Sunday-school
numbers eight hundred children, and the membership of
the church is seven hundred. In the spring of 1884,
the parish founded a mission on the corner of Wood
and Twenty-second streets. In 1885. a two-story brick
church was erected at an outlay of $6,000. The mis-
sion has become self-supporting, having its own pastor,
Rev. Gottlieb Stauger, and it is called Trinity Church.
THIRD GERMAN UNITED EVANGELICAL SALEM
CHURCH. — This church came into charge of Rev. Carl
Wargowski in 1871, who was followed, in 1876, by
•Rev. John L. Kling, the present pastor. Under
Mr. Kling, in 1884, the church property was ex-
changed for a brick church-edifice on Twenty-fifth
Street, between Wentworth and Portland avenues,
and previously occupied by a Baptist society. It
is a brick structure, with basement and auditorium.
A day-school is conducted in the basement of the
building.
REV. JOHN Lni'is KI.ING, pastor of the Evangelical
United Salem Church, was born at Neuffen, Wiirtemberg,
Germany, on August 19, 1845. His father was Henry Kling,
who died in 1879, and his mother, Mrs. Catharina (Bertch)
Kling, who died in 1874. John L. Kling's education was
obtained at the public schools, at a Latin Academy and at ;
the mission schools at Basle, where he was in attendance five
years, graduating in 1869. His intention was to become a ;..
missionary to Africa, but on account of ill health his plan of
life was changed, and he was sent to America immediately
upon graduation. At first in this country he was pastor of a
church at Gallten, Herrien Co., Mich., where he remained one
year, and in 1870 he became pastor of the Evangelical United
Church in Monroeville, Ohio. In 1871, he went to Northfield,
111., where, as pastor of the Evangelical United Church, he
remained until 1876, in which year he came to Chicago to
assume his present pastorate, the congregation then worship-
ing in a church building on the corner of Wentworth Avenue
and Busline!! Street. Afterward, this property was exchanged
for their present church on Twenty-fifth Street, then occupied
as a mission by the First Baptist Church of Chicago, which
Rev. Mr. Kling has had repaired and painted, and so remod-
eled as to furnish excellent school facilities in the basement,
at a cost of about $5,000. At the present time there are about
one hundred families in regular membership and two hundred
others in the congregation. Rev. Mr. Kling was married on
May 19, 1871, to Miss Christina Kling, daughter of Jacob
and Mary (Stanger) Kling. They have four children — Henry
Louis, Louis Richard, Maria Wilhelmina, and Lydia Anna.
KEY. JIISF.PII HAKTMAN, pastor of the First German
Evangelical Congregation, was born on September 18, 1824,
•it Uornheim, Germany. His father was a brick-maker named
Jacob Hartman. His classical education was received at the gym-
nasiums of Speier and Zweibouecken, and his theological at the
University of Bonn, Rhenish Prussia, anil at the University of
Utrecht, Holland. In 1X49, lie started, with his wife, for America,
and upon his arrival in Cleveland, Ohio, in the fall of that year, he
found in session there a Conference of the German Evangelical
Synod. He was examined for admission to the ministry, and was
ordained by Rev. Charles Soldan, of Buffalo, N. Y., Rev. Mr.
Allart, of Cleveland, Ohio, and Dr. J. A. Fisher, of Chicago. By
the influence of Rev. G. Vogt, he was assigned to the first place
in the church at West Turin, Lewis Co., N.Y. After remaining
there two years, he came to Chicago and became pastor of St.
Paul's Evangelical United Church, a position which he has filled
ever since, a period of over thirty-three years. Rev. Mr. Hartman
has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Eva Margaret
Obenauer, of Oberhochstadt, Rheinpfalz. By her he had six chil-
dren, three sons and three daughters. These children have all died
but one daughter, who was married to John Baur, on January 8,
1880. After the death of his first wife, Mr. Hartman was married
to Mrs. Louisa von Boden, who is still living.
THE CHICAGO-AVENUE CHURCH. — This building,
which stands at the corner of Chicago and LaSalle ave-
nues, takes the place of the old Tabernacle which stood
on the corner of Illinois Street and LaSalle Avenue,
and which was destroyed by the great fire of 1871.
Immediately after the fire, steps were taken in the direc-
tion of a new edifice, but it was not until 1873 that the
present building was begun. Owing, however, to the
panic, only the basement could be completed, over
which a temporary roof was placed, and here the servi-
ces were held for two years. In June, 1875, tne com-
pleted structure was dedicated by Mr. Moody and Mr.
Sankey. It is a handsome and commodious edifice,
with two stories and basement. The cost of the lot was
$22,000, that of the building complete $68,000, and was
dedicated free of debt. During the absence of Messrs.
Moody and Sankey abroad, a building committee was
appointed, and the enterprise carried on and brought to
D. L. MOODY.
completion. From time to time it has been found
necessary to enlarge the class-rooms to accommodate
the ever increasing attendance at the Sunday-schools.
In the fall of 1884, $2,500 were expended in painting
and frescoing.
This society belongs to no denomination, but is
strictly evangelical in its character, claiming to be
in full sympathy and fellowship with all Protestant
824
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
churches. Its government and articles of faith are sim-
ilar to those of the Congregationalisis.
The successive pastors of the society, since the
re-organization in the new church have been — Revs. J.
Krdm.m, ( !. M. Morton, G. C. Needham, and the present
minister. Rev. C. F. Goss.
In the spring of 1884, the society founded a " Med-
ical Mission," with quarters at No. 134 Chicago Avenue,
whose object is to provide gratuitous treatment and
medicine to the worthy poor.
The trustees of the church are I). I,. Moody, Watts De Golyer
and A. I.. Tucker. The deacons are I. A. Weeks, I laviil Mc-
Naughton, Ch. tries Herald, John Morrison, K. !•'. Aitchison, 1'eter
Mi Lean. !•'. II. Kcvell and I. M. Hitchcock. The superintendent
of the Sunday-school is J. M. Hitchcock, who has held the position
since its reorganisation after the lire, as well as for a long time
•iisly.
RJEV. i ii \ki.r.s FuKiiKKifK Gnss, pastor of the Chicago-ave-
nue (Moody's) Church, was horn in Meridian, N. Y., on June 14,
His father, Rev. Simon S. (loss, was a Presbyterian cler-
ii, and preached fifteen years in Meridian; he was of Amer-
ican birth, but of English ancestry. The mother of Rev. C. [•'.
( loss was also born in this country, but of German descent. Her
maiden name was Mary (.'. Weaver, anil she was the daughter of
CHURCH OF THE MESSIAH.
John Weaver, a farmer of Pennfield, N. Y. Rev. C. F. Goss
uted at Hamilton College in 1873, with the degree of Bach-
Of Arts, and in 1876 he graduated from the Auburn Theo-
Seminary. His first ministerial services were performed in
\\eathcrford, Texas, where, for eighteen months, he was in charge
the II., me Mission under the Presbyterian Board. He then
went into the oil regions of Pennsylvania' as pastor of the Kendall
Creek Presbyterian Church, where he remained three years, during
which time he built a new church-edifice. In 1881, he became
pastor of the Bethany Presbyterian Church, at Utica, N. Y., where
he remained until 1884. In November of this year, at a conven-
tion being held in Utica by Mr. Moody, Rev. Mr. Goss delivered
an address, and Mr. Moody, after hearing him speak a short time,
immediately oll'eied to obtain for him a unanimous call to the Chi-
cago-avenue Church, if he would accept. The call was extended,
and Mr. (loss became the first settled pastor of this church, preach-
ing his 1'ir-t sermon on the first Sunday in February, 1885. He
was married, on August 30, 1876, to Miss Rosa K. Houghton,
daughter of Rev. Daniel C. lloughton, editor of the Philadelphia
Uerian. She is a graduate of Ilotiglnon Seminary, Clinton,
N. Y. Mr. and Mrs. Goss have one child, — Stella C.
THE UNITARIAN CHURCH.
CHURCH OF THE MESSIAH. — After the fire of 1871,
the house of worship of this congregation was utilized
by the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. The church
society was scattered in all directions, and it became
expedient to sell the church-building for business pur-
poses. It was purchased by H. M. Wilmarth, in De-
cember, 1871, for $80,000. Soon after the society
secured a lot on the corner of Michigan Avenue and
Twenty-third Street. It was during Rev. Robert Laird
Collier's pastorate that the Third and Fourth Unitarian
societies were organized. After leaving
the old church-building, the congregation
held their services in Bryant & Stratton's
Business College, corner of Indiana Ave-
nue and Twenty-second Street, and in the
winter and spring of 1872-73, in Marline's
Hall, in the vicinity.
The foundation-stone of a new church-
edifice was laid in the fall of 1872, and its
corner-stone on May 13 of the following
year. The building was carried on under
the direction of H. J. Macfarland, James
I.. Ward and John T. McAuIey. The
dedication took place on Sunday, Novem-
ber 16, 1873, tne ceremonies being con-
ducted by Rev. Dr. Bellows, of New York.
The auditorium has a seating capacity of
eight hundred. The entire cost of this
edifice was about $90,000.
In the summer of 1874, the Rev. Dr.
Collier was compelled, on account of ill-
health, to resign his pastorate. The resig-
nation took effect on September i, and
was much regretted by the congregation.
A call was then extended to Rev. Brooke
Herford, of Manchester, England, to
preach for three months, with a view to
pastoral settlement. The call was at once
responded to, and Mr. Herford preached
his first sermon on March 14, 1875. In the
following fall he was invited by the church
to become its permanent pastor, and com-
menced his labors on the last Sunday in
January, 1876. During the interval, the
SF** pulpit had been supplied by Rev. J. F.
*'-'-— -"li-"-- J Dudley. With the accession of Mr. Her-
ford, the church entered upon a new era
of prosperity. In 1879, the bonded in-
debtedness of the society was provided
for, and since that time they have been practically out
of debt. In the summer of 1880, Mr. Herford was
allowed a vacation to visit his old home in England,
during which time his pulpit was supplied by Rev.
Robert Col Iyer. Each year was marked by financial
gains and increased membership, until April 21, 1882,
when the pastor tendered his resignation, to accept
a call to the Arlington-street Unitarian Church, of
Boston, Mass. Much sorrow was felt by the congrega-
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
825
tion in being compelled to sever relations which had
been, in all respects, so pleasant and profitable. Mr.
Herford's successor is the present pastor, Rev. David
N. Utter, of Kansas City, who began his labors on
January 21, 1883.
REV. DAVID UTTER, pastor of the Church of the Messiah,
was born on March 21, 1844, at North Vernon, Ind. His father,
William Utter, was a farmer and civil engineer, and helped to build
the first railroad in the West, that running from Madison to In-
dianapolis. He afterward settled in Morgan County, near Indian-
apolis, whence, in 1853, he removed to Ohio. From this time to
1863, David Utter spent most of his time working upon the farm,
going to school during the winter months each year. But his de-
sire for learning was so great that his books went with him to the
fields, and one summer, during the noon resting times, he mastered
common and decimal fractions. At eighteen he began teaching
school, also became a debater in country lyceums, an experience so
common to American youth. At the age of twenty-one he became
a I Hsciple preacher, and preached his way through the Northwest-
ern Christian University, at Indianapolis, Ind., graduating in 1867.
He was then sent bv a home missionary society to preach in the
vicinity of Troy, N. Y., and was successful in adding considerable
members to the church. Hut his mental development forced him
outside his hitherto theological limits, and he became financial agent
for Hiram College early in 1868. But as such agent he could not
succeed unless he preached, and the consequence was that he
resigned the position and returned to the profession of teaching.
While at Hiram, he accidentally came upon a Unitarian Year-Book,
from which he obtained his first knowledge of Unitarianism. Soon
afterward he saw the Christian Register, and American Unitarian
Association tracts, and discovered that in reality he was a Unitarian.
The consequence of this discovery was that, in 1869, he went to
Boston and attended for a short time the Hepworth School, and
then entered the Harvard -Divinity School, graduating in 1871.
The same year he was ordained as successor to Dr. Cazneau Pal-
frey, in Belfast, Maine. In 1875, he was sent by the American
Unitarian Association to Olympia, Washington Territory, to take
charge of a little church and to do missionary work in the towns
upon 1'uget Sound. There he organized a circuit of two hundred
miles in length, with six or seven preaching places, and started the
publication of the Unitarian Advocate, an eight-page monthly
quarto, that lived from January, 1877, to March, 1880. At Olym-
pia, he built a neat little- church, helped shape the educational work
of the town, did institute work with the teachers, and assisted the
Portland church while Thomas Eliot, the pastor, sought rest in
Europe. Einding that ( )lympia was not a growing town, he re-
turned eastward in iSSo, and became pastor of the First Unitarian
Church in Kansas City, Mo. , where he remained until January I,
1883. At this time he came to Chicago, in response to a call from
the Church of the Messiah, where he is still pastor. Rev. Mr.
Utter was married to Miss Palfrey, daughter of Dr. C. Palfrey.
They have three children, — Margaret, Robert and Richard.
UNITY CHURCH.— The great fire of 1871 destroyed
the beautiful house of worship belonging to this society,
which had but recently been completed at a total cost,
including the ground on which it stood, of $210,000.
On a Sunday, soon after this catastrophe, a few of the
members gathered upon the ruins with their beloved
pastor, and pledged themselves to each other that the
church should be re-built. To the churches of the same
order throughout the country it seemed of prime im-
portance that Unity Church should be maintained.
The American Unitarian Association, therefore, took it
upon themselves to raise subscriptions, with the aid of
Rev. Robert Collyer, during 1872, with the understand-
ing that half the sum raised should be devoted to Unity
Church. Mr. Collyer's salary was provided, by the
generosity of a friend in Boston, for one year. The
result was a donation of $59,387 from the Unitarians
of New England. At a meeting of the society, held in
the Third Unitarian Church on January 8, 1872, it was
voted to re-build Unity Church on the old site, and the
following building committee was appointed: Nathan
Mears, Henry T. Thompson, Thomas S. Wallin, William
C. Dow and Edward I. Tinkham, who at once began
the work of re-construction. While this was proceed-
ing, services were held in a temporary wooden building
erected by the New England Church, and kindly offered
by that society for the purpose stated. Services were
resumed in the lecture room during the winter of 1872-
73, and on Sunday, December 7, 1873, the house was
dedicated. The dedication sermon, the third in the
history of the church, was preached by Dr. Furness, of
Philadelphia. The total cost of re-construction, includ-
ing the organ, was about $9i;737.
The financial difficulties of 1873 had a depressing
effect upon the society, and ruin was threatened on ac-
count of the debt which had been incurred the previous
year. On October 27, 1874, a new loan of $30,000, for
five years, was voted to take up the remains of past in-
debtedness, and the society struggled vigorously. \Viih
the increasing population on the North Side, and a bet-
ter general condition of affairs, the society became more
hopeful. At the annual meeting of the society, on March
i, 1879, a committee was appointed to arrange for pay-
ing the funded debt Mr. Felix addressed himself to
the task of getting subscriptions for this purpose. In
May, the society was startled by the sudden resignation
of Mr. Collyer, who had accepted a call from the Church
of the Messiah, in New York. At that time Mr. Coll-
yer was the oldest settled pastor in Chicago, having
completed his twentieth year of service with Unity
Church. This resignation was accepted on June 23,
1879.
On November 17, 1879, Unity Church celebrated
its freedom from debt, — the $30,000 so long due on the
church-building having been raised and paid. From
June, 1879, until November, 1880, a committee of six,
acting with the trustees, invited various ministers to
preach with a view to settlement. In November, Rev.
George C. Miln, of Brooklyn, after preaching two Sun-
days, took possession of the charge, being formally
installed on January 12, 1881. On December 13, 1881,
Mr. Miln tendered his resignation, which, not being
accepted, was finally withdrawn on January 15, 1882.
Owing to a change in the religious opinions of Mr. Miln,
the society held a special meeting on February 13, 1882,
and Mr. Miln was notified that his connection with the
society would cease on the expiration of three months
from that time. On July i, 1882, the society voted to
call Rev. George Batchelor, of Salem, Mass. The call
was accepted, and Mr. Batchelor's installation occurred
on November 5, 1882. He was, however, compelled to
resign on August 15, 1885, on account of ill health.
The church has called, as the successor of Mr.
Batchelor, Rev. Thomas G. Milstead, of Taunton, Mass.
RKV. JENKIN LLOYD JONES, pastor of All Souls (Unitarian)
Church was born at Blaencathal, Cardiganshire, South Wales, on
November 14, 1843. He is the son of Richard Lloyd and Mary
(Thomas) Jones, both of whom were noted for independence of
thought in religious and political matters. In 1844, they came to
America, and settled in Jefferson County, \Vis. There they remained
twelve years, when they removed to Sauk County, where they lived
five years. They then moved to Iowa County, where the father
still resides, the mother having died in 1870. The first Unitarian
Church, then known as Socinian, was established in South Wales
about 1780, under the direction of Rev. Jenkin Jones, from whom the
subject of the present sketch received his name. He was brought
up on the farm in Wisconsin, and when old enough alternated be-
tween farm work in the summer and school in the winter until he
was eighteen years of age. He then spent nearly one year in the
Spring Green Academy, at the end of which time he was well
grounded in the English branches, and was somewhat advanced in
algebra and geometry and in the Latin language. It was his in-
tention to then attend the State University; but, after hesitating
some time between apparent self-interest and patriotism, he decided
to enlist in the Army of the Union, and became a member of the
6th Wisconsin Battery of Light Artillery, on .August 14, 1862. He
served throughout the War in the Western army, seeking neither fur-
lough nor promotion. During the winter of 1865-66, he taught the
public school at the village of Arena, Iowa Co., \Vis., and spent
part of the following summer on the farm. In September, 1866,
826
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
he attended the Theological School at Meadrille, Penn., where he
listened to the lirst Unitarian sermon he ever heard. He devoted
the lirst year of study to Latin, (Ireek and Philosophy, and in the
Mimmer vacation of 1868, preached his lirst sermon in the school-
house near his country home, which was the lirst I'nitarian sermon
his parents and family had heard in America. He graduated from
Mi-adville Theological Seminary in 1870, before which event, how-
ever, he had received calls from three congregation! — one in the
Kast and two in the West. He accepted the one from Winnetka,
111., the smallest place, and where the smallest salary was offered.
Having remained there one year, he removed to Wisconsin, and for
one year was State missionary under the auspices of the State Uni-
tarian Confeience, with headquarters at Jancsville. Wis. At the end
of this year he accepted a call to the pastorate .if All Souls Church,
[anesviile. In .May, 1873, he was elected corresponding secretary
of the Western Unitarian Conference, then in session in Chicago,
with the understanding with his parish at Janesville that he should
spend one-fourth of his time in the field. For three years he pub-
lished a series of Sunday-school lessons, the first ever published in
the Unitarian denomination, lie was mainly instrumental in the
organization of the Western Unitarian Sunday-school Society, and
was its secretary for five years, and is one of its active officers up
to the present time. In 1880, Mr. Jones resigned his charge in
Janesville, and moved to Chicago to give his whole time to the
duties of the Western Unitarian Conference and to the editing of
Unity, the organ of Western Unitarianism, which periodical he aided
m starting in March, 1878, and of which for the last five years he
has been editor-in-chief. The summer of 1882 he spent abroad,
cisitiiig his birthplace, during which time he preached numerous
sermons in his native tongue to the Unitarians in Wales. On his
return in November, he began a missionary movement on the South
Side of this city, which has developed into the church over which
he is now settled. He resigned the duties of the secretaryship in
September, 1884, to give his entire attention and energies to the
church. A lot has been purchased on the corner of Oakwood
Boulevard and I.angley Avenue, and paid for, upon which the
society purpose soon to build a church-edifice. Rev. Mr. [ones
was married the next day after graduating, to Miss Susan C. Barker,
who had been for several years amanuensis for Professor F. Huide-
koper, of the Divinity School, and who had for three years been
associated with him in Unitarian Sunday-school work. She is a.
lady of superior literary attainments and social qualifications and
has proved herself an invaluable helpmeet to her husband. They
have two children, — Mary Lloyd and Richard Lloyd.
THE UNIVERSALIST CHURCH.
FIRST UMVI.KS AI.IST CHURCH. — The First Uni-
versalist Church, or St. Paul's Church, before the fire,
stood on the corner of Van Buren Street and VVabasli
Avenue. After the fire, the society removed to Michi-
0,111 Avenue, between Sixteenth and Eighteenth streets.
Here they began to build in 1872, and completed their
present house of worship in the summer of 1873. The
new edifice is of the modern Gothic style of archi-
tecture, in solid stone; it has an auditorium, Sun-
day-school and lecture-rooms, parlors, and all the
modern accessories and conveniences of a church.
The spire of the church is not yet completed. The
total cost of the church, including lot, organ and
furniture, was about $180,000, a somewhat remark-
able fact, considering the membership, which at
the present time is but five hundred and fifty.
Rev. Dr. W. H. Ryder continued his pastorate
until April, 1883, having seen the building enterprise
completed and the church dedicated without debt,
and the society brought into its present flourishing
condition. Dr. Ryder's resignation was much re-
gretted by his church. He was followed by Rev.
Sumner Ellis, who remained for two years. In
September, 1884, Mr. Ellis was succeeded by Rev.
J. Coleman Adams, of Lynn, Mass.
KKV. JOHN Cm. I.MAN ADAMS, pastor of St. Paul's Uni-
versalist Church, was born at Maiden, Mass., on October 25,
1849. His father, Rev. John G. Adams, I >.!>., is one of the
leading divines in the Universalist denomination. His mother
was Mrs. Mary Hall (Barrett) Adams, daughter of William
Barrett, and grand-daughter of Colonel Nathan Barrett, who
led the Concord company at the battle of Concord Bridge, on
April 19, 1775. The education of J. Coleman Adams was
received at the common schools, and then at the high school
of Lowell, Mass. In 1866, he entered Tufts College, at
College Hill, graduating in 1870. He immediately entered
Tults I 'ivinity School, at the same place, graduating from this
institution in 1872, and in 1884 he received, upon examina-
tion, the degree of Master of Arts from Tufts College. In
1872, he was settled as pastor over the Newton University
Church, at Newtonville, Mass., a newly organized church,
where he remained eight years. This was a very pleasant
and successful pastorate. The membership had increased to
one hundred and twenty families, anil was in a prosperous
and harmonious condition. A new and elegant stone church-
edifice was erected at a cost of $25,000. lu iSSo, he went to
Lynn, Mass., as pastor of the First Universalist Church at
that place. This is the largest church in the Universalist
denomination in this country. While in this pastorate, Rev. Mr.
Adams cleared off a debt of $30,000, which had existed for many
years, and declined a call to succeed Rev. Dr. Chapin, at New York
City. In January, 1884, he received a call to St. Paul's Uni-
versalist Church, Chicago, which he accepted on May i, and com-
menced his labors on September I, 1884, as the successor of Rev.
Sumner Fills, D.I). Rev. Mr. Adams was married on July 18,
1883, to Miss Miriam Priest Hovey, daughter of Charles A. Hovey,
who is prominent as a temperance worker in Massachusetts. She
is a granddaughter of Charles F. Hovey, who was one of the
first abolitionists in that State, and who was the founder of the
large dry goods house of Charles F. Hovey & Co., of Boston,
Mass., one of the staunchest houses in the country.
SECOND UNIVERSALIST SOCIETY. - - This society,
known also as the Church of the Redeemer, after the
resignation of Rev. G. T. Flanders, D.I)., in 1872, was
without a regular pastor, but the pulpit was supplied
by Rev. J. S. Dennis. Rev. J. E. Forrester followed,
taking charge for one year, when Rev. Sumner Ellis,
D.D., now deceased, succeeded, in October, 1874. The
next regular pastor was Rev. W. S. Crow, who assumed
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
827
the pastoral charge in January, 1881, and remained
until May, 1884. After another interval, Rev. Charles
Conkling, of Chelsea, Mass., accepted a call, and was
publicly installed about the middle of January, 1885.
A new church-edifice has been erected and dedicated
'at the corner of Robey Street and Warren Avenue. The
lot on which it stands was donated by Mrs. Mary Talcott,
and is valued at $ 10,000. The cost of the building, to-
gether with its furniture and organ, will be about
$50,000. The society at the present time numbers four
hundred, with a Sunday-school of two hundred.
The auxiliary organizations are the Talcott Society,
Young Ladies' Aid Society, Ladies' Aid Society, Re-
form Alliance, Young Men's Association, and the
Flower Mission.
THE CENTRAL CHURCH OF CHICAGO
Although Rev. David Swing withdrew from the
Presbyterian body during the year 1874, he still con-
tinued as pastor of the Fourth Church. This fact
awakened much comment, and was the cause of a grow-
ing discontent on the part of the Presbyterian churches
in the city, excepting, of course, his own congregation.
It was urged that Professor Swing, with his peculiar
views, ought not to occupy a Presbyterian pulpit. This
state of opinion being widely expressed, led to Professor
Swing's resignation, on November 28, 1875. During
the week of his resignation, measures were taken to or-
ganize a new society, with Professor Swing as its pastor.
The first step was the execution of the following agree-
ment, which is quoted from the records of the Central
Church :
" We, the undersigned, believing it to be desirable that David
Swing shall remain in the City of Chicago and continue his public
teachings in some central and commodious place, and having been
informed that the whole expenses of -such an arrangement can be
brought within the sum of $15,000, including acceptable salary to
1'rofessor Swing, do hereby severally, and not jointly, agree to pay
such portion of the deficit, if any there shall be, arising from the
conduct of such services, to the amount above named, for the term
of two years, as the sums set opposite our names may bear to the
whole amount of the fund hereby subscribed ; provided, however,
that in no event shall the liability of the undersigned exceed the
amount set opposite their respective names."
Signed : J. D. Webster, Leonard Swett, Wirt Dexter, N. K.
Fairbank, Franklin MacVeagh, Alfred Cowles, John S. Hunter, A.
M. Pence, William Bross, Walter S. Peck, A. W. Kellogg, W. W.
Kimball, O. T. Fuller, Dr. Ralph N. Isham, Samuel Bliss, A. L.
Clu-tlam, Ferd W. Peck, Clarence I. Peck, A. T. Andreas, Wil-
liam R. Page, C. A. Spring, Jr., Frank M. Blair, Henry Potwin,
Wilbur S. 'Henderson, O. W. Potter, Edmund Burke, P. C. May-
nard, F. M. Corby, A. T. Hall, W. E. Doggett, J. V. LeMoyne,
G. B. Carpenter, C. B. Holmes, Murry Nelson, Perry H. Smith,
Charles II. Lane, George Sturges, John G. Shortall, J. H. Mc-
Vicker, Henry I. Sheldon, John B. Drake, E. L. Sheldon, V. C.
Turner, Enos Johnson, II. M. Wilmarth, Robert Harris, Joseph
Medill, H. A. Johnson, John C. Dunlevy, Eugene S. Pike, each
$1,000.
Following the execution of this document, a meeting
was held on December 4, 1875, at the Grand Pacific
Hotel, when a legal society was organized to be known
as The Central Church of Chicago. At the first meet-
ing of the board of trustees of the new society, it was
resolved to hold meetings in McVicker's Theater until
otherwise ordered, and seats rented to secure about
$15,000 per annum, Dr. Swing to receive $7,000 a year.
Services were accordingly conducted in McVicker's
Theater until the opening of Central Music Hall, into
which the congregation removed, and have continued
until the present time.
The success of Professor Swing and of this organiza-
tion is so well known as to require little comment. One
service on Sunday is held in Central Music Hall, and
Mr. Swing's audience is limited only by the seating ca-
pacity of the place. The Sunday-school attendance of
the Central Church ranges from four to five thousand.
There is also a mission Sunday-school under the super-
intendency of C. E. Holmes, numbering about three
thousand five hundred.
THE PEOPLE'S CHURCH.
Early in the fall of 1880, while Rev. H. W. Thomas
was preaching at Centenary Church, it was ascertained
by certain of his friends that, at the approaching Con-
ference, action would be taken against him for his al-
leged heterodox teaching, he having already received
censure on this ground at the preceding Conference. It
was feared that Dr. Thomas would be without a pulpit
until such time as the charges and specifications against
him had received the attention and decision of the Con-
ference. Accordingly, on October 28, 1880, a number
of gentlemen met at the office of Stephen F. Requa, No.
153 LaSalle Street, for the purpose of effecting a legal
church organization which should support Dr. Thomas
until the action of the Conference should be taken and
its issue known. The organization was completed un-
der the corporate name of The People's Church of Chi-
cago, with the following trustees:
Samuel Boyles, Stephen F. Requa, A. V. Hartwell, L. H.
Turner, E. A. Blodgett, Jared Bassett and J. A. King.
This being done, the following letter was addressed
to Dr. Thomas:
"CHICAGO, October 28, iSSo.
" To the REV. HIRAM W. THOMAS, D.D.
" Dear Brother : Whereas the Rock River Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, of which you are a member, at its late
session, at Rockford, 111., after having passed your character and
by a majority vote, without just cause, requested you to withdraw
from the Church and the ministry, thereby necessitating you, on
your part, to ask for a supernumerary relation, therefore, we the
trustees, as authorized by the board of directors, extend to you a
call from The People's Church of Chicago, to preach the gospel
upon such a broad and evangelical platform as to you may seem in
accordance with the will of God and best promotive of His cause
in the welfare of mankind. " SAMUEL BOYLES, Pres't.
" Attest: S. F. REQUA, Sec'y."
To this call Dr. Thomas replied in the following lan-
guage :
" Dear Brethren: Having felt it best not to continue in the
regular work during the pendency of the question of doctrinal dif-
ferences with the Church, my relations to the Conference are such
that I am free to engage in any form of ministry I may desire, and,
being in entire sympathy with your broad evangelical principles and
the work you propose to do, I cheerfully accept your offer of this
date to become the pastor of the The People's Church of Chicago.
" Affectionately, H. W. THOMAS.
" Samuel Boyles, S. F. Requa, and others of the board of
trustees.
"CHICAGO, October 28, 1880."
On November 9, the trustees met, and adopted a
code of by-laws for the society. Soon after this, Hooley's
Theater was secured in which to hold divine services.
The first service was held in that place on November
14. After the trial of Dr. Thomas, it was decided that
The People's Church should now be established on a
permanent basis, with Dr. Thomas as pastor, and at a
meeting of the trustees, on May 14, 1882, the following
creed was adopted:
" As its name implies, it is the aim of The People's Church to
provide a place of worship for all; for strangers and those without
a religious home, and those of much or little faith, and of different
beliefs; and to unite all in the great law and duty of love to God
and man, and in earnest efforts to do good in the world.
" In form, The People's Church is independent Congregational,
and requires no theological tests as conditions of membership. We
think and let think. We hold that upon the great questions of the
Christian faith and life, the freedom of reason should not be bound
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
by I lie opinions of men, hut that all should search the Scriptures
aiid belli \r an.l >li> what tin v tliink is true anil right ; :uul The Peo-
ple's Chureh welcomes to its fellowship all who are in sympathy
with its spirit and work."
From the first service held in Hooley's Theater, Dr.
Thomas has been greeted by large atuHences, so large
indeed that the seating rapacity of the place was inade-
quate to their accommodation. < >n September 6, 1885,
the society removed into the Chicago Opera House,
where at the present time it is difficult to obtain even
standing-room when Dr. Thomas preaches.
The expenses of The People's Church are met from
the sale of seats, which secures annually, for a term of
ten months, the other two months of the year being
granted to the pastor for vacation and rest. To avoid
every possible financial contingency, from the date of
the society's organization a board of twenty guarantors
have yearly signed a contract pledging themselves to
the amount of $250 each. The trustees, of whom there
are nine, are elected by the guarantors from their own
number.
RKV. HIRAM \V. THOMAS, D.I)., the pastor of The People's
Church, was born on April 29, 1*132, in Hampshire County, Va.
(now \V. Va. ). His father, Joseph Thomas, was a farmer by oc-
cupation, and his mother was Margaret (McDonald) Thomas. The
former was of ( ierman and Welsh descent, while the latter was of
Scotch and English parentage. In 1833, the family moved to
Preston County, Va., near the Maryland line, where H. \V. Thomas
grew to manhood. His time was spent on the farm and in the dis-
trict schools until he was eighteen years ol age, at which time he
became interested in the subject of religion, and after being con-
verted he left the paternal roof for the purpose of fitting himself
for the ministry. At first he was a pupil of Rev. Dr. McKisson
for two years, and then he attended, for some time, Cooperstown
(Penn.) Academy. After leaving the Academy, he entered Ber-
lin Seminary, then under the principalship of Professor J. F. Eber-
hart. During all this time lie was accustomed to preach in pulpits
which otherwise would have been vacant, and thus earned money to
pay expenses of his education. In the fall of 1854, his parents re-
moved to Washington County, Iowa, and he followed in 1855.
There, to recuperate his health, which was somewhat impaired by
his study and preaching in Virginia, he applied himself to farm
lain. i, and afterward continued his studies privately under Dr.
Charles Klliott, president of the Iowa \Veslcyan I'niversily. His
studies have, however, never been discontinued. I le has endeavored
to make the years of his ministry the principal years of his training
and of the acquisition of theological and literary studies, and
it is this that has kept up the freshness of his discourses and his
sympathy with the newest developments of thought. Ilecom-
menced preaching when he was but little more than eighteen
years old. In 1851, he joined the Pittsburgh Conference of
Evangelical Association, or Ccrman Methodists as the\ are
sometimes called. 1 luring the first three years of his ministry,
lie received an annual salary of $100; and for several years
subsequently, when he had a family to support, his salary was
bin !*3<>oa year. During his first year in Iowa lie preached on
a circuit as a supply, and in 1856 joined the Iowa Conference
of the Methodist F.piscopal Church. In that Conference he
filled numerous important appointments, at Marshalltown, I''ort
Madison, Washington, Mt. Pleasant and Burlington. During
two years, of his residence in Iowa, he was chaplain of the
State Penitentiary. In 1869, he received a special request to
heroine pastor of the Park -avenue Methodist Kpiscopal Church,
Chicago, and after three years' service was appointed pastor of
tin- First Methodist Episcopal Church, this city, where he also
remained three years. In 1875, he was appointed to the pas-
toialeof the First Methodist Church, Aurora, III., where he
remained until 1877, when he received a call to the Centenary
Methodist Episcopal Church, Chicago, in which he served
until 1880, when his term expired. But the most interest
attaches to the life of Dr. Thomas in connection with the
liberality of his views. As early as 1865, rumors became cur-
rent that he was becoming very liberal, and while he was at
Burlington, Iowa, attempts were made on this account to pre-
vent his transfer to Chicago, but it was not until his ministry
at the Eirst Church, Chicago, that his heterodoxy attracted
general attention. Here he became one of the most popular
preachers in the city, especially with those outside the Church.
This was because, in various ways, he manifested his recog-
nition of the good that is in all men, even in the worst, and
many of this class who had been hitherto utterly indifferent
became interested in religion. His sermon at the funeral of
John W. Coon, the noted billiardist, made a sensation that
spread throughout the Church. In this sermon he spoke of
the broad brotherhood of man that makes us one, and said that
he was glad the broad love of ( lod was not limited by the nar-
row lives that too often dwarf our human sympathies. He
said: "Nothing pains me more, or gives me more anxious
thought, than that the world's great need anil religion's great
gift — man's want and Cod's fullness — can not be brought to-
gether." Soon after the organi/ation of the Philosophical
Society, Cerald Massey and Judge Henry Booth lectured
before that body, which met in the audience rooms of the Eirst
Methodist Episcopal Church. The delivery of infidel lectures from
a Methodist pulpit was looked upon by many as a great outrage
upon Christian thought and feeling. And about this time —
April 20, 1874 — Dr. Thomas delivered a sermon on the trial of
Professor Swing, which created a profound sensation. In this
sermon he took exception to the doctrine of decrees, according
to which the elect are foreordained to salvation and the non-
elect to perdition. In the fall of 1875, the complaint of his
excessive liberality was so broad in certain quarters that it had its
influence in sending him to Aurora. This was in consonance
with the design of those who desired to silence him without giving
him a trial for heterodoxy. But he was called to the Centenary
Church in 1877. In October, 1878, at the Conference which met
at Mount Carmel, his recent utterances were privately discussed by
the ministers, and a Committee on Conference Relations was ap-
pointed with special reference to his case. His sermon on the
" Present Needs of Religion " determined their action, resulting in
the adoption of a resolution asking him to give assurance that his
objectionable teachings should not continue or that he retire from
the Methodist pulpit. Dr. Thomas declined to either give the as-
surance or to retire, but did state that he should continue to do the
best he could as a faithful Christian minister. The case was therefore
dropped; and he was returned to Centenary Church. But the situa-
tion was a tentative one, and therefore could not long continue. In
1880, he was asked by the Conference to withdraw, by a vote of 96
to 45, seventy-live members being absent or refusing to vote. As
Dr. Thomas still persisted in remaining inside the Church, there
seemed no course open but to try him for heresy; this course was
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
829
therefore pursued, with the result of his expulsion from the Methodist
ministry and from membership in the Methodist Episcopal Chuivh.
But as a full history of this trial appears elsewhere in these pages it
is nut deemed necessary to pursue the details further here. Upon
the organization of The People's Church, Dr. Thomas became its
pastor, and continues to officiate in that capacity to the general satis-
faction of the members ami many strangers attracted by his liberal-
ity, his eloquence and his fame. But although the intricacies of the
trial are not followed here, it is deemed proper to present the views
of Dr. Thomas on the three great ideas which lie at the basis of
Christian Theology: The atonement, endless punishment and the
inspiration of the Scriptures. With reference to the atonement, he
holds that it is a measure for securing the moral order of the uni-
verse, if the idea of penal substitution be omitted. He believes in
the divinity of Christ, that he suffered for man, so that he might be
redeemed from his sin and made like Himself, but that He was not
punished as guilty, nor that the penalty of the law was executed
upon Him. He does not believe in a righteousness imputed, but in
a righteousness imparted. With reference to eternal punishment,
he believes that future punishment is certain for those who die in
their sins; that the law that brings suffering to the sinner must abide
forever; that this law operates in all worlds and in all ages; that so
long as any soul sins, soiong must that soul suffer; and lie believes
that even those who turn to the right may always suffer loss because
of having done wrong; — but he believes that God is the Father of
all, and will deal in a tender love with all; and as he can not affirm
that any one soul, or the same soul, will remain forever in sin,
neither can he affirm endless suffering for any soul. With reference
to the inspiration of the Bible, l>r. Thomas teaches that " Holy
men of old spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit "; hence it
is not the thought nor the language of the Bible that is inspired,
but in the Bible we have the thoughts and the words of inspired men.
Some of these men received more, and others less of the Divine
illumination, and hence all parts of the Scriptures are not equally
inspired, nor are the quality and the quantity of inspiration the same
in all parts of the writings of th'e same author. The Old Testament
is largely a history of the Hebrew people, and contains much that
is irrelevant and of but little use — much that is uncertain and even
legendary; but running through the history can be traced the move-
ment of a progressive unfoMing of the ideas of God and righteous-
ness, which reach their fullness in Jesus Christ and the apostles.
The final truths of the Bible, as interpreted by the clearest reason,
are authority in matters of faith and morals. Revelation is not only
progressive but continuous, and the Holy Spirit is still present, and
guides inquiring minds. Dr. Thomas .was married, on March 19,
1855, to Miss Emetine C. Merrick, a brilliant and accomplished
young lady of I Vnns\ -Ivania. They have had seven children, one
of whom, Dr. Homer N. Thomas, is still living. Mrs. Thomas is
a lady of cheerful disposition and practical good sense ; she has
always been a true helpmeet, and has been the patient sharer of his
early poverty and trials and the intelligent and genial companion of
his later blessings and greater abundance.
CiiK'uici BIIM.K SUCIKTY. — An account of the organization of
this society, and its work down to the year 1871, appears in the pre-
ceding volumes.
The tenth canvass of the city in 1875, as shown in the reports
of the Society, resulted as follows:
Families visited, 17,564; families destitute, 4,482; families and
persons supplied, 1,563; families refused, 1,674. Bibles sold, 483;
Bibles donated, 1,001. Cash received, $265.25. The branch soci-
eties drew books, during the year 1875-76, to the amount of $370.78;
and paid into the treasury $1,876.86. The reports show that dur-
ing this year no county in the State was, probably, more thoroughly
or more frequently canvassed than Cook County. Fifty-seven vessels
sailing on the western lakes were supplied with no Bibles. Grants
to churches and Sunday-schools amounted to 770 Bibles and Testa-
ments, valued at $298.30. Grants to the destitute amounted to
$74.94. ( .rants to the Young Men's Christian Association amounted
to $80.30. Grants from the depository amounted to 287 Bibles and
Testaments, valued at $72.75. The total number of volumes dis-
tributed during the year was 6,497. The treasurer's statement for
the year, as shown by report, was — Receipts, $7,729.77; disburse-
ments, $7,687.01.
The reports for 1876-77 show that 26,905 families were visited
during the year, that 3,783 families were destitute, that 2,518 fami-
lies were supplied, that 1,210 refused Bibles, that 503 Bibles were
sold at a value of $307.43, that 2,012 Bibles were donated at a cost
of $941.28. Thirty-seven branch auxiliaries had received books to
the amount of £266.04, and had paid into the Society about $888.48.
During 1878, the Society in connection with other societies in
the State, undertook the supply of each passenger and caboose car
on the various railways centering in Chicago, with two or more
copies of the Bible, prepared specially for that purpose. Three of
the railway lines and forty railway stations in the county were sup-
plied with 432 Bibles, costing $350.80. The report for 1878-79
shows thirty-seven township and branch societies.
In the early part of the year 1879, the parent society, the
American Bible Society, changed its Methods of selling to and sup-
plying its auxiliaries, requiring cash for all books sold. The Chi-
cago Society being at that time in debt nearly $3,01x3, with small
collections coming from the churches, and with only a small stock
of books on hand, found itself unable to obtain Bibles for sale or
distribution, or to pay for the stock they had. The parent society,
however, came to its relief by a donation of $1,000, by which it was
enabled to continue operations. The summary of grants, sales, etc.,
for 1878, amounted to 395 Bibles and 387 Testaments. The grants
from the depository amounted to $514.38. Thirty-eight branch
societies were furnished with books to the amount of $430.50. The
sales from the depositor)' amounted to $3,100.39.
Reports for the year ending March 31, iSSi, show three per-
sons to have been employed, one hundred and twenty days of ser-
vice rendered, $138.46 paid for such service, 8,908 families visited,
2,956 of which were Catholic, 4(9 were found destitute of the Bible,
190 of these refused the Bible, and 113 volumes were disposed of.
There were books in the depository to the value of $564.94, and in
the depositories of the branch societies to the value of $500.
The report for year ending March 31, 1883, shows that the
branch societies paid into the county society $307.01. They drew
from the county depository 126 volumes, valued at $69. 16. They
put into circulation 211 volumes, valued at $97.28. Three can-
vassers visited, in all, 5,057 families, 424 of which were found des-
titute, 45 of which were supplied with Bibles; 15(1 volumes were
sold, valued at $104.15; 24 volumes given, valued at 84. oS; 87
volumes were given from the depository to destitute persons and
families, valued at $22.74; 380 volumes, valued at $86.76, were pre-
sented to 33 churches, missions, hospitals, etc. There were sold
from the depository and by the superintendent, 7,393 volumes,
valued at $2,337.72; and put into circulation, all told, 8,251 volumes,
valued at $2,652.73.
For the year ending March 31, 1884, 121 volumes were given,
valued at 8133.28. During the year the branch societies paid into
the county society Si ,nv-'.75. They have in their depositories,
at the time of this report, 2,486 volumes, valued at $1,048.73.
The officers of the Society at the present time are: I . \V.
Harvey, president; C. R. l.arrabee, H. \V. Dudley, Theodore F.
Rice, vice-presidents; T. B. Carter, corresponding secretary; C.
W. Newton, recording secretary; C. II. Mulliken, treasurer; Rev.
Samuel Fallows, D.I)., Rev. Arthur Little, D.I)., Rev. Frank M.
Bristol, Rev. Thomas K. Green. C. P. Holmburg, executive com-
mittee; Rev. J. A. Mack, superintendent.
THE BKTHEI.. — In June, 1871, the Bethel flag floated over
the completed new building, a commodious brick structure, four
stories in height, near the corner of Michigan and Market streets.
The large audience-room, known as the Mariners' Church, had
been finished several years before, and services regularly held in it.
The work had prospered during this period. ( )n Sundays a free
breakfast had been served to the poor, followed by a gospel tem-
perance meeting; a union temperance prayer meeting at 3 p.m. had
been established; a division of the Sons of Temperance was insti-
tuted and had grown to a membership of one hundred and thirty-
five. A talented young missionary, Edward W. Drew, had been
engaged to assist the chaplain, Rev. Mr. Leonard. Distribution
of Bibles and tracts on land, and visitations to ships in the harbor,
were diligently prosecuted. At the church, services were regularly
held on Sunday mornings and evenings; on Sunday afternoon, sim-
ultaneously at the Marine Hospital and on the dock, at the lumber
market, or on shipboard. The Sabbath-school was in a flourishing
condition. Dr. R. L. Leonard, the youngest son of the chaplain,
was superintendent and gave much time to the work. A debt of
$7,000 rested on the property, but there were two stores on the
first floor, with basements, which were expected to pay off the loan
in a few years. On October 9, 1871, the structure was destroyed
by fire. On the following Sunday, a chapel was rented at No. 180
North Peoria Street, where services were regularly conducted until
they were re-established upon the old site. It was a great loss
from which to recover, but Mr. Leonard, though over sixty years
of age, at once went to work to secure funds to re-build ; this time
so enlarging the edifice as to include a sailors' home. The corner-
stone of the new structure was laid in July, 1873, and the Mariners'
Temple, a brick structure, five stories high, was inclosed, and one
story finished. Into this the Sunday-school and "Sheet-Anchor
Division " removed, and regular morning and evening preaching
was resumed in the new building. In the few finished rooms, the
sailors' home was opened, but only twenty-live boarders could find
accommodations. The Sunday-school grew to a membership ol
three hundred and fifty. Gospel temperance meetings, every Mon-
day evening, were crowded, and the regular church services were
always well attended. At the time the Mariners' Church was
burned there was a debt upon it of $7,000. In the re-building this
was increased to $14,000; $25,000 was raised by subscription, and
Rev. Mr. Leonard put several thousand dollars of his own, all he
possessed, into the enterprise. Still this was not adequate for the
830
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
completion of the building. In October, 1875, negotiations were
consummated with the Western Seaman's Friend Society, by which
the work was transferred to them, they having removed their head-
quarters from Cleveland, Ohio, to this city, and which had origin-
ally sent Mr. Leonard to this field. This Society assumed the
Bethel debts and continued the chaplain at the Temple. The debts,
however, were not paid, and the building was sold under mortgage
some time during the winter of 1 876-77. Notwithstanding this
fact, rooms were rented in the building and the services conducted
as before.
Mr. Leonard had been accustomed to visit towns and cities in
Illinois to collect funds for the prosecution of his work among the
sailors of this port. During one of these visits, on Sunday morn-
ing, June 17, 1877, he preached in the Methodist Episcopal Church
at Ruchclle. On the next morning, while on his way to take the
train returning to Chicago, he called on a Mr. Williams, a mer-
chant of the place, and while waiting to see him, fell to the floor
and expired.
After his decease the mission was conducted for nearly a year
by his son, l>r. K. L. Leonard, but for lack of funds the work was
suspended October I, 1878, and has not since been resumed.
THE JEWISH CONGREGATIONS.
KEHILATH ANSHE MAARAB, or Congregation of the
Men of the \Vest. — After the destruction of their place
of worship by the great fire of 1871, this congregation
purchased a church on the corner of Twenty-sixth
Street and Indiana Avenue, where they are still situated.
Rev. I,. Adler, called to be the religious teacher of this
society in 1861, held this office until iSSi, when, in con-
sequence of his advanced age, he was pensioned by his
congregation, but continued his official duties until the
election, in 1883, of his successor, Rev. Samuel Sale.
Various reforms have been inaugurated during the
present ministry, among which may be mentioned Sun-
day worship and the introduction of instrumental music.
REV. SAMCKI. SAI.K, rabbi of the Kehilath Anshe Maarab, was
born at Louisville, Ky., on October 29, 1854. His father, Isaac
Sale, was born in Bavaria, on April 26, 1822, and was a merchant.
He came to America in 1839. His mother was Henrietta (I)inkel-
spiel) Sale. His education was obtained in the public schools at
Louisville until in 1871, when he graduated from the high school
with the highest honors, and was thus, by the rules of the school, enti-
tled to, and received, a scholarship in the Washington College,
Lexington, Va. He entered this college, but returned soon after-
ward to Louisville, and pursued his Hebrew studies there until Sep-
tember, 1873, when he went to Europe, and for five years there-
after attended the University of Berlin and at the same time the
Jewish Theological Seminary. In August, he returned to Louis-
ville, and in September received a call from the Har Sinai Con-
gregation at lialtimore, as the immediate successor of Rev. Emil
( i. 1 lirsch. He remained there five years, and then, in September,
1883, after preaching a trial sermon, was called to the Kehilath
Anshe Maarab, Chicago. This congregation is growing somewhat
under his ministrations, though perhaps not so rapidly as would be
the case were it not so near the powerful Sinai Congregation, and
were it not for the fact that it is for the most part composed of
conservative members, while Rev. Mr. Sale is in sympathy with
the reform movements of the age. He was married to Miss Rachel
Goldenberg, on January 12, 1881. They have two children, — Llew-
ellyn and Ashley D.
THE SINAI CONGREGATION. — After the resignation
of Rev. Dr. H. Rohler in 1879, and his acceptance of a
call to New York City, Rev. Dr. Emil G. Hirsch took
charge of the society, beginning his labors in August,
1880. After the destruction of their place of worship on
Van Buren Street by the fire, the congregation worshiped
in various churches and other buildings, such as the
present Wabash-avenue Methodist Episcopal Church,
the First Presbyterian Church, and Marline's Hall, corner
of Indiana Avenue and Twenty-second Street. This
latter place was engaged for services on the first Sunday
in January, 1873, and was used until the completion of
the present capacious and handsome temple. The lot
on which the edifice is erected was purchased for
$30,000, and is on the southwest corner of Indiana
Avenue and Twenty-first Street. The temple was dedi-
cated on April 8, 1876, or about one year from the date
of its commencement. It is a substantial stone struc-
ture of the early French-Gothic type, at the same time
bearing features of a pronounced oriental character.
The most noteworthy external characteristic of the
building is its massive-ness, which is, at the same time,
combined with simplicity. The cost of the structure,
including sidewalk, furniture and organ, was $90,000.
Of special interest, as pertaining to this society, are
the Sunday services. The first attempt to hold service
on Sunday was made during Dr. Chronik's ministry by a
small portion of the congregation, but failing to meet
general approval was soon discontinued. The reform
movement finally was successful, and was unanimously
adopted in January, 1873. The movement gained
strength under Dr. Kohler. and on his retirement Dr.
Hirsch was called with reference to his special fitness
for carrying on this work. During his administration
the Sunday services have become practically the most
important held in the synagogue, although Sunday has
not been adopted officially as the Sabbath and the Satur-
day services are still continued, although attended by
only one hundred and fifty persons, mostly women.
These services are conducted according to the reformed
ritual of Dr. Einhorn, father-in-law of Dr. Hirsch, the
leading reform Jew in the United States. The Sun-
day services are not so distinctly religious as intellectual.
They consist of singing, a prayer or sermon by Dr.
Hirsch, a composition by him in place of the Kaddish,
or memorial prayer for the dead, and a benediction.
These latter services are attended by from five hundred
to one thousand five hundred people.
The Sinai congregation is the largest single contrib-
utor in the city to the treasury of the United Hebrew
Relief Society. The Sabbath-school is superintended
by Dr. Hirsch, assisted by Rev. Solomon Kauffmann and
Miss D. Simon.
REV. SOLOMON KAI'FKMANN was born at Wrouke, in the
Province of I'osen, Prussia, on January 24, 1846, the son of Kauf-
mann Kauffmann. 11 is education was obtained at the public schools
of his native town, where he received special instruction in Hebrew,
the Talmud and kindred studies. Later, he went to Samter, remain-
ing there in the high school until he was seventeen years of age.
He then filled the position of religious teacher at Mirow, Mecklen-
burg, and there remained teaching and pursuing studies preparatory
to entering the Theological Seminary at lierlin until April, 1866,
when he entered the seminary as a member of the junior class,
graduating therefrom in April, 1868. Then he became a professor
in the celebrated Jacobson School, at Seesen, Duchy of Brunswick,
occupying the chair of Latin, Jewish history and literature and
German language and literature. This school was founded by
Israel Jacobson, the philanthropist, for the education of poor youth,
but it afterward also received scholars who paid in part or in full
for their education. Rev. Mr. Kauffmann remained in this posi-
tion until October, 1869, when he went to Essen, the present loca-
tion of the Krupp cannon manufactory, to lake charge of a Jewish
congregation as minister, and where he also had charge of the school
of the congregation. There he remained for two and a half years.
In the spring of 1872, he came to America to take charge of the Beth
El Emeth (Temple of Truth) Congregation, at Memphis, Tenn. In
the fall of 1873, he left Memphis, and went to Portsmouth, Ohio,
where he became minister of the B'nai Abraham Congregation.
He remained in this position two and a half years, and in the sum-
mer of 1876 accepted the position of professor of the English and
German languages and literatures and French in the "Philanthropin"
College at Frankfort-on-the-Main. This position he held until
January I, 1882, when he returned to this country, and remained
one year at Portsmouth, Ohio. On January I, 1883, he came lo
Chicago to take ministerial charge of the Kehilath B'nai Sholom,
in which position he remained until June of the same year, when he
resigned, but still continued to officiate as pastor at holiday ser-
vices until Easter, 1884. Rev. Mr. Kauffmann was married at
Portsmouth, Ohio, to Miss Bettie Eichelstein, on August 4, 1874,
by whom he has four children, one son and three daughters.
ZION CONGREGATION. — This society was organized
RELIGIOUS HISTORY.
831
in 1864, the first religious service being held on Sep-
tember i. The young congregation then purchased a
Baptist church-edifice on Uesplaines Street, between
Madison and Washington, for which the sum of seven
or eight thousand dollars was paid. This was sold in
1869, to the Arbeiter-Verein, or Workmen's Associa-
tion, the situation being no longer appropriate. The
society next purchased a lot on the corner of Jackson
and Sangamon streets, and erected a frame house of
worship, in which they held their services until Septem-
ber, 1885, when they occupied their new temple on the
corner of Washington Boulevard and Ogden Avenue.
This latter structure, one of the most attractive on the
West Side, is of pressed brick, embellished with terra
cotta, and is in the Moorish style of architecture. The
interior is commodious, having a seating capacity for
one thousand five hundred, and is beautifully decorated
and frescoed. A lajge organ is in process of construc-
tion. The total cost of the temple was about $60,000
and the lot $15,000. One hundred and twenty families
are enrolled in the regular membership. The principal
services are held on Saturday morning; but lectures are
given on Friday evening and on Sunday. The services
are in the German language. This society, with that of
Sinai, is representative of what is modernly called Re-
formed Judaism. Rev. B. Felsenthal has occupied the
rabbi's chair of Zion Congregation since 1864. Since
the fall of 1884, Rabbi Max ^Heller has been Dr. Fel-
senthal's assistant. A de'bt of $20,000, incurred in the
building of the new temple, was readily provided for.
THE NORTH SIDE HEBREW CONGREGATION. — This
society of the Orthodox Jews was first organized in
1867. Previous to the great fire, their worship was held
in a rented building on Dearborn Avenue. They sub-
sequently erected a temple on Ohio Street, near Wells
Street, which was destroyed in the great fire. In 1884,
they began to re-build, finished the basement and dedi-
cated it, not having the means to complete the entire
building. The congregation numbers about one hun-
dred. Rev. A. Norden has been the minister since 1871.
Various other congregations of Orthodox Jews of
small membership exist throughout the city; some wor-
shiping in rented halls, others in small structures which
they have built, and having, in most cases, daily re-
ligious services. Many of these smaller societies are of
very recent date, due largely to the remarkable influx of
Jewish refugees from the Russian persecutions in Poland
in 1882.
REV. AARON NORDEN, minister of the Congregation of the
North Side, was born at Lissa, Prussia, on June 8, 1844. His
father, Saul Norden, has been a minister forty years. His mother's
maiden name was Eva Spieldech. Both his parents are living in
Prussia. He received his elementary education at Lissa, and
graduated from the high school there in 1860. He pursued his
rabbinical studies with the celebrated rabbi, Dr. Elias Gutmacher,
of Graetz, Prussia, remaining under his instruction three years.
One year after completing his studies he remained with his father,
and then came to America, landing at New York City in 1864.
For the next two years he was minister of the Communite Israelite
Fraii9aise, a French Jewish Congregation, and in 1866 he be-
came minister of the Eden-street Synagogue, Baltimore, Md. He
remained with this congregation four years, and in 1870 came to
Chicago, to take charge of the Congregation of the North Side, as
the successor of Rev. A. Ollendorf. The great fire of 1871 de-
stroyed most of the property of the members of this congregation, and
scattered the members themselves to such an extent that it was im-
practicable to hold services for some time, and, in consequence, Rev.
Mr. Norden went to Natchez, Miss., and remained until his con-
gregation in Chicago was ready for his return. The congregation
was reorganized in 1874, with thirty-five members, and Rev. Mr.
Norden was recalled to continue his ministerial labors. Most of
the time since then they have worshiped in Christian churches, as
in that of the New England Congregational, Grace Methodist
Episcopal, and Unity ; but in 1884 they completed a handsome
temple of their own on the corner of Rush Street and Walton
Place, at a cost of $30,000, upon which there is now no debt. Rev.
Mr. Norden was married to Miss Rosalie Gabriel, daughter of
Moise Gabriel, a merchant of New York City, on April 17, 1866.
They have had seven children, all of whom are living — three sons
and four daughters.
THE SPIRITUALISTS.
It is estimated that at the time of the great fire in
October, 1871, the number of Spiritualists in Chicago was
ten thousand, and at the present time thirty thousand.
There has not existed at any time a permanent organi-
zation of Spiritualists in this city, and hence the lack of
statistics or authentic data. Small societies have been
organized from time to time, but their existence has
been brief. After the great fire, meetings were held in
various parts of the city; but never at any time have
the Spiritualists, as a society, owned any property for
their specific purposes in Chicago. At the present time,
meetings are held in Madison-street Theatre, between
State and Dearborn streets, at which paid speakers
address the audiences.
It may be stated here, that the Religio-Philosophical
Journal, perhaps the chief organ of the Spiritualists in
the United States, is published in Chicago, and has a
circulation in the city and vicinity of about ten thousand
copies.
MRS. CORA L. V. RICHMOND, pastor of the First Society of
Spiritualists, was born at Cuba, Allegany County, N. Y., on April
21, 1840. Her father was Davide Scott, a farmer and a blacksmith.
Her mother was Lodensy (Butterfield) Scott, daughter of Oliver
Butterfield, also a farmer. Her early life was spent at her father's
home in New York, but in 1852, when she was eleven years old, she
removed with her family to Wisconsin. Her first experience of
spirit influence came to her shortly after this removal. She was
seated in an arbor in her father's garden, preparing to write a com-
position for school. While thus engaged she was thrown into a
trance, during which the slate was written over in an unfamiliar
handwriting. Upon awaking, Cora took her slate to her mother,
and said " Some one has writted my slate all over while I was
asleep." The communication was addressed to " My Dear Sister,"
and purported to be a message from a sister of the mother, who
had died several years before. This experience produced a pro-
found sensation in the mother's mind. A few days afterward little
Cora was thrown into a second trance, while sitting by her mother's
side, and the latter, thinking it was a swoon, tried every restorative
at hand; but, seeing the hand move, she remembered the previous
writing, and brought the slate. The following message soon ap-
peared written on the slate: " We are the spirits of your departed
friends; we will not harm the child; but we have found a method of
holding converse with the earth." These were the first instances
known of trance-mediumship. The education of Cora Scott, up to
this time, had been that usually received by country children in the
district school; and since that time she has received no further
instruction in the schools, nor from teachers of any kind, other
than her " Spirit guides." One of these guides, she says, is a son of
Adin Ballou, who founded a small community called Hopedale, Mass. ,
and who was then a Universalist, but later a Spiritualist. The son
died when nearly eighteen years old, and was one of the first to
" influence" the medium. Her first form of mediumship was that
of writing; and the neighbors hearing of the singular phenomenon
frequently thronged the house to discover, if possible, what this new
thing might be. Her teacher, Miss Mary Folson, afterward Mrs.
Hayes, of Madison, Wis., a woman of profound piety, was so
moved with an earnest desire to know if this extraordinary gift
were from the angels, that in the privacy of her room she prayed
that it might be made known to her, and, as a most singular answer
to her prayer, she soon became a most powerful healing medium.
After some time Cora's guides intimated that a German physician
would control her, and would prescribe for diseases or treat them
by the laying on of hands. During the four years this physician
controlled the medium, he frequently prescribed for diseases,
speaking in the French, German and Italian languages, with which
the medium was entirely unacquainted, and yet, so far as physicians
present could determine, was fully experienced in every branch of
medicine. Numerous instances of the exercise of her healing power
are given, but they can only be referred to in a sketch of this char-
acter. In the thirteenth year of. her age she made a visit to her
native county, in New York, and held frequent meetings, teaching
the assembled audiences the new spiritual gospel and healing the
832
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
siik. On lu-r return to Wisconsin, her father prepared a large
room in his own house, to which the public were invited one even-
ing in eaeh week to listen to a discourse. When she was fifteen
old, the power of healing was withdrawn, to give plaee to
teaching and speaking, and at sixteen slie went to New York,
where the phenomena manifested through her were investigated by
a eompany of literary and scientific gentlemen, eoniposed of 1 Irs.
(.ray and K. 'I', llallock, 1'iofessor Mapes ami Judge Edmonds.
From that time to the present she has delivered upward of three
thousand disronrses, upon almost every eoneeivable topie, and all
of which are entirely extemporaneous and impromptu. In 1^72,
as Mrs. Cora I.. V. Tappan, she visited England, and remained
there and in the provinces until IS75. During this period she
delivered from one to live discourses each week, most of which were
collected and published in 1875, by James Burns, London, in a
volume entitled "Discourses through the mediumship of Mrs. Cora
I.. V. Tappan." These discourses were on such topics as the fol-
lowing: Spiritualism as a Science, The Realm of Spirit, There is
no Death, Some of the Methods of Producing Spirit Manifestations,
The Spirit World and its People, The Greatest Teacher (whom
she declared to be Jesus Christ), The Need and Efficacy of Prayer,
The Judgment Day, etc. Since returning from England she has
been employed most of the time as pastor, or public teacher, by the
Eirst Society of Spiritualists, whose lecture room is in Marline's
Hall, on Ada Street. This society numbers from four hundred to
live hundred members, but the attendance upon the lectures varies
greatly, as Spiritualists ha\e no deed, and hence no common bond
of union as is the case in Christian churches; hence, they do not
attend as a matter of duty but as a matter of choice, the choice
being largely determined by the nature of the topic to be discussed.
Mrs. Richmond has visited and spoken in all parts of the United
Slates, but her labors have been confined mostly to Boston, New
York City, and Chicago. She claims no credit for whatever of
merit her teachings or discourses may contain, as before delivering
them she knows nothing of what they are to contain, and after
delivering them she has no remembrance of what they contained.
She claims to be only the medium for their delivery to mortal men.
And in this entire lack of preparation she is literally fulfilling the
injunction " Take no thought for the morrow," if that injunction
may be applied to the work of the ministry. On October 12, 1876,
Mrs. Tappan was married to William Richmond, of this city, son
of the late \\ . Thomas Richmond, and grandson of Hon. Thomas
Richmond, a pioneer in Chicago, who had lived here forty years.
Mr. Richmond shares the faith of his wife and is a most earnest
supporter of her public work.
TIIK RKl.Kiiii-piiii.osiiriii'-.M. JuruN \l. is a large eight-page
weekly, established in i.sdj, and devoted to modern Spiritualism
and general reform. It was originally a chartered institution, incor-
porated under a special charter, but in 1866 it was wrested from
the hands of the original managers, and Messrs, (ones ..Y Bundy
lost control of the concern. In nine months' time the new managers
had wrecked the business. This obliged an abandonment of the
charter, and S. S. Jones then revived the paper and general pub-
lishing business as a private enterprise, associating Colonel Bundy
with him. Mr. Jones being the editor-in-chief of the journal,
the business management devolved upon JohnC. Bundy. On
March 15, 1877, Mr. Jones was murdered in his office, and
Mr. Bundy took possession of the paper and became its editor
and manager, acting as administrator of the estate, and in
1879 became sole owner by purchase. Like all newspapers,
it had a struggle for life, but finally, in 1870, tinder good busi-
ness management, became strong in circulation and financially
healthy. In 1871, the office was located at Nos. 187-189
South Clark Street, where the fire swept them out of exist-
ence. Property worth over §20,000 was lost; the mail-list and
books of aceount alone were saved. Eiftccn dollars was the
total amount realized from insurance policies aggregating
$7,000. In about twenty-four hours after the loss, they had
secured a place on the West Side, and had issued a small
paper, and mailed it to their subscribers. The enterprise
shown by this management was rewarded, for subscriptions
poured in from all directions, and delinquents sent in remit-
tances to balance old accounts, until the winter following
found them nicely situated and with more money than they
needed, their subscription list meanwhile reaching twenty-five
thousand copies. This is the only paper in Chicago devoted
to Spiritualism, and is an able exponent of the scientific and
educated wing of Spiritualists. The paper is well supported,
f ..:.- and numbers among its friends the brilliant Rev. 11. \V.
;;• Thomas, D.I)., Hon. W. K. McAllister, Rev. Robert Collyer
and others. It is unsectarian, non-partisan, and thoroughly
independent, and lends its active support to any scheme
adapted to the amelioration of man. It has a national cir-
culation, and nearly a thousand copies are taken in foreign
countries, quite a number going to India. Australia, Russia,
and a still larger number to England and Germany.
SIKVKNS S. JONKS, formerly editor and publisher of the
Religio-Philosophical Journal, was born in Barre, Vt., on
July 22, 1813. His father w-as a farmer, and was an intelli-
gent, liberal-minded man. At the age of nineteen he entered .
upon the study of law, and was admitted to practice at the
November term of court of thai year. He entered upon a
successful practice in Hyde Park soon after he was admitted,
and remained there until his removal to St. Charles, 111., in
the spring of 1838. Eor many years he confined himself to
his profession, and ranked high as a lawyer, and was thence
elected judge of the Kane County Court, and sustained his
former reputation as an able and impartial jurist. In the
early days of the railroads in the Northwest he was actively
engaged, always taking a prominent part in matters of enter-
prise. He was liberal in religious matters, and during his younger
years was a supporter of the Universalist denomination. Generally
he was presiding officer at Universalist Stale Conventions and was
present at all representative gatherings in the State. lie drew the
charter of the Religio-Philosophical Publishing Association, and
secured its passage through the Legislature. Under this broad
charter he organized an association for the publication of books and
papers, and established the Religio-Philosophical lournal in May,
1865. The institution flourished and gave excellent promise of suc-
cess, but in the fall of 1866 a change of management threw the con-
trol into other hands, and Mr. Jones was retired. Nine months
thereafter the Religio-Philosophical Journal came into his hands once
more, through the failure of the association. In 1871 his office was
entirely destroyed ; but not in the least deterred, he immcdialelv went
to New York City and purchased a new outfit, and in five weeks
sent his new paper full size to his subscribers. During the interim,
he had supplied his subscribers and friends with a small sized sheet.
His success was pronounced, and he flourished as a publisher until
March 15, 1877, when he was foully murdered in his office at No.
3<)4 Dearborn Street. He was married at Hyde Park, Vt., to Miss
Lavinia M. Camp, daughter of Philo G. Camp, on May t, 1838,
and there are two children living, — Mary K., wife of Colonel John
C. Bundy, and Clara M., wife of Robert B. Earson, of the Ilintze-
Baker Company of Chicago.
JOHN C. BlINLiY was born at St. Charles, Kane Co., III., on
February 16, 1841. His parents, Asahel and Betsy (Minard)
POLITICAL HISTORY.
833
Bundy, were farmers, and his education was commenced in the
public schools of the village adjoining his home. In 1857, he
attended for two years Phillips Academy, Andover. Mass. The
climate affected his health, and he was obliged to return home, and
never completed his college course. In 1860, he began business
life as a clerk in the dry goods store of Minard & Osgood, at St.
Charles, but the business was not congenial to his tastes, he inclining
toward literary pursuits. In 1861, when the War broke out, he
began recruiting men for the service, and before becoming identi-
fied with an accepted organization he had sent forward several
hundred recruits. On August 7, 1861, he was sworn into the
service as a private in a cavalry company organized in Kane County;
( . 11. Dodson was elected captain, and John C. liundy second lieu-
tenant. The company was ordered to Jefferson Barracks, below
St. Louis, and was under General S. R. Curtis, of Iowa. They
were then moved to lienton liarracks, just outside of St. Louis,
where Lieutenant Bundy was appointed mustering officer. He was
on the staff of General S. R. Curtis in his memorable march
through Arkansas. During this march he was promoted to the
rank of lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Arkansas Infantry, ilis health
finally gave way under the hardships of active service in the field,
and he was forced to *eek its recovery at home, returning to the
Army after a short absence. In 1863, he was obliged to retire
from the Army on account of his health. The following extract
from a letter written by Governor Yates, before Colonel Bundy had
become convinced that he could not longer endure active service,
will appropriately close this brief sketch of the young soldier's war
record :
" J>KP,\KTMK\ i OF STATE,
" fyringficlil, Illinois, February II, 1863.
"To His Kxcellency Abraham Lincoln, President.
* * Colonel Bundy is the bearer of credentials of a very
high character, vouching for his integrity and ability. He served
with distinction in the Kept, of the Missouri, and is' highly spoken
of by Major-General Curtis. Any favor granted Col. Bundy will
be worthily bestowed.
"Very Respectfully Your (Hit. Servant,
" RICHARD YATKS, Governor."
After leaving the Army he applied himself to the study of law,
which he had always had a liking for, but in 1866 concluded to
identify himself with journalism, and was soon occupying the posi-
tion of business manager of the Religio-l'hilosophical Journal, a
large weekly published in Chicago. On the death of Stevens S.
Jones, he at once became editor and manager, and, later, proprietor
of this journal, and by his energy and ability has made it a very
successful and widely influential publication. He was married at
St. Charles, 111., on August 19, 1862, to Miss Mary ]•',., daughter
of Stevens S. Jones, and has one daughter living, — Gertrude M.
He lost his only son, George M., who was killed by a base ball on
October 22, 1870, while watching other children playing in the
street.
POLITICAL HISTORY.
FROM THE FREE Son, MOVEMENT OK 1848 TO
THE PRESENT TIME. — The history of the municipal
politics of Chicago necessarily bears close relation to
the great organized parties, and the process of writing
it is like grafting new branches upon old and well-rooted
trunks. Whatever may have been the causes that
divided the early voters of Chicago by distinct party
lines, they were never wholly obliterated in local elec-
tions by issues involving the interests of the growing
city itself until the close of the Civil War.
Whether originally bound together by the leader-
ship of pioneer spirits ; the bond of self-preservation
that united all in common cause against the Indians ;
the clearing of the forests, the tilling of the soil; the
building up, expansion and improvement of the city —
any or all of these influences gave way in time, after
serving their brief purposes, to the great issues leading
up to and involved in the abolition agitation, — the Free
Soil movement of 1848, the Lincoln-Douglas debates,
the election of Lincoln to the presidency, and the crisis
of the great War of the Rebellion.
THE ANTI-SLAVERY MOVEMENT. — The majority of
local voters from 1830 to 1853 were of the Democratic
school, except in 1840 and 1848, when the party
strength was divided by internal dissensions. The
party split in the latter year was on the slavery issue,
the anti-slavery wing expressing its sentiment in Chicago
by giving to Martin Van Buren, Free-Soil Democrat,
1,543 votes for president. Only four years before this
the popular refrain of the Whig opposition had been —
" Oh, oh, oh, the country's risin'
For Henry Clay and Frelinghuysen."
Hut the country did not rise to the extent anticipated.
The Whigs were not strong enough to overcome the
Democrats; and although the brilliant "Harry Clay"
was immensely popular in Chicago, and the city gave
him 850 votes to Folk's 136, the latter carried Cook
County by 2,027 votes to Clay's 1,117. The news of
the election came by stage, and it was two weeks before
the people of Chicago knew how close New York State
had been. The news came as a '' special " way-bill, along
with the letter sack, to Ellis & Fergus, publishers of the
Democratic Advocate, and the jubilant Democrats
celebrated the election of Polk and Dallas by building
bonfires on Clark street and by extemporaneous oratory.
Some account of the abolition movement, the agita-
tion over the " Black Laws," the Kansas excitement, the
alleged mobbing of Stephen A. Douglas at North
Market Hall, and other stirring incidents leading up to
the Rebellion were given in a preceding volume, and it
is not the intention here to give a resume of National
politics, except sufficiently to show the bearing and
influence of the great questions of the times upon the
people of Chicago, and the men who were active and
prominent in leadership.
The few abolitionists here in 1840 gave their votes
to James G. Birney, of Michigan. In 1844, after his
second nomination, he received 209 votes in Chicago
and a total of 317 in Cook County.
When the Free Soil party was organized, its main
principle, as enunciated in its platform, was hostility to
the further spread of slavery; but this, alone, did not
seem sufficient to commend the party to the suffrages
of the disaffected voters of all parties.
While Van Buren carried Chicago and Cook County
by a plurality in 1848, four years thereafter the Demo-
crats carried the city by 2,853 and the county by 3,767
for Franklin Pierce. Winfield Scott, the Whig candidate,
got 1,765 votes in the city and 2,089 in the county, and
John P. Hale, the Free Soil candidate got but 424 votes
in the city and 793 in the county, — fewer by far than
Van Buren had polled as the first Free Soil candidate.
It was not until the Republican party was formed, and
John C. Fremont was chosen as a leader, under the
bold, broad and stirring declaration that there should
be no further extension of slavery, together with other
popular principles embodied in the platform, that all
unsettled elements united in a distinct, strong and
formidable party.
During all of this excitement and agitation, Hooper
Warren and Zebina Eastman may be said to have been
the leading spirits in every movement in behalf of
freedom.
In 1842, Zebina Eastman established in Chicago
834
HISTORY OJ- CHICAGO.
the " Western Citizen," in response to the request of
such early abolitionists as James H. Collins, Calvin
DeWolf, Philo Carpenter, Shubael D. Childs, Dr. C. \'.
Dyer, H. I,. Fulton, Newton Rossiter, Lemuel C. I'.
Freer J. Johnston, Rev. F. Bascom and other brave spir-
its, who, moved by their hostility to slavery and incensed
by their recollections of the murder of Elijah P. Love-
joy by a pro-slavery mob at Alton in 1837, and the
continued threats of pro-slavery men that no Abolition
paper should be established in Chicago, determined
that such a paper should be established, and that the
man who had written the obituary of the veteran aboli-
tionist, Benjamin Lundy, and established the Genius
of Liberty as the successor of the Genius of Universal
Emancipation, at Lowell, LaSalle County, should be
the editor and guiding mind of the new venture. They
felt that the abolitionists of the Northwest needed an
organ to represent their principles and defend them
in their agitation of the anti-slavery movement. The
paper was established, and filled this want. In 1853,
the name of the pioneer journal of freedom in Chicago
was changed to The Free West.
In 1842, the Liberty party, as it was then called, had
but 142 known voters in Illinois; in 1852, it had 10,000,
and was then strong enough to break down the long
continued power of the Democrats, and four years later
controlled the State, and had solidified and strengthened
into the new political power that made Abraham Lin-
coln president in 1860. The party was composed of
anti-slavery Democrats, anti-slavery Whigs, and anti-
slavery Americans, all animated with the hope of
checking the aggressive movements of the supporters
of the slave power in their efforts to control the Na-
tional Government.
In April, 1854, a meeting of prominent Chicago and
State politicians, including Democrats and Whigs who
were opposed to the course of Stephen A. Douglas in
the Senate, was held in Room 4, Tremont House.
There were present Abraham Lincoln, Lyman Trum-
bull, Mark Skinner, O. H. Browning, John E. Stewart,
David Davis, Norman B. Judd, J. Young Scammon,
Francis C. Sherman, and others equally well known.
Those present pledged themselves to the support of an
" Anti-Nebraska " party, and appointed a committee to
agitate the subject. This led to that fusion of senti-
ment that revolutionized the politics of the entire nor-
thern part of the State.
The first formal move in the direction of organizing
a party, was at a meeting of Anti-Kansas-Nebraska edi-
tors, held at Decatur, on February 22, 1856. The
most prominent Chicago men present were Dr. C. H.
Ray, of the Tribune, George Schneider, founder of the
Staats Zeitung, and William B. Ogden. This meeting
formulated a call for a State Convention, to be held at
Bloomington on May 29. Among Cook County men
present were James McKee, who was a vice-president of
the Convention ; C. L. Wilson, one of the secretaries ;
Dr. C. H. Ray and Norman B. Judd, who were made
members of the State Central Committee ; and John
Wentworth. On June 17 following, the great meeting
of Anti-Slavery Democrats and Whigs of the North,
was held at Philadelphia, and John C. Fremont was
nominated by the National Republican party, the
name already adopted by the organization in Illinois.
Although in the ensuing election Fremont carried Chi-
cago by 6,370 and Cook County by 9,020 votes against
4,913 and 5>68° m city and county respectively for Bu-
chanan, the latter carried the State by a plurality of
9,150, but the Republicans elected Bissell governor over
Richardson, by a majority of 4,697. The Republican
party had, in four years, absorbed the Whig and I1' rue
Soil parties in Cook County, and weakened the Demo-
crats fatally.
GKM KM. I'OI.ITICS. — Hon. John Wentworth, in his
" Reminiscences of Adams, llenton, Calhoun, Clay and
Webster," relates that the idea of the formation of the
Republican party may be said to have originated in the
House of Representatives in December, 1853, at the
time of Thomas H. Benton's great speech against the
repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Mr. Wentworth
says :
Ilu (Demon) was elected as a Democrat of the regular organ-
ization, who had all his life opposed tile principles of Mr. Adams,
and as one upon whom the mantle of General Andrew Jackson had
fallen, lint when he manifested opposition to the repeal of the
Missouri Compromise, his venerable head had to receive all the
blows that once were leveled upon that of Mr. Adams. But the
latter was from a free State, whilst Benton was from a slave State.
As Missouri was admitted into the Union under the provisions of
the Missouri Compromise, and as Colonel lienton was one of its
first two Senators after admission, and as he was very decided in
his opposition to tile repeal, there was a very great desire among
its opponents that he should make a speech. Yet, with his style
of speaking: slow even for a Senator, how much could he say in
one hour ? And we feared, with the Speaker against him, he
could obtain no extension of his time. And then we knew that he
had frequently said that he never would print what he did not
speak. Frequently, consultations were held among men of all
political parties opposed to the repeal as to the best means of
obtaining for him a full hearing. And here may be said to have
originated the idea of the Republican party, when such life-long
Democrats as William H. Bissell of Illinois, Reuben E. F'enton of
New York, Galusha A. Grow of Pennsylvania, Hannibal Hamlin
of Maine, Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts, and myself met
with men whom we had ever before opposed, to consult upon a
common object. We had another difficulty. No one of us dared
to speak to Colonel lienton upon the subject, for fear he would
stand upon his dignity and refuse to speak at all. Our opponents
had deliberated, and had come to the conclusion that they would
not yield him the courtesy, never before denied to a man, of finish-
ing a written speech when he objected to its publication without
delivery. At length he obtained the floor, and as he produced his
his manuscripts, it was evident that a scene must ensue. The
Senators came over, and the galleries were soon filled. A Senator,
for thirty years, was addressing the House. And, as he progressed,
every eye was intent upon the chairman's hammer, to see it denote
the close of the hour allotted to him. Fortunately, I had not
spoken, and, still more fortunately, I made as good time in rising
as the hammer did in falling, and my voice \vas simultaneous with
the hammer's sound. I was recognized, and suggested that the
gentleman from Missouri finish his speech inside the hour to
which I was entitled.* But loud objections from the friends of the
repeal were made all over the House. Then commenced the first
of those series of exciting parliamentary struggles which continued
until the Rebellion broke out, between the men of opposite politics
who were thereafter to be organized into the Republican party and
their opponents.
Colonel Benton visited Chicago in the spring of 1857,
while Mr. Wentworth was Mayor, to deliver a lecture.
He held a reception at the Tremont House, which was
largely attended by the best people of the city. Mr.
Wentworth, in his Reminiscences, says :
While I was conducting him about the city, his language was
prophetic as to the approaching condition of the country. Often
did he say : " Somebody must be hung. Hanging alone will
arrest the progress of the traitors. Hanging ought to commence
now." Said he: " Does your man Douglas expect to be nomina-
ted for President the next time? Does he expect that the South,
while liking his treason to the North in the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise, will not show its distrust of the traitor ? What good
does he expect a nomination will do him ? Does he believe in the
providences of God ? What does he suppose God Almighty sent
the Convention down to Charleston, S.C., that hot-bed of treason,
for, but to make a Babel of it ? "
The lecture was before the Young Men's Association, on
Tuesday evening, 12th. May, 1857, at the First Presbyterian
Church, southwest corner of Clark and Washington Streets. The
* Mr. \Vent\vorth finally moved an amendment, which opened up the
discussion anrw. lU-nton addressed the chair, was recognized; Mr. Went-
worth yielded, and thus Benton was enabled to finish his speech within the
lime alloted to Wentwmili.
POLITICAL HISTORY.
83S
following passage-, from it are well remembered, although the
lecture was not reported : " There are sages of the past and there
arc sages of the future, and I stand here to-night as the connecting
link between those sagos uf the past and those sages of the future."
The cheering was unbounded when he uttered the following
sentiment which lias ever been the sentiment of every man who
voted against the unsolicited, unnecessary, and peace-destroying
repeal : " When I am gathered to my narrow home, I desire that
my friends shall deeply engrave upon my tombstone: ' He voted
against the abrogation of the Missouri Compromise, and gloried in
the deed.' "
In 1852, the combined Whig and Free Soil vote
was 2,189 m tne c'ty and 2,882 in the county, as against
2,835 Democratic votes in the city and 3,767 in the
county. During the years these important elec-
tions occurred, the vote on Congressmen in the
district including Cook County followed the same
tendency of sentiment. John Wentworth was elec-
ted in 1842, and served four successive terms as
a Democrat, from the then fourth district. From
1851, to 1853, the district was represented by
Richard S. Molony, Democrat, of Belvidere, who
was elected over C. C. Coffing, \Vhig, by a majority
of 983 out of 4,743 votes polled. The census of
1850, increased the State representation in Con-
gress from seven to nine members, and the num-
bers of the districts were changed. In 1852, the
first district extended from Galena to Waukegan,
and although not a Chicago district its politics are
worthy of mention here, for the reason that under
the abolitionists, the voters of the Liberty party
were advised not to throw away their votes ; they
then held the balance of power in several districts.
This course elected Elihu B. Washburne, of Galena,
a Whig, over Thompson Campbell, Democrat, or
" Locofoco." Mr. Washburne made no pledges,
but was thought to be an abolitionist at heart,
and afterward proved to be a. sincere friend of the
cause. He represented the first district from 1853
to 1863, and the third from 1863 to March 9, 1869,
when he resigned to accept the office of Minister
to !•' ranee. John Wentworth was again elected to
Congress, as a Democrat, in the second district,
and served from 1853 to 1855, and from the first
district from 1865 to 1867. James H. Woodworth
was elected in the second district as a " Know
Nothing," over Turner, Douglas-Democrat, and
served from 1855 to 1857.
The names of succeeding Congressmen and the
changes in the political complexion of the Chicago
districts are given in a tabular addendum to this
chapter.
The names of Owen Lovejoy, Lincoln, Douglas,
Trumbuli, Ficklin, McClernand, Browning, Ingersoll,
Yates, Oglesby, Logan and Grant are as familiar to
Chicagoans as are those of their own early representatives,
and they were all sufficiently identified with the growth
of political sentiment in Cook County to come within
the purview of an article dealing with the subject.
The triumph and martyrdom of Lincoln ; the
mournful pageant accompanying his remains through
Chicago to his former home, that gloomy April day in
1865; the grand achievements and resplendent fame of
Grant, — all belong to the great city which is the center
of our noble State, but their deeds are blazoned on the
records of the Nation, and need no more than passing
mention here. But the interests of a great and ever-in-
creasing muncipality, in their relations to politics, is a
theme that must be embellished by many statements of
dry facts, in order to produce connected results.
JOEL CI.AKKK WAI.TKR, one of the pioneer merchants of
Chicago, was born at Goshen, Litchfield Co., Conn., on October 30,
1810. lie resided there thiough his boyhood, and during his early
manhood went to Alabama, where he carried on merchandising for
about two years. He then returned to the North and determined
to locate in the West. In June, 1837, he arrived in Chicago, and
shortly after the linn of Norton & Co. began doing a genera]
merchandising business at their store on South Water Street,
between Dearborn and Clark Streets. Mr. Walter was the com-
pany, his partner being a wealthy gentleman from Connecticut.
In 1839. Mr. Walter " squatted " on a piece of government land at
the corner of l>ock and River streets, and when the property came
into market the firm purchased the lot. In 1840, they built a
warehouse for the storage of grain, although the firm had been
handling that commodity for a couple of years prior. H. Norton
iV Co. was the first firm to make a grain shipment from Chicago to
Buffalo. They bought the grain from the Hoosiers, and shipped it
in sacks by boat. Their warehouse was soon changed to an
elevator run by horse power. The Daily American, of March 18,
1842, speaking of the new elevators, said: " That run by H.
Norton & Co. is the largest, being one hundred and forty feet in
size. It is on the Reservation; work in the elevator will be per-
formed by horses. The wheat, instead of being shipped from it by
the usual slow and tedious process [transferring the grain by
carts and boxes] will, after being raised to the upper story by
means of elevators not unlike the revolving buckets of the dredging
machine, glide thence into the hold of the vessel in double quick-
time." The firm continued to run the elevator in this way for a
number of years. The wooden elevator was finally burned down,
and in its place a stone structure was erected. In 1842, Edward
K. Rogers became a member of the firm of Horace Norton & Co.,
in the storage and forwarding business. Mr. Walter was also
connected with Mr. Rogers in the coal and iron business for about
fifteen years. Mr. Walter was also connected with Wadhams &
Willard in the ice business for a number of years. In the organiza-
tion of the Chicago Board of Trade in the spring of 1848, Mr.
Walter took great interest. He, of course, was one of the original
members, and in after years served on several committees of the
Board. lie belonged to the old Volunteer Fire Company, and was
one of the first members of Engine Company No. I. In 1861,
when the War spirit was awakening, Mr. Walter signed his name
836
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
to the muster-roll of " The Old Guard," one of the military organ-
izations composed of citizens over forty-five years of age. He was
first married to Miss Ophelia, a daughter of Dr. Philip .Maxwell,
an early settler of Chicago. Her death occurred on October 18,
1863. They had four children; Charles J. now residing at Lake
Geneva. Wis., Mrs. Julius Steele, of Chicago, Annie, who died in
1867, and Philip Edward, who died in 1881. Mr. Walter was
again married, on December .|, 1866, to Mary E. Mudge, a Boston
lady. They have one son; Alfred N., now attending Harvard
School.
LOCAL POLITICS — In 1847, the population of Chi-
cago was 16,859. On February 16, the city limits were
extended on the south to Twenty-second Street, on the
west to Western Avenue, east to the Lake, and north to
Sedgwiek Street and Fullcrton Avenue. Nine wards
were created, and subsequently two more were added ;
the population rapidly increased, and in 1853 it amounted
to 60,652 persons. My the revised charter of 1863, the
territory of the city was extended to Thirty-ninth Street
on the south, Western Avenue on the west, and Fuller-
ton Avenue on the north, while to the eastward the
limits included one mile of the bed and waters of the
Lake. This area was divided into sixteen wards.
The following facts regarding the vote on the
adoption of the new State Constitution of 1848 are taken
from the files of the Chicago Daily Democrat for
March and April of that year:
The vote in Cook County on the clause prohibiting escaped
slaves from coming to Illinois was 400 for and 1,084 against.
Comparing this with the city vote on the same, as given in the
Democrat March 7, 1848, of 176 for and 1,052 against, shows the
vote outside of the city to have been 224 for the clause and only 32
against it. The vote in the whole State (Democrat, April 19) was
49,066 for the clause and 20.884 against. By divisions, the vote
was as follows : For the negro clause, North Division 40 ; South
Division 95; West Division 41; total, 176. Against the negro
clause, North Division 388; South Division 484; West Division
190. Majority against, 886.
The vote on the Constitution direct, by divisions, was
as follows:
For the Constitution, North Division 170; South Division 566;
West Division 154; total 990. Against the Constitution, North
Division 261; South Division 319; West Division 86. Total 666.
Majority for, 324.
For the 2-milI tax, North Division 164; South Division 413;
West Division 193. Total 770. Against, North Division 259;
South Division 145; West Division 38. Majority for, 328.
The Democrat of April 19, 1848, under the head of
" Voting as yet Viva Voce," had the following:
Many appear to be under the impression that the voting at the
next August election will be by ballot under the new Constitution.
This is an error. Section 15 of the schedule of the new Constitu-
tion provides that the General Assembly, after their first session after
the adoption of the new Constitution shall pass laws regulating the
mode of voting by ballot, etc., but that until such laws are passed,
the voting at all our elections shall be viva voce, as at present.
The Democratic City Convention of 1848 was held
Monday, February 28, and resulted as follows:
For Mayor, James Curtiss, nominated on the second ballot
receiving 18 votes and L. C. Kercheval n. For Marshal R C.
Ross 21 votes; B. Daily 8 votes. For Collector, James Fitzl
s.mmons 20; A. D. Taylor 7; H. Barnes 3. For Treasurer
Andrew Getzler 24; C. Taylor 2; W. Wright 2. For Attorney!
1. ISaUmgall 24 votes; (',. Manierre 2. For Surveyor Asa F
Bradley 22; G. W. Clark 8; James Carney 3.
Assessor, South Division, Nathan II. Bolles; Street Commis-
sioner, Charles Baumgarten.
Assessor North Division, George O'Brien; Street Commis-
sioner, Patrick Duffy.
Assessor, West Division, B. Gattny; Street Commissioner,
Patrick Denny.
Aldermen— First Ward, Edward Manierre; Second, Henry
L. Rucker; Third, William Jones; Fourth, C. L. P. Hogan; Fifth,
laney; Sixth, Joseph Berry; Seventh, Peter Turbot; Eighth,
John Daley; Ninth, Samuel McKay.
The Independent Democrats and Whigs held a
convention, and made nominations as follows:
Mayor, James II. Woodworth; City Attorney, Giles Spring;
Marshal, Ambrose Burnham; Collector, A. D. Taylor; Treasurer,
\\ . I.. Church; Assessor, South Division, Thomas Church; Street
Commissioner, O. Morrison; Assessor, North Division, P. J.
Di nkcr; Slreet Commissioner, Andrew Nelson; Aldermen — Seventh
Ward, EHIni Granger; Eighth Ward, W. 15. Derrick; Ninth Ward,
John II. Kinzie.
The election was held on March 7, and resulted as
follows:
Mayor, James II. Woodworth, Independent, 1,971; James
Curtiss, Democrat, 1,361. Marshal, Ambrose Burnham, Independ-
ent Whig, 1,973; R. C. Ross, Democrat, 1,265. Collector, A. D.
Taylor, Democrat, 1,948; J. Fitzsimmons, Democrat, 1,254.
Attorney, G. Spring, Whig, 1,0,12; P. Ballingall, Democrat. 1,312.
Surveyor, no opposition, A. F. Bradley. Treasurer, W. L. Church,
Democrat, 1,941; Andrew Getzler, Democrat, 1,257.
The Independents also elected their Assessors and
Street Commissioners in the North and South Divisions,
and the straight Democrats theirs in the West Division,
where they had no opposition. The Independents also
elected their alderman in the Eighth Ward, and came
near getting John H. Kinzie through in the Ninth, he
having been defeated by Samuel McKay by only one
vote, as the following resume will show:
Aldermen — First Ward, E. Manierre, no opposition. Second
Ward, II. L. Rucker, no opposition. Third Ward, William Jones,
377; W. II. Adams, 41. Fourth Ward, Robert Foss, 196; C. L. P.
Hogan, 172. Fifth Ward, J. C. Haines, 248; T. Blaney, 3; R.
Hugunin, 75; F. H. Taylor, 70. Sixth Ward, A. Pierce, 175;
Joseph Berry, 90. Seventh Ward, P. Turbot, 135; E. Granger,
114. Eighth Ward, William H. Herrick, 291; J. Daley, 184.
Ninth Ward, Samuel McKay, 131; J. H. Kinzie, 130.
It will be seen that three other Independents were
elected in the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Wards who did
not have the direct indorsement of the Independent
element. The election was an exciting one, and the
summary, as given, shows better than any amount of
description, even in this early day, that something
besides the nomination of a well organized party is
necessary to political success.
There had been a feeling prevalent for some time
that the city was becoming disorderly and that reform
was necessary. On March 4, 1848,' the City Council
adopted the following:
Whereas, Richard C. Ross, City Marshal, has proved to be
an inefficient officer, by countenancing gambling houses, particu-
larly keno tables, and with his full knowledge tolerated violations
of the license ordinance; therefore,
Kf solved. That R. C. Ross, City Marshal, is clearly censurable
for gross neglect of duty.
On March 18, 1848, the City Council passed the
following:
AN ORDINANCE TO SUPPRESS KENO. />V // ordained bv the
Common Council of the City of Chicago, That any person, or
persons, who shall keep within the City of Chicago, a keno game,
or who shall run or otherwise use the same, or determine any
chance or hazard by which any person, or persons, are to receive
any money, check or checks, bank notes or bills or other valuable
thing, shall for each offense pay a penalty of $25, to be recovered
by the City of Chicago before any justice of the peace or any court
having jurisdiction thereof.
JAMES H. WOODWORTH, Mayor.
HENRY B. CLARKE, Clerk.
Passed March 18, 1848.
The above is believed to have been the first anti-gambling
ordinance passed by the Chicago City Council.
For two years following the adoption of the new
Constitution containing the "Negro" clause, the agita-
tion of the "black laws" in general was kept up. On
July 8, 1850, Isaac N. Arnold, J. H. Collins, John M.
Wilson, Edwin C. Lamed, George Manierre and Grant
Goodrich issued a joint challenge, in which they pro-
posed to contend against any orators that the Fugitive
Slave Law was unconstitutional and should be repealed.
About this time action was taken on the matter in
POLITICAL HISTORY.
837
the Common Council, Alderman Dodge offering the
following:
ll'/iereas, the Fugitive Slave Act recently passed by Congress
is revolting to our moral sense and an outrage upon our feelings of
justice and humanity, because it disregards all the securities which
the Constitution and laws have thrown around personal liberty, and
its direct tendency is to alienate the people from their love and
reverence for the Government and institutions of our country;
therefore,
Resolved, That as the Supreme Court of the United States has
solemnly adjudged that State officers are under no obligations to
fulfill duties imposed upon them as such officers by an Act of Con-
gress, we do not, therefore, consider it our duty, or the duty of the
city officers of the City of Chicago, to aid or assist in the arrest of
fugitives from oppression; and by withholding such aid or assist-
ance we do not believe that our harbor appropriations will be with-
held, our railroads injured, our commerce destroyed, or that treason
would be committed against the Government.
There is no record of what the ultimate action on
this resolution was,^jut it was probably adopted; for the
reason that a similar resolution, offered by Alderman
Throop on October 21, 1850, found a majority of nine
ayes to two noes. Alderman Throop's resolution was
as follows:
Whereas, The Fugitive Slave Bill virtually suspends the
Habeas Corpus Act, and the Senators and Representatives in Con-
gress of the free States who sneaked away from their seats and aided
and abetted in the passage of this law richly merit the reproach of
all lovers of freedom and are only to be ranked with the traitor
Benedict Arnold, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed his Lord and
Master for thirty pieces of silver; therefore,
Resolved, That the citizens, officers and police of the City of
Chicago be, and they are hereby, requested to abstain from any and
all interference in the capture and delivering up of the fugitives
from unrighteous oppression, of whatever nation, name or color.
Resolved, That the Fugitive Slave Law, recently passed by Con-
gress is a cruel and unjust law, and ought not to be respected by an
intelligent community, and that this Council will not require the city
police to render any assistance for the arrest of fugitive slaves."
The amendment was accepted, and the resolution
adopted as a whole by the vote mentioned.
A meeting of those who favored the law, and some
who feared Congress would retaliate upon Chicago for
the action of the Council, by cutting off the harbor
appropriations and railroad grants, was held at the City
Hall on October 23. Senator Douglas addressed the
meeting, expounding the Fugitive Slave Law, and
advocating it as a wise and necessary measure. Reso-
lutions were adopted, eulogistic of the Congress, and
impliedly indorsing the Fugitive Slave Bill, and B. S.
Morris thereupon introduced the following resolution,
which was also adopted:
Resolved, That our Senators and Representatives in the Congress
of the United States are entitled to our most profound gratitude for
their exertions in procuring the passage of several laws at the late
session of Congress, calculated to insure the completion of a rail-
road through the center of our State, and to restore its credit to that
position it is entitled to occupy.
Resolved, That we, the people of Chicago, repudiate the reso
lutions passed by the Common Council of Chicago upon the subject
of the Fugitive Slave Law, passed by Congress at its last session.
At a meeting of the Common Council, held the fol-
lowing night, October 24, Alderman Dodge moved to
reconsider the action on the Fugitive Slave Law. Car-
ried; ayes 12, nays i. Alderman Hamilton then offered
a resolution to expunge the resolutions from the record;
which, on his own motion, was laid upon the table until
the next meeting.
The following tabular statement shows the presi-
dential and congressional vote by counties in the fourth
congressional district in the campaign of 1848:
PRESIDENTIAL VOTE, JUNE 7, 1848.
CONGRESSIONAL VOTE,
AUGUST 7, 1848.
Counties.
S
c
g
3
a
«
>
o
"x
a
^£
u ^i
SCO
If!
£°
i Y-
Scammon,
of Cook.
gs-I
sTa
O oO
"" o
Boone
395
306
:87
1,622
374
623
207
322
783
378
446
1,238
130
528
626
758
897
45°
566
2, 1 2O
427
528
63
28
I.22O
547
I 088
873
4
1,016
94
68
540
414
376
213
1,708
223
313
123
268
855
392
321
862
82
618
758
942
713
436
453
151
2,183
520
559
228
333
910
552
960
1,244
1 08
952
532
739
997
360
368
168
1,921
"7
239
98
267
523
356
383
742
62
586
665
709
738
73
337
470
255
174
37
7
417
287
249
237
196
39
73
308
Champaign
DeKalb
DuPage
Iroquois
Kendall
Lake
LaSalle
Livingston
McHenry
Vermillion
Will
9,820
9,632
9,181
",S57
8,302
3,159
Total
2
8,633
Total
i
3,3i8
The Gem of the Prairie, of August 19, 1848, gave
as follows the official returns of Cook County in the
congressional contest between Jonathan Young Scam-
mon and "Long John" Wentworth, and for other offi-
cials.
CONGRESS — -Wentworth, 2,183; Scammon, 1,921. STATE
SENATOR — Norman B. Judd, 4,224. STATE REPRESENTATIVES
— Sherman, 2,527; Walker, 1,905; Witt, 2,170; Maxwell,
2,184. SHERIFF — Cook, 2,320; Burling, 2,243. COMMISSIONER
— Sauter, 2,282; Lane, 2,270. CORONER — Kelley, 2,214; Burdell,
2,267.
The preceding congressional convention, held at
Ottawa, on June 6, 1848, was divided upon the slavery
question, some of the delegates favoring Lewis Cass for
president, and some Martin Van Buren. The conven-
tion therefore, by a harmonious agreement, adjourned
without passing any resolutions. The vote in the dis-
trict, as will be seen by the totals, was comparatively
close. The seventeen counties then organized stood
nine for Cass and eight for Van Buren, each running
slightly ahead of the Whig candidate.
The district was reorganized under the census of
1850, and became the Second District. The Democratic
Convention was held at Dixon, on September 15, 1852,
the delegates from Cook County being
Eli B. Williams, Nathan Allen, Henry W. Zimmerman,
Augustine Deodat Taylor, Michael Dunn, William L. Church, Wil-
liam Jeffrey Patterson, Thomas A. B. Boyd, Daniel McKillup,
Michael Maher, Stephen Rexford, Edward H. Castle, Edwin
Woodman, Charles S. Cameron, Martin N. Kimbell, James Curtiss,
Edwin Sherman, Henry A. Mitchell, Richard J. Hamilton, Homer
Wilmarth, Asa F. Bradley, Henry McCauley. William L. Fenton,
John E. McGirr, James Long, Joshua L. Marsh, W. H. Stickney,
Abraham Leatherman, John S. Everett.
All the votes, but six scattering ones, were cast for
John Wentworth, and he was declared the unanimous
nominee.
The following resolutions were adopted:
/. — That the sympathies of the Democratic party are now, and
ever have been, with the cause of the oppressed everywhere, and
that it will never neglect any constitutional means to encourage and
838
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
protect those stniyylin^ lo lie free who are e:ip:ilile of maintaining
freedom, remembering the important aid extended to this
by foreign lands when striking for its independence;
and that ample evidence of this feeling, on the part of the Demo-
cratic party, is furnished by the fact that whilst the Whig party has ',""|"
invariably opposed, the Democrats have as invariably supported
every proposition to acquire new territory or to admit new States
into this confederacy.
2. — That the Tnited States and the territories thereof should
be the safe refuge for exiles from all countries, in accordance with
the established policy of this Government.
j. — That the Democratic party is neither the friend nor the
enemy of any religious sect or creed. It favors none. It pro-
scribes none. It opposes all religions tests as qualifications for
oline. and all mingling of religious differences with political elec-
tion-.. The men who signed the Declaration of Independence, who
fought the battles of the Revolution, who framed the Constitution
of the t'nited States, and who have conducted the affairs of the
Nation to the present day, have differed in their religious opinions,
and thus taught us that there were honor, patriotism, and demo-
cracy among the friends of all creeds, and
in view of this fact that we ought to be
tolerant to all.
./.•—That the Democratic party is in
favor of a strictly economical government,
and of a retrenchment of public expendi-
tures in every possible respect, and views
with alarm their great increase under the
pre-ent administration, and more espe-
cially is il alarmed at the enormous ex-
penditures for private claims in which
the officers of the Government are per-
sonally interested. And, whilst the
money to meet the expense of the Gov-
ernment is raised from a duty upon im-
ports, they are in favor of so levying such
duties as to favor alike all classes, assist-
ing with an equal hand the farmer and
the manufacturer, encouraging mechanics
and capitalists at ho-^e, opening upon the
most liberal terms i.il foreign ports to
American bread-stuffs, and uniting in a
ml and profitable commerce all the
nations of the earth.
j. — That the Democratic party is
still opposed to a National liank, and to
all connection, on the part of the General
Government, with banking institutions
or other corporations; and that experience
proves that under the present policy of
receiving, safe-keeping, and disbursing
the public money, the people's treasury
was never managed with less expense,
greater convenience, or so few losses.
6. — That the delegates of this con-
vention have heard with great pleasure
of the passage of the harbor-and-river bill
as an act of justice, long delayed, and
that that pleasure has been increased by
seeing the names of so many distin-
guished Democrats recorded in its favor;
this fact gives a refutation to the charge
of the Whigs, that because Democrats
are opposed to commencing and carrying
out a general system of internal improve-
ments within the States, they are not
necessarily opposed to such public works
as are National, not State — general,
not local.
7. — That the members of this con-
vention have every confidence in the abil-
ity, integrity, and Democracy of Hon.
John Wentworth, and believe that in his long experience in Con-
gress, and in his proverbial habits of industry and perseverance, the
people of this district have an ample guarantee that he will make a
faithful and efficient member of Congress.
The area embraced in Congressman John Went-
worth's district under the census of 1840, now embraces
nineteen counties.
The candidates against Mr. Wentworth in the ensu-
ing election, held November 2, 1852, were Cyrus Al-
drich. Whig, of Lee County, and James H. Collins,
Abolition, of Cook County. The result by counties was
as follows :
Countwt.
WrnUvni ill.
Aldrich.
Collins.
3,4-3
2,493
585
659
75°
QI
538
548
I2J.
I ,ee . .
508
565
C =
DcKalb
585
4S2
•2 l6
1.274
1,230
575
1 )u 1'a^e ... --
551
373
(Total, 16,124)
7,538
f>,437
2,149
As an interesting reminiscence of Mr. Wentworth's
editorial career, and as a specimen of early newspaper
art, the following extract is given; it having been issued
as a carriers' address :
icoga JRorntng
VHIDAY WORNISTC, JA.NUAXY I. 184 L.
The Colonel,
Mounted on bis celebrated war horse Davy Crflckcn* ami Us
INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
FELLOW-CITIZENS: It is hardly necessary for me to premise that I
appear before you in a novel and unexpected attitude. But tremble not : For,
though <-lothed in (he habiliments of war, my governing motive is " peace on
earth, good wilt to all men." To be sure the sired upon which I ride snorts at
times like the war horse, and in his very tramp. Imitates the thunder of rhe
cannon, but remember, he is a mere animal, and lias caught the warlike fe-
, , ,
of the master, without partaking of the finer feelings and restraints of
humanity. But, though furious In his
rocity ,
humanity. But, though furious In his Inclination, I can assure you he is
reined by the hand of discretion. I know my steed much better than you
know his master, H the sight of my glittering sword and nodding plume till
your breast with any unpleasant emotions. JJanish, then, the least ground of
affright, and consider me, as ever before, your fellow-citizen and join- equal
whenever I shall have dismounted, and, laying aside this glittering equipage.
shall have retired once more to the shades of private life. Yes, fellow-citi-
zens. rest assured that nothing would afford me greater enjoyment than once
more to renew with yon the civilities of the social circle and commingle with
you In dally intercourse, would the imminence of this republic permit me to
ission. (Immense applause.) Start not back, my friends, at
of my sword. lain sorry to see vou do ir. I assure you I
nit-dilute no harm; and I vow by the country I love" that, if it is crimsoned in
any other cause than that of human liberty, it shall only IK- in that of Injured
,
resign my commission.
the urandtsblnftB
ing democrat.
rr i. IB« i.
• •
onel.
Minuted OB Ins erkWtted wir (MM Davy
IIS DRESS.
and
POLITICAL HISTORY.
839
modesty and innocence. (Loud cheers and great waving of handkerchiefs
ainouK the ladles.)
•'In peace prepare for war " is my motto. For this alone have my deserts
been rewarded witli the rank of Colonel, and tli is alone will explain the glitter
of my costume. Wars have been, and wars may be again ; and, ta that event,
you will see me, like Napoleon at the bridge of Lodi, following my comman-
der-in-chief. Honest Tom Carlin, where the bullets Hy thickest and men die
fastest, it being glory enough for me to have served under such a chief. And,
If I die. there, upon the very spot tipnn which I fall, let my bones bleach and
moulder until a taller man than myself shall be found to bury them and erect a
mausoleum to my memory, proportionate to my height. It is, indeed, my
last request, fellow-citizens, that no puny arms shall be raised for my entomb-
ment which will measure the reverence duo my remains by their own tiny
selves. I have told you that I considered myself rewarded by this appoint-
ment. Verily it m:iy be considered a high honor. lint, though honored, I am
not puffed up. I flatter myself that I am the same person I always have been,
without variableness or shadow of tnrniTig, ana that, upon the first suitable
occasion, you will find me delighting to greet earh and every one of you with
my accustomed cordiality. (Loud cheering.) The title of Colonel has con-
ferred no real worth upon me. Titles are not worth, but only the reward of
worth. Without it. the v would be but as sounding brass and link ling cymbals.
My intellect beams no brighter. Island no higher and sleep no longer than I
did before. My merits would have been the same had Gov. Carlin never ap-
preciated them. Why, then, should I be lifted up merely -because I prance
the cliamping wnr-ste^d? Vanity alone would suggest such a thing. No,
fellow-citizens, no, I will still walk the same ground with you whilst 1 ride in
support of official dignity. Behold me, then, as I am, lifted above you and
yet down among you, your feet and mine still trea Ung the same earth to-
gether. (Immense applause. "And faith," says an Irishman, "this is the
first Colonel I ever saw that could ride and walk too.")
You have heard, fellow-citizens, that republics were ungrateful. But it
Is not so. I sit here a living evidence of its falsity. None but an aristocrat
would make the charge, and I jjlng the calumny back in his teeth, and
Whoever dare these words repeat
Must meet the Colonel feet to feet.
(Loud cries of "Bravo! Bravo!")
I make a common cause with all republics, and whoever speaks ill of
them, speaks ill of me, my forefathers and my posterity. And Governor Carl in
will declare all such as outlaws, and I shall aid him. To be sure, many have
bft-ii gathered unripe to their fathers— many have gone down to the sepulchre
before deserved laurels had decked their brow. But there is philosophy to
account for all this. They died before their time. Had they Jived long
enough, they certainly would have received their deserts. Look at my own
case, fellow-citizens ! Supposing I had been shot, last winter, when one, fresh
Iromthe communion table of the church of which he still continues a rich
nmi. chivalrous member, thirsted for my blood, would I not have gone down to
my grave unlionored and unsung? Would I have been a Colonel, then ?
And would not men uninitiated into the fundamental principles of philoso-
phy, have then cried out " how great is the ingratitude of republics "? And
this might have been the governing motive of my opponent. For I will not
denv to him shrewdness and sagacity. The time and place he selected prove
all this. His keen vision, probably, penetrated the long vista of time, and,
perhaps, realized this very moment when I, a humble citizen hut a moment
before, should sit. a la mode Alexander, Napoleon, Washington and Jackson,
in full uniform, whilst the loud huzzas of thegentlernen are rending the skies
and the handkerchiefs of the ladies are waving in their lily white hands.
Be it remembered that he was a military man, a Captain. The office of Col-
onel, you well know, fellow-citizens, is a ra e one. The mass of our country-
men would consider it the height of audacity to aspire to it. You have but to
look around to become satisfied that none but men of wisdom and sobriety
enjoy that title. My prospects the chivalrous Captain could not brook. His
ambition run away with his religion. In fact, it has always been considered
an indelible disgrace for Captains to be Jumped over by privates, even
though they be as hhrh as myself. That he feared this I have no doubts. But
perhaps he only judged the future by the past. He must have been familiar
with inv early history, mv rise and progress. (Loud cries of " What Is it ?"
"Tell it !" "Tell it!") I do so with pleasure. Not, however, from any mo-
tives of vanity, but as a model to rising generations.
" History," says a distinguished writer, " is philosophy teaching by ex-
ample." Let my history then have its effect and go down to the remotest
posterity. There are miu-y young lads here who may think me superhuman
and arrived at a height impossible for them. But do they not know that
" Tall oaks from little acorns grow"?
In the first place, let us transfer our imagination back to one of the
oldest States in the Union, which has a town surrounded by mountains, and
where the soil is so rocky that, before the people turn their cows out in the
morning, they have to hone their noses down to a point so thatthey may be
enabled to gather the grass from between the rocks. There was I born, and,
to encourage habits <>f industry, my lather gave the one who saw the sun
rise first a copper. And, cold or hot, rain or shine, could you have passed his
residence at day break, you might have seen a picturesque sighc indeed. For
there stood upon the top of his flat- roofed shed, ranged all along in & row, his
six only sous, John tallest, and the rest stand ing on different. stools graduated
so as to make them all exactly of my eminence. But I invariably got the
copper. And do you ask why, since we were all of one height? Philosophy
will easily explain it without resorting to magic or necromancy. For whilst,
at the starting point, we were alt equal, no sooner did the solar rays begin to
peer above the mountains than there was quite a difference, as my whole
height would stretch, and theirs would only so far as they were above the
stools, which were not made of stretehable materials. In this way I accumu-
lated a little more money than was necessary to complete my education. At
which time, my father and mother disagreed as to my future calling, he in-
sisting that he saw all the marks of a great lawyer about me, and she that I
had a call to preach. Between these two extremes I took the mean; and,
Rocketing what few coppers I had. I steered for the West, having no doubt
ut that in a more fertile soil I should rise still higher. But my ambition
never grasped at my present station. I should have oeen content with being
judge of a horse race, committee of vigilance at some election, clerk of some
lyceiun, holder of the stakes at some bet or some other such high honor.
But to my history. Could you have been upon the sandhills between here and
Michigan City, on the southern shore of Lake Michigan, In the fall of 1836,
you would have seen me stretched out like a leather shoe string, tied up just
after wading a prairie marsh, all length and no breadth, leaning over the
country at an angle of forty-five degrees, with all my clothes under one arm,
and a juur of whisky under the other, with which to bathe my blistered feet.
On the 25th of October, 1836 (remember the day, fellow-citizens), I came
limping into this citv, and took my first lodging with " honest John Mur-
phy." then of the U. S. Hotel, but now of the Saugawash. Since which time
nave not all my doings, by day and by night, been proclaimed to the world
through the newspapers? Have not my portraits been drawn without ex-
pense to me and sent to the remotest parts of the earth ?
Thus, fellow-citizens, have I briefly alluded to some of the prominent
events of my life, which you should treason deep In your hearts as learning
you the path way to fame'. Bear in mind that I was once nothing but an infant
"mewling and puking in my mother's arms" and that my history proves
that the road to glory is open to all. What I now am, in my almost regal
splendor, it would be vanity in me again to repeat. But I shall be pardoned
for saying here that, only a few days since, a learned divine observed that I
must be '"a legitimate descendant of the first king of Israel." Young child-
ren, look at me, and, as you admire the trappings of power, imitate my exam-
Rle, and you may get to be not only Colonels bat Generals and Commanders-
i-chlef. (Immense applause.) Ladies, I ask you, too, to look at me. Do
you see this proud war-steed, this nodding plume and glittering epaulette?
well, then, laugh no more at old bachelors! P'or "solitary and alone" have I
attained this proud eminence. (Great wjiving of handkerchiefs among the
ladies.) One word to you, fathers, and I have done, and perhaps forever.
For, this very night, news may arrive of the invasion of our territory; and,
if there is anything to be argued from the conduct of my horse, named for the
illustrious Crockett, I should think he already snuffed blood and carnage.
Though I am far above you, fathers, let neither envy nor jealousy rankle in
your bosoms; for upon no consideration will I consent to serve a second
term or take any part In the appointment of my successor. But that I shall not,
at some future day, fill the executive chair of this nation, I can not now say.
Indeed, it would be distrusting the strength of my friends, who are seeking
the use of my name for that office, saying that the lustre of my military
achievements already eclipses that of others who have obtained the highest
honors of this republic on military merit alone. One thing is certain, I am a
persecuted man and have been for years. Considering my military renown,
then. I believe I can do no less than throw myself upon the gratitude of the
citizens of these United States at the close of General Harrison's term as the
nearest like him in bravery and persecution. At any rate, however, my reso-
lution is fixed in regard to acting as Colonel no longer than the expiration of
my present term. But, for the present, fellow-citizens, one and all, rest se-
cure in your property, your homes and your families! For I have unsheathed
my sword, and it will never be sheathed again until your last enemy shall be
trampled under my feet. But I may die with it in my hands; and. If so, I shall
die as proudly and as bravely as a Crockett. And, in that event, I pray you
take good care of my horse and don't let Capt. Hunter steal my pistols."
The following, issued prior to the close of his term
in 1861, was the first proclamation issued concerning
the Rebellion, and the last proclamation of Mayor
Wentworth, and evinces how he could write when the
honor of the Nation was assailed:
WHEREAS, Rebels and traitors have taken possession of the forts
and other public property of the Union, and the Constitution of
the United States has been set at defiance, and men who are sworn
to protect them all, not only fail to discharge their duty in this
respect, but have the appearance of encouraging rebellion and
treason;
WIIKRKAS, An honorable exception to this charge is furnished
in the conduct of Major Robert Anderson, who took the responsi-
bility, without awaiting for orders from those who would have left
him in a weak position, either from a disposition to make him an
easy prey to rebels and traitors, or from a fear to do what they
knew to be their sworn duty, of fortifying his position and placing
himself where he could defend his own and his Country's honor;
and
WHEREAS, Some demonstrations of respect are due from the
Metropolis of the Northwest to the gallant Major Anderson; and
it seems to be appropriate that the 8th day of January should be
set apart as the day for such a testimonial. And whilst testifying
our respect for him, let us not forget the sentiment of the distin-
guished general and statesman, whose gallant defense of his coun-
try, at New Orleans, upon that day, has made it second only in
our National anniversaries to that of the day when it was declared
that "All men were created equal." That sentiment was " The
Federal Union, — it must and shall be preserved."
Therefore, on that day the public offices of this City will be
closed. And I recommend that the business of the City generally
be suspended; and that the people congregate in such places as
may seem to them best, to adopt the necessary measures to declare
their attachment to the Federal Union, "and in support of their
declaration, with a firm reliance upon the protection of Divine
Providence, to mutually pledge to each other their lives, their
fortunes, and their sacred honor." I also recommend that the flag
of the Federal Union be everywhere displayed, and that our mili-
tary companies and other organizations take such steps as they may
deem due to the memory of a Jackson and the gallantry of an
Anderson. At sunrise, thirty-three guns will be fired in honor of
the union of these United States. At noon, a salute will be fired in
honor of Major Anderson, of fifty-six guns, corresponding with his
age. During the firing of these guns, the bells will be rung
throughout the City. At sunset, a salute will be fired in honor of
the memory of General Andrew Jackson, to the number of seventy-
eight guns. During this salute, the bells will be tolled throughout
the City, not so much in consequence of the loss of General Jackson
(for all men must die), but because of the absence, in the General
Government, of his patriotism and courage, which did not wait for
overt acts among nullifiers and disunionists. In the evening, I
recommend the meeting of our young men, at such places as may
best suit them, for the purpose of forming themselves into military
companies, in order that they may be abje to promptly respond to
any calls that may be made upon them to aid in the defense of the
Union and the Constitution.
JOHN WENTWORTH, Mayor.
CHICAGO, j-M January* 1861.
Mayor John Wentworth was the first Mayor elected
after the formation of the Republican party. The
election was held on March 3, 1857, and was bitterly
contested. Great disorder prevailed at the polls;
voters were obstructed, drunkenness was prevalent
and the rioting resulted in the killing of one citi-
zen and the wounding of several others. Charles Seifert,
a respectable German citizen, was killed at the second
* Vide Vol. I, pp. 151-52,
840
HISTORY OF CHICAC.O.
precinct of the old seventh ward, northwest corner of
Division and Sedgwiek streets, leaving a wife and sev-
eral children. George Armour, deceased, was one of
the number who were severely wounded at the first
precinet of the same ward, southeast corner of Kinzie
and U'ells str<
Mayor U'entworth, in 1857, introduced the first steam
fire engine, the " Long John," and in 1860, during his
ond administration, lie introduced two more, the
"Libert}'" and the "Economy." It was during his
administration, in 1857, that he made his celebrated
raid upon "The Sands." The lawless and criminal
classes had taken possession of the lake shore beach on
the Xortli Side as squatters, and erected shanties, which
were the scenes of drunkenness, revels and vice of
every description. The police, by order of the Mayor,
razed these domiciles to the ground, burning many, and
clearing " The Sands " of their lawless occupants.
Mr. \VeiU\vorth served twelve years in Congress
altogether, and was Mayor of the city two terms. He
introduced in Congress the first bill ever drawn in favor
of the bonded-warehouse system. He early saw the
importance of this question and knew legislation must
be devised to control the great interests involved. Feb-
ruary 17, 1846, in pursuance of previous notice, he asked
and obtained leave to introduce a bill ("No. 241) to
establish the warehousing system, which bill was read a
first and second time and referred to the committee on
commerce, of which Mr. Wentworth was a member.
The other members of the committee were afraid of the
bill, and thought action ill-advised at that time, while all
admitted that some day it would be a necessity and
have to be adopted. Mr. U'entworth never ceased his
agitation of the subject until the bill became a law.
The bonded-warehouse system now in vogue, therefore,
originated in Chicago. Of course New York and the
great eastern cities would not let Chicago have it exact-
ly as she wanted it; but here the system originated, and
Mr. Wentworth is entitled to the credit of being its
first champion.
NATIONAL ISSUKS. — The last municipal election
prior to 1848, in which issues that disturbed the great
National parties cut any figure, was in the spring of
1846, when John I". Chapin, U'hig, was elected Mayor
over Charles Follansbee. The latter was defeated by
the Irish Democrats, who bolted his nomination because
he was one of the signers of the " Native American "
petition, which favored an enactment requiring twenty-
one years' residence in the country of' all foreigners
before they could become naturalized citizens. The
Democrats re-united in 1847 and elected James Curtiss
as Mayor, and in 1848, and again in 1849, elected James
H. U'oodworth to the office. In 1851 and 1852 Walter
S. Gurnee was elected Mayor, and in 1853 Charles M.
Gray. The Democrats were so greatly in ascendancy
that no strong and well organized opposition was
offered to their candidates, and there was no real party
issue. In 1854, Isaae L. Milliken was the successful
Mayoralty candidate of his party. There was a genu-
ine surprise in store for the electors in the following
year, when Dr. Levi D. Boone, who was a pronounced
"Know Nothing" and opposed to foreigners holding
office, was elected by a decisive majority, together with
a full " Know Nothing " Council. The election was an
exciting one, and created differences and engendered
ill-feeling between many good and staid citizens that
did not die out for years afterward. A newspaper
called the "Native American" was published by W.
W. Danenhower, father of Lieutenant Danenhower,
celebrated for his connection with the Arctic expedition
of 1883, in which the names of Philip A. Hoyne and
other prominent citizens were published as of foreigners
holding office. The paper ceased to exist after being
published for one year. W. W. Danenhower and Dr.
Levi 1>. I'.oone were presidential electors on the Fill-
more ticket in 1856. The ticket received 37,531 votes
in the State as against 96,278 for John C. Fremont and
105,528 for liuchanan. The Democrats had a majority
in both houses of the State Legislature. Samuel
Holmes was elected Speaker of the House over Isaac
N. Arnold, by a vote of 36 to 28.
An account of the riots which made Mayor Boone's
administration memorable is given in Volume II. In
1856, Thomas Dyer, Democrat, defeated Francis C.
Sherman, who was placed at the head of his ticket as
an anti-Nebraska Democrat, in order to take advantage
of a sentiment which at that time was believed to hold
sway over a majority of the voters. The ticket was
all "Know Nothing" except Mr. Sherman, and his
nomination was mainly due to the efforts of John
Wentworth, who- gave him the unqualified indorsement
of the Chicago Daily Democrat. The following year
" Long John " was elected Mayor, on the issues in-
volved in the inevitable political struggle. The Re-
publican party in Chicago was just fully formed, and,
with the new principles for a platform and Mr. Went-
worth's personal popularity, the ticket won a decisive
victory. John C. Haines, Republican, was elected
Mayor in 1858, and re-elected in 1859; and in 1860
"Long John " was again elected to the office. Sec-
tional issues began to run high' about the close of his
term, and in March, 1861, Julian S. Rumsey, who had
been selected by the Republicans as their candidate,
met a vigorous and bitter opposition, but he was suc-
cessful, and was known as the first "War Mayor." In
April following his election, Mayor Rumsey, in company
with Stephen Clary, president of the Hoard of Trade,
at the head of a committee of one hundred, started for
Washington, to see if it were not possible, by wise coun-
sels, to avoid a conflict with the South. As members
of this committee were such well-known citizens as
Richard Wilson, of The Evening Journal, George H.
Phelps, Joseph Clarkson, Philip A. Hoyne, W. D.
Houghteling, Tertius U'adsworth, Dwight Booth, Wil-
liam F. Tucker, W. C. L). Grannis, Norman B. Judd,
Isaac N. Arnold, and many others. They were enter-
tained in the Senate restaurant, upon arriving at Wash-
ington, by Stephen A. Douglas and John F. Farns-
worth, who, on account of the radical difference of their
politics, were not on speaking terms. The committee
called on William H. Seward, General Winfield Scott,
Andrew Johnson and other notables, but received
small encouragement that hostilities could be averted.
The second day they waited upon President Buchanan,
and were received by him in the blue-room of the
White House. The committee were assured by Mr.
Buchanan that he was doing all in his power to heal up
the sectional troubles without recourse to arms; but
many of them left, firmly convinced that the President
believed the country had grown so large and the inter-
ests so diverse that separation was inevitable. They
had been joined by Charles M. Larrabee, a bright but
somewhat erratic lawyer, and a member of Congress
from the La Crosse, Wis., district, and as they were
about to leave the President's presence, Congressman
Larrabee upbraided him by saying: " If you had not
forced the quarrel against Douglas in our own party
this trouble would not now be upon the country."
Buchanan did not lose his temper,, but replied with
great earnestness, that Democratic party politics had
POLITICAL HISTORY.
841
nothing to do with the attitude of the South, where
the chivalrous spirits that led the people believed they
were contending for as vital a principle of liberty as
the people of the North were. The President closed
the interview by saying that it used to be thought that
the Democratic party could not survive after Jackson,
and many now thought it could not live without Doug-
las. He warmly denied, however, that he had precipi-
tated the quarrel with Douglas.
Every reader interested in the political history of Chi-
cago is informed upon the subject of the Douglas and
Lincoln Debates, which occurred in 1858. Mr. Lincoln
was a frequent visitor to Chicago, and took an active in-
terest in politics, as will be noted by his presence at the
Tremont House Anti-Nebraska Caucus in April, 1854.
Mr. Douglas made his first public appearance in Chicago
in 1840 taking up his residence here in 1847. In a
speech, on October 247-1850, he defended the Compromise
and Fugitive Slave Bills, and enunciated the principles
which became embodied in the Kansas-Nebraska Hill, in
1853. In 1854 occurred what various chroniclers have
termed the •' mobbing," or denial of the right of free
speech, to Douglas at North Market Hall. Many main-
tain that Douglas was not insulted or interrupted except
by persons in the audience asking him questions which
they desired him to answer.
Mr. Douglas was nominated for President by the
Democratic National Convention at Baltimore, on June
18, 1860. Mr. Lincoln was nominated by the Repub-
lican National Convention, which assembled in the
Wigwam Building, southeast corner of Lake and
Market streets, on May 16, 1860.
There were four Presidential and four State tickets in the
field. The Lincoln and Hamlin electoral ticket was headed by
Leonard Swett. It received 171,137 votes in the State, and of the
number, 1.1,589 were given to Mr. Lincoln in Cook County.
Among the Douglas and Johnson electors were S Corning Judd,
James L. I). Morrison and Calvin A. Warren. The highest vote
the ticket received in the State was 158,257, and in Cook County,
9,846. The Dell and Everett electors received 4,851 votes in the
State and 107 in Cook County. This ticket was called by many the
" Straight \Vhig " ticket and by others the "Constitutional Union"
ticket, the latter from the convention of twenty States that met in
convention at Baltimore, on May 9. The Breckenridge and Lane
ticket, called the Bourbon, or Southern Democratic ticket, received
2.2^s votes in the State and 87 of them were cast in Cook County.
In this election, Isaac N. Arnold, Republican, defeated Augustus
M. Herrington, Douglas Democrat, for Congress, getting 14,663
votes in Cook County, to 9,791 for Herrington, who ran slightly
behind Douglas. The total vote for Congressman in the district
was 47,856, of which Arnold received 30,834; Herrington 16,950,
scattering 72.
The Twenty-second General Assembly convened on
January 7, 1861. The Chicago delegation numbered
William B. Ogden in the Senate; and in the House, J.
Young Scammon, William H. Brown, S. M. Wilson and
Homer Wilmarth. April 23, Governor Richard Yates
convened the General Assembly in extraordinary session,
to take action upon President Lincoln's call for 75,000
men to put clown the rebellion and preserve the Union.
Governor Yates in his message to the Assembly, in refer-
ring to the services tendered him in his efforts to raise
troops and money, said:
"Our principal city (Chicago) has responded with contribu-
tions of men and money worthy of her fame for public spirit and
patriotic devotion. Nearly a million of money has been offered to
the State, as a loan, by our patriotic capitalists and other private
citizens, to pay the expenses connected with the raising of our
State troops and temporarily providing for them."
Lyman Trumbull, who had just been elected United
States Senator, and John A. McClernand, who had been
returned to Congress from the sixth district, ably ad-
dressed the Senate and House in January in favor of
the prosecution of the War and crushing the rebellion.
The patriotic principles and generosity of disposi-
tion of Senator Douglas were exemplified by his visit to
President Lincoln shortly after his proclamation calling
for 75,000 troops had been issued, and his assurance to
his successful rival that he intended to stand by him as
long as his country was in peril. It was then the fa-
mous '* Douglas dispatch " was formulated and sent to
the country through the medium of the Associated
Press. It was as follows:
April 18, 1861. Senator Douglas called on the President, and had an In-
terest ing conversation on the present condition of the country. Tin- siili
stance ox it was. on the part of Mr. Douglas, that while he was unalterably
opposed to the administration in all its political issues, he was prepared to
fully sustain the President in the exercise of all his constitutional functions
t<> preserve the Union, maintain the Government and defend the Federal
Capital. A firm policy and prompt action was necessary. The Capital was in
danger, and must lie defended at all ha/anls, and at any expense of men and
money. He spoke of the present and future, without reference to the past.
The General Assembly of Illinois having passed a
joint resolution requesting Senator Douglas to address
them on the great issues of the hour, he arrived at
Springfield, and addressed the two houses on April 25.
The following are excerpts from the speech:
For the first time since the adoption of the Federal Constitution, a wide-
spread conspiracy exists to overthrow the best government Hit- sun of heaven
ever shone upon. An invading army is inarching upon Washington. The
lioast has gone forth from the Secretary of War of the so-called Confederate
States, that by the first of May the rebel army will be in possession of the Na-
tional Capital, and by the first of July its headquarters will be In old Inde-
pendence Hall. » • • The only question with us is whether we
shall wait supinely for the invaders, or rush, as one man, to the defense of that
we hold 1 most dear. Piratical flags are afloat on the, ocean, under pretended
letters of marque. Our great river has been closed to the commerce of the
Northwest. * * * So Inngas hope remained of peace, I plead and
implored for compromise. Now, that all else ha- failed, there is but one
course left, and that Is to rally as one man under the flag of Washington.
Jefferson, Hamilton, Madison and Franklin. At what time since the Govern-
ment was organized, have the constitutional rights of the South been more
secure than now? For the first time since the Constitution was adopted there
is no legal restriction against the spread of slavery in the territories. When
was the Fugitive Slave Law mure faithfully executed? What single art has
been done to justify tins mad attempt to overthrow the Republic? We are
told ( hat because a certain party has carried a presidential election, therefore
the. South chose to consider their liberties insecure! I had supposed it was a
fundamental principle of American institutions, that the will of the majority,
constitutionally expressed, should govern! If the defeat at the ballot-box is
to justify rebellion, the future history of the United States may be read In the
past history of Mexico. It Is a prodigious crime against the freedom of the
world to attempt to blot the United States out of the map of Christendom.
How long do you think it will be before the guillotine Is in operation?
Allow me tosav to my former political enemies, you will no' be true to your
country if you seek to make political capital out of these disasters: and to my
old friends, you will be false and unworthy of your principles if you allow
political defeat to convert you into traitors to your native land. The shortest
way now to peace Is the most stupendous and unanimous preparations for
war.
Arrangements were made for an immense mass
meeting to be held at the Wigwam Building, in Chi-
cago, and Mr. Douglas was asked to address the assem-
blage. He went direct to Chicago from Springfield,
and addressed the meeting, saying:
I beg you to believe that I will not do you or mvself the Injustice to
think that this magnificent ovation is personal to myself. I rejoice to know
that it expresses your devotion to the Constitution, the Union and the flag of
our country. I will not conceal gratification at the uncontrovertible test this
vast audience presents— that whatsoever political differences or party ques-
tions may have divided us, yet you all had a conviction that, when the coun-
try should be in danger, my loyalty could be relied on. That the present
danger is imminent, no man can conceal. If war must come, the bayonet, must
be used to maintain I he Constitution. I sav before God. my conscience is clear.
I have struggled long for a peaceful solution of the difficulty. I have not
only tendered those States what was their right, but I have gone to the very
extreme of magnanimity.
The return we receive Is war; armies marching upon our capital; ob-
structions and danger to our navigation; letters of marque, to invite pirates
to prey upon our commerce; a concerted movement to blot out the United
States of America from the map of the globe. The question is. Are we to
maintain the country of our fathers, or allow it to be stricken down by those
who, when they can'no longer govem, threaten to destroy? • * •
The slavery question is a mere excuse. The election of Lincoln is a mere
pretext. The present secession movement is the result of an enormous ron-
spiracv, formed more than a year since, formed by leaders In the Southern
Confederacy more than twelve months ago.
But this is no time for the detail of causes. The conspiracy Is now
known. Armies have been raised, war Is levied to accomplish it. There are
only two sides to the question. Every man must be for the United States or
against it. There can be no neutrals in this war, only patriots or traitors.
Thank God<n)linois is not divided on this question. I know they ex-
pt'rt»'d to present a united South against a divided North. They hoped in the
Northern States party questions would bring civil war bet ween Democratsand
Republicans; when the South would step in with her cohorts, aid one party
to conquer the other, and then make easy prey of the victors. Their scheme
was carnage and civil war in the North.
There is but one way to defeat this— in Illinois It Is being so defeated,—
by closing up the ranks. War will thus be prevented on our own soil. While
there was a hope for peace, I was ready for any reasonable sacrifice or com-
Hrointseto maintain it. But when the question comes of war In the cotton
elds of the South or the corn fields of Illinois. I say the further off the better.
I have said more than I intended to say. It Is a sad task to discuss ques-
tions so fearful as civil war; but sad as it is, bloody and disastrous as I expect
It will be. 1 express it as my conviction before God, that it is the duty of every
American citizen to rallv around the flag of bis country.
I thank you again for this magnificent demonstration. By It yon show
you have laid aside party strife. Illinois has a proud position— united, firm,
determined never to permit the Government to be destroyed.
842
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Tins was the " Little Giant's " last patriotic appeal
to his countrymen. At its close he went to his rooms
at the Tremont House, was taken ill, and died on
June 3, 1 86 1.
The first real break of the Democratic grasp upon
the politics of the State, in which prominent Chicago
men took an active part, was at the time of the Kansas-
Nebraska excitement. In the Senate of the XlXth C.en-
eral Assembly, which convened January i, 1855, were
Norman 1!. Judd, I'.urton C. Cook and John M. Palmer,
all Anti-Nebraska Democrats. A United States Senator
to succeed Senator James Shields was to be elected.
Abraham Lincoln was the Whig candidate and General
Shields the Democratic. The balloting began in joint
session February 8, and resulted as follows :
1st ballot — Shields, 41; Lincoln, 45; scattering, 13.
2d ballot — Shields, 41; Lincoln, 43; scattering, 15.
3d ballot — Shields. 41; Lincoln, 41; scattering, id.
On the seventh ballot General Shields's name was withdrawn
and that of Joel A. Matteson substituted. The result was, Mat-
teson, 44; l.im-iiln, 3$; si-altering, if).
8th ballot — Matteson, 46; Lincoln. 27; scattering, 25.
( >n the ninth ballot Lincoln's name was withdrawn, and on this
ballot Matteson received 47; Lyman Trumbuil, 35; scattering, if).
The result of the tenth ballot was, Trumbuil, 51; Matteson,
47. scattering, i; and Trumbuil having received a majority of all
votes cast was declared the Senator elect.
It is related that when Mr. Lincoln found that he
could not get the votes of Messrs. Judd, Cook, Palmer
and that of Henry S. Baker, an Anti-Nebraska Whig,*
which would have secured his election, lie, while stand-
ing in the lobby, reached over and directed a member
of the House to withdraw his name, which, being done,
Trumbuil was elected on the succeeding ballot.
Lyman Trumbuil was re-elected United States Sen-
ator, or. January 10, 1861, over Samuel S. Marshall, by
a vote of 54 to 46. The Republicans had a majority
in both branches of the Legislature, and it was the first
time in the history of the State that any party other
than the Democratic had a majority in both houses.
On January 15, 1867, Mr. Trumbuil was again
re-elected United States Senator, this time defeating T.
Lyle Dickey by a vote of 76 to 33.
Senator Douglas challenged the manner in which the
first election of Trumbuil was brought about in his
second joint debate with Lincoln, at Freeport, on
August 27, 1858. These two giants of the stump had
debated before this at Chicago. On July 9, at Chicago,
Douglas made a deliberate and carefully phrased con-
clusion on Lincoln's speech of June 16, and the follow-
ing day (July 10) Lincoln made a brief review of
Douglas's speech of the gth. This preliminary cross-
ing of swords led to the challenge of Douglas to a joint
debate by Lincoln on July 24. Challenge and reply
were written in Chicago, both at the Tremont House,
and Lincoln's challenge was handed to Douglas by
Norman B. Judd, who then represented Cook County
in the State Senate. Douglas fixed upon the places of
meeting, and Lincoln accepted the list on July 31. In
his address at Freeport, Mr. Douglas said:
u Lincoln should lake Shields's place
nimimll should h:t\v mine so soon as
n the United States Senate, and 'I
* 1 1. W. I.usk's Politics and Politicians of Illinois.
thev could conveniently get rid of me. When Lincoln was beaten for
.Shu-liK's plac.-. • ' In- li-lt son- and restive; his friends grumbled.
and some of tlici" r:i ""I -""I charged that the most infamous tr.-a<-li.-. y
Iriil IH-I-II piacliccd against him: that tin- bargain was that. Lincoln was to
Inv.- h-id Shli-lils's place anil Trumbul] was to have \valti-d tor mine, lint that
Trumliull havina the control of a few Abolltiouixed Democrats, he prevented
them lion'i voting for I.I In. thus keeping him within a few votes of an
elect until tic succeeded in forcing the party to drop him and elect Trnni
hull Weil Trumbull having cheated Lincoln, his friends made a fuss, and,
in order to keep them anil Lincoln i|iilet. the paitv were obliged income for-
ward in advance of the last State election, anil make a pledge that they would
go for Lincoln and nohody else. Lincoln could not he silenced In any other
way.
Prior to the opening of the joint debates, Lincoln's
friends were fearful that he would commit himself by
expressions which would allow Douglas the advant.ige
over him, and when, at the opening of the debate just
quoted from, Lincoln propounded four certain ques-
tions bearing upon the extension of slave territory,
they came to him and insisted that he had played right
into Douglas's hands; that he had done just what
Douglas could most have desired him to do, and had as
good as elected him to the Senate.
Lincoln replied: "That maybe, but it will defeat
him for the presidency."
It is claimed that the answers made by Douglas to
these questions' lost him the support of the Southern
Democrats in 1860, and created the opportunity for the
election of a President by the Republicans, and Lincoln
was the man of the hour, who on account of the promi-
nence he had gained in his controversy with Douglas,
became the favorite and successful nominee of the
Republican part}'.
On August 8, 1862, at the time of the opening of
the State and Congressional campaign of that year
another great union mass meeting was held at Chicago,
which was addressed by Owen Lovejoy, John F. Farns-
worth and Isaac N. Arnold.
LOVEJOY'S Sl'KECH.— So far as the question of argument is concerned,
it has been exhausted. A son dues not arum- or appeal, to decide as to the
propriety of killing the assassin of his mother; neither do the sons of the Re-
public need long winded arguments to induce them to put down this accurs-
ed rehelllon. We want men, not speeches: men with muskets in their hands,
not hurrahs from their throats. I have lint little reputation as a conservative
man, so far as I have heen informed. Some people go so far as tu say I am
slightly tinctured with fanaticism ill my views of the slavery question. For
myself, I claim to be a sort of an anointed prophet of the Lord. I have
fa itii in God, and, next to Him, In the American people. Let us not fall into
1 he error of the man. who, standing by the side of a bayou or arm of the sea,
and witnessing tne ebb of the tide, exclaimed that the sea was becoming dry-
land again. Kather let us say that behind and beyond the temporary reverses
now afflicting us, there will come up the great uprising of popular patriotism.
which, in its certain Hood, shall cover with its proper element and spirit the
ground lost In those temporary reverses. It is not for any of us to say that
during the trying emergency in which we are at present placed, lie could
manage the ship of state more satisfactorily than the onewno Is now at the
helm. Let us each seize a rope and do what we can to prevent its destruction.
Tliis is common sense. I call It good common sense fora "fanatic." We
must preserve the nation; we must preserve it intact from rebels at home, or
foreign intervention. We must not allow French intervention in Mexico.
Neither must we allow a descendant of that old British tyrant, George the
Third, to plant h is tli rone in southern soil, with in the boundaries of the Re-
public. We must therefore defend our soil if every fool of the domain is con-
secrated with the blood of a slain hero. We must preserve our nationality.
As for myself, I don't want to survive the permanent dismemberment of
these United States. I had a thousand times rather lay down my life on the
battle-Held than outlive such a dreadful event. I don't know wliatGod wills,
but I have a shrewd suspicion that He wills what ?/'<- will. The maintenance
of the Government and the perpetuity of the Union are a necessity. What!
consent toi'ismemberment? Suppose we allow- the confederates to secede,
whatdo wegain? We gain a confederacy more despotic than any monarchy
of Europe. With Canada on the north and this hated southern confederacy
on the south, with all the power and hate of England to back her, weare
ground to powder he! ween the upper and nether millstone.
How is our nationality to be preserved? By every man. woman and
child consecrating themselves to the great work till the rebellion is sup-
pressed. This is a matter that can not be settled by resolutions or meetings,
nor ballots; it's got beyond that; It's bayonets and bullets now. War has
hardly torn-lied us yet In the greal Northwest; it has not yet laid upon us Its
bloody hand, that we feel its withering, blighting curse. We must buy and
sell and conduct ourselves as usual, hut the one grand Idea must ever lie
prominent— the suppression of this rebellion. We must make this war the
great business of our lives till It is ended.
FARNSWORTH'S SPEECH.— They have massed an immense army.
and are fighting with a desperation we have not evinced. Until we have the
same spirit, we shall not conquer them. When we seize all agencies, as
they do. we shall conquer, and that right speedily. The rebels have got
their last large army. Every man has been compelled to take arms and
light In the front of the rebels. When we do this, rebellion! will be put down.
The people of the North are getting over their tender-footed, conservatism
which has sacrificed too many lives dear to your flresiiles. My friends, there
isatthis moment, in the Southern States, an army of men equal toouren-
tlre army In numbers They are our friends. They will work for us and
flghi for'usif you will but say the word. Yon are allowing them now to
cultivate corn and wheat to feed your enemy. Y'on are letting them work in
the trenches and bnlld fortifications against you. The entire element is ready
—and I speak from my own knowledge— Is ready to act. and work, and fight
for you. A rebel throat, is none too good to be cut hy a black man. I find in
Virginia, that the only reliable, truthful men from whom we can obtain in-
foi matiou about the rebel armies, their roads and their scouts, were in the
i) -hovels of the negro. Using all the skill and experience I have had as a
lawyer, I have questioned white men, and when I had done, some old negro,
too old to bear arms, would nod to me to meet him behind the barn, and
would tell me "Massa "lied, and would impart to me information which sub-
sequent experience proved true. I have never known them to tell an un-
truth to me. 1 want to see an expression go forth from tills meeting lifting up
the hands of the President and cabinet for using every agency we can lay our
POLITICAL HISTORY.
843
hands upon. The voice of the people is the voice of God. It Is authoritative
with statesmen and generals. That voice, I trust, will be heard. I hope the
fruits of this meeting will be felt. I hope it will not be an exodus for the ac-
cumulated gas of speeches. Organize your companies and train them at
home for any emergency which may occur. I want to see the wealthy mer-
chants who own these large buildings, the well-to-do lawyers and thriving
physicians, come down with the sinews of war to aid the men who are fight-
ing the battles of the stay-at-homes. I see before me at least two regiments
of men. What are you doing here? You've all got your little property at
stake. Put your names on the muster roll.
ARNOLD'S SPEECH.— Starting from the Nation's capital, all along
through New York, Nw Jersey Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, you see a
vast uprising of the people, with a fixed, stern determination, at any cost, to
crush out this vast rebellion. But it is in the Northwest, and in this great
city of the Northwest, that the zeal and energy of patriotism Is most active
and all pervading.
Illinois is meriting for herself and her children a glorious record. She
had won distinguished honors in the Mexican war. Bissell and Hardin had
associated their names and the name of Illinois with Palo Alto and Buena
Vista; but in this far more glorious war. in which the faithful fights for his
country against rebels and traitors, far more cruel and barbarous than
Mexican guerillas, Illinois covered herself with glory. The bones of her sons
lie scattered on every battle field in the valley of the Mississippi. With more
than 80,000 of her gallant sous in the field, the President, whom Illinois has
given to the Nation, calls for more troops.
Illinois springs to the rescue. Her commercial capital speaks to-day iu
a voice which will thrill the nation. The Northwest is ready. As a citizen
of this city, I claim to-day to express my thanks to the Board of Trade,*
You have done nobly, and your efforts will tell in all the Northwest, and be
felt throughout the loyal States, and I doubt not the gallant soldiers you raise
will be felt among the barbarians iu arms against our country.
Every great war has undeilying it a great idea. What i's the great idea
which gives impulse and motive power to this war? It is our nationality. The
grand idea of a great continental republic, ocean bounded, and extending from
the lakes to the gulf, commanding the respect of the world, is an idea implanted
deeply in the American heart, and it is one for which every American patriot
will fight, and if necessary die. Nowhere is this sentiment stronger than in
the Northwest. With one hand we clasp the East, and with the other the
Northwest will grip the South, and we will hold this Union together. We
will not see this grand Republic split up into contemptible Mexican prov-
inces—always fighting and destroying eacli other. Incident to this idea of
nationality— and becoming every day stronger— is another, that this grand
Republic mnst be all free, filled with one great free population.
The suicide of slavery is being enacted before our eyes. Let the cursed
barbarous, traitor-breeding institution die. The slave-holder has himself
given to it Che mortal wound; let no timid northern dough-face attempt to
staunch the blood. The end of slavery will prove the regeneration of the
Nation.
Liberal bounty is offered to the gallant volunteer. I wish to state a fact
which may not be generally known. The Congress lust adjourned provided
by law that all our foreign-born soldiers should become the adopted children
of the Republic; he who fights for the flag shall be immediately a ciii/en.
We could not do less for the galrant Germans, the countrymen of Sigel and
Osterhans, ami Wllllcli.— for the brave Irishmen, who, under Meaghrr and
Shields and Mulligan, are fighting for the old flag. To every Irishman I would
say, remember Corcoran and rally to his rescue.
Wiio shall pay the cost of this war? Let us quarter on the enemy, con-
fiscate the property, ami free the slaves of rebels.
The records in the office of the Adjutant-General of
the State show that Cook County furnished 22,436 sol-
diers for service in the immortal struggle for union and
liberty.
It is a notable thing that .the three speakers at this
meeting were re-elected to Congress from their respect-
ive districts in the ensuing November election by in-
creased majorities.
Isaac N. Arnold, was elected over Francis C. Sherman, Demo-
crat, by 10,025 votes to Sherman's 8,387 in the first district. John
!•'. Farnsworth defeated Neil Donnelly, Democrat, in the second
district, receiving 12,612 votes to his opponent's 4,785. Owen.
Lovejoy was returned from the sixth district over two opponents,
the vote standing, Lovejoy, 11,683; Thomas |. Henderson,
11,020; Benjamin Graham, 617.
In the election for delegates to the convention to
frame a new State Constitution, which took place in
November, 1861, and the Chicago representatives
elected were John Wentworth, Melville \V. Fuller and
Elliott Anthony. The Democrats had a majority of
fifteen in this convention over Republicans and Fusion-
ists. The Convention, however, undertook a number
of extraordinary acts, among others an ordinance ap-
propriating $500,000 for the benefit of the sick and
wounded soldiers of Illinois, but Governor Yates held
that the duties of the Convention were simply to frame
a new Constitution, and he refused to recognize the le-
gality of any other act.
The new Constitution, as submitted to the voters
for adoption, provided that no negro or mulatto should
migrat'e to or settle in Illinois, nor should any negro or
mulatto have the right of suffrage or hold office in
this State. These articles were voted upon separately
and both were carried by large majorities, while the
balance of the Constitution was defeated by a majority
of 25,515 in the State.
In the summer of 1864, the third year of the War,
the peace movement had reached its height. Many
* An account of the troops and money raised by the Board of Trade
and much war history, is given in the Hoard of Trade history, Volume II.
Eastern papers had been deploring "coercion" measures
for months, without cessation. In Illinois the Demo-
cratic Legislature had passed a "peace" resolution in
the spring of 1863, against which the minority had made
a hopeless fight with a counter resolution. Owing to
the bitterness of feeling and the danger of- having all the
war measures undone in this State, Governor Yates had
prorogued the General Assembly until (anuary, 1865.
The Democrats in an address to the people had pro-
nounced this action unconstitutional. The " peace at
any price " Democrats had been re-inforced by the stay-
at-home Republicans. Clement L. Vallandigham, the
Ohio apostle of peace, was making speeches in the
West calling for a cessation of hostilities. He spoke to
a large concourse of people in the Court House Square,
and was replied to by John Wentworth. The following
reference to this meeting, together with Mr. Wt-nt-
worth's reply, is from the Chicago Tribune of August
28, 1864:
On the retirement of Vallandigham from the steps, the crowd called
lor 'Long John," " Wentworth, "the two names being synonymous In Chicago
for our last appointed police commissioner. Mr. Wentworth appeared iinon
the stand, and said:
I am pleased with the opportunity which your call affords me to lav my
own views of public policy and public affairs before you. and in so doing i
trust I shall not be deemed an intruder, for I would not thrust myself before
vou. nor nress inv views unoii miwillimr pnvs;
tentlon of all, for I am no party man. I am chained to the partisan car of no
class, no interest, no organization. To my country, and my country alone
do I owe fealty and render homage. I love my country. It nurtured me In
my youth, It honored me in my manhood, and now, when I have passed the
meridian of life, I love to respond to any call to plead in her behalf As we
cast our eyes over the land and witness the tears that everywhere prevail
and the dangers that now environ the Republic, the heart of the patriot
sinks with doubt and dread. War. with all Its dread calamities following In its
rr;t in 1*4 nnnvnlainer tn« nnilnn Th*» *trt r\f acme im o . i, ,.,,...,. i . .1 *.!,„»
down their arms and cease the warfare they then so wickedly, foolishly and
devilishly inaugurated. This is the peace for which we hope, for which we
pray, for which we fight.
The struggle Is like every conflict that has ever existed since Time be-
gan; and if we would have a termination of the struggle, we must conquer
The road to victory is the road to peace. It is to this alternative that we are
driven— a shameful surrender or a certain triumphant, lasting victory and
consequently peace.
Ihave listened, with great interest, to the eloquent and well-considered
remarks of that peculiar Democratic champion who has just addressed you
from the stand. 1 have heard him bewail in feeling, touching terms the ex-
istence and continuance of this accursed war. In terms of indignation he
has inveighed against the Federal administration for the part it has had to
act m the bloody drama. But. while he was thus deprecating war and vio-
lence, I listened, in vain, for one single breath of censure, for one word of
reproof from his lips of those who first madly unchained the ugly demon
and let loose the storm of deadly hate. Why w'ere not the vials of his wrath
noured nnon the ln-:nl of tin, infamous Ic.i-i'm'i.ir-i i-,i .,,,,] ,i,,. i ,...., .,.
a reuerai gun nau neen nreu, not an act ot hostility committee I when the re-
bellious chief, acting as Secretary of War for a rebel government, telegraphed
ingnere lo-mgni anunreon your assembly, would yon be responsible foi
ic fight which might ensue? And how would you obtain peace? By vacat-
844
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
i br ,-ntlre brood. If we want peace then, let us conquer. If the South want
Sr:iri-. letllu'iii lay down their arms and cease war. Thru will I he willing to
eal with them justly and generously. Then will I try to forget the rivers of
Northern Mood they have shed In their unholy struggle for slavery. Then
will I try to forget the thousands they have .slain, tin1 homes they have he-
reaved. the hopes they have crushed, ami tin- hearts they have broken. Hut
While an Arm wields a sabre, while the Constitution is (letied and the laws
laughed to scorn. I will uphold the authority whose solemn oath was, that
rhr Constitution should lie preserved and the laws maintained.
lint Mr. Vallandigham told you that the Government could never be
held together hy coercive force; that power, brought to apply upon the nnruly,
could never reduce them to obedience. Was there evei a greater heresv ni-
tered liy the niimtli of man? No coercion! \\hy, gentlemen, the coeici\i>
bower of government 14 the only safety and salvaiion of society. No gov-
ernment. no co in 111 unity can exist an boat u ithout it. It wast lie weakness of
the articles of the old Confederation that tbcv conferred no eoerolve power,
and the statesmen of thai day saw the pressing necessity of the new Con-
stitution. Take, to-day, from municipal and governmental organization, the
power of coercion, and society goes at once into anarchy and cliaos. The
weak would b nne t he helpless |nvy nf the strong, and might would, indeed,
become right. I have been told tli:it there art- those who would disturb the
quiet of gathering In this city. We. the authoritiesof the city, coerce them
Into respect of law. Surely you should not denounce coercion. That glorious
old war-hone of Democracy, General Jackson, from whose lips 1 inhaled 1 be
pure Inspiration of Democracy, and at whose feet I received the first lessons
of political and governmental duty, was gloriously free from this modern
heresy. His celebrated proclamation against the milliners. In which < -
clou gleamed ami glistened In every tine, will give him a name and an im-
mortal tty In history when the malig'ners and denunciators of III is polic\ shall
have heen forgotten. I, therefore, stand for General Jackson, and against M r.
Vallandigham. Will you stand for Mr. Vallandigliam, and against General
Jackson?
Hut I will not press the matter further. The attention you have given
me tills me with gratitude, and leads me to hope that the canvass will not be
marked by such bigotry and intolerar as usually attend political cam-
paigns. Our Interests are one, our hopes arc identical. Let us, therefore,
meet and discuss this mailer in a spirit ol' fraternal love, and good will How
from the Interchange of opinions, and, together, we will reap the rich harvest
of wealth and glory that awaits our country. As the children of a common
destiny, the pathway of our progress should he marked hy no shameful
bickerings, no jad ings, no discord. Differ we in ty, dilfer we must. i'.utthe
dill'erenee may he honest anil the association not unfriendly, hut arm in arm.
two !iy two. let us push on in the race of civilization and progress and reach
the summit of greatness and glor\ . a proud example of a free, enlightened,
and tolerant people, who love union, liberty and law; who when their coun-
try was assailed, defended it. and when treason raised ils hloody banner,
beat It back, and handed down to posterity the rich legacy of their fathers,
Chicago was represented in the XXII Id General
Assembly of 1863 by William B. Ogden and Jasper D.
Ward, in the Senate, and by Ansel B. Cook, Amos G.
Throop. William E. Ginther, Melville W. Fuller, Michael
Brand, Francis A. Eastman and Lorenz Brentano in
in the House. Michael Brand gained his seat by a
contest with George W. Gage, who had first been admit-
ted. Tliis Assembly elected as the successor of the
lamented Stephen A. Douglas, in the United States
Senate, William A. Richardson, who received 65 votes
to 38 for Richard Yates.
Mr. Lincoln was re-nominated for President by the
Republicans, at Baltimore, on June 7, 1864.
Chicago was selected as the place of holding the
Democratic Convention, and the great gathering of
Northern Democrats, on August 29111, nominated Gen-
eral George B. McClellan, of New Jersey, for President,
and George H. Pendleton, of Ohio, for Vice-President.
McClellan was nominated ostensibly as a War Democrat,
but the pfatform adopted was known as a peace plat-
form, and called for a cessation of hostilities. The ill-
ballasted party ship found the inevitable haven of defeat,
which in the speeches and songs of the campaign was
designated Salt River.
The State campaign was enlivened by the rivalry
between Hon. William Bross and S. Corning Judd, who
were candidates on the opposing State tickets for the
office of Lieutenant-Governor. Mr. Bross, ran slightly
behind his ticket, but succeeded in gathering 188,842
votes in the State to Mr. Judd's 158,244.
John Wentworth was returned to Congress from the
first district, receiving 18,557 votes to 14,277 for his
opponent, Cyrus H. McCormick.
John F. Farnsworth was again returned from the
second district, his vote being 18,208 and that of his
opponent, M. C. Johnson, 5,237.
The highest vote in the State for the presidential electors was
for Lincoln, 189 521; for McClellan, 158,829. Arno Voss was a
McCk-llari elector, and John V. Knrwell, John I. Bennett and
Francis A. Hoffman, were Lincoln electors.
The Republicans were in the ascendancy in both
branches of the Legislature. Lieutenant-Governor Bross
was the presiding officer of the Senate. Governor
Richard Yates was elected United States Senator; and
at this session the "black laws" were repealed, and
appropriations were made for the care of soldiers'
orphans and for the purchase of the tract in which the
remains of Stephen A. Douglas were interred.
The following memorial was sent from Chicago:
MEMORIAL OF THE PUBLIC MKKTING OF THE CHRISTIAN MEN
OF CHICAGO.
TH His E.rrellrncu, Alirnlinin Lincoln, President 11} the I'liUetl Xlnttt:
Your memorialists, of all Christian denominations In the City of Chi-
cago, assembled in solemn meeting to consider the moral aspects of the war
now waging, would utter their deepest conviction as to the present relation
ot our country and its rulers to the government and providence of Almighty
God; and would respect fully ask a hearing foi the principles and facts deemed
fundamental to a right judgment of this appalling crisis. And to ibis we are
encouraged by the frequency with which, on various public occasions you
have officially recognized the dependence of the country and its chief magis-
trate upon the Divine favor.
We claim, then, that the war Is a Divine retribution upon our land for
its manifold sins, and especially for the crime of oppression, against which
tlie denunciations of God's word are so numerous ;md pointed
The American nation, in Ibis its judgment hour, must acknowledge that
the enrol tbeslaye, unheeded by man. has been beard by God and answered
in this terrible visitation. The time lias at length come of which Jellerson
solemnly warned his country, as he declared that tlie slaves of America were
enduring "a bondage, one hour of which is fraught with inor isery than
ages of that, which occasioned the War of tlie Revolution." and added
•TVhen the measure of their tears shall he full, when their tears shall have
involved Heaven itself in darkness, doubtless a God of justice will awaken
to their distress, by diffusing a light and liberality among their oppressors or
at length, hy his exterminating thunder, manifest his attention to things of
this world, anil that they are not left to the guidance of blind fatality "
The slave oligarchy has organized the most unnatural, perfidious and
formidable rebellion known to history. It has professedly established an in-
dependent government on the avowed basis of slavery, admitting that the
I'ederal Union was constituted to conserve and promote liberty. All Imtfour
of the slave Slates have seceded from tlie Union, and those four (with the ex-
ception ol Delaware, in which slavery but nominally exists) have been kept in
subjection only hy overwhelming military force. Can we doubt that this is a
Divitie retribution for national sin, in which our crime has justly shaped
Proceeding upon this, belief, which recent events have made it almost
atheism to deny, your memorialists avow their solemn conviction deepening
every hour, that there can be no deliverance from Divine Judgments till
slavery ceases in tlie land. We can not expect God to save a nation that clings
to its sin. 1 his is too fearful an hour to insult God, or to deceive ourselves
National existence Is In peril; our sons and brothers are falling by tens of
thousands on the battle-field; tlie war becomes daily more determined and
destructive. While we speak, the enemy thunders at the gate of the capital
our acknowledged superiority of resources has thus far availed little or
nothing in the conflict. As Christian patriots we dare not conceal the truth
that these judgments mean what tlie Divine judgments meant in Effvnt!
They are God's stern command-" LET MY PEOPLE GO!"
o e resen.
But these measures do not meet the crisis as regards either the dancer
of the country or the national guilt. We urge yon. therefore, as the head of
this I bris lan nation, from consideration of moral principle and as tlie only
means of preserving the Union, to proclaim, without delay, National Eman-
LS? ™.t,1!"ri_t>' I""}'." respect you might have been In time
, «• - ~. V» ° I 11 r^i J • •> JH 1 .1 U ,1 I lilCK (>M I IlC
life of the Republic. They have created a moral, political, and military ne-
cessity, which warrants the deed, and now God and a waiting world demand
that the opportunity be used. And surely the fact that they have placed in
our power a system, which, while it e'xposes them, is itself the grossest
wickedness, adds infinitely to the obligation to strike the blow
In this view of a change of power involving an equal change of duty
we do not conceal the fact that gloom has filled our hearts at every indication
that the war was regarded as simply an Issue between the Federal authorities
and the rebel States; and that therefore slavery was to be touched only to the
extent that the pressure of rebel success might absolutely necessitate ' H»ve
we not reason to expect rebel success on that policy? Are we to omit from
our calculations the necessary conditions of Divine favor? Has the fact no
moral force, that the war lias suddenly placed within the power of the Presi-
dent the system that lias provoked God's wrath'.' Is there not danger that
while we are waiting till the last terrible exigency shall liberate the slave
God may decide the contest against ns, and the measures that we would not
adopt on principle, prove too late for our salvation? We claim that justice
here as everywhere, Is the highest expediency.
At the time of the national peril of the Jews under Ahasuerus Mor-
decai spake in their name to Queen Esther, who hesitated to take the step
necessary to their preservation, in these solemn word.: "Think not with
thyself that thon shall escape in t.ie King's house, more than all the .lews
For If thoii altogether boldest thy peace at this time, then shall there enlarge-
ment and deliverance arise, to the Jews from another place ; but thou and thy
father's house shall be destroyed] and who knoweth whether thou art come
to the kingdom for such a time as tills?" And your memorialists believe that
in Divine providence you have been called to the presidency to speak the
word of justice and authority which shall free the bondman' and save the
Nation. Our prayer to God is, that by such an act the name of Abraham Lin-
coln may go down to posterity with that of George Washington, as the second
saviour of our country.
A committee (consisting of Rev. W. W. Patton and
Rev. John Dempster) waited upon President Lincoln to
present to him the foregoing memorial. The committee
read their report to an assembly of citizens, held in
Bryan Hall, on September 20, 1862. It was substantially
as follows:
We reached Washington on September 11, but could not see the President
until the 13th. when an interview was obtained through the services of Hon .
Gideon Welles. We were courteously received by President Lincoln who
listened courteously, and with fixed attention while the memorial was read
by the chairman of the delegation. The chairman, after reading the memo-
rial, added a few words with regard to the deep Interest felt In the Preshh nt
by the religions community, of the many prayers offered In his behalf, and
to explain the pressure of feeling that caused those prayers to be followed by
a memorial expressive of their solemn conviction of national duty and
necessity. The time of presenting the memorial might seem inauspicious,
in view of the recent disasters, which make the authority of the government
POLITICAL HISTORY.
845
in the slave States less extensive and influential than before. But the memo-
rialists believed these disasters to lie tokens of Divine displeasure, calling for
new and advanced action by the President in behalf of the country— such as
would indicate national repentance for the sin of oppression, and he must
see that if success in our military affairs was supposed to render such action
unnecessary, ami defeat unavailing, then duty becomes an idle word, and
God's voice of remonstrance and warning an unmeaning utierance.
The 1'resident answered. "The subject presented in the memorial is
one upon which I have thought much fur weeks p;ist. and I may even say for
months. I am approached with the most opposite opinions and advice, and
that by religious men, who are equally certain that they represent the Divine
will. I am sure lhat either the one or the other class is mistaken in that
belief, ami perhaps in some respects i>oth. I hope It will not be Irreverent for
mi- to say. that if it be probable that God would reveal His will to others, on
a point so connected with my dutv, it might be supposed he would reveal it
directly to me. For unless I am more deceived in myself than I often am. ii.
is my earnest desire to know the will of Providence in this matter, and if 1
can learn what tt is, 1 u'tll ilo it, liuttheseare not the days of miracles. I
must study tin- plain, physical facts iu the case, and learn if possible what
appears to be wise Ana right. The subject is difficult and good men do not
airree. The last session of Congress had a decided majority of anti-slavery
ni'M i. yet they could not unite on this point. And t lie saiue is" true of religions
people. \Vliy, tin- rebel soldiers are praying with a great deal more earuest-
ness, I fear, than our own troops, ami expecting God to favor their side.
"lint what fiooil would a proclamation of emancipation do from me?
Would niu i';, nl free the slaves, when I can not even enforce the Constitution
in the rebel Suites? And what reason is there to think that it would have any
greater effect upon the slavesthan the late law of ConirreM, which <>t!Vrs
protection and freedom to the slaves of rebels who come within our lines? And
suppose they could be induced by a proclamation of freedom from me, to
throw themselves upon us. what should wedo with them? * * Under-
stand, [ raise no objections against it, on legal or constitutional grounds; tol-
as Commander-ln-Chlef otthe array and navy. In time of war. I suppose I
have a right tot-ike any measure which may best subdue the enemy. .Nor do
I urge objections of a moral nature, in view of possible consequences, insur-
rection and massacre at the South. I view the matter as a practical war
measure, to be decided upon according to the advantages or disadvantages it
may offer to I he suppression of the rebellion."
The committee responded that, notwithstanding differences of opinion
among gooit men the truth was somewhere, and it was a matter of solemn
m< i incut for him to ascertain it. and that the memorial contained facts pi 1'i-
clplesand arguments which appealed to the intelligence of the President and
to liis faith iu Divine Providence; that our jusl punishment had come by a
slave-holder's rebellion ; that the virus of secession is found only where Is
found the virus of slavery; and there was the amplest reason for expecting
to avert the Divine judgments by putting away the sin. That to proclaim
emancipation would weaken the South by appealing to the slave- il would
secure III.- Sympathy of the whole civilized world; it would send a thrill
through the Mono, firing every patriotic heart, giving the people a glorious
principle for which to suffer and to light; it would give us both laborers and
soldiers.
The President rejoined, admitting most of these points, but did not, at
the interview, admit the necessity or policy of a proclamation, and said, in
conclusion: "Do not misunderstand me because I have mentioned these
i>l M'e<-t ions. I have not decided against a proclamation of liberty lo the slaves,
and I can assure you that the subject is on my mind by day and night more
than any other. Whatever appears to be God's will, that I will do."
The committee returned, hoping that their mission
would not be in vain.
Upon the face of this petition of the Christian men
of Chicago, as contrasted with the President's subse-
quent acts, it is not presuming too much to believe that
it had great influence in his conclusions and in direct-
ing his course.
This petition was more fully answered by President
Lincoln in his acts and by his utterances later on in the
contest. Writing from the executive mansion, under
date of April 4, 1864, to A. G. Hodges, of Frankfort,
Ky., he said:
SKCOND INAI'IH'RAL ADDIIKSS. — Neither party expected for the war the
magnitude orthe duration which it has already attained. Neither antici-
pated Chat the cause of the conflict might cease even before the conflict itself
should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph and a result less funda-
mental ami astounding, lioth read the same liible and prayed to the same
God, and each invoked His aid against the other.
It may seem strange that any man should dare to ask a just God-s assist-
ance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces. But let
us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayer of both should not he
answered— that of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has his
own purposes. * « Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this
mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away; yet. if God wills that It con-
tinue until all the wealth piled by the bondman's two hundred and fifty years
of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with
the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword— as was said three
thousand years ago. so still It must be said, that the judgments of the Lord
are true and righteous altogether.
In April, 1862, Francis C. Sherman was elected
Mayor as a Democrat and in 1863-64, when the two
years' term began, he was re-elected. In 1865, John B.
Rice was made the Republican nominee; the assassina-
tion of Lincoln blighted any prospects the Democrats
might have had; and as public sentiment and sympathy
were universal in the one direction, Mr. Rice was
elected without opposition. Mr. Rice served the two
years' term and was re-elected for two years more in
1867. On March 10, 1869, the General Assembly
passed an act dividing the city into twenty wards and
changing the time of the city election from April to
November. Mayor Rice and his colleagues continued
in office until the first Monday in December, 1869. In
the November election, Roswell B. Mason was elected
Mayor on the " People's ticket." Corruption was ram-
pant, and the press united with the best citizens in form-
ing and supporting a People's Party. At the close of
Mayor Mason's term, in the fall of 1871, the remnant of
the party which had elected him formed what was called
the " Fire- Proof " ticket, at the head of which, for Mayor,
was Joseph Medill, editor of the Tribune. It was dur-
ing the last year of Mayor Mason's administration that
the city was almost obliterated and municipal govern-
ment disrupted for the time being by the great fire.
The defalcation of David A. Gage, the City Treas-
urer, was an additional calamity. While charges of cor-
ruption were made without reserve during Mayor Ma-
son's term, and Gage had been elected on the first
People's ticket, and again on the Fire -Proof ticket, it
was not yet known, in 1871, that he was a defaulter to
the enormous amount of $507,703.58. The ring be-
lieved to be behind him rallied, and forced his re-nomi-
nation on the Fire-Proof ticket, in order to hide the true
condition of affairs. Gage was known familiarly about
the city as " Dave," and it has frequently been observed
that rottenness in city politics began with the election
of the first "good fellow." The destruction of the City
Hall, public departments and records, the water works,
and other improvements, together with the defalcation
of Gage, involved the city in debts from which the pro-
cess of recuperation was slow and expensive. Vast
quantities of city " scrip " were issued by successive ad-
ministrations, and the principal part of the cash col-
lected from tax levies was required to pay the interest
on the bonded debt and to redeem this scrip. The tax
levy after the fire was reduced to 10 mills, which left
the treasury in a disordered state. The Constitution
prohibited the city from borrowing beyond the limit of
the next annual tax levy, and, to avoid this restriction
and yet obtain funds, the Council of 1872-73 issued
city scrip in a lavish manner.
During the first part of his term Mayor Medill was
opposed to the closing of the saloons on Sunday, but
being urged by a Citizens' Committee of fifteen, repre-
senting a supposed popular demand, he yielded to these
influences. In 1872, he was an ardent supporter of the
Sunday-closing idea, and in January he promptly vetoed
an ordinance passed by the Council late in December,
repealing the Sunday liquor law. In his veto message,
Mayor Medill said he did not believe a majority of the
people wanted liquor sold on Sunday, and would like to
see the question put to a popular vote.
In November 1873, the popular vote was taken, and
the result was the election of Harvey D. Colvin, Demo-
crat, over L. L. Bond, Republican, the latter having
been nominated by the weakened party represented by
the Fire-Proof ticket. Besides a demand for reform
and economy, other issues entered the election. The
reform element demanded Sunday and midnight clos-
ing of the saloons and other restrictions, which a large
foreign element deemed an infringement upon their
rights. The " personal liberty " cry was raised, and
Mr. Colvin announced that he would not run as a
Democrat, but as a liberal candidate.
The national campaign of 1868 opened at Chicago
in May. General U. S. Grant, of Illinois, and Schuyler
Colfax, of Indiana, were nominated here by the Repub-
846
HISTORY OK CHICAGO.
lican National Convention on May 20, for President anil
Yice- President. The Democratic National Convention
was held at New York on July 4, and Horatio Seymour
was nominated for President and Francis P. Blair for
Vice- President. Local issues were lost sight of in
National questions. John M. Palmer was the Repub-
lican candidate for Governor, and John R. Kden the
Democratic. John A. Logan was the Republican,
and \Villiam \Y. O'Brien the Democratic, candidate for
Congressman-at-large. Logan's vote was 249,422 in
the State and O'Brien's 199,789. In the first Chicago
district, Norman I!. |udd, Republican, defeated M. R.
M. Wallace, Democrat, for Congress by a vote of 27,414
to 19.2,53, and in the second district, John F. Farns-
wortli, Republican, defeated A. M. Herrington by a
vote of 20,725 to 6,307. The Seymour electoral ticket
received 199,143 votes in the State, and the Grant
electors 250.293.
John C. Dore and Jasper I). Ward were elected to
the State Senate of 1869, from the Chicago districts,
and Cook County was represented in the House by
II. B. Buffalo Miller; L. L. Bond, J. S. Reynolds,
F. Munson, |olm ('. Knickerbocker, Iver Lawson and
F. S. Taylor the latter a resident of Kvanston;. James
P. Root, of Cook, was elected clerk of the House over
J. Merrick Bush, of Pike County, by a vote: of 56 to 23.
Delegates having been elected to a Constitutional
Convention, to amend, alter or revise tin: State Constitu-
tion of 1848, which the State had outgrown, the Conven-
tion met at Springfield on December 13, 1869. The dele-
gates from Cook County in this Convention were Joseph
Medill, S. S. Hayes, John C. Haines, William \-'~. Cool-
baugh, Charles Hitchcock, Flliott Anthony and Daniel
Cameron. A Constitution was framed which has been
pronounced one of the best instruments of the kind
ever devised for the government of any commonwealth.
The State campaign of 1870, was spiritless, devoid
of issues and interest. The principal contest in Cook
County was that between Charles B. Farwell and John
Wentworth for Congress, in the first district, which is
alluded to elsewhere. Farwell defeated Wentworth, his
vote being 20,342, to the latter's 15,025.
In the second district, John F. Farnsvvorth was
re-elected, receiving 8,396 votes to 6,516 for J. C.
Stoughton and 2,349 for Richard Bishop.
The new Constitution provided for increased repre-
sentation, and the XXVIIth General Assembly of 1871
was the largest ever convened at the capital, consisting
of fifty senators and one hundred and seventy-seven
representatives.
On October 13, this Legislature, in accordance with
the proclamation of Governor Palmer, issued October
10, met in special session to take action with reference
to the great calamity of the Chicago fire. The cry of
homeless thousands for help had gone forth, and the
needs of the crippled municipality were urgent. The
emergency was great, and Governor Palmer notified all
members of the Senate and House, by telegraph, of his
proclamation, and at the appointed time they were in
their seats, ready for action.
A clause in the new Constitution of 1870 forbade
all special legislation, and there was great doubt as to
the ability of the Legislature to take effective and legal
action for the relief of the stricken city. Governor
Palmer, however, recognized the fact that something
must be done, and he issued a message, in which he
pointed out the manner in which relief might be afforded.
The Legislature had passed an act, in 1865, providing
for the completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal
in pursuance of the plan adopted by the State in 1836,
and intrusting the work to the City of Chicago, restrict-
ing the expenditure to §2,500,000, which was ultimately
lo be paid by the State. The city had already expended
in this work the full amount limited by the act of 1865,
and the Legislature, pursuant to Governor Palmer's
advice, promptly made an appropriation of $3,000,000
covering principal and interest of the investment, to
re-imburse the city, on the payment of which the (
wa> surrendered to the control and management of the
State. In his outgoing message ( 'iovernor Palmer referred
to the clash of the State and Federal governments at
the time of the Chicago fire, in regard to the respective
duties of each at that time. Governor Palmer con-
tended that the State was able to preserve order and
protect the property of its citizens, and that the National
authority, if exercised at all, was to be subordinate to
the State authority.
Among the well-known Chicagoans in this Legisla-
ture were— in the Senate, John C. Dore, John N. Jewett,
\Villard Woodard, John L. Beveridge, and Artemas
(,'arter, the latter succeeding Senator Beveridge, upon
his resignation; in the House were James L. Camp-
bell, Carlile Mason, Wiley M. Egan, R. P. Derrickson,
A. L. Morrison, A. J. Galloway, H. B. Brayton, S. I).
Phelps, James P. Root, William H. King, Arthur Dixon,
A. H. Burley, William Vocke and W. K. Sullivan. In
the Assembly of 1873, Daniel Shepard, of Cook, was
elected clerk of the House over Joshua L. Marsh, of
Cook, by a vote of 86 to 6 1.
John L. Beveridge, who had been elected Lieutenant-
Governor in the fall of 1872, became Governor through
the election of Governor Oglesby to the United States
Senate. Lyman Trumbull was Governor Oglesby 's
opponent for the Senate, but was defeated, receiving '62
votes in joint session to 84 for Oglesby.
The State campaign of 1874 did not awaken much
interest or enthusiasm in Chicago. The Liberal Re-
publican, or Greeley party, had ceased to be a political
factor, such men as Joseph Medill retreating back to
the Republican fold, and the few Democrats who had
voted for Greeley renewing their older affiliations.
Out of the scattered remnant of the Liberal movement
was formed the Anti-Monopoly party.
The vote for the respective candidates in the Chi-
cago Congressional districts was as follows :
First District. Bernard C. Caultiekl, Dem., 10,211 ; Sidney
Smith, Rep., 9,803.
Second District, Carter H. Harrison, Dem., 9,189; Jasper
1). Ward, Kep., 9,181.
Third District, Charles I!. Farwell, Rep., 8,177 : John V.
LeMoyne, Dem., 7,991 ; Francis A. Hoffman, Jr., 139.
In the ensuing General Assembly of 1875, the Dem-
ocrats, by a fusion with the Independents, gained a
majority of both houses. Jere J. Crowley, of Cook,
was elected clerk of the House over Daniel Shepard,
by a vote of 81 to 68.
This Legislature passed the act for the reorganiza-
tion of cities, under which Chicago subsequently became
reorganized as a municipality.
The Greenbackers had become sufficiently organized
throughout the State, in 1873, to take an active part in
the campaign. They favored action on the part of the
Government which would make and keep the paper, or
" Greenback," money our standard National currency,
and were opposed to the resumption of specie pay-
ments. The party was made up of original fiat or
paper-money men and the scattered followers of the Lib-
eral and Anti-Monopoly movements. They nominated
a State ticket, and the party also had a National ticket
in the field, nominated May 17, at Indianapolis, with
POLITICAL HISTORY.
847
Peter Cooper, of New York, for President, and Samuel
F. Gary, of Ohio, for Vice-President.
The Republican State Convention nominated Shelby
M. Cullom for Governor, Andrew Shuman, of the Chi-
cago Evening Journal, for Lieutenant-Governor, and
James K. Edsall for Attorney-General. There were no
Chicago men on the Democratic State ticket.
The Republican National ticket, nominated at Cin-
cinnati on lune 14, contained the names of R. B. Hayes,
of Ohio, for President, and William A. Wheeler, of New
York, for Vice-President; and the Democratic National
ticket, nominated at St Louis on June 17, the names of
Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, for President, and
Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for Yice-President.
At the outset, the campaign on the Republican side
was spiritless and tame, while the Democrats generally
were well pleased with their ticket, and entered at once
into a vigorous and sustained canvass. The usual Re-
publican majority in the State was greatly reduced.
The vote in the State, on Lieutenant-Governor, was,
Andrew Shuman, Rep., 278,167 ; Archibald A. Glenn,
Dem., 255,970; James H. Pickrell, Greenback, 18,053.
On the Hayes ticket, for electors, were the names
Peter Schuttler, George Armour and Louis Schaffner,
of Chicago ; on the Tilden ticket, William F. Cool-
baugh, Thomas Hoyne, S. S. Hayes and Arno Voss ;
on the Cooper ticket, A. J. Grover, A. C. Cameron, John
M. Thompson and A. [. Streetor. The highest vote in
the State for the Hayes electors was 278,232 ; for Til-
den, 258,601 ; Cooper, 18,241. In the Congressional
districts the vote was as follows :
First District, William Aldrich, Rep., 16,578 ; John R. Hoxie,
Dem., 14,101 ; George S. Bowen, Greenback, 4>S6.
Second District, Carter H. Harrison, Dem., 14,732 ; George
R. Davis, Rep., 14,090; S. F. Norton, Greenback, 118.
Third District, Lorenz Brentano, Rep., 11,722; John V. Le-
Moyne, Dem., 11,435.
The Republicans and Independents united and
organized the XXXth General Assembly of 1877.
Lieutenant-Governor Shuman entered upon his duties
as presiding officer of the Senate on January 9.
An exciting contest resulted when the two houses
met in joint session, on January 18, to ballot for a
United States Senator. John M. Palmer was the Dem-
ocratic caucus nominee and John A. Logan the Repub-
lican.
On the first ballot the vote stood: Logan, 99; Palmer, 88;
William li. Anderson, 7 senators; David Davis, 6 representatives.
On the twenty-second ballot Governor Palmer's name was
withdrawn, and on the taking of the ballot the result was, Logan,
99; W. li. Anderson, 85 ; John C. Haines, 7 ; William C. Goudy,
7 ; scattering, 4.
On the twenty-fourth ballot the name of General Logan was
withdrawn, and on the ensuing ballot the result was, David Davis,
97 ; C. B. Lawrence, 86 ; John C. Haines, 7 ; scattering, 8.
On January 25, a total of 200 votes were cast, and on the for-
tieth ballot the result was, David Davis, 101 ; C. B. Lawrence,
94 ; John C. Haines, 3 ; John A. Logan, I ; William H. Parish, I.
David Davis, having received a majority of all the votes cast,
was declared the duly elected Senator.
Iii the campaign of 1878, the Greenback party again
placed a State ticket in the field, and the contest in
Chicago and Cook County, as elsewhere, was a triangu-
lar one, but devoid of excitement or interest, except in
Cook County, where the Socialists ran candidates in
most of the districts, thus narrowing the majorities be-
tween the parties down to a close margin.
The candidates, and the votes polled by each in the
Chicago Congressional districts, were as follows :
First District, William Aldrich, Rep., 12,165 ; James R. Doo-
little, Dem., 7,136; William V. Barr. Greenback, 1,184; John
McAjliff, Socialist, 2,322.
Second District, George R. Davis, Rep., 10,347; Miles Ke-
hoe, hid. Dem. ,6, HI ; James Felch, Greenback, i.Otxi; George
A. Schilling, Socialist, 2,473; J- H. Condon, Ind., 250; John
Lebolski, Ind. Socialist, 74.
Third District, Hiram Barber, Rep., 9,574 ; Lambert Tree,
Dem., 5,280; A. B. Cornell, Greenback, 884; Benjamin Sibley,
Socialist, 2,306.
On January 21, the XXXIst General" Assembly of
1879 met in joint session, and elected John A. Logan
United States Senator over General John C. Black, the
Democratic caucus nominee, by a vote of 80 to 60. Ten
votes were cast for Alexander Campbell, Greenback,
and three for John McAuliff, Socialist.
The Chicago Socialists elected to this Assembly one
Senator, Sylvester Artley, and two representatives, Leo
Meilbeck and Christian Meyer. The Socialists suc-
ceeded in getting a bill passed for the creation of a
Bureau of Labor Statistics, and other labor legislation
adopted.
JOHN McAULIFF was an engineer by trade; an intelligent, well-read
man and a popular and powerful leader amonffhu followers. He died in
1881.
LEO MKILBECK published a paper printed In the Bohemian language.
which waft extensively circulated In the sixihand seventh wards. Heliada
hobby, which was the publication of a polyglot paper, to be printed in the
Bohemian, Polish. German and English languages, but never succeeded In
carrying out his ideas. He became insane, anil committed suicide by cutting
his throat at the Alexian Brothers' Hospital. In 1883.
The State campaign of 1880, so far as its influence
in Chicago ami Cook County was felt, was not product-
ive of anything more exciting than a closely-contested
election. There were five electoral tickets — Republi-
can, Democratic, Greenback, Prohibition and Anti-
Sreret Society — in the field, and in the Chicago districts
the Trade and Labor elements and the Socialists ran
candidates for Congress. The Democrats selected a
Chicago man — Lyman Trumbull — as their candidate
for Governor, and his Republican opponent was Shelby
M. Cullom.
The Republican National Convention was held at
Chicago on June 2, and was probably the greatest and
most representative gathering of the party ever assem-
bled. James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was nominated for
President, and Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for
Vice- President.
THE SEVENTH REPUBLICAN CONVENTION OF 1880 was the
most momentous in the history of the party, 'with the exception of
the first historical Convention, at which the immortal Lincoln was
nominated. Both of these famous Conventions were held in Chi-
cago. This city had come to be a recognized political center, a
City of Conventions, in 1880. The immense hotels, the numerous
railroads and the superior telegraphic accommodations, besides the
possession of a magnificent Convention hall in the Exposition
Building, made this city the choice of a majority of the members
of the Republican National Committee as the place for holding
the great party assembly. The efforts to secure this Convention
for Chicago were mainly inaugurated by James P. Root, mem-
ber of the National Committee from Illinois, and John B. Jeffery,
who, during the latter part of the year 1879, determined that, if
possible, they would secure the Convention for Chicago, and set
about accomplishing that result. The interest and influence of
other prominent citizens were enlisted; a large delegation was sent
to Washington to present the claims and attractions of Chicago to
the National Committee, which met in that city on December 17,
1879. The Convention was secured for Chicago; an executive and
finance committee, and sub-committees of well-known citizens,
were formed, and the magnificent Convention hall, within the Ex-
position Building, which was capable of seating 15,000 people,
was completed at a large outlay oi time and money.
The executive committee was composed of the following
gentlemen:
Jesse Spalding, chairman; John B. Jeffery, secretary; William
II. Bradley, treasurer; Lyman ). Gage, chairman of the committee
on finance; General William E. Strong, chairman of the committee
on lumber; William E. Johnson, chairman of the committee on
hardware; General John L. Beveridge, chairman of the committee
on transportation; General Anson Stager, chairman of the com-
mittee on telegraphy; William Henry Smith, chairman of the press
committee; A. N. Eddy, chairman of the committee on hotel ac-
commodations and music; George M. Bogue, chairman of the
committee on selection of employes; James 1'. Root, chairman of
the committee on printing, decorations and hall.
84 S
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
On May 2o, iSSo, seven il.ivs prior to the meeting; of tlie Con-
vention, the Convention chamber WM turned over ton sub-com-
mittee of the National Committee; and upon the assembling of the
Convention, Central William K. Strong was unanimously I
sergeant-at-artns.
This Convention is worthy of mention at length, for the reason
that it \va- the great Coin cut ion of the Republican party ami fairly
inaugurated the F.ra of Conventions in Chicago. The efforts of
the supporters of laniestl. lilaine to nominate that great leailer
and to defeat the movement of I lie Grant men in favor of the
" ( 'Id Commander"; the gallant stand of the " 306"; the "Third
Term " cry; the faet that Kliliu H. Washburne was made an un-
willing candidate in Cook County against Grant; and that the
bitterest tight in the Convention was caused h\ parly differences
in Illinois — all contribute to make it of the greatest local import-
ance. It is even maintained by many politicians that the defeat of
Mr. lilaine. and the downfall of the Republican party four years
later . • ed to the differences growing out of this Convention.
During the first day's proceedings of the Convention, Cencral
John A. I.ogan introduced the following resolution:
/iV.*H/r,,/. Tli;it tin- commirtee on the distribution of tickets is hprebv
Instructed 10 furnish each ilny lo i lit- eh lirman of the Veteran Soldiers' Asso-
ciation liv.' hundred tickets of admission, for distribution among the retired
t'nion soldiers.
liKNKUAL LOGAN then said: •• I desire to say one word, sir, in refer-
ence to that resolution. The veterans have had a meeting in the City of Chi-
cago. and lire here. :uid have expected that at least they would be treated fta
they have liven in former National {'.inventions. In 186'K, in the City of Chi-
cago. I was chairman of tlie Veteran Assonati ..... and marched into the Na-
tional Con vent ion at the head of ttiese veterans, and that by the invitation of
(he National Republican Convention. Application was made to the National
Committee for their admission to this Republican Convention, and I am told
however, not being a member of that committee. I can not vouch for the
truth of the statement— that it was voted down In that committee. If that lie
true. I ask tli is Con vent Ion to do for them that in slice which has been done by
every other convention where the application has been made. On looking
around and observing seals unoccupied all day to-day, I ask what Repiibli.-an
will say that the veier.-.n soldiers, many of them wearing wooden legs— the
men that saved your Nation— should not (it furnished with ticket sot ad mission
to this Convention.' It Is not for that I ask I heir ad mission; but it is that these
men, who in time of trial went forth and saved their country ami nine-tenths
of whom are Republicans, should not he denied their rights.
".Mr. Chairman. I do not wish to complain, nor (To I complain of the
National Committee, lint, sir, this morning when I entered this Convention
although adelegate-at-Iarge from Illinois. I had to enter it without a ticket of
admission as a delegate, excepting i provisional ticket given me by a man ap-
pointed by thai committee. I went to every member of that committee whom I
eon!. I tin. I. and they finally said that they wave no such instructions. No man
questioning my right to a seat in this hall. 1 was not. permitted to enter this
hall with a delegate'! ticket. I entered with a ticket signed by .lames I'. Boot
Now. sir. I do not say this by way of complaint. I am here; hill I want to see
admitted these men thai have asked this committee to be permitted to look
upon tlie Ton vent ion. They do not desire to come here to cheer for any man
but ask merely that they maybe permitted, as men who have served their
country faithfully, to look upon this Convention that nominates the candi-
dates lor whom they are asked to vote."
<{KXKKAL KIU'ATKICK. of New Jersey, said: "I desire to say just
one word. \\ ith all my heart I second the resolution of the gentleman from
Illinois. The men for whom he pleads here to-day were my constant ami
well loved companions on many bloody battle-fields. I do liot care whom
they may favor in this Convention, they bare a right to be here to look upon
It. There are men who have received tickets to this Convention from their
friends, who do not pretend to have done what these brave soldiers did not
only for the grand Republican party of the Nation, but for the Nation itself
I will never tun: my Lack upon a soldier, no matter for whom he votes or
whom he may favor in this Convention."
In regard to the status of the contest between Illinois delega-
tions there were majority and minority reports of the committee
on credentials. The majority report was as follows:
Kot KIH. — II.I.INIIIS. — The Committee recommended the ad-
mission of the following delegates and alternates within the State
of Illinois, in the place of sitting members:
AiterS. %«;!::,' . i^is inrn':""11" •'• t;aini"je"' Eibridge G- Kemi-
u*K8SS3Ss££SXtt&ISSi Heslng' E"iott Anth°"y-
D jr'surah ^OaMett "istr'ct-C. W. Marsh Lot B. Smith. Alternates,
P. Hand. Alter-
K-
D Snnt'h''\v''F
°"" I"letch<!r- *»«™«es,
v- Low' E- D- Ble""- Alternates, R.
The committee find that a State Convention was held at Spring-
field, 111., on the loth day of May, to elect delegates to the Na-
tional Convention. During the Convention the delegates from
each of the foregoing Congressional districts assembled and organ-
ized district conventions, and elected two delegates and two alter-
nates to the Chicago Convention, by a clear majority of all the
delegates elected to the State Convention. In eaeh'of said districts
as is shown by the credentials accompanying this report, the State
filed in the State Convention protests against said elections by the
State Convention.
Firm.— The commillec report against the validity of the con-
test in the second district of Illinois, of the seats of sitting mem-
bers A. M. Wright and R. S. Tuthill.
SIXTH. — The committee report against the objections to the
scats of the four delegalcs-at-largc from Illinois. * * *
MINORITY Ri-.roRT. — \\ithreferencetotheState of Illinois,
the minority respectfully submit to this Convention, and, through
the Convention, to the country, the following conclusions:
It was understood, when notice was given of this contest in
the Convention, that the contest related merely to delegates in the
First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Ninth, Tenth, Thir-
teenth and Seventeenth Congressional districts ; but upon the
assembling of the committee, a memorial was presented to it, very
general iii its character, signed by the contesting delegates and
their alternates, challenging the rightfulness of the entire delega-
tion; and to this general memorial, in which this general challenge
is embodied, we lirst address ourselves.
The leading feature of that memorial may be stated to be a
very vehement and sweeping denunciation of the State Convention
for the State of Illinois, held at Springfield on the Igth day of
May; sweeping and vehement charges of unfairness on the part of
its presiding officers; sweeping and vehement assertions of a con-
spiracy formed prior to the Convention, to perpetrate, through the
action of the Convention, a fraud upon the Republican electors of
the State of Illinois.
Of these charges, so positively made, not one syllable of proof
was adduced before the committee. \\ e can not regard the unsup-
ported declarations of these contesting delegates as furnishing even
the slightest proof satisfactory to us, or t^the Convention, or to the
country, of the truth of the charges which they make.
If a gigantic conspiracy to defraud the electors of the State of
Illinois had been organized, as is positively asserted, and if '.hat con-
spiracy was workeil out in the actual proceedings of the Conven-
tion, there could be. it would seem to us, no difficulty in furnishing
some evidence in support of a charge s'o grave and serious in its
character. Not a syllable of evidence was adduced, and an e.x-
minalion of the record of the proceedings of that Convention, so far
from furnishing any evidence from which to base these charges, in
our judgment completely and decisively refutes them.
It is asserted in the memorial to which we have refetred, that
an agreement was entered into on Sunday, the (jth day of .May, to
bolt the county convention held in Cook County. No' evidence of
any such agreement has been furnished to us, nor to the committee,
although during the session of the committee a call was made by
the representatives of the seated delegates for the production of
such evidence, if any existed.
The memorial neglects to state, what clearly and conclusively
appears to be the fact, that not only was there no " bolt " premedi-
tated, but thai there was none in point of fact.
\Ve deem it unnecessary to enter into the details, either of the
Cook County Convention or of the primary election which pre-
ceded the meeting of that Convention; it is sufficient to say here
that the representations of the seated delegates charged that the
grossest frauds has been perpelrated at its primaries, and not only
made the charge, but proffered to the committee, that several of the
wards were carried by fraud of the grossest and most conspicuous
character, and these charges of fraud were not denied by the
gentlemen appearing for the contestants, but one of these gentle-
men frankly conceded that frauds were practiced, and sought to
excuse it merely in the assertion, for the support of which he
furnished no evidence, that frauds had also been committed on the
other side. It appears that the Republican State Committee of
the State of Illinois, in 1876 adopted for Cook County the plan of
having its delegates vote in said Convention, not as a county but
by Senatorial dislricts.
Within the lerritorial boundaries of Cook County there are
seven Senatorial districts, both inclusive. In State Convention,
these Senatorial districts vote as such, and the county, as a county,
is not known. Notwithstanding the gross frauds practiced at the
primaries at these elections, the delegates known as the Grant
delegates carried three Senatorial districts, the First, Third and
Fourth; and had a positive and decided majority in the Second
This entitled them to thirty-six delegates to the Stale Convention,
that being ihe number of delegates to which those Senatorial
districts were entitled lo vote. These primaries were held on
Saturday, the 8th day of May, and it appears in the issue of the
daily papers on Sunday, the Chicago Tribune among the number,
that the right of these thirty-six delegates was not even questioned,
but during the day a scheme was concocted, in violation of all the
precedents and traditions of the party in Cook County, to smother
these Senatorial districts, to deny them the right to select their own
delegates, and to send a solid "ami-Grant" delegation to Spring-
held, notwithstanding Hie fact that, when the call for Cook County
was reached, these Senatorial districts were independently called.
I his corrupt and dishonest scheme was proclaimed bv the
public press of the City of Chicago on Monday morning, and "a full
history of the conference which led to it given in the Chicago
POLITICAL HISTORY.
849
Tribune. Horace M. Singer, whose integrity seems to be unques-
tioned, a steadfast and life-long Republican, is chairman of the
Cook County < 'entral Committee, and, as such chairman, it devolved
upon him to call the Convention to order. With the utmost fair-
ness, this he proceeded to do, after having consulted with various
gentlemen, representing all interests, as to the policy he should
adopt.
lie individually decided, as presiding officer, in effecting a tem-
porary organization, to place in nomination ( leorge Struckmann, a
well-known citizen and a prominent " \\asllburne" delegate, ('all-
ing I he Convention to order, he proceeded to nominate Mr. Struck-
mann. lie was at once interrupted; was unable to be heard; a
scene of great confusion ensued.
Some one in the body of the hall proceeded to make another
nomination, which was declared carried. Mr. Singer was violently
misled from his position, but returned, and beseeching order, an-
nounced, as he himself and as the Chicago Tribune, in its detailed
report ot the proceedings of this Convention, states, his desire only
to submit the name of Mr. Struckmann to the Convention for its
aciioii ; but utterly unable to secure order, and, as Mr. Singer de-
clare.-, the proceedings being so riotous and tumultuous that no
business could be conducted^ declared the Convention adjourned to
meet at the Palmer I louse club-rooms.
The fact that Mr. Singer declared this Convention adjourned
is studiously and steadily ignored by the contestants and their
representatives, but the fact exists, nevertheless, and upon this
point we submit the statement made by Mr. Singer himself. It is
absurd to call these proceedings thus far the result of any premedi-
tation; there \\as no conspiracy whatever, except the conspiracy
which the Chicago Tribune promulgated to stitle the voice of three
Senatorial districts iu that Convention, and to deprive them of
their right to the selection of delegates to the Stale ( 'onvention.
At the close of the description of this conspiracy thus to slillc
the voice of three Senatorial districts, the Chicago Tribune, in its
article already referred to, says: -
" In the appointment of this cum mil tee, Hie business . >!' Ihr morning was
ended so far as preliminaries were concerned, and the .h-ie^aies inan-h, ,i
Uitou^'h tin- puiirini,' rain tu I arwell Hall, wnere the scalping was expected
to hrgin at tell o'elnrk sharp."
This is all the conspiracy, and the only conspiracy of the ex-
istence of which anv proof was offered to this committee. Upon
the adjournment of the convention by Mr. Singer, a I irge body of
ies repaired, pursuant to the adjournment, to the club-rooms
of the Palmer House, where they were called to order by Mr.
Singer, and an organi/alion was effected.
\inel y-t\\ o delegates were selected !>y Senatorial districts, and
upon the assembling of the State Convention appeared there, con-
• the right of the so called " Karwell Hall" delegation. The
fragment left of the Karwell Hall convention proceeded to its work,
threw out the regularly elected delegates from the Twelfth \Yard,
thus securing a majority of the Second Congressional District ;
seated the fraudulently elected delegates of the First Ward, thus
securing another Congressional District; selected their ninety-
, leg. ites to Springfield, and, it is proper to remark, selected
their delegates by Senatorial districts; the result being that the
delegates from the First, Third and Fourth Senatorial districts were se-
lected In the delegates from the other Senatorial districts, thus recog-
ni/inglhecall of the Stale Coin eniion, and thus recognising clearly
and emphatically the right of each Senatorial district to elect its
own delegates. \ppearing before the State Convention, the Slate
Central Committee, recogni/ing the eoiilesl, gave to both delega-
tions ihe privilege of seats in the gallery ol the convcnlion hall. A
(•"inmiitee on credentials was selected, composed of one from each
Congressional districl ; to which committee the whole question
was submitted, and three reports was made, one recommending the
sealing of hlly-six of the " Farwell Hall" delegates and thirty-six
of the" Palmer House " delegation, and another recommending the
seating of the entire " Palmer House" delegation. There certainly
was no elfort to slille discussion upon this contest before [he com-
mhlee on credentials in the Slate I 'onvention. That committee
had the question under consideration for nearly a clay and a half
before submitting these reports.
I" pon ill.- presentation of these reports to the State Convention,
time was allotted to each side there represented to present its case
through its own chosen representatives, and both sides were fully
and thoroughly heard. First, upon the report recommending the
seating of the entire Farwell Hall delegation, which was rejected
by a majority of eighty, and which has lie. n erroneously stated to be
a majority of only thirty-eight. The question then came up on
the report recommending the admission of fifty-six of the F'anvell
Hall delegation and thirly-six of the Palmer House delegation,
which was adopted by the convention by a majority of eighty;
whereupon the admitted delegate's immediately took their seats in
the convention and participated in all the subsequent proceedings.
A permanent organization being effected, a resolution was
offered that the delegates to the National Convention be selected
54
by a committee of one from each congressional district, to be
appointed by the chair. This motion led to long and animated
discussions, consuming many hours, and was finally adopted by a
positive majority. The chair named a committee, and that com-
mittee recommended as delegates to the National Convention the
re-seated delegates, selecting two from each congressional district,
pursuant' to the call of the National Convention, and four dele-
gates from the Stale-at-large.
Upon the motion to adopi ihe report of that committee, dis
ciission \vas had, and the report was adopted by a decisive and
positive majority. All the delegates thus selected, and whose
selection was thus reviewed and indorsed by the action of the
State Convention, appeared before the Convention with iheir cre-
dentials regularly signed by the President and Secretary of the
State Convention. The names of no other delegates were sub-
mitted to that convention for its action, and we can only know
that other delegates were selected in any other form by the state-
ments which have been made before the committee; for it is con-
ceded upon all hands that, whatever other selections of delegates
may have been made, such selections were never presented to the
convention for its action, and no report of such elections were ever
made, or evidence furnished to the State Convention, save such as
may be embodied in the prolesls filed to I hese various Congres-
sional districts, as the Convention was about closing its delibera-
tions.
[Then followed a copy of the call for the State Convention,
with comments thereon, and many precedents in the history of
party usage in the Slate, the report concluding with the statement
that the minority was entitled to only just and fair consideration,
and not to rule, and that the committee could see in recognizing the
claims of the contestants nothing but danger and peril in the
future. |
The question occurred upon the division of the report, and was
debated as to all the States presenting contests.
Ccneral (liven 11. Raum, Klliott Anthony and Kmery A. Storrs
were heard upon the question of the adoption of the majority
report relating to Illinois.
ish to be subjected loan e\ post, tacto rule— a rule a.iopiecl alter the tacts.
i- u ant (Ins .-use tried by the law as it exists to-day, I hat law having been
stabllshecl by the nsajres of Ihe Republican party since 1856. I say to the
x i esnu III, I lie usage 01 ooot 01 tun pai lies 111 ura BIMID
Ihe same for the last lurly years, and to my individual knowledge— for. sir,
I was horn ami raised in this great state; and to my certain knowledge since
1852, noconvention— Whig. Di-n ratio, or Republican— tending delegate! i"
the National Conventions in this country, nave acted otherwise than through
a State Convention. I assert ii as a Ian that cai t lie controverted, that
there never was a district convention held in the Slate of Illinois, to select a
delegate to a National Convention.
lion of aconvention? Did you ever hear of a convention meeting in tne
Stale of Illinois unless tin -ie was a call issued for that convention? Think,
if you please, of aconvention meeting, electing. Instructing chose delegates.
and sending them to a National Convention, unless there was a call for that
"T1ttr""presidciit the call under which the sitting delegates were selected
was a call for a State Convention. The Republicans in Hie various counties
of the State of Illinois were requested to send delegates to a Stale Conven-
tion for the purpose of nominating State officers, fort lie purpose of sending
delegates to the National Convention, for the purpose of selecting electors
and creating a Suite Kepiiblicaii Central Committee.
•fins has been the practice in i he state of Illinois since the organization
of the Republican party. In 1880. when Lincoln, of sainted mem. .r\, was
nresented by the Republicans of Illinois for the suffrages of tne people of
this country, the delegates were selected ny a State Convention, and I hail the
following resolution adopted:
•• ifr«,,lml That Ahraham Lincoln is the choice of the Republican
party of Illinois for the Presidency, and the delegates from tills State are in-
structed to use all honorable means to secure his nomination by the Chicago
Convention, and vote as a unit for him, and the said delegates shall have
power to lill the vacancies."
Mr President we have recognized Abraham Lincoln asa man possessed
of some little poll! teal sense and experience. There is the resolution, under
which the Republican delegates, seutto the National Convention, acted when
Abraham I, in. '.tin was nominated in I860.
In 18«-l the delegates were selected In the same way. by a state (.onven-
tion andasimilar resolution was passed. Instructing the delegates to that
convention to vote for Abraham Lincoln as a unit.
In 1S«S when ihe Hepublican convention of this State met at Peoria, I
happened to be a delegate to that convention, i was on the committee on
ics.'tnlions, and I assisted in the preparallon of the letter of Instructions to
those delegates. Those delegates were selected by the State Convention.
8So
HISTORY OF CHICAC.O.
They took iheir instructions from the Stale Convention, and went to the Na-
tional Convention, and assisted in the nomination of I'lys.ses S. Grant.
And how were tho.-.e delegates selected? They were not selected other-
wise than M a com m ntee; a committee selected under the orders of the con-
vention composed of one delegate from each congressional ilistrtct in the
State; the\ icllled; t hey Considered the subject inl rusted lo t lirl r cat e ; a ml
i he\ reported the necessar] delegates, and their report was received, by the
.•Mlion, anil \\ as adopted.
Mow was it in 1ST',1? I slat*- these fads. Mr. President, from actual
knowledge, because i was a delegate at these conventions, in isrJ, n\s.ses
S. Grant was again presented b\ Illinois to the .Mitl'ragt s ol ihe people ot this
country. I had Ihe honor of penning the letter of instructions to the dele-
gates to use all honoiahle means and vole as a unit for Ulysses S. Gi ant.
Mow wcrethe delegates selected? The>' were selected in 187~, by a coin-
in lit ee. That committee waa i aised miner the orders of the convention— one
member from each Congressional district. They reported the names of the
delegates; thai iepor[ was received by t In- convention, and U was rail lied, ,tnd
those deli-gales pel 'formed t he duties with which l hey were h it rusted. * * *
Whv, Mr. I'resident. Ihe fact thai the Kepul.l icaiis ol Illinois havealwa>s
and evei > w here claimed the t ight lo instruct their delegates is conciu ive
evidence that the> also claim the right of select ing dcley, ties that \\ould obey
then1 instructions. What \\ as t he issue in the Springfield Convention ',' When
we went down to Springtieltl, we found a minority in that convention who
\\ ere threatening up and down the streets of that city, ami through the cor-
ridors of the hotels, that unless we conducted t he a (fairs of t hat convention
according to thfi r wil I and pleasure, t -n-y would bolt the convention. There
w as .in is>ue. The majority of the < o vent ion u as in favor of selecting dele-
gales to support 11 j sses S. Grant, ami the minority of that (ton vent ion I old us,
in the Coin en t ion itself, in the course of debale, that they would not obey
the Instructions that that convention might give them, to vote for Ulysses S.
Grant.
Wlifii \brabam Lincoln, sitting at ihe Capital of the Slate of Illinois,
had his friends to instruct the delegates to vole for him as a unil;when,
at the second term, the same cour.so was pursued; when, in 1868, the
same course was pursued; when in IS?'-.* the same course was pursued
in regard to Instructions— you have a line of precedents which conciu-
howsihai the Republicans of the State of Illinois have at all times
Claimed, in Convention assembled, to hold in their hands the authority of
selecting delegates to can \ out their will. When the majority a! Spring-
field lound that the minority selected as delegates to this convention w oiild
disohev their i list rue: n ,ns. they concluded, and rightfully concluded, to
T'lcssion to the great majority of the Republicans of the State of
Illinois, bv selecting delegates who would carry out the Wlllof the Repub-
licans Of Illinois. These delegates come here to-day. Th*-y occupy those
seals. The\ are regular delegates. They represent the great voice of the
Republicans of the Sta< e of Illinois. I ask you, Mr. President, and I ask the
honorable gentlemen of l li is Convention, anil I w ish them to take it deep into
their hearts this night, whether, by revolutionary means Inaugurated after
the fact, they propose to put t hese eighteen delegates out by adopt ing ail ex-
pos t facio law in t heir case. W hy, M r. I'resident, we have been told by the
honorable chairman of the committee on credentials that there were fifty
contests here In this National Convention. Why these contests? Whvisj'i
that from one end of this country to the other1 yon find that there are contests
for seats in this National Convention? I will tell you. Mi. President, w h\ •
it is because you are seeking to invade, f> overturn and dest ro\ , the ordinary
met hods of the Republican party in these States — I say to yon 'that these are
revolut ionary measures. This con vent ion can turn these eighteen delegates
(ml. Von have i he power to do it; 1m 1 1 say to you. that if this revolutionary
spirit Is carried forward another four years, the hour has struck for the de'-
strnctlon and overthrow of the Republican party. I will support your candi-
date, i will go Forward and ask the people of Illinois to support him; but I
warn you. Mr. President, and I warn you gentlemen of the conveiiiiou that
the Kepnhlican party can not si a ml such a strain another four years.
We ask of these delegates in the National Convention assembled to do
as justice. We ask them to administer the law. We are willing to learn
l nun New England. We are wiling to learn from adjacent Slates. We are
willing to be taught our A. U, O's in politics. I have been In politics DOW
these thirty yearn, and I timlthat I do not know anything about it. Itind
that the whole thing is to he learned over again. I find that if a State conven-
tion meets, and nobody objects, why then they can .send delegates to a, Na-
tional Convention; but if somebody gets into one corner of a hotel and
gathers two or three around him, and tiles a protest, and comes with cicden-
tials. and says, " Mere was a district convention, anil you must not stifle l he-
voice "I a iii-ti id convention," then your State Convention is of no validity
j A voice from the gallery.— Is that >our experience at the Palmer House?]
The gentlemen In ihe gallery has alluded to the Palmer House. That is not
pertinent to this Inquiry. Hut. Mr. President, it seems to excite some curi-
osit\ , and it would seem from what has just passed that I would he afraid to
speak of the Palmer House. 1 have no fears of alluding to what occur red here
in Cook County some few weeks ago. I do not live In Cook County I live
three hundred and fifty mile* south of cook County. I have nothingtodo
with broils in politics here; but there is one important feature of this Cook
County affair that does not seem to In- understood by the gentlemen who
have come up to this Convention from a distance. When the primary elections
wen held here in ihe County of Cook, and in the great City Of Chicago it was
found that the candidate who lives in the northeastern corner of this nation
was unable to carry Cook County against Ulysses S. Grant, and it wa.s found
necessary to drag another name into mat race against his consent ami to
drag him into that race in a manm-i -that is ca leu la led to cause those who are
not his friends to say that it was an ungracious act. and an act of ingratitude-
and they did this for the purpose of uniting all elements against Ulysses s'
Grant. Why. Mr. President, when this popular uprising we have heard so
much talk about occurred, one -fourth of the votes were cast— just one- fourth
of ihe votes— and UyssesS. Grant heat James ti. Klafiie about two thousand
l \dclfgalr. Three thousand.] Three thousand; and he neat K It Wash-
hurne by a large majority. Why, if the minority— two delegates— had been
voted lor at large, in t he County of Cook, every one of them would have been
elected as Grant delegates— every one of them. They would have heen elected
according to the poll that was made at. that election; and when the returns
came HI. it was lound that Ulysses S. Grant hail a large majority iu three of
the Senator ial districts. * * *
Now, Mr. President, when these contesting delegates went down tothe
City ol Springtield. they were met by six hundred dispassionate men who
bad nothing to do With this contest. Thev sat upon that contest two 'days
and laying aside the form of that County Convention, but looking to (he sub-
gates that were close to the people; here were delegates Which bv Ihe
voice Of line*- Senatorial districts In the County of OooM were chosen by the
great niaioi ity ot the people of these districts.
Mud. baa been said of the action of that State Convention, Mr. Presi-
dent. I was not ft delegate to that convention. I visited Springtield on busi-
.ndto |o,.k al the proceedings of that convention. I have attended-
nearl,\ all the conventions in tins Slate since the war. After two days in that
Kreal mass Of excited men. It was believed that I would lie able betlertocon
trol these elements than any oilu-r gentleman there. 1 undertook thai duty
and 1 performed it its well as I could with mv inexperience as a- presiding
Officer, [did Justice as I saw It. 1 tried to do lustier to every man in th
niton But, sir. I call your attention to the faci that it wasavery ex-
citing invention. It lasted three <lays and t\\o nights. We had one con! iu-
uous session from seven in the afternoon mil. I nearly two o'clock at night
which was filled with debate, and excited debate at that.
the conimiitce on both sides agree to that. Is there objection? Thechair
hears none.
MR. ANTHONY.— Mr. President: I do not, in the short space of time I
shall occupy here, intend to travel over the ground co\ ered by ihe gentleman
w ho just 1 1 receded me, but shall con line myself to the question lie fore the
convention. That ijucstioii, as I understood it, is, What has been the practice
of the Republican party in the Slate ol Illinois in .selecting their delegates lo
the National Convention? This Is a question, Mr. President, that is to he de-
termined, and (night to be determined, without any reference to the bearing
it may have upon the distinguished soldier thai \\ as referred to by one ot the
Bitting delegates from Illinois, and without any reference to the hearing ii
may have upon the distinguished statesman that has heen referred to by
Other gentlemen here; bul it must be decided on the facts of this case, and, as
I say itgai n, in accord with the pi act ice. * • *
Now, what has been the practice, in this Slate'.' The gentleman thai
Sicceded me, as I understood him, laid down the doctrine that it was Mu-
tate Convention that elected the delegates tothe National Convention I
wish here in my place to deny it as a question of fact; and I meet it fairly
and sijuarcly by'saj ing t hat never in Ihe history of the Stale of I Ilinois \\ere
the delegates to the National Convention ever selected by any hod v, except by
conventions of tin- Congressional districts. I repeat it again in the mo,i em
phatiO manner: and If the gentleman meant what he said, he stands before
tin- public and the people of Illinois as a pervert) r of history. This is no
ap
Ithony, a conteMaiil from the third Congressional district desires to' occupy
ortion of the time assigned to thai side of the question. Gentlemen of
,
upon this, particularly so because I understood from the distinguished
gentleman from Massachusetts \ Mr. Bout well] Who has in trod need a resolu-
tion here, that he \\ as in favor of having delegates selected and organi/ed In
tl:e way and manner that the precedents of the party had been for years in
the past.
Now. the first Republican convention that was called in the state o|
Illinois was in IS.)*). The resolution that was introduced upon that subject
was by a distinguished gentleman that occupies a, seal in the Kirst Congres-
sional District, here to day. The Honorable John Weiitworth Introduced
this resolution:
" itesnlrol. That the delegates in attendance from the several Congres-
sional districts be requested to suggest the name of one person (nun 'cam
Congressional district for presidential elector, and three persons for delegates
to the National Convention, ami that a committee of nine, consisting of one
from each Congressional district, be appointed by the chair, to recommend
two such electors and six delegates for the State-at- large."
Take the next record, and follow it down to the present time. I wish to
state to the gentlemen here, that for the first time in the histoi \ of the Stale
of Illinois was there a coin in it tee appointed upon motion of any gent leman
upon the floor, and It was the first time in the history of the party that the
distinguished gentleman that spoke here a moment ago took out of his pocket,
himself, a list of Hie com in it tees without their being suggested by the various
Congressional districts in the State.
What are the facts in this ca.se, as shown by the statistics here? The
facts are that delegates were elected to the State Convention. They went
thetr. and in accordance with the custom of the parly, t hey held there the
Congressional district election. They selected tlu-'r men as we had done
since 1856. The first thing we knew, as I stated, after this had heen d
ami each of the Congressional districts In the state had selec ed then dele-
gates to the National Convention, it was found that in various ones of these
Congressional districts they would represent different persons, in Ihcii
preferences, from what the majority of that convention at that time wanted
and they proceeded to set aside the men that had been selected to this con-
vention.
Take ISoO; that was t lie next Slate Con vmt ion of the Republican purty
at which delegates tothe National Convention were appointed, it \\as held
in Decatur.on May 9 and 10, IHbU. The following is an extract from thepio-
ceedings of that body:
"Mr. John M. Fainter moved that a committee of one member from
each Congressional district be appointed by ihe chair, to nominate four del-
egates from the State-at-large to the Chicago Convention, with alternates
and two candidates for electors from the State -at -large. Mr. Murphy im.\ed
to amend Mr. Palmer's proposition, by providing that the members of i in-
National Convention be selected, not by the chair, but by the several repre-
sentatives present from the Congressional districts."
At a subsequent stage of the proceedings appears this:
"The report of the committee on delegates and alternates at -large was
presented and received. The committee recommended the selection of the
following gentlemen:" Then follows the names of the gentlemen -on
motion, it was ordered that th»» various Congressional districts, through l he
proper persons, hand in a list of district delegates, selected bv ihi-ni. and al,»o
the district alternates."
What did the gentleman mean when he stood up before you here to-
night, ;iu<l said that the State Convention had selected the delegates to the
National Convention ? I have t he record here.
Take the Convention of 18()4. The Kepnhliean Slate Convention of that
year met at Springfield on May -J5. and the record on the point is as follows;
" Mr. Scammon, of Cook, moved 'Thai a committee, to consist of one
delegate from each Congressional district, to he selected by the delegates from
among themselves, be appointed to nominate six delegates-at-large for the
Baltimore Convention, and their alternates, and to select two <b legates from
each Congressional district and their alternates, and one candidate for elector
for President and Vice- President in each Congressional district.1 Mr. Cook
of LaSalle, moved to amend the last branch of the resolution so as to read as
follows: 'That the delegates from each Congressional district select two
delegates to the Baltimore Convention and two alternates.' The amendment
was accepted by Mr. Scammoii."
That was the action in 18H4.
Take 18ti8; in that Convention, it was as follows:
The Kepu I.I lean State Con vent ion met at IVoriaon May H. As part of the
proceedings Of [hat Convention, Mr. Franklin Convin. of La Salle, was elected
president, am) thru announced that four committee had hern decided upon,
one of which was a committee to choose electors and delegates tit the National
Convention. The various Congressional districts were called upon to name
one member for each of these committees, and It was announced as follows:
Committee to name delegates to the National Convention, First District
A. C. Hesing; Second, George S. Hangs; and so forth.
MR. MUKPUY, of New York.— 1 won d like to ask the gentleman, if he
did not state in the corridor of the hotel, two days ago this week, that, under
no circumstances would he vote for General Grant, if he was nominated?
MB. ANTHONY.— Sir? I never said so in my life; and I never thought
of Baying sucbatbing In my life. No, sir, I will support General Grant, or
any other man that I his convention nominates. I want to say that I represent
here the First Congressional District in this county. It has a population of
over 120,000. Nearly 50,000 of that population are Germans. In that dis-
trict, at the Cook County elections, there were only two men thai were
elected as Grant men In the entire district. Myself and the other delegate,
Mr. Hesing, were by the Congressional Convention elected unanimously ;is
delegates to this Convention. Whom did they take to place over u.s? The\
look and placed over us, for one, the Hon. John L. Beveridge, who was beaten
out of sight lu his own town. They could not find Germans enough in thai
district lo make a representative of, and they took a most reputable man —a
good man, but a Bohemian— who does not represent the German population
at all* The gentleman pictures to you what disasters will follow. I want to
tell you. that these ten Congressional districts of the State of Illinois con-
stitute thr Uepublican party itself. In 187(i, thej gave a Kepubljean major-
ity of nearly 28,000. The counties down south, that voted solid against us
gave at that time more than 8,000 Democratic majority. These gentlemen
talk about revolutionary measures. The men to introduce and inaugurate
resolutions were the men who operated and co-operated with the gentlemen.
We are here pleading for justice, and we ask no more than to follow the
precedents of the party.
MK. STORKS, of Illinois,— Mr. President : A proposition is made, for
the tirsi time in the political history of a National Convent ion. to abolish State
Conventions in Illinois. It will not work. We have gone along since 1856
under our system of State Conventions, aud have rolled up magnificent Be-
POLITICAL HISTORY.
publican majorities. I hope that Maine. I hope that Ohio, looking bark to
their troublesome history us Kepu blican Sum-si, \\ ill noi undertake to Ji u ve
upon us tlifir iiR'tlioils. It is very clear that they had heller adopt ours. The
gent email \vlio last addressed t lie I'oli veiilion hus arrogated to the Congres-
sional districts, furwimm be speaks, the supreme credit of being the Repub-
lican party of the State of Illinois. The l-irsi. Second and Third Congres-
sional districts two years ago, gave Democratic majorities of 17,000. So
much for history. The gentleman must have been out of the purty, and have
forgotten I he e vent. I stand here to-night with the only evidences of title as
a de civile to this Convention that a delegate from theBtateof niinoisever
presented, It is a question of title. No delegate froin Illinois ever appeared
iu a National Convention that did not bear with him the credentials of the
State which In- represented in that body ; never; and the 1 Ilinoisan who got
into the ( 'on vent ion on any other terms crawled in tinder the canvas, or was
appointed doorkeeper. He never got in in the regular way. It is a question
of title. I hold to- night the credentials from the State Convention, and my
title is no belter because the evidences are tin- Maine as ol t he eighteen dele-
gat es whom you propose to exclude. You admit me, and you exclude them,
on precisely the same evidences of title. Reconcile the inconsistency if \ou
know how. Since IS.Vi, this Slate has held Republican State Conventions,
and there has never been an instance in its history— not one— in which a dele-
gate \v as appointed to a National Convention Where the authority to make
the appointment did not proceed from tin- Convention-at-Iarge. 1 do not ran?
how vigorous, declamatory, noisy or vehement the assertion to tin- eonti ai \
may in-. That is the history of the State. When committees were formed
for the selection < it' delegates, they were formed because the Convention an -
1 Imri/.ed t In -in io be. formed. Is the creature, I ask this body, superior to the
creator? If It was a committee, selected by the Congressional districis.it
was lecaiise, in every Instance, the Convention authorized the organization
of the committee, ami directed the body from which it should be constituted.
And on all occasions the committee, clothed with this power, derived its au-
thority not to select, not to appoint, but merely to name delegates to the
National Convention ; and their action was reported hack to that .body for Us
approval or its disapprobation. That has been the history of the Slate. Now
it is .roposed to change it. n has hc'-n n rged, however, thai a great, blessed
victory on t he citadels of the enemy. By all means let us be free ami abso-
lutely unlramelied; put no just cause for complaint on us; have m. hesitancy
in a candidate who exhibits scars, provided they are honorable scars, won in
honorable wurlai e.
Select no man without a record; pull no skulks from under the ammu-
nition wagon, because lie shows not upon him the signs of battle; take the old
tried hen. lei us take him if we can get him; and then I believe, with t lie old
guard behind him, who have never kept step in this world to any music but
the music ol the Union, and with the friends of I'.laine. and the friends of all
good men, a victory will be achieved, the like of which has never been re-
corded in the annals of our National polities.
Citi/eus of one country, members of one party, let iis remember that
While we accept no indignities from our enemies, we hope, and trust, and pray
our friends will put none upon us. Herein the midnight, with the storm with-
out and these assembled Republicans within, we are first to be just, first tr.be
[air, and victory is ours as sure as the morning comes. Gentlemen 1 thank
you.
James A. GaiTicUI was nominated for President on llie thirty-
sixth ballot and the sixth day of the Convention. ROM -oe ( 'onk-
ling moved to make the nomination unanimous, and Senator Logan
seconded the motion, speaking as follows:
MR. J,O(J, \\.of Illinois.— Mr. President, and (ientlemeii of the Con-
vention: We are lo be congratulated that we have arrived at a conclusion in
reference to the presenting of a candidate to become the standard-bearer of
the Republican party for President of the United States. In union and har-
mony there is strength. Whatever may have transpired in this Convention
that may have momentarily marred the feelings of any one here, I hope that
in our conclusion it will pass from our minds. I. sii\ with the friends of 1
ihink. one ol the grandest men that graces the earth, .stood hen- to tight' a
friendly battle in favor of his nomination, but sir, this Convention has
chosen another leader. The men who stood by Grant's banners will be
seen in the front of this contest on the field. We\\i)l go forward in this con-
gates are from the Congressional districts for which they were named, and
there is but one exception to that Statement Of fact. Among the contesting
tick-gates there is one delegate selected In mi the Sixth hist rid who is not a
resident of the district, and has not been for years past. 1 go further \\ ith
this listory. 1 shall not detain you to-night by reading; but let me call your
attention to the call for 1 l:at Convention. It Is a Convention of \\ hat'.' of the
Bepubllcansof the State of Illinois. To meet how? To meet in State Conven-
tion. l''or what purpose? As a State Convention, as an entire, complete,
indivisible political body, to nominate candidates for State officers, and to
name forty-two delegates to this body. ThoJ is the < all. Recognizing the
call, l lie I liousands of Republicans of Ih is Stale sent six hundred and ninely-
tlnve delegates, not t" a congiegation of Congressional Conventions, but to a
great solid body called a State Convention, in u hich eit her the majority or
the minority must rule. And in this instance tiie majority decided to rule.
Never has there been an instance in t he etit i re h istiirv of t his State when
such a thing as a Congressional District Convent ion was held w ithin, outside.
bul to speak the truth in favor of the grandest par! v thai lias ever been or-
ganized in this conni r> ; to maintain its principles, to maintain its power to
preserve iis ;iscendenc\ ; and. sir. with the leader >..n have selected, my judg-
s'-ntatives from the State of Illinois, second the nomination of James A
Cartield, or Ohio, and I hope il ma\ be made- unanimous.
NOMINATION OF ELIHTJ li. WASH lit1 IINK for Vice President -Mr
PIXLKY, of California.— Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention- I
rise for the purpose of placing a man in nomination lor the ottice of Vice-
President of the United. Stales, in the State in whicli lie was born • but only in
consultation with and by the desire of my own Slate— California. In the en-
thusiasm of the choice that has given us undoubtedly one of the ablest and
strongest men of the Nat ion to head our ticket as candidate for 1'iwjdent I
-think we <. tight not to lose sight of the importance of securing an equally able
and equally strong man for the secord place upon that ticket. The nomination
that has been made la undoubtedly one that will commend itself to the best
long historj to which 1 have referred. Sometimes the Convention has ap-
our delegates did not obtain the eminent gentleman for whom we voted, we
irid, io do what? Sometimes the chair has named the committee— some-
times the Convention has named the committee— to select delegates to the
Nai i <>n ;M Convention. When that has been done the work has b en referred
hack to that body, and they approved. The State Con vent ion has set iis seal
of a 'proval upon the work, and by Its credentials sent each delegate here,
ami ie has represented, not merely a school district, not merely a sewing
society, not merely a fractional pan of a Congressional district, but he has
represented, in part, the majesty of the great Stale of Illinois.
Now \\ h.ir Is the olfense which theBtateof Illinois, on this occasion, has
committed? It desired, sp eakmg authoritatively through Its State Conven-
up their political traditions of the last twentv \e;ns.and ujVe the electoral
voteot California, Nevada, and Oregon again to the Republican party. I have
had the pleasure o( the acquaintance of the gentleman whom I am about to
name, for a great many years. For sixteen years he was in the Congress ol
the United States. Me made a magnilicent record there. He made a record
in the dii ection of questions that are now becoming very prominent before
the American people. I luul the further pleasure. Mr. President to meet
this gentleman, under very t ry ing circumstances, in (he City of Paris, when I
was abroad. Von all know to whom I refer,— it is ElHiu 11. Washburne of
Illinois.
Mr. President, T saw that gentleman, too, at a period when it tested the
true dignity and bravery of the A mericaii character. I saw him chosen be-
cause he \\as Ambassador Of the United States, to be the Ambassador of the
belligerent German powers. I saw him (lire. w the protecting shield of the
American banner over that class of our fellow-citizens that are so largely
represented In the United States. I d< sire to have all that my friend Mr
Hrandegee, <>f Connecticut, said when he placed Mr. Washburne in nomina-
tion for President, to be re-s;ud of him now as candidate for Vice- President-
for surely if lie v as so largely respected and loved hy the German people |,,r
niethod by which that will could be ascertained. 11 was by an appeal Io the
Convention itself. When the Convention, representing the Republicans of
the State, declared hv its majority Its preference for a particular candidate.
that was the will of the Stale, and if it hail the power thus to express its will,
it, had, I undertake t<i say, power to make this expression ellectnal. If it hail
th'i right to instruct— ami no one denies that it does possess that power, with
the right to instruct -it had tin: right to make its instructions so vigorous that
they would be obeyed, if It could express itswill.it hadarlghtto eni'oiee
1 1 iekei '\ , fraud, cur nipt ion, v iolated faith, broken pledges, and disregarded
inst ructions. It did protect itself; and that convention, as all prior conven-
i ions have done, selected men who needed not to be instructed. Jt selected
men who knew no law but the will of the majority which they represented ;
who knew no "boss" and no allegiance to an> thing, ami recogni/ed no des-
potism except the stem. Inexorable and irreversible des p^.t is in of duty.
It lias heeii suggested, however, that an argument can bo drawn from
the call of this Convention. Looking back to the various calls of National
Conventions, from IHtil, down to this day, no allusion whatever has been
made to Congressional HKincts. There has merely been an expression in-
dicatingthe hiimberol delegates which each Stale was to select, but in th s
ease the call was prepared by one of the members of the committee, at the
office, with the same dignit \ of character, he will com ma ml the .same respect
from the same people, and bring to the party every German vote. I am con-
scious and re Main that in even OD6 Of t he greaV cities, whet her the Hepnbli
eau parly is strong there or weak, the German population will bo grateful to
this Convention If we shall glvethem the strongest ticket That can be n>ade
for nil the people of the country— James A. Garfleld for President, and KIUIU
P.. Washburne for Vice- President.
With a single word i shall close. The question of locality Is sometimes
considered, ana I have heard It suggested hero, itut if the delegates from
Ohio nominate their man, and the delegates from Illinois consent to Mr.
Washburne. 1 think the locality will not be considered a.s being of any im-
portance, or cutting any fti:ure ;is opposed lo the general fact that Mr. VVash-
for its action. Is the will or accident of some scrivener to be substituted for
and made the law ot a great National Convents 11? * * * I appeal to fon-
Mderalions away beyond the mere personal preferences which we feel to-
nk'ht. I appeal to those Considerations infinitely grander, vaslly nobler, t Man
those personal preferences that inspire the galleries, and, I am afraid, the
body (jf this Convention. 1 appeal to the »real cause \\ Inch Absorbs Within
itself and is grander than all the greatness of our individual leaders. I ap-
peal for that harmony in 1 he f til lire wli ieh we must have. 1 appeal to that
just judgment of the party which I do not believewill ever knowingly, or
willingly, or deliberately inflict a, wrong. E conjure yon to stay your hand
over \\ iiat the Republican par! y in this Slate will regard as an outrage on its
dignity and on the freedom of Us action.
1 Wish to indulge in no line of commentary that can intensify the bitter-
ness which already exists. I wish to denounce no one. Hut 1 have seen upon
ihis platform, advocating a cause which has been espoused hereto-night,
and a n noii need in the report of the majority of the committee, what looked
to me like disembodied spirits of (he party of Liberal movement of 1K72.
I am in favor ot no such resurrection. When the bolter dies. I hope that
he may die, sir, the death that knows no waking. It does seem as if all the
tombs of al! the chronic bolters of the State h:td been rilled, ami their forms,
re- Meshed, set up here to speak a law lo t he Republicans of the State of Illi-
nois. [ object to belug Instructed from that quarter. * * *
And now, looking to this future into which we are so rapidly walking:
looking to this great contest upon which we are MJ soon entering, — do not, I
beg of you. by one single word that you ma\ utter, or (me vote that) on may
east. Impair the'energv of that great rank and file which constitute the
50,000 lie publican majority of the State of Illinois.
I beg yon to deai'jitstly \\ ith us all. and whatever individual preference
this (Treat Convention may express will be responded to, not half hearleilly.
not * e-,painiigly, not doubtingly, but with whole soul and in dead earnest.
Nominate .lames (J. lilaine if you will, and when the gentlemen who are
cheering iii the galb-ries to-night are reposing under HP- soli snmmerskv.
tired of politics and disgusted with its fatigues, you will find the followers of
the grand, old silent soldier. a\\ake by the;r camp fire, ami carryingthe ban-
ner of the sluggard Forward to triumphant victory.
(Jive the grand old State that never knew a draft and never filled up a
regiment with paper soldiers; give the grand old State, the home of Lincoln,
and Douglas and Grant,— a fair chance. Put DO Indignity on the honor of her
Sons. Then, it yon can nominate t lie wort hy sou of Ohio, John Sherman, do
it fu rly, and w'hen the hysterical gentlemen who are afraid that he is not
popular enough to carry Illinois are inquiring their way to the polls, the
grand old guard, whose representative I am. will have planted the banner of
tlic Republican party, and has done so ever since it has been a party in the
United Stales.
Chester A. Arthur, of New York, was placed in nomination
for Yuv-1'resident hvC.etienil \\ < »odf< •" d, of New York, and the
nomination was seconded hy Kmery A Stores, as follows:
Mil. STORKS, of Illinois.— On behalf of the majority of the Republi-
can delegates from the Slate of Illinois, it is my duty, a.s il is my extreme
pleasure, to n-eimd llie nomination just- made for the Vice- Presidency, of
Hon. chest- r A. Arthur, of theSlateof New York. I believe that every dic-
tate of political Wisdom and political prudence looks m that di reel ion. I be-
lieve that llie -old guard," which stood through thirty-six ballots 30H. whose,
line never wavered, in whose ranks there never was a shrinking man. in
\\ hose solid fr.'iit there was never a desertion - I believe that this old guard,
that has carried in the past and \\ ill carry in the future the ilag of the partv
to triumph, wishes and prays for the nomination of Chester A. Arthur. 1
know that these stalwart Republicans, representing hundreds of thousands
of Republicans throughout the Union, are as lirmly resolved that (iarfield
shall be elected 1'resjdeni as if the modest man, the great statesman, the
silent soldier had received the nomination of 1 his Convention. We have suf-
fered no defeat: nothing con Ul have defeated or dismayed us but a wavering
ot the line. ;t nd the line never wavered. With our ban Tiers still Hying, mem-
bers of the same army, inspired by ihe same elevated purpose, animated by
the same patriotic spirit, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, joining
hands together, will carry the Hag through to a triumph as splendid as the
party ever achieved. I know I speak in behalf of those Who have always
been Republicans; I know I speak in behalf of those who are DOW liepiibli-
eans; I luiow 1 speak in behalf of t hose who Always Will be Republicans; I
know I speak in behalf of the friends of the great silent soldier— when I
M-eond the nomination of Chester A. Arthur, of New York.
KOMOK CONKI.INC, of New York, placed General Grant in
nomination for the Presidency in this convention, and the speech
of that celebrated statesman on (his occasion was pronounced one
of his most splendid efforts. The speech was as follows:
"Ami when asked what State lie hails from,
Our sole reply shall be-
lle hails from Appomattox
And its fatuous apple tree."
852
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ID obedience to Instructions which I simuM never i);ue to disregard,
CXJHCSSMIK ills., my own linn convicliuiis, I MS.-, Mr. President, in behalf of
the suit- <>r New York, to profuse a nomination with wblch the country and
(lie KfpiililiriiM p;ir(y c;tn gniD.lly win. Tin- i-lrel ion hcl'iur us is the Auslt-r-
nuof American jtoiiiics. it will decide for inaii.\ rears whether the country
sliiill In- Uepiililican oi' <'o.ss:i<-k. The supreme net i! of Uie hour is not a C;MI
iliilale \\ In* ran c.irry Michigan. All Kc|iiiljliran Candidates C&D <I<> that. The
m-etl is not oi a aaitdidaU) popular in tin- TCI i ii«i 'ie.s. hec;nise the Xerrltorlea
Mavt- no vote. Tin1 need is of a candidate who can carry don bt I ill .States— not
the doubtful State* of the North ;ii.mc. i.ut ;iis«. ihc- douinrul states oftuc
Si'Uili. whirh \\ c ii;ivc htiitrd. if I iimlci -stand aright. ou^lit to tak e but I i I He
in in i pan In -iv. becauoe the South has not hi ng i<» ^ivc, bin everything to
receive. The need u liicli urp's. ilM-ll ON the c.niM'ieiice and reason of [lie
( Misventii.il is nf a candidate who can carry doubtful States, both North ami
Sou ill. Ami believing that he, mm e surely than any ol her man. can carry
New York against nny opponent and c:tu carry not only the North, but several
States of the South. New York is for I I \ SM-S S. Grant.
\evei defeated*— lu peace or lu war— faia name is the most Illustrious
borne by !i\ mif man.
Mis .services attesf his greatness, and tin- country— nay, the world—
kimws tlit'in by heart . I! is faun- was earn -'d not alnnc by I h i rigs written and
said, but I iv (he arduous greatness of things done; and perils and emergen-
cies \\ ill se;u di in vain in the ttiture, as thev have si-ai died in vain in the past.
for any Other On whom the Nation leans witli such contideiid- and trusl.
Never Daring bad a policy to CMI'MTVC ayainsi the win of the people, he never
bet r a veil a cause or a friend, and the. people will never desert or betray hill).
Standing on the highest eiuiuei;ce uf human distinction, modest, Mi in, Dimple
and self poised, having tilled all lands with his renown, lie has seen, iml only
the high-born and the titled, hul t lie poor and lowly, in the uttermost ends of
the earth, rise and uncover bet'.ire him. I le has studied the needs and the
detects uf many systems of govern inent, and he has relumed u better
Amei ican than ever, with a wealth of know led ire ami experience added to
the hard common sense which shone so conspicuously in all the tierce light
that beat upon him during MM ecu years the most trying, the most portent-
ous, the most perilous hi t he Nation's history.
Vllllfled and reviled, ruthlessly a^pei^ed by unnumbered presses, not
in oilier lands, but iu his own, aaSamtSUpOD him have seasoned and si length -
ened his hold on the public liejut. Calumny's ammunition has all been
exploded; t lie pnu der has all been burned once --its force is spent— and the
Tiame of <; rant will glitter, a bright and imperishable star in I he diadem of
the Republic, when those who have tried to tarnish it have mouldered in for-
gotten graves, and when their memories and their epitaphs have vanished
utterly.
Never elated by success, never depressed by adversity, he has ever, in
peace as in war, slmwn the very genius of common sense. " The terms he pre-
sented for l.ee's surrender foreshadowed the wisest prophecies and princi-
ples ol true reconstruction. Victor in the .urea test war of modern tinu s, he
quickly signalized his aversion to war and his love for peace by an arbitral ion
of International disputes which stands the wisest, the most majestic, exam ph-
ot' its kind in Die world's diplomacy.
When Inflation. al the height of its popularity and fren/y, had swept
both houses of Congress, tt was the veto of Grant, single and alone, which
overthrew expansion, and cleared the wa\ for ,-,|>ecie. resumption. To him
Immeasurably more than any other man. £B due tue fact that every paper dol-
lar is at la.sl as good as gold.
With him as our leader we shall have m> defensive campaign. We
shall have nothing to explain away. We shall have no apologies to make.
The shafts and arrows have all het-n aimed at hi m, and they lie, broken and
harmless, at ins feet.
Life, liberty and properly will find a safe- guard in him. When he said
Of the Colored men In Florida, "Wherever I urn, they may come also" he
meant that, bad he the power, the poor dweiins in the cabins of the South
should no longer he driven in terror from the homes of their childhood and
the graves of their murdered dead. When he refused In receive Dennis
Kearney In California, he met* III that Communism, lawlessness ami disorder
although it might stalk bleb-headed and dictate Jaw to a whole city would
ai\\a\s Bud a foe In him. He meant that, popular or unpopular, he would
hew to the line of right, let the chips fly where they may.
Mis inteu-rily, his common sense, his courage, 'his U II equaled experiein e
are Hie qnalll ies offered to his country. The only argument— the only one
that the wit of man or the stress of politics h«8 devised, is one which would
dnmfounder Solomon, because Solomon thought there was noihin" new
under the MIM. Having tried (Ji ant twice and fOUIld him f.ilthhil. we art-
only to listen above lice din and look beyond tlie dust of an hour, to liehold
Hi.- K<>piiliM<"iM parly ailviincmj;, with its enslRtu resplendent wilh illuslri-
uus acliifvciiifiils. in arching to certain and lasting victory with its gn-atrsl
Marshal .1! its ln-ad.
JAMES 1'. ROOT, attornev and eounsellor-at-law, was born on
July 22, 18313, in M.iilisun Counly. N. V. In 1837, tile family
came to this city, and until 1^40 lived at the Trenmm HIIUM.-, tlieii
kept by Ira c'diich. His father was a contractor, and directed the
construction of the hist section of ihe. Illinois and Michigan Canal,
in 1.137-40, at Upper l.ockport. l-'roni 1,14010 1854, he remained
at Oncid.i, \. V., during which lime he etiya^ed in tanning, and
ac(]iiiniiL;- a thoroiiL;li education, which enabled him to secure an
instructor's position at the ( ineida l\. ^ .1 Academy. I I is father's
farm adjoined thai of " Shenandoah," chief of the famous tribe of
Oneida Indians. In the spring of 1851, he began the study ol law
with !•'.. \V. Dod^e, of ( ineida. and was admitted to the liar, at
Syracuse, in 1853. lie bewail active practice, and acted assistant
United States attorney under S. I', damn, who was appointed by
President Franklin I'ierce. During the following spring he came
to this city, anil, after looking through the Northwest fora location,
took the advice of Judge Drummond, to whom he was introduced
at Belvideie, and decided to setlle in Chicago. lie entered the
oliice of Judd & Frink as clerk, and was subsequently in the office
ol lliggins, lieckwith Ov: Strother, with whom he remained until
1855, when he opened aii oliice ill the Newhall I'.nilding, northeast
cornci- of Randolph and Franklin Streets. This building was the
first one raised by jackscrews in this city. In 1859, he became a
member of the legal firm of Root \ Walker (afterward goveinor of
Virginia and member of ('.ingress), the partnership contimiiii:; two
years; and from 1863 to 1865 was associated with William T. Mur-
gess, one of the brightest members of the Chicago liar, lie entered
politics in iS(>4, and during the agitation of the succeeding four
years had the practical charge of the conduct of the republican
campaigns of this State, acting under private instructions ol presi-
dent Lincoln. In iSdcj, he was elected clerk of the House of Rep-
resentatives for this State, and in 1170 was elected a member of the
dcncral Assembly, from Cook County. lie drew the present cor-
poration law, and was a member of the committees upon burnt
records, warehouses, ami other committees of equal importance.
l!y the unanimous vole of the county board he was elected county
attorney in 1873, and in such capacity conducted the rcvciim
in behall of the city in the Supreme Court, over sixty in number
without a single failuie. I Hiring the last twenty-live' years he has
resided at South Park, and has been instrumental in tin- procuring
of lands for the park, and has been the attorney and counsel for the
conimissioneis in many purchases they have made. Mr. Rool has
hgured as counsel for the city in many important actions, and he
has uniformly been successful, among which will be remembered
inuniomi'U'i- .s. .10111011. oecause BOtoiiinn tnongnt t&ere was iniililiiff i,r\v ,1 r *• t 11 , - . •
under the sun. Havlig tried Oratit t«i,-,- and found Him r" Itliliil, we are fte famous :il'u"11 <>' Hoyne vs. ( olvin, etc., in iS75. Since then
told that we must not, erenHftpr »» Interval of years, trust iiim again. M\ he has devoted his attention to his private practice Mr k<»it wi«
c-.Miinryiii.-n' inv c-i.uiitryiii.-ii '. -« lull stultilicallon ,|o,.s nut. Midi % r.,ll:icy
involve-.' Tin' Aiui-i-ir.iiii pi-o|iii' I'M'iuilu Jefferson Davis from pnbllc II urf, • " l|)cr -• l^V> — tne amvcrsary of his admission to
. - s
Why :' Because he was the arch-traitor and would-be destioyer And iiuw
the same people Is atked to osi racist* Grant, ami not to trust him! win"
\\h\v [repeat. Because he was the arch-preserver of his country ;<Nd
because, not only in war but twice as Civil Magistrate, he gave his highest
noblest eltorts to the Kepuldie. Is this an electioneering juggle or is it
hypocrisy's masquerade? There IB no field of human activity, responsibility
or reason in which rational beings object to an agent because he has been
weighed in the balance and not. found wanting There is, 1 say, no depart-
ment of human reason in which sane men reject an agent because he has had
an experience making him exceptionally competent and lit. From the man
who shoes \our horse to the lawyer who tries \ our eause, t lie ollicer who
manages your railway oryour mill, the doctor into whose hands you irive
your life, or the minister who seeks to save your soul-what man do you
reject because by his works you have known him, and found him faithful
What makes the presidential oilieenn excei.tion to all things else in the
ry of his admission to
practice — to Miss Anna .Mackin, of New York. They have five
children, — Frederick K., Charles P., Frank II., Leonora and
Clarence.
I in. GREENBACK NATIONAL CONVKXTIIIX was also held at
Chicago on June 20, and James 1>. Weaver, of Iowa, was nominated
for President, and P. J. Chambers for Vice-1'rcsidcnt.
.
The Democrats nominated Winfield S. Hancock, of Pennsyl-
vania, for President, and William II. English, of Indiana, for
\ ice-President, at Cincinnati in July.
e o m. ou paronage, wtout emissaries, without com-
mittees without bureaus, without telegraph wires running from his house or
from the seats ..t Influence to this convention, without appliances without
electioneering contrivances, without etfort on his pan. Brant's name is on
ills country's lips. He is struck at by the whole Deim>cra(ic party because
bis nomination Is the d<-aih-blo\v of Democratic success He is struck at bv
others, who find an offense and disqualification in the very services he has
rendered and the very experience be has gamed, show me a better man'
Name one. and I am answered. But do not point as a disqualification to the
very experience which makes t his man (it beyond all others.
The vote in Cook County for President and Vice-President
was as follows:
Z»M« SHffr^wS-w^^^f^ftrs ^:'^"^"^^
S^o'BJS'&SP^^^^^^ttS^fi isv^ 'irs.1!";;!"^,1;:! l^fe 53'899; Ly"lil" Tn"u"""- **- w>*^F&£S&£ESSSZ
1 1 .. \ , i \\ -iirin-u 1 1 ,.-.,,, ( i, !„ c, .;.,,,.;.. ,.i i i '.. . i. .. . . ... " "" »t"»wi*i
S|Sln»tptrhorgr'LS!1 {"K'l""MM" W|'"S1' vur-v «K>tenw is „ standing proton
, T.hK I'"1')""1' 'lr "'.'' ' >'•>"<"•>•;" '<• p:irty Is spoils. Its very hope and exist-
In the \\XIId Ceneral Assembly, which convened on Jan-
uary 5, iSSl, William [. Campbell, of Cook, was elected president
pro tempore of the Senate over \V. P. Callon, of Morgan bv -i
vote of 33 to 28, and in the House, Horace II. Thomas, of Cook
was elected speaker over Ilradford K. I Hirfee, of Macon, by a vote
of 81 to 71. The Legislature met in special session on March 23
1882, and re-apportioned the State into congressional and senator-
ial districts.
In the State campaign of 1882, in which a state
treasurer and superintendent of public instruction were
POLITICAL HISTORY.
853
elected, the German Republicans of Cook County, as
elsewhere throughout the State, bolted the nomination
of Charles T. Strattan, the Republican nominee for
superintendent of public instruction, and gave their
votes to Henry Raab, the Democratic candidate, for
the reason that Strattan, while a member of the assem-
bly, had voted in favor of submitting to the people a
constitutional prohibitory amendment, prohibiting the
manufacture and sale of spirituous and malt liquors.
The Greenbackers and the Prohibitionists had tickets,
and although the latter were urged to vote for Strattan,
they, because the Republican State Convention had
voted down a resolution favoring the submission of the
(''institutional amendment, voted straight out for their
candidate, Mrs. Elizabeth B. Brown. The result was
the election of John C. Smith, Republican candidate
for State Treasurer, by a small plurality of 6,137, and of
Henry Raab, the Democratic candidate for superinten-
dent of public instruction, by the still smaller plurality
of 2,869, and it was maintained that the vote of the
Germans in Cook County alone brought about Raab's
election.
In the second congressional district there was a
hotly contested contest between John F. Finerty,
editor of "The Citizen," an Irish-Nationalist weekly,
who for ten years had been a well known journalist
connected with the Chicago Times, and Henry F. Sheri-
dan, also a prominent Irishman, identified with many
powerful Irish societies.
The result of the Congressional elections in the Chi-
cago districts was as follows:
""'. Rep., 11,571: John W. Doane,
n»,, nA, - . .
Dem.. 10,5.55; A. J. Grover, Anti-Monopoly, 644.
In the XXXIIId General Assembly, which convened on Janu-
ary 3, 1883, W. J. Campbell, of Cook, was elected president,
pro tempore, of the senate over Thomas M. Shaw, of Marshall, by
a vote of 23 to 15; and in the house, Lorin C. Collins, Jr., of
Cook, was elected speaker over Austin O. Sexton, of Cook, by a
vote of 78 to 75.
On January 16, the two houses voted separately on the ques-
tion of electing a successor to David Davis in the United States
Senate. Shelby M. Cullom, nominee of the Republican caucus,
received 105 votes, and John M. Palmer, nominee of the Demo-
cratic caucus, 95 votes. Three members of the house refused to
vote, and there was consequently no election. January 17, the
two houses met in joint session and balloted, Mr. Cullom receiving
107 votes and Mr. Palmer 95. Mr. Cullom was declared duly
elected senator. February 7, on account of the resignation of
Governor Cullom, Lieutenant-Governor John M. Hamilton became
Governor, and William J. Campbell acting Lieutenant-Governor.
Early in this session, Representative Harper, of Cook, intro-
duced a bill intended to create a uniform license for the sale of
spirituous liquors, known as the " Harper Law." The bill provoked
almost the united opposition of the retail liquor interests of the
state, and Chicago dealers were especially active in their opposi-
tion to the proposed measure. The bill was under discussion
nearly five months. It passed the House on June 8, by a vote of
79 yeas to 65 nays, and the senate on June 15, by a vote of 30 yeas
to 20 nays.
WILLIAM H. HARPER was born in Tippecanoe County, Ind.,
on May 4, 1845, and when a child moved with his parents to
Woodford County, !"• His boyhood days were passed on a farm
during the summer and at school in the winter. When he was
nineteen years old he enlisted in the 1451)1 Illinois Volunteers, and
remained with the command until it was mustered out. He then
came to Chicago, and entered the Eastman Business College, and a
a year later graduated. He returned to Woodford County, and
engaged in the stock and grain shipping business until 1868, when
he came to Chicago. For four years he was engaged in the com-
mission business, until 1872, when he was appointed chief grain
inspector. Mr. Harper filled this position until 1875, discharging
the duties allotted to him to the entire satisfaction of all interested
in the grain trade. In 1875, Mr. Harper built the Chicago and
Pacific Elevator "A," with a capacity of 650,000 bushels. In 1882,
he sold a half-interest in the structure to Abner Taylor. In 1885
they erected Elevator "15," which has a capacity of 1,000,000
bushels. In the campaign of 1882, Mr. Harper was elected to the
Legislature by a large majority, and was the author of the famous
high-license bill, which met with such bitter opposition, but finally
became a law. In 1884, he was re-elected with a very flattering vote,
receiving 16,247 votes, being the largest, with two exceptions, of any
of the one hundred and fifty-three members elected in the State.
Mr. Harper is an energetic, active business man, easy of approach
and very affable in demeanor. He is president of the Indiana
Club, a member of Apollo Commandery, No. i, K. T., and Oriental
Consistory, S. P. R.S., 32°; of the Board of Trade, Citizens' Associa-
tion, Union League, Washington Park Club, Union Veteran Club
and the Fifth Presbyterian Church. Mr. Harper was married m
1868, to Miss Mary J. Perry, of Metamora, Woodford Co., III.,
who died on September 30, 1884, leaving three children, Fannie A!]
Roy B. and Hazel G.
The " Harper Law," governing the sale of spirituous liquors,
was the last, to date, of a long line of measures affecting the liquor
traffic which have at times been presented to our legislators for
action. A committee of ladies, bearing a petition signed by 80,000
voters and 100,000 women, asking the passage of a law allowing
women to vote on questions relative to the liquor traffic, waited on
the house of representatives on March 6, 1879. Among the Chicago
ladies on the committee were Miss Frances E. Willard, president 'of
the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Illinois; Mrs. T. II.
Carse, president of the Chicago W.C.T.U.; Mrs. J. B. llobbs,
Miss Lucia Kimball, Mrs. M. A. Cummings, Mrs. R. Greenlee'
Mrs. L. A. Ilagans, Mrs. Willis A. Barnes, Mrs. C. II. Case and
Mrs. D. J. True.
On motion of Representative Sol. P. Hopkins, of Cook, Miss
Willard was invited to address the House. On April 10, tin'
same committee presented the petition to the Senate, and, by a vote
of 24 for to 19 against, a recess of thirty minutes was taken, dur-
ing which time Miss Willard addressed that body. The Senate
took no action, but the House considered a bill which provided for
an amendment to the Constitution allowing women over twenty-one
years to be registered as voters, and that before a saloon could be
opened the keeper should be able to show to the municipal authori-
ties that he had secured the consent of a majority of both men and
women over twenty-one years of age in the community. The bill
was ably championed and as ably opposed. It reached a third
reading May 30, when it was lost by a vote of 55 nays and 53 yeas.
It is claimed the agitation set on foot throughout the State by
the temperance women had much to do in securing the passage of
the Harper Law in 1883. In the House, 70 Republicans and 9
Democrats voted for the bill, and 51 Democrats and 4 Republicans
against it. In the Senate, 29 Republicans and I Democrat voted
for it, and 19 Democrats and i Republican against it. Thus the
Republicans assert, and are clearly entitled to the claim, that the
law was a Republican measure and passed by substantially a party
vote.
MAYOR MASON'S ADMINISTRATION. — Mayor R. B. Mason's
message, delivered before the Common Council on December 5,
1870, set forth, in regard to the finances, that there was no float-
ing debt; the total amount of cash in the city treasury was
$3,236,090.78; the total bonded debt of the city, on December i,
1870, was $13,934,000, less $4,820,000, principal and interest pro-
vided to be paid out of the revenues from the Water Works, and
$2,500,000 expended for deepening the canal, which was to be re-
imbursed by the State; leaving net city debt, on December I, 1870,
to be paid from taxation, $6,611,000. It was stated that the work
on the canal would be completed early in 1871. The message
continued :
Besides the advantage of drainage gained by the work, the navigation of
nearly one-third of the entire caniil will lie much Improved, and if a compara-
tively small outlay be made on other portions of the canal to obtain a greater
depth of water, the tonnage of boats can he increased fron. almost 150 to 200
tons burthen.
And in the completion of the Illinois River improvement, so as to give
good water communication between Chicago and St. Louis during the entire
season of navigation, ihe business of the present canal, I am quite sure, would
be more than doubled, and it would regulate, to a greater or less extent the
rates of eastern bound freight between St. Paul and St. Louis. There is no
public work within my Knowledge that can be completed with so small an ex-
penditure, and tile advantages of which would he so wlilelv diffused, as the
Illinois River improvement. liy the completion of the lock and dam ncnrihe
neadofPeoria Lake, which is now being constructed by the State and Is In
rapid progress, the canal will be substantially extended to Peoria, and it is to
be hoped, at a very early day. to the mouth of the Illinois River. The City of
Chicago is deeply Interested iu the completion of this work, not only in a com-
mercial point of view, but as a means of reimbursing itself at an early day for
the largeexpenditure now being made on the canal. « « •
Assuming that the total [of saloon licenses | issued for the year ending
July 1, 1871, will be 2,300, and that our population Is 800.000: this gives one
sal. Kin for every 13(1 inhabitants, including men, women and children. If we
assume one-fifth of the population to be men over twenty-one years of age
this gives one saloon for every twenty-six men In the city. That this state
ot tilings should he remedied iu some wav. I think does not admit of a doubt,
and it may be done by limiting the number or increasing the rate of saloon
licenses. I earnestly recommend the subject to your careful consideration.
Among Mayor Mason's appointments were J. K. Botsford,
appraiser of the school lands; J. E. Chadwick, fire commissioner;
Grant Goodrich, C. G. Hammond and Louis Wahl, inspectors of
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
the House of Correction; G. II. I.aflin, guardian of the Reform
School.
The lust meeting of the Council prior to the lire was Ix'M on
i '. loln-r 2. A special meeting was called lor I Ictober lo, \vhrn an
ordinance was passed to prevent extortion in the sales of food i<>
sufferers by the lire. The [trice of a twelve-ounce l'>al "I bread
was tixt-i] at eight cents, and a pcu.dtv provided for any violation
of the ordinance. (In (Id. .her M. another special meeting was
held, and it was announced that at an informal merlin- "I mem
hers of the ('ouncil ami city officials it had l>cen decided to select
the High School and llie Ogden primary school, on \Vesi Monroe
Si reel, as llie place wherein to organize tile citv government. This
action not being sati-lactoiv in all, a comniitlec of nine was
appointed lo select a suitable building wherein to locale tin ciiv
olliccs. Se\en members ol this committee presented a report in
favor of tin- use of the Madison-sln-el 1'olirt- Station for the meet
ings of the ( 'onncil, the erection of temporary buildings on the
t '0111 *; -house Square, and that the Hoard of I'nblic Works cause
plans to be prepared for the erection ,,i a permanent building on
the City Hall site.
Tin- minority favored the nseof the I ligh-school building. I'.usi-
nessha\ ing gone mainlv to the \Ycst Side after the lire, many believed
that seel ion could IK- made the business sect ion of the new ( 'hicago.
The West Side aldermen voted in favor of the adoption of the
min* trity rep< >rt, but the majority report was carried by a vote of 15
to 12. At this meeting, a communication was received from Mayor
Mason, stating thai inasmuch as all the offices of the City < iovern-
nient wen- located bv law in the South Division, he had located his
office, temporarily, at the corner of \Vabash Avenue ami lluhhard
Court, which he hoped would give general satisfaction. Mayor
Mason thought if temporary city buildings were located on the
City Mall site, business blocks would spring up around them, ami
capital, knowing there was to be no change in the center ol busi
ness, would at once seek investment in tiie re-bnildin^ of the former
trade renter.
Mavor Mason's administration was upon the whole <|iiile satis-
factory to the citizens of Chicago, his opponents being mainly
those who differed with his views in reference to the licensing and
control of the liquor business, which element of opposition during
the ensuing administration of Mayor Medill developed and crvsial-
lized in the" People's Party" movement.
Tin: "FlRE-PROOF" TUKK.I. — The Fire-Proof, or Repub-
lican, Convention, which nominated \lr. Mi-dill for Mayor, met in
the High-school building on West Monroe near llalsted Street.
Charles C. P. llolden, his opponent, nominated by the Denio.
had been alderman from the Tenth Ward anil president of the
Common Council under the Mason administration. The election
was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1X71, and resulted as follows:
Wn»or-.in<i>|iii Mi-dill. lH,l->5; <:. <'. I', lloldi-n, n.'iss. ('tin Treatwer
-David A. MJIRI-, 1D.155; Kili-r K. JDIH-S, r, ;:)(). (',(„ / W/.rfor- (in,,,;,- y,,,,
Hollen, n.8!tli: William .1. OiialKin, H.:J1S. i-ilij .-nd.i-m /(-Israel N.SIil.-s
15,217; Patrick McllilEli, (i.406. Clerk of l',,lice (',,„,-/ CiiniUi- K. Matson
1fi.0t>8; Albeit Mii-helson, 6.003. POLIO! MA818TBATBB — SouHl Diris-
inii — .lohii Siminii-rlii-ld. ]:U>3-I; John KIlzKihhoii, 5,278. ITVst />ii'j»j,,>;
f. 'I'. Slii-rloi-k. 14.872; Richard, I. llal-rett, 5,895. North />i>isi.»i- William
I. Stlckney, IS-Wl; Nathan M. I'lotke, 5,085. ALDKKMANIC VOTK —
First (Ford— Chauncj T. liowrn. II I:',; .Ian, 1, Jii-rkiM-. lit. .sYrnni! ir,irii—
Arthur DixiMi. HMD. Thir.i ir,,,J -.1. w. Mi-(iiMini.ss, 1.21H; J. A. Montgomery.
188; A. 11. Sh,-ld,.i,. 245. fourth ll'«,-,J-.l. H. Mi-Avoy. 1.4KH; tfosefl A
Ihayer. 8h. Fifth H',,,,/-l;. It. Slum-. 56S; Moore CnliKi-r. 290. nirtl,
IFnrd— Philip Keidy. B7H; William Tnu-i-y, H9li. fifm'nlk M'.ml— William
Rawlelgb, 844; Edward K. Calif rton. 415; Patrick Mrriowrv 2!ifi Kix/ifl,
Wari .1. Clpwry, 70S: W. 8. r.iwi-ll. :«5; Philip MOSI-I-. 271. Xh'itl, Ward
- l.in.i-s Mi-Mnllfli, (ISO; Pall-irk liatlVi ly. a.M); (!<•
'•"I1' I;-''-I ,• '."'••'"Hi » „ •••! ---lidni Vant Wnuil, 543; .1. J. McOrath. 871.
Sixteenth 11 <yd '\ Mi,lii|,s,,a Stout. 5M; liri.-e A. Milli-r. 358. Kti'rntr,-i,ili
M ar,t vii.,i|di Hiaeh. 04: A. D. Skinner. 79: Jacob Lengaclier, 865. i-;:<iii-
,','•' : M"/''/ ',"''".- Ml'('a"hy. 19<»; Thomas Carni-y, 503. \inrlrnith
nrord-HaMon l>. OKI , 310; .laim-s Mi-c ey, 45. Twentieth if,,,,/
Charli-s I. \\oiiilmai!. 515; Philip A. liny n-, 4-1 ; ThiiniMS H. Ki-illj. :,-;.
A full set of twenty constables was eicclcd but were not
sworn in by the ( 'onncil, and the matter was referred to the corpora-
tion counsel, as there were don bis as to the legality of their election.
A report was made to the Council on November 27, signed by.Murry
]•'. Tnley. corporation counsel. I. X. Stiles, city attorney, and the
members of the Committee on Judiciarv, in which the opinion was
given that there could be no valid election for constables, unless in
the Fifteenth and Twentieth wards respectively, where there were
vacancies. It was advised that no certificates be issued to any of
the majority candidates, and that they be left to the legal remedies,
if any.
MARCUS CICERO STEARNS, the oldest surviving member of
the Hoard of Trade of Chicago, was born at Naples, Ontario I O.,
N. 7., OH May ->s, iSld. lie was reared ill his native town, but
when only a little more than lifteen years of age, he was obliged to
seek his own support, his father having died shortly before his
birth. On March I, 1*32, he was taken into the family of John
< Istrander, of Kanona, Stenben Co., N. Y. Me was given an in-
sight into general business matters, and his salary for the first year
was only $50. Me remained with his patron for two years, and
then went to P.alh, where he obtained a good situation in a larger
store. On August i, 1*3(1, young Stearns determined to come
\\csl, and on the llilh ol lhal moiilh In- arrived in Chicago, with-
out any other prospects of employment than that which was olfen-d
!,- every young man who was ready to work at whatever was given
him. In November, 1*3(1, he became a clerk for Mr. Iliggins,
who kepi a stove and tin store. lie soon alter secured employment
wilh Peter Priivue ,\ Co., wholesale grocers and wholesale and re-
tail druggists. I >r. Edmund Stoughton Kimberlv was the partner
of Mr. Prnyne, and under his luition Mr. Stearns learned the art
of pulling up prescriptions. During that summer. Mr. Prnvne.
who had a contract for cutting otll rock on the Illinois ami Mich-
igan Canal at Romeo, sent young Stearns thither to lake charge of
I IK- business, which also included a supply store. lit- worked for
the hrm about a \ car, and then resigned, opening a little -.Lire on
the bluff at Romeo, on his own account. The venture p
fairly Miccesslul, but he sold out at the end of six months, and re-
turned to ( Ihicago. In the fall of tSj.s, he went into the employ of
(ieorge K. Randolph, who opened the first wholesale dry goods
house here, the place of business being on the south side of Lake
Street, between Dearborn and (.'lark streets. lie remained there
until about 1*411, when he started a store at No. 13(1 Lake Sired,
between I .aSalle and Clark streets. I 1 is partner was .M r. llallam]
and the style of the linn was Stearns \- llallam. They continued
about a year and a half, when the partnership was dissolved, and
Mr. Stearns bought out |. I). Clark, a merchant doing a gi
business in llie same block. After running that store- two \ ears.
Mr. Stearns sold out to II. II. Stone. M r. Stearns began, in I - | ).
a commission business, handling all kinds of produce, and bnving
wool for the Kastcrn markets. In March, 1848, Mr. Stearns was
approached by Kdward K. Rogers, a merchant, who solicited his
aid and co-operation in forming a ISoard of Trade. Mr. Stearns
looked Over the " little square book," now One of the dearest pos-
sessions of Chicago's Hoard of Trade, and when he came- to the
clause which required the payment of $i.;n line in ca-e a member
should neglect to attend stated meetings, he declined to sign his
name. Mr. Stearns did a small commission business then, and he
could ill afford lo neglect his business I oat I end I he Hoard of Trade,
much less pay $1.50 fine for non-attendance, so he respectfully
and firmly declined "to go in with the boys!" Hut Mr. Sleains's
name was greatly desired, anil it was finally arranged that he would
not be required to pay any line in case of non-attendance. And in
this manner he became a member of the organization. I le secured
his membership ticket, and, from April, iS.jS, to the present time,
he has been a continuous member of the Hoard — a record which no
other man to-day possesses. lie was a regular "trader" up to
1*69 or 1*70, when he withdrew from ai-tiu- business transactions.
although paying his dues and retaining his ticket. In 1*5*^51), lu-
was a director, and served on many committees during several years.
\Yhen the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened, in 1*4*. he carried
on a large commission business with merchants and producers
along the canal, and was one of the first to receive a boat load of
produce from Ottawa. Mis trade was largely increased inconse-
quence of the opening of the Canal, and he prosecuted the business
tothe fullest extent. In December, 1853, the Illinois Stone and
I.imc Company was organized, they becoming proprietors of the
Sherman quarry at I.emont and the lime kiln near Hridgeporl. ( H
this company Mr. Stearns was secretary and treasurer. They
erected the stone fronts to the old Masonic Huilding and the old
Marine I '.lock, besides several residences. Ihesc being among tin-
first stone fronts put up in this city. Mr. Steal us continued so
identified only a year, when he withdrew from the company, taking
as his share of the business the limestone quarrv and kilns, and lo
this business Mr. Stearns has devoted the greater part of his atten-
tion for the past thirty odd years. In 1861, T. J. S. Flint and
Mr. Stearns, under the firm name of Flint & Ste'anis, opened a
packing-house, near the Rock Island F.levator. They continued in
business for two years, packing an average of 15,000 head of
hogs per annum, a large packing business in those days. Shortly
after the great tire of 1*71 Mr. Stearns was a member of the Hoard
of County Commissioners on the Reform ticket, and served the
people in a most honorable and conscientious manner.
Ttir. Mi.], ILL REGIME.— Certain mistakes of Mayor Media's
administration are alleged by many to have brought about the utter
rout of the Republican local organization, the formation of the
People's Parly, and a long train of ensuing evils. A committee of
fifteen waited upon Mayor Mcdill to urge the rigid enforcement of
the Sunday-saloon closing law, this committee being a part of
the Committee of Seventy, nn organization composed of leading
citizens and a large number of clergymen, devised shortly after
the great lire to promote moral reforms, among which was the
attempted enforcement of temperance restrictions immediate!)
after the passage of the State liquor law, and at a time when
temperance and prohibitory agitation was prevalent throughout
the country. To the unrestricted sale of liquor was attributed by
the committee the great prevalence of lawlessness and crime, which
POLITICAL HISTORY.
855
had been a matter of the utmost public concern since the time of
the lire, when criminals from every section of the country drifted
into Chicago.
The management of the Police Force and the Fire Department
also was in the hands of the Hoard of Police and Fire Com-
missioners, which had become reorganized at the time of the elec-
tion of the Fire-Proof ticket, by the addition of Mancel Talcott
and Jacob Kehm, and subsequently, in the spring of 1872, by the
appointment of E. F. C. Klokke to the Hoard, to succeed Jacob
Rehm, resigned. To the police power the public looked for safety
and protection of life and property. On July 29, 1872, Mayor
Meilill removed Superintendent of Police Kennedy, and three weeks
thereafter made Klmer \Vashburne superintendent of the force.
Mr. \Vashbnnie was the warden of the Slate penitentiary at Jolict,
and the opponents of the Fire-Proof administration maintained that
Mayor Mi-dill's sclcclinn of a head for the department at this
critical time was unwise, for the reason that Mr. Washburne was
unacquainted with the duties of the office, ignorant of the ramifica-
tions of crime in a great city, and inexperienced in the management
of a force of men who had been accustomed to the direct ion of
superiors who had been promoted from Ihe ranks, liesides the agita-
tion conducted by the Committee of Seventy, a committee of twenty-
five, representing the three divisions of the city, was appointed at a
meeting of citizens held in the Chamber of Commerce on Market
Street, on September 12, and presided over by Henry Greenebaum.
(In September 30, the Committee of Seventy were addressed by
Mancel Talcoll, chairman of the Hoard of Police Commissioners,
who coincided with their views, and insisted that the epidemic of
lawlessness ami crime was caused mainly l>v drunkenness, and
advocated , as a partial remedy, the closing of the saloons on Sunday.
The sub-committee of lifleen was thereupon sent to Mayor Medill
to urge the enforcement of the Sunday-closing ordinance. Mayor
Meilill, in response to the committee, said that the movement was
impracticable, for the reason that both sellers and purchasers would
deem it an arbitrary and inconsistent interference with their prerog-
atives on one certain day out of the seven in the week; that the
law was directed against the keepers alone and not against the
drinkers as well, therefore being discriminative; and further, be-
cause it would require one policeman for each drinking-place to see
that the law was enforced, or say three thousand altogether, whereas
the tax-tighlcrs made it hard work to support a force of four hun-
dred and fifty policemen. The Committee published a reply on
October^, claiming that although the liquor interest was active
and united and exerted a controlling influence in politics, the facts
went to show that whenever an honest effort had been made to
enforce the Sunday liquor law, it had been successful, and accusing
the administration of cowardice. Mayor Medill claimed this reply
to be unfair, but, on October IO, he sent a communication to the
Hoard of I'olice Commissioners, in which he referred to newspaper
reports in reference to a conference between members of the Com-
mittee and the Hoard, in which it was stated that the Hoard antici-
pated no serious trouble in enforcing the law, and concluding with
an order for the enforcement of the law, as contained in Section 4,
Chapter 25 of the City Ordinances and all other ordinances relat-
ing thereto.
On October 25, the Committee of Seventy issued an address to
the people, in which the closing of the saloons on Sunday was
advocated. The ( lerman saloon-keepers deemed all of this agita- .
tiou and effort to enforce the Sunday law an infringement upon
their rights, and agitators began to denounce the Committee of
Seventy as a relic of " Know Nothingism." A committee of
Germans wailed on Mayor Medill, and went away satisfied that his
personal predilections were favorable to their views. On October
28, the committee of twenty-live, which has been referred to, met,
and a majority of the members were in favor of the enforcement of
the Sunday law. Henry (ireenebaum thereupon resigned as chair-
man of the committee. On December 2, 1872, Mancel Talcott
resigned from the Hoard of Police Commissioners, and C. A. Reno
was appointed president of the Hoard, which was now composed of
Messrs. Reno, Sheridan and Klokke. The discontent in the police
force increased, and Superintendent Washburne got into a contest of
authority wilh the Hoard. Charges were preferred by the secretary
of the Hoard against Superintendent Washburne for neglect of duty,
incompctcticy and disobedience of the orders of the Hoard, and Dr.
Ward was appointed acting superintendent. The Mayor sustained
Washburne by removing the Police Commissioners Reno and
Klokke, but the Hoard refused to recognize the authority of the
Mayor, claiming they were appointed under commissions from the
Governor, and instructing Dr. Ward to recognize no other authority
than that of tin- Hoard. On February 24, 1873, Carlile Mason and
L. P. Wright presented their certificates from the Mayor of their
appointment to the Hoard, which the Council had confirmed.
Commissioner Mark Sheridan addressed the P.oard, saying that he
felt that his duty to the public would compel him to act with
Messrs. Mason and Wright. The Mayor and Comptroller having
refused to adjust claims of persons who had furnished supplies to
the Department, there was no doubt in his minrl that the Mayor
and Comptroller would recognize Messrs. Mason and Wright, and
while he had no doubt as to the legality of the claims of Messrs.
Reno and Klokke. and if he acted he should do so under protest,
he was constrained to act with Messrs. Mason and Wright in order
to advance the interests of the city and maintain the efficiency of
the Police and Fire Departments. lie was satisfied that the power
claimed by the Mayor, under and by virtue of the Act known as the
" Mayor's Hill," was contrary to the spirit of our republican institu-
tions, and that, even if the power did exist, the arbitrary exercise of
it would not be justified or sustained by the courts.
On February 26, the Hoard, as newly constituted, dismissed
the charges against Superintendent Washburne, and on April 7,
the Hoard sustained the Mayor in the dismissal from the force of
Sergeants Rehm, Hischoff, Douglas and Macauley, they having
obeyed the orders of the Hoard and the acting Superintendent,
Dr.' Ward.
On April 28, Superintendent Washhurne issued an order to
the police force to enforce the Sunday-closing ordinance. Com-
missioner Sheridan opposed the enforcement of the order, and fail-
ing to convince the Mayor that it was unwise, entered his protest
upon the records of the Hoard, in which was quoted Section 6, Ar-
ticle 2, of the Constitution : " The right of the people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable
searches and seizures, shall not be violated." Messrs. Mason
and Wright entered upon the records a resolution denouncing Com-
missioner Sheridan's protest as incendiary in character, and as
tending to incite the police force to disobey the orders of the
Hoard. From this time on. for three months, conflicts of authority
in the Hoard were frequent, at one time Commissioner Sheridan
and Superintendent Washburne narrowly escaping coming to
blows. On July 12. Caplain M. C. Mickey resigned from the force,
and July 29, Commissioner Mason resigned from the Hoard and
was succeeded by Reuben Cleveland It was then but three
months before another city election was to be held, and in addition
to the trouble over the police management, rumors became preva-
lent of a probable shortage in the accounts of David A. Gage, the
city treasurer.
Various meetings had been held during the summer, in which
Mayor Medill's administration was denounced as a failure, and it
was plainly apparent that the growing unrest and dissatisfaction
was destined to find expression in apolitical movement. Agitators
and demagogues were working among the foreign-born element.
The I lenioerats, who were almost solidly opposed to Medill, helped
along the growing movement, and finally the People's Party was
born in a series of mass meetings, controlled and addressed in the
main by people whose subsequent records went to prove that
personal ambition was the principal incentive to their actions.
THE I'EOPI.K'S PARTY — The People's Party was, therefore,
the outcome of a public feeling against the Medill administration,
and a movement in favor of personal liberty. It was anti- Wash-
burne, anti-Gage, anti-Sunday closing, and against the "tax-
lighters." The first notable me ting was held on May 14, in
Thielemann's Theater, on Clybourn Avenue, which was addressed
by many prominent Germans, among the number being A. Mot-
linger, Adolph Schoeninger, A. C. Hesiug, Mr. Knoblesdorf and
Alderman Lengacher. At this meeting, II. H. (Buffalo) Miller,
renounced the Republican party. Suitable resolutions were adopted
and a plan of action agreed upon. A great mass meeting was next
held, on May 20, at Aurora Turner Mall, on Milwaukee Avenue.
Ex-Alderman John Hueliler, acted as chairman, and the, speaker*
were A. C. Mesing, Francis A. Hoffman, Jr., ICmil Dietzsch,
General Hermann I ,icb and others. At a meeting of the Chicago
Turngemeinde, held in the North Side Turner Hall, on May 21,
resolutions were adopted denouncing all legislation and official ac-
tion opposed to personal liberty, and inviting all liberal societies to
select five members each for " mutual consultation and united
action." On May 24 and 29, the Tribune contained articles show-
ing that the Germans were drifting away from the Republican
party, and that the movement was rapidly spreading.
On the evening of May 29, delegates from eight or ten liberal
meetings met in Hismarck Hall, in the Teutonia Huilding, and
selected an Agitation Committee, composed of
Conrad Nlehott, Richard Mjchaclls, A. C^ IIeslng,Carl ^Bluhm, Peter
Meyer, A. Krhe. V. SeiiRl, and editors of th« Uorniaii pnpen.
This Committee formulated an address and resolutions, which
were presented, on June 25, in Hismarck Hall, to the "Central
Committee." which liad in the mean time been organized. These
resolutions, which were unanimously adopted as the incentive of
the new organization, recited that the temperance and Sunday laws
were obnoxious to a large and respectable portion of our people ;
that the civil service of the general State and local governments
had become a mere instrument of partisan tyranny and personal
S56
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ambition; that the arrest of any person whose o - only
punishable by a line. instead of proccdmc b\- mer* process of sum-
mons, was an outrage, ami thai I he police power ol the State,
county or city should not IK- wielded in the intcrc-t of laclions
ety. fin- reaolutiona further denounced intemperance in all
things, advised the appointment of inspectors . if all beverage-, sold,
to detect impurities, and recommended that an ordinance be passed
prohibiting the granting of licenses to persons ol bad repute, and
declaring as a cardinal principle thai a pcr-on should be held re.
sponsible only for his own wrong-doing, ami for this reason that not
landlord-, bin saloon-keepers, be held accountable for liquor sold on
premise-, and not saloon-keepers, but drunkards, responsible for t In-
habit of drunkenness. At this meeting it was agreed, on the sng-
gc-tion of A. ('. llcsing, to hold a mass-meet ing.
The movement had gained such headway by this time thai a
number of Democratic leaders thought it wise to favor it, and a
meeting was held on Sunday afternoon, rYugtlSl 31, 1-73. in ( ireene-
banm's bank, al which were present, among Others,
.1. II. Mr \vm, liarney G. Canltietd, \V. .1. Onalian. George Von lliplli'li,
Jacob llchm M iehai-1 Kvans. I'. M. Clear\, John Cor. '.11:111. Thomas Brenan,
Mirhai'l Kccley, Justice l!o\ don. A . C. Ili-sint.'. Herman l.ieb, I'etcr llunl.
Kdward O'Nelf, Arno Voss, K. Kenny, .1. Bonfleld, Edward Phillips and
Adoiph Schoenlnger.
The speakers denounced the Medill adminisl ration as leaning
to despot i-m and for having sold out to the " Law and ( Irder "
men. A committee was selected to confer with the Committee ol
Ablation in reference to holding; a ma-s-nu -el ing. After several
meetings of conference had been held, a joint committee on politi-
•ion was appointed, on which the various nalionalil ic- were
represented. This latter committee, on Friday evening, Septem-
ber 2d, 1-73. adopted a call for a mas--mecting, to be held at
King-bury 1 lall, on Clark Street, on Saturday evening, < Vtohcr 4.
This nu'cting was a notable one ill the political annals of the city.
II. II. Miller Occupied the Chair of this meeting, and the speakers
were I!. G. Canllicld, A. C. llcsing, and others. The following
was adopted as the platform of the parly :
/.',«,./,•,,/, That in I lie present slate of the imlilii- li nances, it is impera-
tively necessary that our <-ity ami county attairs he managed Inthemosl
economical manner, and the pnhlic moneys be husbanded as carefully ami
frugally as possible. In order ihai our Increased municipal taxation be re-
duced ny a just and discriminating government, and the expenditures be
made, not for the beuefll oi any particular .-lass, inn for the henelitofthe
<'nt in- community.
Itest'l !•,•'!, That the education of I In- youth of .mr country is one of the
most effective agencies foi the suppression and prevention of crime; that this
object is iniirli better attained i>\ tin- Instruction of our children in the public
SehOOlS than I.) a 11 1- n i pi to enforce morality l>y legislation.
It< \o/ci il, '['hat the course of ti-inperanre is deserving of the aiil and as-
sislai.ee i 'I every good man. Intemperance in all 1 hint's whatsoever ought to
becombated with all suitable means, lint we hold that tbe desirable object
of temperance can only he accomplished hy elevating the moral standard of
tin- people Ihrough enlighti-ned education, and not hy sumptuary laws or
special legislation.
• /. 'mat we recognize the pursuit of happiness as one of the In-
alienable rights of the citizen, and every one should he left free to exercise
his right wi tin. lit let or hindrance, e \cept under sneli restl id inns as are im-
pnsed h\ oonstltutlooal law; and while we believe thai on Sunday all i nisi ness
and amusements should he so restricted as in no measure to interfere with or
disturb the devottou or worship of any class ofeiti/ens, yet we firmly deny
the right of any one or any class of individuals to prescribe how or in whal
manner Sunday or any day snail be enjnvod hy a tree people in a free Re-
public.
/i. M./t'r.i. That we are in I'avor of the passage of an ordinance prohibit-
ing the granling of licenses to persons of had repute, for any purpose or pur-
pos. -s \\ hatsoev. r.
ittauiroi. 'I'hai there ought also to be appointed by the proper authori-
ties Inspectors of all beverages sold publicly, and those found impure and
delerioraled should he confiscated anil dealers therein lined.
l:>>"l'<d. That we look with deep regret and apprehension upon the
deinoi ali/e.l condition of our police department. Instead of serving as a
department for the protection of life and property of the people, it has been
used as an insirmnent of oppression in the hands of a elass of prejudiced and
narrow-minded men, and that we deprecate that the legitimate duties of the
pollOS force have heen prostituted to gratify the intolerant spirit of a mi-
nority faction.
K-Mi/r,,/, That Hie frequent arbitrary arrest of our citizens in cases
where lines only are imposed for hrearh of citv ordinances is a gross outrage
and a violation of constitutional rights, and should not be tolerated by a free
and enlightened people.
ltex»ii-ni. That we conslderlt a cardinal principle tbata person should
he held liable for his own wroncooly; and for thai reason we consider as un-
just ilia hie the slatutory eTiactmenl making the owner or landlord of premises
which have heen rented for lawlnl pin-suits responsible for the neglect or
misdemeanor of his tenants, and for the same reason \ve demand that drunk-
ards lie held «t r icily accountable for l heir a. -Is committed while drunk.
lli'*»h'/>il. Thai the principles we represent in our platforai and resolu-
tions are conducive lo law and order; and while we appeal to the sympathy
and support of the community at large, regardless of alt party affiliations,
to indorse them and the action that we imve deemed proper to take In this
in n n iei pal contest ill opposition to a spirit of intolerance, we pledge ourselves
that we Shall abide by lawand order, and denounce any laoiiou that arro-
gates i., itself that name; and to this end we shall oppose every candidate for
office who Is not In sympathy with the foregoing resolutions.
Joseph K. C. Forrest offered the following as an additional
declaration of principles, which was also adopted:
In view of the present demoialixe.l condition of the trade, commerce
and Industry of the country, tbe meeting beld in the financial anil commer-
cial < enii rthegreal Norl h " esl resolves:
1.— That the I'resident he respect tnlly I ei| nested to convene Congress in
extra session. for the purpose of considering the advisability of issuinga
su indent amount of legal-tender currency, based upon tin-deposit ol National
securities, and at such nigh rates,,) mien-si as will altraet it again tothr
!re:isur\ upon the restoration of private and corporate credit. The great
want at the present time is currency It is absurd lo ask the people to (!••-
posit money in hanks which do not pay it out on demand. At the same time
such deposit of money merely tends to intensify tin- existing stringency it
si in |il v enables Hie banks to save I hemselves al the expense and to ihe vital
Injury of the manufacturing and men-ant lie community. The legitimate ami
truly commercial mode of calling out currency from 'its hiding places is to
make it for the interest of holders to part with It.
g —Congress should he respectfully asked to repeal tin; existing National
bankrupt act \ person « itli flO.OOO of propertj other than money can now
In- compelled to sacrilice it for a debt of J150. At the same lime such saeri-
n,.,. if general will depreciate the real and personal propert] ofthecountrj
ri'oni lilt \ to seventy-five percent. This \\onl.l necessarily entail ruin upon
hundreds and thousands or our eillx.ens.
;', n,n i;rcss.s him hi repl.-n-e I lie nolcs of national banks which bavegOOa
int.. I M| n nlallon with legal-tender money. Ihl« would save interest and pro
vent si rmu'.Micv ol currency.
4. —Tin- c'iiy of Chicago should promptly Issue a sufficlenl amount of
scrip to keep the mechanics and laborers now engaged in municipal improve-
ments in lull \\ ork.
-, The advertised sale of city loi son which are tin- bouses of our citizens,
and on wnloh tax payments have not yet been made, should he postponed
Until the City SCrtp to be issued has, to some considerable exlcnl, tilled the
vac I caused by the withdrawal of money from circulation.
With this declaration of principles, we sub mil the cause of the People's
Party lo our cii i/.ens ol all rel igions and nationalities.
The convention of the People's Party to nominate cily ami
eonnlv ticket- to be voted for in I he cilsnino election was held at
No. -05 Randolph Si reel, on October 24, Henry < iiveucbamii
pre-idino-. Kcsolutioiis olfered by A. C. llesinj;, I-'. II. Winston,
and others, were adopted, one of which recommended to the Mayor
who mi"ht be elected the appointmenl ol S. S. Hayes as city comp-
troller; and tin- ('..mention adopted the Kinoshnry Hall platform.
The proposition of certain Democratic leaders lo indorse the
People's Parly lickel had met with some opposition, and a few
Hemocnils had pledged support to the " I ,aw and Order " ticket,
which had been nominated at the llraml Paciiic Hotel on Saturday,
( )clobc r i -.
P.cfoiv the People's Party convention proceeded lo make nom-
inations. Mr. I lesino; introduced the follow-illy communications from
the Democratic County Central Committee, which as will be seen
had taken the name of " Liberal " also:
We, the un.tei signed, members ot the I.ibeial and Democratic Central
and Executive Committee of Cook County, hereby certify that we have not
authoii/c.l any person for us to pledge the support of the pait\ , as a party, to
whal is known as the"Grand I'a.-itic Hotel "nominations, or to any other
nominations, made or to be made; and believing it to be Inexpedient to make
any nominations as a party at this time, we leave in all persons the privilege
of Supporting such candidates in this local election as their judgment and
consciences may dictate.
And we may sav that we beheld with surprise the announcement in the
papers that pal i s ol' onr com in ittee had participated in. and in.loisc.l, Ihe
sai.l (irand racitie Hotel nominations; ami we further say that neither of
the three named persons who pretended lo represent the party at the Grand
I'aeiiic iioiei are members of the Liberal and Democratic Central Committee
of Cook County, and consequent I \ have no authority to pledge the party to
any noliii nations, except as private individuals.
CII. K< >K1I l.Kl;.
.IACIII1 11. I'KI.THAUSEN.
KlinKItT KKNNY,
KDWAltD KKHOE.
Al.liKlIT MICIIKLSON,
Democratic Central Committee of Cook County
fV/icngn, October 84. 1873.
Nominations were then made as follows:
For Mayor. H. I). Colvin; for City Treasurer. Daniel O'Hara; for City
Collccioi. George Yon llollen; for Cily Assessor, Charles Dennehy ; for
. In. IL'I- of the Superior Court. S. M. .Mooie; for Judge of the County Court M.
K. M. Wallace; for County Clerk. Hermann l.ieb; tor Clerk of the Criminal
Conn, Austin J. Doyle; for County Treasurer, H. 1!. Miller; for Coiinly
Superintendent of Schools, George 1). I'lanl; for Comity Commissioners.
Christian Itusse. .lohn Herting, William 1*. IturdieU, Thomas Lonergan. A.
II. Johnson: and for 1'olic.e Commissioner, C. A. Keno.
'I'h. • ollices of City Attorney and i'olice Court Clerk having heen left
vacant on the lieket. they were tilled on Monday'. October '^S. by the names of
Egbert Jamieson for Attorney, and Martin Scully for Police Clerk.
Tile leaders and most active workers in ihe I'eople's Party movement,
were A. C. Hesing, Daniel O'Hara, IJarney Canltield and Miles Kehoe, the
latter being chairman of the campaign com in it tee.
DAVID A. C'I\<;K. — Before entering into an account of
the Lawand Order opposition to the People's Party ticket, it will
be proper to review, to some extent, the operations of llavid A.
Hagc. as city treasurer, for the reason that ihe Law and Order
men made the fatal error of re-nominating him for the olhce, and
his defeat became an issue of the election. It appears that
although the charter of 1863 provided, under penalty of imprison-
ment in the penitentiary, that the treasurer should keep the funds
in a place designated by the cily, no such place \vas provided, and
the ireasurers, prior to Mr. Gage's term of ..nice, tell into the
habit of placing the money in various banks and retaining Ihe
interest as a part of their perquisites. The city desiring this inter-
esl, a law was passed by the Legislature, in the winter of 1869,
providing that the city might, by ordinance, direct the treasurer
where to deposit the funds, at such a rate of interest and with such
security as might be demanded. Mr. ( lagc was the tirsl treasurer
elected after the passage of Ihis law, and his first official act was
to ask the Council to act according to the provisions of the law,
and at the same time he filed his official bond in the sum of
ooo, the amount required of former Ireasurers. The Council
determined that if they should direct where the money was to be
placed, and it should be lost, the city must lose it, and they there-
fore determined to exact a heavy indemnifying bond of Mr. Gage,
and let him place the money where he pleased. The amount of
this bond was fixed at $2, ?<><>, ixx> and, out of consideration for
Mr. ( rage, who by this arrangement assumed personal risk of loss,
the Council in its wisdom paid him $10,000 per annum for his
risk. During the first two years he served, Mr. Gage made over
$ioo,otx> by Ihis arrangement, and at the end of his term every
dollar had been loaned, aggregating about $1,000,000. During
the panic of 1873, some of the banks wherein Mr. Gage deposited
POLITICAL HISTORY.
857
the funds, failed, and he found himself with a large deficiency on
his hands to make good. The first authentic information that Mr.
Gage had become a defatdter for a large amount, was not received
by the authorities until December, 1873, when Mayor Colvin had
taken his seat, but it had been charged by A. C. Hesing, in the
Staats Zeitung, that Gage had deposited funds with banks, upon
agreements that they should extend to him personal credit to the
amount of a certain proportion of such deposits. Mr. Hesing
charged that one bank could be specified which held a note of
( iagc's for $40,000, to which he offered $60,000 of city deposits
on condition of an extension being granted him on the note; and
it was also alleged that Gage would pay all of the expenses of the
People's Party, if they should nominate him for city treasurer,
and Dan. O'llara for county treasurer. In a sworn affidavit, Mr.
Hesing deposed that lie had been approached by emissaries, who
offered if he would use his influence to secure Gage the nomination
of the People's Party for city treasurer, Gage would give him the
control for two years of one-fifth of the city deposits.
It then became whispered about in public resorts that there
were urgent reasons why ('age wanted to retain the office of treas-
uter, and the orators ol the People's Party made as much capital as
possible out of the rumqrs and demanded a count of the money by
" Honest " Dan. ( >'l lara, as their candidate was familiarly known.
The opposition plainly discerned the damage that was being dune
their cause by these charges against ( iage, and were compelled to
take measures to quiet them. Mr. Gage, on October 20, sent a
communication to the Mayor and Common Council, asking that
through a proper committee his accounts be examined, and an of-
ficial report be made of the same. The Finance Committee of the
<. ."iinril \\as instructed to make the investigation and report. The
Committee was composed of L. L. Jlond, chairman; Mahlon D.
( *g(lcn, |. \Y. McGeuuiss, J. II. McAvoy and George Sherwood.
The two last named were not present at the investigation, and the
other members of the Committee appear to have had perfect con-
fidence in Mr. Gage's integrity. At his request the following re-
port was made:
I'tiir.tqn, 111., October 81. 1873.
L. L. liOND, ESQ.. Chairman Finance Committee:
Sir— In the matter of the communication of L>. A. Gage, Treasurer, re-
ferred to cur committee, yim are authorized to report that we liml the Ti eas-
n rev's accounts correct, and the cash in ham! so th.tt the city funds are entirely
safe and the special funds iu the condition required by law.
MAHLON I). Oc!I)EN.
.1. \V. MCGENNISS.
This report was used by the Law and Order speak-
ers as a campaign document to disprove the charges
made against ( lage.
THE LAW AND ORDKR PARTY. — The adherents of
the Law and Order Party were composed in the main
of the remnant of the supporters of the " Fire-Proof "
ticket, those who indorsed Mr Medill's administration,
a portion of the Committee of Twenty-five and the
Committee of Seventy. On the evening of July 17, a
part of the latter committee met in the Builders' Ex-
change, on LaSalle Street, and there decided the fight
to be an out and out issue between law and order and
ignorance and misrule. Plans were shaped accordingly,
and a fusion of all opposing elements agreed upon. A
convention was held Saturday, October 18, 1873, in the
(irand Pacific Hotel, and the following ticket placed in
nomination:
For r.:ayor. L. I,. liond; for city treasurer, David A. Gage; for city col-
lector, A. L. Morrison; for city assessor, \V. IS. H. Gray; for city attorney, I.
N. Stiles; for Police Court Clerk, K. K. Matson; for Judge of the Superior
Court. William H. Porter"; for Judge of the County Court, M. R. M. Wallace;
for county clerk, J. W. Brockway; for clerk of the Criminal Court, W. K.
Sullivan; 'for county treasurer. Philip Wadsworth; for county superintend-
ent of schools, A. G. Lane; for county commissioners, A. J. Galloway, S.
Olln, William M. l.aiighlin, W. B. Bateham, S. W. Kingsley; for police com-
missioner. Reuben Cleveland.
This ticket was formally indorsed by the Committee of Seventy,
in a mass meeting held in Kingsbury H'all on October 23.
The following letter was addressed to Mr. Bond by a com-
mittee the day before the mass-meeting of the committee was held:
Vhleuao, October 22, 1873.
HON. I,. I,. BOND:
Dciu Sir— You have been requested by a respectable body of citizens to
become a candidate tor the office of Mayor at the approaching municipal
election. The representatives of Law and Order will have a convention to-
morrow for the nomination of candidates to be supported l>y them at that
election. The office of Mayor is the most important one to lie filled. We wish the
best man. regardless of nationality, creed, or party, for the place— one who is
in accord with our principles. We demand that there shall be honesty and
strict economy in the management of our finances, lo the end that all expen-
ditures be limited lo the actual needs of the people and that taxation be
lightened as much as possible.
We demand that the laws shall be enforced for the protection of life and
property. We claim that the protection of every memlier of sori.-ty, regard-
less of ag.-, sex or condition, in person, property and freedom, is the supreme
object and duty of government.
* October 29, Joseph I'. ( larkson was nominated for Judge of the Supe-
rior Court, vice William H. Porter, who died subsequent to his nomination.
We claim that every person lias a right, so far as human law is con-
cerned, to his own opinions, anil to act upon them as he shall deem best an. I
to engage in any lawful traffic, and to all the guaranties which the law affords
for its conduct and management.
But upon the question of what kinds and modes of traffic are Injurious
to the citizen, as promoters of disorder, ignorance, pauperism and crime and
consequent unnecessary taxation, the aggregate will of the people is supreme
and must be obeyed. And to be specific on this point, we insist that the sa -
loons snail be closed on Sundays; that the licenses of those who violate the law
shall be revoked; that the keepers of these establishments be required to give
bonds, as required by law, with good security, for the protection and indem-
nity of those who suffer from violation of the law; and that the law he en-
forced by a faithful and efficient police, to the end that crime may lie dimin-
ished and public order maintained.
We respectfully ask if the principles we have announced meet with your
approval. If they do, we pledge to you such a support as, we believe, will se-
cure your nomination and triumphant election, with a result which will give
to our city a character and attitude she is entitled to possess and to occupy
before the world. By order of Committee:
S. B. GOOKINS.
To this Mr. Bond made the following reply, which was read
in the Kingsbury-hall meeting, and was received with great enthu-
siasm :
HON. s. B. GOOKINS: MAYOR'S °FPICE' Chic'"J"' °cto"er 23' 1873'
Dear Sir— Your letter of to-day is at hand, and in reply I have to say that
if the people assign to me the duties appertaining to the olth -.- ol Mayor, I
shall earnestly endeavor to have all the financial Interests of [ he city honestly
and economically administered, and to that end will do all the Mayor can d.i.
With regard to the other points, I have to say that no executive officer
can stand in any other position than that contained in the oath of office—
"that he will faithfully and impartially execute all the laws to the extent of
his ability," and in the discharge of his duties protect all citizens in their per-
sonal and property rights ami in the prosecution of all lawful business enter-
prises, regardless of the condition of such persons.
As this is the effect of the oath and the position of an executive officer, it
is apparent that I can not make an exception of the Sunday law, and this nec-
essarily includes the exercise of all lawful means for its enforcement.
It is my purpose to devote my whole energies, if elected, to secure such
a government as will promote the safety and welfare of the whole people, and
to maintain the good name and credit of our city. No man can do more than
this, and no honorable man can do less.
LESTER L. BOND.
Mr. Bond was a member of the Council, chairman of the Fi-
nance ( 'onimktee, and at this time Acting Mayor, in the absence
of Mayor Medill, who had gone to Europe, and the Common
Council tendered him a vote of thanks for his wise counsel and able
and careful management.
The oflicial returns of the election held on Tuesday, Novem-
ber 4, 1873, make a fitting and proper entry at this stage of the
history of the People's Party and the Law and Order movements.
As will be seen, every candidate on the People's Party ticket
was elected by majorities ranging from 10,000 to 13,000. In
the city the majority of thealdermanic candidates who had identified
themselves with the liberal movement were elected. The totals were
as follows;
flnyur-H. D. Colvin, 28.791 ; L. L. Bond, 18,540. City Trenfurer— Dan-
id O'Har.i, 28.761; D. A. Gage. 18,629. (.'ill/ Attorney— Egbert Jamieson,
28.586; Thomas J. Turner, 18,636. (!il|; Collector— Seorge Von Hollen,
28.590; A. L. Morrison, 18,580. I'ila AtM-»»nr— Charles Deiinehy, 28,570; W.
B. H. Gray, 18.705. Clerk of Police (V.iirt- Marl in Scully. 27,544; K. K.Mat-
son, 19,240. Police Commissioner— C. A. Reno. 27,148; R. Cleveland. 18.729.
ALIIKKMEN.— First Ward — Foley, 501; Lyon, 478. Second Ward-
Dixon, 666; Reid, 285. Third Ward-Fitzgerald. 1.700; McGenniss. 984;
Thomas. 348. Fourth Ward— Spaldiug, 1,735; McArthur. 688. Fifth Ward-
Stone, 1,805; James, 938. Sixth Ward— Iteidy. 2.212; Tracev. 984; Conley,
149. Seventh Ward— Cullerton, 2,204; Miilard, 299. Eighth Ward— Hildretfl,
1.687; Fleming, 848; McDonald. 695. Ninth Ward— Bailey. 1,547; Powell,
1,422; Clark, 510; Ryan, 338. Tenth Ward— Woodman. 1.384; Uieenebaum,
672: Eaton. 206. Eleventh Ward— White, 1,136; Walsh. 809; Ferguson. 89.
Twelfth Ward— Heath, 1.543; Courtney, 585. Thirteenth Ward— Campbell,
1.233; Sherwood, 853; White, 292. Fourteenth Ward— Cleveland. 1,127;
Turtle, 877. Fifteenth Ward— McGrath. 2,874: Casselman. 454; Brown. 215.
Sixteenth Ward— Stout, 2,162; Hawkinson, 460. Seventeenth Ward— Lenga-
cber, 2.454; Pfolstrom, 211. Eighteenth Ward-Murphy, 1,007; Handley,
line,; Bean, 455; Barrett, 96. Nineteenth Ward— Lynch, 540; Greely, 198.
Twentieth Ward— Jonas. 837: Harney, 494; Kehoe. 283.
COUNTY TICKKT.— Judge of Superior Court— S. M. Moore. 32,019; Jo-
seph P. Clarksou, 21,167. Judge of County Court— M. li. M. Wallace (on both
tickets! 53417. Clerk of County Court— Hermann Lieb, 31,156; James W.
Brockway, 22.046. Clerk of Criminal Court— Austin Doyle. 33,031; W. K.
Sullivan, '20.163. County Treasurer— H. B. Miller, 31.941; Philip Wadsworth,
21,106. Superintendent of Schools— George I). Plant, 31.248; A. G. Lane,
"1 839 County Commissioners— Christian Ilusse, 30,837; A. B. Johnson,
gl',629; Thomas Lonergan, 31.976; William B. liurdick, SI, 628: John Hert-
Ing. 31784; E. A. Lynn, 20.999; S. W. Kingsley, 21.782; W. B. Bateham,
21340; William M. Laughlin, 21,557: A. J. Call. .way, 21,626. Member of
State Hoard of Equalization— S. S. Gardner, 10,673; R. P. Derrickson, 9,173.
Thomas Cannon and Max Eberhardt were elected •• County Justices,"
but the Governor refused to commission them on the ground that no such
office existed.
With this election the Committee of Seventy, as an active po-
litical factor, came to an end. Even the Tribune, in referring to
its demise, rather ungratefully commented as follows :
"The Committee of Seventy soon absorbed the smaller organizations.
It put a ticket in the field last year, but its first venture In politics was not en-
couraging. During the winter it was dormant, but some three months since
it smelt the battle afar off. and came out of its winter quarters. It proceeded
to organize the recent campaign, in which it met with a crushing reverse.
Hereafter it will be remembered in the history of local politics for good in-
tentions, for miserable Inefficiency as apolitical organization, and for its
failure to execute the designs for which it was organized."
Remnants of the Committee, and other advocates of the
" Sunday-closing " ordinance, subsequently formed an organization,
and operating with them was a band of "praying women," similar
to those that about this time created a furore in Ohio, Massa-
chusetts, and the Kast. A number of meetings were held, which
were addressed by the pastors of the city churches, and at a meet-
ing held on Friday, March 13, in the First Methodist Church Block,
it was resolved by some six hundred ladies present, to appeal to the
Common Council to enforce the Sunday-closing ordinance. A
858
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
committee was appointed and waited on the Council; but a majority
i if ihat bod\ having been elected on the other side of the issue, the
appeal of the l.idies was unavailing, and the Council passed an
ordinance granting the Iraltic in liquor on Sundays as well as other
days, with such restrictions as were deemed proper, and repealing
Conflicting ordinances. The ladies appealed to Mayor Colvin to
•his ordinance, lint lie explained that it would he impossible
for him to do so and at the same lime represent the views and
wishes of the constituency to which he was pledged prior to the
election.
I'm. GKKKI.KY MONI-MI s r. — In 1872, the Republican party
was menaced in Chicago, as elsewhere, by the Greeley, or " Liberal
Republican," movement. Early in 1870, Horace Greeley, editor of
the New York Tribune, through his paper, advocated with great
persistence and cticcl a more liberal and lenient policy toward the
States lately in rebellion. The Republican party in Missouri, which
was in confrol of tin- State, divided on the question of removing
from the constitution of that State the clause which disfranchised
rebels, and the issue became well defined. Mr. Greeley had paved
the way for a liberal movement, and various leading journals, in-
cluding the Chicago Trihun\ had followed his lead. In Missouri,
Carl Scliurz and li. Gralz Brown led the faction favoring the
abrogation of the disfranchising clause. Dissatisfied Republicans
and leaders of factions in many sections joined in the liberal move-
ment. Among those more prominent in the defection, under the
leadership of I he Tribune, ill Chicago, were Joseph Medill, William
I'.ross, |ohn Wentworth, Leonard Swett and l.yman Trumbiill,
and throughout the Stale such men as John M. I'almer, Krancis A.
Hoffman, Gnstavns Koerner, I lavid Davis, and all of the Republi-
can Stale officers who made up Governor Richard Yates's cabinet.
On May I, iS7-j, the Liberals held a Nat ional Convention at
Cincinnati, and nominated Horace Greeley for President and 1!.
Grat/. I'.rown for Yice-l'resident.
The Republican parly met in I'liiladelphia on June 5, and re-
nominated General U. S. Grant for President, and Henry Wilson,
of Massachusetts, for Vice-President.
The Democratic party met in National Convention at llalli-
more on July <j, and indorsed the nominations of Greeley and lirown,
thus creating a Liberal Republican and Democratic fusion. A
Democratic defection was caused, however, by this action. Mr.
Greelcy's nomination was not satisfactory to the rock-rooted, or
straight-out Democrats, he having been an early Abolitionist and
one ol the chief founders of the Republican party. The Straight-
out Democrats accordingly called a convention, and met at Louis-
ville, Ky., on September 3, and nominated Charles O'Connor, of
New York, for President, and John (,). Adams, of Massachusetts,
for Vice- 1 'resident.
In Chicago and Illinois, spurred on by the Tribune, the Liber-
als waged an active and vigorous contest, and from constant claims
of great gains put forth by them and the uncertainty attending the
triangular light, many Republicans believed the heretofore success-
ful party would be beaten. Many of the old line Democrats voted
for General Grant, however, and when the returns of the election in
Illinois were made known, it was found that both the Liberals and
the Democrats had been literally snowed under.
Grant and Wilson received 241.944 votes In the State; Greelev and
Brown. 184.938; O'Connor and Adams, 3.05H; Black, Temperance, 6,608;
(irnrKii liiant"-. in ajori I v <> ver al I being 53, H4H. Horace Greeley havinjfdied
prim- to tbf assembly nf the Klectoral College, the electoral vote of the Liberal
party was scattered among favorites; Thomas A. llendricks receiving 48 for
President; and I'., drat/, in-own 17, or a majority over all, for Vice-President.
'I' In- result of Hie campaign for the more important State otlirers was us
follows: K»r Governor. Kicliard .1. Oj»]esl>y. 237.774 votes; Gnstavns Koerner
Lilii'i-al It. -publican, 197.084; Lieutenant Governor. John L. Keveridce
335.101; John 0. Black, 199.767; Auditor. C. E.LInplncott. 241,498; l>anlel
O'Hara, Liberal. 1H2.7HS; Attorney-General..!. K. Kdsall, 240.781; John V.
Eustace, Liiifiai.iHi.8H7. Members nf Congress. ObtoMto Districts; First
Itifirirt. ,Ii hn It. liiee. 1 1,-mocrat. 1-J.S70; Lucien li. Otis, Republican 7 235-
i liifiri,-!, Jasper i>. Ward. Republican, 13.182; carter H.Harrison
Democrat, s.s?:j: Thini imti-irt. Charles li. Parwell, Republican. H.202- John
V. Le Moyne, Democrat, 4.962.
TIIK GKANCK.— In 1873, the Patrons of Husbandry became
strongly organized in Illinois, and exerted great influence in politics.
The organization was founded in Washington, D. C., in 1867, and
its object was to do away with " middle men," that is brokers and
commission agents, and bring about barter and trade at first hand,
besides compelling the railroads to do away with car-load discrim-
ination in freight rates. Several "granges, "as their clubs were
called, were organized in < 'ook ( 'ounly. The movement resulted in
the election of certain State officers and a Legislature favorable to
the demands of the " grangers," and laws were passed relating to
the management and business Ira ("tic of railroads, which were de-
cidedly onerous and impractical. James K. Kdsall, Attorney,
General of the State, was instrumental in enforcing much of this
legislation. After a fruitless effort to gain possession of the State
judiciary, the demagogues w|)() |1;,,| allied themselves with the move-
ment ceased lo lake active interest in the organization; the ob-
noxious laws were subsequently modified, amended and repealed;
and eventually the "granger" element was eliminated as a potent
factor from our politics.
Cn \i;i KS KKKN', one of the most prominent representative
German-American citizens of Chicago, is the third son of John and
Mary (Stemmler) Kern, and was born at Otterbach, in Khenish-
I'.avaria, on April IS, 1831, where he enjoyed the educational
advantages atlorded by the admirable German system. At the age
of eighteen he left his native land, and settled in America, at
Dover, Tenn. Hut after a brief sojourn in that place he removed
to Cincinnati, and, subsequently, to Terre Haute, Ind., where he
was employed as clerk in a hotel, in which position his manners
and close attention to business won for him both popularity and
success. His first business undertaking was the opening ol a hotel
and restaurant, which In- conducted until the democrats, in ]S6j,
elected him sheriff of Vigo County. Mr. Kern's success in this
contest was gratifying and unexpected. The county had been
hopelessly republican, and neither himself nor his friends regarded
his election as probable. The majority which he received proved
both his popularity and the public confidence in his character. His
administration of the sheriff's office was characterized by such
executive ability and sterling integrity as to win from his political
opponents the title of " The best sheriff Vigo County ever had."
At the close of his official term (in 1864), he became interested in
the management of the Gait House, at Cincinnati, and remained
there until October, 1805, when he removed to Chicago, and
opened a restaurant which was, from the opining day, a financial
success. He was in the full tide of prosperity when the great fire
came ami swept away his all. Although Mr. Kern collected but a
small percentage of his insurance, he was enabled to meet all his
obligations in full, and scarcely had the smoke cleared away ere he
had completed a temporary structure on the old site and was ready
for business. Like energy and invincible determination have
characterized him in all the relations of life. To facilitate business
he converted his dwelling, No. 458 \Vabash Avenue, into a restau-
rant, which he occupied until August, 1872. In the preceding
June, the re-building of large business structures forced him lo
vacate the ground he had occupied, and he rented a building near
the corner of LaSalle and Monroe streets, one of the first substan-
tial edifices erected in the burned! district. One year later he re-
moved to his present location, No. no LaSalle Street, adding Ihe
adjoining number, 108, a few years later. lie has since enlarged
his accommodations so as to occupy nearly all the basement of the
Union National and part of the City National Hank buildings.
Mr. Kern's political career in Chicago began in 1868, when he was
the democratic nominee for sheriff of Cook County. The county
was then la.-gcly republican, and as a matter of course he failed to
secure an election. In 1870, and again in 1872, he was the unani-
mous choice of his party for Ihe office for which he had been de-
feated in 1868. The result of the elections proved his popularity,
since, although defeated, he ran 4,000 votes ahead of the remainder
of the ticket. In 1876, he was for a fourth time unanimously
placed in nomination, and elected by a majority of 6,000, receiving
10,000 more votes than the other candidates on the democratic
county ticket, who were defeated by adverse majorities averaging
4,000. Of his management of the office, it is enough to say that
his political antagonists accorded him the heartiest praise, the re-
publican journals and lawyers uniling with the general public in
pronouncing his administration to have been characterized by strict
fidelity and scrupulous economy. In 1878, he was renominated,
but the apathy resulting from the failure to seat Mr. Tilden had
demoralized tile democratic party in Cook County, and the ticket
was defeated by 13,<xx> majority, Mr. Kern, however, running
10,000 ahead of his ticket, and lacking only about 3,000 voles of
being elected. Subsequently his name was prominently mentioned
in connection with several other important public offices, bill he
declined to entertain the propositions, preferring to devole all his
time and energies to his private business. In December, 1885,
Mr. Kern was elected president of the Cook County Democratic
Club, a position which he merited by reason of his public political
services and his standing as a representative citizen. He has also
served one term as vice-president of the Iroquois Club, of which he
is an active member. Mr. Kern possesses, to a remarkable degree,
the qualities of firmness and affability. His decision of character
is so well known that a kindly suggestion from him carries with it
more weight than would a peremptory order from most men. His
success as a political leader is mainly due to five causes, — his ability
as an organizer, tireless energy, great tact without trickery, sterling
integrity, and personal popularity. When he takes an active part
in a campaign, he can, his political opponents say, declare the re-
sult as well the day before as after election, so systematically and
thoroughly has every precinct and every voter been canvassed under
his instructions. His influence as a member of the aristocratic
Iroquois Club is no less potent than in the councils of the more
active working members of the party who compose the Cook County
Democratic Club. His advocacy of the election of a man or the
adoption of a measure is generally considered equivalent to success.
Mr. Kern has all his life been very fond of field sports, and is ac-
counted one of the best shots in the country. His annual vaca-
POLITICAL HISTORY.
859
tions are invariably spent on the prairies, among tile lakes, or alon«j
the rivers of the far Northwest. Being a true sportsman, he has
taken an active part in the framing;, enactment, and enforcement
of the game laws of the State. He was president of one of the
lirst sportsmen's organizations in Chicago, the Prairie Shooting
Club; lias for seven years been president of the Audubon Club; and
in 1885, was elected president of the Illinois
State Sportsmen's Association. While not a
turfman, in the sense in which the term is
ordinarily used, lie nevertheless takes a lively
interest in all prominent events, is a member
of the Washington Park Club, and always
has several good roadsters in his stables for
his private use. Mr. Kern married, in 1852,
Miss Mary A. Whitman, of Lyons, N. Y.
They have two children — Josephine and
Harry \V. He is a member of Ashlar Lodge,
No. 303, A.K.& A.M.; of Washington Chap-
ter, No. 43, R.A.M.; and of Chicago Com-
maridery. No. 19, K.T.
KI.IJAH M. HA INKS, for many years
editor of the Legal Adviser, and one of the
best known political characters in the State,
is a native of Omjida County, N. Y. His
father died when he was six year's of age, and
si xiii afterward he went to live with a farmer
in the neighborhood, with whom he remained
for some live years. I he boy, with the idea
of independence which has always marked
him ns apart from the common crowd, started
West with John C. Haines, his brother, and
arrived in Chicago in May, 1835. The village
then contained about five hundred people,
i he Indian traders being the most important
portion of the population outside of the gar-
rison. Soon thereafter he moved to Joliet,
where he remained till the spring of 1836,
when he went to what is now Lake County
and worked upon a farm. There were then
no schools in the county; in fact from the
age of seven years he obtained his education,
regularly, only in the winter. Notwithstand-
ing this drawback, and the fact that for many
years he was obliged to provide not only for
himself but for a widowed mother, he had
acquired in early manhood an education in
the common branches, and the Latin and
German languages, and was quite proficient
in the art of surveying. When he first re-
moved to Lake County, he joined an organ-
ization of settlers who were banded together
to protect themselves in their landed rights.
Becoming much interested in the legal aspect
of this rude attempt to establish justice in a
community which was almost without the pro-
tection of constituted authority, his mind turned to the study of law,
and he commenced reading with the ardor and determination
which have continually brought him into public prominence. He
was admitted to the Bar in 1851, and in 1860 opened a law office
in Chicago, continuing, however, to reside in Waukegan. In
1855. Mr. Haines completed a compilation of the laws of Illinois
relating to township organization, containing notes of decisions
and forms for proceedings iu various cases. The work so attracted
the attention of the Legislature that a large edition was ordered for
distribution to the public officers in every township in the State. It
also went into popular use and is much prized by the legal frater-
nity generally. Like compilations were prepared by him for the
States of Michigan, Missouri, Wisconsin and Minnesota, the last
two by order of the Legislature. In 1858, Mr. Ilaines also pub-
lished a "Treatise on the Powers and Duties of Justices of the
Peace in Illinois," which today is standard authority. In all
probability there are few people who are at all acquainted with the
political history of Illinois for the past thirty years, who are not
thoroughly convinced of Mr. Ilaines's independence, fearlessness
and originality in 'action and thought. Naturally an agitator and
a radical, practical thinker, politics seem to have always had a
charm for him, and he appears never to have been satisfied with
taking a subordinate part. lie was originally a democrat, but the
slavery question drove him to the republican party, which he
assisted to organize. In 1859, 1861 and 1863, he was sent to the
State Legislature as a representative of Lake County. He com-
menced to agitate the anti-monopoly question in 1867, and two
years later was elected to the constitutional convention as an inde-
pendent and anti-monopoly candidate, defeating the republican
nominee by about three hundred majority in a county which
usually gave that party fifteen hundred. In the constitutional
convention there were eighty-five members and the republicans had
but one majority, so that Mr. Ilaines held the balance of power,
as he did in 1885, during the contest for the speakership and the
United States senatorship. Upon both occasions he acted inde-
pendently, in one case being greatly instrumental in shaping the
anti-monopoly element in tiie State constitution, and in the other
'Of
being a power in the choice of a senator. Mr. Haines was
re-elected to the Legislature in 1870 and in 1874, representing,
during the latter year and under the apportionment of the new
constitution, the counties of Lake and McIIenry. At the session
of 1875 came the contest for speaker of the House. The inde-
pendents again held the balance of power and Mr. Haines was
called to the post of honor — the third officer under the State gov-
ernment. He was re-elected in 1882 and 1884, serving again as
speaker of the House during the session of the Legislature of 1885.
MAYOR COLVIN'S TERM. — In his inaugural address to the
Council, on December i, 1873, Mayor C'olvin referred to the issues
between the two parties in the preceding canvass, and promised
economy and reforms. The following are excerpts from his message:
During the last municipal administration the attention of our coinin unity
has, to a great extent, been diverted from all questions referring to an econom-
ical management of the city finances, or even to the protection of life and prop-
erty; efforts, as fruitless as they were frantic, were made to enforce certain
ordinances In regard to the observation of the first day of the week. It is a well
known fact that those ordinances, how much soever they may have been In
consonance with the public opinion of a comparatively small and homogeneous
population at the time of their enactment have ceased to be so since Chicago
has, by the harmonious co-operation of citizens belonging to the different
nationalities, grown from a village to the rank of one of the greatest cities of
the world. For a series of years it has been the practice of our municipal ad-
ministration to treat those ordinances as obsolete, and to refrain from enforc-
ing them. It is not intended to denounce that practice, but merely to state
that, within the past year, it lias become distasteful to a large portion of the
community. In our late election the issue has been fairly and squarely made,
whether the existing ordinances shall he retained and enforced, or, upon ! In-
other hand, either repealed or so modified as to be in consonance with the
present state of public opinion in our Community. A majority of our people
(so over whelm ing that it would lie preposlenms to designate [heir decision as
a "snap " judgment, or to cavil at its meaning) lias decided the question in
favor of the latter alternative. It behooves all good citizens who believe in
the principles of our republican form of government to accept that popular
decision, to which, following the advice of my predecessor in office, they have
appealed. Then- is no reason to fear that those who conscientiously believe
the existing ordinance upon the subject to be dictated by a spirit of religious
intolerance incompatible with the spirit of our age, will, on their own part,
defy the spirit of mutual toleration. If the Common Council, in its wisdom.
86o
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
ami having nndonhtedly full power upon the subject, should determine either
I., n peal or modify the Sunday prohi hil ions and Sunday clauses in the license
law. or lo fully secure the religions e\cn ises m a portion Of our citizens from
all disturbance, without iuieiferiiiK wiih tin- harmless enjoyments of other
citi/ens. it will <lo no more than us duty toward the majority of the people
this city.
(tur police system should he roll ducted upon the pri nciple of the preven-
tion rather than the punishment of erime. Nor should the eity seek to obtain
revenue l<y means ot an v of I lie prevalent roims of vice. When i I does. 11 he-
eomes pai lieeps crimiuis iii tin! !nii|iii[y it j 'I -ol esses to punish or suppress.
M > nature i e volts against this barbarous and hrutal practice, not pursued for
the purpose ot evt i rpatinj; viee. hut w ith the object of adding a few paltry
dollars to tbe public ie\enne. it shall never receive mysan&lon. All that
i -a 1 1 iiselnl!) lie act iplishcd in I his di reel ion is i he mitigation of the more
glarlDg and demoralizing effects of that which In all ages and anion^ all T aees
lias existed as an evil thai may he mitigated, or perhaps, regulated, but Which
has never \ ei i n exterminated.
1'oliee oitn-ers .should he made to understand and feel that laws are
enaeud as much to protect the unfortunate as lo punish the wiekeil. In no
ease should a person he inhuman ly treated simply because lit: has been
arrested tor some petty otien.se or misdemeanor.
I am dee i i led I \ -opposed to tlie practice of police officers receiving money,
ill the sha| f rewards for services rendered, from any corporal ion or Indi-
vid ital. i.et t hem look to the clt] alone for remuneration, such pi act ice will,
sooner or later, end in the force becoming merely the instruments of great
corporations or wealthy Individuals. • * *
In conclusion, gentlemen. 1 would add that, in view of the prostrated
condilion of oiir city treasury, onr feliow-cili/ens loudly call upon you for
economical legislation . A I i he same time they look to me for a prompt inter-
position of my velo to any measure of \\ast et'ni, excessive or corrupt expendi-
ture. I hope ami trust Ilial neither will fall in the duties of our respective'
provinces, [n the event that we do not, we shall acquit ourselves to our own
and the public satistac 'Hi ind receive the reward due to good and faithful
servants.
Among the lirsl official ads uf M:iyor Colvin was the appoint-
ment "f Jacob Rclun as superintendent of police and !•". !•'. ('.
Klokkc as a member of the Hoard of Police and Kirc Commissioners.
They were r.inhnnrd b\ llu- Counril on December 22, 1873. These
appointments were followed by thai of Michael C. Mickey, for cap-
i.im "I police, vice l.onis |. Lull. Subsequently Mr. Kehm became
implicated in tin- whisky fraud conspiracy against |he Covcrnmcnl,
anil was forced to resign, when M. C. IJiekey was made supcrin-
lendent of police, .ind Joseph Di\on appc.inled deputy superinten-
dent. Among other imporlanl appointments made by Mayor Colvin
were S. S. Hayes OS comptroller, Mathias lienner for lire marshal,
Michael I!, liailey for superintendent of buildings, A. M. Hillings
and \V. J. Onahan as directors of the Public Library, Noel 1!.
Boyden as prosecuting attorney, John It. Drake and S.' \1. Moore
as fire commissioners, George I., Dunlop as city marshal, Ccorgc
Kverhart as assistant city weigher, \V. j. Knglish as a nieniber of
the Hoard of K.lucation, II, I',, llurd as comniissioner to revise
ordinances, I ir. P.rockholst Me\'ickar as member of the Hoard of
Health. Awry \l e as appraiser of school lands, and R. K.
Coodcll as city marshal, to succeed Ceorge 1.. 1 lunlop, resigned.
THE GAGE Di:i AI.CVI ION.— On December 15, 1873, John A.
Rice, one of I >avid A. Cage's bondsmen, waited on Mayor Colvin
ami informed him that the city treasurer was short in his accounts
to the extent of §350,000, anil in order to make good this deficiency
stood ready to turn over his entire property. The announcement,
as may be supposed, created a great sensation and was the topic of
more than the passing hour. Legal measures were set on foot to
recover as much as possible of the money involved in Treasurer
Cage's defalcation. The city attorney filed a pnccipe in a plea for
debt against Gage and his bondsmen,' William !•'. Tucker, Albert
Crosby, John I!. Sherman, James II. MeVicker, Nathaniel I'.
Wilder, John A. Rice ami Ceorgc \V. Cage, placing damages at
$1,000,000. ( in December 26, City Treasurer O'Hara, following
tlie instructions of the city law department, made a formal demand
upon Kx-Treasurer Cage for a deficit of money belonging to the
city, amounting to £507,703 58. After consultations between Mr.
(lake's bondsmen, on December 30 a formal conveyance by trust
deed was made by Mr. Cage of all his property to Ceorge Taylor.
Proceedings were then instituted against Mr. Cage for perjury, the
charge being, that, in hi- periodical statements made under
oath regarding the disposition of funds and the amounts in his
hands, he had repeatedly and knowingly committed perjury. The
matter of Mr. Cage's defalcation ha\ing been brought before the
grand jury. City Treasurer o'llara, in accordance with the advice
ol State's Attorney ( hades Reed, made another personal and formal
demand upon Cage for the balance of the city funds in his hands,
but Mr. Cage made no response. On January 7, the grand jury
returned indictments against Cage lor failing to pay over the moneys
intrusted to his keeping, and also for perjury. The indictment for
perjury was ((Hashed, bul the February grand jury returned n new
indictment covering the same charge. From a careful examination of
the records bearing on the Cage defalcation, it appears that Alder-
man Sherwood, a member of the finance committee of the Council,
was the first to discover that anything was wrong, but it was openly
Charged aller the defalcation became publicly known that some of
1 Ismcn claimed that they were tioMvprchcnsibly careless
i'onsihic, for tlie reason that shortly after the " hire- Proof"
administration assumed charge of city affairs Cage xvas discovered
to be short some (200,000. Some days before the election of the
People's Party candidates, Alderman Sherwood questioned Cage
about the city's hinds, and secured a list of banks wherein they were
alleged to be deposited. lie asked to see I he bankbooks lo compare
them with the list of balances, and wa.s told that Mr. Cage had taken
them away and that they had not been written up for several months.
The stubs of check books showed that current accounts were run-
ning with but two banks, the Second National and Mechanics',
while the other accounts had apparently not been disturbed since
1-71. Shortly before the lire, however, the water fund was known to
be over S i ,000,000, whereas, from the records, the amount in the
hands of the treasurer on October 17, 1*71, was seen to be only
$645,727.48. Mr. Sherwood was called to Minnesota by the death
of his sister before he could pursue his investigation further. I'poti
his return he received a request from Mr. Cage to meet the latter
at the Crand 1'acilic Hotel, and did so. At this interview Mr.
i iage confessed that he was short $300, ooo, and Mr. Sherwood said
subsequently he Understood from Cage he had confessed to Mr.
ISoiid and Comptroller P.urlcy that he was short $250,000. Mr.
I .age appealed to Mr. Sherwood's gcnerositv to give him ten days
in which to straighten matters up. Mr. Sherwood consented, in-
sisting that the books should be fully written up, and ended the in-
terview feeling satisfied Cage would make up the deficiency before
he- was compelled to make- a set I lenient with his successor. The
finance committee made up a rep< >rt to the ( 'otincil, which Mr. Sher-
wood refused lo sign, on account of his knowledge of the facts above
given. The deficit at the end of Cage's term was $507,703.58, the
amount slated in the demand ol his successor, Treasurer O'llara.
of which $147,50') remained in the banks, leaving the actual claim
against Cage $360,203.58. The re-indictment of Cage for perjury
was quashed by Judge Moore on March 26, 1874, on the ground
thai in his affidavits ( )age omitted the word " unlawfully" before the
word " use," and that the affidavit was therefore merely a voluntary
offering and not a legal document within the meaning of the law.
( In the indictment for failing to turn over the funds, (iage obtained
a change of venue lo Lake < 'otinty, and eventually defeated the city
on this criminal charge also.
In March, i.->7S, a judgment was rendered in the Circuit Court
of Cook Count)- against David A. (iage, ami his bondsmen, \Vil-
liam V. Tucker, Albert Crosby, John I!. Sherman, lames II. Mc-
Vicker and Nathaniel P. Wilder, for the sum of $507,703.58. The
case was taken to the Appellate Court by writ of error, by the de-
fendants, and that court rendered judgment on January 7, 1879,
reversing the judgment of the Circuit Court. The city appealed
from the judgment of the Appellate Court to the Supreme Court,
and thai court, al its September term, 1879. reversed the judgment
of the Appellate ( 'our! and directed the latter court to enter judg-
ment continuing the judgment of the Circuit Court, which was done
accordingly. Ill December, 1^73, D.-uicl A. Cage and wife executed
to ( ieorge Taylor a deed of trust of several pieces and parcels of land
to secure the city on account of Cage's indebtedness, and contain-
ing (lower of sale, etc. ( If this land a certain portion described as
being in Township 39, Section i, was not owned by Cage, bul he
did own 30 acres in Township 38, Section I, which he claimed was
(he land he' intended lo convey, bul that a mistake was made in the
description. lie subsequently conveyed the tract in Township 38,
Section i, io another party, and the trustee thereupon filed a bill lo
have the latter conveyance set aside and the description in the trust
deed corrected.
While T. I.yle Dickey was corporation counsel, he filed a bill
in the Superior Court of Cook County, for a decree directing the
trustee to sell a tract of 254 acres, known as the "Cage farm";
another party, a non-resident of the State, claiming- interest as a
creditor of Cage, filed a cross-bill, and upon his petition the cause
was removed to the Tinted Stales Circuit Court, but on motion of
the corporation counsel, the United Stales Court remanded the
cause to the Superior Court, holding that it was not removable
therefrom under the Act of Congress. l-'rom this order the com-
plainant in the cross-bill took an appeal to the United States Su-
preme Court, which court affirmed the order of the court below,
remanding the case to the Superior (cunt of Cook County.
Mr. ( iage also assigned, in 1873. to Ceorge Taylor, as trustee,
for the use of the city, certain choses in action, such as bonds, life
insurance policies, etc. Up to February 19, 1880, Trustee Taylor
had realized for the city from real-estate sales and other sources
$67,644.57, which amount was credited on the judgment against
the bondsmen.
On January io, 1881, Corporation Counsel Adams recom-
mended to the Council that authority be conferred upon the Mayor
and Comptroller, to make- a reasonable compromise with the bonds-
men for the balance- due- Ihe city. A compromise was finally effected.
The bondsmen who went into bankruptcy escaped payment. John
1!. Sherman paid the city $50,000, his full share of the indebtedness,
and William !•'. Tucker paid §5,000. David A. Cage, on his part,
perfected the lille of the city to the 30 acres in township 38. IIow
much the city will reali/e upon the total defalcation will not be
known until all of the land is sold.
In June, 1875, when it was feared the Covernment would tear
down the partially built Custom I louse, on account of the insecurity
of its foundations, Mayor Colvin, in obedience to a resolution of the
POLITICAL HISTORY.
86 1
Council, appointed a commission of expert architects, composed of
|. M. Van Osdcl, chairman, \V. \V. Poyington, A. Bauer, L'dward
Hurling, |. I. Lagan, and ( >. 1.. \Yheelock tn examine the founda-
tions i if the Custom [louse, consult with the Government engineers,
and report In the < 'ily Council. The architects subsequently reported
that, in their estimation, the foundations were sufficiently secure to
support the contemplated structure. They also put in a claim for
pay for their sen ices, and as this contingency had not been pro-
vided for, a series of embarrassments ensued before the claim was
ultimately satisfied.
( >n April 2;, i.-;?, during Mayor Colvin's term, an election was
held on the question of the proposed organization ot the city under
the general law, by the adoption of the new charter, and to settle the
question of minority representation in the Council. The Council at
this time was in favor of the new charter anil against minority rep-
resentation; and while the voters did not take much interest in the
questions, which hail not been fully discussed in public, the aldermen
went out in their wards and succeeded, by reason of a light vote, in
carrying the election to suit themselves. The vote as canvassed on
May 3. was — Lor organi/alion of the city under the general law,
11,714; against, 10,281; For minority representation in the Council,
1,550; against, 5,544.
( )n [tine 25, 1875, the < 'ommitlee on Police, to whom had IHVM
referred a resolution relative to the abolishment of the Hoard of
Police and lire Commissioners, reported an ordinance creating the
present Police and Fire Departments and the ofiiccs of City Mar-
shal, Superintendent ot Police and Fire Marshal, and on |une 28,
after a lively contest in the Council, the ordinance was passed by a
vote of 28 to 8. In March, 1876, the ordinance creating the Fire
Department was amended so as to put the appointive powers and
full control and management in the hands of the lire marshal. The
salary of the city marshal was lixed at §4,oix> a year and Mayor
Colvin, on July 30, 1875, appointed ( leorge L. Dunlop the first city
marshal under the new law.
On February 28, 1876, .the Council passed an ordinance rc-
districting the city into eighteen wards, thereby reducing the num-
ber by two wards.
At a special meeting of the Council, on March 24, 1876,
Alderman Woodman moved that .the city clerk be instructed to
call a " Special election for Mayor, April 18, 1876, to fill the exist-
ing vacancy." The motion was lost by a vote of 21 noes to 16 ayes.
On March 27, the Council judiciary committee reported an ordi-
nance for a special election in answer to the petition of a large num-
ber of citixens for a special election. The ordinance was defeated
by avole of 22 noes to !0 ayes. At the Council meeting oi April
28, 1870, Alderman White offered a resolution, which was adopted,
calling upon the I. aw Department for an opinion upon the follow-
ing questions :
1. Is it the duty of the City Council to canvass the votes cast at the recent
election for Mayor?
2. If not, ran this Council or its successors declare a vacancy to exist in
the office of Mayor, ami elect, to till such vacancy, one of its members?
The Law Department, at the meeting held on May I, 1876, sub-
mitted an opinion by F.gbert Jamicson, city attorney, in which both
questions were answered in the negative.
Farly in January, 187(1, tin- Tribune began to attack the finan-
cial policy of the administration, and there were quite a number of
citixens in favor of the repudiation of the payment of their taxes,
and they also favored repudiation on the part of the city of the
payment of a certain portion of the outstanding city scrip, or the
certificates issued subsequently to the adoption of the new charter.
On February 21, |S-(,, Comptrollers. S. Hayes, in an exhaustive
communication, rebutted any possible legality in such action on the
part of the citixens.
liy the adoption of the new law, the re-districting of the city
and other improvements in the system of government noted, the
old and cumbersome machinery of many governing boards was done
away with, and the administration of the laws and ordinances was
simplified and made more direct in the hands of the Mayor and
heads of departments.
MOSKS IMXKS \\ I.M \vm< i u, attorney at law, is a son of Colonel
Joseph anil Sarah 1'. (|ones) Wentworth, and was born at Sand-
wich, N. 11., on May u, 1848. He attended the schools of his
native town during his youth, anil then entered Harvard University,
from which he graduated in ] MiS. He came to Chicago at the age
of twenty, and entered the Chicago Law I' Diversity, graduating in
1871. In 1874, he was elected a member of the Legislature, re-
elected again in 187(1 and 1878, and was nominated for the fourth
time, but declined the honor. 1 luring his three terms in the Legisla-
ture, he never rode upon a free pass (although such were always sent
to him), and this noticeable departure from the ordinary custom has
never been mentioned, until this item makes the fact public. He
has since devoted himself to the general practice of law, and is
chiefly engaged in attending to the interests of his uncle, Hon.
John" Wentworth. lie is a staunch democrat and a member of the
Calumet Club.
IlnVNK vs. Cni.viN. — The general incorporation act, which
had been adopted, changed I he date of the election of Mayor from
November to April, and Mayor Colvin thought he had tiie right,
under the charter, to hold over from fall to spring. The Council had
passed an order providing for an election of city officers under the
new general incorporation act, but had omitted all reference to the
office of Mayor. Meantime, notwithstanding the fact that Mavor
Colvin claimed the office and no official call had been made for the
election of Mayor, a mass meeting of citixens, numbering upward
of thirty thousand, was held in the Imposition Iklilding, and Thomas
I loyne was nominated for Mayor. In the ensuing election a popular
vote was taken, and Thomas I loyne received 33,004 votes against
gig scattering. The city therefore had two mayors, although (he
Council refused to canvass the vole cast for Mr. I loyne. The in-
coming Council, at its first meeting, however, decided to canvass the
vote, and, having done so, declared Mr. 1 loyne the duly elected
\la\or. An exciting time ensiled. Mr. 1 loyne waited on Mavoi
Colvin, at the old City Hall, known as the " Rookery," and demanded
that he surrender the ollicc. Mr. Colvin declined to yield possession.
and a reference was had to the courts, resulting in the \irtual failure
of each of the contestants to sustain his position, ludge McAllister
decided that Mayor Colvin should have issued a call for the election
as usual, and further that the election of Mr. Ilo\nc was informal,
the Mayor and ( 'ouncil not having issued a call. The new I 'ouucii
I hereupon called a special election for July 12, 1876. Mr. I loyne
was besought to again become a candidate, but lie refused, saying
he considered that he had already performed his duty to the public.
The call of the Council having been formal as to the city treasurer,
city clerk, city attorney and clerk of the police court, these officers,
who ran at the same lime as Mr. I loyne, were declared duly elected.
They were: Clinton Priggs, treasurer; Caspar liutx, cilv clerk;
Richard S. Tulhill, cilv attorney; Martin liest, clerk of police court.
In the special election in July ihc Republicans nominated
Monroe Heath for Mayor, and the Democrats Mark Kimball. Mr.
Heath's majority in the election was i i.v;<j over Kimball, and he
served with the officers already elected until April 3, 1877, when he-
was re-elected by a majority of ii,44cj, receiving a total vote ' I
30,881 to 10,449 for his opponent. Perry II. Smith, the Democratic
candidale. Caspar Put/, was re-elected city clerk and R. S. Tuthill
citv attorney. Charles K. Larrabee was elected treasurer over
Clinton Priggs, receiving _><>, =;<><) votes to the latler's 23,929.
"TIIK TI.MK CHICAGO 1IA11 TWO MA VORS." well reineinlirri-il liy
tax payers anil voters, anil often relened to hy politicians, was the exciting
period between April Is and .lulv la, 1K7H. when both Thomas Hoyne ami
Harvey 1>. Colvin claimed the ollice of Mayor. The til sr inert ing of the new
Council elected at the same time that IMr. Hoyne received the entire popular
vote, wltbout opposition, waa held on May 8. 1876. Mayor Colvin m-rnpicd
the chair, and when his oltirial message was pn-seiiied hy the clerk.it was
referred, hy a large majority, on motion of Alderman McCrea, to the " Finance
Committee, when Hie Committee shall have been appointi-d." On several
ensuing motions the Council refused to sustain the rulings of the chair hy
voles of ^4 to !:>, and slti to 10. liy the latter' vote, on motion of Alderman
Aldrich, the elerk was insli nrted to prodm e the lelurus of the last election,
and, upon the announcement of the result, Alderman Aldrich moved that
Thomas Hoyne he declared elected Mayor of the eily for the term ending on
the third Tuesday of April. 1877. Mavor Colvin ruled the motion out of order
and refused to entertain an appeal. Alderman Thompson tnen called upon
Alderman Aldrich to put the question on his motion, ami the iattcrstepped lo
the clerk's desk ami put the question, and it prevailed hy a vote of twenty-
five ayes to eleven nays. On motion of Alderman Thompson to tix the bond
of the Mayor in the penal sum of $10,000, Mayor Colvin again refused to en-
tertain the mol ion. an. I Alderman Alilrlch again put tliequeslion.and the mo-
tion prevailed by a vote of twenty-six ayes to ten nays. I'm snaut to the pro-
visions of Section 5, Article 4, of the Act of 1875. under which the city had
been re-tnoorporated, the aldermen then proceeded to ilraw lots for the term
to be held by each member of the Council. Those drawing lots for the first
class, to continue in office for one year, were Alilermeu Pearsons, liallard.
Aldrich. Gilbert, Sheridan, l.o.hling, Kerbei, O'Brien. Jieidler, Smith. liriggs.
,
to be held by each member of the Cou
class, to continue in office for one
Aldrich. Gilbert, Sheridan, l.o.hling, , . , . .
MeCrea, Cleveland, K\an, .Niesen, Lengacher, Murphy anil lioser. Tln>se
ilrawing lots for the second class, to hold office for two years, were Alilermen
McAnley, Rosenberg, Thompson, Stewart, Sommer, Cullerton. Hildret-li,
Lawler, Van Osdcl, White. Tlnnop. Kawleigh, Wheeler, liaumgarten, Waldo,
Linsenbarth, Sweeney and Kirk. Thus the election of aldermen to alternate
terms was established.
The Council began to hold day sessions, mcetingas often as threeor four
times a week. At the meeting of May 9, the clerk announced ihat Mav-i
Hoyne had taken tlie oath of olliee and (iled his official boml. Alderman
Thompson moved that the boml be approved, ami Mayor Colvin, in the chair,
refused to entertain the motion. The question being put by Alderman Al-
drich. the bond was approved by a vote of twenty-six ayes to ten nays. Alder-
man A Id rich presented a preamble ami resolution, direct ing all city officers to
recognize Hon. Thomas Hoyne as Mayor, and moved its adoption. Ma\nr
Colvin rnleil the resolution out of order, and refused to entertain an appeal ;
but the question on the adoption of the resolution was put by Alderman
Aldrich, who was called upon by Alderman Cnllerton to do so, and the reso-
lution was adopted by a vote of twenty-six for to ten against. On May 11 the
Council met. and from I he absence of Ma.\ or Colvin it appeared that he had
given unthe fight temporarily to appeal to the courts. Alderman Aldrirh
was made chairman of the Council pro tern pore. At the next meeting of the
Council on May 15, the clerk presented the following communication from
Mayor Hoyne:
MAYOK'S OKKICK, May 15, 1876.
To the Honorable the Members of the City Council of Chicago:
Gentlemen,—] have pleasure of communicating to you the intelligence
that, ill obc< Hence to the request contained in your resolutions ofthe ijtll inst.,
I have been recogni/cd as [In- legally q mil i tied and acting Mayor of Chicago,
liy all the departments of the Municipal government except that of the City
Comptroller, who, I doubt not, will speedily follow the example of the oilier
ollinnls. 1 have the honor to be your obedient servant,
THOMAS HOYNK, Mayor.
Mayor Hoyne also presented a complete list of standing committees of
the Council, which was duly adopted by a vole of twenty-five to nine. The
clerk announced that he had In his possession a communication from Hon.
H I). Colvin, concerning the penal sum of the mayor's bond. Alderman Cul-
lerton moved lhat the communication be not received, and the motion pre-
vailed by the customary vote. It was at this meeting of the Council that the
first official notice was received of the defalcation of George Von Hollen, city
collector. Aldermau Cullerton moved, and it was carried, that a special
862
HISTORY ()!• CHICAGO.
K
cnmnuttee of three be appointed In the chair, whose duly It should In- in
fully Investigate the alleged losses of the late City Collector, George VUM
Hollen. in various gambling houses in (he city, ami. tn that end and lot the
jnirpo.-e ul aM8l8tIUg Said committee m tin- l ceo vei v <>!' >aid I n uiie \ , they N!I i mid
OW6T tO SendfOr persons and papei •>. As me ml UTS or lliis committee
of Investigation, tin- chair Appointed Aldermen cuiierton, Thompson and
llawleigh. on Ma\ is. Ma\or lloyne assumed I lie chair as presiding offlcei
uft be Council, ;ind delivered his Inaugural address. The address was vnlu-
iiiii.oiis, ;ind 1 1- 1 1 Ic! e with i eeoin niendatioilS fur ivlt.ru is and t tie belter
govei niuei;t of theciU.
At i (UN meeting. Alderman lYars.-ns presented the tol low ing resolution
which was adopted:
/;(.M*,I'( ./. Tli at the euinpt roller he. and is hereh>, anllnu'i/ed and directed
tn make Mich arrangements as may In- practicable and legal to p'tv puneiiiaUy
;it maturity all the certificates of indebtedness of the CUV of Chicago issued
LH artnal loans of nnmey lo the city, or lor other liahilities lor which .tn up.
propriation and tax lev\ has hern made.
At the ensuing in eel i 11^ "t tlie Council, May $2. u coniinunieat inn \\ i^
reeei vc.l It <>tn Ma> <ir lloyne, removing t 'mm office forty-live emphM es of Hie
I'.oani oi Health, and recommending that a'l duties pertaining to the iioatd
of Meall ti l>e referred to and placed under the supei inteiidenee of Dr. Itrock-
hoLst MeViekar, the president of the Hoard. In another coinniuiiieai ion
MJIJ or Ilo\ ne staled Hi.-; he ha.i removed from oiliee all id the per-ons, thir-
teen in number, employed in the Department of Kmidings, ami recommend-
ing that, until Im ther orders, tlie duties of the Depariiueid lie referred to and
performed under the di reel ion of the Board of Public Works. Mayor lloyne'.s
1i-st appointee was Klliott Aiilln>n\ . sine*- a judge ol tin.- Circuit Court, us
: of the corporation, and the appointment was confirmed by the Council
by a unanimous vote, thirty-three members voting Iii the affirmative.
At the meeting in question Mayor lloyne also announced that he had
removed Hon. S. S. IIa\ r->. the - it v comptroller, from ollice. for Ihe n-ason t hat
over his own signature, in a morning paper. Mr. llaj es deliberately declared
hi,-, adherence lo tin- tinan-'ial policy w Inch had already heen Condemned and
had compromised ami jeopardized the credit of the city.
"He Insists," said Ma.\ or Ho\ ne. in his com m ur. Scat ion, "as the finan-
cial officer of the city, upon continuing t he issue of cerl iticates drawn agai nsl
tilt-lax levy »d' the year 1876— not to pay the sums appropriated toward the
expenses of this year, for which the Jevj was made, hut to pay and take up
certificates nnlaw liilh isMied in former years, and row about maturing.
" I am salistied thai if the levy of 1S7<1 is drawn against for this purpose
to the extent emit em plat cd, of 75 percent., to pay out si and inn cert ilicales, the
present Council will II ml itself without funds to pay I Is current expenses, such
as policemen, tireiuen. laborers, etc.. before the end of (he fiscal year."
Mayor Hoy ne further i linated to succed Mr. Hayes, in case his remo-
val was confirmed, the Hon. i;. r, Deiickson.
The Council conflrined ihr appointment of Mr. Deriekson by a vole of
t wet ii\ in the affirmative to eleven in the negative.
Mayor Hoyne further recommended the removal of R. K. Goodell, city
marshal, and the abolishment of ihe ollice, and that the Superintendent of I'o-
hee, M. c. iiidv. y. he required lo perform the duties theretofore appertaining
to the ollice. The committee on pol ice also reported i ii favor of abolish ng the
otlice of .Marshal, ihe reduction td salaries anil a general reorganization of (he
police rorce, as recommended b> the. Mayor in his message,
Ai this memorable meeting of the Council, the bond of Clinton Brigg.s as
City treasurer, In the penal sum of $5.000.000, was appioved the signers
being Clinloti liriggs. William K Coolbaiigh, Calvin (J. Wheeler, As,. Dow.
David Krcigh, Matthew Latlin, Joseph o. llutter. M . ( '. Stearns and Daniel
O'Hara.
At the Council meeting of May 31. the penal sum of the comptroller's
bond was li\. d at -KH>,Oimt the oilier of cily marshal was abolished, and the
Fire Department was directed and authorized to establish a depai tiiient of
repairs.
Beginning; with the session of June 5. 187t>. each sun ceding meeting
grew more lively and exciting for the ensuing month. The decision of . I mine
McAllister in ihe Mayoralty contest. Induced Mr. lloyne to desist from any
a. -live nntagnnlsui of Mr. Colvin. \\lto assumed the functions of acting Mayor
and presided over tbe Council, but the ami Colvin majority of the (Council
made his position anything but a pleasant one to maintain. On June 5 Ma>m
Colvin sent a message m the Council, approving the ordinance abolishing the
0 he- . f city m usual. Mid notifying the Council that he had removed K. i;.
Qoodell, already removed by Mayor Hoy ue, from thai uihee. on motion . f
Aldei man McCrt-a this communication was acre pied and placed on tile. An-
other communication from Mayor Colvin, announcing thai he had removed
Mosrs. Uednioild Primliville; J. K. Thompson and Louis \Vahl from the
offlceof Commissioners of Public Works, and ha appointed B. B. Chesbrough
to discharge tbe dUtiM Of Ihe Offlclalfl removed, was icceive.l, and Alderman
CullertOll moved that the action of the Mayor be not concurred in. Mayor
Colvin ruled that the motion, under.a standing rule ot the Co \\ mn^i 'in-
referred to tbe Committee on Judiciary. Alderman cuiierton appealed i i
1 he deci-i..Ti ol the chair, and his appeal was sustained, ami on a subsequent
ballot his motion prevailed by yeas :i8 and nays 6.
The Mayor's uexl move, m his contest with the Council, was to return
without his approval, the resolution passed on May 31. tixliur the bond oi
Comptroller Derickson at s loi).(Mit). Tooil.set this, the Council passed the reso-
lution nvei the Mayor's veto hy a vote of ;»4 to 11. This approval of the bond
was in turn vetoed hy the Mayor, and the Council again allirmed their action
by approving the bond over the Mayor's veto.
A call fora special meeting of'the Council to consider ihe advisability of
calling' a special election for Mayor, in accordance with the recommendation
of the Kl nance Commit tee. was i^ued, a><i| signed by Aldennen J \V Stewart
James H. Cilbert. William Aldrich and Mark Sheridan, and pursuant to this
call the Council mei on June 7, ISTti. In the ordinance, as reported by ihe
Committee, June 87wia fixed upimas the date for holding the special elec-
tion. At the next meeting. June 1^, the ordinance was amended by mahiii"
the date of the election July l*j. and it was then passed after several obstruc-
tive vote* had been uvurcome, by a vote of s!5 ayes to 10 na\ s.
At the same meeting of the Cmindl at which the ordinance
calling. a Special election for Mayor was adopted, Mi. Colvin sent
in, ;isiv<|uired by law. a petition presented to him, said to contain
the names of ten thousand voters, asking the submission to a vote
of the electors of the city of the question whether the city should
become reorganized under an act of the Cencral Assembly, entitled
"An Act i" pro\idi.- for the rc-organization of Cities," approved
on April s. i>;5, and in force on July i, 1875. This petition uas
referred to the Committee on ludiciary.
Alderman Aldrich moved that the report of the Committee on
Kire and Water, in reference to a petition for the rc-appoimmcnt of
DeWiM C. Cre-icr as superintendent of the waterworks, |>c referred
lo the Hoard of Tublic Works. Mr. Cre-ier had been removed bv
Mayor Colt in, and Mr. Traulman, assistant superintendent, ap-
pointed in his stead. The petition in question was signed by C. 1'
Kell.,0";, John V. 1-aitteli >\ Co., C. M. Henderson & Co., RumSey
liros. ,V Co., and many other representative eiti/.ens and lut'o-e tax
payers; and the committee, besides recommendiii"; that the petition
be granted, certified that during twenty-three years of service Mr.
Cregier had faithfully perlormed his 'duties, "and no charge had
been made which affected his competency or intesrritv.
At the meeting of the Council on June 21, Alderman McCrea
presented the following communication;
" HON. S. M. M -TICK A. Chairman Finance Commit tee:
Hear Sir: Inasmuch as 1. one week a^'o, proposed to the Hon. S. S.
H.I \ es i hat we should both relinquish our chums to the oil ice •>! compti oiler,
in order that the cily altairs imi-Jti not be, embari-assed. and that Mr, . P. A.
l-'ai \\ell. chief clerk in the compt roller's olliee. be appointed to (ill the place;
and it has come to my knowledge that Mr. IIa> es ha- consented to resh/n his
c la im -. to that oltice, and that the act in- Ma> or has consented to appoint Mr.
l''arv\ ell to l lie position, I therefore, through yon, present to the Ma\ m1 and
City Oonncil my resignation uf t be ollice of comptroller, lo take eilec! on i be
appointment and contii mat ion ol J. A. Kurwell to the same olliee.
R. 1*. DKI11CKSON.
A communication from Mr. Colvin followed, wherein lie named
Mr. Karwell for comptroller, and the appointment was continued by
a vole ol ayes '2(>, nays nonr.
The vole by which the ordinance abolishing the othee ol < omp-
iroller and transferin^ the duties to ihe city clerk was passed, was
thereupon n-t on^idnvd, and on a motion of Alderman Thompson
to a^ain pass the same ordinance, thirty votes in ihe nejjalhc were
recorded. A message from the Mayor, vetoing the ordinance was in
the hands of the clerl. but was not read until after the action nar-
rated was taken.
There having been some insubordination on the part of city
ollicers, ^nmini; out of the conflict of authority between the Mayor
and the Council, the latter body on June 20, adopted an ordinance,
iV(|uirin^ every person having been an officer of the cily to deliver,
within live days after notice, to his successor in office all properly,
books and papers in his possession and bclon^iii"; to the city, under
penally of a line of $50 to $2(XJ for each day such person refused or
failed to comply with said ordinance.
The city and county having entered into a joint contract for Un-
building of the new Court House and City Hall, pursuant to res-
olution, the chair at this meeting appointed Aldennen Van < Ndrl,
Aldrich, Kerber, (lilberl ami White a special committee, with
instructions to arrange and recommend a plan for such building.
S. S. Hayes, ex-comptroller, having sent a communication lo
the ( 'ouncil quest ion jnj£ the official acts ol Mayor lloyne and the
action of the Finance Committee, the communication was referred
to the Committee "ii Judiciary, which reported as follows:
To the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Chicago, in Common Council
assembled:
Your Committee on Judiciary, to whom was referred the communica-
ib-n "f S. S. lla\es acting Comptroller, having had the same under consider-
ation, n s| eciliilly report :
AmO"g the official acts of Mr. lloyne. during his short but brilliant ad-
mi nisi ration of the ollice of Mayor, were the removal of Mr. Hayes from tlie
offlceof com i»t roller and the appointment of Mr. Derlckaou to fill the vacancy,
The validity of t his act ion does not depend upon the u. nest ion its to whether
Mr. Hoyne \va.s Mayor d>- jure, bin upon the other question a.s lo whether Mr
Hoyne was Mayor <ie ftictn.
it has been settled by repeated adjudication, and no lawyer of inieiii-
genee will dispute the proposition, that there can be bin one o ctipaut of an
"tlice at one ;md the same time; in other words, that there can not be a Mayor
de/actoandaMayor <i>- jnr,'. both exerotalug the Functions of one and the
.same ollice of Ma\ or. 1 1, therefore, the removal of Mr. Hayes had no validity
because, as Is alleged, Mi. Hoyne was not the le^ni Mayor ot chn a^o, M t licit
i -^ariK follows that all the olticial acts of Mr. Hoy lie were equal h with-
out validity, which, in the judgment ol your Committee, is positively alfsurd.
The occupanc\ of the office of Ma> or by Mr. Hoyne was I'ecojcnlzed by
M r. Colvin himself in his yu« -wnrrnntn proceedings. Mr, lloyne. as Mayor,
opened the prison doors and released the city convicts; he bad control "t Hie
City Seal; he had full command of the physical force o] the cit\ represented
by the I'olice Department ; he was recognized hv and presided over the meer-
IIIKS of the Council, the legislative authority of the el ty ; and the only reason
for asserting that Mr, Colvin was, during tiiis time, exert- isin^ the tunct ions
of Mayor, is, lliat he was allowed by the courtesy of Mr. Hoyne to occun\ i \\ •,,
small apartments in the Cily Hall which are usually occupied bv Hie Mayor ol
the city, and that. Mr. Hoyne was not recognized iis Mayor by a few decapi-
tated officials. Which of the two gentlemen, Mr. Ho>ue or Mr. Colvin was
in fact admin aterlng the- office of >la\or, is too plain to admit of question
Your Committee have no hesitation in expressing Ihelr opinion that the
official acis ot Ma> or Hoyne, Including the removal of Mr. Hayes were per-
fectly valid a.s the act of an otlicer tit- fuctn.
But no one is authorized to say that Mr. lloyne was not the lawful Ma\ or
Of Chicago during the time lie was administering ihe office. The weight ol
opinion is certainly in favor ot the validity of his election.
It has. to he sure, been decided by a majority of the judges of t he Circuit
Court that that election was a nullity, but that court was without jurisdiction
in tin- premises, and the only eM'fijt winch can In tfiven to their decision is that
which is obtained by the consent of Mr. Hoy ne to abide by the opinion of a
majority of the judges Of that court. Precisely similar effect would neces-
sarily he K'ven to a judgment of a Justice of the IVace, il 'coupled with a
similar agreement by Mr. Hoyne.
In all matters of ahstraci iau tlie final opinion can only be given by the
Supreme Court of the State or the Supreme Court of the Tniied States in eascK
in wlpch jurisdiction is conferred upon that court. Neither of those courts
have as \ et i , pressed any opinion upon the question of Mi. Ho\ lie's election.
The Opinion Of the three Judges of the Circuit Conn i* entitled to respeet
as that of three distinguished iaw>er*. The two Judges who dissented are
certainly no less distinguished.
It is also within the knowledge of > our Committee that the facts and clr-
cnmslances surrounding the t lection of M r. Hm ne were submitted to two
eminent and conservative lawyers of the cily, who had previously expressed
them.- -lyes as absolutely without bias or partisan fueling in the matter, who
gave opinions upon their professional reputations in favor of I he validity of
the election of Mr. Hoyne. it is not to the discredit of any member of 'the
Bench Of the city to say that the opinions of those two lawyers aie of as
much weijrht in determining a question of abstract law as those of either
two of l he three judges of the Circuit Court who g;tvc opposite opinion.
Your Committee, therefore, think they are justified in sa> ing that the
weight Of opinion U In favor of the position that Mr. llo\newas no; only
Major de facto, but also Mayor ilejttre.
The Council musr, however, recognize the condition of matters as they
actually exist, liy the withdrawal of Mr. Hoyne from the contest. Mr. Colvin
became and is acting Mayor, ami his ads as such are perfect ly valid.
There can be no question, also, that the city attorney was right in hold-
ing that Mr. Hayes, who was h-ld in the position of comptro ler by the power
ol the Mayor, was comptroller tie f<tct<>, and that his acts as BuCU were per-
fectly valid so long as he remained in the occupancy of the r hair.
The remaining po i tion of the communication calls for no remark, except
that your Committee have perfect confidence in the ability and integrity of
the Finance Committee, uud it was only with tin: purpose of Attempting to
POLITICAL HISTORY.
863
correct au erroneous impression of the Invalidity of the official acts of Mayor
Hovne, which seems to exist to some extent, that the communication was
noticed at all. JOHN L. THOMPSON,
A. W. WALDO,
FRANK LAWLKI:,
JAMES H. GILBKRT,
Committee on Judiciary.
The closing features of the Colvin administration were a report
of the special committee appointed to consider the matter in favor
of abolishing the Hoard of I'ublic Works and the Hoard of Health,
and reorganizing the same; the Hoard of I'ublic Works under a
commissioner at a salary of $3,000 a year, and the Hoard of Health
under a. health officer at $1,500 a year salary, and a report of the
Finance Committee adverse to the resolution to disband the Police
and Fire Departments.
FUVNK 1. AUI.I.K, justly called the workingman's friend, has
risen to his present enviable position from the humblest walks of
life. Horn in Rochester, N. Y., on June 25, 1842, he was early
left to rely upon his strength, lie came to Chicago in 1854, and
began business life in a brick yard at thirteen years of age. lie
carried newspapers, then advanced to the position of news agent on
the railroad, and next apprenticed himself to a shipwright and
caulker. As a journeyman he became noted for his skill, but event-
ually drifted into intellectual employment for the benefit of those
hard-pressed classes with whom he was in such close sympathy. As
president of the Protective Association connected with his trade, and
in which he had long served as a member, Mr. Lawler came into
close relation with the members of his own craft and also with many
laboring in other lines. After he had acted as general agent of the
Workingman's Advocate for a time, in furthering the advance of
the eight-hour law and other legislation in the interest of his fel-
lows, he returned cheerfully to labor at his trade. In 1868, he was
appointed a letter-carriet by General McArthur, and in 1875 was
transferred to a position in the registry department of the Chicago
posl-ollice, which he resigned in 1876, in order to take his seat in the
City Council as alderman from the Eighth Ward, having been elected
in the spring of that year. Into this body he brought the same spirit
of helpfulness to the workingman which he has ever evinced. His
campaign against the tax fighters of 1872, 1873 and 1874, and later
against the employment of convict labor in any form, especially on
the new City Hall, will go into the political history of Chicago as a
very important chapter. As an index of how his efforts were looked
upon by those who certainly ought to be good judges of their value,
the following resolution, which explains itself, is presented .
"INTERNATIONAL T\ roi;i;.\riiicAL UNION, )
" Detroit, Mi,-li., June 7, 1878. (
" The following resolution was adopted by the International
Typographical Union in convention assembled (delegates being
present from all the cities in the United States, the territories, and
Canada) in the City of Detroit, Mich., on the day and date above
mentioned :
" /iVW?v</, That the thanks of the International Typographical
Union are hereby tendered to Aid. Frank Lawler, of the Common
Council of the City of Chicago, for his successful and energetic op-
position to the employment of convict labor on the new City Hall of
that city.
" DARWIN R. STREKTER, President.
' JOHN II. O'Do.NNKLL, Secretary and Treasurer."
The ordinance which passed the Common Council, during his
first term of service, requiring the bridges to be closed from 6 to 7
o'clock a. m., and from 5:30 to 6:30 p. m., was also Mr. Lawler's
measure, conceived for the benefit of thousands of workingmen, to
whom delays at these times of day might lose them their places or
be of serious inconvenience to them. Among other measures which
have now become a part of the municipal law, and for which the
laborers of Chicago must thank their untiring and consistent friend,
may be mentioned the ordinances by which the working classes are
released from their toil at four o'clock Saturday afternoon; requir-
ing merchants to furnish seats for their female employes; and forbid-
ding the employment in factories of children under twelve years of
age. These are but a few of the actual results of his exertions.
It is not out of place to here call attention to the fact that Mr.
Lawler, all hough not an orator and making no pretensions in that
line, by hU labors in the City Council to establish a municipal sys-
tem of tenement-house inspection, is entitled to no small share of
the honors which attach to those who are at the foundation of the
present State law on that subject. lie has, of necessity, met with
great opposition and abuse from those who can not appreciate the
spirit which has prompted him throughout his career and who, per-
haps, are jealous of the hold which he has obtained upon the confi-
dence and hearts of his constituents. That they had the strongest
faith in the honesty of his intentions and the efficiency of his work,
is evident from his triumphant election in November, 1884, to a
seat in the National House of Representatives, from the Second
Congressional District, in the face of the fact that all but himself
and one other of the democratic nominees were defeated by over
5,000. His term as alderman of the Eighth Ward expired in May,
1886, and he qualified in the popular branch of Congress on March
4, 1885, succeeding John K. Finerty. His success is a tribute to
honesty and hard work unaccompanied by rhetorical nourishes. In
addition to his connection with the various labor organizations of
the city, Mr. Lawler is a member of the Ancient Order of Hiber-
nians, Division 7; of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, Wen-
dell Phillips Lodge; and of the Independent Order of Foresters,
Fidelity Court. He was married at Chicago, on December 5, 1,^70,
to Mary McOuaid. They have four children.
CHARLES C. LARSKN, lieutenant of police at the Chicago-avenue
Station, has been a resident of this city for over twenty years and a
member of the Police Department since 1873. His name has been
familiar to the community for many years, not only as a brave and
efficient officer at routine duty, but also as identified with several
noted detective exploits, and his recent promotion to a position oi
importance and responsibility has been the result of marked abiliu
and observance of duty. Lieutenant I.arsen was born at Copen-
hagen, Denmark, on May 14, 1844, and is the son of Christian
and Clara I.arsen, of that city. There he received his early educa-
tion, and in 1865 he immigrated to America, and, after a brief
sojourn in New York City and on Long Island, came lo Chi. ago,
for permanent residence, in the summer of i,S(>6. In August,
1873, he joined the city police force, entering upon duly as a
patrolman at the West Chicago-avenue Station, where he was
located for nine years, a portion of the time being detailed on
detective duty on special service. In 1881, he was promoted to a
desk-sergeantcy, and in the fall of the succeeding year entered on a
similar position at his present post of duty for two and a half years.
For a time, he was also clerk of the Police Court. On February
13, 1885, he was promoted to the position of patrol sergeant, and
transferred to the Harrison-street Station, where he remained until
October 28, 1885, when he was returned to the Chicago-avenue
Station. On February 19, 1886, he was promoted to a lieutenancy,
to take the place of Lieutenant Sheppard, transferred to the Ilinman-
street Station. Lieutenant I.arsen is familiar with every branch of
the police service, routine, patrol, clerical and detective, and his
record for efficiency, bravery and ability is not surpassed by any
member of the force. In connection with Ex-Chief of Detectives
McGarigle, he worked the celebrated Dr. Mever poisoning ease,
and was also prominent in the Johansen-Hultglen artesian-well
murder. In the line of promotion and duty he enjoys the confi-
dence of his superior officers anil the esteem of his associates.
Lieutenant Larsen was married in Chicago, in 1869, to Miss Chris-
tina Paulsen, a native of Denmark. They have two children, —
Valdemar and Dagmar.
MAYOR HEATH'S ADMINISTRATION. — On July 17, 1876, the
Council met in regular session and canvassed the vote of the special
election of July 12 for Mayor, the result being as follows : Monroe
Heath, Republican, 19,248 votes; Mark Kimball, Democrat, 7,509;
J. |. McGrath, Independent, 3,363. Monroe Heath was declared
duly elected Mayor for the term ending on the third Tuesday in
April, 1877, and his official bond, signed by Monroe Heath, Wil-
liam F. Milligan, Peter Schuttler and Christoph Ilotz, was ap-
proved.
Charles Tarnow was declared elected Alderman of the Seventh
Ward, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James H.
Hildreth.
The tax collection bill, under which the tax commissioner
and city assessor had been operating, having been declared uncon-
stitutional by the Supreme Court, the Council adopted a resolution
calling on the Mayor to discharge the assistants and employes of
both of these offices and to remove the officials themselves. An
order was also passed directing the Board of Education to withhold
the construction of proposed school buildings, and the Committee
on Schools to report a list of all leases of school property, and the
date of expiration of the same, with the view of selling a portion of
the property in order to help the city out of its financial strait.
The special committee, appointed to consult with architects and the
County Board in reference to the construction of the City Hall and
Court House, was discharged, and their duties transferred to the
Committee on Public Buildings, and the Council refused to instruct
the city attorney to take steps to injoin the county from proceed-
ing with its portion of the building. The ordinance abolishing the
Board of Health and reorganizing it under a Commissioner of
Health was adopted, and the office of city physician was done
away with. The first appointment made by Mayor Heath was that
of Dr. Brockholst McVickar as Commissioner of Health, who was
promptly confirmed by the Council.
Mayor Heath, on the advice of the corporation coun-
sel, also vetoed the ordinance passed by the Council cutting
off one-half of the street lamps from being lighted at night. At
the meeting of the Council on July 26, an ordinance was passed
reducing the pay-roll of the Fire Department twenty-five per
cent. ; the pay-roll of the Police Department the same ; the
pay-roll of the Board of Public Works fifty per cent. ; Public Li-
brary thirty per cent.; the salaries of the comptroller and his clerks,
864
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Thompso
of the gas inspector. and of the police justices and clerks were
redm-eil, and the offices of city tax assessor anil city tax coni-
missioiirr were abolished.
On July 31 the following -resolution, offered by Aldernian J. I..
pson, was adopted by the Council by a unanimous vole:
ti-tiilrtil That Ihecity taxes ri ilh 'ctcd by virtue of the lav levy of ISTti
arc hrn-iiv specially pledged and set apart, to the extent <>f ibe first niilliou
dollars collected, to pay the time revenue warrants of 1876. first issue, to that
amount, with interest.
A i-oMimiilcc composed of AMernien Cullerton, Kirk and
Thompson was appointed to pre])are and submit a list of all city
property which in their opinion should lie sold.
In'luly, (876, charges were made against the School Hoard of
corinptilm and malfeasance, and that a " ring " existed among the
nientbers of the Hoard. The Committee on Judiciary of the Coun-
cil were directed to investigate these charges, and, in their report
made August 21. the committee reported that the charges were so
vague and indelinite as to leave no foundation for an investigation.
diaries similar in character were made against Dr. McVickar,
Commissioner of Health, and at the re<|uest of Mayor Heath were
investigated by the Committee on Health and County Relations,
which committee in its report characterized the charges as not only
untrue but malicious.
Shortly before lie bail retired from office Mayor Colvln nominated T. ,1.
liluthanlt. Inglliell Oleson, J. 1'. OliuKer. J. C. Richberg and S. \Vilee to he
members of the Hoard of Kilucatiot:; but the Committee on Schools, to whom
the nominations were referred, reported recommendlngtbat they be not con-
tirineil. AS vacancies existed, Mayor Heath appointed C. li. Lawrence, William
H Wells Christopher Hot/. Frederick Mahla. (). H. Jaeol>s. as members of
the laiard and they were confirmed. Messrs. Lawrence anil Mahla declining
to serve, I-aac\. Arnold and Ernst Pruning were appointed and Confirmed
in ihrir slead.
On September iS, the Council formally, by ordinance, abol-
ished the old Hoard of Public Works and vested their rights and
duties in the Mayor and the Commissioner of Public Works.
During Mayor Heath's first term was carried on what was
known as the " sign war." Complaints having been made that the
ordinance regarding street obstructions was violated in hundreds of
instances by the hanging of signs, Mayor Heath ordered all such
obstructions removed, and the Police and Fire Departments were
instructed to carry out the order. The Council finally decided to
amend the ordinance, and the Mayor was requested to withhold the
removal of the signs, but prior to this action many signs had been
removed by bodies of police, and several street encounters and much
excitement was the result.
On March 27, 1877, Mayor Heath vetoed an ordinance allow-
ing the North, \\cst and South Town collectors to retain one per
cent, of their collections as compensation for collecting the city
taxes, giving as his reason that the compensation of the town col-
lectors was fixed by statute, and that by virtue of the general reve-
nue law of the State the city taxes were extended on the books of
the collector, the same as State and county taxes.
Under the provisions of the Acts of the Legislature changing
the time of holding city and town elections, approved March 9,
1877, the Council, on March 13, passed an ordinance re-districting
the city into new election precincts.
< )n March 22, 1877, the Council passed an ordinance ordering
a tax levy of $4,012,002.29 to cover the appropriations made for
corporate purposes for the current fiscal year.
Under the new city charter, foreign insurance companies were
obliged to pay into city treasury a tax of two per cent, on their
premiums. A bill was presented to the C.eneral Assembly, provid-
ing that the funds from this source should be expended in main-
taining a fire insurance patrol, and, on April S, the Council adopted
a resolution protesting against the passage of the bill as inimical to
the best interests of the city, and requesting the Mayor to urge sen-
ators and representatives to exert themselves to defeat the bill.
On April 9, the Council, by a unanimous vote, adopted the fol-
lowing resolution of thanks to Hon. Thomas Iloyne:
WM I:I:KAS. The citizens of Chicago believe that the present Council
have been honest and economical, and have reduced taxation;
/lYvn'rf'tf. That to Thomas Iloyne. our excellent Mayor tie f'ictn, for the
month of May last, belongs the credit of starting our municipal reform.
Iti'vh-eil, That we tender to the Hon. Thomas Hoyne our thanks for the
hold and statesman-like Inaugural address delivered before us. and believe
Hiat tin- srnt inii-nts therein contained have tended toguide this Council in
measures of reform; anil while we are not aide legally to return to him a
compensation in money for his good advice, we do tender to him our sincere
thanks as members of this Council.
Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be placed on the records.
On Tuesday, April 3, 1877, the first election for
Mayor under the new law, changing the time of election
from fall to spring, was held, and Monroe Heath was
re-elected Mayor for the ensuing two years.
The following are the totals of the official vote as
canvassed by the Council:
Mayor— Monroe Heath (Republican) 30,881 ; Perry H. Smith (Democrat)
19.449. City Treasurer-Charles K Larrabee (Republican) 26,509; Clinton
Hriggs (Democrat) 23,929. Olty Attorney— Richard S. Tuthill (Republican)
^S.l.SB; William .1. Hynes (Democrat) 22, 219. City Clerk — Caspar Butz,
28,496; Rudolph Ruhbaum, 31,538.
The city having brought suit against George Von Ilollen, ex-
city collector, and his bondsmen, to recover the amount of his
defalcation, the Council authorised the Mayor and Comptroller to
employ Leonard Swell to assist in the prosecution of the suit in the
( 'iivuit < 'ourt.
Among the, more important appointments made by Mayor Heath during
the "short term " were L. 1). Cleveland, superintendent of buildings: II. ]'.
WrlKht health commissioner, vice Dr. isrockholst McVirkar resigned, and
Oscar c' lieU'olf vice 11. I'. Wright resigned; Adam Graham, city weigher;
W. II Heatlord, eitv eollceiur; 11. . I. Jones, examiner of subdivisions; and . I. K.
Stafford, oil inspector.
TIIK SKCIIMI TKKM. — At the meeting of the Council on April
30, 1877. Alderman Aldrich was called to the chair and Alderman
Throop presented the following resolutions, which were adopted by
a unanimous vote:
llrstiirnl That the thanks of this Council are due and are hereby ten-
dered to Vlderman William Aldrich for the able and impartial manner in
winch he so often presided over the deliberations of this body; and be it fur-
ther
Ites'tlrt'l That While we are sorry to lose his valuable services as a
member of Ibis Council in the future, we are glad to know that he lias been
transferred to a higher sphere of usefulness in the halls of the National Con-
gress where he will doubtless also distinguish himself as a champion of true
reform, and to where our best wishes for his success go with him.
In his second inaugural message, Mayor Heath counseled a con
tinuance of the programme of retrenchment and economy inaugu-
rated by the preceding Council. In reference to the city's finances
he stated that the uucollected taxes, on April I, 1876, amounted to
$7, -544, 294. 75; to which should be added the full amount of the
appropriation for 1876, which was $4,045,526.27.
Of the amounts outstanding April I, 1876, 1290,591.11
embraced taxes for the years 1869 and 1870. The lax warrants for
these years having been destroyed in the great tire of 1871, these
balances were practically uncollectable, and had been, during the
year, ctiliivK charged off. The uncollected taxes on April I, 1877,
amounted to $6,903,716.35.
The message also showed that at the end of the preceding fiscal
year the enrollment of school children was 40,805, and that during
the year it grew to 43.512, showing an increase nearly equivalent to
the capacity of four twelve-room buildings. There had been appro-
priated for sites and buildings $420,500. but nothing had been
done, owing to the failure of the city to collect taxes, especially the
levies of 1873 and 1874.
Among the earlier appointments made by Mayor Heath during
his second term were —
Joseph K. liontield as corporation counsel; A. L. Linscptt, prosecuting
attorney; Emory Cole, oil inspector; A. L. Morrison, police justice; Messrs.
J. L. Dennis. Philip A. Hoyne, K. U. Keith. C. II. Heed, M. K. .Stone, and Wil-
liam Vocke, as members of the Board of Education; and George Mason, Sid-
ney Smith and J. ]!. Walker, as directors of the public library.
On July 12, the Council adopted a resolution, of which the fol-
lowing is self-explanatory:
WHKKKAS of the money collected from the State In payment of the
Canal lien, a sum .slightly over $600,000 was set apart bylaw for public build-
ings \\ hieh was then and is now understood to mean the construction of a new
City Hall; and
WIIKKKAS, This 1600.000 thus sel apart as a special fund, was used by
the city in anticipation of the collection of revenue for ordinary purposes, to
be restored to such special fund when such taxes shall lie collected; and
WIIKKKAS, of these taxes, the revenue from which was anticipated, of
the money belonging to this special fund there have been large sums collected
and paiil into the city treasury, and, by a fair and equitable apportio -nt
thereof among tile various special funds, entitled to be repaid therefrom,
$160 000 or more is now justly credited to the building or city ball fund; and,
WIIKKBAS, Iii the classification of debts to be paid out of tax collec-
tions, as set forth in the resolution!! of the City Council, provision was made
(or the refunding of the money belonging to special funds, which have been
WHEREAS This money belonging to the building or City Hall fund has
been, to the extent stated, collected from the back taxes, and baa thus been
recovered from the uses to which it has been misapplied, and therefore can
not justly or legally again be misapplied or diverted from its original use.
bul should be retained in the city treasury, to be subject to such arrangements
as the City Council may adopt, with reference to work on the City Hall;
Therefore In- il Itesnlreit. That the Mayor and Comptroller be. and they
are hereby, directed to hold and retain in the treasury such sum of the back
taxes which may properly be credited and apportioned to the City Hall fund,
and which may hereafter be collected and apportioned and credited to that
'And be it further Resolved. That the Mayor be. and he is hereby, request-
ed to communicate to the Council a statement of the present condition of all
arrangements heretofore m.ide with reference to plans and material for such
City Hall building, that the Council may, without delay, take steps looking to
the immediate opening of work in the construction of such City Hall.
T luring the month of July the Council was called upon to take
action in reference to the lawless doings of street mobs, which
were created by the great labor strikes; and they did so by the adop-
tion of the following resolutions on July 25:
WIIKIJKAS, There now exists in this city a rebellion against lawful
authority, and lawless, riotous, and rebellious demonstrations are made by
persons congregating in such numbers as to make tnelr suppression by the
regular police force a matter of difficulty if not impossibility;
TIIKKKFOKK, for the purpose of enforcing obedience to the laws, re-
storing order and suppressing rebellion,
He.it Htatilreil, by the City Council, that the Mayor of the city be. and he
is hereby, authorized to incur any and all expenses which In- shall deem
necessary or proper to enforce law and protect lives and property in the pres-
ent emergency; and we pledge ourselves, as the City Council, to sustain the
Mayor In whatever extraordinary expenditures he may deem it necessary or
proper to incur to accomplish the purpose above mentioned; and to that end
we urge upon him the necessity of taking such wise, vigorous, and effectual
measures as may be required; and be it further
Hrmircil, That all good citizens are called upon to assist in the mainte-
nance of law and order to enroll themselves as special policemen under the
constituted authorities, and to organize at once iu their respective blocks and
neighborhood patrol corps which shall serve as foundations for larger organ-
izations, and those who are employers to organize and arm their well-dis-
posed employe's. And we call upon veterans in war to enroll themselves in
the Veteran elub now being formed, and for whom arms will be furnished.
POLITICAL HISTORY.
865
And we urge all well-disposed citizens to heed earefullv the orders and pro-
clamations of the Mayor.
The Council subsequently passed a resolution of thanks to the
police force for valorous. conduct during the riots. A contest of
authority regarding the disposition of the militia during the riots
having arisen between the Mayor and General Arthur C. Ducat,
the Council, by resolution, authorized the appointment of a com-
mittee to investigate the matter and determine in whom the author-
ity was vested in time of emergency.
In response to the public demand, efforts were made to increase
the police force at an additional expense of $110,500 per annum,
an ordinance finally being passed authorizing the Mayor and Fi-
nance Committee to borrow the money and increase the force by
the addition of one hundred mounted patrolmen. The cost of the
riots to the city, for pay of special police, purchase of arms, etc.,
was about $20,000.
On July 30, the Council passed an ordinance for the collection
of the back taxes of the years 1873 and 1874, a large part of which
the city failed to collect under former levies. The amounts re-
quired to be raised to cover the appropriations for the years in
question were 85,699,676.44 for 1873, and $5,272,346.87 for 1874.
The City Council held a special meeting on October 15, to take
action on the death of Daniel OTIara, ex-city treasurer. The fol-
lowing resolutions were adopted:
WHKRKAS, Death having removed from our midst our esteemed citi-
zen and faithful public officer, Daniel O'Hara. Esq.: and
\Vn KI'.EAS, He has proved one of the most efficient and honorable pub-
lic servants;
Resolved, That the City Council tender to the bereaved family its heart-
felt sympathy in their distress and affliction, and direct that these resolutions
of respect and condolence be promulgated to the various departments of the
city government, and that all city offices be closed for this day.
Resolved. That the Council, as a mark of respect to the memory of the late
Daniel O'Hara, do attend his funeral in a body.
Resolved, That the City Clerk is hereby directed to spread upon the
Journal of the Council the foregoing resolutions, and that copies thereof be
furnished the press for publication, and also that a copy be sent to the family
of the deceased.
The contest of J. II. Hildreth for his seat in the Council from
the Seventh Ward, and the effort of John Riordan to represent the
ward in the Council, continued during 1877 and 1878. Hildreth
brought mandamus proceedings against the Council, and failed to
secure his seat thereby, Judge Rogers dismissing the appeal. He
then carried his case to the Supreme Court, where the appeal was
again dismissed; and he met with similar disappointment in the
Appellate Court, whence the case was taken on writ of error. Not-
withstanding the fact that the committee on elections of the Council
had declared John Riordan entitled to the seat, the report was
placed on file by vote of the Council, and Riordan did not succeed
in getting a seat in the body until April 22, 1878, when he was ad-
mitted, together with John McNally, a special election having been
called for one alderman to fill the vacancy, besides the regular elec-
tion of an alderman to fill an expired term.
The meeting of the City Council, on April 29, 1878, ushered in
the last year of Mayor Heath's term, as well as the close of the
term of one-half of the members of the " Reform Council," which
had co-operated with Mayor Heath in his financial policy and
measures of economy. Before the roll of the new Council was
called, Alderman Cook, who had been selected the previous year to
preside over the deliberations of the Council in the absence of the
Mayor, addressed the body as follows:
GENTLEMEN OK THE COUNCIL: One year ill the history of our
city has passed since we, preferred as the choice of the citizens of the various
wards we represent, were inducted into office as legislators to make such
laws as might be deemed necessary to guard the interests of the municipality.
Whether we have fulfilled the expectations of our constituents in the exercise
of our trusts, they have had, and will have, to deride. Whether the resultof our
deliberations will eventually prove for the best interests of the municipality,
onr history alone can demonstrate; but I have no doubt each member has
done that, which In his best judgment, he thought at the time was for the best
interest of the city.
On June 34, Mayor Heath sent to the Council the names of John A. Far-
well, for city comptroller; Joseph F. Bonfield. for corporation counsel; A. N.
Linscott, for prosecuting attorney; Michael C. Hickey, for general superin-
tendent of police; Joseph H. Dixon, for deputy superintendent of police;
Louis Wahl. John C. Haines, and Charles G. Hammond for Inspectors of the
House of Correction; Mathias Benner, for fire marshal; W. H. Heattord, for
city collector; L. D. Cleveland, for superintendent of buildings; F. Benslnger,
for sealer of weights and measures; Emory Cole, for oil Inspector; Dr. W. P.
Dunne, for city physician: John D. Murphy, for inspector of steam boilers;
Dr. Siebel, for gas inspector; and James L. Allen. W. J. English, D. A. Koiin,
George B. Armstrong and Thomas Brenan for members of the Board of Edu-
cation. The names of Messrs. Allen and Kohn were subsequently withdrawn.
The other appointments were all afterward confirmed, with the exception of
M. C. Hickey, John C. Haines and F. Benslnger. The Committee on Police, to
whom the appointment of Mr. Hickey was referred, reported recommending
that he be confirmed, but the Committee on Urideweli reported adversely to
the confirmation of Mr. Haines. On July 8, the Council concurred in the
report as to Haines. and Mr. Hickey was rejected for superintendent of police
by a vote of 22 to 11. On July 15, Mayor Heath sent in the name of V. A.
Seavey for general superintendent of police, and the appointment was con-
firmed by the Council on July 22.
Other appointments made by Mayor Heath during the last year of his
administration were E. S. Chesbrough, as Commissioner of Public Works;
A, C. Bartlett and James Frake, members of the Board of Education; F. C.
Holz, O. S. A. Sprague and W. J. Onahan, directors of Public Library; Luther
L. Mills, inspector of House of Correction; Theodore Karls, sealer of weights
and measures; John D. Murphy, boiler inspector.
On December 30, the Council passed an ordinance organizing
and recognizing the Department of Public Works as a department
of the city government existing since the adoption by the city of
the " Act to provide for the Incorporation of Cities and Villages."
55
Under the provisions of this ordinance, E. S. Chesbrough was
appointed commissioner of Public Works, on January 13, 1879.
On April 28, 1879, the following was passed by the Council :
Resoli'ctl. That the thanks of the City Council is due, and is hereby ten-
dered, to the Hon. Monroe Heath for the able and efficient mammer in which
he has managed the affairs of the city during his administration.
Mayor Heath said:
"This resolution is a very flattering one. If I have been enabled in my
administration to do anything for the good of the city, it has been because I
have had the co-operation of the Council. If I could. I would like to have a
resolution passed thanking the Council for Its hearty support of my adminis-
tration. I thank you, gentlemen, and will now announce the induction of the
new members."
MAYOR HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. — The municipal elec-
tion of Tuesday, April i, 1879, was a memorable one in the polit-
ical annals of the city. There was three full city tickets in the
field, the Republicans, Democrats and Socialists having candidates
for the various offices. Among the Republicans there was some
dissatisfaction, one faction demanding the re-nomination of .Mayor
Heath and another favoring Abner M. Wright. Mayor Heath
refused to allow the use of his name and Mr. Wright was nominated.
This nomination did not prove satisfactory to a certain element of
the party. The Socialists selected Dr. Ernst Schmidt, a former
Republican, as their candidate, and the Democrats Carter II. Har-
rison. The latter, by his superior qualities on the stump and a
spirited and aggressive campaign, made great headway among the
voters and achieved a splendid majority in the election. The re-
spective tickets and the votes received by the candidates were as
follows :
Democratic Ticket.— Mayor, Carter H. Harrison, 35,685; City Treas-
urer, William C. Seipp. 26,176; City Attorney, Julius S. Grinnell, 24.171; City
Clerk. Patrick J. Howard. 24,427.
Republican 7'ii^cf..— Mayor, Abner M. Wright. 20 496; City Treasurer
Marcus A. Farwell, 20,682: City Attorney, Richard W. Kicaby, 21,919; City
Clerk. Peter Huscliwah. 21.743.
Socialist Ticket— Mayor, Ernst Schmidt, 11,829; City Treasurer Frank
A. Stauber, 10.874; City Attorney, Harry Rubens, 11,858; City Clerk. Ben-
jamin Sibley, 11,276.
The total number of votes cast in the election, including three hundred
and twenty-one scattering, was: For Mayor, 58,331; Treasurer, 58,033; At-
torney. 58,269; Clerk, 57,767.
Eighteen Aldermen were elected, the vote for the various can-
didates being as follows :
First Ward— Arthur Dixon. Ken., 1,697; J. Ward Ellis. Dem. 722- N H
Jorgensen, Socialist, 115. Second Ward— Addison Ballard. Rep.. 1,296- Sam-
uel Engel, Dem.. 1,130; George A. Schilling, Socialist, 222. Third Ward-
John M. Clark, Rep., 1,428; A. F. Seeberger, Dem., 730; H. L. Hull, Ind. 124
Fourth Ward— Amos Grannis. Rep., 2.151; Firman Church, Dem.. 1126'
Louis Hutt. Ind., 212. Fifth IFnrd-Mlchael McAuley. Dem., 1,848: Andrew
Ryder. Rep., 848; T. J. Morgan, Socialist. 1,688; John C. Folz, <nd., 355.
Sixth II'<irrt— William Cowan. Dem., 1,364; T. Dlener, Rep., 487; J. J. Aitpe-
ter, Socialist, 1,532. Seventh Ward— John Riordan, Dem., 1,718; J J Cur-
ran. Ind. Dem., 828; F. Bielfelrtt, Socialist. 1,058; John Schmely, Ind., 372.
Eighth Ward— Thomas Purcell, Dem., 1,723; James O'Brien, Ind Dem
1,534; O. W. Barrett, Rep.. 775; Henry Stahl, Socialist, 549. Ninth Ward—
James Peevey, Dem., 1,659; Richard Jones, Rep., 994; R. S. Pratt. Socialist
97. Tenth Ward— Michael McNurney, Rep., 1,073; J. K. Lawrence, 470; Rob-
ert Beck, 361; E. C. Christiansen. 23. Eleventh Ward—Oeorse B. Swift. Rep.
2,096; W. B. Bateham. Dem. . 827; H. Johnson, Ind.. 116. 'twelfth Ward—
Joseph D. Everett. Rep., 2.856; J. W. Goodspeed, Dem., 320; Max Selle, So-
cialist. 38. Thirteenth Ward— Hiram P. Thompson, Rep., 1,255; B. Quirk.
Ind. Rep., 1,121 ; George liraun. Socialist, 154. Fourteenth Ward— Michael
M. Schweisthal. Dem., 1,111. Seretiteenth \Vurd— Edward Barrett. Dem.,
1.675; B. Janssens, Socialist, 655; Jas. Lynn. Rep., 424. Eighteenth Ward—
Win. G. McCormick, Dem., 1,724; A. L. C'lietlain, Rep , 1.450; D. Van Deven-
ter. Socialist, 245.
There was a contest and recount in the Second and Fifth Wards,
which did not change the result as given. Alderman Ryan pro-
tested against the admission of Reinhard Lorenz, but the Council
gave Lorenz the seat.
At the installation of the new Council, on April 28, 1879, the
first business performed was the approval of the official bonds of
the officers elect.
Mayor Harrison in his inaugural message referred to the rise
and progress of the city. In reference to the finances and his
policy of administration he said:
" Real-estate, the foundation of wealth, which furnishes four-fifths of
the city's revenues, has been laid under a heavy load of taxation. Rents be-
ing low, and sales practically impossible, land has been unable to meet its
obligations. Taxation locks up money in the hands of the money dealer
where it escapes the eyes of the collector, thus forcing legitimate enterprises
to bear an unequal burden. This stifles energy, deters investment, and will,
unless checked, dry up the sources of revenue. Chicago expects you to give
her relief. She will forgive honest mistakes, but she demands of you worthy
and earnest diligence.
"On me, gentlemen, devolves the duty and responsibility of carrying
out your will and of enforcing the laws. I accept the responsibility with
diffidence, and shall endeavor to perform the duty with an eye single to the
good of the public. I have but one policy to declare; that is, to protect the
lives, the property and health of the city, at all times and in every emergency,
and to do it in an honest and economical manner. I recognize but one science
in finance; that is, to collect the revenues and live within them. Debts can
be wiped out in but one way— by payment. Surplus can be acquired oniy by
saving. Saving can be made only by honest expenditures for wise and legiti-
mate purposes and by preventing all leakage. The bonded debt of Chicago
amounts to about $413,000,000. If you will aid me. gentlemen, in an economi-
cal administration of affairs, I believe it will be possible to fund a part of this
debt so as to save from one to two per cent, per annum. The people will
cheerfully submit to many temporary inconveniences for so permanent a
relief."
Mayor Harrison made the following important appointments,
all of which were confirmed during the first year of his administra-
tion :
866
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
I i. inns Adams, corporation coiui.sel; Simon li'Doimell. Keneral siipcrin-
ii .1 -u,-ni.-. lire marshal: Chai li-s S. Cameron, prose. •>!-
tiliKall.il ney: W I'. Ilimnc. cltv physician; ']'. I. tim ncy. city comptroller;
llei Kirklllliil, sill" it lulildmss; W. .1. onahan. cit\ collec-
tor: Charles S. Waller, commissioner ol I'nniic Works; \Villi:iin I'lirrcii. M.
\ ii,-i;inc> .1 c itichhcri,'. I'- ii. stensiand ami t. N. Stiles, members of the
Board of Ed H. Korreeter, Berthold Loewenthal, A. li. Mason,
Harry HnbeMS ami II I. .SI IV, directors Of the I'nlillc Library; Luther L.
Mills', Inspector of the H i Correction; i.-'uan I>. Wallace, police magis-
trate South ]>. YIMOU \V. .1. Clinijen. clerk; .leieiniah Klyiin. bailiff; David
Walsh iioliiv magistrate. West Division; John llloin. clerk, anil William
Meyer, clerk, vice J I; William Whalen. baiuff; s. I). liaiil-
wlu. K.. Waller Macllonalil, sealer of weight* anil measures; anil
:- Kl all/ell, nil Ills].
i in M . irity and miimrity reports trom tin- committee
. uses in refetcni c tu tin.- i|Ui-stiim of rinsing saloons on Snn-
ilay were rccched. Tin- majority report opposed any interference
on I he part of tin- I '. mncil with tin- "petsonal liberties " of citi/cns,
and instanced the fir ! by similar attempts under the
Mason and Mcdill admin ist rat ions. 'I'liis report was signed by Alder-
men Ryan, Nei-eti, Fi/ner, and l.odding. '1'he minority report.
signed "by Alderman t 'ullerion, advised the passage of an ordinance
fiamed to enforce I lie State law am I close all saloons on Sunday. ( )n
rnolion of Alderman Stanher. the latter report was laid on the table,
and on motion of Alderman Meier the majority report wasadopted.
(In August 2-,, a special election for Alderman of the First
Ward, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Alderman M. !•'.
Tulev was called for September 24. The candidates in this election
were I >r. Swaync \Yickcrsham, Dem., David J. Lyon, Rep., and
(leorge C.aiilc, Ind. The rote was \\ickersham oSj, I .yon 3(17,
Ci.iidi ::nan \\'ickcrsham was duly installed September 29.
i)n December 8, Mayor Harrison sent to the Council a com-
munication setting forth the difficulties encountered by the police
in enforcing the ij o'clock, midnight, saloon-closing ordinance,
anil recommending, in the interest of upwards of 3,000 WOrkingmen
employed at night ill the business districts, that saloons be allowed,
upon payment of $104. in addition to the regular license fee, to re-
main open all night. A conimiiuication was also sent in by the
Mayor, embodying report- ot thr 1'olice Department and intended
to show that the:; no increase in crime and lawlessness.
On December 22, the Council extended the freedom of the city
arlcs Stewart I'arnell and John Dillon, in the following reso-
lution:
,11 the Ma\or he. and is hereby, authorized to extend the
hospitalities anil freeili.ni of the City of Chicago to the representatives of the
oppressed people of Irelatiil, Messrs. Parneli and Dillon, now en route to this
country.
tin February!), t88o, the Council accepted an invitation from
the Irish Land Reform and Relief Association, to attend the public
demonstration and reception to Mr. I'arnell and his associates, on
Monday, February 2 i. (In January H). the Mayor appointed Al-
dermen \\ickershant. McNally, Swift, Meier and McAuley a special
committee to arrange f,,r the reception of Messrs. I'arnell anil Dil-
lon. The Mayor, at the head of this committee, with other city and
count}' oihcials, and representatives <>t various orders anil societies,
went to Kensington and received Messrs. I'arnell and Dillon, and
escorted them to the city, where, in the evening there was an im-
mense demonstration and the Irish orators addressed a great con-
,it the F.xposition Kuilding.
aldermanic election of iSSo, was held on Tuesday,
April 6. The result in the various wards was as follows:
/•"',-f ir<oW s\\a\ ne Wickei sham, Dem., 992; F. W. Warren Rep. 698-
William Clemens, I ml . 1-,'. .SY..»n.l ir./r.J - 1'. Sanders, Dem., 1.074; H. S. Kil-
lings, lie]'., '.nil; Henri,'!' Sch 1 1 i inu. Social 1st. -II . Tliinl ll'nrd— IJ. L Shorcv.
Rep.. 941; Hoberl Law, Dem.. :!iiT. l-'<,uftl, ir,inl-W. \v. \Vatkins, Rep.
1.140; H. K. Malloiy. Dem.. 9111; A. F. West. Inil.. tjli-J; I!. Minister. 14. l-'iflli
aril r. ISnrki-, Drm., l.tilil; ({corse Turner. Kep., 1.098; Thomas
U\an. Inil.. t; !:). ,-ii.rlli ll'mv/ K. F. Ciillpiton. Dem.. 967; M. liauinbrucker
I in I. . 8Hlj ; William Cn rren. Dnl .TiiH. *<''•• nrji I r.i /•,/-.! a s H. Hililreth. Dem
l;i, • It. .hit. Socialist. 331; James H.Gill. Inil.,
11 urn -w.B. xoung. Rep., 800; D. Long. Dem. ,796; John R. Soller
Socialist, 5H7. Sixteenth IFVird— Anton Imhoff. Dem., l.oJii; Henry stalil
Rep. .sol. Herentfenth irnrrt— John Murphy, Dem., 1,089: 1' Tiernev Reii
Eighteenth ir,i,-,i-A. H. liurlev, Rep. 1.309; J.E.Oeo-
hi-Kan. Dem.. 1,^91.
The seventh precinct of the Fourteenth Ward was not can-
vassed because ol erasures, Stanlier presenting the affidavits of 116
voters in the precinct, ahinning that they voted for him. The Stau-
bcr-McCrath contest became i|nite :' celebrated cause in the annals
ol contested aldermanic elections. Met Irath claimed to have a clear
majority over Stauber, if the face ol the returns of seventh precinct
of the Fourteenth Ward were allowed to stand. The committee
on elect ions of the< louncil divided on the question and sent different
reports t,, the Council. One signed by Aldermen liarrett and Meier
in opinion by the corporation counsel. The other
signed by Aldermen Swift and Smyth did contain this opinion,
which was to the rffeci that it was the duly of the Council to con-
sider only the face of the returns and declare elected whosoever had
the highest number of votes, lloth reports agreed that McGrath
had 150 nrtes and Stauber ?•) in the precinct. On July li), the
Council, by vole, refused to seal either of the contestants. On July
ji,, on motion of Alderman Cullerton, Alderman Mc( Iralh, by a
vote of 20 to 14, was declared duly elected, and he took his seat.
Mr. St.iiibe.r then appealed to the courts and secured victories over
Mi. McCratli in both the < 'ircuit and Appellate courts. Mr. Mc( I rath
then took an appeal to the Supreme Court. < >n August <), a dele-
of Socialists waited on the Council and demanded the seat-
ing of Mr. Stauber. On March 7. iSSi, when the roll was called
in the Council on various matters, Mr. Stauber, who was present
by advice ol counsel, when the Fourteenth Ward was reached each
time, invariably demanded to have his name called by the clerk in
place of that of Mr. Mclirath. (heat disorder ensued. Mr. Stau-
ber was backed up by the other Socialist aldermen and sympathizer*,
and Mr. McCtath by his friends. At one time a free fight was
narrowly averted, and the Socialists in high dudgeon withdrew from
the Council Chamber in a body. Alter they had retired, Mr. Stau-
ber's name was, on motion, stricken from the rolls. On March <j,
an opinion was received from Corporation Counsel Adams, In the
effect that after the judgment of ouster against Mcdrath in the
Circuit Court, and the refus-il of the Appellate Court to grant him
a snperccdcas, il was Stauber's due thai the ( 'oiincil take some action
toward according him his rights. The Council thereupon adopted
a resolution, rescinding that of July 26, 1880, which seated Mctiralh,
and declaring Frank A. Stauber the duly elected alderman from the
Fourteenth Ward.
Alining the more important appointments made by Mayor Har-
rison, in 1880, were those of —
Wiliani .1. Mcllai '1^1 e as general saiperinteinient of police; Jami s L. Al-
len. llernard Canadian. L. \\ . Kaillec. ami John It. \\ alker. ilirei loi sol i h.-
Public Library; ,). 0. Burroughs, M..I. Dunne. Philip A. Hoyne. E. G. Keith,
F. A. E. Maas and Conrad Niehotr. members of the lioanl of Kiineation; i-ams
Ay res. Mark Kim ball ami .lolin (I. Sliortall. appraisers of school lanils; O. 1'.
InijersoU ma^ist rate, dial !cs H. llcfter. l>ai!ilf ; ami lieilmom! sheriilan. clerk
Of the Southwest Division I'olice Court; M. A. La liuy. clerk of the West Di-
vision Police Court; H. T. Howe, butter and cheese inspec or; Patrick H.
Tierney, boiler Inspector.
The newly elected members of the Council took their se
May ID, Alderman liullurd presenting resolutions declaring James
II. Hildreth ineligible, which, on motion of Alderman 1'eevey, were
laid on the table by a vote of 21 to y.
Mayor Harrison submitted a message reviewing the operations
of the various departments. Reference was made to the hut that
the city had reached a stage where the issuance of scrip was un-
necessary, and that its credit was restored and on a substantial foot-
ing. A financial exhibit prepared by Comptroller Gurney and incor-
porated in the message, showed $781,000 of the bonded debt and
$462,070 of interest on bonds due July I, iSSo; back taxes collected
during 1879, b5,iis2,4i4; taxes due and uncollected, most of which
was supposed to be ultimately collectable, $4,322,098. The exhibit
showed that the amount due from David A. ( lage and still included in
the assets was s. 156, 545; due from I linican, Sherman iV Co., $35,542;
amount of ( leorge Von Hollen defalcation, $134,085. Cash balance,
Dei-ember 31, 1879, $1,951,386. Expenditures during 1879, ac-
count of old ccrtiticales of indebtedness, $249, CKIO; interest on same,
$26,643. Amount of funds of 1879, expended on appropriations to
March 31, 1880, $2,247,970. A considerable portion of the mes-
sage was dcMilcd to the subject of street pavements and the employ -
nient of macadam was recommended, and also the passage ol an
ordinance requiring trucks, drays and carts to have wide wheel-
tires. The good management and serviceable condition of the po-
lice and lire departments were referred to in terms of high praise.
The Public Library was slated to be in a prosperous and excellent
condition, but in pressing want of a safer, more commodious and
accessible building. Some complaints had been made that the im-
purities were drawn into the crib and distributed throughout the
city to consumers of water, but the Mayor was satisfied that the
impurities came from the sewage emptying into the Main and South
branches of the River, and not from the North Branch.
In the Council, on February 21. iSSi, Alderman \Vickersham
presented the following preamble and resolution in reference to
prohibitory legislation, and it was adopted:
WHKIIKA.S, An effort is now being made in this State, reckless to the
common interest and lilinil to the rights of others, to pass laws ami to. so
amend the Constitution as to Interfere with and evenproblbll the manufac-
ture and sale of distilled and fermented liquors; and WHEKEAS, As i.s shown
by the experience of i it lie r States, such prohibition and interference docs mil
stop the manufacture mir <li •inking of said liquors, but would drive from this
stateand into other States some of the most profitable enterprises which pay
millions of dollars annually to the State and licneral Government, and which
Form one of the most important factors in the increase of the wealth ami Hit-
material ad vanccment of our city anil State; and WHEREAS, The result of such
Interference and pro hi hit ion would be the inevitable destruction of millions
of ilollars of profitable, property, throw t lion sa mis of laboring men out of em-
ployment In tills State, impair'tho value of agricultural property ami pro-
ducts, and, in a considerable measure, impair the property of the City of
Chicago; Iherefore be it
llesoJi'eil hit tl«: <'itn Council of the City of Chicago, That we protest
against an such prohibitory measures', anil request our senators and represent-
atives of the General Assembly to resist all measures of this kind.
Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be fonvarded to our senators
anil representatives at Springfield, with a request that they be presented to
the General Assembly now In session.
In the Democratic city convention, held in March,
pl
d
POLITICAL HISTORY.
867
1881, Mayor Carter H. Harrison was nominated by
acclamation for re-election to the mayoralty; Rudolf
Brand was nominated for city treasurer, Patrick J.
Howard re-nominated for city clerk, and Julius S. Grin-
nell re-nominated for city attorney.
John M. Clark was the nominee for Mayor by the
Republican convention, John Raber for city treasurer
and W. D. Underwood for city attorney.
The election occurred on Tuesday, April 5, and re-
sulted as follows:
Mayor— Carter H. Harrison, Dem., 35,668; John M.Clark, Rep., 27,925.
Treasurer— Rudolf Brand, Dem., 33.WI8; John Ralier, Rep.. 38.570. City
Attorney— Julius S. Grlnnell, Dem., 34.51)1; W. D. Underw 1. Rep., 28.127.
City Clerk— P. J. Howard, Dem., 33,364; Thomas W. Semiott, Rep., 29,159.
In this election, Timothy O'Mara ran, as an Independent, for
Mayor, receiving 764 votes. The Socialists nominated George
Schilling for Mayor and I" rank A. Stauber for treasurer, serving no
purpose other than to show the complete breaking down of their
movement in politics since the election of two years before. Schil-
ling received 240 votes and Stauber 1,999. There were 1,^5
scattering votes on city attorney and 1,838 on city clerk.
The aldermanic vote in the various wards was as follows:
First \r<trrl— Arthur Dixon, Rep.. 1.740; Michael liurkc, Dem., 1,281.
Second Ward— Jau-.es T. Appleton. 1). -in.. 1.337; H. F. Killings, Rep., 1,219;
Aii.lisou liallarcl. Ind. Rep.. 1K5. Tliinl lUnrrt— <). B. Phelps. Rep.. 1.842;
Thomas P. Qlody. Dem.. 896. fourth Ward— O.U.Wetlierell. Rep.. S.693; Sam-
uel P. Cady, Dem.. 1.258. t'Htli M'.n .(-Henry K. Sheridan. Dem., 3.114; 10(1-
wai'd Wall, [ml., 1.699; Franz Koch, Ind., 48?. Ki.rlh \Vtinl— .1. J. A Itpeter,
Rep. and Soc. fnsicin. 1.654; Charles K. I.. Docrner, Dem., 1.503; G. A. Wooley,
Ind.. 589. Xrmitk Ward— John Klordan, Oem., 1.399; James dowry, Ind.
Dem.. 1,245; William A. Love. Hep.. 1,182; S. Ooldwater, Iml., t>7; S. Artley,
Soc.. Ifi3. Kiijhlh H'nrd— Thomas Puree]!. Dem.. 2. OH ; Cornelius Kvan, Ind.
Dem., 1,547; R. M. Oliver, Kep., 1,328. Xinlli Hr«rd-. lames Peevey, Dem..
1.475;C. W. Daniels, Rep.. 1,284. Tenth ir.inJ-Daniel Nelson, Rep., 1,115;
John Council, Dem.. 492; W. II. Kurd. Ind., 379: M. MeNurney. Ind.. 55.
Eleventh Ward— Thaddens Dc-au, Rep., 2.219; F. Fisher, Dem.. 148. Twelfth
mini— Joseph D. Everett, Re)).. 3.254; scattering. 12. Thirteenth Want—
James M. Wanzer. Rep., 1.409; Samuel J. Djggett, Dem. ,1.345. Fourteenth
11'nni— Clemens Hirsch, Rep., 1,830; Thomas Ryan. Dem., 1.422; Peter Peter-
80", Ind.. 8BO; J..J. McGratll, Ind. Rep. 947. Fifteenth Il'.inf-Adam Mever.
Rep., 1,865; H. E. D. Sickel. Dem., 1,533; O. Waltman. Ind.. 41. sixteenth
Irani— Chris. Meier, Socialist. 1,416; Aruo Voss, Dem., 1,376. Serenti • nth
Ward— Edward P. Barrett, Dem.. 1.577; Thomas Cannon, Dem., 1.401.
Eighteenth ir.ini— Frank M. Illair, Rep.. 2,579; George Keller. Dem., 1,526.
During iSSi Mayor Harrison made the following appointments:
George li. Armstrong, William J. Hynes, Ernst Schmidt, directors Puh-
lic Library; Thomas Brenan, Norman Bridge. William Floto, James T.
Healy, Adolph Kraus. Ailolph Schoenlnger. members Board or Education;
French Moore, city physician; John K. Miller, lish inspector; W. J. Onahau,
re-appointed city collector; Daniel Scully, police justice. West Division Police
Court; T. T. Gurney, re-appointed comptroller; W. J. McGarlgle, chiet or
police; Dennis .1. Swenic, tin- tnarshal; Oscar C. DeWoir, health commis-
sioner; Charles S. Waller, D. C. Cregler, coinnilssiouers or Public Works.
On July 6, iS^i, Mayor Harrison sent the following communi-
cation to the Council, in reference to the assassination of President
James A. Gartield by Charles J. C-uiteau:
MAYOR'S OKFICB, Chicago. July 6, 1881.
To the City Council or the City or Chicago-
Gentlemen:
Since your last session the hand of :in assassin has been lifted
against the lire of the President of t he I'nited states. II has caused a thrill or
horror to fill tin; hearts of all good men throughout the civilized world, ar.d
the people of the United Slates have been inexpressibly shocked that such an
attempt should have been a second time made against their first magistrate
and their most exalted servant. The citi/ens or Chicago have had but one
reeling aroused by this horrible deed— a feeling mingled with detestation of
the great crime and heartfelt sympathy with President Gariieid and ins fam-
ily. While they deeply deplore that anyone rould conceive and execute so
dastardly a deed, they yet know that it was the act of a single man, and
not the conspiracy of others, and they earnestly condemn the rancor which
could even suggest that Guitean's crime was the premeditated act of any fac-
tion in the country. They recogni/e llial assassination as a means or remov-
ing a public servant can never become a growth on rree American soil. The
assassin may shock the sentiment or Americans. Inn ran not cause them to
doubt the safety of the Republic, nor can he materially disturb the equipoise or
its institutions. Chicago now rejoices that the condition of the President
gives hopes or his recovery. I recommend that you pass resolutions or sym-
pathy with him and his family.
CARTER H. HARRISON, Mayor.
Aldermen Hurley, \Vickershum and llildreth were appointed a
committee to prepare resolutions.
The resolutions were adopted by a rising vote of the Council,
and were as follows:
Resoli-ed. That we. the Common Council of the City of Chicago, deeply
deplore and emphatically condemn the recent attempt to assassinate the
President or the Republic.
Itesnh-etl. That the act was one of nn<M|iialed anil Unparalleled atrocity,
Inasmuch as It was an attempt to destroy a Chief Executive who blends in
himseir the qualities that distinguish a president and statesman and adorn a
man.
Resolved, That we trust that God in his mercy will spare his life for his
country's sake.
Resolved. That our heartfelt sympathies are extended to the president
and his family.
/.'.Mi/ivvi, Thatthese resolutions lie spread upon our records and that
a copy he telegraphed to the Honorable Secretary of state.
The Council was in session on tlir evening of September 19,
when the President's death occurred, and. upon announcement by
the Mayor of the sad event, immediately adjourned. On Septem-
ber 20 a special meeting was held to take action suitable to the
occasion, the Mayor and thirty-four aldermen being present. The
Mayor presented the following message:
To the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Chicago, in City Council as-
1,1-iillemen: Last night, while you were discussing an import am ni.nlci
the Ore gong Startled 5011 by its measured toll. It said. "The Pre> nt is
dead! ^ on al once silently adjourned. I have called yon together to make
the formal announcement that the chief Magistrate of the United Slates after
a heroic struggle or eights (lays with grim Death, has at last given mi the
light-that his spirit, at 10:35 last night, winged its flight to the presence of its
God, leaving behind It a name which will liveas long as hislory com s to
This is a painful announcement, whether you think or James A. Garlield
as a man or as i he executive head of this mighty Republic.. Asa man he hail
his faults, perhaps; for who that is human has not? But his virtues \\ i
greater than have heen bestowed on even a minority of those whom I he world
has called great. He was a kind and generous friend, a loving ami gentle
husband, and a devoted rather. He was an Industrious public servant ami
endeavored to square all of his public acts hy an upright and p'-enhai Iv sen-
sitive conscience. He was an earnest patriot, and sho\\ed his hive f,ir his
country on the battlefield as well as In the legislative halls, Heuas ambi-
tious, but his ambition was of that exalted character which pined for an .-ici-
ualtamr. lie has heen cut olf in a manner which \\ill cans.. his name to live
forever. But he has been rohhcd of his most darling wish, uhich was that he
won hi lasteu his name to some act which would forever endear him l« li is id
low-men. As President of this mighty land, had lie heen spaied th
earnest desire might have heen gratitied. It is a bitter thing fin such a man
to be cut otf thus on the threshold of his great oppoil unity. Regarding him
as a man. we can profoundly mourn his untimely death; but v, lien we regard
him as the Chief Magistrate of the United State's, we have far more poignant
pain. He was murdered, not because he had awakened personal animosity
not because he had embittered a human life, but because he »•,,.* the Chief
Magistrate. The assassin aimed at his heart, not because that heart wasa
man's, lint liecan.se it heal wii hin a President's breast, [t Is a terrible thought
that the man wheni a nation exalls to be its ciiief executive its chief servant
should he a target for a fanatic's bullet. Thank God, liuti feeling animates
the hearts of al! men and women in this hroad land— execration and liorrorof
the deed and of the wretch who perpetrated it. I hope this execration Will
grow into a hatred of the vile system in our body politic which maddened
(illiteail's brain. The assassin of Hie President Was a mad fanatic. Iml his
last act was the result of political pya-mia in our government fabric— gr I
of office, it has been charged i hat the black axiom. " To the victor belongs
the spoils." was promulgated by a great man. Kvery friend of (he defender
ol Ne\v ill-leans should resent the vile aspersion. To thai axiom \veo\\e the
i a piil d illusion of the poison which belongs to the spoils s vsteni. Ollice is for
the good of the people, ami not spoils for the ollice-holder. That party should
be entitled to the longest life in this country which most boldly and i esllv
demands that this upas-tree of Republican Institutions I ternall] and nt
terly eradicated. The death or James A.Garfleld brings tbls hideous monster
plainly before the eyes of the world. He believed in reform in the civil s,i
vice. His countrymen can best show their appreciation of his worth hy fol-
lowing what he would advise could his spirit speak to them to-day. I.ei it be
written in letters of blood, " Giiilean's bullet was sped by the spoils s\ stem."
Gentlemen, I recommend that you adopt appropriate resolutions that
the same he spread upon the records, and that yon appoint a committee "f
the Council to attend the funeral of our lamented President, and, in the name
Of Chicago, to drop a tear upon his ^rave.
I shall Issue a proclamation calling upon the people of this great nt \ to
desist rrom all labor and amusements dm ing the hours of the funeral, 'and
thus to Show their icspeet for the dead President of the United stalls ami
their horror of the black deed which so untimely look him off.
CARTER H. HARRISON, Mayor.
Aldermen \Yirkersham, Phelps, Everett, Young, Meyer and
Hurley wen appointed a committee to prepare and presetil to the
Council such resolutions as they might deem appropriate. \Vhile
the committee retired Alderman Burley addressed the Council as
follows :
The President or the United Slates is dead. Again we are called upon
to mourn the death or the Chief Magistrate by the hand of an assassin. Again
ue a i e obliged to see our system of Republican govern in cut tt sled; and let us
hope that all our people will now. as in days gone, be united In the deter mi na-
tion that onr < H.vei ninenl shall stand. Whatever may he the individual
d ill ei enees of" opinion, let us he united in the one idea that in union and in the
supremacy of law lies our safely. The President is-ib'ad! Long live the
President! The President Is dead, but we still have a President and a Gov-
ernment. While we mourn the loss of our late honored Chief .Magistrate, lei
us reaffirm our lo\ alts' to our Government and to those niton whom its cares
and duties devolve. Let us pray that God ill his Divine Providence will di-
rect our rulers and guide them, and preserve our country from iniei nal dis-
sension and external wars. There is little to be said upon an occasion like
this. I can not .avoid expressing my admiration Tor the mail we have iosl. and
expressing the hope that his successor mas' he all we could hope or wish him
to he. 1 will suggest wilh regard lo the resolutions, that it would he proper lo
add one that the Mayor and a committee of Aldermen, to be appointed i.\
him^ittcnd the funeral ceremonies wherever they are held, as representa-
tives of Hie City or Chicago.
The committee presented the following resolutions, which were
adopted by a rising vote :
\VHKKKAS. We have learned with profound sorrow and regret of the
death of the eminent and respected chief Magistrate of the Nation, James A.
Garlield. who, during his short occupancy of the highest position in the gift
of a great people and as the ruler of 50.000.000, had won their entii e conli-
ilcnce, their esteem and their admiration by Ins mauls character, his broad
views, and his statesmanlike cpialities; who gave promise of giving our
country an administration under which unexampled prosperity would he
a ruling characteristic alike iu all sections, industries of all kinds fostered
and encouraged as they never have been encouraged before in the liistoi \ ot
America, and our relations as a corporate body politic established on a closer.
firmer, and more i id i mate and amiable basis than ever before with the origi-
nations of the world ; and who had evinced in all the rancors of political strife
between parts factions a deep sense or a reeling which should a I was -s animate
the head of a great people— a feeling to which the martsicd Lincoln gave
memorable utterance ill the epigrammatic sentence: "With malice touanl
none, with charity for all"; and.
W'n KKBA8, Our grief has been made the more keen and Intense by
the ractthat his death has been by the baud of an unprincipled and da.slanll\
assassin; that in ills demise I he lawlessness, titter abandon men t and reckless
ness of a man should he made manitest in a eountrs' ol pure and i literal prin-
ciples, where "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness " is guaranteed lo
all Iu the Constitution of our land, and that the wish of all ror his continued
administration should thus be ruthlessly set aside by one iniquitous indi-
vidual; and,
WHKIIKAS. Our sense or sorrow Is also most deeply touched at a time
when it seemed that, alter so long and anxious waiting ror his recovery, lie
might still be saved to the Nation, and that the long and heroic struggle he
made ror lire gave hopes for a return or health; therefore, be it
llrxnirni. That sve extend to Hie family of our late chief Magistrate our
heartfelt and tender sympathy in their Irreparable loss.
Resolved. That as a proper mark of respect the Cits Hall be draped
in mourning for the period of thirty days, and that on the dav of the luueral
ceremonies his Honor, the Mayor, direct, that all the public oftices and schools
lie dosed, and that he request that all places of amusement be closed and busi-
ness be suspended.
liesolri'd. That these reso'ntions be spread upon the records of this
Council, and that copies be sent to the President of the United Slates and the
heads of Departments In Washington and to the family of the late President.
868
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
/ That his Honor, tne Mayor, and a committee of nine Aldermen,
IIM itcd i iv him, attend me funeral ceremonies wherever they are
held, as rcpicscntativc.t of the City (if Chicago.
The C.overnor and a detachment of State officials, the .M.uor
anil a committee nf Aldermen, acre unpanicd by a committee of the
Count) Hoard, atteniled the funeral services at Cleveland. On the
same clay there was an imposing demonstration of military ami
civic organi/ation-. in Chicago, the proc cs-ioti accompanying a
catafali|iie through the principal streets of the city.
The assassination of President C.urlk-ld is of com-
paratively so recent a date as to he well remembered.
The excitement attending- (aiiteau's infamous act was
intense. Great crowds surrounded the newspaper and
ti-li-graph offices and eagerly scanned the first bulletins
announcing tile attempt upon the President's life, and
there was no cessation in this public demonstration of
sympathy for the President from day to day, while his
life hum; in the balance during the hot month of July,
and at the hour when he breathed his last in the cottage
at Klberon, the bells of all the fire stations in this city
were tolled simultaneously and the public buildings and
business blocks were the next day densely draped with
black.
That portion of the Mayor's first communication
deploring a certain manifestation of rancor, had refer-
ence to innuendoes communicated to the Chicago public,
reflecting upon the "Stalwart," or ('•rant, Republican
faction, represented at that time by Vice-President
Arthur and Roscoe Conkling, of New York. It is
unnecessary to say that the intense display of partisan-
ship was generally condemned and that the public
repudiated the suspicion sought to be aroused that the
••Stalwarts " were gratified by the commission of this
infamous crime, or that they were any more responsible
for the division in the Republican party than were the
Illaine republicans, or what at that time were the so-
called " Featherheads."
As to (iuiteau, he was called by many newspapers a
Chicago "crank," but the truth is that he was no more
a Chicago product than he was of Freeport, 111., where
his parents lived, or of the West, where he once wan-
dered through the mountains in a religious frenzy. 11 is
history is now well known. When in this city he lived a
portion of the time with his brother-in-law, George Sco-
ville, a lawyer who had married Guiteau's sister. He
resorted to the public library a great deal in the prepar-
ation of his peculiar religious pamphlets. Lawyer Sco-
ville and Charles H. Reed, ex-State's attorney of Cook
County, who had taken up his residence in Washington
some time before, defended Guiteau in his trial. While
the general belief in Chicago was that Guiteau was
insane, and witnesses were summonsed from this city to
attest the fact, physicians, who were experts on insanity
disagreed, and Guiteau was executed. Many of those
who believed him insane did not regret this partial
expiation of the crime, and esteemed it a salutary public
warning to criminal malefactors or murderously inclined
"iranks" — the latter being a term fittingly applied to
Guiteau, and to individuals possessing his traits, by the
public Press of the country.
During the year 1882, Mayor Harrison made the following
appointments :
William Curren, T. C. McMillan. Adolph Moses. Harry Kul>ens. W. II
Wells, and .liihn W. Knright, vice William Uurren, resigned dim-tors of the
I'uhllr Library; M. A. Delaney. John W. (lurry. Michael Keeley. C. L Nichotf
Frank A. gtanlMT, I'. O. Stenslaml, and A. C. Storey, members of the Board of
Bducatlon; Anstm J. Doyle, superintendent of police, on November 13
vice W. J. McOarigle, resigned.
William J. Mcdarigle made an efficient and popular chief of
police. 1 hiring the earlier part of his term he- spent several months
in F.un.pe, investigating the police and detective systems there, lie
resigned to become the candidate of the Democratic county con-
vention for sheriff, and was defeated by Selh !•'. llanchett. Repub-
lican.
On July 31, Alderman Illair presented to the Council a pream-
ble and resolution granting permission to the Mayor to take a
vacation, anil moved its adoption. The motion prevailed by yeas
32, and na\s I, — Alderman Nelson.
The following is the resolution as adopted :
Wll KI:I \s. c mi- \\ orlhv Mayor ha< devoted bis time and allentioii to I be
duties <,i his office with the utmost seal and fidelity, giving to the affalrsof the
city a greater dewier n! care ami consideration than a ! m MM ess man \\ oulil to
bis o\\ 11 private iMisiness; lias been dailv at bis desk dispatching matters re-
qulrlng ex. cnli\, an ion and giving audience to all who have had important
business to lay before him; and has invariably attended the sessions of this
Uouncll, greauj aiding us in our deliberations and exp dlting business; there-
fore he it
Itrxniri'tt. That as a recognition of this faithful servic nf tin- M.i\ or,
and in view 1. 1 the further fact that in the three years mid a. quarter of his
ei mm -el ion \\illi the aifairs of this city he has on I y taken uso u eek.s vacation.
this Council ilors hcrrii\ ^rant himaleaveof absence until (lie fouilhof
Sept em her. next, that he may it lie so chooses visit 1-atrope for relaxation and
n, and tint in Ihe event of his Undine matters which may require a
longer time for study for the interests of Chicago, an extension of one or two
also hereby allowed, at his discrclion.
Mayor I larri-on during his absence was honored by be-in;; given
the freedom of the City of Dublin and was entertained by the Cor-
poration. I ' poll his return, September 'Jo. he was the recipient of
an immense popular ovation on the part of the city employes and
citizens,
On February 27, the Mayor submitted to the Council a petition
of citi/.cns, rcc|tiesting the passage of a resolution urging the ( iov-
ernor to call a special session of the I .cgislalurc, for the purpose of
amending the Constitution in such a manner that the city might
issue bonds for the- construction of an enlarged system of water sup-
ply and for means of getting rid of sewage-.
< hi March 3, the committee on licenses reported in favor of
placing on file a petition of the Citizens' League, asking for the
enforcement of the 12 o'clock, midnight, closing of saloons; the
lion of the licenses of disorderly places and those having
disreputable attachments; and that ordinances be passed limiting the
number of saloon licenses to be issued to m>i c\a eding one to every
live hundred of the population of the city. The petition was
adopted at a large meeting of citi/cns, held in I'lymoiith Church on
April 24, i.sSi, and were presented to the Council by a committee
composed o! I1. !•'. Klmendorf, Robert I). Fowler, W. II. New-
comb, C. II. S. Mixer, !•'.. (1. Keith and Robert lb
The following is an abstract of the votes cast for the election
of members of the new Council on April 4, 1882.
first Il'iirrt— Swayne Wickershaiii. Dem.. 903; William B. Clanp, Rep.
525. .Sec'ilii/ H"<ir-tf— I'atrick Sanders. Dem., 1,515; Marx Winelnan, Kep.
705; John Oeiiler. Ind. Dem.. 51. Thinl ir«r<(— Daniel L. Shore}', Ken. sij.1-
Melvin McKee. Dem., 543. Fourth Wnrd-\\ illiam W. Watkins. Rep.. 774;
S\ Ivistei |i. Koss. Rep., 1,870; Frank Baker, Dem., 528. Fillli IKor*— Ed-
ward 1'. Burke. Dem., 2405; Fred Aye. Ind.. 891); Kdwaril O'Hare. Hep.,
1.080. Nij-lfc Ward— E. V. Cllileltoh. Dem., 1.950; John W. (Jarvcy. Rep
1,183. Seventh I ITard— James H. Hildreth. Dem.. 1.B74; (j. it. Torre'y Rep
273; M. Sebastian. Ind.. 11. Eii/Iilli \\~urd— Krank Ijiwler, Dem.. 2.044-
Timothy K. Ryan, Dem., 1,117; James Kelly, 64. A'inlli mint— Michael «av-
nor, Dem., 1.745; Ira H. Tllbbs. Rep.. 624; John C. lioyd. 3.1. 'I'mlli Wtirii-
George K. While, Ken.. 1,028: Henry Schroeder. Dem., 415. Klr.renth ll'.inl
— Thomas N. Bond, Rep., 1,164; Samuel Simons, Rep., 507; Thomas K.Coint-
ney, Dem., 143. Twelfth ir«r<l-.Iolin Maider. liep., l.Tlli; llcniy Maker.
Ind. Rep., 1,335. Tliirl tenth mm!— John E. Daiton. IX in., 1.423- Hart
Quirk, Itep., 725. Fourteenth \Vnril— Michael Ryan, Dem.. 1.559; Jacob
Stampcn. Socialist. Iil9: John J. lilock. Ind. Dem.. 286; Henry K. Thornbnsli
Hop.. 179; Michael O'Day, Dem., 371; Henry c. Kcrsling. Ind. .Ml. Fifteenth
irnrrt— James M. (Jninn. Dem., l.Olh1; William S. Yonnir, Hep.. (••;•); John
McCauiey. Ind.. 695; J. C. Peterson. 1 7H. Ni.rlccnlh ll'io-rf— John 11. Colvln,
Dem.. HBO: Anton Imhoff. 519; Fred. Kerslens, 3d; Matthias K. Kssner. 434;
William DeWaid, 19. .sviviifcoifk Il'imf-John Sweeney. Dem.. 1.117; John
Murphy, Rep.. 1.09.2. Eighteenth II", ml John K. Geohegan, Dem.. 1,423;
Augustus II. Hurley. Rep.. 1,089.
< In March 21, 1SS3, Mayor Harrison sent his annual message
to the Council, in which, before reviewing the operations of the city
departments, he had the following to say:
I regret the necessity of saying anything which mav savor of politics.
but the good name of Chicago has been shamelessly attacked for partisan
purposes by a part of its Press which lias grown fat with its prosperity. So
persistently has this been done, lhat people in other localities, and some of
our own people, who are prone to beileve whatever they see in print, have
been made to believe that this city is a sink of pestering crime; Its officials
in league with thieves and cut-throats, and thriving by wasting the funds of
the public. As the Mayor of Chicago, proud of its good name, I can not
.silently permit that good name to be tarnished by the slanders of men who
had they lived eighteen hundred years ago, would have sold their Master for
thirty pieces of silver.
The message closed as follows:
For many years the great papers of the North, the great periodical sand
tile public teachers, have belonged to the Republican party. From prejudice
or from interested motives they have all labored, day and night, to convince
tin-] pie that the Democratic party would not, or could not, conduct any
public corporation— State or municipal— on principles of honesty, integrity
and economy. * * * Four years ago, thousands of Republicans in
Chicago were so prejudiced against the Democratic party that they did not
give it credit for either honesty or ability. To-day, these thousands, having
seen a Democratic administration conducting the aifairs of this city on busi-
ness principles; having seen no robbery of the treasury, having heard no
whisper against the honesty of a single official or employe1; while so much
speculation lias gone on in certain corporations controlled by the Republicans
—these thousands have learned that a Democratic administration could he
honest, faithful and capable; and though they bave differed with such ad-
ministration in many of its methods, have come to believe that they will not
and would not be ruined, even if their own party should not be at the helm.
In the spring municipal campaign of 1883, the Re-
publicans were somewhat disheartened over the succes-
sive reverses of their city tickets. The newspapers
charged that Mayor Harrison's campaigns were con-
ducted by the gamblers, under the leadership of M. C.
McDonald and Joseph C. Mackin, who controlled the
POLITICAL HISTORY.
869
party machinery, and certain aldermen who had the
worst elements of the population subject to their com-
mands. A committee of citizens, representing both par-
ties, was organized to consider this subject and
take action in reference to placing a " reform" city
ticket in the field. They met in Fairbank Hail,
Central Music Hall Building, and became known
as the " Fairbank Hall Silk Stockings." The Re-
publicans duly held a convention and a compromise
was effected with the Fairbank Hall people, where-
by Eugene Cary was nominated for mayor, Dennis
O'Connor for treasurer, B. F. Richolson for city
attorney, and Kmil Dietzsch for city clerk.
The Democratic convention held, at the Palmer
House, re-nominated Carter H. Harrison, by accla-
mation, and John M. Dtinphy for city treasurer;
Julius S. Grinnell was re-nominated for city attor-
ney and John G. I^eumeister nominated for city
clerk.
The election occurred on Tuesday, April 3, and was an
exciting one. The result was as follows:
Mayor— Carter H. Harrison, Dem., 41;226; Eugene Cary, Rep.,
30.963. City Treasurer — lohn M. Duiiphv, Dem., 37,604; Dennis
O'Connor. Rep., 34.322. City Attorney — Julius S. Grinnell, Dem.,
43,355; Benjamin F. Richolson. Rep.. 29,543. City Clerk— John G.
Neumelster, Dem.. 3S.994; Emil Dierzsch, Rep.. 33,952.
In the wards the vote for aldermen was as follows: ..!.=
Firxt mini-Arthur Dixon. Rep., 1,703; A. Calder. Dem.. 10.
Semilrt ll'.irrt— James T. Appleton, Dem., 2,094; Charles H. Lithgow.
Rep.. 1.333; J. II. Howard, Rep . 38. Third H'cn-d— Frank H. Follans-
bee, Rep.. 1.457; O. li. Phelps^Rep.. 1.378. Fourth ir«rd— O. D. Phelps,
Rep.. 3.244; Frank Meyers, Dem., 1.529. Fifth ll'iiril— H. F. Sheridan,
Dem., 4,493; Nick Murphy, Ind. Rep . 1,651. ULrtli H'nrd-C. F. L.
Doerner. Dem., 2.953: Frank Hnbka, Bohemian Independent, 1.071.
Serentli ll'cinl— John Riordan, Uem.. 2.042; Charles P. Brady. Rep.,
1.244; John L. Mulfinger, Ind., 803. Eighth ir<u«— Thomas Parcel),
Dem., 2,896; Jeremiah Flynil, Dem.. 1.417; Josiah Grey, Rep., 563;
Maurice O'Connor, Ind., 229. Ninth Ward— John H. Foley, Dem.,
2,059; Ira H. Tubbs, Rep., 555; J. S. Carlisle, Incl., 14. Tenth irnrd-
James Walsh, Dem.. 1.100; Daniel Nelson. Rep., 823; Charles King,
Incl., 441). Elei'enih Il'iini-Samuel Simons, 2.650; scattering 6. Twelfth
mini-Walter S. Hull, Rep., 4.148; Daniel O'Day, Dem.. 986. Thir-
teenth H'liril— John W. Lyke. Kep., 1,459: Samuel J. Diiggett, Dem.,
853; Patrick Rice, Dem., 595; VV. H. Dobson. Incl., 610. Fourtirntfe
Il'dr.l— Frank Scliack. Dem.. 2,148; Charles F. Strnbbe, Rep.. 1.910;
Andrew Kurr, Socialist, 1.080. Fifteenth ll'.uYi-Williaill Eisfeldt.
Bep.. 2.411: Nick Gerten, Dem.. 1,808: John Wagner. Ind., 23. Six-
teenth Wnnl— Henry Severin. Rep., 1,495; M. J. Dewald, Dem., 1.469.
Serenteenth }\'<n-d Andrew J. Sullivan. Dem.. 1,719; John Murphy,
liep., 1.1121. Kiiihteenth Ward — William It. Manieire. Dem., 2,535;
Julius Jonas. Ind. Dem , 1,780; Watson Ruddy, Rep., 278.
The appointments of officials made by Mayor Harrison in
1883-84 were as follows:
T. T. Gurney, comptroller, rc-appolnted: Oscar C. DeWolf. health
iiuissioner, re-appointed; DeWittC. Cregler, commissioner of Public
Works, re-appointed; Austin J._Doyle. superintendent of police. re-
( )n motion of Alderman Sanders, the Council adopted the reso-
lutions unanimously, and resolved to attend the funeral in a body.
The following are the resolutions:
WHKHEA.S. There was killed in the late railroad disaster in New York
Stale a citizen of Chicago whose close connection with the interests of the city
and faithful services in behalf of the people render his death a public mis-
fortune ;
. . , , . .
commissioner, re-appointed; DeWittC. Cregler, commissioner of Public
Works, re-appointed; Austin J.Doyle, superintendent of police, re-
api>ointe<l; D. J. Sweuie, chief of Fire Department, re-appointed;
Eugene Prager. oil inspector. School inspectors — M. J. Dunne, to
succeed himself; Frank Wenter to succeed F. A. Maas: Graeme Stewart, to
succeed Philip A. Hoyne; John M. Clark, to succeed E. G. Keith; J. R.
Doolittle, Jr., to succeed J. C. Burroughs. Directors of the Public Library,
L. W. Kadlec, to succeed himself; Bernard Callaghan, to succeed himself;
H. W. Rogers, to succeed J. D. Walker. Philip Reidy, sealer of weights
and measures; Patrick Tierney, inspector of steam boilers; W. J. Onahan,
city collector; Alexander Kirkland, commissioner of buildings; George
Kersten, police magistrate. East Chicago-avenue Station; Charles White,
pulice magistrate, Desplaines-street Station; O. P. Ingersoll, police magis-
trate. West Twelfth -street Station; Peter Foote. police magistrate, Harrison-
street Station. Police Court Clerks— R. Sheridan, West Twelfth Street:
W. C. Clingen Harrison Street; M. A. LaBerg, Desplaines Street; August
Tiiiini, East Chicago Avenue. John Keller, bailiff West Twelfth Street.
Henry Scbraeder, superintendent West Randolph-street Market: Peter
conlon, member of Board of Education; Chris. Meier, clerk of East Chicago-
aveuiiH Police Court, vice August Tlmlil; M. R. M. Wallace, prosecuting
attorney; Frederick S. Winston. < orporatlon counsel.
On fuly 30, Mayor Harrison read to the Council the following
communication relative to the death of Hon. Thomas Hoyne:
Tothe City Council of the City of Chicago:
Gentlemen: It is eminently fit and proper that your honorable body
should take some appropriate action upon the death of Thomas Hoyne. Mr.
Hoyne has for over forty years been Identified with the history of Chicago,
lle'has held here the positions of City Clerk, Judge, United states District
Attorney, United States Marshal, and, for a short time in 1876, that of Mayor.
Mr. Hoyne was of marked characteristics, energetic and positive. He
was an honest man. whose uprightness of character earned for him the re-
spect of all.
In his public and professional life he was noted for his eloquence, his
energy, his ability, and the integrity of all his acts and deeds. He look great
interest In all public improvements, and his earnestness and positiveness
rendered his influence in whatever he entered upon of very great weight. He
was a public-spirited citizen whose energetic character has been of the
greatest service to the City of Chicago. It is the lot of all men of decided force
of character to make enemies of >ome. He was not an exception to the rule;
yet even those who differed with him in opinion always conceded the purity
of purpose and honesty of aim by which Mr. Hoyne was ever actuated. In
private life he was a man of sterling integrity and moral uprightness; one
who made strong friends, and stood by them.
The tragic suddenness of his death has shocked the community. While
he was upwards of sixty years of age, his vigorous constitution and his
healthful habits gave promise of many years yet of life, and the terrible
tragedy of his taking oil' seems too sudden a close to a life so useful to the com-
munity, so dear to his friends and family.
As a man closely connected with our public interests, so long identified
with the city and its atfairs.it is becoming that you should pass suitable
resolutions of tribute and respect upon his death.
I have prepared the accompanying resolutions, which I herewith submit
for your approval and action. CARTER H. HARRISON, Mayor.
Uesolmd, That in the death of Thomas Hoyne the City of Chicago has
lost one of Us most patriotic, public-spirited and honorable citizens— a man
whose efforts In behalf of all that he believed lobe best for the interests
of this community entitled him to the respect and admiration of all good
citizens.
Resolved, That all city offices be closed during the hours of the funeral,
as a mark of respect to the memory of the deceased.
/Osn/iTiJ, That these resolutions be duly published in the proceedings of
this body, and copies thereof be furnished the press for publication and sent
to the family of the deceased.
JOHN E. VAN PELT, member of the Board of Commissioners
of Cook County, was born at Burlington, New Jersey, on July 23,
1836. When he was three years of age his parents removed to
Jerseyville, Illinois, where he was reared and educated. When
quite a young man he engaged in the grain and lumber business,
and this he conducted with gratifying success. Mr. Van Pelt is
to-day one of the leading and best known politicians in Chicago,
and is one of the most aggressive and persistent workers for the
principles of his party in the country. Politics, it may be said,
always possessed a strange infatuation for him, and when he had
hardly passed his majority he entered the field for which he had a
penchant. He was one of the most active politicians of Jerseyville,
and in 1862, when only twenty-six years old, he was elected treas-
urer of Jersey County, and held the office for two terms, or four
years. In that position he discharged his duties faithfully and hon-
estly, and retired from the office without a blemish upon his charac-
ter or a reproach on his ability. He declined further political posi-
tions which were proffered him, preferring to attend to his legitimate
business, although continuing to work most industriously in the
ranks of the Democratic party and for its best interests. In the
spring of 1873 he was nominated for Mayor of Jerseyville by the
Democrats. The contest was an exciting one, Mr. Van Pelt being
elected by a good majority, and being the only candidate elected on
the Democratic ticket. In 1874, he moved to Chicago, and engaged
in the grain commission business on the Board of Trade. In
December, 1882, he was elected chairman of the Cook County
Democratic Central Committee, and has twice been re-elected to
870
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
[hat position which he has filled so acceptably. In the fall of
Mr. Van Veil was elected County Commissioner, and he has held
thai important office up to the present time. lie has sewn I as
on Public Service for om Public
Charities one year, and on Judiciary one year. Mr. \ an I'ell was
• i-ted I General Manager of the Chic.igo i '. immcrcial and
Financial News Cunipany. 1'ersonally, Mr. Van I'ell is a sociable
and , . . unpanion, a Denial gentleman, and our who is
ncd for his many good qualities. In politics he is an uncom
promising liemocrat.a member of the lro<|uois Club, and :i
spicil-. llitlCS.
S. \\tri I SIMONS, who Ins been identified with Chicago's mo-i
iiicrcia! int. • \ cr a <|uai tcr of a ceniiiM.
was horn in London, Kngland, in l\?7, and has been a resident of
ihisi t liirty years. His business and personal career,
-•sting, show- the grade of enterprise and ability to
• this metropolis owes its L;rowth and prosperity, foras a man-
ireriu hisespecial line, Mr. Simons has been almost a pioneer.
As a public man, lie has made a noble record of practical bench; to
the public, which twice sent him to the City Council, on the i
majority ever attained in the Klcvcnth \\anl. Mr. Simons resided
in London until 1*5.5. His father dying, he came alone to America,
when but sixteen years of aye, with the elements of the carpenter's
mastered, ilis business career in this city, since he came here
in 1855, is detailed on page 190, \olumell Sir. Simons, in public
life has been a familiar figure t" the conimuniiv for some years. A
strong i epnl'lir.in and cjnite active in politics, he first became a can-
didate for ohice in ]SS;, when he was elected alderman of the Klcv-
cnth Ward, there being no i ipposil ion. In iS.sj, he was re-elected,
g a majority of over 1,700 votes, the largest ever cast in the
ward. In the Council his influence has been directed to measures
tor public benefit, and he has procured the paving of miles of streets
! ihe fire-engine house on Curtis Street, the
tirst in the ward, erected at .t 0,000; located several school-
houses; caused night flagmen and gas lam])- to be placed at railroad
ugs; and. circulating among the people largely, has secured
numerous other material benefits for the ward he represents and
the municipality at large. He was foremost in the transfer of
1'nion Park and other parks to the West I'aik Commissioners, and
i'-trumcntal in obtaining legislative enactment on this matter.
securing additional le\ies to pay the expenses of the same. Mr.
Simons was married in 1*59, in this city, to Miss Kli/abeth A.
Williams, who was born in I'tica, N. Y.; she died in 1880, leaving
lildren, — Samuel ami William. He was married a second
time, in iS.s-j, to Mrs. I1' ranees A. Gittings, of Chicago.
'.ing is an abstract of the vote polled at the Aklermauic
election of April i . [884:
ir.o-.l— No opposition, Scattering, 235: William P. \Vliehin.
Reg. Dem., 1,403. .NVO.;H< (Turd— Patrick Sanders. Dem.. 1841-Nic i:ei«
K.-p., li.;7. TMri ir.,,-,i.-I>anlel I,, shorev. Rep., l,:v.'8; S. It. Kcogli. l>.-m .'
il'.i. ,/ '"'/'..',',' '"/, .J1",'!"'1*,''-,.1'1;'.1'1::'- Kep-i. 1.755;_kdwin (). Scy r.
1 "v "• ' . > '< MI . i QWB; i IIUUMB »» . ii MI, ivr(i., (u->. t en
ney. l><-m., DM: llanlcl Ni-lsoii. l{i-i>.. 678. Kl, i-fnili I r.irrt— Thomas" N.
Iliillil. 1I.-I'. l.h'll: \V.r. Men lire. D..III.. 3. nrtlftlt IT,,, -,l-.Iaim S L. Camp-
bell, Rep.. 2.558. Thirteenth W:i, I .h,lm 10. Dallon Dem . 1,300- Samuel . I
Domett Sep.. 1.0(7. fourteenth \r,inl Michael Kran. Dem.. 1.664; Daniel
i:\an. Etep.. 1.410: Joseph Gllmelster. Ind., 678. l-'ifii.ntii irm-.j-w s
Toting, .Jr.. Hi-p.. I.HIM; .1. M. (.liiinn. Dem., 1,401. Si.rlie,,tli ir«/ ,<-,Iohn
H.OolYln, Dem., 1,511; George Knerr. Ren.. 553, Seventttnth iFrmi_-.iolin
Sweenev, Dem., 1.48J; John f. Lennox, iicp . 11. Ei.jk'reniii ir<ir<j-john
r. Noyes, i>em., l,s:!it; A. II. Hurley, Rep.. 1.339.
A special eleciion for alderman of the Ninth Ward, to fill the
< v caused by the death of John II. Koley. was held May 13,
1884. W. I-'. Mahoney received 950 votes ami lames Murray 84!
Alderman Mahoney was duly installed on May 19. On .May 24, a
special meeting of the Council was railed to lake action upon the
deathof . \ldeiman Michael C.aynor, of the Ninth Ward. Alderman
.•-mated by James 1 lacey, a so-called "crank," who
had an imagined political grievance against Alderman (Jaynor.
Appropriate resolutions were adopted, ami remarks were made by
Aldermen Kawler, Dixon, Uond and Ryan. On |uly 15, a special
.11 was held in the Ninth Ward, and John ( iaynor." brother of
the deceased, was elected alderman for the unexpired term without
opposition, receiving 796 votes.
At the general election, on November 4, 1884, a. vote was taken
on the proposition to authorize the Council to appropriate
MOO, ooi) from tin saloon license fund, for the purpose of increasing
'he police I i , proposition was carried by a vole of 64 so2
t a lolal of KIO It Was charged by the Press
liat this appropriation was illegally carried by means of
the manv frauds entering; into the election.
On April 13, iS.-s, in view of the fact that certain newspapers
lain ballot-boxes, that should by law be in the
•v clerk, were not in the possession of that officer,
Aldermen NOM-S. Hull and Di.xon were appointed a committee to
investigate the matler. The boxes in question had been used in
the municipal election of April 3, and it was declared that some of
them remained out. The committee made an investigation, and
reported to the Council thai bo.xe- -nfl'n icnl in number to corre
-pond wilh all the precincts were iii the city clerk's vault, but that
many of them were without numbers, improperly sealed, and gene-
rally in a bad condition.
At the same meeting, resolutions were offered by Alderman
( 'nllcrton, denouncing the statements of a partisan Press in relc
to the late election, and pledging the Council to a fair, honest and
careful canvass of the returns; and by Alderman Ryan, directing tin-
Mayor and Chief of Police to use i very effort within their power to
bring to justice persons guilty of fraud, intimidation or other
offense against an honest, free and fair election, lioth resolutions
were referred lo the committee on elections. The committee, at
the next meeting of the < oiincil, recommended the passage of the
resolutions, together with an ordinance authorising the Major lo
draw upon the contingent fund, for the purpose of procuring funds
to assi-i an investigation of the facts and of bringing the perpetra-
tors of such frauds to justice.
The ballot-box containing the ballots cast in the Third Precinct
of the Third Ward was stolen from the office of I lowland's livery
stable on Twenty-second Street, at night after the judges had finished
iheir count of the returns. The only arrests made by the police
were in connection with this affair. " 1 lutchy " ( CKeefe was Imalh
convicted of this bold and treasonable effort to thwart the voting
franchi-e of the people, and was sentenced to a term of five years in
the penitentiary at Joliet.
The judges of this precinct, Isaac Howland, Dr. Ouinlan and
( ieorge Toild, having preserved an abstract of the returns, duly for-
warded the same to the Council. The Democratic majority in the
Council refused to receive these returns, and by a vote of 17 to i ;
passed an order requesting of the corporation' council an opinion
as to what constituted legal returns.
( In April 23, the Council adopted the following resolutions by
a strictly party vote, eighteen Democrats voting for the resolutions
and ten Republicans against:
\ViiKitHA8, The city is at present in a state of alarm and excitement
over the result of (he recent election, produced by the utterances of c-ciiain
partisan urwsnaiuM-s ami rush millionaires, who have been disappointed bv
the defeat of their candidates at the polls; and
Wu KI-.EAS. In their wild and Inconsiderate statements, the fair name of
the cityh;is in-.-n traduced and vlllfled, and the impression lias been spread
around that Chicago is not only a sinkhole of iniquity and corruption but
infested with thieves, bummers and ballot-box stulfcrs ami disreputable
characters generally; and
WHEBKAS, A great many people of Intelligence and general informa-
tion, have come to regard these I i Dels, through repeated utterances of them as
acorrec-t representation of the true condition of affairs in (Milrago; and
Wn KliKAs. Tlic tendency of all these misrepresentations lias been, not
only to injure the lair credil and stand ing of the city, but drive away trade
that h;is iis natural market here; therefore be it
Remlvtd, That the City Council hereby most vehemently denounce such
utterances, and characterize them as malicious and unfounded, pure flr-tion of
disgruntled and disappointed olllce-seekersand parlisan fanatics and chal-
lenge the proof to show that Chicago is not as onderly peaceable and law-
abiding as any rity in the country. We can most confidently and truthfully
assure, people In all parts of the country, that not only are the lives anil prop-
erty of our citizens perfectly secure and safe, but also that our city Is less
infested with crime and lawlessness than any city In the Tinted States, in
EroportlOD to its population. Statistics show that never in the history of
hicago was there less pauperism, a less number of the virious class and
a less domlnancr Of crime and disorder than at present. The contrary exists
only on paper. In the partisan journals of the city and among wild orators.
And lie It further
Kesnh'rd, That the election which these detainers of the city declare was
carried by fraud, was one of the most quiet and orderly ones ever held In Chi-
cago, and tnal when a calm and sober second thought succeeds the passions of
disappointed partisans, this fact will he apprehended and conceded- to tin-
establishment of which result tills Council hereby pledges itself by a fair
honest and careful canvass of the returns of the recent election.
It is needless to say the newspapers designated the resolutions
as "buncombe." The canvass, however, was impartial, as all
must be under the provisions of the law holding the Council to
the face of the returns, except in relation to the aldermanic contest
growing out of the election in the Sixth Ward, where Charles A.
Monear contested the election of Charles F. I,. Doerner, and the
Council refused to give the complainant a re-count of the votes
until threatened with a mandamus and contempt proceedings by
Judge Anthony.
On April 30 the Council, by a vote of 19 to 15, amended the
ordinance empowering the Mayor to draw upon the contingent fund,
by authorizing him to employ necessary clerks and experts and to
pay all expenses out of the secret service and contingent fund.
It having been charged that John G. Neumeister, the Demo-
cratic city clerk, desired to hold on to the office, and intended to
contest the election of C. II. I'lautz, his Republican opponent, on
June i, 1885, he senl the following communication to the Council :
To the Mayor and Aldermen of the City ol Chicago, in Council assembled-
Gentlemen: For some time I have rested supine under the accusation
that 1 desired to retain an office to which I was not elected, and that the delays
to declare the result of the election weredue to my craft and intrigue. This
I deny, and in this connection state, that as I was not elected by a majority or
the votes cast. I will not rest my claims thereto on a technicality.
The Democratic party, lo which I owe allegiance, demands that the third
precinct of tlir- third ward shall be counted without further delay. To this
let me add my own earnest request that this and all the returns be counted
and the result declared.
Very Truly Yours,
JOHN G. NEUMEISTEB. City Clerk.
POLITICAL HISTORY.
871
The legal authorities consulted declared that judges of election
were allowed by law to correct errors in their returns ; that the re-
turns certilied by the judges as tile returns must be accepted as such
by the Council in its canvass of the returns.
The vote of the municipal election was finally canvassed by the
<'<,uncil on | une I, 1 885. the result declared having been already
give i Mayor, Treasurer, Clerk anil Attorney, and being as fol-
lows on the Aldermen:
First Irani— Arthur Dlxon, Hop.. 1.B03; Patrick White, Hem., 1,307.
Second H'nivl— .lilmes Amdelon. Ueill., 2.ll'i'H; 51. liest. Hep., 1.008; M. A.
Drlscoll. Ind. Dem., 692. Third ir,u-.<- Char],-* \V. l)n-\v. Hop., 1.811;
Simon Klsli, Rep., lilil; Frank H. Pollansbee, Ind. Rep., lili-l; Isaar 1'ieser,
Dem., 1SH: Thomas llealy. llelll.. 533. fourth ir,ir<i-(>. 1). Wet hcrcll.
l!"1>.. 3.33H: Finn!, M\ers. Dem., 3.483: tSeorge lirahm, 57; 1'. I)i .as.
Fifth ll'finl— H. F. Sheridan, I>em., I.85S; John .1. Ki-iiuis. Rep., 2, 943.
Si.'iih ir.n-il— lit-, iffc w. Kroil, Rep., 1,18(1; 0. F. L. Doerner, Dem.,l.o24;
Cliaih-s A. Monear, Ind. Dem., 1.4:11: Wen/eel Kasperek, Ind.. 1,386. Kernilli
M'uril— John Rionlan, Dem.. 1,884; Thomas .1. Carroll. Ind. Dem.. 774;
Charles I!. Krady, ind.. SOU; Joseph M. Weher, Rep., 8,051. Kttjlttli Ward—
Redmond Sheridan, Jr., Dem., 2. 111!); Thomas I'ltreell. 1,598; L. Yore, Rep.,
1 tiTl. X'nitli H'uril-W. F. Mahoney. Dem. 4.8B3; John W. Carter, Rep..
1.405. 7Vil()i ir.inl -James Walsh, Dem., 1.013; S. I". Revere, Rep., 1.355.
Bltventll \\',inl-l>. M. Kirton Dem.. 1.391: Samuel Simons, Rep., :),i8l;
A. limiting. 31. Tn-flftli ir.inf-Walter S. Hull. Rep., 3.553; A.LSweet,
Ind.. 2887;.). L. Wh'iihn-K. 313. Thirteenth Ward .i.ilin \v. I.vke. liep..
2,187: Michael Hayes, Dem., 1,816; J. .M. I ngraham. 35. Fourteen^ 1C, ml
-Frank Schack. Rep., 2.800; W. .hicolis. Dem.. 1,745; J. Bavznlgter, Socialist.
2.B18. Fifteenth IFord— William Kistvid, Jr., liep., 3.022; .lames M. Quinn,
Dem, 1,927. flirl'iiitli ir««(— Henry Sevci-in, Rep., 3,1105; Kred Heinberg,
Dem.. 1.397. Si'iviitrniHi Wart—A 1'. liarrett. Dem,, 1,656; John A. Llun,
Rep., 1, Slli;. Kiijhifnilh ll'i/ni— William Manierre, Dem., 2,562; Fred Greis-
heimer, Dem., 1,738; A. J. Cakler, Rep., 1,092.
During 1884-85, Mayor Harrison made appointments as fol-
lows:
F:. S. Alhro. K. W. lilatchford, inspectors Hoitseof Correction ; Rml -Iph
I'.rainl. Thomas Brenan, John M. Clark. Frank H. Collier. Daniel M. Corkerv,
Adolph Krans, ihembers Of the Board of Education ; W. .1. II.vnt-s.Th :i . e.
Mr. Mil Ian. Arthur Swazey, William H. Wells, directors oft lie ruldie Library;
Clarence A. Knight, city attorney, vice Julius 8. Grlimell, resigned; Kred-riek
Kiiersold, general superintendent of police, vice Austin J. Doyle, resigned.
The year 1884 was another great year for Chicago
in the annals of politics. Both the Democratic and Re-
publican National Committees decided, after proper
persuasion by delegations of leading Chicago citizens,
to hold the National Conventions of their respective
parties in Chicago. The Exposition building was again
elaborately fitted up and at great expense, for the pur-
P' isrs of a convention hall. In 1880, the auditorium,
which accommodated fifteen thousand people, was in the
south end of the building, the stage facing to the north;
and the convention chamber of 1884 was in the north
end of the building, with the stage facing to the south
during the deliberations of the Republican Convention.
The acoustics of this chamber were somewhat faulty,
and when the Democrats came to hold their convention
in July, the location of the stage was changed to the
west center of the auditorium, facing east, and the hear-
ing properties were greatly improved. This hall accom-
modated about twelve thousand five hundred people.
The expense of making it ready was borne jointly by
the Republican and Democratic Committees and the
May Musical Festival Association.
The Illinois Republican delegates organized by elect-
ing Senator S. M. Cullom, chairman; John A. Rinaker,
vice-president; Charles T. Stratton, secretary; Burton
( '. Cook on credentials; R. A. Halbert on organization;
S. ( '. Collins on rules; Clark K. Carr on resolutions.
Among the visiting clubs and organizations was a
large delegation of New York business men, who favored
the nomination of Chester A. Arthur. They were met
by a delegation of Chicago business men, and welcomed
in a speech at theCrand Pacific Hotel by Hon. J. Young
Scammon. The Chicago business men formulated an
address favoring Arthur's nomination, and opened Ar-
thur headquarters at the Palmer House.
TIIK KI:I'( lii.u AN ( '< INVENTION — the eighth since the formation
of the party — convened on Tuesday, June 3, at 12 o'clock, noon,
the proceedings be-in"; opened with prayer by Rev. Frank M. I'.ris-
tol, of Chicago.
( )n the second day, after the selection of a permanent president
and other preliminary business had been disposed of, the secretary
read the following:
To the President ol lite Hi-pnblican National Convention—
/'- in- Nir: We ha ve I lie pleasure, no less than tin- honor, of presenting to
you a gavel which is made of wood fn 'very stale and Territory in (lie
Union, including Alaska, and the handle of it is from the old Charter Oak
tree of Hartford, Conn. The gavel is a solid unit, and through It the StRtea
speak with one voice. If the delegates from all the Statesand Territories from
which this gavel comes will act In a manner equally united, the best Interests
of thecountry will he subserved.
Respectfully, A. H. A.NDIIKWS ,V CO.
The unique offering of Chicago enterprise was accepted with
thanks, the president remarking: " An omen, no doubt, gentlemen,
of our success in November next; a union of the States once more."
There was a contest in the Second Illinois Congressional dis-
trict between rival delegates representing the respective interests ol
Chester A. Arthur and James (',, Hlaine; and the latter, \V. II.
kuger and C. 10. I'iper and their alternates, sitting members, were
declared by the commitlee on cu-denlials to lie entitled lo retain
their seats, and the report was adopted without fun
The placing of presidential candidates in nomination began in
the evening of the third day's session, lion. Shelby M. Cullom
nominated General John A. l.ogan; and Jamesd. lUainc.of Main.-,
was placed in nomination by Judge William II. West, " the blind
orator," of Ohio; and Chester A. Arthur by Martin I. Town
of New York.
The first ballot was taken on the fourth day. Friday at 12 o'clock, with
the following result: Whole number of delegates S3ii: necrssan to a . iioi, •
411; whole number cast 818. .lames <;. lilaine. 334M ; Chester A. Arthur.
378; George F. Edmunds. 93; John A. Logan, 63X; John Sherman. 3d; Joseph
R. Han-ley, 13; Robert T. Lincoln, 4 ; W. T. Sherman, J. Ol the II Illinois
votes Logan received 40: An Inn- 1.— A liner Taylor; and lilaine 3, — I. L. Wood-
ward, -I. K. Wlu-fler and (ii-or^e K. Davis.
When Illinois was reached on tile rail of the roll for the fourth ballot it
resulted.— for Blalne, 34; tor Logan, 6; for Arthur, 3. —John M. Hamilton,
Aimer Taylor and S. 1!. Raymond.
The nomination of Mr. lilaine having been made unanimous,
the Convention adjourned until evening, when candidates for \ ice-
President were proposed. I1. 1J. I'ltimb, of Kansas, nominated
John A. l.ogan, and the nomination was seconded by icpn-cnia
lives of various Slates. Millions were made to make the nomina-
tion by acclamation; but the roll being called lor, a ballot was taken
resulting Logan, 773; W. o. C.iesliam. d; |. I!. 1- oraker, 1. Gen-
eral Logan's nomination was made unanimous.
The canvass preceding the election of delegates to
this Convention was a close and exciting one throughout
the country, and many incidents happened to widen the
apparent breach in the Republican ranks. It was
charged that the " Stalwart " adherents of General Grant
and Roscoe Conklitig would defeat Mr. lilaine if he were
nominated. A new influence in politics — a strong in-
dependent faction, — came into existence, that was op-
posed to Mr. Blaine on the score of his record and a
desire for reforms more radical than it was considered
lie would inaugurate if elected, especially in reference
to the civil service. The tariff was the important fea-
ture of the campaign, Blaine being an avowed protec-
tionist, while the Democratic party contained a large
faction in favor of tariff-reform, or tariff for "revenue
only," which, it was charged by their opponents, was
only the first step toward ultimate free trade. In every
Republican meeting and convention held throughout
the country, Chester A. Arthur was indorsed, and his
able administration praised by resolutions and speeches
and his friends were earnestly desirous of his nomina-
tion. In Illinois there was a strong Arthur movement,
represented in Chicago by such newspapers as the Daily
News and the Inter Ocean, which papers offered decided
opposition to John A. Logan as a presidential candidate.
General Logan's friends, however, controlled the Slate
Central Committee, district committees, and the bulk of
the party machinery, 'and the plea that he should have
the delegates of his own State, and especially those from
Chicago, his own citv, finally prevailed. There \
charges made of bad faith on the part of the represent-
atives of two of the Chicago Congressional districts,
and this had additional effect in decreasing the Repub-
lican vote in November. The Inter Ocean rendered
faithful party service, and supported Blaine and Logan;
the Daily News, consistently following out its independ-
ent principles, indorsed the cause of the '•Independents"
and lent its support to Grover Cleveland, who became
the Democratic nominee.
Hon. \V. d. Donnan, of Iowa, prc-eiiteil to the Republican
Convention a petition from the National Women's Christian Tem-
perance A-soeiaiiim, calling for action by the Convention favoring
Constitutional prohibition. ll was signed by Frances !'.. Willani,
president; Carolina B. Buell, corresponding secretary; Mary A.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
Woodbridjfe, recording secretary; I.. M. N. Stevens, assistant sec-
retary: anil F.sther I'ugh, treasurer. It was referred to the commit-
tee on rules and entirely ignored in the platform.
TIIH. I'Koiiiiii I'iDN NATIONAL CONVENTION convened at Pitts-
burgh on lulv 24, criticised the Republican Convention for ignor-
ing the prohibition petition of the Women's Christian Temperance
Union; adopted a national prohibition platform; and nominated
John 1'. St. John, of Kansas, for I 'resident, and William Daniels, of
Maryland, for Vice- 1 'resident.
I. II. llolilis was the prohibition candidate for governor of Illi-
nois. In Cook County the prohibition ticket received an important
but not excessively large \ote.
TIN ILLINOIS DEMOCRATIC STATE CONVENTION was held at
I'eoria on July 2. John II. Oberly, chairman of the State Central
Committee, opened the proceedings with a speech, in which the
names of Samuel J. Tilden, drover Cleveland, Joseph V.. McDonald
and \Yiiliain K. Morrison were mentioned, and were received with
vociferous cheering. There was evident so much good feeling
toward the " old ticket " of Tilden and I lendricks, that an effort
was made to pledge the convention to its nomination at Chicago on
July - : McClcrnand presented a resolution to the effect
that it was the sense of the convention that "the old ticket," Samuel
I. Tilden and Thomas A. I lendricks, should be nominated for
I 'resident and Vice- President of the I'nited Slates by the National
( 'onvcntion to assemble at Chicago on July S. The chair decided the
resolution not in order at that time, as the convention was as vet in
the act of perfecting its temporary organization.
It was understood that the friends of a low tariff and the sup-
porters of William R. Morrison would attack the tariff question
boldly and make the convention platform set forth their position in
unmistakeable terms. The platform, as prepared by the committee
on resolutions, was read by S. Corning (tidd. It re-asserted the
declarations of the Democratic National platform of 1876 as
regarded reforms in taxation anil the tariff, and contained instruc-
tions to delegates to the Chicago Convention to vote as a unit in
favor of an emphatic declaration by that body in favor of a tariff for
levenne only.
Mayor Harrison, whose nomination for Governor was looked
upon as a foregone conclusion, had arrived and was seated as a
proxy for a delegate from the third Chicago district. Me arose
and attacked the tariff plank of the platform, and moved to strike
out all that part relating to the tariff. The convention went into
an uproar, in the midst of which William R. .Morrison arose and
said the people could not be dcccncd by words. II the convention
vanted a tariff for protection let them declare it. He hoped Mayor
Harrison would be nominated and elected Governor, but that his
motion would be defeated. John M. I'almer took the floor, and
asserted that if Mayor Harrison was not willing to make the run
on this platform he should refuse the gubernatorial nomination if
tendered by the convention. Mavor Harrison interrupted the
speaker, and said that his position was being misrepresented, and
that he had moved to strike out merely the instructions to delegates
to vote as a unit on the question in the National ( 'onvcntion.
A vote was taken on the proposition to strike out the instruc-
tions amid intense excitement and confusion, the result being a
vote of 653 for striking out, and 623 against; majority for, 30,
which came almost entirely from Cook County. The platform as
amended was then adopted viva voce.
Mayor Harrison was nominated for Governor by acclamation,
the balance of (lie ticket being made up of prominent Democrats
from the central anil southern part of the State.
\\ hile the Republican Convention in June had been prolonged
beyond the expectations of many far-sighted politicians, and the ex-
citement had run high in the convention hall, the hotel lobbies, and
in the streets, where mass meetings and processions were ol nightly
occurrence, the Democratic Convention, notwithstanding the hot
and sultry July weather, far outrivalled the Republican gathering
in point of excitement, enthusiasm, fireworks, the noise of brass
bands and the speeches of agitators who endeavored to create and
control local feeling. The New York County Democracy, one
thousand live hundred strong, headed by county and city officials,
put in an appearance first, and began work fo'r Clevela'nd; John
Kelly and the Tammany Hall organization came next, and began
work against Cleveland. Local political organizations and recep-
tion committees were busily engaged, for several days, in the work
ol rivciviug and providing for the entertainment of political clubs
ill the chief cities of the country. The tariff reformers were
on the ground early, and gave notice of their determination to force
the convention into a vigorous and definite expression upon this im-
portant and all absorbing topic. The preparation of a plank in re-
ference to the tariff, to be presented for adoption, was undertaken by
such avowed Free Traders as William R. Morrison, Henrv Wal-
terson, Frank llurd and Francis Kernan, and it is doing these gentle-
men but credit for their exertions, to say that their views, with but
slight modifications, were embodied in the platform, upon its
adoption.
Benjamin !•'. Butler, who had already been nominated for the
presidency by a section of the People's Party in the Fast, was prcs-
eni as a delegate in the Democratic Convention and a recognized
candidate lor the presidential nomination. ( )n tin- evening of July
5, the local labor organizations held a Puller demonstration. Then-
was a procession in which about three thousand men participated,
and it was viewed by not less than fifty thousand spectators along
the line of march. General Butler attempted to address the multi-
tude at the Palmer House, but the uproar was so great he could not
make himself heard, and was forced to retire. It was known that
the New York delegation wasdividcd, and that forty-nine delegates
were for Cleveland, the remaining twenty-three being lor Flown,
Payard and Slocumb, and thai John Kelly, Senator ( irady and
General Puller would make a bitter fight to defeal Cle\eland's
nomination. All of this added to the excitement and the intense-
interest everywhere manifested as to the probable outcome of the
convention.
The Illinois delegation organized as follows:
John M. 1'alint'r, chairman; W. II. Barnes, secretary; A. . I. O'Connor,
credentials; \v. A. J. Sparks, permanent organization; William H. Morrison
resolutions; S. Oorlllng Jtuld, national coiiiniitteeinan ; A. 10. BteveuBOU,
notification; Anthony Norton, vice-president; Harry Uuliens, convention
secretary.
The Democratic National Convention was conceded to have
been the most representative gathering ever held by the party. A
short time prior to the convention. 1 Ion. Samuel | . Tilden, the aged
and popular standard-bearer of 1876, who had a powerful follow-
ing in the ranks of the Democracy who favored his candidacy,
wrote a letter announcing that he would not accept of a nomina-
tion. A comparatively new man in national politics, Grover
Cleveland, governor of New York, developed surprising strength
as a Presidential candidate. He was advantageously located in the
State containing the greatest number of electoral votes, for which
both parlies were lighting, and had the indorsement of the Inde-
pendents of the East, who were satisfied with his record as a
reformer.
The convention was called to order at 12 o'clock, July 8, and
the first division occurred on the question of enforcing the unit
rule as to the New York delegates, in accordance with the instruc-
tions of the Saratoga Convention. During the debate, C'arter II.
Harrison spoke in opposition to the enforcement of the unit rule.
The National Committee presented a resolution providing for the
government of the convention by the same rules as those that gov-
erned the convention of tSSo, which recognized the unit rule.
Senator Grady, of New York, offered an amendment providing for
the recording of the votes of individual delegates. The amend-
ment was lost, and the unit rule was adopted by a vote of 445 to 350.
The committee on platform met m the rooms of the Iroquois
Club, and found themselves in a dead-lock on the tariff question,
the vote on chairman being eighteen for William R. Morrison,
tariff reform, to eighteen for George 1.. Converse, protection. A
compromise was made on Malcolm Hay for temporary chairman
of the committee. The committee was addressed in behalf of the
Irish National League of America, in opposition to absentee land-
lords in this country, by Alexander Sullivan, of Chicago, president
of the League.
William II. Vilas, of Wisconsin, was made president of the
convention.
On July 9, another test vote between the two elements in the
convention was taken, on a motion to lay on the table a motion to
proceed with the nomination of candidates. When New York
wascalled, Chairman Manning announced 72 votes " no," and was
sustained by the chairman of the convention in voting his delega-
tion as a unit, under ihe inslructions of the New York State Con-
vention, and the vote of the convention, as recorded, stood ayes 282,
noes 521.
The convention proceeded to the nominations, brilliant
speeches being made by many eminent speakers in favor of Sen-
ator liayard, Senator McDonald, Senator Thunr.an, John G.
Carlisle, Grover Cleveland, Samuel J. Randall and George
Iloadley.
Mr. Lock-wood, of New York, presented Cleveland's name,
and the nomination was seconded by Carter 1 1. Harrison. Sena-
tor Grady dissented, and charged that the laboring men and the
Irish Catholics would not support Cleveland. Mayor Harrison
repelled this statement. The name of Henjamin V. Duller was
not presented. On July 10, Mayor Harrison denied the accusation
made by certain speakers that he had packed the hall with a clique
to applaud his speech for Cleveland. On the evening of July ID,
when the committee on platform had reported, ( General Putl'er made
a minority report in favor of a protective tariff. On the vote on
the adoption of General Butler's substitute, it was rejected, yeas
97/4. nays 714/4. and the majority platform was adopted.
The flrst ballot was taken at 12 o'clock midnight, ri-siiltnie Hoadlev 3-
Carlisle, 27; Randall. 78; Tlmrman. 88; Mi-Donald, M; UayardV 170- Cleve-
land. 392. Illinois can 88 rotes for Cleveland, 11 for McDonald 2 for Bay-
ard. 1 for Thurman. 1 for Randall, and 1 for Thomas A. Hemlricks tile latter
vote beiug that of Alderman E. F. Cullerton, uf Chicago.
POLITICAL HISTORY.
873
On the morning of July II, it early became apparent that the
Indianians and local friends of Ilendricks were present in the con-
vention in large numbers. On the second and last ballot the voting
had proceeded on the call of States as far as Illinois, and when the
chairman of the Illinois delegation began to announce the vote, as
Hendricks i, — there suddenly broke out a scene of wild and enthu-
siastic tumult, the cheering drowning every other sound and con-
tinuing for fifteen minutes. It was too late to stampede the con-
vention, however, and the further announcement of 38 votes from
Illinois for Cleveland somewhat lessened the enthusiasm. It was
seen that Cleveland was nominated.
Illinois first changed to 87 for Cleveland, Hendricks 1. Ii;iyard 3. Mc-
Donald 8. and Mien to 44 votes solid for Cleveland. On the official record
Illinois stood, Cleveland 43, McDonald 1, and the vote for each candidate as
formally announced was: Cleveland 683. McDonald 2, liayard 81M. Tliurman
4, Hendricks 45«, Randall 4.
The convention adjourned until evening, when candidates for
Vice- President were placed in nomination. General \V. S. Kose-
crans, Joseph E. McDonald, General John C. Black, of Illinois,
George W. (Hick, and Thomas A. Ilendricks were named. Cen-
tral lUack declined to allow the use of his name, saying he had
pledged his allegiance to Senator McDonald so long as the hitter's
name was before the convention. A number of spirited speeches
were made in favor of the nomination of Mr. Ilendricks by accla-
mation, Delegate Wallace, of Pennsylvania, saying he had been
once chosen vice-president, and was despoiled of the orlice. The
clerk proceeded to call the roll of the States, and Mr. Hendricks
was nominated unanimously.
Benjamin V. Butler formally accepted the nomination tendered
him by the Greenback and Anti-Monopoly convention, in a letter
containing eleven thousand words, in condemnation of the action
of the Democratic Convention on the tariff, and bidding for the sup-
port of the labor element of the country. The idea became preva-
lent that he in reality favored the election of Blame, and that his
candidacy was but a ruse to draw off Democratic votes and thereby
bring about the result desired. He received but few votes in
Chicago.
True to the representations made of their intentions, the Inde-
pendents gave their active support to the Democratic ticket. They
were called "mugwumps" by the Republican party organs. In
Chicago there was a strong local organization, which sent out vast
quantities of campaign literature and enrolled thousands of voters
throughout the State. The executive committee was composed of
Franklin MacVeagh, General A. C. McClurg, W. T. Baker, Ed-
ward G. Mason, George C. Clarke, James F. Claflin, Henry A.
( lanlner, Slason Thompson, and Edwin linrritt Smith.
THK STATK CAMPAIGN was also replete with excitement and
interest, and close contests were waged between rival candidates for
Congress.
In the first Chicago district, the Republicans renominated
R. \V. Dunham, and the Democrats named as his opponent
William M. Tilden, a cousin of Samuel J. Tilden.
In the second district, the Democrats offered to nominate John I1'.
Fincrty, who two years before, as an Independent Democrat, had de-
feated Henry I''. Sheridan, the regular Democratic nominee, if he
would support the National I )emocratic ticket. Mr. Finerty, however,
resolutely refused to pledge himself, and cast his fortunes and the
influence of his paper, The Citizen, an Irish National weekly, with
Blaine and for a protective tariff. The Democrats thereupon nomi-
nated Frank I.awler, alderman from the Eighth Ward, who had a
strong following among the laboring element of the district.
In the third district, the supporters of George R. Davis and
William E. Mason were divided by the result of the primaries. A
contest ensued as to who should stand as the Republican candidate,
which was carried to the National Committee for arbitration. A
decision was rendered in favor of Mr. Mason, and Mr. Davis appar-
ently withdrew, but upon his return from the East his supporters
placed General James Fitzsimons in the Held against Mr. Mason.
The Democrats, in this favorable emergency, nominated James H.
Ward as their candidate in the district.
In the fourth Chicago district, the Republicans re-nominated
George K. Adams and the Democrats John P. Altgeld.
In their State Conventions, the Republicans nominated Richard
[. Oglesby for Governor and the Democrats nominated Carter II .
Harrison, Mayor of Chicago, as their candidate. Both candidates
made a personal canvass and stumped the State from end to end.
The official vote of Cook County in the general election of No-
vember, 1884, was as follows:
FOR PRESIDENT.-James O. Blaine, average. 68,271; highest, 69,251.
{irover Cleveland, average, 60.658; highest, 60.663. John P. St. John, 996.
Benjamin F. Butler. 812. Blaine's plurality, 8,(il9; majority 6.841.
STATE TICKET.— Fnr Governor— Carter II. Harrison, 65.147; Ulchard
,1. Oglesby. 64,965; J. B. Hobbs, 997; William II. Harper, 409. Harrison's
plurality. 182.
In this election Jacob Gross, Ren., of Chicago, was a candidate for State
Treasurer, against Alfred Orendorff, I>em., of Springfield ; Copp. the Prohibi-
tion candidate and Ciooilhne the Anti-Monopoly. The vote in Cook County
was Gross, 69.033; Orendorff, 61.018; Copp, 1,049; Goodllue, 669-Gross's
majority, 6.297.
The Republican electoral ticket received 18.180 majority In the State
and Oglesby's majority was 11.532 in the State. The popular vote in the State
was for Itlalne, 337,586; for Cleveland 312,314; making Blaine's plurality
'"'CONGRESSIONAL VOTE. -First District-Dunham, Rep., 20.245; Til-
den. Dem., 14,655; Clark, Prohlb., 601 ; Gates, Anti-Monopoly, 288. Kr«iii<;
Di*t, ict-Lawler. Dem.. 13.H54; Finerty, Rep.. 11,552: Kclleit, 1'n.hib.. 23.
Third District— Ward, Dem., 15,601; Mason. Ren.. 10.806: Kitzsitm.ns, Rep..
8.928; Lee. Prohib.. 280; Uoyil. Anti-Monop.. 259. fourth District— Adams.
R'ep. 18.333: AltKCld. Dem., 15,291; Austin. 1'rohib.. 467.
COUNTY TICKET.— State's Alton:/']! — Orinnell, Dem.. 68.329; Mills,
Rep 60.685; Wilson. Prohili., 1,064; Scoville, Anti-Mono])., 621. Itecortler—
Scribner, Rep., 68.879; Donnersberger, Dem.. 60,933; Jenkins. Prohib.,
1604; Jenkinson, Anti-Mono)).. 43. Coroner— Hertz. Rep., 69,950 ; Boy den.
Dem.. 59.935; Hutchins. Prohlb., 915; Coulton, Antl-Monop., 609. 'cirri;
nf ApvellHte Court— Healy. Rep., 68.882; Cm-ran. Dem., 60.791; McDow-
all. Prohib.. 1.087; Adams, Anti-Monop., 641. Vlerk nf Superior Court—
McGrath, Rep.. 69.344; Donovan. Dem.. 60.283; Butler. Prohlb.. 1,008;
(irogan, Anti-Monop.. 641. Clerk nf Circuit Court — Best, Rep., 69,252;
Hoechster. Dem., 60.512; Whitcomb. Prohib., 977: Huck. Anti-Monop.. 657.
Count]/ (Surveyor— Foster, Rep., 68,317; Carlson, Dem., 61,511; Williamson,
Prohib.. 662.
COUNTY COMMISSIONERS.— First District, McDonald, 50,988; Wren,
50 414- O'Brien, 48,724; Shehan. 48,625; Wait. 467; Kitsch, 460; Henschell.
392- Creek, 385; Boyle. 13: Jansen. 6. Second District. Klehm. 4.824; Weck-
ler, 3,185; Jansen. 323: KalBtromb, 13. t'mirtli IKxtrirt, Mccarty, 5.285;
KotzenberR. 4,319; Doyle. 154; Osterholm. 6. Si.rf/i Itixtrict. McClanghrcy,
1,140; Reed, 910; Payne, 10.
The State Senators and Representatives elected at this election,
together with the vote received by the various candidates, were as
follows: *
SENATORS. — Secmirl District. Crawford. 10.749; Newberry, 7.575;
Neil 214; Norrtengreel). 173. Foitrtft IHttrict, Cuntwell. 5.46K: Mamer, 5.153:
Lawrence, 2.125; Whitlock. 234 : (iihnore, 15. Sixth District, Brand, 9,696;
I.enuin. 9.r>86; Moulding. 27; Arnold. 15. t
REPRESENTATIVES.— Fir»t Dittrlct. McHale. 7.818K; Kennedy,
7279«- Parker. 6,782; Dolan. 6.159; McGovern, 2.651!/; Cartel. 2,447;
Foley 228- Dewey. 198. Second District. Harper 16.247; Parker. 1D.40IH;;
Hummel, 13.060; Danforth. 10.217M; Starkweather, 846)4: Connelly, 532^;
Sc:
Ca
M
5 06' -
iiian 6 761- 'Tay'lor. 5.310; Dwver. 956X; Srrolflein. 138; TapVe)% 7~; 'Ken-
nedy 6 Si.rth District Boutell. 15.475; Sullivan 13.495: Slltig. 12.929K;
McAnlttf, 11.957)4; Moulding. 226!^; Noegley, 514; Arnold. 213. Uri-rnlli
District Humphrey. 11.632M; Strnckniann. 10.496K; Crafts, 9,672; Kreuger,
4 678K; Nowlen, 1,548; Starkweather. 21; Connelly, 9. A'iiitli District,
Sdiarfaii. 7.709; Baird. 7.40SK; Consiiline. 6,618; Wendell. 5.225; Phclps,
2.T87M; Whelan, 977; Pike, 123. Eleventh District. Oldenberg 10.114;
O'Shay 7639; Scblesinger, 6,933; Meyers. 5,994; Scarry, 4.740; Wooilson.
1 645. Thirteenth District. Brachtendoif. 5.912!^; Snnilellus. 5.736M; Mul-
lieran. 5.230K; Klnpp; 5.174; Prendergast, 2.447; Dahnke, 1,606; Vogel, 93.
For the State House appropriation, 22,331.
Separate Item veto, 109.119.
Issue of county bonds, 109.810.
Police appropriation, 64.802.
A few days after the general election of November,
1884, it became generally known that the two houses of
the Assembly in joint session would probably be a tie
as between the Democrats and the Republicans, so that
a single vote, either in the House or Senate might elect
a United States Senator. It has been charged that this
situation brought about the famous Brand-Leman im-
broglio in the Eighteenth Ward of Chicago.
THE EIGHTEENTH WARD CASE. — The excitement attending
the Democratic National victory had not died away in Chicago,
when the discovery was made, and announced to the public through
the Press, that a bold and treasonable fraud had been perpetrated
in the Second Precinct of the Eighteenth Ward, where the
ballots had been tampered with so as to reverse the result in the
precinct, giving a fraudulent majority for State Senator to Rudolf
Brand as against Henry W. Leman. It is but justice to Mr. Brand
to say, that neither then nor since was there the slightest suspicion
that he was in any way cognizant of this fraud. Before even the
magnitude of the outrage was known, Mr. Brand announced that
he would not accept an election that was in doubt, and demanded a
re-count. The excitement and indignation ran high, and a citizens'
committee was formed in the Eighteenth Ward for the purpose of
hunting down and bringing to justice the miscreants who had per-
petrated the frauds. Many leading citizens co-operated in this
movement, among others E. Nelson Blake, A. A. Carpenter, Mel-
ville E. Stone, General I. N. Stiles, Edwin Lee Brown, A. M. Day,
E. F. Cragin, Erskine M. Phelps, M. W. Fuller, and many other
prominent representatives of both political parties. A. M. Day
was made chairman of the committee.
Examination of the ballot-box of the Second Precinct of the
Eighteenth Ward showed that, after it had been placed in the cus-
tody of the county clerk and was in the vault of his office, the orig-
inal ballots had been abstracted and a number of boyus or forged
ballots, printed as fac-similes of the genuine ones, with the excep-
tion that they contained Brand's name instead of 1, email's, had
been substituted. The apparent motive for the crime lay in the
fact that the General Assembly elect was to ballot for a United
State Senator, and a careful canvass of the State had shown that
the Senate and House were apt to be a tie between the two parties.
To more completely carry out the fraud, the entire tally sheet ac-
companying the ballots had been forged so as to correspond, and
* A complete list of senators and representatives elected in Cook 1'imnty
Districts, since the nri:ani/.ation of the General Assembly will be found in
addendum at the close of this chapter.
< The vote as canvassed was reversed, Brands apparent plurality being
fraudulent. Governor Hamilton issued the certilicate of election to Leman.
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
clever counterfeits of the signatures of the judges anil clerks of
HI were ;ilti\eil. The Eighteenth Ward Cui/ens' Committee,
ami the Federal authorilies co-operating, arrested the judges and
clerks except OIK. Sullivan, who decamped to Canada. An enter-
prising reporter ol the I laily News discovered where the bogus
tickets had been printed, at' 1'. I.. Hansconi's printing office on
Madison Street, anil secured a proof slip of the bogus ticket con-
taining llraml's name. Wright ISrothcrs, junior members of the
tinn of I'. 1.. llanscom \ < '<>., staled that Joseph C. Muckin, sec-
retary of ;he Cook Count) Central 1 Vmocratic Committee, assistant
secretary of the State Central Committee and secretary of the Cook
CountN Democratic Club, hail ordered the tickets printed and they
hail been delivered to him at his room in the 1 'aimer House. Joseph
C. Mackin was indicted by the Federal grand jury for this offense
on several co unts. the chief being for tampering with the returns of
an election in which a Congressman was to be elected.
\lel\ille !•'.. Stone, editor of the Daily News, became convinced
that the fraud was the result of a conspiracy, and had more ramifi-
cations than appeared on the surface. He procured photographs
of the tally-sheet, and. after examining over one hundred specimens
ol handwriting, fixed upon William 1 . I iallaghcr, a saloon-keeper on
Slate Street, and a clc.se and conlidcnlial friend of Mackin's, as one
of the con-piralors. Mr. Stone swore out a warrant for Gallagher's
arrest, charging him with having forged the tally-sheet and the
names of the election judges and clerks. The indictment against
.Mackin was dropped, and Mackin, (Iallagher and Arthur (ilcason,
— the latter a clerk in the County Clerk's office, who was charged
with having- connived at the substitution of the fraudulent ballots
while the genuine \\ere ill his custody, — were proceeded against by
information in the Federal Court on the relation of L'niled States
District Attorney Tuthill.
1 he trial was a sensational one, and resulted in the conviction
of the defendants, and the indictment for perjury in their behalf of
Charles Finery i Ictvmiah Sullivan. The prosecution
was conducted belore Judge Henry W. Illodgett, by District Attor-
ney R. S. Tutliill, General I. N. Stiles, and Hon. John 15. I law-ley,
and the defense by fudge Turpie, of Indiana, and Frank Turner for
Mackin; Henry Wendell Thompson for (iallagher; Swett & (iros-
cnp and W. S. Young for (ileason. An appeal was taken by the
defendants on a petition fora writ of error, which was argued in
their behalf before Justice Marian and Judge \\ . O. Ciresham. by
Finery A. storrs: the writ was refused, and the case certified to the
United States Supreme Court, the defendants Mackin and (Ialla-
gher being held in bonds ol - ch, and Cdeason in bonds of
sio.nix). In the meantime a special grand jury had been impan-
elled in the Criminal Court of 'Cook Countv, before which Mackin
was summoned. He there denied having procured the spurious
tickets from Manscom ,\ Co. The jury thereupon indicted him
for perjury; he was convicted, and sentenced to serve a term of live
years at Joliet. The Supreme Court was applied to for a writ of
supersedeas pending an appeal to the Stale Supreme Court, and the
snpersedeas was granted bv Justices Shopc and Craig Before the
Supreme Court, tile case was argued by Emery A. Storrs and John
('. Kicliberg, and the sentence ot ihe Criminal Court was sustained.
This was the last argument of the gifted and brilliant Finery A. Storrs,
who died at ( ittawa, immediately after its close. The appeal from
the conviction in the Federal Court has not yet been decided at the
date of this writing. lion. Jere M. Wilson, of Indiana, and Judge
Shellabarger. of < ihio, argued the Mackin case in the United States
Supreme Court. Mackin was taken to Joliet to serve the Criminal
Court sentence, and (Iallagher and (Ileason remain at large on bail.
The legal features of these celebrated trials are given in the history
of the Bench and liar.
The detectives employed by the committee of safety unearthed
many minor frauds, but the only arrests made in connection with
any of these were those of William |. Clingen, clerk of the Armory
Police Court. Frank !•'.. Owens and John Stearns, city employes,
the latter a brother-in-law of Mayor Harrison, who were charged
with the illegal registration of voters in the First and Second Wards.
They were brought to trial in the Federal Court, the jury disagreed,
and the cases were finally dismissed.
THE SINATIIKINI. CONTEST. — The anticipated contest over
the election of a United States Senator to succeed John A. I.ogan,
began with the election of members of the General Assembly in the
fall campaign as has been shown, and when the two houses assem-
bled at Springfield in January, every other matter of business was
subordinated to this issue. William k. Morrison, an avowed free-
trade apostle and leader in Congress, who was a rival to Carter II.
Harrison for the nomination for ( lovei nor in the preceding July,
was made the Democratic caucus nominee for Senator, and John A.
j received the caucus nomination of the Republicans. Other
prominent candidates were Carter II. Harrison, fudge Lambert
'free, and W. C. (ioudy on the Democratic side and C. I!. Farwell
on the Republican side. The history of this contest is of so recent
a date as to be comparatively well known. The Legislature, which,
under ordinary circumstances, should have elected a United States
Senator on lanuary 20, 1885, was unable to do so for the reason
that the House had failed to orgaiii/e. When, however, it finally
organi/ed, the lirst day when it was possible to ballot for Senator
was February in. The House did ballot that day, and an attempt
was made to ballot in the Senate February 13, but r.o quorum being
present the two houses then met in joint session. lialloting began and
continued day after day; but the opposing forces were so evenly
matched thai if either side had an absentee the entire side would
decline to \ote. It was thought an election might occur on Fch-
ruary 2b, but just before the session was commenced, R. F. Logan,
a Republican Representative, dropped dead in the Capitol. This
caused a cessation in the active contest until his successor was
elected. (>n March 20, Senator Ilridges, a Democrat, died, and
further delay ensued. On April 12, Representative Shaw, a Dem-
ocrat, died. Senator Logan's managers went quietly to work and
laid plans to carry Shaw 's district, at the special election for his suc-
cessor, by a "still hunt, "and, although it was strongly Democratic.
they succeeded in electing a Republican. After receiving for Iwo
votes the entire strength of his party, — 101, — on May 14, William
R. Morrison's name was withdrawn, and Hon. Lambert Tree, ol
( hicago, received most of the party strength. Finally, on Mayiii.
after the successors of all the deceased members had been sealed,
the iiSth and final ballot was taken, ami Senator Logan was re -
elected to succeed himself forsix years, ending March 4, 1851. 'Ihe
Note was as follows:
Senators. Logan 2(i; Tree B4;.l. C. ISIack 1.
Representative*, Logan 77; Tree 72; Itlack 1; Hoxiel; Scholfield 1.
The " Logan 103" became noted throughout the country for
their staying qualities, and almost as famous as the (Irani "306"
of [880.
THK CITY CNMIJAH;N. — The spring municipal campaign of
in Chicago, opened in March with a long list of mayoralty
candidates on both sides. It was not known to many Democrats
whether or not Carter II. Harrison would stand as a candidate for
the fourth term. The Republicans held their convention in I'.at-
tery " 1) " Armory, ami nominated Sidney Smith, Judge of the
Superior Court, for Mayor ly acclamation; John !•'. F'inerty for
treasurer; C. II. Plant/ lor city clerk; and Hempstead Washburne
for city attorney.
The Democrats held their convention at the Palmer House, on
March 24, and nominated Carter M. Harrison for Mayor by accla-
mation, William M. I levine for treasurer, John G. Nennieister for
city clerk, and Peter J. Filer! for city attorney.
The prevalence- of election frauds and the boldness with which
they were executed led to unusual precautions fora fair election.
The citixens who had been acti\e in the prosecution of the Mackin
ease organized a committee of seventy to guard against frauds.
.Articles printed in the leading journals from day to day showed
where illegal registrations had been carried out to a large extent,
and the full registry lists were printed by the newspapers in the
hope of prevenling frauds by the persons registered illegally. This
had the result of deterring frauds to some extent; but at the elec-
tion, repeaters, by collusion with venal judges and clerks, resorted
to affidavits to swear in their votes, and these affidavits NVCSC sub-
sequently stolen from the polling booths before the returns were
made to the city clerk. In the Second Ward the poll book record
showed 821 of these affidavits used, and none were returned; in the
Sixth Ward 780 were used, and none returned; and a similar condi-
tion of affairs were shown in the First, Ninth and other wards.
The result of the vote on the city ticket, as canvassed by the Council
was as follows:
Mil/or— Carter H. Harrison, Dem.. 48,352: Sidney Smith, Rep.. 43,977.
Trmaii nr - \v. M. lievin,', I ii-m.. 48,418: John F. Fine'rty, Rep., 41.ST7. <'i/v
Clerk— John G. Neumeister, Dem.. 42.92(i: C. H.Pl.iutz. Rep., 43.11 ti. Citu
Attorney— PetarJ. Ellert, Dem.. 41,973:I1fin]isiiail Washbnrne, Rep., 43. DSD.
Tbe Prohibitionists bad a city ticket mtlir Held at this election, which
received votes as follows: For Mayor, Biwn. 221 : City Treasurer, Speight,
861; City Clerk, Catlln.249: City Attorney, Christian, a90.
Harrison's plurality, 375.
Rampant violence and intimidation was prevalent at this elec-
tion in the Second and Ninth wards, and at the " tougher " pre-
cincts throughout the city. The closeness of the vote between
Smith and Harrison made a mutest inevitable, which was speedily
inaugurated in the courts by A. A. Carpenter, of the Committee of
Safety, and John N. Jewell and A. W. ( ireen, representing the
Republican City Central Committee. Mayor Harrison's interests
were looked after by A. C. Story. The contest dragged along
until January, [886, with the result of a gain on the face of the
returns of less than fifty votes for Judge Smith. By a ruling of
Judge I'rendergast in Ihe County Conn, which made it obligatory
for the contestants io prove up each fraudulent vote seriatim, they
were compelled to abandon the contest, and the suit was dismissed.
A few days before the determination to drop the contest was
reached, Judge Smith sent the following letter to the attorney for
ulc- tants:
A. W. (iKKKN.EsQ. CMc«»o. December 80.
Deai Sir: In relation to the election contest of Carpenter and others vs.
Harrison. I desire to say that developments in its progress up to this time
POLITICAL HISTORY.
875
convince me that there is no reasonable probability of reaching any final ter-
mination of the litigation before the expiration of the term of office.
I have resumed the practice of law, and to that I intend to devote my
entire time and attention, unembarrassed by any implied understanding that
I should in any event consent to accept a mere remnant of a term of the
Mayoralty. I say this much in justice to myself personally.
Truly Yours, SIDNEY SMITH.
The result of this election, and the constant repetition of
frauds at the polls, brought about a non-partisan movement in favor
of a new election law that would have the effect of repressing and
preventing these easily accomplished frauds. The leaders in this
movement were Marshall Field, A. A. Carpenter, M. K. Stone, I.
N. Stiles, S. Corning Jttdd, A. F. Seeberger, John A. King and
others. A bill known as the "Citizens' Election Bill " was draft-
ed, submitted to the Legislature, and passed. There was some
doubt about the constitutionality of the measure and the manner in
which it should be submitted to the voters for adoption; and in the
movement to have it submitted to the voters at the fall election in
November, 1885, for county commissioners and Supreme and Supe-
rior Court Judges, pending a derision by the Supreme Court as to
its constitutionality, representative citizens and leading members
of the liar, without reference to party connections, united in peti-
tioning Judge Prendergast to issu? an order directing the county
clerk to submit the law at the county and judicial election. The
order was issued, the law submitted and it received a majority in
every ward in the city. It was also adopted by the voters of the
Town of Lake. After its adoption, Judge Prendergast appointed
Francis Hoffman, Jr., Daniel Corkery and Samuel P>. Raymond
election commissioners; and these gentlemen, in compliance with
the provisions of the law, engaged a clerical force, re-districted the
city into precincts containing not over three hundred voters each,
located new polling places, and selected lists of judges, preparatory
to the town and aldermanic elections of 1886. The question of the
constitutionality of the law was argued before the State Supreme
Court by John N. Jewett, .James \V. Beach and A. M. Pence in
the affirmative, and opposed by A. C. Story, Adolf Moses, I1'. S.
Winston, Jr., and Frank Hurd, and its constitutionality was af-
firmed on January 19, 1886. The first election held subject to the
provisions of the new law was the town and aldermanic of April,
1886.
WILLIAM M. UF.VINE, city ireasurer, was born in County
Cavan, Ireland, on September 18, 1844. He was reared on his
father's farm, and until nineteen years old attended the National
schools. In 1856, his father died, and, although a lad, William
assumed the management of the farm and looked after the family's
interest in a manner which clearly showed his early training to be
of the best. He applied himself assiduously to the work, and be-
came a thorough, careful and energetic farmer. It was on that farm
that Mr. Devine first carried on a regular milk and dairy business,
in which line he is now the largest operator in the West, if not the
entire country. In 1864 he came to Chicago, where his brother,
M. A. Devine, was already located and doing a flourishing milk
business. In 1865, he was enlisted in one of the volunteer organ-
i/.ations raised in Chicago. They went as far as Cairo, heard that
the War was ended, and, lo their intense disgust, were ordered to
return home. In May, 1866, he started in the milk business for
himself, with $1,000 capital, $400 of which was borrowed; and from
such a beginning he has gained his present position, which, as to
commercial and financial standing, is the very best. The trans-
actions of the firm aggregate an average of $130,000 per annum.
In addition to the milk business, prior to the great fire Mr. Devine
was the partner in the firm of John Wright & Co., caterers, in the
old Crosby Opera House. Since 1871 he has managed the restau-
rant in the Exposition Building, which brings to him a considerable
income every year. Mr. Devine is an ardent democrat of many
years' standing, and has an intimate acquaintance with all the great
leaders of the party throughout the country, from Samuel |. Tilden
and Roswell P. Flower, of New York, to Postmaster-General
Vilas, of Wisconsin, with whom he is on most intimate terms.
Since 1876 he has been conspicuous in National politics and has
been alternate delegate to every National Democratic Convention.
On April 7, 1885, he was elected city treasurer by over one thousand
five hundred majority. To the position he never had any aspira-
tion whatever, but, on the refusal of Mr. Healy to accept the (.nice,
the friends of Mr. Devine unanimously selected him as the nominee.
He isan active member of the Iroquois and Irish-American Clubs,
and of the County and City Democratic Central Committees. Mi.
Devine was married to Miss Catharine McMannis, of Camden, N.J.,
on October I, 1869. They have eight children,— lames A.,
William P., Annie A., Lizzie, Arthur, Mary, Marcus A. and
Grade.
The following is a list of Senators and Representatives elected
to represent Chicago and Cook County in the General Assemblies
since 1857:
1857— Senate. Norman B. Jiuld; House of Representatives, John H
Dunham. George W. Morris, Isaac X. Arnold, A. F. C. Mueller
1859— Senate, Norman 11. Jndil; House of Representatives. Van H.
Hlggms. Samuel L. Baker, Ebene/er reck, Caspar Hut/.
1861— Senate. William B. Ogden; House of Representatives J. Youne
Scammon, William. II. Brown. S.^I. Wilson, Homer Wilmarth
1863— Senate, William B. Ogden, Jasper n. Ward: House of Represen-
tatives, Ansel B. Cook. Amos G. Throop. William E. Gunther Melville w
Fuller, 'George W. Gage, Michael Brand. Francis A. Eastman, I.orenx.
1865— Senate. Francis A. Eastman, Jasper D. Ward; House of Repre-
sentatives. N. W. Huntley, Ansel B. Cook. Eduanl S. Ishani. A. F. Stevenson
1867— Senate, Francis A. Eastman. Jasper I). Ward; House of Repre-
sentatives, Lester L. Bond, Joseph S. Reynolds, H. M. Singer. M. W. Leavitt
H. M. Shepard, A. F. Stevenson.
1869-Senate, John C. Dore, J. D. Ward; House of Representatives. H.
B. Miller, L. L. Bond, J. S. Reynolds, F. Munson, J. C. Knickerbocker, Iver
1871— Senate, John C. Dore, John N. Jewett, Willard Woodard John
L. Beveridge, tArtemus Carter; House of Representatives. Henry W iustin
Robert H. Foss. James L. Campbell. Cai lile Mason. Wilev M. Egan R P
Derickson, John D. Easter, John Humphrey, A. L. Morrison John w Hea-
flelrt, A. J. Galloway. H. B. Brayton, Simon II. Phelps. James P Root Wil-
liam H. King, Arthur Dlxon, Horace F. Waite, R. S. Williamson A. H. Hurley
William Vocke. W. K. Sullivan, Henry C. Senne.
1873— Seriate, Joseph S. Reynolds, R. S. Thompson, Miles Kenoe Samuel
K. Dow, J. McGratb, Horace F. Waite. R. S. Williamson; House of Represent-
atives, James B. Bradwell, John A. Lomax, William Wayinan, S. P. Hopkins
Frank T. Sherman, Charles G. Wicker, K. V. Cullerton, Constantine Kami
Thomas M. Halpin, John F. Scanlan, Thomas E. Fcrrier. William H. Condon
William A. Haerting, iHgwell Oleson. Hugh McLaughlin, Otto Peltzer John
M. Ronntree. George E. Washhimie, Daniel Booth, C. H. Dolton. H. C. Senne
1875— Senate, John C. Halnes, R. S. Thompson. Miles Kelioe Samuel K
Dow, John Buehler, H. F. Waite. M. F. Robinson; House of Representatives
J. H. Bradwell, Lincoln Dubois, Moses J. Wentworth, John Hise George M
Bogue, S. P. Hopkins, William Honan, Conrad L. Nlehoff, T. L. Halpin Orrin
L. Mann, William H. Condon, M. M. Miller, M. J. Dunne, J. S. Arwedson
C. L. Linderberg, Robert Theim, John C. Barker, W. H. Stickney W H
Skelly. Jr., G. Dnnlap, William Freise.
1877— Senate, John C. Haines, Daniel B. Nash, Miles Kelioe, Francis H.
Riddle, John Buehler, M. A. De Ijiny, M. W. Robinson; House .if Represent-
atives, W. H. Thompson, Charles L. Easton, M. J. Wentworth. S. P Hopkins
J. W. E. Thomas. Joseph E. Smith, James B. Taylor. H. F. Sheridan P J
Hickey, E. B. Sherman. George W. Reed, Joseph J. Kearney, John A. Roche
Peter Kiolbassa, M. J. Dunne. Eugene A. Sittig, Arno Voss, Austin O. Sexton
J. S. Bielefeldt. John H. Kedzie, G. C. Klehm.
1879— Senate, George K. White, D. N. Bash, Sylvester Artley. Francis A.
Riddle, W. T. Johnson, M. A. DeLany, W. J. Campbell: House of Represent-
atives. W. H. Thompson, M. J. Wentworth. D. W. Clark. Benjamin M. Wilson
S. P. Hopkins. P. T. Barry. Leo Meiibeek. T. J. Walsh, John B. Taylor L. H.
Bisbee, E. B. Sherman, J. F:. Murray, William E. Mason. Charles Ehruardt
Thomas F. O'Malley. Christian Meyer, Austin O. Sexton, H. M. Thomas, L. C.
Collins, G. G. Struckmann.
1881— Senate, George E. White, L. D. Condee, Sylvester Artley, Chris.
Mamer. F. C. De Lany. George E. Adams. W. J. Campbell; House of Repre-
sentatives. David Sullivan, Addis L. Rockwell, M. R. Harris. John R. Cook,
Randall H. White. Orrin S. Cook, Thomas Cloomin, George W. Kroll, Joseph
H. Gorman, P. J. McMahon, John L. Parish. R, N. Plerson. William A. Plielps
Thomas H. McKone, S. D. Mieroslawski. Austin O. Sexton. H. M. Thomas
Nathan Plotke. L. C. Collins. Jr.. IS. F. Weber.
1883 — Senate. George E. While. L. D. Condee. J. H. Clougb, Chris.
Mamer, W. H. Ruger, George E. Adams, W. J. Campbell W. E. Mason,
Thomas Cloonan, M. I!. Herely; House ol Representatives. J. Fairbanks, R. B.
Kennedy. David Sullivan, W. H. Harper, Hilon A. Parker, E. J. Fellows,
J. W. E. Thomas. Thomas MeNally. Isaac Abrams, John L. Parish, J. F. Law-
rence, R. F. Sheridan, David W. Walsh. James A. Taylor, Erwin E. Wood,
E. I). Cocke, Theodore Summing, Austin O. Sexton. L. C. Collins. Jr., Clayton,
F;. Crafts, Julius Pedersen, A. Wendell, Mark J. Clinton, Jesse J. Rook, John
O'Shea. A ugust Mette, Peter Slindelins, John F. Dugan, Gregory A. Klupp.
1885— Senate, Republicans, George E. White, diaries H. Crawford John
H. dough, W. H. Ruger, Henry W. Lem.in. W. J. Campbell, William K.
Mason; Democrats, Thomas A.Cantwell, Thomas Cloonan, Millard B. Herely.
House of Representatives. Republicans, Robert B. Kennedy. Francis W.
Parker, William H. Harper. Hilon A. Parker. Aimer Taylor. , I. W. E. Thomas.
Thomas C. MacMillan, William S. Powell, Eugene A. Sittig, Henry S. Boutell
Frederick S. Baird, Charles E. Scliarlati. A. C. Oldeuherg, Peter A. Sundelius-
Democrats. James McHale, Ernst Hummel. Thomas J. McNally. James
Quinn, Matthew Murphy, William Dorman. Joseph Mahoney, Stephen F.
Sullivan, Clayton E. Crafts, Dennis Considine, John O'Shea, J. J. Schlesinger,
Barney Brachtendorf, Gregory A. KEupp.
* George W. Gage served one-half the term, when he gave up his seat to
Michael Brand who contested the election,
t Vice John L. Beveridge, resigned.
876
HISTORY OF CHICAGO.
There have been elected in Chicago, and from districts of
which iiMjk (, unity funned a part, twenty-two Congressmen,
whose names, politics, districts and duration of terms will be found
annexed:
N.ULIC.
Politics.
Dl-ti-ii-'l.
Duration of Term.
.lohti Wentworth
Democrat,
\ Konrtb. Second
( and Kirst,
( 1843to 1850. 1853
\ and 1851 and
I* 1865101867.
Kichar.lS. Molony....
Democrat.
Kourth,
1851 to 1853.
, Aincrican
.l;unes 11. Wootlwortli.
< and
Second,
1855 to 1857.
' Abolitionist
John K. Karnsworth. .
Kcpnblican.
Second,
) 1857 to 1861 and
i 18«3 to i873.
Isaac Arnold
Ilepnblican.
Seei.ml and Kirst,
) 1861 to 1863 and
( 1863 to 1865.
Norman li. .ludil
Republican.
flat.
1867 to 1871.
l 1871 to 1873 and
Cliark-s 1!. Karwell....
Republican,
Kirst and Third,
} 1873tol875and
t 1881 to 1883.
fKllled out the va-
; caucy of John A.
John L. lieverldge....
Kcpnblican.
KvailMnn.
•; Logan Irom the
J State -ai - large,
I 1871 to 1873.
John 11. Rice .
Ucpiibllcan.
First,
(1878 to Dec,, 1874,
Bernard (1. Caulntdd.
1 lemocrat.
First,
$ wht'u be died.
1875 to 1877.
William Aldrich
Republican,
Klret,
1877 to 1883.
,ia>p<T H. nuid
Republu an.
Second.
1873to 1875.
I'arii'i II. Harrison...
Democrat,
Second,
187510 1879.
George K. Davis
Republican,
Second and Third,
(1879 to 1888 and
) 1883 to 1885.
John V. LeMoyne
Democrat,
Third,
( May 6, 1S76, to
! 1877.
I.<nvn/ I'.t'enlano
Kepiiblican,
Third,
1877 to 1879.
Hiram l(arber.,Ir
Reiiublican.
Third,
1879 to 1881.
K U Dunham
Republican,
Kirst.
1883 to date.
John K. Klnorty
Ind. HI-MI.
Second,
1883 to 1885.
lieui^e !•;. Adams
Kei'iihlican.
Kourth,
1883 to date.
Krank Lavvler
1 icniocrat.
s I,,;.
1885 to date.
James H Ward
Democrat,
Third,
1885 to date.
The following comparative table, showing the vote in the city
of Chicago by wards since I.S.S.} and the registration of voters, is
accurately compiled from official returns and the registration lists
in the office ol the < 'nmmis-ioners of Election:
fl .
« i
aT
_
_ .
,
sS
sf.^,
o
o
g§
"tc
".
2'OD
00
in
^
B3
"£"
00
*K>
Wards.
- o
eO >
£~
=: o
« •
Be
v~M
rt-T
Wtj
Bgj
— ;
11
in
C- ~
•i
»effi
• •
HH
£u >
«<
*33
— en,-.
•' w
R
f,
35
'
J
1
1.631)
3.431
2,958
3,044
2.103
941
•„>
2.510
3.881
3.818
3.337
2,511
726
•
1 777
:! 980
3. 1 ". 2
3,979
2 408
171
4
3 159
7.1 15
5,461
5.741
•1 :{nS
1 433
5
•1 Till)
9,377
7,690
7.791
ii 7:M
6
3.1180
6,018
4,892
5,484
4 H3ti
648
7
8,828
6,314
4,938
4,848
781
g
4 237
7 170
6,171
5 716
4 843
9
2.370
3 K!)3
3,665
3 585
2 7HH
797
10
1.629
2,978
2.381
3059
380
11
1.644
5, 1 34
4.505
4.180
'•j''i4u
7<)d
12
2.443
7.560
6.344
6.335
1 H lu
1,385
13
2 367
4 726
:', 'i* 1
3218
14
3 587
8 630
7.361
6 191
5 509
15
3 '152
6,074
4.991
4814
l IK; ,
782
3,101
4,233
3 30 1
3 l:>2
17 .
1.671
3,895
3.427
3 209
2 863
B4fl
18
3,178
li.i' 13
5.438
5 315
4 2K1
434
Total
•I9.-IH3
100,974
84,480
81,641
67.514
14,127
Table showing the Dumber of voters registered and their na-
tionalities, by wards, and population by wards according to the
School Census.*
* The School Census is pronounced by many authorities to be inaccurate,
and it is claimed that the population (January, 1886) exceeds 750,000.
1.
•J.
3-
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
18,329
959
256
339
64
U
53
191
10
35
31
0
1?
8
i
24
2,059
11.
13.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1 7.
18.
Totals.
P o n u I at i o 11 b v
School Census....',
KKOISTKAT10N.
Americans
(ii'i-iiians
Irish
12.269
2,ar>9
212
2S7
?5
1^
U
3
38
I
li
4
4
1
8
18
•i
l-Z
17,348
•J.39-J
a-ia
249
85
64
13
\
50
18
4
•Jl
4a
i
18
7
25
19,005
2.070
308
313
100
59
85
4
2
7
20
13
2
i
8
5
15
H'
35,738
4,173
613
381
183
141
66
19
6
4
54
18
7
7
6
23
«
11
29
65,177
3.868
1.465
2,464
225
His
201
46
46
6
80
13
It
40
5
18
41
847
54,876
1.458
1,850
846
93
76
74
22
703
27
15
38
2
8
35
71
6
157
46,107
1.801
1.035
1,377
129
115
19
88
3
40
8
9
2
67
Ih
33
11
3
76
41,392
3.645
555
1,564
196
216
23
16
283
1(1
64
4
12
10
6
15
33
16
11
27
31,325
3,465
3211
452
135
111)
18
13
0
29
59
13
5
11
B
3
8
14
3
21
26.542
2,806
2:,1
SHI
ISO
135
45
115
29
85
28
2
14
2
21
9
11
24
36,1113
4.842
292
321
344
205
17
6
14
121
17
27
8
17
23
13
2
30
26,078
2.328
351
606
190
37
43
56
1
6
57
34
5
1
1
20
6
1
22
81,380
1.472
2.419
658
109
60
205
593
36
5
45
170
337
4
12
19
31
19
25
73
39,962
3, 1 56
1.M93
334
88
56
88
38
16
4
35
10
6
8
6
9
6
Hi
8
63
30.050
1,378
j.1,537
184
44
36
117
10
5
0
11
15
4
2
5
9
g
13
2
58
31,252
1,106
808
841
66
55
703
60
3
as
24
18
8
4
11
1
7
21
"4
27
27,226
3.522
660
491
127
104
105
23
lil
51
26
3
2
8
6
12
11
45
Popula-
tion.
629.985
Voters
recister'd.
43.700
14,566
11,988
2.441
1,803
1.827
1,285
1,233
204
852
442
379
154
211
183
337
254
93
809
Knglish
Scotch
Poles. ..,
Welsh
Other national ith's.
Total registration
3.044
3,237
2.979
5,741
7,791
5484
4.848
5.746
3,585
4,180
6,335
3,766
6,191
4,819
3,422
3,309
5,215
81,641
JOHN MOORK SOUTHWORTH, attorney and counsellor, is the
son of Epenetus and 1'hitbe Southworth, and was born at Brad-
ford, Vt., on May 21, 1839. The Southworth ancestral tree is
traceable to the oldest of English families, and their descendants
lirst appear in this country in the records of Massachusetts for
1628. When seventeen years of age he came, with his parents, to
Kane County, this State, and in the following year removed to Mc-
Ili-nry County, where he finished his education. After teaching
school two years, he enlisted in April, 1861, for three months' ser-
vice in the iirst regiment organized in this State, — the 7th Illinois
Volunteer Infantry. Subsequently he joined the 8th Illinois Cav-
alry, with the rank of lieutenant. He saw active service with his
regiment in the Army of the Potomac, and participated in the his-
torical battles of \VilIiainsburg, Mechanicsville, Games' Mill, the
Seven Days' Fight, Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg, Antietam, and
others. When honorably discharged in 1805, at the close of the
War, he held a commission as major by brevet. Returning to Mc-
Henry County, he was elected sheriff, and afterward was made
clerk of the Circuit Court. In the mean time he read law, and in
1873 was admitted to practice. lie was appointed commissioner
of the Joliet Penitentiary shortly afterward, and tilled that office
nearly four years, when he located in this city, and was for two
vears associated with Colonel J. F. Farnsworth, M. C. Since the
latter date, he has been alone in the general practice. Major
South-worth's experience and observation of the criminal classes
while penitentiary commissioner, induced him to inveigh against
the use of cruel punishments of convicts, and, largely through his
efforts, they were abolished in this State. His work in this res-
pect was supplemented by his drawing of the Habitual Criminals
Act. and submitting it to the General Assembly, by which it \vas
made a law. The wisdom and efficiency of this stringent proce-
dure has been made apparent, by the effective riddance of the
great majority of professional criminals from the State.
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PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
.3
nndreas, Alfred Theodore
History of Chicago
I I
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