'L I B R.ARY
OF THE
U N IVERSITY
Of ILLINOIS
97731
G62hi
v.2
IU.INOIS HISTORY SURVE-.
LIBRARY
ivm*y a* Hindi at UrtwiuhChunpaign A
This book has been
digitized through
the generosity of
Robert O. Blissard
Class of 1957
University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign
HISTORY OF
COOK COUNTY
ILLlJNUlO— BEING A GENERAL SUR-
VEY OF COOK COUNTY HISTORY, INCLUDING
A CONDENSED HISTORY OF CHICAGO AND
SPECIAL ACCOUNT OF DISTRICTS OUTSIDE
THE CITY LIMITS; FROM THE EARLIEST
SETTLEMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME : :
EDITORS:
WESTON A. GOODSPEED, LL. B.
DANIEL D. HEALY
Of all the things that men can do or make
here below, by far the most momentous, wonder-
ful and worthy are the things we call books.
— f melon.
IN TWO VOLUMES
ILLUSTRATED
.VOLUME II
THE GOODSPEED HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION
CHICAGO
COPYRIGHT
BY
GOODSPEED HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION
1909
W. B. CONKEY COMPANY
CHICAGO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME II
HISTORY
CHAPTER PAGE
INCIDENTS; EAST AND WEST BOUNDARY; CANAL; DEARBORN PARK; MEMORIAL
BUILDING; RIVER AND HARBOR CONVENTION ; HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; RELIEF
SOCIETY; COMMERCE; WARDS; DRAINAGE; RAILWAYS; MARINE HOSPITAL;
STOCK YARDS ; HORSE RAILWAYS ; TUNNELS ; PARK BOARDS ; LAKE FRONT ;
TWELVE LABORS OF HERCULES ; LEGISLATIVE ACTS, ETC 33
MISCELLANY; CANAL; MAJOR LONG'S REPORT; CAPTAIN GRAHAM'S REPORT;
STATISTICS; COMMERCE; LAND GRANTS; CAPTAIN CRAM'S REPORT; FORT
DEARBORN RESERVATION; THE HARBOR; COMMERCIAL HOUSES; SEWERAGE;
HYDRAULIC COMPANY, ETC 66
EARLY SCHOOLS OF COOK COUNTY ; TEACHERS ; STATISTICS 100
EARLY BANKING OPERATIONS; SHINPLASTERS ; PANICS; NATIONAL BANKS;
CLEARING HOUSE, ETC 131
COURTS ; JUDGES ; LAWYERS ; CHANGES, ETC 199
COUNTRY TOWNS; SCHOOLS; CHURCHES; MANUFACTURES; COMMERCE; VIL-
LAGES ; SETTLEMENT ; NEWSPAPERS ; SPORTS AND HUNTING ; MERCHAN-
DISING; LABOR; HOMES; DOMESTIC INFLUENCES; INCIDENTS; STATISTICS,
ETC. 251
EPIDEMICS; PHYSICIANS; THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE; SOCIETIES, ETC 365
COMMON COUNCIL OF CHICAGO, 1866-1909 388
COUNTY BOARD, 1668-1909 480
POLITICS OF COOK COUNTY, 1866-1909 559
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCE 693
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCE
PAGE PAGE
Abbott, Dr. W. C 790 Brand, Rudolph 699
Arnold, Oswald James 756 Brand, Virgil M 781
Babcock, Adolph B 697 Branen, Dr. Frank 741
Barr, Robert C 773 Brown, Walter Z 762
Becker, John W 707 Buchanan, James Nelson 800
Beifeld, Joseph 792 Buchanan, Nelson 801
Bell, Oscar F 722 Buchanan, Ellen Maria (Paine) . .801
Biggio, Frank 775 Buchanan, Dr. Charles Henry 801
Birk, Edward J 702 Buchanan, Edward Paine 801
Birk, Jacob 701 Burns, William Henry 799
Birk, William A 781 Byford, Dr. Wm. H 811
Bishop, Fred W 745 Caldwell, Charles Edwin, M. D..784
Blase, Hans 770 Carr, George R 801
Blum, Meyer 805 Condee, Leander Devine 765
Boland, Patrick J 769 Conley, Dr. Thomas J 771
Bosch, Henry 759 Converse, Clarence Myron 766
Boussoulas, Sotirios 715 Cooley, Lyman E 743
Brand, Alfred 726 Cooper, Edwin 705
Brand. Armin W 701 Cooper, James 750
Brand, Philip R 700 Cooper, John T 697
1 93821
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Cooper, Albert H 779
Cooper, Edgar H 779
Cooper, George H 780
Cooper, Abijah 0 797
Countiss, Fred D 693
Czaja, Peter 726
Czajkowski, Rev. B 733
Damiani, Dr. Joseph 763
Davis, George Mortimer 764
Davis, Nathan S 808
Decker, Theodore F 709
De Stefano, Gaetano S 775
Dettmer, Rev. John 706
De Vries, Sietz J 693
Dierssen, Ferdinand W 798
Donat, Joseph L 731
Donlon, Stephen E., M. D 695
Donovan, Col. James 795
Dunphy, John M 749
Dyniewicz, Casimir W 751
Dyniewicz, Wladislaus 750
Earle, Johnson 713
Erkenswick, Rev. Charles A 705
Farnham, Harry J 767
Fenger, Christian 811
Folsom, Richard Sweet 785
Formusa, Vincent 776
Forward, Henry W 724
Fraser, Norman D 795
Furey, Charles La Tour 768
Geocaris, Angelos 713
Gialloreti, Dr. Vincenzo 718
Golombiewski, John 736
Gordon, Rev. Francis, C. R 787
Gormley, Charles F 742
Gottfried, Carl M 698
Grudzinski, Rev. Louis W 732
Hahn, Frank 808
Hallberg, Lawrence G 754
Harris, Mark G 806
Hart, Harry Stillson 794
Harwood, Frederick H 725
Hastings, Samuel M 767
Hess, Frederick A., M. D 695
Hollander, Albert H 710
Holmes, Dr. Edward M 772
Jaeger, George J 762
Jaeger, Philipp 782
Jarzembowski, Joseph 736
Jenson, William 807
Jerozal, Stanley J 734
Johnson, Albert Mussey 763
Kapela, Joseph W 734
Karabasz, Rev. Francis J 728
Keely, Edward S 722
Klein, Albert S 703
Koch, Edward John 786
Koester, George Frederick 760
Kott, John M 777
Kowalewski, Bruno F 727
Krause, Frederick E 771
Lagona, B. J 783
Lambros, Peter S •. .714
PAGE
Laskowski, Charles 735
Lemmon, Thomas A 721
Llewellyn, Joseph C 754
Lovell, Arthur W 742
Lyford, W. H 695
Lyman, David B 783
Madsen, Jens B 741
Marriott, Abraham R 797
Marsh, Philip L 740
Mastroianni, Pasquale 716
Matz, Otto Herman 761
McBurney, Dr. Benjamin A 768
McElligott, Hon. Thomas G 796
McFell, Judson ; 707
McHugh, Dr. John A 786
McKay, Robert James 802
Melcher, Frank O 803
Mercola, Arcangelo 752
Milaszewicz, Vincent 730
Miller, Harry Irving 784
Miller, Kempster B 802
Mudge, Henry U 804
Mulvihill, William F 799
Newkirk, Chauncey F 710
Page, Samuel S 796
Paine, James S 800
Palt, Frank J 738
Pease, Fred M 789
Pickard, Wilder A 739
Piechowski, Rt. Rev. John 737
Powell, Norman 778
Randak, Frank 732
Reed, Lawrence Joseph 762
Reichmann, Frank Joseph 757
Rice, Patrick Henry 746
Roach, William F 756
Robinson, Dr. Byron 604
Rodatz, Jacob .698
Romano, Antonio 758
Romanowicz, John 735
Rouse, Harry B 704
Runge, George 748
Rybcinski, John A 727
Sackett, Robert E 723
Sayers, Benjamin F 778
Sankar, Louis Joseph 798
Scharringhausen, Lewis B »747
Schwarz, Edward 805
Schiavone, Michael 774
Scott, Elwin D 748
Senne, William 806
Sheppard, George W 786
Skrypko, Rev. Alexander 731
Slomski, John J 705
Smith, Edwin M., M. D 694
Spalding, Charles F 794
Spalding, Jesse 793
Stamm, J. Charles, M. D 774
Starzynski, Edward 729
Stearns, Dr. William M 790
Steiskal, Frank 712
Stromberg, Alfred 720
Stuchlik, William 718
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE PAGE
Stuchlik, William A 719 Walther, Frederick E 780
Stuchlik, Edward 719 Ware, Dr. Lyman 717
Szajkowski, Edmund 728 Wayman, John S 706
Thompson, George F., M. D 753 Weber, Frank C 755
Thornton, Everett Austin 753 Weiss, John H 700
Tilden, William A 747 Wengierski, Frank 791
Troch, Herman J 770 Wilder, Dr. Loren 743
Tuma, Josef 772 Wilkowski, John P 733
Van Arsdale, Robert L 726 Zamorski, Leon 737
Wachowski, Michael J 731 Zander, Henry G 723
Walker, George W 740 Zwierzchowski, Rev. John 729
Waller, Edward C 807
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
NAME
Ap Madoc, W. T.
Arnold, Victor P.
PAGE
..373
..391
Carr, Robert F 247
Carr, George R 247
Chicago Extensions, north 553
Chicago Extensions, south 571
Converse, C. M 103
Day, Edward S 391
De Vries, S. J 157
Donovan, James 211
Fetzer, W. R 391
Fort Dearborn Addition, 1839.... 535
Fulton, H. D 373
Gash, Abram Dale 121
Gordon, Fr. Francis, C. R 229
Harbor of Chicago, 1834 445
Hawley, Henry S 67
Healy, Daniel D 49
Hebel, Oscar 409
Hill, John W 283
Hoffheimer, Zach 391
Hruby, J. O., Jr 373
Keeney, Albert F. . ..427
Kleeman, B. F 373
Lake Front Wearings, 1839 499
Land Accretions, Lake Shore,
1837 517
Lantz, Walter A 373
Lewis, Harry A 427
Loeffler, William 301
Longhi, Emilio 355
Lorimer, William 193
NAME PAGE
Lundgren, W. E 391
Luster, Max 175
Marshall, Thomas 391
McLaughlin, J. J 373
McMillen, C. S 337
Michels, Nicholas 391
Miller, A. W 409
Mills, Matthew 373
Moody, Walter D 319
Northrup, John E 391
Olson, O. D 391
Poorhouse, Cook County, new...
Frontispiece
Poulton, J. J 373
Rhodes, Carey W 139
Rittenhouse, W. A 391
River Mouth, Chicago, 1834 481
Roe, Clifford G 391
Schmidt, Walter E 409
Shanahan, D. E 373
Smejkal, E. J 373
Smith, Claude F 391
Sollitt, Oliver 373
Stromberg, Alfred 85
Sullivan, Jeremiah 391
Ton, C. J
Troyer, W. H.
.373
.373
Wayman, John E. W 391
Weber, W. H 409
White, George H 427
Wilkerson, J. H 427
Wolf, Adam 409
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY,
ILLINOIS
MISCELLANEOUS EVENTS
THE delegate from Michigan Territory in Congress, Mr. Lyon,
in his arguments before the Committee on Judiciary, in 1 83 1 ,
argued in favor of the line passing east and west through
the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. He stated that,
"It is reported on the best authority that at the time of the admis-
sion of Illinois, Nathaniel Pope, the delegate from that territory,
himself acknowledged that he owed the success of his experiment
in claiming north of this line, to the circumstance that no one felt
interest enough to look into the matter and oppose him." . . .
"Study and ingenuity, stimulated by interest, have within
a few years found out that this is not all the boundary it was
supposed to be; that it is merely a 'descriptive boundary' intended
to be a limit for the people on one side and a license for those on
the other ; or, in other words, that the one or two States that Con-
gress has authority to form in the Northwest Territory cannot ex-
tend south of this line, while the three States already formed may
extend north of it at pleasure."
"We are told that the State owns three hundred and forty lots
in Chicago, which upon an average are worth not less than $2,000
each, and that they would at any time command this price at public
sale. The State also owns Section 15, almost adjoining the town
of Chicago, estimated to be worth $200,000, besides many other
valuable tracts in the vicinity. Now we would ask why it was that
this property, which in Chicago and its vicinity alone would have
commanded a million of dollars, was not exposed to public sale at
the time of the government land sales last summer, when there were
millions of capital seeking investment? Had this course been
pursued there would have been no necessity to resort to foreign cap-
italists for a loan to construct the canal. A million of money, we
are warranted in saying, would have been realized immediately.
With this a large portion of the canal could have been completed ;
and the residue of the lands on each side of the canal could have
Vol. II— 3. 33
34 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
then been sold for an amount greatly more than sufficient to have
completed the whole work." — (Democrat, November 18, 1835.)
At a public meeting held at the Tremont house in September,
1834, Col. R. J. Hamilton presided and Edward W. Casey served
as secretary. The following resolution was adopted : "Resolved,
That the hospitality of the town of Chicago be respectfully tendered
through the president of the Board of Trustees to the Polish exiles
now in our town." — (Democrat, September 10, 1834.)
"Before the arrival of Messrs. Kinzie, Hubbard. and Hamilton,
at Vandalia, with their suite, a canal bill better in all respects than
that which has now become a law had passed the House of Repre-
sentatives, which bill provided that the commissioners should be
elected by joint ballot of the two houses. Perceiving this, and
presuming that Mr. Hubbard would not be a commissioner if that
bill should become a law, these worthy gentlemen then set them-
selves about defeating the bill then before the Legislature, in order
that the Governor might have the appointment of the commission-
ers, and in this they unfortunately succeeded. It was not by any
means a secret at Vandalia that these gentlemen were exceedingly
anxious that the first bill should be defeated, and the reason assigned
was that it was indispensable that Mr. Hubbard should be a com-
missioner, and if that result could not be produced, it was better
the State should do without a canal another year. Dr. Fithian, Mr.
Hubbard's brother-in-law, a member of the House, voted against
the bill, which provided for the election of the commissioners by the
House. It was unquestionably the same powerful influence which
obtained the passage of the Chicago hydraulic bill and other ob-
noxious measures." — (Correspondent in Chicago Democrat, March
16, 1836.)
In the original subdivision of a tract of land in the western part of
the southwest fractional quarter of Section 10, Township 39,
Range 14, as platted and subdivided under authority of the Secre-
tary of War in 1839, a square or tract of land in subdivision, a part
of which is known as Dearborn park, was set aside for park pur-
poses and so dedicated by the general government. As the circum-
stances under which the dedication was made ceased to exist, the
park could be used for other purposes. The growth and develop-
ment of business rendered it worthless for the original purposes.
Therefore it was enacted that the Soldiers' Home of Chicago, in-
corporated under the act of February 28, 1869, be authorized and
empowered to erect and maintain on the north quarter of a piece
of ground now known as Dearborn park in that part of Chicago
known as Fort Dearborn addition, and bounded on the north by
the south line of Randolph street, on the east by the west line of
Michigan avenue, on the south by the north line of Washington
street, and on the west by the east line of an alley known as Dear-
born place, a Soldiers' Memorial Hall building to commemorate the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 35
virtues, sufferings and sacrifices of the soldiers and sailors of Illi-
nois in the late Civil war. It was provided that such building
when erected should be under the direction and control of the man-
agers of said Soldiers' Home in Chicago, by all non-political organ-
izations, by United States soldiers and sailors of the Civil war,
without charge; no part should be rented for pecuniary profit ex-
cept for charitable objects specified ; that the main hall should be
public for non-political meetings; that the directors of the Chicago
Public Library should occupy portions of said memorial building
for the storage of maps, charts, books, periodicals, papers, etc.,
relating to the late Civil war and the military history of the coun-
try ; that after the expiration of fifty years from the completion of
said memorial building, the directors of the Soldiers' Home, at their
option, might, by a two-thirds vote, turn over, transfer, and con-
vey to the directors of the Chicago Public Library all right, title
and interest in said building and grounds in perpetuity, provided the
building should never be deprived of its distinctive character as a
Soldiers' Memorial Hall for the use of soldiers and sailors.
In 1839 the following joint resolution was passed by the Illinois
General Assembly: "Resolved, That the passage of the act of the
General Assembly of Indiana, at their late session (of which offi-
cial information is received), authorizing a connection of the Erie
and Michigan canal of Indiana with the Illinois and Michigan
canal of Illinois, thereby forming a continuous line of canal navi-
gation from Lake Erie to the navigable waters of the Mississippi
river, is recognized by this General Assembly as another magnani-
mous manifestation, on the part of Indiana, of her settled disposi-
tion to identify the best interest of the two States and to promote
their common and national weal, and is most cheerfully recipro-
cated on the part of Illinois."
The Legislature of Illinois in January, 1842, addressed a memo-
rial to Congress praying for the establishment at Chicago of a ma-
rine hospital, and among other things said : "The growing impor-
tance of that city cannot have escaped the attention of your honora-
ble body, in addition to the natural advantages for commerce which
have increased within a few years far beyond the calculations of
the most sanguine. In addition, on the completion of the canal
connecting Lake Michigan with the Mississippi, the increase of
commerce must be such as to require the same institutions there as
at most other commercial cities of the United States."
"Chicago has been filling up with delegates of the People's
(River and Harbor) convention for the last ten or fifteen days,
but it was not until Saturday that the pressure became burdensome.
When we arrived on the 'Oregon' at sunrise yesterday morning,
there was scarcely a square inch of room in any public house, save
in a few bed rooms long since bespoken. But the citizens had al-
ready thrown open their dwellings, welcomed strangers in thou-
36 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
sands to their cordial and bounteous hospitality and the steamboats
as they came in proffered their spacious accoriimodations and gen-
erous fare to their passengers during their stay The
grand parade took place this morning, and though the route trav-
ersed was short, in deference to the heat of the weather, the spec-
tacle was truly magnificent. The citizens of Chicago, of course,
furnished the most imposing part of it — the music, the military,
the ships on wheels, ornamental fire engines, etc. I never witnessed
anything so superb, as the appearance of some of the fire companies
with their engines drawn by horses tastefully caparisoned. Our New
York firemen must try again ; they have certainly been outdone. I
think New York had some three hundred delegates on the ground,
among them John C. Spencer, J. De Peyster Ogden, Thurlow Weed,
James B. Burton, Seth C. Hawley, George W. Patterson, Alain
Bronson, John E. Hinman, etc. From New England the number
present is smaller, but still considerable. I notice among them, John
A. Rockwall of Connecticut, Elisha H. Allen, now of Boston, etc.
From New Jersey there are six or eight ; from Pennsylvania I think
fifty to one hundred, among them Andrew Stewart, Senator Johnson
of Erie, etc. From Ohio the number may not be much greater, but
among them are Tom Corwin, Governor Bibb, ex-Governor Mor-
row, R. C. Schenck, John C. Wright, etc. From Georgia there are
at least two here, and one is Thomas Butler King. There is one
from South Carolina. Indiana, Missouri and Iowa are well repre
sented, Michigan and Wisconsin have a large regiment each, while
northern Illinois is here, of course, en masse. A judicious estimate
makes the number present to-day 20,000 men, of whom 10,000 are
here as members of the convention The citizens
had provided a spacious and beautiful tent, about 100 feet square,
pitched in an open tract near the center of the city, radiating from
a tall pole in the center and well provided with seats. It holds
about 4,000 persons comfortably. The rest of the gathering were
constrained to look in over the heads of those seated
A general call was made for Thomas Corwin, of Ohio, which could
not be stilled. He was conducted to the stand by John Wentworth.
Although coming to the stand reluctantly, Mr. Corwin addressed
the convention in his own inimitable manner on the relations and rela-
tive character of the Puritans — on the wants and just demands of the
West — the absurd folly of considering harbor improvements on salt
water constitutional and on fresh water not so ; and the mighty strides
of the West to greatness and dominion. The vast assemblage was
electrified by his admirable effort In his letter, General
Cass was content to say he could not (i. e., would not) come, and
gave not the least expression of sympathy with the objects and de-
sires of this convention. The letter excited much astonishment
and was read twice at the urgent call of manv delegates. The gen-
eral expression was not flattering to General Cass. Andrew Stew-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 37
art, of Pennsylvania, made a vigorous and animated speech in
favor of internal improvements on comprehensive grounds. It
was perhaps a little too plain and thoroughgoing for the weak
stomachs of some present, who had but recently begun to profess
friendship for internal improvements. It pleased right well a ma-
jority of the convention, but brought up in opposition David Dud-
ley Field of our city (New York) who favored us with an able
and courteous speech in favor of 'Strict construction' and of such
river and harbor improvements only as are consistent therewith.
He was sharply interrogated by different members and in reply to
their questions denied the right of the Federal government to im-
prove the navigation of the Illinois river, since that river ran
through a single State only, or of the Hudson river above a port
of entry. A portion of the members manifested considerable impa-
tience during the latter portion of this speech, which is to be re-
gretted, for Mr. Field was perfectly courteous, not at all tedious,
and fairly called out by the speech of Mr. Stewart. For my part
I rejoiced that the wrong side of the question was so clearly set
forth. In the afternoon, Abraham Lincoln, a tall specimen of an
Illinoisan, just elected to Congress from the only Whig district in
the State, was called out and spoke brightly and happily in reply
to Mr. -Field The resolutions having been
read and accepted, Mr. Field very fairly objected to the last clause
of the fifth resolution, affirming substantially that the 'common
understanding' of the Constitution, through a long series of years,
'has become as much a part of that instrument as any one of its
most explicit provisions.' This ought to have prevailed, but it did
not Thomas Butler King, of Georgia, made a
most admirable speech in favor of river and harbor improvements
and internal improvements generally. It was really a great speech,
thoroughly national in its spirit and looking to the good of all. .
On the last day the convention came together
thoroughly resolved that no topic should be considered which might
mar the harmony and unanimity with which the resolutions of the
committee had been received and adopted yesterday; so that suc-
cessive efforts to get before it the project of a railroad to the Pa-
cific, the free navigation of the St. Lawrence, etc., were promptly
and decidedly thwarted by the undebatable motion to lay on the
table Previous to putting the motion for final ad-
journment, the president of the convention, Edward Bates, of
Missouri, returned thanks for the honor done him in a speech which
took the convention completely by surprise — so able, so forcible
and replete with the soul of eloquence. I will not attempt to give
an account of this wonderful speech — no account that can now be
given will do it justice. In the course of it he said that when he
emigrated in 1812 to the French village of huts called St. Louis,
which has now 50,000 inhabitants, he was obliged to hire a guard
38 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
against hostile savages to accompany him across the unbroken
wilderness which is now the State of Illinois with a civilized
population of 600,000 freemen. His speech was greeted at its
close by the whole convention rising and cheering long and fer-
vently. . . . The convention, upon its adjournment, was instantly
reorganized as a committee of the whole (with Horace Greeley as
chairman), and Gov. William Bibb, of Ohio, took the stand. He
dwelt upon the diffusion of intelligence, the purification of
morals, and the amelioration of the social condition of man. He
brought sharply and eloquently out that 'vain will be all your canals
and railroads, your river and harbor improvements, if the condition
of the toiling millions be not timely or therewith sensibly amelio-
rated— if they shall still be constrained to delve twelve to fourteen
hours per day for the bare necessaries of physical life. I hold,'
said he, 'that this need not and ought not to continue — that society
may be so revised that ten or eight hours' faithful labor daily will
secure to every industrious man or family a full supply of the
necessaries and comforts of life, so that each may have ample
leisure to devote to the cultivation and perfection of his moral,
social and intellectual powers.' A. W. Loomis, of Pittsburg; Gen.
Lewis Hubbell, of Milwaukee; S. Lisle Smith, of Chicago; Anson
Burlingame, of Massachusetts, late of Michigan; E. H. Allen, of
Boston, and Horace Greeley, of New York, were called out in
succession and each responded briefly. The speech of Mr. Smith,
of Chicago, regarded as an oratorical effort, was the best of the
many good speeches made here within these three days. It was
beautiful, thrilling, brightly poetic — enchaining and enrapturing the
audience. I will not attempt to sketch it. Mr. Allen's remarks
were very happy in a very different vein — these two affording
striking illustrations of Western and Eastern popular speaking,
respectively. William M. Hall, of Buffalo, advocated a series of
resolutions offered by him concerning the proposed railroad to the
Pacific. His resolutions were adopted as the proceedings of the
mass meeting and not by the Rivers and Harbor convention. Thus
has met, deliberated, harmonized, acted and separated one of the
most important and interesting conventions ever held in this or
any country. It was truly characterized as a congress of free-
men, destitute of pay and mileage but in all else inferior to no
deliberative body which has assembled within twenty years. . Can
we doubt that its results will be most beneficent and enduring?" —
(From a series of letters written on the ground by Horace Greeley
and published in the New York Tribune in July, 1847.)
Mr. Greeley showed that the Democrats generally were non-
committal on the object of the convention, while the Whigs were
interested. President Polk had just vetoed the river and harbor
bill, so the Democrats had to be cautious. Writing of the letter
of General Cass, Mr. Greeley said : "Did mortal man ever before
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 30
see such a letetr from one who is by position and was by profes-
sion friendly to the objects of the convention? It was listened to
with hardly less astonishment than indignation." Colonel Burton
had said of lake harbors that they "harbored nothing but the inter-
ests of their owners."
"Business men will not be slow to draw their conclusions in
reference to the prospects of Chicago. No one who has studied
her unrivaled commercial position and the richness, beauty and
extent of the country by which she is surrounded, can doubt for
a moment that Chicago at no distant day is destined to become
the great central city of the continent. In the center of one of the
most extensive and the most fertile agricultural regions of the
globe, surrounded by extensive mines of lead, iron, copper and
coal, having a water communication with the Atlantic and the
Gulf of Mexico, and holding the key to a coasting trade of
3,000 miles, with more than a dozen railroads branching off
for thousands of miles in all directions, every element of pros-
perity and substantial greatness is within her grasp. She fears
no rivals. She has to wait for a few short years the sure develop-
ment of her 'manifest destiny.' " — (Annual Review of Chicago,
1855.)
"It is difficult to decide in what respect it is most worthy of
remark, whether in the number and extent of the additional build-
ings and internal improvements of our city, in the extended reach
of her unparalleled system of railways, or in the increase of value
of the produce and merchandise that have crowded through her
channels and fairly gorged their every capacity. We are forcibly
reminded of the figure of a young and beautiful damsel, whose
rounding form and budding proportions are fast bursting from the
limited and straining vestments which sufficed her girlhood and
demanding a costume of more flowing dimensions and costly
texture. Our city is changing her apparel by pieces and without
much regard to transition, appearances or contrasts. The refit is,
however, rapidly assuming a completeness and perfection that
promises soon to be unrivaled." — (Annual Review of Chicago,
January, 1855.)
The Masonic Temple association was incorporated February
14, 1855, the directors being Hiram A. Tucker, Ezra L. Sherman,
Buckner S. Morris, Walter S. Gurnee and L. P. Hilliard.
The act of February 7. 1857, incorporated the Chicago Histori-
cal society, the incorporators named being William H. Brown.
William B. Ogden, J. Young Scammon, Mason Brayman, Mark
Skinner, George Manierre, John H. Kinzie, J. V. Z. Blaney, E. I.
Tinkham, J. D. Webster, W. A. Smalhvood, V. H. Higgins, N. S.
Davis, Charles H. Ray. S. D. Ward. M. D. Ogden, F/Scamtnon,
E. B. McCagg and William Barn'.
The Chicago Relief and Aid society was incorporated February
40 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
16, 1857, by Edwin C. Larned, Mark Skinner, Edward I. Tink-
ham, Joseph D. Webster, Joseph T. Ryerson, Isaac N. Arnold,
Norman B. Judd, John H. Dunham, A. H. Mueller, Samuel S.
Greek, B. F. Cooke, N. S. Davis, George W. Dole, George M.
Higginson, John H. Kinzie, John Woodbridge, Jr., Erastus S.
Williams, Philo Carpenter, George W. Gage, S. S. Hayes, Henry
Farnam, William H. Brown and Philip J. Wardner.
By act of February 16, 1857, the subdivision for E. K. Hubbard
of certain blocks in the school section addition to Chicago was
legalized. The subdivision included Blocks 5, 60, 63, 66, 75, 85,
104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 112, 115 of Section 16, Township 39
north, Range 14 east. This subdivision was recorded July 3,
1835.
"Year by year, since our connection with the press of this city
(since 1848), we have essayed to foretell what might reasonably
be expected both as to the growth in population and the increase
in business, and year by year have we seen our estimates dwarfed
into insignificance by the actual facts. Four years ago we entered
into an elaborate argument to the effect that within five years from
that time the annual receipts of grain at this place would reach
20,000,000 bushels. Our less hopeful friends were astounded beyond
measure at our temerity — 'extravagant' and 'absurd.' 'Why,' said
they, 'the quantity could not be stored in the city, the laborers could
not be secured to handle it, the money to produce it, nor the ves-
sels to transport it to an ultimate market.' The five years have
not yet elapsed and our figures this morning show the amount re-
ceived in the fourth year after the prediction to be only a fraction
under 25,000,000 bushels, or 25 per cent, over the estimate. The
warehouses, the laborers and the money were here. So in regard
to the growth of the lumber business. The fact is the country
which is commercially tributary to Chicago and which by a decree
of nature must remain so for all time to come, is of such extent,
of such unlimited resources, and is withal being so rapidly devel-
oped under the stimulus of free government, railroads and im-
proved labor-saving machinery that the history of the world fur-
nishes no parallel to it; and hence all estimates based upon past
experience, respecting the results that are here to be worked out,
must necessarily fall far short of the actual fact. That is the
reason why the wonderful growth of Chicago has so far outstripped
all the predictions of the most sanguine of our citizens. This is
the reason why the annual commerce of these northwestern lakes
has within a quarter of a century risen from a merely nominal
value to far exceed that of the total foreign commerce of the whole
Union. It is proper to say that every department of trade has
shared in the common impulse. As regards the future, we will no
longer venture upon specific predictions and estimates — we do not
care to try our hand again. However, we are warranted in say-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 41
ing that the future progress of Chicago will in no respect fall short
of its past history." — (Annual Review of Chicago, January, 1857,
by William Bross, editor of the Chicago Democratic Press.)
Citizens of Chicago took every means to advertise the city in the
East and in Europe.
The act of February 16, 1857, made sweeping changes in Chi-
cago municipal affairs. The council was authorized to divide the
wards into such precincts as were deemed best; to submit all its
acts to appropriate committees, to secure thereto the signature of
the mayor before same should take effect; to make no contract nor
incur no expense unless upon an appropriation made by the council ;
to prohibit any city officer from having an interest in such a con-
tract; to create a treasury department consisting of the treasurer,
comptroller and collector, whose duties were set forth in detail ;
to return the assessment roll to the common council, and the full
proceedings of collecting the taxes were prescribed; to require the
council to designate two or more justices of the peace who should
be styled the "police court," the sessions of which were to be held
daily ; to provide for the election of a police clerk, whose duties were
fully set forth ; to provide for the appointment of a prosecuting at-
torney for the police court if deemed necessary; to require all fees
to be paid into the city treasury ; to fix the salary of the mayor at
$3,500 per year; to give the council power to levy and collect an-
nually a school tax not exceeding two mills on the dollar; to meet
the expenses of buying grounds, erecting buildings and supporting
the schools; to provide for the appointment of fifteen school
inspectors who should be styled the "board of education" of the
city, five to be appointed annually ; to authorize the city of Chicago
to purchase, hold and convey tracts of land outside of the city
limits, to be used for cemeteries ; to leave in force all laws and regu-
lations then in operation and not annulled or abridged by this act ;
to conduct all actions in the name of the corporation ; to re-create
the Fifth ward with the following limits: All that part of the
city which lies west of the South branch of the Chicago river and
south of a line running east and west along the center of Randolph
street and north of the center of Harrison street; to re-create the
Tenth ward as follows: All that part of said city which lies west
of the South branch of the Chicago river and south of a line in the
center of Harrison street; to provide for the election of officers
for the new ward ; to provide for the appointment by the judge of
the Cook County Court of Common Pleas of three freeholders
to act as commissioners to lay out a public park in the South
division of said city; to fully empower said commissioners to sur-
vey, lay out and appropriate such a park of not less than 100 nor
more than 300 acres; to locate said park south of Twelfth street,
west of Michigan avenue, east of Stewart avenue and as nearly
central as may be between Lake Michigan and the South branch
42 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
of Chicago river; to provide payment for the land thus appropri-
ated ; to provide for the payment of the Chicago park stock created
by this act ; to levy a tax on the South division to meet such ex-
pense ; and to provide for parks in the other divisions of the city.
The act of February 18, 1859, incorporated the "Board of Trade
of the City of Chicago," to be composed of the persons at the time
constituting said board. The rules, regulations and by-laws of the
said existing board of trade were to prevail until others should be
adopted. Full provision was made for the admission and expulsion
of members, for the adjustment of questions by committees of
arbitration, for the appointment of inspectors of weights, measures,
flour, grain, provisions, liquors, lumber, etc.
The act of February 19, 1859, incorporated the Chicago South
Branch Dock company, with William Green, William S. Sampson,
Richard J. Arnold, John F. Hance, Roswell B. Mason, Amos G.
Throop and Abraham J. Knisely as incorporators. They were
authorized to improve the following tracts in Chicago : The north
fractional part of Section 29, Township 39 north, Range 14 east,
except the east 16.72 acres; and also any other lands which they
should own, by laying the same out into lots, streets, squares, lanes,
alleys, etc. They were empowered to make seven or any less canals
and to connect the same with the South branch in a way not to
impede navigation ; to erect on said lands such railroads, wharves,
workshops, warehouses, stores, etc., as might be found necessary;
but in all cases to obey the ordinances of Chicago. The capital
was fixed at $650,000. To carry out the object of the corporation
the company was authorized to borrow money, but not in excess of
$50,000 at a time, and to issue bonds therefor.
The act of February 20, 1861, authorized Chicago to make an
assessment to pay the damages caused by the building of a bridge
at Van Buren street in 1858, and to pay certain claims against the
city relative thereto.
"Our low, flat position is exceedingly unfavorable to civic com-
fort or convenience. Our old residents all remember the time when
the whole country around us was a swamp scarcely better than
the Calumet of today. The work of redeeming it to a passably dry
location has only been accomplished by the tedious operations of
street filling, contemporaneous elevations of grade and sinking of
ditches. Then the large extent of territory in proportion to the
population, which our cosmopolitan avarice has secured, gives us
a world of work to do. We have over twenty-four square miles
of territory embraced within our city limits, scarcely less than a
whole section to each thousand men of proper age to earn money and
pay taxes for improvement. But we have accomplished wonders.
Our principal thoroughfares have all been lifted from the mud,
properly drained, supplied with gas and water, the old rotten planks
removed, and in their stead the substantial Nicholson laid. Our
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 43
rivers have been bridged and a tunnel has been talked of. We can
now almost walk on dry land in the most central portion of the city,
while but a few years since the shooting of water fowl from the
steps of the Tremont was a common pastime. During the past
twelve months, though burdened with the support of the war, we
have steadily labored in the improvement of the city, having done
more than in former years.
"Chicago has just claims to be considered the center of the rail-
way system of the continent. There is scarcely a respectable
railroad in the country that does not seek to effect a connection more
or less direct with some one of the great lines which make Chicago
an eastern and western terminus. There are those in the city whose
residence does not date further back than 1849, who remember
that our railroad system, concerning whose extent and magnitude
we now felicitate ourselves so grandly, consisted of a single line
extending from Chicago to Elgin, whose track was laid with strap
iron and whose rolling stock and appointments were of the most
inferior and what would now be considered the most worthless
character. Mark the change — a score or so of miles then and
thousands now.
"The map of Illinois with its railway lines now looks like a
checker board. With two such powerful interests (railway sys-
tems and commercial improvement) working each to extend the
other and benefit themselves, it is impossible to place a limit to the
future greatness of Chicago. This city will increase with every
year until she shall fulfill her destiny and become the first inland city
on the continent, both in point of population and in the extent of
her commercial transactions. Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Min-
nesota, the northern half of Missouri and the yet undeveloped re-
gion lying west of the Missouri are the source upon which Chicago
must depend for her future growth and prosperity. Already Chi-
cago is the greatest primary grain market in the world and second
to none in respect to her packing interests." — (Annual Reviews,
1862.)
The act of February 13, 1863, empowered Chicago to issue new
bonds to satisfy and retire old and maturing bonds. The act of
February 20, 1861, exempted from inspection at Chicago all fish
that had been duly inspected at Milwaukee and Mackinac. The act
of February 22, 1861, provided that the Secretary of State should
deliver to the Chicago Historical society fifty copies of each and
every public document, book, pamphlet, chart and other publications
by the State as the same should be issued from year to year, and so
far as practicable of such publications issued previously by the
State.
The act of Congress of June 20, 1864, directed the Secretary of
the Treasury to dispose of the marine hospital and grounds in Chi-
cago by public auction to the highest bidder, and out of the pro-
44 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ceeds to purchase a new and more eligible site and erect a new hos-
pital thereon, but the cost of the new was not to exceed the pro-
ceeds of sale of the old. Accordingly, in September, 1864, the
property was sold for $132,000 to J. F. Joy, who paid the money
and took a deed for the same. But it was found that the
amount thus realized was not sufficient for the purpose. It was
then thought that it might be wise to dispense with such a dis-
tinctive hospital and to provide for the care of marine patients by
contract in municipal or private hospitals, thus obviating the ne-
cessity of erecting a new building. In the meantime, for several
years, Mr. Joy was denied the possession of his purchase. Upon
pressure by the House of Representatives, the supervising archi-
tect, A. B. Mullett, purchased a new site of ten acres for $10,000 —
a tract on the lake shore — in 1866-67. Three courses were open :
1. Not to build a hospital; 2. To build one within the amount of
the appropriation, but wholly inadequate to the service; 3. To
build one adequate to the service regardless of the appropriation.
The third was the only reasonable and acceptable alternative. The
first building, under the appropriation of August 3, 1848, cost a
total of $55,687.
The act of February 13, 1865, incorporated the Union Stock
Yards and Transit company with the following men named as in-
corporators: John L. Hancock, Virginius A. Turpin, Roselle M.
Hough, Sidney A. Kent, Charles M. Culberton, Lyman Blair,
David Kreigh, Martin L. Sykes, Jr., Joseph Sherwin, George
W. Cass, James F. Jay John F. Tracy, Timothy B. Black-
stone, Joseph H. Moore, John S. Barry, Homer E. Sargent,
Burton C. Cook, John B. Drake and William D. Judson. They
were authorized to locate, construct, and maintain in convenient
proximity to the southerly limits of Chicago and west of Wallace
street extended the necessary yards, enclosures, buildings, railway
switches for the care and safe keeping of live stock, etc. ; capital
stock, $1,000,000.
The Chicago Stock Exchange was incorporated February 16,
1865, by J. M. Adsit, A. C. Barger, James Boyd, T. J. Bronson,
Lyman Blair, E. E. Braisted, Chauncey T. Bowen, Nathan Co-
rinth, A. J. Dennison, Asa Dow, A. Echald, J. K. Fisher, N. K.
Goodnow, John C. Hilton, B. P. Hutchinson, Ira Holmes, E. H.
Haddock, W. F. Coolbaugh, J. D. Jennings, S. A. Kent, Josiah
Lombard, T. G. McLawry, Solon McElroy, Hugh McLennan, Ira
T. Munn, E. R. McCormick, A. B. Meeker, L. D. Norton, L. A.
Ostrom, C. B. Pope, B. W. Phillips, J. O. Rutter, E. D. Richard-
son, C. A. Rodgers, Isaac Sherwood, T. H. Seymour, William
Spaulding, D. C. Scranton, J. J. Ullman, John Watson, E. G.
Wolcott, S. S. Williamson, C. H. Walker, C. T. Wheeler, M. S.
Yarwood and D. S. Young. The object was a stock exchange in
the city of Chicago where all kinds of stocks and bonds could be
bought, sold and exchanged.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY *5
By January, 1865, the horse railways of Chicago were operated
by three distinct corporations — one for each division. The Chi-
cago City railway had been incorporated February 14, 1859. By
April 25 following cars were running to Twelfth street and by
June to the city limits. In October a branch was laid on Archer
road from State street to Stewart avenue. The company had
(January, 1865), 35 cars, 255 horses and mules, and employed 200
men. Samuel M. Nickerson was president of the company. The
West Division Railway company owned the West side lines in
January, 1865. The Madison street line was built by the City
Railway company, also the Randolph street line — the former
running by June, 1859, and the latter by August, 1859. In August,
1863, the City Railway company sold these two lines to the West
Division company for $300,000. They soon laid a branch on
Blue Island avenue and by December 25, 1863, were running to
Twelfth street. In 1864 a branch was laid in Milwaukee avenue.
J. R. Jones was president and superintendent in January, 1865.
On the North side the City Limits line had been constructed in
1859, the Sedgwick and North avenue lines in 1861, the Clybourn
and Larrabee lines in 1859, Chicago avenue line in 1859, and the
Graceland line in 1864. Steam was being tried on the Graceland
line. J. B. Turner was president in 1865.
The act of March 10, 1865, authorized the city of Chicago to
borrow upon bond not to exceed $2,000,000 to be used to pay the
debt of the city for waterworks; also to borrow not to exceed
$1,000,000 to pay the sewerage debt and to increase the works;
also to borrow not to exceed $700,000 with which to buy or lease
school grounds for schoolhouses ; also to borrow $1,000,000 to
carry into effect certain other improvements authorized by pre-
vious laws; also for $300,000 for specific purposes of improve-
ment.
In 1866 deepening the canal was undertaken to relieve the river,
under act of Legislature February 16, 1865. This was a sanitary
measure. The city was authorized to issue bonds for what it had
cost to finish the work and got a lien on the canal and its works
for $2,500,000. Taking up this lien was what the State did to aid
Chicago after the fire. The improvement was to cut down the
canal to a level &l/2 feet below the level of Lake Michigan, through
solid rock mostly for twenty-six miles. On July 16 the current of
the river was turned the other way. But the north branch was not
benefited, so $200,000 was appropriated July, 1873, to connect the
river with the lake north of the city limits.
Until Monday, March 25, 1867, Chicago had very bad water; it
had grown worse and worse. On March 17, 1864, the work on the
tunnel had been begun at Chicago avenue. On July 25, 1865, the
great crib was launched and sunk at the other end of the shaft
which was dug from both ends. The crib was forty feet high, with
46 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
five sides and was ninety-eight and one-half feet in diameter. The
inside was one cylinder nine feet in diameter, sunk sixty-one feet
below the surface of the water, and thirty-one feet below the bed
of the lake. The crib stood twelve feet above the water. From the
shore shaft the crib was distant two points north by east two miles.
The clear width of the tunnel was five feet; the clear height five
feet two inches ; it was lined with brick masonry ; sloped toward the
shore two feet per mile. Under a head of two feet it was designed
to deliver 19,000,000 gallons per day; under a head of eight
feet, 38,000,000 gallons, and under a head of eighteen feet, 57,-
000,000 gallons.
The Washington street river tunnel was begun in 1865. The
first contractors were unsuccessful. The contract was then let on
July 19, 1867, to others for $328,000 and the work was completed
January 1, 1869, at a cost of about $400,000.
The act of March 5, 1867, made eight hours a legal day's work
where there was no agreement to the contrary. The Chicago
Stage and Baggage company was incorporated March 7, 1867;
George M. Pullman being one of the incorporators.
The act of January 30, 1867, authorized the Chicago Historical
society to increase the number of its resident members to any num-
ber deemed expedient. The property of the society was exempted
from taxation, and the society was empowered to borrow as much
as $20,000 on mortgage to complete the building then in progress.
The act of February 16, 1867, provided for the establishment of
the Washingtonian Home of Chicago; it was amended June 29,
1883, so that not to exceed $20,000 annually was paid to this home
from liquor licenses.
By act of February 21, 1867, the Fine Arts College of Chicago
was incorporated by Hiram T. Merrill, Benjamin F. Downing and
their associates. The American Art association was incorporated
February 28, 1867, by M. J. Green, George P. A. Healy and
others.
The act of March 9, 1867, provided for a commissioner of taxes
for the city of Chicago ; for the division of the city into assessment
districts; for changing the dock lines of Chicago river; for the
construction of sewers by the council ; for increasing the police
force; for fixing the salaries of certain city officers; for constitut-
ing the board of health, with six persons, of whom besides the
mayor three should be physicians ; for additional powers to the
common council; for the protection of persons injured by defective
sidewalks ; for adding to Lincoln park all land owned by the city
in Section 27, Township 40 north, Range 14 east; for enabling
said park to acquire "a strip of land not exceeding three hundred
feet in width lying between said land and said park."
In 1867 the Illinois and Indiana Turnpike company were author-
ized to occupy Cottage Grove avenue in part.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 47
The act of February 24, 1869, created the "Board of South Park
Commissioners" for South Chicago, Hyde Park and Lake. They
were directed to secure the following land for park purposes :
Commencing at the southwest corner of Fifty-first street and Cot-
tage Grove avenue; running thence south along the west side of
Cottage Grove avenue to the south line of Fifty-ninth street;
thence east along the north line of Fifty-ninth street to the east
line of Hyde Park avenue; thence north on Hyde Park avenue to
Fifty-sixth street; thence east along the south line of Fifty-sixth
street to Lake Michigan; thence southerly along the shore of the
Lake to a point due east of the center of Section 24, Township 38
north, Range 14 east; thence west through the center of said Sec-
tion 24 to Hyde Park avenue ; thence north on the east line of Hyde
Park avenue to the north line of Sixtieth street so called; thence
west on the north line of Sixtieth street to Kankakee avenue;
thence north on the east line of Kankakee avenue to Fifty-first
street ; thence east to the place of beginning. Also a piece of land
commencing at the southeast corner of Kankakee avenue and Fifty-
fifth street ; running thence west a strip two hundred feet wide
adjoining the north line of Fifty-fifth street, along said Fifty-fifth
street to the line between ranges 13 and 14 east; thence north, east
of and adjoining said line, a strip two hundred feet wide to the
Illinois and Michigan canal. Also a parcel of land beginning at
the southwest corner of Douglas place and Kankakee avenue ; run-
ning thence south a strip of land one hundred and thirty-two feet
wide along the west side of said Kankakee avenue to a point one
hundred and fifty feet south of the south line of Fifty-first street.
Also a strip of land commencing at the intersection of Cottage
Grove avenue and fifty-first street, running thence east one hun-
dred feet in width on each side of the center line of Drexel avenue.
Also a strip of land extending north from the intersection of Fifty-
first street with Drexel avenue one hundred feet in width on each
side of the center line of said avenue to the north line of Forty-
third street ; thence northerly a strip of land two hundred feet in
width till it meets or intersects with Elm street in Cleaverville;
thence northerly along said Elm street two hundred feet in width
west from the east line of said street to its intersection with Oak-
wood avenue. The adjacent lands benefited were to be assessed.
The subject was to be voted on in the three towns of South Chi-
cago, Hyde Park and Lake "For Park" or "Against Park."
The act of April 16, 1869, struck out of the park act the words
"a piece of land commencing at the southeast corner of Kankakee
avenue and Fifty-fifth street, running thence west, a strip two hun-
dred feet wide, adjoining the north line of Fifty-fifth street," and
inserted instead "a piece of land commencing at the northeast cor-
ner of Kankakee avenue and Fifty-fifth street, running west, a
strip two hundred feet wide, south of and adjoining the north line
of said Fifty-fifth street."
48 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The act of February 27, 1869, extended the territorial limits of
Chicago so as to embrace the following : That part of Section 30,
Township 40 north, Range 14 east, which lies west of the North
branch of the Chicago river; Section 25, Township 40 north, Range
13 east, except that part of said section lying east of the center of
the North branch of the Chicago river; Sections 26, 35, and 36,
Townshfp 40 north, Range 13 east; Sections 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14,
23, 24, 25, 26, Township 39 north, Range 13 east; and that part
of Sections 35 and 36, Township 39 north, Range 13 east, lying
northwest of the center of the Illinois and Michigan canal, were
added to the city and constituted a part of the West division. By this
act the outside boundary of the West division was declared to be the
outside boundary of the several wards which at that time extended
to the present city limits. By this act also the "Board of West Chi-
cago Park commissioners," to be composed of seven persons, was
created. They were given power to buy or alienate land for boule-
vards, pleasure ways or parks ; could change the building line ; could
select three parks of not less than one hundred acres nor more
than two hundred acres, the total cost not to exceed $900,000. The
main boulevard was to extend from Fullerton avenue near the
North branch first west and then south to a point near the Illinois
and Michigan canal. Bonds and taxes were ordered.
The act of April 19, 1869, excluded from the limits of Chicago,
Sections 25, 26, 35 and 36, Township 40 north, Range 13 east, and
reattached the same to the town of Jefferson. The boulevard
provided for in the act of February 27, 1869, was directed to be
located so that it would join the one to be laid out westward from
Lincoln park. It was also provided that the most northerly of the
three parks arthorized for the West division should not be less
than two hundred acres in extent and might be located in whole or
in part south of Division street and north of Kinzie street.
In February, 1869, a large number of business men of Chicago
petitioned Congress to pass such laws that thereafter "all purchases
or sales of the loans and bonds of the United States should be
made by inviting public competition through advertising for
proposals, and that all sales of gold should be made at public auc-
tion." This was signed by nearly two hundred of the leading men
and business houses of Chicago, but by only seven banks and trust
companies.
The act of February 8, 1869, fixed the boundaries of Lincoln
park as follows : Commencing at the intersection of North avenue
with Lake Michigan and running thence west along said North
avenue to North Clark street; thence along North Clark to North
Franklin ; thence along North Franklin to Fullerton avenue ; thence
along Fullerton avenue to the west line of the southeast quarter of
Section 28, Township 40 north. Range 14 east; thence along said
west line to the northwest corner of said southeast quarter of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 51
Section 28; thence along the north line of said southeast quarter
to Lake Michigan ; thence along the shore of Lake Michigan at
low water mark as the same now is or hereafter may be to the
place of beginning. E. B. McCagg, John B. Turner, Andrew Nel-
son, Joseph Stockton and Jacob Rehm were constituted the first
Board of Commissioners of Lincoln park.
The act of March 30, 1869, authorized the Lincoln Park board
to acquire by purchase or otherwise the following tract "All of the
southwest quarter of Section 28, Township 40 north, Range 14
east, lying east of a line commencing in the east line of said quarter
section at a point where it will be intersected by a line five hundred
feet long running from the east line of Green Bay road and a right
angle with said road, and running thence in a straight line north-
westwardly parallel at such point of starting with the east line of
said Green Bay road and continuing in a straight line to the north
line of said quarter section ; and also all that part of Block 2 in the
Canal Trustees' subdivision of Section 33 of said township lying
east of the Lake Shore ditch.
"The narrow-minded, miserly prejudice, which feared the ex-
pense of pleasure resorts and claimed no outlay sensible unless it
brings immediate practical results in dollars and cents, is fast pass-
ing away, and Chicago's young, enterprising, intellectual men have
decided to have a whole system of public parks, as well as a whole
system of schools, churches and other improvements. Until within
a few months ago the park systems of Chicago have been uninviting,
consisting of a good sized, partly improved tract on the Lake Shore
in the North division and several little patches of grass scattered
about the city. Now, however, we are to have one grand park,
which will be about one-quarter larger than the great Central park,
New York, and another one twice as large as that Eastern wonder,
three others of from one hundred to two hundred acres each, be-
sides these already reported." — (Historical Review of Chicago for
1869.)
The South Side park and boulevard authorized by act of the
Legislature February, 1869, was voted on by the people on March
• 26, 1869, and sustained by over 3,000 majority. The same act
authorized the following parks :
PARKS. Acres.
South Side park 1,000
West Side parks 600
Riverside park 1,600
Lincoln park 230
Lake park 40
Union park 17
Ellis park 3
Washington park 2Vi
Total 3,492 V6
Vol. II — 4.
58 . HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The act of March 11, 1869, extended the north and south boun-
daries of the Ninth ward westwardly to the center of Loomis
street, which line was made the eastern boundary of the Twelfth
ward south of the center of Van Buren street.
In 1869 Illinois passed an act granting the Illinois Central Rail-
way company certain rights on the lake front, and the company
sought to take possession of the land, but was enjoined by the
United States District Court at Chicago, and this injunction was
yet in operation in 1881.
The act of March 11, 1869, authorized the Chicago City Rail-
way company to operate its lines in any of the townships of Cook
county outside of Chicago, provided consent so to do was first
obtained from the board of trustees.
The act of March 10, 1869, permitted the street railway com-
panies to operate dummy or steam engines. The act of April 19,
1869, incorporated the Chicago Stock Exchange with a capital of
$200,000. In 1869 Congress passed an act making Chicago, St.
Louis and Cincinnati ports of entry. The act of April 29, 1869,
authorized, the city to cause the Southwestern Plank road, or
Ogden avenue, within the city limits, and any one street connect-
ing said Southwestern Plank road, or Ogden avenue, with Reuben
street, to be widened not exceeding one hundred and fifty feet, and
to improve the same. The act of April 17, 1869, established a
State road along Archer road.
The act of March 10, 1869, provided that thereafter municipal
elections in Chicago should be held on the Tuesday next after the
first Monday of November of each year; that the officers then
chosen should assume the duties of their respective offices on the
first Monday of December of the same year; that the mayor, city
attorney, treasurer, collector and clerk of the police court should
be selected by the people; and that Chicago should be divided into
twenty wards as follows:
First Ward. — All of the South division south of the center of
the Chicago river and north of the center of Monroe street.
Second Ward. — All of the South division south of the center of
Monroe and north of the center of Harrison.
Third Ward. — All of the South division south of the center of
Harrison and north of the center of Sixteenth.
Fourth Ward. — All of the South division south of the center of
Sixteenth and east of the center of Clark and the same projected
to the center of Twenty-sixth and north of the center of said
Twenty-sixth and the same projected easterly to the lake.
Fifth Ward. — All of the South division south of the center of
Twenty-sixth and such line projected eastwardly to Lake Michi-
gan, east of the center of Clark and such line projected southerly
to the city limits.
Sixth Ward. — All of the South division south of the center of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 53
Sixteenth and west of the center of Clark projected southerly to
the city limits.
Seventh Ward. — All of the South division south of the center of
Sixteenth.
Eighth Ward. — All of the West division north of the center of
Sixteenth and south of the center of Twelfth.
Ninth Ward. — All of the West division north of the center of
Twelfth, east of the center of Centre avenue and south of the cen-
ter of Van Buren.
Tenth Ward. — All of the West division north of the center of
Van Buren, east of the center of Aberdeen and Curtis and south
of the center of Randolph.
Eleventh Ward. — All of the West division north of the center
of Randolph, east of the center of Curtis, and south of the center of
Fourth.
Twelfth Ward. — All of the West division north of the center of
Twelfth, east of the center of Reuben, south of the center of
Fourth and west as follows : Commencing at the center of Fourth
street, thence south on Curtis and Aberdeen to the center of Van
Buren, thence west to the center of Centre, thence south to the
center of Twelfth.
Thirteenth Ward. — All of the West division north of the center
of Twelfth, west of the center of Reuben, and south of the center
of Lake.
Fourteenth Ward. — All of the West division north of the center
of Lake, and south of the center of Reuben.
Fifteenth Ward. — All of the West division north of the center
of Fourth and Chicago avenue and not included in any of the fore-
going wards.
Sixteenth Ward. — All of the North division north of the center
of North avenue.
Seventeenth Ward. — All of the North division south of the
center of North avenue and north of the center of Division.
Eighteenth Ward. — All of the North division south of the cen-
ter of Division and west of the center of Franklin.
Nineteenth Ward. — All of the North division south of the cen-
ter of Division, east of the center of Franklin and north of the
center of Chicago avenue.
Tiventieth Ward. — All of the North division south of the cen-
ter of Chicago avenue and east of the center of Franklin.
Each ward was to be represented by two aldermen, each holding
office for two years, one to be elected annually.
On June 19, 1869, it was enacted that, whereas the city of Chi-
cago had three natural divisions — North, South, and West — each
of which would in the future want a park or parks : and whereas
the city had already expended a large sum on Lincoln park in the
North division ; and whereas the city was about to spend a large
54 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
additional sum on Lincoln park, while a much less sum had been
expended on the parks of the South and West divisions ; it was
therefore enacted that the mayor and comptroller of the city of
Chicago should issue bonds bearing not over 7 per cent, to obtain
means to purchase and improve a park for each of the three divi-
sions when the people of each of said divisions should decide to
have the same; also to equalize the amount already expended or
which might thereafter be expended upon Lincoln park.
The act of April 16, 1869, provided that all right and title to
so much of fractional Section 15, Township 39 north, Range 14
east, as is situated east of Michigan avenue and north of Park row
and south of the south line of Monroe street and west of a line
running parallel with and four hundred feet east of the west line
of said Michigan avenue, were granted in fee to the city of Chi-
cago, with full powers to convey the same except ninety feet of
the avenue, provided such conveyance should be approved by a vote
of not less than three-fourths of the aldermen. The proceeds of
the sale were to constitute "the park fund." The right of the Illi-
nois Central railroad to the strip along the lake front was con-
firmed ; and the right of the State to the submerged land lying east
of the track and breakwater for the distance of one mile between
the south line of the south pier extended eastwardly and a line
extended eastward from the south line of Lot 21, south of and
near the roundhouse and machine shops of said company in the
south division of Chicago, were granted in fee to the Illinois Cen-
tral railroad to be held by them in perpetuity, but gave them no
right to obstruct the harbor. The act also provided that the land
submerged or otherwise lying north of the south line of Monroe
street and south of the south line of Randolph street and between
the east line of Michigan avenue and the track and roadway of the
Illinois Central Railroad company, and constituting parts of frac-
tional Sections 10 and 15, Township 39 north. Range 14 east,
should be granted in fee to the Illinois Central, Chicago, Burling-
ton and Quincy and Michigan Central Railroad companies to be
used for a passenger depot, etc. For this land these three com-
panies were required to pay to Chicago $800,000. It was declared
that the grants to the Illinois Central company were upon the ex-
press condition that it should pay in perpetually to the treasury of
Illinois the percentum on the gross receipts stipulated in the charter.
"The bed of Lake Michigan does not and never did belong to the
United States, and it has no authority to sell or convey it as public
land. Lake Michigan has been denominated an inland sea, a pub-
lic highway, and subject to the same rules of law which apply to the
ocean. Owners of land upon its borders own to high water mark
and no farther. The soil between high and low water mark and
the bed of the lake belongs to the State, subject only to the con-
trol of the United States in the regulation of commerce and navi-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 55
gation. The boundary of Illinois on the east extends to the middle
of Lake Michigan and when the State was admitted to the Union
in 1818 on an equal footing with the original States, its jurisdiction
over the waters of Lake Michigan and the soil beneath was coex-
tensive with the boundaries of the State for all purposes except the
power to obstruct navigation and to interfere with the regulation
of commerce." — (Lyman Trumbull's brief, 1877.)
TWELVE LABORS OF HERCULES, 1858-1870
1. Raised street grades and buildings, two to six feet.
2. Paved seventy-five miles of streets with wood.
3. Built eighty-five miles of horse street railways.
4. Straightened the Chicago river channel.
5. Tapped a vast territory with railways.
6. Established sewerage and special assessment systems.
7. Established the Union Stock Yards.
8. Built and regulated a chamber of commerce.
9. Constructed the lake tunnel and secured good water.
10. Turned a canal current through the river.
11. Built tunnels under the river.
12. Raised nearly 27,000 volunteers for the Union Army.
Mr. Chesbrough (chief engineer) originated the two great engi-
neering feats — lake tunnel and deeper canal. The lake tunnel was
begun early in 1864 and good water was secured March 25, 1867.
Prior to 1870 the greatest amount of water used daily was 30,000,-
000 gallons.
The act of March 2, 1872, empowered cities with over 100,000
inhabitants to levy not to exceed one-fifth of one mill annually to
establish and maintain a library and reading room. This act was
really passed to aid Chicago, which had lost its libraries and because
many books had since been donated and buildings were needed. It
was declared that an emergency existed.
The act of March 7, 1872, defined the duties and powers of the
State canal commissioners. They were prohibited from selling the
ninety-foot strip along the canal, or any of the canal real estate in
Chicago.
J. W. Newell built the first brick house erected after the fire at
205 Illinois street. This two-story brick house is yet standing.
STATEMENT PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 30, 1872.
Amount due city from State canal $2,955,340.00
Revenue deficit bonds, delivered to city. .$250,000.00
Illinois Central Railway fund paid city. . 685,265.20
Illinois and Michigan canal revenue, paid
city 258,545.79
Proceeds of V/2 mill tax 184,496.69 1,378,307.68
Total $1,577,032.32
56 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
An act of October 20, 1872, stated that whereas Chicago had
expended $2,500,000 to secure the completion of the Summit divi-
sion of the Illinois and Michigan canal under the act of February
16, 1865, and supplemental acts, and whereas the city had a vested
lien on the canal and its revenues, and whereas the State has been
paid its dues from the canal, and whereas the canal trustees had
'delivered the canal to the State, and whereas it was provided that
the State, by refunding to Chicago its dues, relieved the canal of
this lien, therefore it was enacted that the sum of $2,955,340, with
interest thereon until paid, be appropriated to relieve the aforesaid
lien ; that the same be paid to Chicago upon the execution of a re-
lease of the lien. A tax of ll/2 mills and bonds were provided for
to meet in part this outlay. They were to be called "revenue deficit
bonds." The appropriation was made upon the proviso "that not
less than one-fifth nor to exceed one-third of said sum so appropri-
ated shall be received by said city and be applied in reconstructing
the bridges and the public buildings and structures destroyed by
fire, upon the original sites thereof, as already provided by the com-
mon council ; and the remainder thereof to be applied to the pay-
ment of the interest on the bonded debt of said city and the main-
tenance of the fire and police departments thereof. It was declared
that, by reason of the great fire, an emergency existed and the act
should take effect upon its passage.
The several companies called into service by the Governor in
1871 to protect property after the Chicago fire, were ordered paid
by act of July 1, 1874.
In a joint resolution of 1879 the Legislature, after reciting that
the postoffice at Chicago had been destroyed by fire three times
in eight years, and that great inconvenience had been experienced,
memorialized Congress to make an appropriation without delay to
complete the postoffice and customhouse.
Act of April 13, 1881, reappropriated $4,798 to the Douglas
Monument fund ; it had lapsed to the State. The act approved
Feb. 10, 1887, appropriated $50,000 for a monument to John A.
Logan.
An act in force March 20, 1883, amended the act of March 7,
1872, to establish and maintain a public library. It authorized the
city council to establish such a library and maintain it by levying
not to exceed one half a mill on the dollar annually. The law was
declared an emergency to enable Chicago to levy the library tax in
the current levy.
The lands to be conveyed to Chicago by the bill recommended by
the House committee on February 19, 1881, were the streets and
grounds dedicated to public use in that part of Chicago known as
Fort Dearborn reservation, which originally contained fifty-seven
and a half acres. After having been occupied since 1804 as a mil-
itary site the tract was in 1824, at the request of the Secretary of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 57
War, formally reserved from sale for military purposes. Fifteen
years later (1839) the Secretary of War found that it would no
longer be required for military purposes, and pursuant to the
statute of 1819, proceeded to subdivide the tract into town lots and
to lay out streets and alleys. Matthew Burchard, solicitor of the
general land office, was selected by the Secretary of War to subdi-
vide and sell the land. Without express authority for so doing
Mr. Burchard reserved three or four acres adjacent to the lake for
a park or public ground and marked the same on the map or plat
"Public grounds, forever to remain vacant of buildings." In notes
of the survey inscribed on the plat were the words, "The public
ground between Randolph and Madison streets and fronting upon
Lake Michigan is not to be occupied with buildings of any descrip-
tion." The Burchard plat was styled "Fort Dearborn Addition to
Chicago," and embraced the whole of the southwest fractional
quarter of Section 10, Township 39 north, Range 14 east. A tract
of an acre or two near the mouth of the river was reserved for
lighthouse purposes. The sales of lots in this addition amounted
to more than $280,000, which went to the United States treasury.
At no time did the government object to the reservation of the
three or four acres for a public park or common. The sales made
around this reservation were made with the understanding that the
tract was to remain open. The survey and disposition of the 57l/2
acres remained acquiesced in for forty years. In 1881 it was main-
tained that neither the Secretary of War nor his agent had legal
authority to dedicate any of the land of the United States to the
public for a park or any like uses. The committee held that it would
be inequitable to change the condition of things after the lapse of
forty years and after property rights had become adjusted along the
basis established by Mr. Burchard, beyond the mere naked legal
title of the United States in the tract held in trust for the people of
Chicago. In 1881 Chicago asked for the title to this tract, with
leave to sell same for depot or other uses — that portion east of
Michigan avenue and west of the Illinois Central railway. The
strip was about 800 feet long and adjoining it on the south was
another strip about 400 feet long, for all of which the city expected
to receive about $800,000. An objection to the transfer was that
the public would be cut off from the lake front to the injury of
commerce, but this was answered that the upblic was already cut
off from the lake front there by the right of way of the Illinois Cen-
tral railway, which had been there legally for nearly thirty years.
To reach the lake front viaducts must be thrown over the railway
tracks. The construction of the proposed depot could not interfere
with any of these viaducts. At this time (1881) there were nearly
twenty miles of wharf frontage in the city along the Chicago river
and branches. The bill proposed released the barren legal title
of the United States to the city of Chicago. As the whole question
58 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
was of greater interest to Chicago than to any other persons or
cities, the committee concluded that as Chicago was the equitable
owner she could be depended upon to do what was best for her-
self with the tract. The accretions to the tract were not affected
by the proposed bill. In 1852 an accretion which had formed next
to the pier at the mouth of the river was sold on October 14 of
that year by the Secretary of War to the Illinois Central Railway
company for $45,000. The conveyance covered not only the land
that had been formed, "but all the accretions made or to be made
by the lake or river in front of the same and all other rights and
privileges appertaining to the United States as owners of said
lands. This conveyance was recognized by Congress in the act
of August 1, 1854, for the relief of Jean Baptiste Beaubien. The
railway was built in 1852 upon piles driven into the bed of the lake.
"Any accretion formed in front of the water lots adjoining the
above on the south sold in 1839 would belong to their respective
owners. To all those lots the railroad company acquired title."
Accretions in front of any grounds dedicated to public use would
go with the title to same. But there were no such accretions, al-
though there were artificial tracts between the railway and the
original shore. The railway right of way was 300 feet wide and
its western line was 310 feet east of the east line of Michigan ave-
nue. In 1852 nearly all of the shore between the inner line of the
railway and the outer line of the railway and the outer line of
Michigan avenue was covered by the waters of the lake. The rail-
way filled up its right of way with earth. Afterward the city filled
the space between the railway and Michigan avenue. The land
which the city now proposed to sell was of the uniform width of
310 feet — all or nearly all rescued from the lake at the expense of
the city. East of the railway was a breakwater where the water
was ten or twelve feet deep. Chicago had spent on this open tract
about $160,000. The Valentine scrip under contention could not
be located in this tract which by time and usage had been removed
from preemption or private claim. The bill proposed was merely
a release or quitclaim of the right and title of the United States to
the city of Chicago — did not affect any adverse private rights. —
(House Reports, Forty-sixth Congress, Third Session, Vol. 1.)
In 1881 the Illinois Central Railway company pushed in Con-
gress a bill to get possession of this land. It was proposed in the
bill to grant from the United States to Illinois the title to this land
and the latter was then to sell the same to the Illinois Central Rail-
way company for depot grounds.
The act of June 4, 1889, provided that the title of the State to
the bed of Lake Michigan on which the driveway connected with
Lincoln park was then constructed, or on which any extension
should be constructed, and a strip of such submerged land between
the east line thereof and a line fifty feet east of the breakwater
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 59
protecting said driveway and any extension of same, was granted
to the Lincoln Park commissioners for the benefit of the public.
In 1881 the Legislature passed a joint resolution to the effect
that, whereas, Chicago had deepened the Illinois and Michigan
canal for the purpose of improving the sewerage of the city; and
whereas the State had refunded to Chicago such expenditure, viz. :
$2,955,340; and whereas such improvement had proved totally
inadequate to effect the object intended ; and whereas the foulness
of the water annually caused the death of many fish in the Illinois
and Des Plaines rivers; and whereas the foulness of the canal was
transported to and beyond the city of Peoria to the detriment of
health and comfort; and whereas it was believed that an epidemic
might thus be spread over the State; and whereas great loss to
business had thus been caused along the aforesaid rivers; and
whereas prior to the deepening of said canal the water necessary
for navigating said canal and propelling machinery had been ob-
tained from the Des Plaines river and the Calumet feeder through
Lane's like; and whereas the bed of Des Plaines river at the Sum-
mit and westward was at low water eight feet above the surface
level of the canal and would supply water sufficient for canal and
power purposes ; and whereas the flooding of the canal from this
sourse would so dilute and weaken the sewerage of Chicago through
the canal as to relieve it of its foulness, stench and danger — there-
fore, it was resolved that the canal commissioners be directed to
open sluiceways with proper guard-gates from the Des Plaines
river to the canal at or near the Summit and at or near Lemont,
all in Cook county, and also to construct a dam across the former
Calumet feeder so that the water of Lane's lake would flow into
the canal, such cost not to exceed $10,000. All of the above was
based upon the following provisions : That Chicago should at once
cause a flow into the canal from Chicago river sufficient to dilute
and purify the waters, the flow to be not less than 60,000 cubic feet
per minute, including the ordinary flow into the canal from the
river, the same to be accomplished by September 1, 1881, in which
case the supply of water would be deemed sufficient ; that the com-
missioners should take care of the 60,000 cubic feet of water per
minute; that this step should not commit the State to a permanent
system of drainage for Chicago sewage ; that if Chicago should
erect pumping works they could be located on canal lands at Bridge-
port ; and that Chicago should not derive any right by this step to
control or exercise any authority over any of the locks, gates or dams
of said canal.
In 1883 the Legislature passed a joint resolution to the effect
that, whereas, a suit was then pending in the Circuit court of
Cook county entitled "The People of the State of Illinois vs. The
Illinois Central railroad, the United States of America, the city of
Chicago" to determine the ownership of the "lake front"; and,
60 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
whereas, the frontage of one mile of this property was originally
canal land in which it was believed the said canal had a legal and
equitable interest; therefore, it was resolved that the Canal commis-
sioners are hereby instructed to employ competent counsel to ap-
pear in said suit in behalf of said Illinois and Michigan canal and
protect its interests involved in said suit.
The act approved June 16, 1887, authorized the commissioners
of Lincoln park to allow the erection of suitable buildings therein
for a free public library under the will of Walter L. Newberry.
The act approved May 25, 1889, provided that the city council
should establish and maintain a public library and reading
room and should have power to levy annually a tax of not over five
mills on the dollar for library purposes. The act of April 1, 1897,
appropriate $31,000 to be used in furnishing and caring for the
Memorial hall and ante-rooms in the Public Library building in
Chicago.
The act of March 29, 1901, authorized the John Crerar library
to erect and maintain a free public library in Grant park, Chicago,
on the following tract of land. "Bounded on the north by the south
line of Madison street extended east, on the east by the right of
way of the Illinois Central railroad, on the south by the north line
of Monroe street extended east, and on the west by the east line
of Michigan avenue" providing permission so to do should first
have been obtained from property owners.
The act of May 12, 1905, recited that the State has been paying
$3,500 a year for ten years for the use by the Illinois Naval reserve
of the building at 20 Michigan avenue, Chicago, and in addition
$780 for annex quarters; that said building was likely to be torn
down; that the boathouse of the Illinois Naval reserve erected on
piles in the water of the harbor basin east of and adjoining the sea
wall near the foot of Randolph street had become impaired by age
and storms therefore, it was enacted that the Governor, adjutant
general and commander of the Illinois Naval reserve, should be
empowered when the money necessary had been raised by private
subscription to plan, construct, occupy and control an enlargement
and reconstruction of the present boathouse of the Illinois Naval
reserve on piles to be driven in the water to be east and south of
the present structure within an area not to exceed 200x300 feet.
Prior to 1893 there was no suitable harbor for yachts at Chicago.
The Chicago Yacht club had been organized to build such a har-
bor, to promote naval architecture and steamship construction, and
to create a volunteer naval academy and free school. The Secre-
tary of War on September 29, 1892, licensed the Yacht club of
Chicago and authorized it to make a breakwater in front of the
East End park with the consent of the city of Chicago, and also
to use certain submerged reefs in Lake Michigan off Jackson
park and build breakwaters there. In view of this the Legislature
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 61
by joint resolution in 1893 granted the same privileges and powers
to the Yacht club so far as State property and rights were con-
cerned.
The law of May 11, 1893, provided for the location in Chicago
of three employment offices, to be designated and known as Illinois
Free Employment offices. This law had a previous existence.
The act of June 17, 1893, provided for the enlargement of Lin-
coln park; the commissioners were empowered to construct and
maintain a breakwater to protect the shore line of the park, and to
construct and maintain a boulevard or driveway.
Another act of the same date authorized the park authorities to
purchase, or erect and maintain, edifices to be used as museums of
natural history, the arts and sciences, and to charge an admission
fee, but to be open free on two days of each week and to school
children at all times, such provision being first submitted to the
voters of the park district.
On July 27, 1896, the council granted to the South Park commis-
sioners consent to take, regulate, control and govern all that part
of Lake Front park lying south of the north line of Jackson street
extended east, and dedicated all that part of said park lying east of
the easterly line of the Illinois Central Railroad company's right
of way lying north of the north line of Monroe street extended to
the east limits of said park at the outer sea wall, to the use of local
military companies of the Illinois National Guard, for the purpose
of parade grounds and site for an armory; therefore it was enacted
by the Legislature June 11, 1897, that a board of commissioners
should be appointed to plan and construct such a parade ground and
armory. The sum of $10,000 was appropriated to cover such ex-
pense. The act was conditioned upon the conveyance by Chicago to
the State of the use of said ground for the above purposes in per-
petuity.
By joint resolution of April, 1897, the Legislature gave assent to
the United States government to acquire title by purchase or con-
demnation to all lands necessary for widening the Chicago river
and its branches, and jurisdiction over such lands was ceded to the
government.
By act of June 8, 1897, the act of February 8, 1869, relating to
Lincoln park was amended so that the governor should appoint
seven commissioners for said park, to hold office for five years
without compensation.
The act of April 21, 1899, provided that the following described
land under the waters of Lake Michigan be, and hereby is given,
granted and conveyed to the city of Chicago, a municipal corpora-
tion created and subsisting under the laws of Illinois, viz. : "Be-
ginning at a point in the center line of Thirty-ninth street produced
northeasterly 250 feet distant (measured at right angles thereto)
from the west side of the wall which is the west boundary of the
62 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
right of way and station grounds of the Illinois Central Railroad
company ; thence northerly at an angle of 84 degrees and 30 minutes
with the center line of Thirty-ninth street produced northeasterly
along the line of the breakwater 185 feet; thence northeasterly
parallel with the center line of Thirty-ninth street produced 1,000
feet ; thence southerly at right angles to the last mentioned line 300
feet; thence southwesterly parallel with the center line of Thirty-
ninth street produced northeasterly 985 feet to the breakwater;
thence northerly along the breakwater to the place of beginning."
This tract was conveyed for the purpose of enabling Chicago to
build thereon and forever maintain a pumping station.
The act of April 24, 1899, provided that the land or lands located
in the city of Chicago, extending south of Randolph street, north
of Park row and east of Michigan avenue, commonly known and
designated as the "Lake Front," shall be, and are hereafter to be
called, designated and known as "Grant Park," named in honor of
"The Great Silent Soldier of Illinois, U. S. Grant."
The act of April 24, 1899, concerning Grant park, was amended
by act of May 10, 1901, which conveyed Grant park to the South
Park board. The boundaries were the north line of Monroe street
produced east to the outer sea wall or harbor line established by
the Secretary of War on September 22, 1890; east of said outer
wall or harbor line; south of the south line of Lake Park place
(formerly known as Park row) produced east to said outer wall
or harbor line, and west of the east line of Michigan avenue, includ-
ing all submerged land lying west of said outer wall or harbor line
and between said north and south boundary lines — all to be called,
designated and known as "Grant Park" — all conveyed to the South
Park board, except that portion north of the north line of Jackson
street extended, east from Michigan avenue to the outer sea wall
or harbor line, and also except the right of way, easements and
grounds of the Illinois Central Railroad company, extending north
and south through said Grant park.
The act of May 11, 1901, authorized the South Park board of
commissioners of the three towns of Lake, Hyde Park and South
Town to take, regulate, control and improve a street known as
Union avenue in the town of Lake, "from the south line of Forty-
second street to the north line of Garfield boulevard, from the north
line of Fifty-ninth street to the south line of Garfield boulevard,
for a boulevard and driveway leading to the public parks. They
were authorized to levy and collect taxes.
The act of May 13, 1903, provided for the conveyance to the
United States of the following lands to be used as a turning basin
for lake vessels in the Chicago river : All that part of Lot 1 shown
on the plat of the Canal commissioners' subdivision of that part of
the southwest quarter of Section 29, Township 39 north, Range 14
east, lying south of the main canal west of the Chicago river and
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 63
known as Blocks 12 and 13 of the Canal trustees' subdivision of
Blocks 10, \Ql/2, 11, 12 and 13 in the southwest quarter of said
Section 29; also Block "A" not previously surveyed or platted in
said southwest quarter section and east of the Chicago river as fol-
lows : Lying north of a line beginning at a point on the southwest-
erly line of said Lot 1, distant 129.5 feet in a westerly direction
from the northwesterly side of Levee street, said point being also
at the intersection of said southwesterly line of said Lot 1 with
the present (November, 1902) south dock of the Illinois and Michi-
gan canal, thence in an easterly by southerly direction to the inter-
section of the easterly side of said Lot 1 with the northerly side of
Levee street, containing 41,466 square feet.
The Legislature passed a joint resolution in 1903 providing for
the submission to the voters of the State the question of so amend-
ing the constitution as to permit the General Assembly to pass laws
providing a scheme or charter for local municipal government,
under certain restrictions for the city of Chicago.
The amendment thus proposed stipulated that the laws so passed
might provide for the consolidation in whole or in part in the muni-
cipal government the powers then vested in the city, in the board
of education, in the townships, parks and other local governments
and authorities having jurisdiction within such territory or any
part thereof; that the city should assume the debts and liabilities
of such local governments ; that the city could become indebted not
to exceed five percentum of the full value of taxable property within
the city, including the existing indebtedness and the city's propor-
tionate share of the county and sanitary district's indebtedness;
that provision for the levy and collection of taxes should be made;
that no such laws should be passed until assented to duly by the
voters ; that unnecessary offices might be abolished ; that territory
could be added to or taken from the city limits; that in case of the
creation of municipal courts within the city the offices of justices
of the peace, police constables and magistrates could be abolished ;
that they could limit the jurisdiction of justices of the peace within
Cook county, but outside of the city limits; that the Legislature
could pass all laws requisite to provide for a complete system of
local municipal government for Chicago ; that no law based upon
this proposed amendment affecting Chicago should take effect with-
out the consent of a majority of the voters of said city at any elec-
tion, and no local or special law based upon this amendment affect-
ing Chicago should take effect until assented to by the voters at an
election.
The laws of 1904 empowered the park boards of any three towns
to acquire additional territory to enlarge the parking, to provide for
the payment for such territory, to extend parks over public waters,
to connect parks by public driveways or boulevards, to consider
duly riparian rights and secure same ; to take the title thereto in the
64 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
name of the Board, to receive the title to the tract between the shore
line and the inner line of the lake shore driveway; to issue bonds
when parks lay in two towns and fronted on the lake ; to permit the
location of free public libraries and museums in parks; to levy an
additional two mill tax for three towns ; to respect navigation where
submerged lands were taken, etc.
It was further provided in the acts of this year that the title to
Grant park should pass to the South Park commissioners and that
the following tract should pass to said commissioners to be used as
an addition to Jackson park: All land including the submerged
and artificially made land lying within the south boundary line of
Jackson park and the south line of Twenty-ninth street as extended
one thousand feet into Lake Michigan and a line easterly of and
parallel with the shore line of said lake and the shore line of such
lake and also the land including all submerged and artificially made
land lying within the north line of Ninety-fifth street extended to
its intersection with the boundary line of Indiana and Illinois as
extended and the shore line of Lake Michigan, all such land being
situated in Chicago. The city authorities of Chicago were granted
the right to acquire, locate, establish and maintain a street or streets
through the tracts known as Groveland park and Woodland park
in Chicago, such streets to be used as boulevards only and not to
exceed sixty-six feet in width ; they were further granted the right
to establish a boulevard through the Douglas monument grounds.
The act of May 18, 1905, provided that the mayor of Chicago
should hold his office for four years ; that he should have power to
release any person imprisoned for violation of any city ordinance
and might appoint a pardon board at his option; that the compen-
sation of all officers should be fixed by salary ; that the interest on
public funds should be paid into the city treasury and not accrue
to the interest of the city treasurer nor any other officer; that the
controller should at least once a year advertise for bids for the city
deposits in national banks ; that the city council should havS power
to fix the amounts and penalties of the bonds of all city officers;
that the head of the law department of the city should be the cor-
poration counsel ; that two-thirds of all the council could override
the mayor's veto; that the city council should regulate the space
over the streets and alleys ; that the city might acquire by purchase
or otherwise, municipal beaches and bathing places and maintain
and regulate the same ; that the city might exercise the right of
eminent domain in accordance with the law of the State ; that the
city council could define and declare nuisances and abate the same
and should have power to regulate the location and conduct of hos-
pitals and infirmaries.
The act of May 18, 1905, conferred upon the city of Chicago
power and authority to sell surplus electricity and to fix the rates
and charges for the supply of gas and electricity for power, heating
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 65
and lighting furnished by any individual company or corporation
to said city of Chicago and the inhabitants thereof; but this power
was not to be exercised unless assented to by a majority of the
voters at an election.
The laws of 1905 provided that park boards might issue bonds
and levy a tax for payment thereof; that additional bonds to the
extent of $1,000,000 might be issued; that additional park tax could
be levied and collected; that an additional tax of two and one-half
mills could be levied and collected to maintain such parks ; that pa'rk
commissioners could levy and collect a direct annual tax.
The act of May 25, 1907, provided that the commissioners of
Lincoln park could issue bonds for improvement purposes to the
amount of $1,000,000, providing the voters at the polls should
assent.
The act of June 5, 1907, reenacted the Chicago charter act. The
object was to provide a charter for the city; to consolidate in the
government of said city the powers before vested in the local
authorities having jurisdiction within the territory of said city; and
to enlarge the rights and powers of said city. The act provided fifty
wards for the city.
INCIDENTS AND STATISTICS
THE Illinois and Michigan canal may be said to have had its
origin in the Ordinance of 1787, which provided that all "the
navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Law-
rence and the carrying places between the same, shall be com-
mon highways and forever free" to the citizens. In 1817 Maj.
Stephen H. Long, under the direction of the War Department,
made a survey and report on the practicability and advantages of
connecting the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois river as
tributaries of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. He said, "A
canal uniting the waters of the Illinois with those of Lake Michigan
may be considered the first in importance of any in this quarter of
the country; and at the same time the construction of it would be
attended with very little expense compared with the magnitude of
the object. The water course which is already opened between the
river Des Plaines and Chicago river needs but little more excava-
tion to render it sufficiently capacious for all the purposes of a
canal. It may be supplied with water at all times of the year by
constructing a dam of moderate height across the Des Plaines,
which would give the water of that river a sufficient elevation to
supply a canal extending from one river to the other. It would be
necessary, also, to construct locks at the extremities of the canal —
that communicating with the Chicago river being calculated to ele-
vate about six feet and that communicating with the Des Plaines
about four feet."
Upon the practicability of uniting by canal the waters of the
Illinois river and those of Lake Michigan, Maj. Stephen H. Long,
of the topographical department, further reported on March 4.
1817, that on the upper Des Plaines river was a large prairie, the
hills being but twelve or fourteen feet above the prairie level ; that
on this flat prairie was a lake about five miles long by from thirty
to forty to sixty yards wide, communicating both with the river
Des Plaines and the Chicago river by means of a kind of canal which
has been made partly by the current of the water and partly by the
French and Indians for the purpose of getting their boats across in
that direction in time of high waters; that the distance from the
river Des Plaines to Chicago river by this water course was about
nine miles, throughout the greater part of which there was more or
less water, so that the portage was seldom more than three miles
66
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 69
in the driest season, but in wet seasons boats passed and repassed
with facility between the two rivers.
"Chicago river is merely an arm of the lake dividing itself into
two branches at the distance of one mile inland from its commence-
ment with the lake; the north branch extends along the western
side of the lake about thirty miles and receives some few tributaries ;
the south branch has an extent of only five or six miles and received
no supplies except from the small lake of the prairie above described.
The river and each of its branches are of variable widths from fif-
teen to fifty yards, and for two or three miles inland have a suffi-
cient depth of water to admit vessels of almost any burden. The
entrance into Lake Michigan, however, which is thirty yards wide,
is obstructed by a sandbar about seventy yards broad, upon the
highest part of which the water is usually no more than two feet
deep. The difficulty of removing this obstruction would not be
great. Piers might be sunk on both sides of the entrance and the
sand removed from between them. By this means the river would
be rendered a safe and commodious harbor for shipping — a con-
venience which is seldom to be met with on the shore of Lake
Michigan.
"A canal uniting the waters of the Illinois with those of Lake
Michigan may be considered the first in importance of any in this
quarter of the country ; and at the same time the construction of it
would be attended with very little expense compared with the mag-
nitude of the object. The water course which is already opened
between the river Des Plaines and Chicago river needs but little
more excavation to render it sufficiently capacious for all the pur-
poses of a canal. It may be supplied with water at all times of the
year by constructing a dam of moderate height across the Des
Plaines which would give the water of that river a sufficient eleva-
tion to supply a canal extending from one river to the other. It
would be necessary also to construct locks at the extremities of the
canal, that communicating with Chicago river being calculated to
elevate about six fe'et and that communicating with the Des Plaines
about four feet."
In addition to the above the War Department laid before Con-
gress the following additional matter: "The little river Plein (Des
Plaines) coming from the northwest, approaches within ten miles
and a quarter of Lake Michigan and then bending to the southwest
unites with the Theakiki (Kankakee) at the distance of about fifty
miles and forms the river Illinois. The country between the lake
and the Plein, at this point of approach, is a prairie (natural
meadow) without trees, covered with grass and to the eye a perfect
level. From the bank of the Plein standing on the ground the trees
are distinctly seen with the naked eye at Fort Dearborn on the shore
of the lake; from Fort Dearborn they are in like manner seen on the
banks of the Plein. Standing on any intermediate point between
Vol. II— 5.
TO HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the lake and the river the judgment is at a loss to say which side
the ground declines, and whether the level of the Plein or the lake
is the highest. It was determined, however, from certain data, that
the level of the river was two feet or thereabouts above the level of
the lake. From this view, it would seem that the cutting of a canal
in this place between the Plein and the lake, would be a work of
neither skill, difficulty nor expense. Small, however, as the labor
would be under this view, it is still diminished upon a close examina-
tion and by finding that an arm of the lake, called Chicago, puts out
in the direction of the Plein and that an arm of the Plein, also called
Chicago, puts out in the direction of the lake. They approach
within two miles of each other, so that in common water there is
only dry ground to that extent between them. The character of
these two arms is essentially different, that of the lake being about
sixty feet wide and from ten to forty feet deep; that of the river
being in high water from four to six feet deep and in places a mile
wide, and in low water either dry or reduced to a gutter. Between
the heads of these two arms is also a gutter which is dry in dry
seasons of summer and fall and full of water in the spring and
when thus filled with water the boats of six or eight tons, engaged in
the Mackinaw and Mississippi trade run through backward and
forward so as to make no portage between Mackinaw and the Mis-
sissippi. This gutter, judging from the appearance of others now
forming, was at first a path worn out by the feet of those who car-
ried things across the portage and afterward deepened by the attri-
tion of the waters until formed into a little canal. The wind alone
gives the water a current in this little canal, and its direction de-
pends upon the course of the wind. Objects have been seen to
float out of it from the same point to the river and to the lake. It
is incontestably true that an east wind will drive the water of the
lake through this gutter into the Plein and that water from Lake
Michigan has been discharged by this outlet into the Mississippi
and thence into the Gulf of Mexico. It is equally incontestable that
the waters of the Plein have been driven by the same channel into
the lake ; these phenomena may now be witnessed at any time when
the waters are high and the wind blows hard. It follows, therefore,
that to finish the canal begun by nature in this place would require,
as we have already said, but little of skill, time, or expense. On
opening the canal, however, two difficulties would be experienced :
1. The Plein would be found to be level with the canal; its water
would of course be diverted from its natural channel and pass by
the canal into the lake. 2. Supposing that evil remedied by a lock
to lift vessels into the Plein, yet the latter during half the year does
not contain water enough to float a boat and so could not become
useful as a national highway. To remedy this defect of water in the
Plein, two projects suggest themselves: 1. To sink the bed of the
Plein below the level of the canal, and thus increase the depth of the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 71
Plein, as well by feeding it out of the lake as by collecting its water
into a narrower channel. 2. To make the canal unite with the
Plein lower down in its course. A few miles lower would be suffi-
cient to give the water of the lake a descent into the river, as the
Plein has a sensible descent in this place, insomuch that the people
of Chicago call it "The Rapids," having no other words to distin-
guish moving water from that which stands still. Of the Plein,
below its point of approach to the lake we would remark that it has
hardly the attributes of a river, being in most places without cur-
rent and without banks, lying as a sheet of water in the prairie,
sometimes a mile wide and so shallow that the tall grass appears
almost everywhere above its surface. Having said this much of the
facility of communication by the Chicago, we would now remark
that several other routes are perfectly practicable: 1. From a point
in the lake south of Chicago, to enter the Plein below Mount Juliet,
at or near what is called Lake Despage, but which is only a dilata-
tion of the waters of the Plein. This route would lie over level
prairie, through a multitude of small lakes or ponds, which have
neither name or place in any map. 2. By a canal leaving the lake
near its south end and uniting with the Theakiki just above its con-
fluence with the Plein. Both of these canals would be fed from the
lake; would require few or no locks; would go over ground of the
same sort; would be fifty or sixty miles long; and would join the
waters of the Illinois at points from which it is constantly naviga-
ble. A third route was spoken of, but not seen by us. It would lie
between the Theakiki and the St. Joseph's of the lake. To con-
clude : The route by the Chicago, as followed by the French since
the discovery of the Illinois, presents at one season of the year an
uninterrupted water communication for boats of six or eight tons
burden between the Mississippi and the Michigan lake; at another
season a portage of two miles ; at another a portage of seven miles,
from the head of the Plein to the arm of the lake (Chicago river) ;
at another a portage of fifty miles from the mouth of the Plein to
the lake, over which there is a well beaten wagon road and boats
and their loads are hauled by oxen and vehicles kept for that pur-
pose by the French settlers at the Chicago. — (R. Graham and Jo-
seph Philips, Kaskaskia, April 4, 1819.)
"Taking Major Long's report to be substantially correct, the
length of the canal will not exceed seventy miles. The presumption
is it will be less. But assuming that as the whole length, consid-
ering the almost entirely level face of the country through which
it will pass, it cannot cost more than $500,000. For the purpose of
raising this sum the committee are of the opinion that no appro-
priation of money out of the treasury is necessary. If, as the com-
mittee beg leave to recommend, a strip of land of the width of two
miles on each side of the canal shall be granted to the Legislature
of Illinois, it is believed the State would be able to raise a sum suffi-
72 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
cient to complete the work. The quantity of land thus proposed to
be granted would amount to seven townships and three quarters of
a township, which if sold at the minimum price of the public lands
would yield only the sum of $224,000. But owing to the additional
value that this work would impart to it, the committee believe the
State would under a prudent management be able to raise double
that sum. The increased value not only of the immediately adja-
cent public lands, but of those throughout the major part of the
lands both in Illinois and Missouri, would not only reimburse the
treasury, but would much more than do it."
The committee also called attention to the importance of the
project — its practicability, comparative cheapness, that the portage
had already for many years been navigated on a small scale; that
the water of the lake could be employed for the canal ; its importance
from a military standpoint; that the western country could much
quicker and cheaper reach the Atlantic coast via the lakes then via
New Orleans; that the canal would add immensely to commercial
intercommunication and the growth of the West, and that the lands
through which the canal would pass were already surveyed and in
the market. — (Report of Committee of House of Representatives,
March 30, 1826.)
Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, in January, 1819, recommended
to Congress the construction of such a canal as an important ad-
junct to the military defenses of the country. He said that if a
road were built from Detroit to Ohio and a canal be built from Lake
Michigan to the Illinois river, all the facilities would be added to
carry on military operations in time of war for the defense of the
western country.
By act of February 15, 1831, the "Board of Canal Commissioners
of the Illinois and Michigan canal" was made to consist of three
members, one of whom was to be called "superintending commis-
sioner," whose duty it was to be constantly employed on the canal
route. It was also provided that the engineer should "examine the
Illinois river from the mouth of Fox river down to the head of
steamboat navigation and if in their (the commissioners') opinion
the navigation of the Illinois river can be improved by dams or locks
or otherwise so as to secure its navigation as far as the mouth of
Fox river to the Little Vermillion or foot of the rapids, they shall
have power to terminate such canal at the mouth of Fox river. The
commissioners were authorized to give away canal lands not exceed-
ing ten acres for public uses.
The lands ceded under this act amounted to 480,000 acres and
were held by the State as a trust fund for the canal. By 1845 the
greater portion of this land remained unsold. "A small portion con-
sisting mainly of lots in the City of Chicago and the towns on the
line of the projected work" had been sold and the proceeds been ap-
plied to the work. The step was taken intentionally to reserve as
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 73
much of the land as practicable and to sell the town lots, as it was
thought the lots would not increase in value as much as the outside
lands would. In fact to open the canal the State used its credit,
expecting in the end to be more than reimbursed in the enhance-
ment of the lands later. To the observance of this policy "and to
the late widespread and ruinous convulsions in the monetary affairs
of the country may Illinois attribute her present humiliated and
blasted pecuniary condition." The Government had approved of
the canal fiscal policy, and in 1845 it was urged that, as the State
had suffered so much by pursuing that course, should not the Gov-
ernment come to her assistance now (1845) with a further grant of
a limited quantity of land to enable her to complete the canal work.
The State, having used her credit instead of the grant of land, was
entitled to this consideration, it was urged. "It was laid out to be
one hundred miles in length, sixty feet wide and six feet deep; to
have fifteen locks, each one hundred and ten feet in length and eight-
een feet in width. It will be navigable for boats carrying from one
hundred to one hundred and fifty tons. Full $5,000,000 exclusive
of interest, have been expended on it, and $1,600,000 are required
to complete it. The State has tried to raise this sum by pledging all
of the canal property — lands, lots, water power (of which there is
great abundance), with the canal itself and its tolls and profits —
for its reimbursement, but has been unsuccessful in the effort. She
has now come to a paus~e and can go no further without help ; and it
remains for the Government to decide between resuming the lands
already granted upon the ground that the State has failed to fulfill
the trust for which they were intended, or abandoning them to the
State without an equivalent, or of contributing further means in
aid of the work. In this situation of things the Government can
hardly fail to adopt the last alternative."
It was argued that the lake trade would be amply sufficient to
justify and reimburse the enterprise; that in 1817, previous to the
navigation of the Mississippi by steam power the whole tonnage
of its valley was estimated at 6,500 tons, consisting of thirty barges,
and 150 keel boats; that the same waters were navigated in 1845 by
about 400 steamers carrying about 90,000 tons valued at $7,000.000 ;
that to this could be added $300.000 for the 4,000 flat boats that
annually descended the Mississippi and its tributaries; that in 1819
there was just one steamer on the lakes ; that the first steamboat to
navigate Lake Michigan was in 1827; that the first one to reach
Chicago was in 1832 during the Black Hawk war; that in 1845.
including ships, brigs and craft of all descriptions, it was estimated
that 400 vessels navigated the lakes above Niagara falls: that the
lake country was growing much faster than the Ohio or Mississippi
river country; that the exports of wheat and flour in 1843 from
Cleveland, Detroit, Sandusky and Chicago were: Wheat. 1,894.-
992 bushels; flour, 812.903 barrels— all worth about $4,500,000:
74 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
that in 1844 Colonel Albert, chief of the corps of topographical en-
gineers, had reported that the trade of the whole range of lakes had
increased from 1835 to 1841 as follows:
Total imports in 1835 $3,269,353
Total exports in 1835 744,051
Aggregate trade $4,014,304
Total imports in 1841 $33,483,441
Total exports in 1841 32,342,581
Aggregate trade $65,826,022
He reported that the trade of Lake Michigan in 1833 "was too
inconsiderable to be noticed" and by 1841 had grown to about
$1,500,000.
"But such has been the influx of settlers within the last few years
to the lake region and so decided has become the tendency of the pro-
ductions of the upper and middle regions of the great valley to seek
a market at and through the lakes, that we can no longer withstand
the conviction that even within the short period of forty-seven years
a town will grow up on the lake border greater than Cincinnati." —
(Prof. J. W. Scott, of Ohio, on the Internal Trade of the United
States. See 28th Congress, second session, Reports of Commit-
tees.) He showed that the northern half of Ohio, Indiana and
Illinois was growing about twice as fast as the southern half of
those States. He exhibited figures carrying out still further this
view, and then said: "These facts exhibit the difference in favor
of the lake country sufficiently to satisfy the candid inquirer that
there must be potent causes in operation to produce such results.
The staple exports, wheat and flour, have for years so notoriously
found their best markets at the lake towns that every cultivator who
reasons at all has cause to know the advantage of having his farm
as near as possible to lake navigation. This has, for some years
past, brought immigrants to the lake country, from the river region
of these States and from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia,
which formerly sent their emigrants mostly to the river borders.
The river region, too, not being able to compete with its northern
neighbor in the production of wheat, and being well adapted to the
growth of stock, has of late gone more into this department of hus-
bandry. These causes are obviously calculated to give a dense pop-
ulation to the lake country and a comparatively sparse settlement to
the river country.
"The superior accessibility of the lake country from the great
northern hives of emigration — New England and New York — are
also deserving of attention. By the Erie canal and the railways that
country is within a few hours' ride of Buffalo and the lakes. Euro-
pean emigration hither, which first was counted by its annual thou-
sands, then by its tens of thousands, has at length swelled to its
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 75
hundreds of thousands in the ports of New York and Quebec.
These are both but appropriate doors to the lake country. It is
clear that the lake portion will be more populous than the river divi-
sion of the great valley."
But it was argued that the benefits of the Illinois and Michigan
canal would not be confined to the lake country — would be extended
to all the Western territory. An additional donation of lands, it
was concluded, should be made as a matter of justice and good
faith to Illinois, as a means of military defenses, as an important
facility of commerce, and as necessary to bind the States more
closely together. It was therefore, recommended that there be
granted to Illinois "the further quantity of 500,000 acres to aid in
the completion of the said work," the land to be selected within ten
miles of the canal if practicable, all to be under the direction of the
Secretary of the Treasury.
At the first session of the 19th Congress, in December, 1825, the
Legislature of Illinois memorialized Congress to the following ef-
fect : "That the construction of a canal uniting the waters of Lake
Michigan with the Illinois river would form an important addition
to the great connecting links in the chain of internal navigation ;
that commercial intercourse would be facilitated and increased;
that internal commotion, sectional jealousy and foreign invasion
and State dissolution would be avoided ; that in consideration of the
great benefits soon to follow the State asked for a grant of land to
enable it to construct a canal from Lake Michigan to the Illinois
river; that at their last session the Legislature passed an act of
incorporation upon very liberal terms, authorizing a company to
construct the projected canal, but that the remoteness of the country
from the residence of the capitalists had prevented them from en-
gaging in the work; that at the present session the Legislature had
repealed the charter of the canal company; that now the State de-
pended upon Congress to aid the project; that the cost would prob-
ably not be less than $600,000 and might amount to $700.000 ; that
they therefore prayed for a grant of the townships of land through
which the canal was projected.
"GENERAL LAND OFFICE, March 22, 1830.
"Sir : I take the liberty to enclose a diagram exhibiting the sur-
vey of the public lands lying on Lake Michigan at the mouth of
Chicago creek, and would recommend that an act be passed author-
izing the President to lay off a town at this point. Section 9 has
been allotted to the State of Illinois under the act granting to her
certain lands for the purpose of making a canal. Should the United
States establish a town at the mouth of the creek, the State would
probably derive much benefit by extending the lots into Section 9,
as Chicago creek affords a good harbor through the whole of this
section. It is understood that the waters of Lake Michigan may be
76 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
drawn into the Illinois river by a thorough cut of moderate length
and not more than seventeen feet deep at the summit; when this is
effected and the bar on the outside of the mouth of Chicago creek
is so deepened as to admit into the harbor with facility vessels of
the largest class navigating the lakes, Chicago must inevitably be-
come one of the most important depots and thoroughfares on the
lakes. The government is about bringing into market a vast extent
of country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river, which
as to the advantages of local position, fertility of soil, healthfulness
of climate and mineral resources, is not perhaps excelled by any
other tract of country of equal extent in the United States. The
deepening of the inlet of the harbor of Chicago would essentially
facilitate the sale of these lands and promote the settlement of the
country. GEORGE GRAHAM."
Congress, by act of March 2, 1827, granted to Illinois about
300,000 acres, being one-half of all the lands five miles wide on
each side of a canal from Lake Michigan to the head of steamboat
navigation on the Illinois river (to be taken in alternate sections).
Under the provisions of an act of Congress of March 20, 1822,
granting the State the right to construct this canal, the State caused
an accurate survey to be made and the cost of construction was
estimated at $700,000. Late in 1829 the President sent a corps of
engineers to resurvey and locate said canal and reestimate the cost.
Under these instructions Dr. Howard and his assistants commenced
operations at Chicago and progressed toward the Illinois river until
interrupted by the weather. During the survey thus far it was
ascertained that the summit level of the country dividing the waters
of Lake Michigan from those of the Mississippi river was only
twelve feet nine inches above the surface of the lake, and that it
required only a cut of ten feet on an average for three miles to
turn the waters of the lake into the Illinois river ; and that after
leaving the lake about fourteen miles the remainder of the canal
to the Illinois river would require nothing more than an excavation
of the common soil to a depth necessary for the passage of boats.
It was believed that the estimated cost of $700,000 would be ex-
ceeded, owing to a bed of limestone rock found just below the sur-
face on the summit level.
The act of March 2, 1827, gave the State full power to sell the
land granted without limitation as to time or price, upon condition
that upon failure to complete the canal in time the State would re-
pay the United States for the money received from the sale of the
land actually sold.
In 1830 the committee of Congress became satisfied that to sell
the lands then would result in a great sacrifice and defeat the pri-
mary object of the grant. They heretofore recommended that the
State relinquish to the United States all its right and title to the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 77
lands of the grant, except the one-sixteenth part, and such parts
as may have been sold, and to receive instead scrip which should be
receivable at any of the land offices in payment for lands within
Illinois, the said scrip to be issued at the rate of $1.25 per acre, to
be delivered to the State as follows : $50,000 after the passage of
the act of relinquishment ; $50,000 more upon receipt of evidence
that the former sum had been expended as provided, and so on
until the whole sum should be issued.
The committee said : "In viewing this canal your committee are
deeply impressed with its great national interest, leaving out of view
the important fact that it passes exclusively through the lands of
the United States which for many miles on both sides have never
been offered for sale, they beg to state that it is the shortest and
most important link of connection between the great northern lakes
and the Mississippi. It is a well-known fact that during a portion
of the year, owing to low water, other communications are difficult
and often impracticable, but at this point no such obstruction is
found, for the Mississippi and Illinois rivers are at all times navi-
gable for steamboats, except when obstructed by ice, making an
entire and safe communication between the Gulf of Mexico, by way
'of the '.akes to New York and Quebec. In time of war this canal
will not only be a great convenience and afford every facility in the
defense of the country, but be a certain means of commercial inter-
course between the northern and southern States; and when your
committee are aware how easily the coastwise trade may be inter-
cepted by any maritime power with whom we may be at war, they
cannot forbear to urge the necessity of affording the most efficient
aid of the general government for making an internal communica-
tion which shall insure an uninterrupted intercourse between the
several States, who depend so much for comfort, convenience, de-
fense and subsistence on each other. Sugar, cotton, rice, tobacco
and many other commodities of the South would be exchanged for
the manufactures and products of the North ; and through this chan-
nel the States of Illinois, Missouri and other adjacent states and
territories will at all times be enabled to transmit their inexhausti-
ble stores of minerals, together with their agricultural products,
poultry, fure, stone, coal, etc., to a market. Coal is found in great
abundance en the route of the canal and on the whole extent of the
Illinois river In conclusion, if the United States could be actuated
by any such motive as gain in this exchange, the plan proposed by
the bill reported is calculated to effect that object, for every fact in
the history oi lands goes to prove the great improvement in price
of all lands tlfough which they pass."
The Illinois Legislature of 1823 appointed a Board of Canal
Commissioners to survey the route and estimate the cost and report
to the next Legislature. These commissioners employed Colonel
Post and Colorpl Paul of Missouri as engineers. They examined
78 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
five different routes for a portion of the distance and estimated the
expense of each route. These estimates varied from $640,000 to
$761,000. The estimate of the fifth route was upon the plan to
use Lake Michigan water as a feeder and was a fraction short of
$690,000. Upon the report of these surveyors the Legislature in
January, 1825, passed a bill incorporating the "Illinois and Michi-
gan Canal company." No stock was sold, and at a special session
the next winter the act was repealed. "The embarrassment of the
State growing out of the ruinous policy of the State Bank without
capital," prevented anything from being done until January, 1829,
when an act was passed to organize a Board of Canal Commis-
sioners with full power to survey, locate, employ, and do the work.
Congress had, on March 2, 1827, provided that the State should
have every alternate section within five miles of the canal. The
commissioners were authorized to see this land, lay out towns, sell
the lots and apply the funds. They laid off Chicago and Ottawa.
Upon closer examination it was found that the water was probably
not sufficient in dry seasons and that the rock would have to be taken
out part of the way, and that this rock was so near the surface that
it would prevent the water from being taken from Lake Michigan.
A subsequent legislature authorized a reexamination with a railroad
in view and to learn whether the waters of the Calumet could be
used as a feeder. The report showed in favor of a railway. Con-
gress was willing. Two estimations of canal expenses vere sub-
mitted. The first was to build the canal over the summit ten feet
above Lake Michigan and depend on the streams for feeders. The
line (9594 miles) of this route was estimated at $1,601,965.83. If
the divide was cut through the rock and Lake Michigan water used
the cost would be $4,086,086.50. The estimated cost of i railroad
for ninety-six miles was estimated at $1,052,423.19. Curing the
summer of 1832 Mr. Pugh visited New York to learn of tie relative
cost of canals and railways, and to ascertain if funds cculd be ob-
tained to finance the project. The canal lands were icported at
304,709 acres, about one-fifth timber. The State did not have the
means, so the office of canal commissioners was abolished
"During 1833 the project of opening a steamboat navigation from
the lake to the navigable part of the Illinois river has b«en seriously
agitated in Pennsylvania and elsewhere. The project as a natural
enterprise is practicable, but it is questioned, even i* the general
government could be induced to take hold of it, whither the im-
mense cost would justify the undertaking and whetier a railway
would not on the whole be preferable. The latter could be used
the whole year whereas a canal could not be ised for more
than eight months. The importance of opening a communi-
cation between Chicago and the foot of the rapds of the Illi-
nois cannot be placed in. too strong a light. It mist be done, and
whatever must be done, will be done. Already (1834) commerce
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 79
in no small extent is passing along that line. Merchants from St.
Louis, from along the Illinois river, from Galena, and from the
Wisconsin territory, and especially from the Wabash river as far
south as Terre Haute, bring their goods that way." — (J. W. Peck,
of Illinois, 1834.)
The estimate^ of the cost of the canal, made June, 1834, by C.
Gratiot, chief engineer at Washington, D. C., was as follows :
Cut across summit $2,622,421
Embankment below summit 589,961
Lockage 343,100
Masonry, aqueducts, etc 343,100
Contingencies 390,855
Total $4,289,437
A big meeting here, October 31, 1835, to urge the completion of
the canal. Present: E. Peck, Peter Temple, Buckner S. Morris,
James Grant, H. B. Clarke, J. H. Collins, R. J. Hamilton, W. Jones,
H. Hugunin, and Dr. Goodhue. One resolution was as follows:
"That in the opinion of this meeting the subject of the Illinois and
Michigan canal, from its importance to the State generally, is wor-
thy of the most attentive consideration of the Legislature; and
that the failure of the loan contemplated by the last session requires
the immediate adoption of more efficient measures, based on the faith
and credit of the State, and of such a character as will inspire pub-
lic confidence and insure the construction of the canal." The meet-
ing urged the importance of a canal, the advisability of an immedi-
ate system of internal improvements; the importance of prompt
action in order to secure the donations of the Government.
It was provided in the act of February 26, 1831, that the canal
commissioners might construct a branch canal diverging from the
main trunk of the Illinois and Michigan canal through the Sagan-
askee swamp and Grassy lake, to intersect the Calumet river at the
most practicable point, "whenever they shall be notified that the
State of Indiana has commenced the construction of a correspond-
ing work to connect her system of internal improvements with the
Illinois and Michigan canal," This branch was to be part of the
Illinois and Michigan canal.
The act of Congress of March 3, 1837, appropriated a sum of
money for a lighthouse at Chicago harbor. Work on the same was
begun soon afterward but languished. The light was completed
and lighted for the first time June 29, 1859. The light was situated
at the east end of the north pier at the mouth of Chicago river. It
served the double purpose of a general lake coast light and of a bea-
con for entering the Chicago harbor. Its location was 41 degrees,
53 minutes. 24.9 seconds north latitude. The foundation of the iron
lighthouse rested upon 146 piles of white oak hewn one foot square
and driven from 18 to 22 feet into the soil; at the time of driving
the piles, the water there was six to twelve feet deep. The report
80 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
says, "We believe that both the base and the superstructure will be
found capable of resisting any force that can ever be brought to act
upon them without any disturbance of their stability." Care was re-
quired by vessels in clearing and doubling the south extremity of
Chicago bar in entering the harbor.
The Committee on Commerce in Congress in February, 1845,
reported favorably on a memorial from the citizens of Chicago rel-
ative to the establishment of a marine hospital in that city. It was
recited that such hospital was designed to be erected on the govern-
ment reserve leaving abundant room however, for the construction
of military fortifications when necessary ; that the location was
healthful and well adapted for such use; that the reservation con-
tained valuable water lots which might be sold to defray the expense
of erecting the buildings; that the growing commerce of the lakes
was one of the most valuable interests of the nation; that the con-
struction of hospitals for the relief of sick and disabled seamen was
necessary ; that there was no such hospital nearer to Chicago than
Cleveland ; that Rush Medical college had offered free medical at-
tendance for the use of a portion of the hospital buildings, etc. It
was recommended that the whole matter be placed at the decision
of the Secretary of the Treasury. — (28th Congress, 2nd session.)
Thomas J. Cram, captain Topographical Engineers, detailed to
report on the harbor at Chicago in 1839-40, set forth the following
facts : That the shore generally was of sand, but that clay could be
found twenty or more feet down 'off 1,200 to 2,000 feet from shore;
that owing to the shifting sands along shore it was desirable to build
parallel piers out to water of twenty-four feet depth ; that proper
shape and position had not been given to the piers at Chicago prior
to the transfer of the work to the topographical bureau ; that "on
commencing operations this year (1839) a sand bar was found ex-
tending not only entirely across the entrance of the channel, but to
a distance of 450 yards beyond, the total length of the bar estimated
from the north pier being 583 yards" ; "that the piers had been car-
ried out from the commencement without due regard to the direc-
tion of the prevailing winds which are from the north and north-
east" ; that the maximum of cost was required for the north pier
which must meet the dead shock of the prevailing winds; that the
position of the piers compelled vessels entering the river to do so
with wind abeam ; that the width between piers of 200 feet was too
narrow by half; that the object in limiting such width to 200 feet
had been to give the river greater current to remove deposits at its
mouth; that such calculations had been unsound, because the river
for six miles, being only an arm of the lake, had no appreciable
current except in case of freshets or winds, the total fall being too
small to produce a sensible current ; that too much extension had
been given the south pier and not enough the north pier; that the
latter should be made 1,600 feet longer than the former and should
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 81
have greater thickness ; that a number of faults of construction had
crept in ; that the cost of completing the 405 feet of the north pier
and of completing and repairing work that had been commenced
and left unfinished prior to the then present year would be $25,564 ;
that this amount would be sufficient for only one or two years at the
most ; that the harbor was not then adequate to the demands of the
general commerce which existed on Lake Michigan; that com-
merce would very naturally center more at Chicago than at any
other place of deposit and transhipment upon either side of the lake.
Among other facts set forth in his report were the following : That
in 1833 the building of the city of Chicago was begun; that it now
numbered from 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants after the lapse of only
six years ; that it presented "the lively aspect incident to a thriving
commercial town," its position being at the west shore of the lake ;
the navigable branches of the Chicago river affording ''the site for
a capacious ship basin in the very heart of the town at the junction
of said branches, that being the terminus of the Illinois and Michi-
gan canal to connect Lake Michigan and the Illinois river and thus
complete a water way from New York via lakes and rivers to the
Gulf of Mexico; the vast extent of adjacent fertile soil were ad-
vantages which when collectively or severally considered forcibly
impress the mind that the present city of Chicago is but the nucleus
about which there will grow up at no remote period one of the most
important commercial towns upon the lakes" ; that during the year
1839 eight lake steamers averaging 600 tons each had plied regu-
larly between Buffalo and. Chicago and two of less tonnage had
handled the local shore trade, besides there being several ships,
brigs and large schooners plying out from Chicago ; that the imports
of salt, lumber, iron and goods of less weight during 1839 would be
found very large ; that the commercial interest of all the states bor-
dering upon the lakes was intimately connected with Chicago as a
place of transhipment and deposit; that the agircultural prospects of
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa and Missouri would depend largely upon
such a place on the lake; that the continuity of a never-failing water
communication for so many miles under a temperature favorable to
the transit of produce gave advantages peculiar to the lake route;
that the construction of a permanent harbor at some point near the
southern extremity of Lake Michigan was desirable; and that the
bottom of the lake near the mouth of Chicago river favored such
a construction. He recommended that the north pier be extended
1,200 feet in the form of a curve beyond the point where the work
was then about to stop on account of lack of funds, to water of
twenty-three feet depth ; to terminate the extremity of the pier with
a circular head so built as to serve as the foundation of a lighthouse.
He submitted estimates of cost. All his recommendations were
based upon the wants of commerce at Chicago at that time. He
suggested that the south pier might be extended southward 2,000
82 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
feet and then run westward nearly or quite to the lake shore, thus
forming a pier-locked harbor. He also noted that the level of
Lake Michigan at Chicago then was two feet above its lowest
"known stage, and one foot four inches below the highest known
stage, and that the water was then falling and was believed to have
fallen one foot four inches during the past twelve months. — (Sen-
ate Documents, 1st Session, 26th Congress, Vol IV.)
The stone used in the public works at Chicago was quarried
from a limestone formation within a few miles of the place and
cost, in 1836, at the piers, $6 per cord of 128 cubic feet. — (Senate
Documents, 1st Session, 24th Congress, Vol. III.)
The survey and estimate for the improvement of Chicago har-
bor, in accordance with the resolution of the House on February
11, 1830, carried out by William Howard, civil engineer, was to
the effect that the formation of a good harbor there was "so indis-
pensable to the efficiency of the proposed canal" that an examination
was made when the route of the canal was surveyed ; that the town
was "destined to become a place of considerable importance;" that
it was "now composed, exclusive of Fort Dearborn, of about a
dozen homes, scattered about on both sides of the creek or river
of the same name; that it was situated about thirty-five miles from
the southern extremity of Lake Michigan and was the point that
had been selected for the terminus of the Illinois and Michigan
canal ; that it was the only situation for a long extent of the shore
of the lake which afforded facilities for the construction of a good
harbor ; that there was no other place south of the Manitou islands,
except St. Joseph, where vessels could escape the weather; that the
navigation of the lake was already of sufficient extent to warrant
an exertion to afford protection ; that "when we consider the great
extent of fertile land lately acquired (from the Indians?) by the
government, to which Chicago must form the entrance from the
East, it is plain that its importance must in a very few years be
many times multiplied, the more especially on account of the facility
which the canal, when made, will afford to the ingress of settlers
to the government ;" that the river was about fifty yards wide and
at least twelve feet deep up for three or four miles except at the
mouth, where a sand bar prevented the entrance of craft except small
boats and canoes; that "could an entrance be formed through this
bar the river would form a most secure and convenient harbor
capacious enough for any number of vessels that could ever be
expected to use it" ; that during the dry season there was no current
in the river, and the sand bar almost wholly shut off the river from
the lake ; but that in wet seasons the water forced its way through
the bar in different places from year to year ; that "a remarkable
circumstance connected with the formation of this bar was that
these deposits of sand seem to be brought almost entirely from the
north;" that the bar had gradually extended itself to the south; that
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 83
in the spring of 1829 the fort commandant had opened a small
trench through the bar nearly at the spot where the projected moles
have been laid down; that the current in a few days enlarged the
opening considerably, but was later reduced and its situation was
changed ; that "the whole sand composing the western shore of the
lake appeared to be traveling slowly to the southward and had
already accumulated on the south shore forming those large banks
which are seen in the neighborhood of the mouths of the Great and
Little Calamic (Calumet)"; that the bar could be cut through, thus
affording easy access for large vessels to the river; that the plan
was to extend two parallel piers or moles from the mouth of the
river through the bar and out into the lake far enough to escape
any sand accumulations, the sand being confined near the shore;
that there was sufficient timber near for use in building the moles ;
that limestone could be procured in abundance a few miles up the
river, and that the channel once cleared through the bar would
doubtless remain clear.
DIMENSIONS AND EXTENT, ESTIMATED.
Each pier, length 260 yards
Each pier, breadth 24 feet
Average depth from top to bottom 21 feet
Distance apart 60 feet
MATERIALS.
2,080 logs of timber, 30 feet long, 14 inches diameter at
small end, at 80 cents $1,664.00
2,180 tie pieces, 20 feet long, 9 inches diameter at 40 cents 872.00
5,180 cubic feet square oak timber, 14x14 for sills, at
8 cents 414.40
2,590 cubic feet square oak timber for posts, at 8 cents .... 207.20
2,710 cubic feet square oak timber 12x12 cap pieces, at 8
cents 216.80
1,800 feet securing ties, 10x10, at 6 cents 108.00
26,200 feet two inch plank at 25 cents 655.00
29,120 cubic yards stone, delivered at pier, 80 cents 23,296.00
Total $27,433.40
WORKMANSHIP.
One superintendent 720 days, at $4 $ 2,880.00
One chief carpenter 720 days, at $3 2,160.00
Six carpenters, 24 months each, 164 months, $40 6,560.00
Twenty laborers and found 24 months each, 480 months,
at $24 11,520.00
Total $23,120.00
IRON WORK, TOOLS, ETC.
12,000 pounds iron work for bolts, etc., at 18 cents $2,160.00
2,800 spikes at 10 cents 280.00
Tools for carpenters and laborers 180.00
Total $2,620.00
84 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
MACHINERY.
Two crane scows, at $250 each $ 500.00
Two open scows, at $120 each 240.00
Two skiffs and oars, at $30 each 60.00
Blocks and cordage 320.00
Total $1,120.00
Grand total $54,298.40
Add 10 per cent for contingencies 5,429.84
Total cost of work $59,728.24
The time estimated for workmanship was three seasons of eight
months each. Dredging was not included in the estimate, the ex-
tent of the same not having been ascertained.
In 1821 fractional Section 10 contained 165.36 acres, and frac-
tional Section 15 contained- 159.45 acres, both of Township 39
north, Range 14 east, and they were surveyed and platted. On
September 30, 1824, the Secretary of War requested the Commis-
sioner of the General Land Office to reserve the land occupied by
Fort Dearborn. On October 1, the General Land Office notified
the Secretary of War that it had directed that a portion of fractional
Section 10, Township 39 north, Range 14 east, containing 57.50
acres and "within which Fort Dearborn is situated, be reserved
from sale for military purposes."
On June 6, 1837, the above reservation was surveyed into
streets, blocks and lots by Asa F. Bradley, city and county surveyor,
under the directions of Mathew Burchard, agent and attorney for
the Secretary of War.
"The whole of fractional Section 15, Township 39, Range 14,
was selected for the Illinois and Michigan canal under the act of
March 2, 1827. On February 4, 1837, the Surveyor General des-
ignated the sand bar as an addition to fractional Sections 10 and 15.
This sandbar contained 37.78 acres and was entered by Mark
Noble, Sr., and Mark Noble, Jr., on May 31, 1836, but the entries
were canceled and the money refunded. The land belonged to
fractional Sections 10 and 15. In front of Section 10 were 26.17
acres in front of Section 15 were 11.61 acres. The survey of the
bar was unwarranted." — (House Reports, 44th Congress, 1st ses-
sion, Vol. III.)
Fort Dearborn reservation was bounded east by the lake and
south by Madison street. A small piece of ground between Madi-
son and Randolph east of blocks 12 and 15 was called public
ground. Michigan avenue ninety feet wide was extended through
Fort Dearborn addition. In 1839 the public land east of Michigan
avenue was nearly 800 feet long, fifty feet wide at Randolph and
about one hundred feet wide at Madison. In 1852 the land was
only 22 1/2 feet wide at Randolph and nil at Madison.
The Illinois Central railway was to occupy a strip 300 feet wide
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY SI
built on piles in front of Sections 10 and 15, providing they would
build a breakwater. The inner line of the right of way was located
400 feet east of the west line of Michigan avenue. The Govern-
ment had no title to the bed of the lake nor to the bed of the river.
The land about Chicago was surveyed in 1821. Between Michi-
gan avenue and the railway track was a narrow strip of water and of
lowland, both of which the city filled in largely from the fire of
1871. Under a decision of the United States Circuit court (2nd
Bissell, p. 174) it was held that the subdivision, platting and re-
cording of "Fort Dearborn Addition to Chicago," not having been
in strict conformity with the law of Illinois, made a common law
and not a statutory dedication of the public grounds therein, and
that in consequence the fee of the same still remained in the United
States, but that no beneficial interest remained in the United States.
The law of Illinois required that a subdivision should be made
by metes and bounds, that corner stones and stakes should be set,
that the width of streets and alleys and the size of all lots and
blocks should be noted on the plat and that the surveyor's certificate
to the same should be in a prescribed form. When all these re-
quirements were attended to the fee passed. These requirements
having been neglected by the Secretary of War, the fee did not pass
to the city, and in 1876 Chicago desired the title in order to exer-
cise control over the public grounds and a bill was introduced to
cure the defects and afford relief.
"Chicago having so recently sprung into existence, its commer-
cial importance, I think, is not properly appreciated even in our
own State, much less through the Union. I will give you a few
facts in relation to the business of the past season, which is well
known to have been one of great depression throughout the coun-
try. Eight of the largest class of steamboats, ranging from 500
to 800 tons each, have constantly been employed on the route be-
tween Buffalo and Chicago. The season of navigation continued
about seven months. Having had access to the books of one of
these boats, I found her gross receipts for six months to be over
$69,000 for freight and passengers. There were besides two small
steamboats which plied between Chicago and the ports on the east
side of Lake Michigan. The number of ships, brigs and schooners
trading between Chicago and the ports below, as far down as the
lower end of Lake Ontario, I have no means of ascertaining. I
can only say the number was very large, as all heavy and bulky
articles, such as salt and lumber and many kinds of heavy mer-
chandise, are brought by these vessels, and the produce of the
country is generally shipped by them. It was remarked during the
season by the forwarding merchants of Buffalo that more goods
were shipped from that port to Chicago alone than to the whole
State of Michigan ; indeed, nearly all the goods destined for west-
ern Michigan and northern Indiana were first shipped to Chicago
Vol. II— 6.
88 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
by the large steamboats that ply regularly to that port and are then
transshipped by the smaller boats to the ports of those States. There
being no custom house at Chicago, I cannot give you in detail the
amount of her exports and imports; but from these general facts
you can form some idea of the amount of commercial business
which has grown up from nothing in the short space of seven
years." Mr. Newberry, writing this letter from Utica, New York,
in 1841, ended by urging the importance of keeping at least one
harbor on Lake Michigan open.
In January, 1842, the Mayor and aldermen of Chicago peti-
tioned Congress for the completion of the harbor. It seems that
work on the harbor had been suspended in 1839 and had not been
resumed by 1842 much to the "regret of all classes" ; that the city
was giving evidences of "extraordinary commercial advantages" ;
that it was an extremely important point of deposit and transship-
ment for the adjoining states and territories, and that on Decem-
ber 11, 1841, a committee to report on the business done had been
appointed.
This committee among other important acts reported on the
following facts : That the importance of Chicago harbor to the ad-
jacent States had been duly and officially reported upon in 1840
by Capt. T. J. Cram, of the topographical corps; that there was no
city of equal age in the Union and laboring under similar embar-
rassments, presenting so unexampled a rise to commercial dis-
tinction and of so much promise in opening the sources of agri-
cultural wealth ; that it was only eight years since the first pioneers
found here a wilderness; that the last census gave the county a
population of nearly eleven thousand; that the city then (Decem-
ber, 1841), contained a population of between five thousand and
six thousand; that the import trade was over $1,500,000 annually
and the export trade in 1841 was $348,362; that 150 vessels left
and entered Chicago harbor monthly during the navigable seasons ;
that owing to lack of records only about two thirds of the import
and export trade could be arrived at ; that fifty-seven commer-
cial houses, some large wholesale dealers, had discontinued busi-
ness since 1838, of whose trade no record could be obtained; that
a large quantity of the imports had no connection with any house
in Chicago, but had been taken directly into the interior from the
vessels. "For these reasons the committee allowed a deduction of
one-third from the amount known to be added for what is un-
known" ; that the subjoined figures were from the merchants then
in the city.
Making allowance for deficiencies, it was argued that the city's
imports from 1836 to 1841 inclusive aggregated $7,473,259; that
during 1841 they were nearly $2,000,000. In 1836 the exports of
the city amounted to only $1,000 while in 1841 they were $348,362.
The total exports for the six years were nearly $700,000, among
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 89
which were 282,000 bushels of wheat employing $282,000 capital ;
50,000 barrels of beef, pork and flour; 18,591 hides; 50 tons of lead;
8,750 pounds of butter, 1,300 packs of fur and a proportionate quan-
tity of flax, corn, beans, ham, etc. ; that it was due to Chicago, in the
interest of commerce throughout the West, to grant the prayer of the
petition ; that Chicago owing to its superior facilities, should have
the harbor, rather than any other point on the west coast.
It was recited that the harbor then (1841) in existence consisted
of two piers (north and south) extending on parallel lines out from
the Chicago river into Lake Michigan, with a mean distance of
200 feet between; that work thereon had been suspended since the
fall of 1839; that the unfinished state of the work could be seen
from the map exhibited ; that there still remained unfinished 700
feet in the west end and 405 feet on the east end of the north pier;
also 250 feet on the west end and 380 feet on the east end of the
south pier; that owing to the unfinished condition and the stop-
page of work, great damage had been done; that in 1839 a sand
bar had formed across the mouth of the channel so that vessels
with greater draught than seven feet could not enter the river;
that the balance of the original appropriation had been expended
to protect the work already done; that the direction of the piers
would have to be changed owing to this sand bar; that the direc-
tions of extensions had been changed and 405 feet of additional
underwork had been done and the bar dredged off to admit the
largest class of vessels; that the latter work had suffered most of
the delay in work; that relief should not be temporary, but
permanent and immediate — certainly before May 1, 1842.
It was argued that while the other great lakes had numerous
harbors Lake Michigan did not have one of adequate protection;
that during 1841 nineteen vessels on Lake Michigan had suffered
shipwreck, eight proving a total loss; that as an average of 150
vessels cleared and entered Chicago harbor, the urgency and ex-
tent of the city's wants were manifest; that from a military point
of view alone the harbor should at once be completed. The peti-
tion was concluded as follows : "Situated at the head of lake
navigation on the one hand and at the proposed termination of the
Illinois and Michigan canal on the other, Chicago will one day em-
brace in her growing connections the direct trade of the great
Northwest, while to the East she will become as the threshold to
the granary where commerce will mutually exchange and dis-
charge the products of two hemispheres. The fact that she is al-
ready the center of a large and growing trade and presents at her
wharves during the navigable seasons, all the appearance of an
Atlantic city, assures us that -the clay of her commercial pride is not
far distant." This report was signed by F. C. Sherman, Mayor.
Aldermen — C. Follansbe, First ward; John Doolin, First ward;
Peter Page, Second ward ; J. McCord, Second ward ; W. H. Stow,
90 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Third ward ; Wm. Otis Snell, Fourth ward ; G. W. Rogers, Fourth
ward; H. L. Rucker, Fifth ward; Samuel Grier, Fifth ward;
James L. Howe, Sixth ward; George F. Foster, Sixth ward. At-
test.— Tho. Hoyne, City Clerk.
The leading houses importing were as follows: Walker &
Co. and C. Walker & Co. merchandise began with $6,000 imports
in 1836, but imported $28,000 worth in 1841 ; Lake Michigan Lum-
ber company had imported $16,310 worth in 1839; N. Rossiter
lumber had imported $12,756 in 1841 ; George W. Snow lumber
and merchandise had imported $31,300 worth in 1841, among the
items being 2,500,000 feet of lumber; N. C. Walton merchandise
$3,000 in 1839; H. Norton merchandise $15,000 in 1838 and
$29,000 in 1841; B. F. Napp & Co. merchandise salt and flour
about $13,500 in 1836, quit in 1838; Giles Williams & Co. mer-
chandise and salt began 1839 with $26,000, imported nearly $40,-
000 in 1840, but fell off to $24,000 in 1841 ; Church & Sheldon
merchandise began in 1839 with $5,100 imports; Harmon & Loomis
(and successors) merchandise $57,891 in 1836, $99,925 in
1838, $33,962 in 1841; S. Lind & Co. lumber, salt and flour
$6,964 in 1840; C. McDonnell, merchandise, $1,000 in 1837, $2,000
in 1841 ; S. Greaves stoves $1,000 in 1841 ; Goodsell & Campbell
merchandise $38,965 in 1836, $1,954 in 1840, quit; C. Follansbe
merchandise $4,371 in 1836, $8,000 in 1841; J. B. Eddy stoves
$1,000 in 1841 ; Clark & Co. drugs etc. $9,064 in 1836, $3,552 in
1841 ; A. Negus merchandise $6,000 in 1841 ; W. H. Taylor $6,000
in 1836, $5,000 in 1838, quit; Dan Taylor merchandise $5,000 in
1839, $5,000 in 1841 ; B. W. Raymond & Co. merchandise $40,441
in 1836, $39,932 in 1841 ; T. B. Carter & Co. merchandise $11,579
in 1838, $30,858 in 1841 ; S. Sanger, groceries $10,697 in 1839,
$8,655 in 1841; Canal Commissioners hardware $30,000 in 1838;
Otis & Co. hardware $28,784 in 1838, $28,183 in 1841 ; Otis &
Eddy hardware $12,462 in 1836, quit; H. Norton merchandise
$20,000 in 1838, $26,000 in 1841; Contractors' Association mer-
chandise $12,000 in 1841 ; W. H. Adams & Co. boots and shoes
$6,000 in 1837, $12,376 in 1841 ; S. B. Collins boots and shoes
$6,000 in 1838, $9,000 in 1841 ; S. J. Sherman merchandise $3,000
in 1836, $3,000 in 1841; R. R. Crosley merchandise $5,000 in
1841; Sherman & Pettingill merchandise $3,306 in 1841; S. B.
Walker merchandise $3,080; Burton clothing $5,428 in 1841;
Moseley & McCord merchandise $8,200 in 1836, $13,000 in 1841,
Clark, Harris & Co. merchandise $9,419 in 1840, $18,225 in 1841 ;
Crawford merchandise $9,550 in 1838, $28,021 in 1840, $6,051 in
1841; Mr. Hervey salt and groceries $11,000 in 1839; Dodge &
Tucker merchandise $4,600 in 1837, quit 1840; S. W. Goss mer-
chandise $17,700 in 1837, quit in 1840; John Finnerty merchan-
dise $12,000 in 1841 ; John Finnerty & Co. merchandise $4,000 in
1837, $11,000 in 1840, quit or merged; James Smith merchandise
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 91
$5,000 in 1836, quit 1839; Philo Carpenter six departments, gro-
ceries, hardware, drugs, glass, stone and leather and clothing, began
in 1836 by importing about $28,000 worth, quit in 1839; McClure
& Fuller merchandise $23,000 in 1841 ; Salisbury & Holden mer-
chandise $2,500 in 1840; E. S. & J. Wadsworth merchandise and
corn sales $18,294 in 1840; S. W. Peck & Co. earthenware and
glass $7,000 in 1841 ; A. G. Burley earthenware and glass and corn
sales $2,000 in 1839; E. S. Hopkins groceries $7,619 in 1841;
Botsford & Beers hardware $8,000 in 1837, $17,000 in 1841;
Thomas Church general merchandise $13,817, in 1839, quit or
merged; Church & Sheldon merchandise $4,254 in 1840, $13,920
in 1841; Tuthill King merchandise $15,000 in 1836; Taylor,
Bruse & Co. merchandise $50,000 in 1836. quit about 1839; Paine
& Norton merchandise $30,000 in 1839, $20,300 in 1841 ; C. Buhl
hats and caps $15,000 in 1841 ; Osborn & Strail merchandise $7,067
in 1836, $18,517 in 1839, quit; J. P. Allen & Co. lumber $5,562;
Kenzer & Underwood lumber $3,750 in 1836, $6,246 in 1839, quit;
J. P. Rind flour $5,000 in 1838; P. T. & Co. merchandise $15,000
in 1839, $14,000 in 1841 ; A. N. Eullerton lumber $1,900 in 1837,
$2,400 in 1841 ; H. O. Stone merchandise and hardware $1.900 in
1838, $66,859 in 1841 ; Gurney & Matteson leather $15,000 in 1841 ;
A. Follansbe groceries $4,000 in 1836, $6,000 in 1841 ; M. & A. mer-
chandise $10,000 in 1841 ; D. & Bon merchandise $2,000 in 1838,
$8,000 in 1840. $1,000 in 1841 ; G. A. & Co. merchandise $1,008
in 1836. $2,000 in 1841 ; M. & H. merchandise $10,000 in 1839,
$20,000 in 1841; C. merchandise $12,000 in 1839, $15,000 in
1841; H. merchandise $15,000 in 1838, $10,000 in 1841; S. & A.
merchandise $15,000 in 1839, $20,000 in 1841; Foster & Robb,
ship chandlery, $8,000 in 1839, $2,000 in 1841 ; Hugunin & Pierce
ship chandlery $10,000 in 1836, quit, 1838.
RECAPITULATION, IMPORTS.
1836 . ..$ 325,203
1837 373,667
1838 579,174
1839 630,981
1840 562,106
1841 564,348
Total $3,035,479
Names of houses not included above, whose imports are
not reduced to a money valuation, and rated together.. $4,437,780
Grand total $7,473,259
Among the latter were Newberry & Dole who had imported
9,945 tons of merchanise; W. L. Whiting 1,408 tons merchandise;
Bristol & Porter 35,803 barrels bulk and 1,833 tons merchandise
and household goods; Smith & Webster 7,900 barrels bulk and
1,750 tons merchandise; Kenzie & Underwood 6,000 tons mer-
92 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
chandise; New York and Michigan Lumber company 3,000,000
feet of lumber.
The exporting houses from 1836 to 1841, inclusive, were the fol-
lowing: W. W. Saltonstall wheat 7,326 bushels worth $6,165 in
1841 ; Walker & Co. and C. Walker & Co. hides and wheat $1,000
hides 1836, $12,000 hides 1839, quit— also $185,000 wheat 1840;
W. L. Whiting wheat 94,548 bushels in 1841, worth $75,362; H.
Norton & Co. wheat and pork 24,038 bushels of wheat and 170
barrels of pork in 1841, all worth $24,432; Giles, Williams & Co.
wheat, corn, flour, pork, beef, tallow and hams $6,780 in 1839,
$33,636 in 1841 (43,695 bushels of wheat, 1,781 barrels of corn,
401 barrels beef, 553 barrels of flour, 141 barrels of pork, 2,718
hams, besides 33 bushels grass seed and 39 bushels beans ; Church
& Sheldon white beans 162 1/2 barrels; Harmon & Loomis lead 8
tons ; S. Lind & Co. flour, salt, pork 70 barrels ; C. McDonnell
merchandise $1,000 in 1839, $1,500 in 1841; B. W. Raymond
pork, wheat, beans, flour, wool $3,000 in 1840, $6,000 in 1841;
Hiram Norton butter $700 in 1841; S. B. Collins lead $150 in
1840, quit; George W. Merrill wheat 12,212 bushels worth $9,359
in 1841; John Gage flour $2,063 in 1839, $6,144 in 1841; Craw-
ford & Harvey wheat, beef and pork — $1,552 wheat in 1840, 18,-
700 bushels wheat in 1841, 1,000 barrels beef and pork in 1841
worth $7,000; Dodge & Tucker pork, lard and hams $5,200 in
1840; Bristol & Porter wheat $10,120 in 1840, 69,493 bushels in
1841 worth $45,000; John Finnerty hides and furs $2,000 in 1840;
Paine & Norton pork, beef and lard $10,000 in 1839, $2,000 in
1841 ; H. Buht furs $3,000 in 1841 ; H. O. Stone wheat, flour,
pork, flax, and seed beans $2,271 in 1840, $1,044 in 1841 ; Seth T.
Otis pork, hams, lard, etc. $500 in 1841 ; Gurney & Matteson hides
and furs $9,454 in 1840, $17,500 in 1841; Absalom Funk beef
and pork $1,000 in 1837, $1,200 in 1841 ; M. &. S. & Co. beef and
pork $1,000 in 1841 ; Smith & Webster beef, pork and flour 42,000
bushels of wheat in 1841, total $72,000.
RECAPITULATION, EXPORTS.
1836 $ 1,000
1837 11,000
1838 16,000
1839 32,843
1840 228,883
1841 349,368
Total $639,094
To all this were to be added the exports which had no money
valuation computed, as follows : Newberry & Dole pork, beef,
flour and whisky 6,027 barrels ; W. S. Whiting the same 566 tons ;
Newberry & Dole wheat 50,136 bushels, hides 3,235, packs of furs
704, lead and shot 40 tons ; Smith & Webster beef, pork and flour
3.450 barrels; Bristol & Porter beef, pork, lard and flour 17,067
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 93
barrels, merchandise reshipped 244 tons, hides 6,223, packs of
furs 421. All of this was put down by the committee as worth
$321,252, which sum added to $639,094 gave $960,346 as the total
of exports, but only the former amount was set down to Congress.
In addition to this the following firms had quit business and no
account could be given of their trade and shipments: Walker &
Bros., dry goods and groceries, 1837 ; Walter Kimball, same,
1837; Kimball & Porter, same, 1837; Jones, King & Co., hard-
ware, 1837; King, Walker & Co., hardware, 1838; Peter Pruyne
& Co., drugs etc., 1838; Joel Walker, dry goods, 1837; Wild, Ma-
lony & Co., dry goods, 1837; J. W. C. Coffin, same, 1838; Beaubien
& Boyce, same, 1837; T. R. Martin, same, 1836; M. McFarlin, same,
1836; William Hatch, same, 1836; McClure & Co., crockery, 1836;
Munroe & Dunning, dry goods, 1837; Mr. Howard, same, 1846;
Mr. Bates, same, 1836; Mr. Hogan, same, 1836; Guild & Durand,
same, 1837; Jenkins & Reynolds, same, 1837; Vibband & Tripp,
same, 1838; Kinzie, Davis & Hide, hardware, same, 1837; Cham-
bers & Benedict, dry goods, 1836; Chauncey Clark, same, 1836;
Mr. Freer, same, 1836; John L. Smith same, 1837; Rufus Mas-
ten & Co., same, 1837; Mr. Luce, same, 1837; J. B. Beaubien same,
1837; Rogers & Marcoe, same, 1837; John L. Wilson, same, 1837;
Thomas Duncan, clothing, 1838; Fayke & Wright, groceries, etc.,
1837; Montgomery & Patterson, auctioneers, 1837; J. & J. Handy,
dry goods, 1837; Henry King & Co., same, 1837; Walbridge &
Jordan, groceries, 1837; J. Rayner, dry goods and groceries, 1838;
L. Hunt, hats and furs, 1837; Cheng & Johnson, groceries, 1837;
Mr. Brackett, groceries, 1837; Judge Smith, dry goods, 1838;
Wheeler & Peck, groceries, 1838; Mark Beaubien, dry goods,
1837; Noble & Rider, groceries. 1838; Hall & Monroe, same,
1837; Parker & Gray, dry goods, 1838; A. D. Higgins; Heran
Pearsons; J. L. Phillips, wholesale dry goods; M. Hatch, hard-
ware, 1839; Mr. Woodworth, dry goods; Messrs. Caruthers &
Co., same, 1837; Mr. Berry, same, 1841 : James Kinzie & Co., dry
goods; Campbell, Wallace & Plumb. Fifty-seven firms had dis-
continued business from 1836 to 1841.
Under the act approved February 14, 1855, the Board of Sew-
erage Commissioners of the City of Chicago was incorporated. The
act provided that three commissioners should be elected by the
common council to serve as such board ; that they should have the
usual powers of corporations; that the first three elected should
hold office for two. three and four years respectively : that one
should be elected annually after the second year; that this board
should have power to borrow, if deemed expedient, a sum not to
exceed $500,000 upon the credit of Chicago and to issue bonds
therefor bearing not over 7 per cent, interest ; that a complete rec-
ord of all bonds and transactions should be kept ; that one of the
duties of the board should be to examine and consider all matters
94 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
relative to the thorough, systematic and effectual drainage of
Chicago, not only of surface water and filth, but also of the soil
on which the city is situated to a depth to secure dryness in cellars
and entire freedom from stagnant water; that said board could
offer rewards for the best system of drainage and duly advertise
same; that there should be three sewerage districts in Chicago cor-
responding to the three divisions — North, West and South ; that
each district should be kept distinct and separate from the others;
that the system of each- district should be uniform yet complete
in itself; that the plan when adopted should be made public;
that citizens of the common council should be heard in opposition
to the plan; that the board should duly consider all such objections
and notify the public of any change in plan ; that after the plan
had been duly adopted they should advertise for proposals to let
out the work on contracts, or do the same under their own imme-
diate supervision; that as soon as the plan has been adopted the
board should have power to issue the bonds aforesaid, the bonds to
run for not to exceced twenty-five years; that the drainage board
should report the amount for assessment in each district; that they
should likewise report to the council such amount as they should
find necessary to provide a sinking fund for the retirement of the
bonds ; that the council should levy a special tax on each district
for the amount required ; that the board should invest the amount
raised for sinking fund in United States or state government
stocks, or in bond and mortgage upon unincumbered real estate in
Cook county ; that new bonds could be issued for the old in case the
latter could not be paid ; that the board could lay out lots and put up
necessary buildings, construct reservoirs, lay sewers or drains
through alleys and streets and along highways whether within the
city limits or not ; that the cost of private drains and sewers should
be a special charge upon lots adjacent and benefited; that the board
should prescribe the form and location of private drains and sew-
ers; that all lots needing it should be drained by the board and
the cost charged to the owners; that members of the board could
be removed by the judge of the Circuit court or the Common
Pleas court of Cook county, upon petition of a majority of all the
members of the council ; that the board should regulate privies,
cesspools and employ scavengers ; that they could make such changes
in grades of streets, alleys and gutters as would best remove the
sewage; that the board could borrow for a short time necessary
funds previous to the issue of the first bonds; that the chief engi-
neer of the board should reside in Chicago and should give his en-
tire time to these duties; and that the act should take effect from
and after its passage.
In an act of February 14, 1859, additional to the act of February
14, 1855, incorporating a Board of Sewerage commissioners for
Chicago, it was provided that the board should have power to bor-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 95
row upon bonds an additional sum of $500,000, to be issued and re-
deemed as previous bonds had been.
The act of February 15, 1865, provided that the board of public
works be authorized and required to devise, adopt and execute a
plan for cleansing the Chicago river and its branches and that if in
the judgment of the board the complete drainage of the river could
best be effected by constructing a channel from Chicago river and
its branches to or near Lockport or by widening or deepening the
Illinois and Michigan canal, they were authorized to devise and
put in execution a plan for that purpose; that to carry into effect
such plan the city should be authorized to borrow an additional sum
not exceeding $2,000,000 to be paid for in bonds; that should the
work of enlarging and deepening the said canal for a ship or steam-
boat canal be prosecuted by the United States or the State of Illi-
nois or the trustees of the Illinois and Michigan canal, the common
council was authorized to contribute to such enterprise such part of
the aforesaid $2,000,000 as they should deem proper; and that the
common council should have power to authorize the construction
of one or more tunnels under the Chicago river.
The act of February 16, 1865. provided stringent rules for sani-
tary and health measures for Chicago.
The act of March 7, 1867, provided "that all the powers, privi-
leges and immunities conferred upon the Cook county drainage
commissioners, in the original act creating said commissioners a
body politic, be and are hereby revived and extended over the entire
county of Cook in the State of Illinois, with power to act in any part
of said county. Their powers were likewise extended.
The act of February 28, 1867, added Lambert Blum and Michael
Gormly to the board of drainage commissioners for Townships 41
and 42 north, Ranges 13 and 14 east, and Sections 1,2, 11 and 12,
Township 40 north, Range 13 east, and added to their drainage dis-
trict Township 42 north, Range 12 east.
The act of June 6, 1887, organized the city of Chicago as a drain-
age district and the corporate authorities were vested with the
powers conferred by the act of June 22, 1885. The corporate au-
thorities were authorized to construct and maintain a cut-off drain
or ditch for the diversion of the flood waters of the Des Plaines
river into Lake Michigan at some point north of the city of Chi-
cago to aid the drainage system of the district. It was provided
that if such cut-off should occupy a portion of the North branch of
Chicago river, such branch was to be widened and deepened as
would be required ; that such cut-off could be so constructed as to
act as a drain for the surrounding lands ; that no more of the water
of the Des Plaines should be thus diverted than the excess above
the ordinary water mark in said stream ; that suitable dams and
sluiceways should be constructed at the point of diversion ; that
during dry weather no water should be thus diverted ; that during
96 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
floods not more than 3,000 cubic feet per minute should be thus di-
verted; that if desirable a dam could be constructed across Mud
Lake valley, near the west line of Sections 6 and 7, Township 38
north, Range 13 east; that the necessary right of way should be ac-
quired, etc.
It was provided that upon petition of a majority of lot owners on
Michigan avenue between Washington street and Park row, it
should be lawful for the common council to increase the width of
Michigan avenue between Washington street and Park row, thirty-
six feet upon the east line; that the school lands and school funds
of Township 39 north, Range 14 east, should be vested in the city
of Chicago; that the act of February 23, 1847, creating the South
Chicago school district should be repealed ; that there should be
established at least one free common school in each school district;
that schools for colored children apart from white children should
be provided : that it should be unlawful for colored children to
attend the white schools ; that the board of public works should
have charge and superintendence of the water works and the sup-
ply of pure water from the lake to the inhabitants ; that the board
of public works should have power to issue all bonds authorized to
be issued by the Chicago City Hydraulic company by act of 1851 ;
that the board of public works should have charge and superintend-
ence of the sewers, and could issue all bonds authorized to be issued
under the law of 1855 creating a board of sewerage commissioners.
The act approved May 29, 1889, provided that any contiguous
territory within the limits of a county so situated that the mainten-
ance of a common outlet for drainage was conducive to the public
health, the same could be incorporated as a sanitary district. Such
district must be petitioned for by 5,000 voters, and then the ques-
tion must be submitted to the people. It was provided that the
board of commissioners of such sanitary district should consist of
the county judge and two circuit judges who were to determine the
boundaries of the district ; that there should be nine trustees elected
for each sanitary district to hold office for five years and to be a
board of trustees for such district with power to elect a clerk, treas-
urer, chief engineer and attorney for such municipality and with
full power to manage and control the affairs of the district and to
establish and construct a drainage system and acquire property and
borrow money for this purpose; that they could levy and collect
taxes, issue bonds, let contracts, etc. ; that any channel or outlet con-
structed under this act should be of sufficient size to produce a con-
tinuous flow through any river or other stream ; that any channel
thus constructed which should cause the waters of Lake Michigan
to pass into the Des Plaines or Illinois river, should be of sufficient
size and capacity to produce and maintain at all times a continuous
flow of not less than 300.000 cubic feet of water per minute with a
depth of not less than fourteen feet and a current not exceeding
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 97
three miles per hour ; that if any portion of such channel should be
cut through any rocky stratum, where such stratum is above a
grade sufficient to produce eighteen feet of water from Lake Michi-
gan such portion of the channel should have double the flowing ca-
pacity above provided for with a width of not less than 160 feet at
the bottom capable of producing a depth of not less than eighteen
feet of water; that if the government should so improve the Des
Plaines and Illinois rivers that the same should be capable of re-
ceiving a flow of 600,000 cubic feet of water per minute and
should provide for the payment of the damages to private property
by the extra flow above 300,000 cubic feet of water per minute,
then such sanitary district should have power to enlarge the chan-
nel leading into said Des Plaines and Illinois rivers so that it could
receive and discharge not less than 600,000 cubic feet -of water per
minute with a current of not more than three miles per hour; that
in such case the channel should have a depth of not less than eight-
een feet and a width of not less than 160 feet at the bottom; that
such channel when duly constructed and carrying 300,000 cubic
feet of water per minute should be a navigable stream; and that
other territory could drain through this channel by obtaining per-
mit from the drainage board.
By act of 1889 the Sanitary district of Chicago was created to
dispose of Chicago sewage through the Des Plaines and Illinois
rivers by means of a canal dug across the Chicago divide of such
capacity as to dilute the sewage beyond offense and to be of such size,
depth, etc., as to form navigable waters from Lake Michigan to
the Illinois and Mississippi rivers. The State dams at Copp creek
and Henry creek were ordered removed and work on the dams at
La Grange and Kempsville was stopped. The work was so far
advanced that water could be turned on by 1899 and the general
government had completed locks and dams at La Grange and at
Kempsville, therefore it was
Resolved, That it is the policy of Illinois to construct a great
waterway between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi river, via
Chicago, Des Plaines and Illinois rivers; that the locks and dams
at La Grange and Kempsville are detrimental to the sanitary and
agricultural welfare of Illinois and should be removed ; that the
rockbound section of the Des Plaines and Illinois rivers from the
end of the Sanitary canal and Chicago to Lockport, thence to the
head of the alluvial river at Utica should be developed to a naviga-
ble depth of not less than fourteen feet, and that the United States
be requested to enter upon this work in cooperation with this State.
All dams across the Illinois river were demanded removed.
The act of June 16, 1893, provided that the Chicago Sanitary
district should have the right and power to appoint a 'police force
with power along its right of way and for a distance of one and one-
half miles on each side of the main drainage channel, to act in aid
of the regular police force of the city.
08 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The law of May 14, 1893, provided that the corporate limits of
the Sanitary district of Chicago might be extended by the addition
of the following territory : Beginning at the intersection of the
county line between Cook and Lake counties, with the west shore of
Lake Michigan; thence west along said county line to the northwest
corner of Section 3, Township 42 north, Range 12 east, thence
south to the southwest corner of Section 33, Township 42 north,
Range 12 east; thence east to the northwest corner of Section 12,
Township 41 north, Range 12 east; thence south to the northwest
corner of Section 25 in said town and range ; thence east to the
northeast corner of the west half of the west half of said Section
25 ; thence south to the southwest corner of the west half of the west
half of Section 26, of said town and range; thence east to the
northeast corner of the west half of Section 1, Township 40 north,
Range 12 east; thence south to the southeast corner of the west
half of Section 13, of said township and range; thence east to the
southeast corner of Section 13, thence east, north, northwest and
east along the present boundary line of said Sanitary district of
Chicago to the shore of Lake Michigan ; thence northwesterly along
the shore of the lake to the place of beginning. Also the following
tract: Commencing at the northeast corner of Section 3, Township
37 north, Range 13 east; thence south to the southwest corner of
Section 11, Township 36 north, Range 13 east; thence east and
south along the boundary lines of Section 14 in said township to the
southeast corner of said Section 14; thence east to the southeast cor-
ner of Section 17, Township 36 north, Range 15 east; thence north
along the eastern boundary of Illinois to its intersection with the
shore of Lake Michigan ; thence along the said shore to the south
boundary line of the Sanitary district of Chicago; thence west
along the south boundary line of same to the place of beginning.
This act gave the board of trustees of the Sanitary district power
to lay out additional channels and ditches for the surplus water and
sewage; to use the Calumet feeder as an assistant; to construct a
channel across the Illinois and Michigan canal ; to maintain the
same degree of sewage dilution required for the main channel of
the district ; to construct the proper outlet from Lockport to Joliet ;
to furnish for the perpetual use of the canal commissioners at some
point to be decided upon a strip of land bordering upon said sani-
tary channel 800 feet long by 130 feet wide and to fill the same
suitable to be occupied as roadways, docks, shops, barns and other
buildings under the control of the canal commissioners ; to permit
all water craft navigating the canal to also navigate any of the
sanitary channels : and to regulate the navigation of these channels
under the laws of the United States in force concerning the navi-
gation of Chicago river. It was further provided that the Sanitary
district of Chicago should have no power to lew and collect any
special assessments upon any part of said added territory, or to pay
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 99
any part of the cost of work done in said added territory ; that said
Sanitary district should have power to construct such dams, water
wheels and other works north of the upper basin of the Illinois and
Michigan canal as might be necessary to develop and render avail-
able the power arising from the water passing through its main
channel and any auxiliary channels ; that such power should be con-
verted into electrical energy to be transmitted to the various cities,
villages and towns for various uses; that said Sanitary district
should have power to levy and collect each year for three years a
tax on the taxable property of said district to be used in meeting
the expenditures arising from the construction of said dams, water
wheels and other works and from converting said water power into
electrical energy; and that all the above should take effect if duly
petitioned for and assented to at an election.
EARLY SCHOOLS OF COOK- COUNTY
WHO was the first school teacher in Chicago always has
been a matter of dispute. It has been claimed that Robert
A. Forsyth, aged 13 years, taught the children of John
Kinzie during the winter of 1810-11. His pupils, it is
claimed, were John H. Kinzie, aged 6 years, and some half dozen
other children then living here in the fort. The text book used, it is
claimed, was Webster's Elementary spelling book, which was brought
here from Detroit in a chest of tea. Probably the first real school
taught in Chicago was opened in the fall of 1816 by William L. Cox
in the log cabin owned by John Kinzie. This building had previously
been used as a bakery for the garrison, and stood at the rear of
Mr. Kinzie's garden, near the crossing of Pine and Michigan
streets. The pupils in attendance were John H. Kinzie, two of his
sisters and brother and six or eight children from the fort. The
total attendance was about one dozen. Mr. Cox was a soldier, or
had been one. No doubt other schools were taught between that
date and 1829. It is known that a sergeant from the fort taught a
term in 1820. It is stated that this school was taught within the
garrison. In 1829 Charles H. Beaubien, a son of John B. Beau-
bien, taught a small family school near the garrison, and among
the pupils were J. B. and Mark Beaubien and probably other chil-
dren from the garrison. In June, 1830, Stephen Forbes taught a
school near Randolph street and Michigan avenue. The building
stood on the west bank of the Chicago river near its mouth. At
that date the Chicago river turned south and emptied into the lake
near the foot of Madison street. This school is reported to have
been one of the best ever taught here in early years. There were in
attendance about twenty-five scholars ranging in ages from four
to twenty years. The teacher was employed by J. B. Beaubien and
Lieutenant Hunter. Mrs. Forbes assisted her husband in con-
ducting the school. The building in which this school was taught
was owned by Mr. Beaubien. It had previously been occupied by a
sutler of the fort. The building was large and gloomy and con-
tained five rooms. The walls were covered with a tapestry of white
cotton sheeting, for what purpose has never been revealed. The fol-
lowing year a Mr. Fbote taught a term in the same building. In
1833 a school was taught by John Watkins at the corner of North
Water and Wolcott streets, and later the same teacher taught a term
in a building on the river bank at North Clark street.
100
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 101
Probably the most important early school in Chicago was the
one for small children taught in the fall of 1833 by Miss Eliza
Chappel on South Water street near Fort Dearborn. The following
year she taught in the Presbyterian church ; a little later she was
succeeded by Mrs. Ruth Leavenworth. It is said that John S. Wright
at his own expense erected a building for the last named teacher.
Concerning the school taught by Miss Chappel the Chicago Press
of April 22, 1858, said : "The stipend must have been small indeed
as the whole product of the sale of the school sections in the center
of the city was but $38,865, and sold on a credit of one, two and
three years. The value of this land now (1858) may be estimated
by our readers when we state that the four blocks remaining are
at present valued at $700,000 — that which was sold overreaching
the sum of $12,000,000." In the fall of 1833 G. T. Sproat opened
an English and classical school under the name of the Chicago
Academy in the First Baptist church on South Water street near the
river forks. In 1834 Henry Van Derbogart also taught a term in
the village. He was succeeded by Thomas Wright and the latter
by James McClellan. A Miss Warren was an assistant to these
male teachers from 1834 to 1836, inclusive.
By act of February 15, 1831, the sale of the sixteenth sections
throughout the State was provided for, but not until petitioned for
by three-fourths of the white male inhabitants of each township
over twenty-one years of age, and not at all unless such township
should contain at least fifty white inhabitants. It was made the
duty of the township trustee to sell the school lands; none was to
be sold for less than $1.25 per acre. The county commissioners
were directed to fix the rate of interest at which the school funds
should be sold. Five citizens of a township, by uniting and becom-
ing responsible, could borrow school money, to be used in construct-
ing a schoolhouse.
In 1834 a Miss W. Wythe taught a school for young ladies and
gave special instruction in music. In October, 1834, portions of
Section 16, Township 35, Range 10, was advertised to be sold at
auction by R. J. Hamilton, commissioner of schools. In 1834 and
1835 public meetings were held here and through the whole of
Illinois for the purpose of securing a uniform system of common
school education. This movement resulted in the State educational
convention held at Vandalia in 1834. The outcome of this move-
ment was the establishment of the present common school system in
the State. A large public meeting or convention was held in Chi-
cago during this period for the purpose of ascertaining the atti-
tude of Chicago toward the proposed common school system.
This educational convention of the citizens of Cook county was
held at the Presbyterian church, November 24, 1834, "to take into
consideration the subject of common school education and to ap-
point delegates to attend the State educational convention to be
102 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
held at Vandalia on the 5th of December. J. C. Goodhue was ap-
pointed chairman of the convention and Thomas Wright secretary.
Henry Moore delivered the principal address on "Common School
Education." R. Stewart, J. H. Collins, and Dr. J. T. Temple were
appointed to prepare resolutions expressive of the sense of the
meeting. Two of the resolutions were as follows :
"Resolved, That we deem a uniform system of common school
education as indispensable to the preservation of our nation, and
therefore earnestly recommend to our fellow citizens of the State
the adoption of such a system. Resolved, That three delegates be
appointed to attend the State convention to be held at Vandalia."
Col. R. J. Hamilton, Col. J. T. V. Owen, and Dr. J. T. Temple
were chosen as such delegates. There were present at the conven-
tion also Rev. Mr. Truman, Mr. Russell, Dr. Clark, Joseph Naper,
Mr. Freeman, Mr. Peck, and many others of the best citizens.
A big meeting on the same subject was held a little before this
date at Naperville. It was presided over by Joseph Naper, chair-
man and Nathan Allen, Jr., secretary. Henry Horn addressed the
meeting at length on educational subjects. It was resolved to send
two delegates to the Cook county educational convention.
By act of January 31. 1835, the commissioner of the school lands
of Cook county was authorized to loan to the county of Cook a sum
of money not exceeding $12,000 out of the funds of Township 39
north, Range 14 east, of the Third Principal Meridian, in said
county, at not less than 10 per cent. The money thus raised was
directed to be used in the erection of a courthouse in Chicago; and
for the repayment of this loan the said courthouse, the ground on
which it would stand, and the revenues of the county were pledged.
The method was left discretionary with the county commissioners.
The loan was authorized for ten years. The commissioners of Cook
county were directed to provide a revenue to pay the interest on
this loan and the corporation of Chicago was made liable for one-
fourth of the interest due on the debt. The commissioner of school
lands was empowered to loan the school funds on first mortgage on
real estate of double value of the sum loaned.
By act of February 6, 1835, full provision for the election of five
or seven persons to be school inspectors of Township 39 north,
Range 14 east, in Cook county, was made. The county commis-
sioners, upon recommendation of such inspectors, were directed to
divide the township into school districts. The inspectors were re-
quired to visit and inquire into the conduct of the schools. It was
provided that each school district should elect annually three trus-
tees, two of their duties being to see that such schools were free
and that the teachers were competent. Each school district was
given full corporate powers, and two districts could unite to build
a common schoolhouse.
Another early teacher in 1834 and 1835 was George Davis, who
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 105
taught over a store on Lake street, and also in the Presbyterian
church on Clark street. Mr. Davis lived in Chicago until 1858.
In 1835 John Watkins taught a successful school in one of the
churches.
Late in 1835 the number of schools public and private was in-
creased to seven with a total attendance of a few over 300. It must
be admitted, however, that the public schools did not receive proper
attention until the autumn of 1839, and they were not pronounced
wholly efficient until 1841. After that date the schools of Chicago
would compare with those of any city having the same population.
In August, 1835, Hiram Evarts opened a high school for young
gentlemen in this city. The term was for eleven weeks and the
tuition was as follows : English branches, $5 ; high English, $6 ;
Latin and Greek, $8. About the same time Charles Hunt opened
here a high school for young ladies. His term also was for eleven
weeks and the tuition was as follows : English branches, $6 ; high
English, $7; Latin, Greek and French, $8. Late in 1835 the school
inspectors of Township 39, Range 14, pursuant to law divided the
.township into the following school districts: District 1 — all north
of Chicago river and east of the North branch ; District 2 — all be-
tween La Salle and Wells streets and the South branch ; District
3 — all east of La Salle and south of Madison streets ; District 4 — all
east of La Salle and north of Madison streets. An election of three
trustees for each district was ordered, also a public examination of
teachers was announced to be held in November, 1835, at the office
of Mr. Peck.
The school taught here by Miss Frances L. Willard late in 1835
seems to have been unusually efficient and popular. The trustees
in charge of her school were J. T. Hinton, J. W. Hallam, J. T.
Mitchell, D. Wilcox, Peter Bolles, John Wright and W. H. Brown.
In July, 1836, at a public celebration Miss Willard thanked the citi-
zens of Chicago for their liberal patronage and announced that
Miss L. M. Gifford had been employed as her assistant, and further
announced that twenty more young ladies could be accommodated
at her school. This school was in the Wright building.
In November, 1835, there were four regular village schools and
two well patronized private schools. In 1836 John Brown taught
a successful private school at Dearborn and Wolcott streets. He
was succeeded in the same building by Edward Murphy, who, it
is said, awed his pupils with an oak stick ten feet long and one
inch in diameter. Murphy seems to have been a teacher of unusual
capability. This must be said notwithstanding his belief in corpo-
ral punishment. He continued to teach for several years and about
1838 was paid as high as $800 a year. In 1837 schools began to
be taught on the West Side. Among the early teachers there was
Horam Baker. About this time on the South Side schools were
taught by Samuel Bennett, Sarah Kellogg and C. S. Bailey. The
latter also taught on the West Side.
Vol. II— 7.
106 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Thus far the best schools of the village were those of a private
character. The free school system was just being put into operation
and all admitted that the first schools of the system were very
crude and in need of improvement. The private schools even at this
date were the boast of the citizens and the pride of the teachers.
Of course the early citizens of Chicago did not know that the
city would grow so rapidly and in a short time become so large.
Had they been aware of this fact they would never have consented
to the sale of a large portion of the city school lands for $38,865
when in a few years the same would be worth many millions of dol-
lars. The children of that date needed education and as the parents
and the city were poor the land was sold for what it would bring,
and the proceeds were used to educate the first children of the city.
Ten years later the school land would scarcely have been sold at any
figure. As it is, that early sale has always been considered a sac-
rifice. Had such a sale not been made it is probable that the pres-
ent large taxation for school purposes would not be necessary.
The act of 1839 transferred the care of the school fund from the
County Commissioners' court to the Chicago city council. Upon
the formation of the city into school districts there had been ap-
pointed for the whole city seven inspectors and for each district
three trustees. In 1840 W. H. Brown was the school agent. The
board of inspectors appointed by the council in 1840 were as fol-
lows : William Jones, J. Y. Scammon, I. N. Arnold, N. H. Bolles,
John Gray, J. H. Scott and Hiram Hugunin. At this date the prin-
cipal teachers of the four city school districts were A. J. Rumsey,
H. B. Perkins, A. D. Sturtevant and A. C. Dunbar. These teach-
ers were paid a salary of $33.33 each per month.
In the annual distribution of school, college and seminary funds
to the counties in 1839, Cook county received $1,326.89. It was
provided in the act of March 11, 1839, that the school lands and
school funds of Township 39 north, Range 14 east, of the Third
Principal Meridian, should be vested in the city of Chicago and full
power was given the Chicago council to preserve and care for the
same; they were not permitted to impair the principal nor divert
the interest from the support of the schools. The school commis-
sioners were directed to turn over to the Chicago council all books,
notes, papers, mortgages, etc., belonging to the school fund. Power
was given the common council to raise sufficient additional fund, by
taxation, to build schoolhouses, establish, support and maintain
common and public schools, and provide for the payment of teachers.
Taxes for this purpose were to be levied and collected as other
taxes. They were also empowered to fix the pay of teachers, pre-
scribe the text books to be used and the studies to be taught, and
generally to govern and manage the schools. It was further pro-
vided that "the said common council shall annually appoint seven
persons for inspectors of common schools and three persons in
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 107
each district to be trustees of common schools in and for said
district, whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by said com-
mon council." By this act Township 39 was exempted from certain
provisions of the act of March 4, 1837, concerning the city of
Chicago.
It was provided in the act of March 2, 1839, that "the survey
and plat of the subdivision of Block 30, in the school section addi-
tion to the town of Chicago in the county of Cook, as made and
recorded at the instance of Russell E. Heacock, be vacated and
set aside; and that the subdivision of said block, as made and
recorded at the instance of Francis G. Blanchard, be and the same
is hereby declared to be the legal and proper subdivision of the
same."
In April, 1839, Rev. R. I. Hinton opened a select school for
young ladies in this city and called the same the "Chicago Female
Seminary." The school was located in the First Baptist church.
He advertised to teach English, Latin and French, ancient and
modern languages, history, physiology and moral science. About
this time Chicago became deeply interested in educational matters.
A Mr. Taylor, from the East, lectured here on educational subjects
and introduced Town's New Spelling book, which gave the mean-
ing of all words. This book was considered a valuable acquisition
to the school literature of that era.
"Mr. Taylor in his lecture last evening paid a justly merited
tribute to our worthy fellow citizen, Nathan H. Bolles, for his
zealous services and interest in the cause of common school edu-
cation. This tribute to merit was received by the audience with
approbation. To Mr. Bolles more than to any other citizen of
Chicago (and we mean not to disparage his useful co-laborers)
are our common schools indebted for the attention and improve-
ment which they have received among us." — (American, June 26,
1839.)
In May, 1840, a Miss Bayne opened a school for young ladies^
in this city.
The act of January 31, 1840, made it the duty of the school
commissioners to distribute the school funds to the teachers and
township treasurers in their respective counties at the county seats
by giving four weeks' notice of such distribution. On January 18,
1840, an act provided that a majority instead of two-thirds of the
legal voters of a township could secure the incorporation of such
township. By act of February 3, 1840, unincorporated townships
sending children to school in incorporated townships were required
to pay for such attendance. Children residing in different town-
ships or in different counties from where they attended school
were required to pay for such attendance. Teachers were required
to keep schedules or abstracts of the attendance.
In November, 1840, the first really good educational facilities
108 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
were provided in Chicago. Teachers were paid $100 per quarter
of three months. There was not a good school building, however,
until 1843, at which date one opposite McVicker's theater on Madi-
son street was built. Ira Miltimore, alderman, had demanded it,
and it was called "Miltimore's Folly." It was so big that it was not
thought it could ever be filled with children, so the mayor in a
message to the council recommended that it be used as an insane
asylum. It became the famous Dearborn school. One year later
another was needed and was built at Clark street and Harmon
court. In 1845 the Kinzie school, on Ohio street, near La Salle,
was erected, and in 1846 another on West Madison street, near
Halsted, later called the Scammon school, was built.
In January, 1842, the school section in Elk Grove township was
advertised to be sold at public auction by the school commissioner.
In February, 1842, the total school fund of Chicago amounted to
$42,883.77. About this time the school section in Jefferson town-
ship was also advertised for sale by the school commissioner. In
November, 1841, the school commissioner advertised that the school
section in Barrington township would be sold at auction during
that month. It was in 1842 that the city school board determined
to try the experiment of teaching music in all of the public schools
of the city. Accordingly, Mr. N. Gilbert was employed and con-
tinued throughout the year to give instruction in music in the four
city school districts. The experiment, of course, should have been
continued. After the lapse of a year or two the teaching of music
was renewed at the earnest request of pupils and citizens. The
American of August 19, 1841, contained the following notice:
"In reference to Chicago, some at least of our citizens have
manifested a most praiseworthy and never-to-be-forgotten zeal in
this matter of common schools. The names of William H. Brown
and William Jones in particular are entitled to lasting and honora-
ble record."
"Resolved, That the school inspectors be and they are hereby
authorized to divide the schools and employ.female teachers in such
of the school districts as they shall see proper, and that they employ
a teacher of music for the schools." — (American, April 4, 1842.)
In 1842 a general exhibition of all the schools of Chicago was
held at the Presbyterian church. ' At this exhibition the school
inspectors reported that music had been taught twice a week
throughout the year with excellent results. They announced that
both teachers and scholars had been benefited thereby. At this
time J. Y. Scammon was secretary of the Board of School Com-
missioners.
The legislative act of 1841 required the school commissioners
of Cook county to pay to the school commissioners of Will,
DuPage, McHenry and Lake counties their share of the interest
from the school, college and seminary fund with the population
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 109
of 1840 as a basis. The citizens of Cook county regarded this act
as unfair, owing to the fact that much of the money had been spent
in those counties prior to their formation.
In May, 1842, a Miss Dodge conducted a select school in Thomp-
son's brick building on the Fort Dearborn reservation.
By the summer of 1842 eight common schools were conducted in
Chicago. At this time there were a total of about 550 scholars. In
addition there were six or seven excellent private schools. At the
same time there were in the city, lyceums, reading rooms, musical
societies, mechanics' institutes, circulating libraries, etc.
In 1842 Congress passed an act confirming the sale of Section
16, Township 38, Range 14 (Hyde Park).
In October, 1842, J. H. Smith conducted a select and classical
school. About the same time Charles W. lilies opened a classical
school and advertised to teach French, German, Greek and Hebrew.
This school was taught at Hart's residence on Wells street, and the
tuition per term was $12.
The act of March 3, 1843, provided that the recorder of Cook
county be authorized to certify upon the map of the school section
recorded in his office in Book A, page 315, that the same was the
plat of the school section addition to the city of Chicago, and other-
wise authorized him to correct any defects in said map. The com-
mon council was authorized to resurvey said school section and
make the same correspond with the map. This law also empowered
the council to enforce all rules, ordinances and police regulations by
the imposition of fines and imprisonment. The same act provided
that "the southeast and northeast quarters of the southwest quar-
ter, southwest and northwest quarters of the southeast quarter of
Section 5, Township 39 north, Range 14 east, and the west half of
the northeast quarter of Section 8, Township 39 north. Range 14
east, be stricken out of the corporate limits of the city of Chicago."
The act of December 23, 1844, created and established "The
University of St. Mary of the Lake," with the following incorpo-
rators: George A. Hamilton, John Faughman, William Quarter,
Walter J. Quarter, Bernard McGorisk, Jeremiah Kinsella, Patrick
McMahon, John Ingoldsby and Thomas McDonnell. It was lo-
cated "in or near the city of Chicago."
In 1843 the mayor in his inaugural address stated that the
schools of the city were flourishing greatly under the efficient man-
agement of the board of inspectors and the school agent. He stated
that so large had become the number of scholars demanding in-
struction that it was imperatively necessary to create new school
districts and erect new school buildings. He also stated that a high
school had been planned during the previous year. He recom-
mended that such plans should be investigated and nlso that the
system of instruction in the city schools should be thoroughly ex-
amined with the view of effecting any needed improvements. He
110 , HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
recommended a one mill tax for school purposes and further recom-
mended that, if necessary, money should be borrowed temporarily
for the benefit of the city schools.
"By centering our eye the other day upon the financial report
of our city for the present year we were astonished to find that the
school fund was now receiving $517 yearly income from the leas-
ing of the school block. This block had been lying perfectly idle
till rented under the administration of our present mayor for the
above sum." — (Chicago Democrat, February 24, 1844.)
In 1845 Mrs. and Miss Whiting conducted a day and boarding
school for young ladies and taught English branches, needlework,
French, higher mathematics, Latin, German, drawing, flower paint-
ing and music on the piano. They advertised to furnish board at
$2.50 per week. In October, 1845, George F. Wilson opened an
English and classical school.
In the spring of 1846 the school section of Palos township was
offered for sale by George Manierre, school agent.
The act of February 27, 1847, incorporated the University of
Chicago, to be located in or near the city. The incorporators were
Thomas Dyer, Walter L. Newberry, Francis C. Sherman, J. Young
Scammon, Alexander M. Stewart, Hugh T. Dickey, R. T. Swift,
Benjamin W. Raymond, Charles M. Gray, William B. Ogden,
Alonzo Huntington, Peter Page, Buckner S. Morris, the mayor of
Chicago and the judge of the Cook County court, the latter two
«x-officio. The institution was given all the powers usually con-
ferred upon schools of the kind — to provide courses of study, grant
degrees, etc.
By act of February 27, 1847, the St. Francis Xavier Female
Academy of Chicago was incorporated, the incorporators being
Margaret O'Brien, Catherine McGuire, Mary A. McGuire, Eliza
Corbett, Ellen Reilley, Mary Mulhallan and Eva Smith.
On February 27, 1847, the Chicago Bethel association was in-
corporated, designed to be a bethel church and a sailors' home.
The incorporators were Grant Goodrich, Orrington Lunt, Charles
Walker, Levi D. Boone, Tuthill King, Sylvester Lind, Benjamin
W. Raymond and William H. Brown.
SCHOOLS, 1847. Pupils.
Districts 1 and 2, A. W. Ingalls, principal 600
District 3, M. Ballard, principal 300
District 4, A. G. Wilder, principal 500
A sum accrued to the school fund of Illinois in consequence of
the state's having the right to tax government land for five years
after sale, but about 1846-47 this law was repealed and no more
funds were received. Thomas Dyer, receiver here, obtained $9,000
of this fund in January, 1847.
The University of St. Mary of the Lake, Rev. J. A. Kmsella,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 111
president, was incorporated in 1847. Several school lots on the
North Side were sold at auction in November, 1847. The Chicago
Academy, with George F. Wilson principal, began its winter term
in November, 1847. Mrs. C. Wilson was his assistant.
The school inspectors in the spring of 1848 were G. W. Meeker,
D. Mcllroy, E. S. Kimberly, A. Peck, G. W. Southworth and
W. E. Jones. An important and interesting public school examina-
tion was held January 15, 1848. At this date there was one big
school building in each of the three divisions.
During the '40s the school sections of Wheeling township,
Schaumburg township and other subdivisions of the county were of-
fered at public sale. Late in the '40s George Manierre was school
commissioner of Cook county. He had the most to do with the sale
of the school sections throughout the county. In October, 1848,
there were nineteen private schools in this city in addition to the
public schools. The city at that time contained four regular school
districts, but districts Nos. 1 and 2 were united. In addition there
had been established a school at Bridgeport and one near the resi-
dence of Mr. Jackson. The average attendance in 1848 was as
follows: Districts 1 and 2, 605 ; District 3, 363 ; District 4 (N. S.),
398 ; Jackson's, 75 ; Bridgeport, 43 ; total average attendance, 1 ,484.
At this time the total enrollment was 1,949.
In 1848 the people of District 2 urgently demanded a new school-
house. The building was crowded to suffocation and even the attic
was used and was likewise crowded.
"Cook presents a better condition than any county in the State,
so far as school funds are concerned ; but as regards schoolhouses
and teachers there are other counties far ahead of her in these
respects." — (Democrat, February 9, 1849.)
CITY SCHOOLS, 1849.
Scholars Teachers
SCHOOLS. Enrolled. Employed. Teachers' Pay.
1 474 6 $1,627.75
2 439 4 1,386.43
3 532 5 1,513.59
4 515 5 1,462.13
Totals 1,960 20 $5,989.90
The average attendance was only 1,273.
In May, 1849, Miss Beecher, of the National Educational society,
visited Chicago in the interest of education generally. The society
with which she was connected sent to the West large numbers of
trained teachers. Ex-Governor Slade, of Vermont, was the presi-
dent of that society. He came here in May, 1849. with eleven
trained young lady teachers, all of whom were found positions
here or elsewhere in the West. At this time it was claimed that
Chicago had more free schools according to population than any
112 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
other city in the world. This claim, however, should be taken with
some grains of allowance.
"The Public Schools.— There are over 8,000 children in Chicago
of suitable age to attend school. Provision is made for only about
2,000 in the free schools."— (Democrat, July 26, 1849.)
During August, 1849, a new schoolhouse was in process of erec-
tion at the corner of Clark and Harrison streets.
In February, 1849, the following was the condition of the Cook
county schools: Number of school districts, 53; number of schools,
91; schools taught by males, 37; schools taught by females, 20;
number of scholars, 4,621 ; number of children under twenty years,
10,746; amount of school fund, $48,988; fund raised by ad valorem
taxation, $7,500; number of schoolhouses, 41; average wages per
month for male teachers, $13 ; average wages per month for female
teachers, $6.
In 1849 the school agent reported that during the years 1845 to
1848, $15,048.22 had been lost on bad loans.
In the fall of 1850 Catherine Beecher came to Chicago in the
interest of trained teachers who desired positions in the West :
William H. Brown, school agent, reported as follows:
On hand February 21, 1848 $ 694.68
Received during the year 1848-49 10,752.88
Total $11,447.56
Expenses 9,464.29
Balance on hand $1,983.27
The receipts were as follows :
Principal $ 2,787.00
Interest 4,192.43
Rents 1,079.21
From city of Chicago 1,000.00
State dividends 1,694.24
Total $10,752.88
In 1850 George Manierre, county commissioner of schools, called
a convention of the teachers of Cook county to be held at Chicago
on November 27. At this convention twelve towns were repre-
sented. William Young, of Thornton, served as chairman and
Alanson St. Clair and Michael Gormley as secretaries. One of the
objects of this convention was to select a uniform series of school-
books for the whole county. After a laborious discussion of nine
hours the following schoolbooks were selected : Webster's spelling
book, Sanders' readers, Colburn's first arithmetics, Day and Thomp-
son's advanced arithmetics, Bullion's grammar, Mitchell's geogra-
phy and Willard's history of the United States. During the con-
vention every subject connected with county education was dis-
cussed in detail. The convention recommended certain changes in
the law concerning the system and the government of schools in
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
113
Cook county. Inasmuch as only twelve towns were represented at
this convention, it was not expected that its proceedings would be
binding upon the whole county, which had twenty-six towns. The
convention appointed the following permanent business committee :
George Manierre, William Bross, Alanson St. Clair, George M.
Huntoon and M. L. Dunlap.
STATISTICS OF THE SCHOOLS OF CHICAGO FROM 1841 TO NOVEMBER 1, 1851.
YEAR
School Tax
Paid by
City
Revenue of
School
Fund from
Other
Sources
Expendi-
tures Made
by School
Agent
Number of
Children
Taught in
Public
Schools
Value of School Fund
TOTAL
Cash and
Securities
Real
Estate
1841
1842
1843
1844"
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
$1,984.89
1,530.21
1,232.71
5,722.08
:3,090.38
4,455.40
5,155.58
5,761.83^
6,676.68
7,220.24
12,844.07
420
531
808
915
1,051
1,107
1,317
1,517
1,794
1,919
2,017
$ 947.83
2,317.15
4,964.91
5,611.35
4,901.28
6,440.13
6,118.48
6,200.70
6,771.17
5,384.14
$4,284.27
4,575.91
3,621.19
5,113.89
5,635.87
4,248.76
5,790.82
4,896.17
6,037.97
5,705.93
$55,939.69
57,719.69
53,625.76
$113,000.00
124,000.00
150.000.00
$ 168,939.69
181,719.69
203,625.76
After 1847 the expenses of the school agent were confined to incidentals
and the payment of teachers. After 1847 other expenses such as construction,
fuel, janitor, etc., we,re paid by the common council.
"The crowded state of the schools during a large portion of the
year, and the large number of children in the streets, whose time
is worse than wasted for the want of schools within their reach,
would serve to admonish us of the necessity of providing more ample
means of public instruction. It is believed to be a duty, as it un-
doubtedly is the true policy, to provide for the free education of all
the children of suitable age in the city. To do this a constant in-
crease of expenditure will be requisite. At least two schoolhouses
should be erected the next season, and there can be little doubt but
one or more will need to be added every year thereafter to meet the
wants of our rapidly increasing population. To erect these houses,
furnish them, and supply them with teachers will require more
money each year than the tax of one mill on the dollar now allowed
by law will furnish. A considerable portion of the real estate be-
longing to the school fund is at present unproductive. It may be
well to inquire whether these lands should not be made to yield
a revenue by being rented at such prices as would insure their per-
manent occupancy. A heavier tax under an amended charter may
be advisable." — (Democrat, December 7, 1850.)
"It is believed that if the teachers were required to occupy a
portion of their time on Saturday by holding a teachers' institute,
the result would appear in the improved condition of the schools."-
( Recommended by the Democrat as an amendment to the city school
ordinances.)
114 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
"There are in the county, twenty-six towns, each having four
school officers, making 104, or, including the seven inspectors of
schools for the city, 111." — (Democrat, December 11, 1850.)
During the years 1850-51 Frank Lumbard was instructor of
music in the public schools. The following was the condition of the
city schools for the month ending January 24, 1851:
South division, District 1, attendance 480
South division, District 2, 'attendance 439
West division, District 3, attendance 600
North division, District 4, attendance 532
Total 2,051
In February, 1851, George Manierre, school commissioner, ad-
vertised for sale the school section in the township of Hyde Park.
It was located about five miles south of the city and one side fronted
on State street. About the same time he also advertised the school
section of Township 36, Range 14, Thornton township. He called
attention to the fact that a turnpike ran across the western part of
the section. In August, 1851, contracts for two new schoolhouses,
to be located on the North and West sides, were let to contractors.
At this time the school tax here was 15 cents on the $100.
The following resolutions were passed by the city council in Oc-
tober, 1851:
"WHEREAS, The Board of Inspectors of common schools, in com-
pliance with an ordinance of the common council, did in December
last adopt certain resolutions providing for and requiring the estab-
lishment of a teachers' institute and making it the duty of all the
teachers employed in the schools to attend the same for the purpose
of their improvement as teachers; and,
"WHEREAS, The improved condition of the schools and the in-
creasing degree of success with which the different branches of
study are taught sufficiently demonstrate the usefulness of the insti-
tute and the prosperity as well as necessity of its continuance ; there-
fore,
"Resolved, That it is the duty of all the teachers in the public
schools of this city to attend the meetings of the institute with
promptness and regularity; and that no reason for non-attendance
will hereafter be deemed satisfactory which would not be sufficient
excuse for the non-performance of any other portion of their duties
as teachers."— (Democrat, October 29, 1851.)
"The public schools of this city have never been in better condi-
tion than at the present time. There are, we learn, nearly 1,900
children in attendance." — (Democrat, December 8, 1851.)
During the month of June, 1852, the attendance at the public
schools of the city was as follows : First district. 325 ; second, 265 :
third, 390; fourth, 382; fifth, 115: sixth. 127. For the month
of September, 1852, the attendance was reported as follows: First
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 115
district, 285 ; second, 222 ; third, 357 ; fourth, 380 ; fifth, 96 ; sixth,
169. In September, 1852, Mr. Waughop, school commissioner,
sold the school section in Bremen township for $3,300. The whole
amount was immediately loaned at 10 per cent, interest. In Decem-
ber, 1852, the first Teachers' association of the county was formed.
In 1852 Rev. Byrd Parker, pastor of the African Methodist Epis-
copal church, established a school for colored children in this city.
In 1852 Cook county received as its share of the interest on the
school, college and seminary fund $2,358.46, and for 1853 $2,-
367.19.
In February, 1853, W. H. Brown, who had been school agent of
the county for thirteen years, resigned. The Democratic Press of
February 9 said : "He deserves and doubtless will receive the
thanks of every parent in the community for the faithful discharge
of those duties in which they and their children have so deep an
interest."
In December, 1853, a State convention of teachers was held at
Bloomington. Among the Chicagoans in attendance were the fol-
lowing: H. L. Lewis, W. H. Bigelow, Miss C. S. Smith, Miss
Childs, Henry H. Lee, Prof. W. Goodfellow, R. N. Porter. D. C.
Ferguson, Miss E. McClure, Miss A. M. Day, Miss J. Graves,
F. A. Benham and C. G. Hawthorn.
"The common schools of Chicago are the pride and the glory
of the city. We have now six large public school edifices, two in
each division of the city. From 300 to 700 children are daily gath-
ered in each." — (Annual Review of Chicago, January, 1854.)
In addition, the city had many private schools and seminaries,
also an excellent commercial college, conducted by Judge Bell.
In January, 1854, so popular had become the Chicago Female
Seminary that they raised by subscription, for building purposes,
the sum of $30,000.
In January, 1854, at a large educational meeting held here, reso-
lutions .favorable to the establishment of a State industrial uni-
versity and normal school were passed. The meeting also favored
the establishment of a State superintendent of public instruction.
Early in 1854 the school attendance in Chicago was as follows :
First district, 601; Second, 607; Third. 565; Fourth, 606; Fifth,
336; Sixth, 516; Seventh, 52; total, 3,283.
In March, 1854, Mr. Philbrick refused to accept the appointment
of superintendent of city schools, whereupon John C. Dore was
nominated for that position. In the spring of 1854 the city school
inspectors were as follows : South division, E. C. Larned, F. Mose-
ley, J. H. Foster; North division, A. J. Brown, G. W. Mellecker;
West division, T. B. Dwyer and S. M. Wilson.
In the spring of 1854 M. W. Edwards, of Springfield, became the
first State superintendent of public instruction.
In December, 1854, the County Teachers' Institute was held in
this city. Dr. Gregory lectured to the teachers assembled.
116 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
On December 11, 1854, Alderman Evans, of the committee on
schools, presented to the city council a report in favor of the estab-
lishment of a high school in connection with the free schools of the
city. The report was concurred in and immediate steps to com-
mence such a school were taken.
In January, 1855, the Garrett Biblical Institute of Evanston was
formally opened, with Rev. Dr. Dempster as principal. His inaugu-
ral address was on the subject of "The Necessity of a . Specific and
Thorough Education to Qualify the Christian Ministry for Its
Work." Among those present- at the opening services were Rev.
Dr. Evans, Rev. Burroughs, Rev. P. Judson, Rev. J. V. Watson
and others.
The interest on the school, college and seminary fund and the
amount of school tax fund distributed to Cook county in 1855 was
$32,874.13.
In January, 1855, the city council passed an ordinance for the
establishment of a high school. It was provided that it should be
under the control of the Board of Inspectors, and it was further
provided that the principal should be paid a salary of $1,500, a
male assistant $1,000 and female assistants $600 each.
In March, 1855, the city had seven public schools, thirty-five
teachers and about 3,000 scholars in attendance. A great improve-
ment in the conduct of the schools was reported at this date. At
this time it was decided that no more school land belonging to the
city should be sold, but that all should be rented. It was estimated
that the city school land which had been previously sold was worth
$6,000,000. For this reason mainly it was resolved to part with no
more of the city school land at any price.
At a city public school exhibition held in March, 1855, under the
management of John A. Dore, city school superintendent, the
program embraced select reading, recitations, declamations, speak-
ing and singing. In March, 1855, the school agent made the fol-
lowing report of the Chicago schools:
Loaned on personal security $ 7,246.81
Loaned on personal mortgage 34.649.68
Total $ 41,896.49
Chicago school lands worth 475.000.00
Outside school lands 25,000.00
Total real estate $500,000.00
Cash 41,800.00
Wharfing privileges 150,000.00
Entire school fund $691,800.00
At this time two new schools, one at Bull's Head and one on
Union street, were opened for the first time. These new school-
houses had been ordered built near Union park and at the corner
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 117
of O'Brien and Union streets, to accommodate 150 scholars each.
"It affords your committee peculiar pleasure to be able to say that
several of our public schools are now equal if not superior to any
others to be found in the city," said the Democrat.
In about 1855 bids for the new high school building were called
for. It was located on Monroe street, west of Division, and by
August was well advanced toward completion. In November,
1855, evening schools were started in several of the districts. The
high school building was estimated to cost $33,072 and the whole
structure completed at about $40,000. Upon the opening of the
high school there resulted a vigorous contest as to who should be
admitted thereto. It was desired that the scholars in the grammar
schools having the best standing should receive the appointment.
Four times as many as could be admitted made application. In
October, 1856, the high school opened with 113 selected pupils.
Charles A. Dupee was principal and J. Moore instructor of the nor-
mal department.
In the spring of 1856 J. C. Dore, superintendent of city schools,
resigned and William H. Wells was appointed in his place.
In September, 1856, Miss Stevens conducted a high school for
young ladies and called the same the Dearborn Female Seminary.
In October, 1856, a classic school for boys, to be conducted dur-
ing evenings, was established by Mr. Bruce.
In December, 1856, the State Teachers' association met in this
city. Many teachers were in attendance and great interest was
manifested. In December, 1856, the Northwestern Female college
at Evanston was burned to the ground. In February, 1857, so
great had been the growth of the city that two new school buildings
were imperatively demanded by the West division.
In the spring of 1857 there were in Chicago 17,100 children
between the ages of five and fifteen years. However, the attend-
ance at the public schools of children between those ages was only
8,306, showing that more than half of the children of that age did
not attend the public schools. At this date there were fifty-six
private schools in Chicago, with a total attendance of 3,850, between
the ages of five and fifteen years. The whole number enrolled at
the private schools was 4,400.
In 1851 the school census showed that there were in Chicago
12,111 children of school age. In October, 1853, the school census
showed the following number of children of school age in the city :
South division, 5,838; West, 6.285; North, 4,930; total, 17,053.
Upon the opening of the high school the course was divided into
three departments: Classic, English high, and Normal. Of
the 326 pupils from the public schools who were assigned for ad-
mission into the high school, only 141 passed. Late in 1856 the city
had nine public schools, each with a grammar and a primary depart-
ment. By about 1857 the number had increased to ten, with sixty
teachers and one musical instructor.
118 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Dearborn Seminary was incorporated by act of February 16,
1857, by E. S. Wilkins and others.
By act of January 30, 1857, the University of Chicago was in-
corporated by Stephen A. Douglas, William B. Ogden, Hiram A.
Tucker, Charles A. Walker, Samuel Hoard, James W. Woodworth,
Levi D. Boone, E. D. Taylor, John H. Kinzie, Robert H. Clarkson,
John C. Burroughs, Mason Brayman, Walter S. Gurnee, James
Dunlap, Ichabod Clark, Charles H. Roe, Elijah Gore, Henry S.
Weston, Simon C. Miner and Noyes W. Miner. A board of re-
gents was also appointed.
During 1857 two first-class schoolhouses were built and fur-
nished at a cost of about $28,000 each — to accommodate about
1,200 or 1,300 scholars. One similar house had been built in
1856, so that in 1858 the schoolhouse capacity was about 2,500
greater than two years before in the spring of 1856. In the spring
of 1858 it was proposed to erect one new schoolhouse to accommo-
date from 800 to 1,000 additional scholars each — one in the North
division or perhaps in the South division. It was proposed also to
erect a building outside of the Scammon school to accommodate
400 children. Even with these additional facilities it was estimated
that 3,000 children had not attended, 1,000 of whom would have
attended had there been room for them.
The whole number of different scholars attending the public
institutions during 1857-58, including high school, were, in round
numbers, 10,786.
STATEMENT APRIL, 1858.
Amount of real estate belonging to the school fund, within
the limits of the city estimated at $900,000
Amount of real estate outside the city 25,000
Money loaned, principal 52,000
Total $977,000
Increase of school fund for a year ending February 1, 1858, was:
Interest of $52,000 loaned $ 6,240.00
Rents 11,648.50
State dividend 18,255.60
Total $36,144.10
Amount paid out for salaries of teachers, school agents and
superintendents $36,079.18
Balance left over was 64.92
The whole cost of supporting the schools for 1857-58 was as fol-
lows:
Salary of teachers, school agents, and superintendents. . .$36,079
Incidentals, including fuel, repairs, care of buildings, office
expenses, etc 9,622
Rent of schoolhouses, including interest on buildings and
lots belonging to the city, estimated 17,000
Total .$62,701
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 119
On February 27, 1858, the Board of Education made the follow-
ing changes in the names of the city schools: Number 1 was
changed to Dearborn; Number 2, to Jones; Number 3, to Scam-
inon ; Number 4, to Kinzie ; Number 5, to Franklin ; Number 6, to
Washington; Number 7, to Moseley; Number 8, to Brown; Num-
ber 9, to Foster; Number 10, to Ogden.
As early as 1855 a number of prominent ladies of the city organ-
ized the Ladies' Industrial School association. The object was to
seek the neglected or abandoned children of the city and place them
under proper educational instruction. In 1858 this association
made the following report : The school on Indiana street was con-
ducted by Miss McLain, who had collected about 100 ragged, pro-
fane and wicked children and had furnished them a preliminary
education. On the West side on Union street, between Owen and
Fourth streets, Miss Martha Lake had opened a similar school in
March, 1857, and by 1858 had enrolled 268 scholars. Children not
properly clothed were supplied by the Ladies' society. In the South
division similar schools had made a corresponding advance. At
this date the officers of the Ladies' Industrial School association
were : A. S. Farnum, president ; Anna R. Bentley, secretary ; and
E. C. Farnum, treasurer. The following is an extract from their
report :
"Four years have passed since the organization of this associa-
tion. During that time, notwithstanding the many discourage-
ments that have arisen in the pathway of this most cherished enter-
prise, the ladies have endeavored by patient and persistent effort
to make it what it was designed to be, a permanent instrument of
usefulness to the neglected children of our city. At our last annual
report we had under our care four schools — two in the North
division, at 'The Sands' and on Indiana street near the North
branch ; one in the West division, and one on New street in the
South division. These are all now in a flourishing condition, except
the one at 'The Sands,' which ceased with the dispersion of that
abandoned population during the summer."
In October, 1858, the children of school age in this city were
as follows: South division, 14,110; North division, 13,780; West
division, 18,855; total, 46,745. At this date Luther Haven was
president of the Board of Education, and W. H. Wells superin-
tendent of city schools.
In July, 1859, at the third anniversary of the Chicago high school
twenty students were graduated from the literary department and
four from the normal department.
During the '50s an important question concerning the disposal
of the public school fund was duly considered here. The Catholics
who paid school tax demanded the right to instruct their children
in the public schools in the Catholic religion, and when denied this
privilege demanded the right to their pro rata share of the public
school fund. In the end both demands were denied.
120 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
In April, 1860, the Cook county teachers' institute assembled
at Harlem station, on the Galena railway, seven miles from Chicago.
The object of the institute was to train Cook county teachers in the
best methods of instruction, etc. The institute was duly opened
by School Commissioner Eberhart. Among those in attendance
were D. S. Wentworth, S. M. Wilson, W. H. Wells, George Sher-
wood, A. J. Anderson, Benjamin Cutter, O. W. Herrick, W. Wood-
ard and others. State Superintendent N. Bateman lectured before
the institute. Many interesting exercises were conducted by the
teachers in attendance. One very instructive exercise on "The
First Day in School" was conducted by O. W. Herrick, of Harlem
school, and Miss Turner, of Brickton.
In July, 1860, the number of pupils in attendance at the high
school was 286. In 1859 there had been 245, and in 1858 148.
Of the 286 there were in the Classical department 139, in the
English department 112, and in the Normal department 35. It
was noted at this time that the high-school building would accom-
modate 360 pupils. Many others desired to attend, but for reasons
unknown the school board did not enlarge the facilities so that
others could be added to the number in attendance. In July, 1860,
George Howland was elected principal of the high school.
In June, 1856, the number of teachers in the city public schools
was 47; in February, 1861, the number was 135, and in March,
1862, the number was 160. From 1856 to 1862 seven new school-
houses had been completed, and two others were in process of
erection. On June 1, 1856, there were in attendance at the Chicago
public schools 2,785 scholars, and in March, 1862, there were
8,569. In 1861, 172 colored children were enrolled in the city.
In March, 1862, the number of children between the ages of five
and fifteen years in the city was 27,000. Of these there were
enrolled in the public schools 15,159, in private schools 7,750, and
not in any school 4,091. At this time the city school fund was as
follows : Real estate in the city, $900,000 ; real estate out of the
city, $25,000; money loaned, principal, $52,000; wharfing lot fund,
$29,180; total, $1,006,180.
The act of February 12, 1861, declared that the tax assessed in
1859 against District 23, Township 39 north, Range 14 east, Cook
county, for the constructon of a schoolhouse, was illegal, and the
money thus collected was ordered refunded.
During the years from 1860 to 1862, inclusive, there was an
enormous increase in the number of children in the city requiring
an education. The facilities were unequal to the requirements.
From all portions of the city came demands for additional school-
houses and teachers. The school board, owing to the hard times
during the war, came to the conclusion to meet these requirements
by constructing branch schoolhouses connected with the principal
school buildings. By 1862 four of these branch houses, each costing
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 123
about $4,000, had been erected. Each had six rooms and a capacity
of about 378 scholars each. They were located adjoining the
Washington, Kinzie, Franklin and Foster schools.
In 1860 Prof. J. F. Eberhart became county commissioner of
schools. During the months of October and November he vis-
ited nearly all of the schools of the county. At this time Palatine
was constructing a graded school building.
In July, 1861, the question of admitting colored children to the
city public schools was thoroughly discussed. It was asked, "If a
colored girl should be well qualified to enter the high school and
should pass the examination, should she be admitted?" The ques-
tion was discussed through the newspapers and was taken up by
the city council for final settlement. After the subject had been
thoroughly debated six of the Board of Education voted in favor
of the admission of colored children and three voted against such
admission. This vote was taken upon the specific case of a colored
girl who desired admission to the normal department of the high
school. The members of the board who voted against her admis-
sion were: Hoard, Moseley and Sheahan.
In March, 1861, Lind University closed its second year by grad-
uating twelve scholars.
In October, 1861, the Cook county teachers' institute was held
at Blue Island and among those in attendance were : J. F. Eberhart,
county commissioner of schools, R. Welch, D. B. Fonda, G. E. Dol-
ton, Mr. Chase and others. The daily papers in November noted
that on the 20th of that month 130 female school teachers from
all parts of the county were in the city to draw their monthly pay.
In April, 1862, W. L. Newberry donated in trust to the Newberry
school, which had been named after him, a $1,000 Chicago city
bond.
In September, 1862, the Cook county teachers' institute held two
sessions, one at Thornton on the Illinois Central railway and the
other at Dunton on the Northwestern railway. Many teachers were
in attendance at both sessions.
In September, 1862, the new Haven school was opened. Scholars
living south of Polk street and Peck court and north of Old street
were admitted. The grounds upon which this building rested cost
$11,250; the building cost $18,263; complete and furnished the
building cost $22,000.
Late in 1862 the following branch schools were being conducted :
Scammon, Foster, Washington, Franklin, Kinzie, Moseley and
Ogden.
The following is the average number of children attending all
of the public schools of Chicago, including the high school, for
the years mentioned: 1850, 1,224; 1851, 1,409; 1852, 1,521; 1853,
1,795; 1854, 1,629; 1855, 2,154; 1856, 3,688; 1857, 4,464; 1858,
5,516. In February, 1859, the number of scholars in private schools,
Vol. II— 8.
124 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
according to a careful census, was 4,675. The number of teachers
connected with private schools was 119. The aggregate number
of children belonging to all the schools of Chicago in February,
1859, was as follows : Public schools, 12,875 ; private schools, 4,675 ;
total, 17,548. In 1856 the number of children attending private
schools was larger by fifty-nine than those who attended the public
schools. It was noted in 1859 that Chicago had spent from 1856 to
1858 inclusive a total of $160,000 for school buildings. The loca-
tions of the city schools were as follows :
Chicago high school, on Monroe between Halsted and Des
Plaines, Charles A. Dupee, principal ; Dearborn school, Madison
street between State and Dearborn, George D. Broomell, principal ;
Jones school, corner Clark and Harrison, Willard Woodard, prin-
cipal ; Scammon school, Madison between Halsted and Union, Dan-
iel S. Wentworth, principal ; Kinzie school, corner Ohio and La
Salle, Benjamin D. Slocum, principal ; Franklin school, corner Di-
vision and Sedgwick, Albert G. Lane, principal ; Washington school,
corner Owen and Sangamon, Benj. R. Cutter, principal; Moseley
school, Michigan and Monterey, Bradford Y. Averell, principal;
Brown school, corner Warren and Page, Henry M. Keith, prin-
cipal; Foster school, Union near Twelfth, George W. Spofford, prin-
cipal ; Ogden school, Chestnut between Dearborn and Wolcott,
George W. Dow, principal ; Newberry school, corner Orchard and
Willow, Curtis C. Meserve, principal ; School No. 12, Reuben and
Cornelia, Eugene L. Aiken, principal.
Report of Luther Haven, president of the Board of Education,
March, 1860:
Value of
SCHOOLS. Buildings.
High $ 35,200
Dearborn 5,000
Jones 6,000
Jones school branch 1.200
Scammon 6,000
Kinzie 5,000
Franklin 6,000
Ogden 23,800
Newberry 23,700
Washington >. 6,000
Brown 21,500
Foster 20,200
Foster branch 1,200
Skinner 27,200
Moseley 22,200
Number 12 1,200
Total $211,400
Value of school grounds $124,300
School furniture and fixtures 18,198
In March, 1860, Professor Dupee, principal of the high school,
reported adversely to the teaching of German in that institution.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 125
The total school expense of all public schools for the year ending
February 1, 1860, was as follows:
Salary of principal $ 1,800.00
Lowest of women teachers 250.00
Salary of teachers and superintendents 49,612.48
Salary of school agents 400.00
Labor, supplies, care of buildings, offices, fuel, repairs,
etc., office expenses, printing, etc 14,203.06
Rent of school buildings, furniture and lots, etc 19,095.76
Other rents 552.34
Total $ 83,834.19
Whole school fund $977,000.00
"The undersigned teachers, residents of the southern portion of
Cook county, wishing to promote the cause of popular education,
respectfully invite the teachers, school officers and other friends of
education, to meet with them in a convention to be held in the public
schoolhouse of Blue Island, on Saturday, the 27th day of October,
1860, at 2 o'clock p. M. The following among other propositions
will be submitted to the consideration of the convention.
"The formation of an association of teachers and others interested
in our public schools for mutual improvement.
"The holding of a series of educational meetings in different towns
with a view to awakening greater interest in our public schools.
"To take measures for holding a teachers' institute at such time
and place as shall best accommodate the teachers of our vicinity."
"Rodney Welch, Julius Briesen and Albert Broome, of Worth;
E. W. Jarrett, of Lake ; O. P. Rudd, of Bremen ; G. F. Codding, of
Palos ; H. Alexander, of Orland." — (Press and Tribune, October 18,
1860.)
The educational movement carried out by Rev. Robert Collyer,
minister at large, should be particularly noted. He conducted a
free night school and a Sunday school for poor children. From Feb-
ruary, 1859, to February, 1860, he found homes for 128 boys and
girls between the ages of 6 and 14 years. He found situations dur-
ing the same period for 146 boys and men and 300 girls. The insti-
tute represented by him was founded in October, 1857, and was
organized to meet the needs of the Unitarian church.
By act of February 13, 1863, the Chicago University was given
power to establish an astronomical observatory. In September,
1863, J. F. Eberhart, school commissioner, reported that he had
visited since May 1, 1863, every school in the county to the number
of about 200, except about forty. He announced that good progress
was being made throughout the county in the cause of education.
He stated that teachers and parents showed greater interest in the
cause of education than ever before. However, he admitted there
were too many schools of a low standard yet in the county. At this
date he asked the county board to appropriate $100 to help defray
126 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the expense of the Teachers' institute to be held a little later in two
sessions at Blue Island and Palatine.
The following was the number of teachers and pupils enrolled
September 7, 1863, when the city schools were opened for the com-
ing year:
SCHOOLS. Teachers. Pupils.
High 10 320
Dearborn 12 1,166
Jones 12 1,648
Scammon 12 1,137
Kinzie .13 1,273
Franklin 13 1,011
Washington 17 1,552
Moseley 12 1,367
Brown 10 817
Foster 19 1,865
Ogden 12 1,413
Newberry 9 929
No. 12 and branch 4 459
Skinner 21 2,295
Haven , ..13 269
Total 189 17,521
The Kinzie, Washington and Franklin schools had each an addi-
tional teacher and therefore could receive more scholars. At this
date there was an important mission school at the corner of Fourth
avenue and Taylor street. Late in 1863 it was transformed into a
colored school with an enrollment of 300 pupils. Previous to this
date 123 colored children were taught in the white schools of the
city. The greatest number were seventy in the Jones school and
the next greatest twenty-five in the Dearborn school.
The proposition to establish a colored school in the city met with
considerable opposition in the common council. Mr. Wentworth
raised the question of constitutionality under the black laws of
Illinois. He argued that if colored people could not under the law
settle in the State they could not have schools. The question was
finally referred to a committee. The committee reported in favor
of the establishment of a separate colored school and late in the
fall of 1863 it was duly opened.
In 1851 there were but four public schools in Chicago: they ac-
commodated 1,700 pupils. The next schoolhouse built was in 1856
when the Moseley building was erected. In 1857 the Brown and
Foster buildings were built; in 1858 the Newberry; in 1859 the
Skinner; in 1862 the Haven; and during 1862 five branches were
built. In 1857 the high school building was erected. In 1862 the
average attendance at the public schools was 8,295.
Under the new charter of 1862 two additional school districts
were added to the city as follows: Bridgeport with a plain, two-
story frame building and three teachers, the principal above and two
assistants below ; also a school building in South Chicago near
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 127
Camp Douglas. This building had two rooms and two teachers.
In addition a small school with one teacher had been opened in
Holstein on the west side of the North branch a little above the
Forks.
In October, 1863, the Board of Education decided to try the
experiment of starting two evening schools, one for girls and one
for boys, both located in the Dearborn school building on Madison
street, opposite McVicker's theater. By November 9, 100 scholars
had been enrolled.
The experiment of conducting night schools on a somewhat elab-
orate plan was continued. The results were so excellent that the
Board of Education resolved to establish five of such schools dur-
ing the winter of 1864-5 in connection with the Dearborn, Haven,
Foster, Washington and Franklin schools.
In 1862 the colored people established a school of their own,
but the attendance was limited. During the winter of 1863-4 they
again made the attempt and succeeded beyond their expectations.
The school was located at 640 West Lake street. A term of six
months was taught by a white teacher named Theodore J. Ellmore.
In January, 1863, a session of the Teachers' institute was held
at Blue Island. The session was both interesting and instructive.
Lectures, essays, discussions and practical recitations were the or-
der of business. A portion of this session was held in the stone
schoolhouse at Bachelor's grove beginning February 7, 1863.
In August, 1863, the National Teachers' association assembled in
this city. Many prominent educators from all parts of the country
were in attendance. It was considered one of the most important
events in the educational history of the county up to that date.
In August, 1863, Rev. Roswell Park, D. D., conducted a special
school for boys at Lake View and called his institution Immanuel
Hall.
"The many educational facilities of the city during the past year
have been strained to their utmost capacity. All the public schools
have been filled almost to overflowing and in many cases it has
been found absolutely necessary to procure other buildings to ac-
commodate the children," said the board. The total expense of
maintaining the city schools for the fiscal year 1863-4 was $95,551.
The enrollment was 15,451, average attendance 12.344; per cent,
of attendance 90. The names of the schools were High, Dearborn,
Jones, Scammon. Kinzie, Franklin. Washington, Moseley, Brown,
Foster, Ogden, Newberry. No. Twelve, Skinner, Haven, South
Chicago, Bridgeport, Holstein, Colored. There were 167 colored
children enrolled.
In October, 1864. the Cook county teachers' institute met at
Lyons and later at Blue Island. It was conducted by School Com-
missioner Eberhart and E. A. Angel of the Board of Education.
A session was also held at Barrington. The session at the latter
128
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
village was acknowledged to have been the best ever conducted in
the county up to that date.
On October 5, 1864, when the Board of Education was consid-
ering the advisability of excluding the colored children from the
public schools, the colored citizens held a mass meeting at Quinn
chapel and protested against such a procedure.
In December, 1864, J. F. Eberhart, county commissioner, re-
ported as follows to the State superintendent concerning the Cook
county schools : Number of school districts in the county, 192 ;
number of schools in the county, 199; number of schools in session
six months or more, 188; number of districts in which no schools
have been reported, 5; whole number of persons under 21 years of
age, 84,953; whites between five and twenty-one, 51,462; male
scholars in schools, 16,758; female scholars in schools, 15,575; num-
ber of male teachers, 123 ; number of female teachers, 408; number
of graded schools in county, 27; number of private schools in the
county, 68 ; number of scholars in private schools, 8,958 ; number of
school houses, 202 ; school land, unsold acres, 2,890 ; total receipts
for all school purposes, $180,054; teachers' wages, $139,252. In
November, 1864, the city superintendent made the following report
concerning the Chicago schools :
Average
SCHOOLS. Enrollment. Attendance.
High 342 312
Dearborn 845 693
Jones 734 599
Scammon 973 796
Kinzie 974 791
Franklin 1,207 1,076
Washington 1,391 1,066
Moseley 841 649
Brown 747 616
Foster 1,804 1,454
Ogden 905 745
Newberry 896 701
No. 12 505 398
Skinner 1,632 1,283
Haven 937 735
South Chicago 102 74
Bridgeport 285 201
Holstein 65 48
Colored 167 107
Total 15,451 12,344
The evening schools in Chicago were as follows :
Average
SCHOOLS. Enrollment Attendance.
Dearborn 263 165
Haven 253 146
Foster 355 166
Washington 213 135
Franklin 401 191
Total 1,485
803
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 129
The age of scholars at the evening schools ranged from twelve
to forty years. The attendance was five or six times greater than
1863-4.
In December, 1864, the teachers in the public schools of Chicago
contributed at one call $282.48 to the Sanitary commission. Early
in 1865 the school board reported that in seventeen rooms in the
city schools there was an excess of 910 pupils who could not be
properly accommodated. The University of Chicago, on Cottage
Grove avenue, just south of Camp Douglas, was nearly completed
in 1865. The Astronomical observatory near there was also nearly
finished. The big telescope was nearly ready by January, 1866.
ATTENDANCE, SEPTEMBER, 1865.
Average
SCHOOLS. Enrollment. Attendance.
High 378 355
Dearborn 737 560
Jones 848 692
Scammon 839 692
Kinzie 903 711
Franklin 1,391 1,321
Washington 1,447 1,143
Moseley 905 73!)
Brown 871 736
Foster 1,785 1,473
Ogden 864 717
Newberry 1,105 873
Wells 524 443
Skinner 1,591 1,268
Haven 1,013 816
Bridgeport 356 268
South Chicago 106 73
Holstein not reported
Total 15,663 12,780
The act of April 15, 1865, authorized Rush Medical college to
issue and sell bonds to secure means to pay off certain indebtedness,
but not to exceed $100,000.
The act of February 16, 1865, provided that there should be at
least one common school in each district of the county, where free
instruction should be given all children over six years of age; that
the board of education should admit to the public schools of the city
children residing in the adjacent towns of Cook county; that the
mayor should no longer be a member of the board of police and
of the board of public works.
The United States census report for 1850 gives the number of
schools in Cook county as sixty-eight, the number of teachers as
eighty-eight, and the number of pupils as 3.910. The annual in-
come was $16.396, comprising taxes $13.676, public funds $1,360.
and revenue from other sources $1.360. There was then no college
in the county, but there were nine Rcademies, employing sixteen
teachers, and furnishing tuition to 477 pupils, their annual income
being only $4,000. The statistics of education were, in 1850: At-
130 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
tendance — 2,585 white males, 2,643 white females, 11 free colored
males, 18 free colored females. Aggregate 5,257, comprising 3,702
natives and 1,552 foreigners. Adults who could not read or write
in Cook county in 1850 were 302 white males, 379 white females,
47 free colored males, 34 free colored females. Aggregate 762, con-
stituted by 110 natives and 652 foreigners.
The first report of the county school commissioners, on file in the
office of the county superintendent, is for the year ending October 1,
1860, and that furnishes the following compendium : Number of
schools, 192 ; average attendance, 22,965. The expenditures for
that year were $178,972.62, and the receipts $174,260.13. For the
year ending October 1, 1865, the report gives the attendance as
37,880; the expenditures as $252,379.84, and the receipts as $218,-
594.75. The year ending July 31, 1870, the figures were as fol-
lows: Public schools, 231; private schools, 145; total, 376; attend-
ance, 49,988; receipts from all sources, $1,056,714.29; expenditures,
$983,770.66, and the value of school property was $4,733,338.06.
In the year 1879-80, the public schoolhouses numbered 297, and the
private schools 202 ; total, 499. The number of pupils enrolled was
78,971, and the expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1880, were $1,615,173.65 ; the receipts for the same period $1,853,-
894.06, and the valuation of school property at the end of the fiscal
year $3,051,430.
EARLY BANKING OPERATIONS
ILLINOIS had two early State banks, neither one of which proved
satisfactory. A new State bank was chartered during the
winter of 1834-5. Under the law passed at this time a branch
was established in this city. In 1837, like all other banks of the
country, it suspended specie payments, but continued doing busi-
ness until 1841 and was then removed. Later it returned to
Chicago as herein described, but after -a short period was again
permanently closed.
Probably several of the early merchants bought and sold exchange
before a regular banking establishment was opened here. In June,
1835, E. D. Taylor, receiver of the land office, announced that bills
of the Bank of Michigan, Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Michi-
gan, all security banks of New York State, the banks of Cleveland,
and the banks of Cincinnati would be accepted in payment for land
in this district.
"Will the bank at Springfield inform us when the branch to be
established in this town is to go into operation? There is more
business doing in this town than in any other in the State, yet
others have their branches while we are deprived of ours." — (Chi-
cago American, October 24, 1835.)
Late in 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was estab-
lished in this city. It was not opened, however, until January,
1836. W. H. Brown, the cashier, announced that the bank would
open at 9 o'clock and close at 1 o'clock on discount days, which
were Tuesdays and Fridays. Those desiring discount were re-
quired to present their notes on Mondays and Thursdays. The
directors of the bank were as follows : John H. Kinzie, G. S. Hub-
bard, Peter Pruyne, E. K. Hubbard, R. J. Hamilton, Walter Kim-
ball, H. B. Clarke, G. W. Dole and E. D. Taylor. It was an-
nounced by the directors on December 5, 1835, that operations would
be begun in about three weeks.
During the fall of 1836, this community suffered greatly owing
to an influx of counterfeit money in large quantities. In May, 1837,
the newspapers here noted that all the Eastern banks were sus-
pending specie payments. On May 27 the Chicago American said :
"Confidence is all that is required to carry us through the gale ; and
nothing in times like these tends more to give that than for all to
keep cool."
In 1838 Strachan & Scott opened a stock and exchange office and
131
132 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
also began to do a limited banking business. Soon after opening
their doors they began issuing regularly a bank note list or table
giving the latest quotations of bank funds throughout the country.
In 1839 bills of the Illinois State bank and its branches, the Missouri
State bank, and the Indiana State bank and its branches were at
par. Bills of the Bank of Mineral Point, Wis., were 10 per cent,
discount; Bank of Dubuque, 10 per cent, discount; Bank of Wis-
consin, 62l/2 per cent, discount ; Michigan State bank and branches.
5 per cent, discount; Michigan Farmers' and Merchants' Bank and
branches, 5 per cent, discount; exchange on New York, 2 per cent,
premium. On August 8, 1839, Illinois stock was quoted at 82
cents on the New York stock exchange. On August 19, 1839, the
Branch bank here paid out $96,000 in specie on government drafts
for the Indians of Wisconsin. In May, 1839, the special issue of
scrip by the canal began to circulate here. They were like ordinary
checks and brought six per cent, interest after ninety days. Much
was expected of the canal currency. At first it was well received
but later passed at a considerable discount. To make matters worse
it was counterfeited extensively and gave business men abundant
trouble. About a dozen of the counterfeiters were, in the end, ar-
rested and duly punished. The New York Express of June. 1839,
said: "Hog Bankers. — It is said that the Chicago Bank (Illinois)
lately purchased 5,800 hogs and cleared $42,000 by the speculation."
When this statement became known to Mr. Brown, cashier of the
Branch bank, he emphatically denied its truth. However, such a
speculation was probably made here, no doubt with money bor-
rowed from the Branch bank.
In October, 1839, the Branch announced that it would exchange
its larger notes at par for the bills of all solvent Eastern banks
and that persons who wished to enter land would be supplied with
bills of the proper denomination in exchange for those usually not
received at the land office. This was an accommodation designed to
save purchasers of land from the shaving operations of brokers.
On April 18, 1840, Murray & Brand had succeeded Strachan &
Scott and began doing an extensive banking business in addition
to a general brokerage business. They received deposits and sold
exchange on New York and Great Britain. In 1843 George Smith
6 Co. conducted a private bankers' and brokers' office at the corner
of La Salle and Washington streets. Their quotations at
this time were as follows : Specie, par ; treasury notes, 1 y2 per cent,
premium; eastern drafts, \]/2 per cent, premium; Illinois bonds, 50
per cent, discount ; Bank of Illinois bills, 70 per cent, discount ;
Wisconsin Marine & Fire Insurance Co.. \]/2 per cent, discount;
Missouri Bank bills, 2 to 3 per cent, discount ; New York funds,
par to 1 per cent, discount: canal scrip, 80 per cent, discount;
county orders, 60 per cent, discount ; city scrip, \2]/2 per cent, dis-
count; Indiana bills, 2 to 3 per cent, discount. By February, 1844,
the city scrip had risen to par.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 133
The Branch was removed from Chicago to Lockport in July,
1840. This removal was caused by an act of the Legislature re-
quiring it to resume specie payments on a certain date. Later in
1840 strong efforts to secure its return to Chicago were made.
"And what good object has been effected by the destruction of
the bank? None whatever; on the contrary a very serious blow
has been struck at the prosperity of our city. During its brief
existence of four years its line of discount has been rising to half
a million dollars. Not only did the bank freely discount good busi-
ness paper, but it also extended its favors by a very heavy discount
of accommodation bills. The very men who have pulled down the
bank are many of them largely indebted to it. They have borrowed
its funds and have refused to refund them. The records of our
courts tell a melancholy story of sums of money loaned by the bank
to leading Locofoco politicians and hopelessly lost. . . . The
bank furnished our merchants with large amounts of exchange.
Before the subtreasury times exchange on the East could always
be obtained at from 1 to 2 per cent., and since these blasting days
have come on, this bank has always sold exchanges far below the
rates charged by brokers. It was a safe depository for money to
merchants and all others who had money. It afforded great facili-
ties for collections, and its certificates of deposit were always good
for remittance. Besides all this the bank gave a commercial char-
acter and standing to our city ; it was the nucleus of money matters ;
it was the proof in the eyes of strangers that we were indeed a busi-
ness community. But now what a spectacle do we present — a com-
mercial city without a bank! A business community without a
single monied institution to represent it. And what will be the result
of this measure? In place of a bank we shall have a board of brokers
acting in concert and fleecing the community to the amount of thou-
sands. We do not blame the brokers. It will be a long time be-
fore merchants can borrow money again at 6 per cent. William
H. Brown, cashier of the bank, is universally respected in this com-
munity. Messrs. F. Howe, bookkeeper, and E. S. Sherman, teller,
of the bank, were without fault or blemish and enjoyed the respect
and confidence of the community in an eminent degree." — (Chicago
American, July 24, 1840.)
The American of December 11, 1840, said: "Chicago Brandt
Bank. — We are glad to see a petition in circulation in this city for
the relocation of this Branch which Mr. Senator Woodworth, in his
zvisdom and for which the people remember him, succeeded in re-
moving. It is rather a remarkable fact that the petition is full of
the names of the Locofoco party, including their hitherto anti-bank
leaders. It is never too late to repent."
Under the act of February 27, 1841, it was provided "That so
much of an act entitled 'An act in relation to the State Bank of
Illinois' approved January 31, 1840, as requires that the directors
134 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
of the parent bank shall within six months from the passage of
said act, remove from Chicago the branch located at that place and
establish the same at such other place as the bank may deem proper,
be and the same is hereby repealed and the said bank is hereby
authorized to relocate said branch at Chicago."
"It is high time that the business men of this city should raise
a united and indignant voice against the flood of Michigan shin-
plasters which have deluged our city for the last few years and
whelmed in almost absolute ruin the unsuspecting laborers and
farmers of the country. The bills are now for all practical purposes
little better than waste paper, the brokers offering them, we believe,
at 3 shillings on the dollar. The produce of the country earned by the
sweat of our hardy yeomanry ; the work of our laborers, the price
of their constant toil, have been exchanged for the bastard issues of
rotten institutions; and all that now remains of the fruits of their
industry is a ragged roll of nearly worthless shinplasters lumbering
their drawers and pockets. Since the batch of Michigan wildcats
were swarmed into existence by the Locofoco Legislature of 1837
the currency of Michigan has been one of constant speculation and
disorder." — (Chicago American, June 21, 1841.)
In response to a general demand the Branch was reestablished
here in March, 1841. At this date the Whigs of the county in
mass meetings demanded a national bank. Brokers in the West
dealt extensively in land patents and land claims of all sorts. When
President Tyler vetoed the bank bill in 1841 a meeting of the Whigs
of Chicago denounced the act in severe terms. This bill was for
the purpose of establishing a Fiscal Bank of the United States.
On August 7, 1841, drafts on New York were quoted at 10 per
cent, premium ; Southwestern bank bills were quoted at from 7 to 9
per cent, premium; specie from 9 to 10 per cent, premium above
current funds. At this date bills of the Illinois State bank were
quoted at par ; the same of the Bank of Illinois. Bills of the Bank
of Michigan were 60 per cent, discount; checks of the Wisconsin
Marine and Fire Insurance company were at par. In November.
1841, Illinois State bonds sold on the stock exchange in New York
at less than 40 cents on the $1. At this date Cook county was lit-
erally flooded with every variety of wild-cat, red dog and State
bank rags. In the spring of 1842, canal issues were redeemed at
the Branch bank. They were at par with bills of the State Bank
of Illinois, but the latter were at 50 and 55 per cent, discount. At
this date Murray & Brand conducted an exchange and brokers'
office at 127 Lake street.
From 1842 to January, 1853, Illinois was without a banking law.
During that period all banks in Cook county were private in their
character. In January, 1853, a new State banking law was passed
and within a year thereafter nine banks in Chicago were organized
in addition to the usual banking houses. Late in the '40s Illinois
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 135
State credit had risen immensely and early in the '50s was as good
as that of the average State. The bank panic of 1853 and that of
1857 were not serious in Chicago. In 1853 there was some suf-
fering, but in 1857 little inconvenience was felt.
In April, 1842, W. H. Brown, cashier of the Branch bank, offered
all the property of the bank for sale at public auction. He found
himself unable to continue against the conditions prevailing in this
State.
"Beyond all question one of the great causes of the present
scarcity of specie is the want of a tariff of adequate protection. Let
us persist in the blind, senseless and un-American course we are
now pursuing and specie will always be scarce, our people poor,
and the nation weak." — (American, February 11, 1842.)
"Sale of Scrip, etc. — Stanton and Russell, auctioneers, sold this
day $2,000 of Illinois and Michigan canal scrip in parcels at from
22 to 24 cents in current funds; $5,000 of State indebtedness in
parcels at 20 to 23 cents in current funds; and $500 of certificates
of first payments on canal lots at 18l/2 cents in current funds; and
$1,500 bills of the State Bank of Illinois at 38l/2 cents in specie."—
(American, July 4, 1842.)
In January, 1845, the city newspapers noted that the agency of
the Mechanics' and Farmers' bank in this city redeemed its bills
in currency or in Eastern exchange at the usual rates of discount.
The money of this bank was at par with the ordinary bank bills
then in circulation in this city. In October, 1842, Alexander Brand
& Co. succeeded Murray & Brand, private brokers and bankers.
In the spring of 1846 money was very close in this city. At this
date Ohio wild-cat bills were a drug on the market. It was noted
that they had driven out the wild-cat bills of Michigan.
"Banking. — If banks are proper every person ought to have the
privilege of using them to the extent of his credit and his capital.
Why should the legislatures say to one man, you may use three, or
five, or ten times as much money as your neighbor of equal credit
and capital ? If banks are improper, no person ought to be allowed
to establish them ; and herein consists the selfishness of all bankers,
viz. : they are not willing that any one should enjoy the same privi-
lege that they do. They want the profits all to themselves. They
must be allowed to bank and no one else. It is as difficult to get up
a fair system of banking as an honest one." — (Chicago Democrat,
October 3, 1846.)
"The city during the past week has experienced one of those
fluctuations and panics ever attendant upon the paper system. Ow-
ing to some misunderstanding (or from some other cause unknown)
between the agency of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance
company and the agency of the Farmers and Mechanics Bank of
Michigan in this city, the former refused to take the bills of the
latter, as also did all the other broker shops in the city. The bills
136 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
of this bank constitute the largest portion of the circulating medium
in this part of the country. The agent has paid out what current
funds he had on hand, and continues we believe, as usual, to draw
on New York at iy2 per cent., and most of the merchants take the
money as before. We know nothing of the condition of this con-
cern, 'for the ways of banks are past finding out.' We have, how-
ever, a distrust of the whole bank genus. The history of the sys-
tem, and especially the experience of this community, proves that
they are honest only when they can't help it, and when their inter-
ests demand it. and he who reposes confidence in them leans on a
broken staff. From the manner in which the business men talk of
the matter, we are inclined to advise people not to sacrifice on the
money. But they had better push it as fast as they can advanta-
geously, and in the future take as little of this and other paper trash
as possible. We have heretofore cautioned the public against all of
these rag mills. What has been the course and fate of the banks of
this country from the National bank down to the wild-cats of Mich-
igan and the State banks of Illinois will be very likely to occur with
the irresponsible agencies of banks in other parts of the country
which issue bills here and refuse to pay specie on them. What
throws greater distrust on this Michigan concern is that several
years ago it suspended payment and lost its credit so that its bills did
not pass. We hope the people will by and by 'learn wisdom from
the things they suffer,' and that by their demanding specie in their
transactions, they may create a system of currency not subject to
the panics and fluctuations of the paper system." — (Chicago Dem-
ocrat, January 15, 1845.)
"The bankers and bogus money makers are very troublesome.
It is difficult to tell which is the most criminal. Bogus are un-
doubtedly the most so in the eyes of the law. But where the bogus
makers cheat the community out of a dollar, the bankers do out of
a thousand. We can not see, therefore, why banking and counter-
feiting should not by the law be regarded as equally penal offences."
— (Chicago Democrat of February 18, 1846.)
"Banks are generally managed by the most mercenary men in
the country — men whose god is gold and whose worship of him
consists in getting it most unscrupulously and by the sacrifice of
conscience and humanity. This has been proved by the universal
history of banking. They are honest as long as they can make more
money by being so. But when they can make more by pocketing
their money and bursting, they do it, leaving the people with worth-
less rags in their pockets to lament their folly." — (Chicago Demo-
crat of May 1, 1846.)
"The pressure is over ; the panic is over ; money, though not
plenty or cheap, is to be had. The banks have commenced discount-
ing to a fair extent. Only half a dozen small failures have been
caused by the pressure in this vast commercial emporium. A bank
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 137
officer said the other day : 'We are pressing down because to-morrow
is report day and because other banks haul in we must or we shall
be a debtor bank and lost all our specie.' The quarterly reports are
great humbugs ; the people know nothing about a bank by its report,
nothing at all." — (Chicago Democrat of May 13, 1846.)
In January, 1847, Chicago city scrip was 5 per cent, discount;
Cook county orders, 10 per cent, discount; auditor's warrants, 10
to 20 per cent, discount ; canal scrip, 72 per cent, discount ; railroad
scrip, 65 per cent, discount; Michigan State scrip, 45 per cent, dis-
count; Indiana State scrip, 10 per cent, discount.
In 1847 Mr. Wentworth made a strong effort to defeat the bank
plank in the proposed new State constitution. Finding that could
not be done he next tried to kill the Constitution itself "as dead as
ever General Jackson killed the United States bank." The cry of
the Democrats at this time and had been for fifteen years was "Down
with the bankers!" Mr. Wentworth was a politician and of the
Jacksonian school. He had imbibed his financial principles from
Jackson and Van Buren and accordingly could not regard a national
bank, or in fact any bank, without indignation. At all times he
made war upon the banking systems in vogue and at the same time
denounced any attempts to inaugurate a national or a State banking
system.
In August, 1847, city scrip was 15 per cent, discount; Cook
county orders, 30 per cent, discount ; auditor's warrants, 25 per cent,
discount ; canal scrip, 70 per cent discount ; railroad scrip, 60 to 85
per cent, discount; specie at par; treasury notes, Y\ of 1 per cent,
premium.
"Bank or No Bank. — The Whigs have made this the issue and we
accept it and mean to beat them upon it ; and we freely turn over to
their aid every bank Democrat in the State (if there is such a white
blackbird) at the coming election for delegates to the constitutional
convention. No man should be elected to that convention who is
even mistrusted of being in favor of paper money. And we now
say that if the new constitution does not complete!)- annihilate
beyond all suspicion of resurrection all prospects of having banks
in Illinois, we shall be compelled to oppose its adoption. 'No banks,'
are the words." — (Weekly Chicago Democrat, March 30, 1847.)
The Cook county convention to select delegates to the State con-
vention to adopt a new constitution adopted the following resolu-
tion :
"Resolved, That banking in all its forms and operations has been
evil, only evil, and that continually; and that our delegates in the
convention are instructed to use their best efforts to prohibit the
establishment of such institutions in this State." — (Democrat, April
9, 1847.)
"The banking system as it now exists in this country is but little
calculated to promote the general interest. However individuals
138 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
have been favored, the public has always suffered from its opera-
tion. It possesses the worst and most odious features of monopoly
and is therefore utterly inconsistent with Republican institutions.
I am, therefore, strongly solicitous to see this system prohibited in
our State." — (John Bickerstaff in Chicago Democrat of March 30,
1847.)
On August 3, 1847, specie was at par.
Treasury notes 24 per cent premium
Eastern drafts 1 per cent premium
Indiana bills 1 per cent discount
Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company 1 per cent discount
Missouri bills 1 per cent discount
New York funds 1 per cent discount
Virginia and Pennsylvania funds 2 to 4 percent discount
Bank of Illinois bills (Shawneetown) 75 percent discount
State Bank of Illinois bills 50 per cent discount
New England bills 1 per cent discount
Michigan State bank bills 1 per cent discount
Michigan Insurance Company 2 per cent discount
Ohio bills Zl/2 per cent discount
Kentucky bills 3 per cent discount
Canada bills 4 per cent discount
City scrip 15 per cent discount
Cook county orders 30 per cent discount
Auditor's warrants 25 per cent discount
Canal scrip 70 per cent discount
Railroad scrip 60 to 65 per cent discount
Michigan State scrip 45 per cent discount
Indiana State scrip 10 per cent discount
Indiana land scrip 40 per cent discount
In October, 1848, the property of the old State Bank of Illinois
in Chicago was sold by Mr. Mather, the former president of the
bank. The property brought $49,575.
In December, 1848, the gold excitement in California roused the
interest of the financiers of Chicago. During 1849, the cry of "Gold !
Gold " it was said, drove slavery forever from California. The cry
was "Every man picks his own gold." During 1849 the bankers
of this city in common with those throughout the United States
were in a state of trepidation, fearing that gold in prodigious quan-
tity would take the place of their paper currency. At this date
many alleged banks were being established in this city.
In the spring of 1849 the Chicago Temperance Saving associa-
tion was organized in the old bank building at the corner of Water
and La Salle streets, with William H. Brown as president. At this
date city scrip was at 10 per cent, discount; Cook county orders at
40 per cent, discount ; auditor's warrants, 20 per cent, discount, and
canal scrip, 68 per cent, discount.
The Democrat of May 18, 1849, said: "To the banking system
may be attributed in a greater or less degree the present commer-
cial distress."
The management of city financial affairs early in 1849 was so
excellent that by June 8 city scrip was at par with current funds.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 141
In September, 1849, the savings bank of R. K. Swift paid interest
on time deposits. He advertised to pay as high as 10 per cent, for
45 days.
"We understand the new banks in this city, after giving the
directors, of course, the first hand in for discounts, will let the
various newspaper editors of the city have their turns. We hope
that Grandpapa Dutch will see 'fair play and no gouging' when
that good time comes ; it will be a last chance to many of the fra-
ternity."— (Democrat, April 13, 1849.)
The act of February 12, 1849, incorporated the Chicago Savings
and Insurance company under Thomas Dyer, James H. Wood-
worth, Charles Walker, John P. Chapin, William F. DeWolf,
Thomas Richmond, R. C. Bristol, J. C. Walters and B. W. Ray-
mond. The capital was fixed at $200,000, and the directors were
limited to nine. The corporation was given power to make all
kinds of insurance against fire.
"The news of the defeat of the bank bill threw the speculators,
stock jobbers and fancy financiers into hysterics yesterday. Num-
bers who were prominent for directors to sundry bubble companies
are thrown upon the flat of their backs and as usual are cursing
the Democracy." — (Democrat, February 10, 1849.)
"The persons who are engaged in getting up this bank (the
Chicago Marine and Fire Insurance company) are produce specu-
lators. Their object is to obtain the farmer's produce on trust,
charging him from 12 to 15 per cent, for the credit he has ex-
tended to them. Besides this 12 to 15 per cent, which they will
make, they expect to realize also a handsome profit on the produce
in the way of legitimate trade. And as they own and control ves-
sels on the lakes and command freights, they have every means of
regulating the market to suit themselves. Besides having the con-
trol of the money market in Chicago, they can raise or depress
the prices of all articles of farmer's produce at their will and
pleasure." — (Democrat, February 19, 1849.)
"To the banking system may be attributed in a greater or less
extent the present commercial distress. Banks excite speculation
unduly. Loaning to a man engaged in a certain line of business,
they compel his neighbor in the same trade to borrow in order to
compete successfully with him ; they thus induce men to enter into
liabilities which they would otherwise avoid, while the circle of
credit running through all grades and classes at length involves
all in a chain of responsibility." — (Democrat, May 8, 1849.)
"Gold for the Rich and Rags for the Poor" was the popular
slogan of all who opposed banks at this date.
"The Advertiser, it would appear, has been constituted the organ
par excellence of the new banks which are being started in this
city, and which, it is promised, will reduce the rate of interest
one-half, attract capital to the State, and perform other sundry
Vol. II— 9.
142 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
miracles too numerous to mention. But who ever heard of banks
attracting capital to a country, when the fact is they drive real
money away and substitute in its stead a spurious currency for
which the people must pay an enormous percentage and which is
liable to become worthless trash in their hands at any moment?
Besides, banks place an unlimited power in the hands of a few
persons, who thus hold the purse strings of the whole community
and at their will and pleasure will raise or depress the price of
every commodity — one day making one man a beggar and the
next raising some lucky gambler in stocks and merchandise to
comparative affluence. Who are the foremost in getting up these
banks of issue contrary to law in this city? For the most part
they are speculators in produce or holders of real estate — the
classes deeply interested in their establishment. The produce men,
by being stockholders and directors, have the power of issuing
their own money, upon which they obtain an unlimited credit from
the producer, and thus draw profits both ways — from the legitimate
traffic and from interest on their promises. The producer thus
becomes their slave. They regulate the scale of his profits." —
(Democrat, April 12, 1849.)
In September, 1849, city scrip was quoted at from par to 5 per
cent, discount; Cook county orders were 30 to 35 per cent, dis-
count; auditor's warrants, 10 to 15 per cent, discount; 160-acre
land warrants were quoted at from $132 to $155. At this time
the best current funds consisted of the bills of the New England,
New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky,
Mississippi, Virginia and Missouri banks. The bills of Pennsyl-
vania banks generally were 1 per cent, discount.
"The Evils of Banking." — At no time are we better able to
scrutinize the evils of the banking system, discover its defects, scan
its numberless means of fraud and piracy, than at a time when
some momentary panic has caused a doubt in the public as to its
solvency Gold and silver are money — real, tangible, valua-
ble commodities. Paper promises, however, are not money. The
banker issues ad libitum, or he issues to an extent sufficient to raise
the value of every article of exchange. He is thus clothed with
the power of giving to one man the advantage of the market while
he takes it from another. There comes a culminating point. To
save itself the bank stops issue." — (Democrat, December 6, 1849.)
In 1849 S. Bronson & Co. conducted an exchange office and
bank at 60 Clark street. At this time Mr. Swift offered to sell
specie at */2 per cent, premium to farmers, laborers, mechanics and
tradesmen for Wisconsin funds. George Smith & Co. did a large
banking business here in 1849.
At the March term of the Cook county court arrangements with
the Chicago Marine and Fire Insurance company to redeem county
orders at not less than 75 cents on the $1 were made. At this
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 143
time I. H. Burch & Co. conducted the Chicago Savings bank at
125 Lake street. R. K. Swift moved his private bank from Lake
street to Clark street in October, 1850. In December, 1850, Can-
ada money for the first time was at par in this city. The county
about this time was flooded with counterfeit bills. A thorough
investigation by detectives disclosed the fact that the counterfeits
on the bills of the Ohio, New York and Indiana banks were made
in a mechanics' saloon near the Lake hotel on the North Side.
In 1850-51 Mr. Dyer, of this city, introduced in the Legislature
a bill for the establishment of a banking system in this State.
"Notice of protest of the city's paper to the amount of upwards of
$800 by George Smith & Co. was presented to the council at their
last meeting." — (Democrat, October 30, 1850.)
"We would remark that there is a kind of banking operation under
cover of the projected loan (a loan of $100,000 by the city). The
scrip is to be engraved and to be in the form and similitude of bank
bills. Now, while we have State laws against banking, our city
authorities should be slow to set an example of lawbreaking." —
(Democrat, February 15, 1850).
Among the bankers doing business in the spring of 1851 were
R. K. Swift & Co., George Smith & Co., A. Brant & Co., Chicago
Savings bank, I. H. Burch & Co., Chicago Marine and Fire Insur-
ance company, Tucker, Bronson & Co., and R. C. Bristol. At this
date both city scrip and county orders were at 5 per cent, discount.
The panic of September and October, 1851, did not affect Chi-
cago. Very little trouble was experienced here and the hard times
occurred mainly in the East. The newspapers noticed a stringency
here, but aside from that no inconvenience was felt. The bankers
were slow in making loans, while all business men seemed anxious
to borrow money. Late in 1851, when it was found that the new
banking law had been adopted, the Democrat said : "The banking
law is safe; now bring on your 'two dollars a day and roast beef,'
gentlemen."
"Business paper ranges from 10 to 24 per cent, per annum, and
purchasers are particularly cautious in buying, even at the greatest
shave. These rates are ruinous, but they are freely submitted to."
-(New York Herald, September 26, 1851.)
"The stringency of the money market East has not affected the
market in this city in that degree which many were led to suppose."
—(Democrat, October 10, 1851.)
"Confidence in skillful and prudent management is one of the
best bases of bank credit ; remove it and the best security appears to
be of little worth. We consequently anticipate no trouble in Chicago
as far as the legitimate business of the country is concerned. "-
(Democrat, October 10. 1851.)
"This panic, it is to be hoped, will at least have a good effect in
teaching our own traders one lesson that they will be wise not to
144 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
neglect, and that is, it is not safe to go beyond their means, even
when there is no actual danger of a momentary crisis." — (Demo-
crat, November, 1851.)
"Under the influence of the improvement East the money market
in this city has been easier and discounts are more readily obtained,
although the more stable of our institutions still continue cautious
in making advances for speculative purposes either as regard oper-
ations in produce or other departments of trade. We notice the
'wild-cat' issues still continue to fill up the vacuum caused by the
withdrawal of t,he better descriptions of currency. This may yet
lead to serious consequences and we fear it will." — (Democrat,
October 17, 1851.)
"Happy. — Our people were very happy yesterday in view of the
adoption of the general banking law. May their happiness all be
honestly realized. May every poor man have money at 6 per cent,
without security and without endorsement, and may the note run
forever." — (Democrat, November 6, 1851.)
VOTE ON THE PROPOSED BANKING LAW.
SOUTH CHICAGO. For Bank. Against Bank.
Courthouse 927 38
New York House 157 1
Southern Hotel 100 1
WEST CHICAGO.
Engine House No. 5 321 10
Engine House No. 6 126 10
NORTH CHICAGO.
8th Ward 376 14
9th Ward 115 5
TOWNS.
Northfield 33 14
Jefferson 16 11
Palatine 18 11
Wheeling 76 5
Lemont 6 10
Thornton 5 12
Maine 23 5
Proviso 2 y
Leyden 26 8
Rich 13 11
Elk Grove 11 13
Worth 16 13
Palos 33 5
Bremen 5 16
New Trier 1 32
Bloom 0 17
Barrington 22 3
Schaumberg 10 11
Lake 11 2
Orland 12 8
Ridgeville 7 12
Hanover 23 1
Lyons 33 1
Total . . 2,524 289
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 115
"A bank under the general banking law has been organized under
the name of the 'Merchants and Mechanics Bank of Chicago,' cap-
ital $100,000. At a meeting of the stockholders, Dr. L. D. Boone
was elected president and Stephen Bronson, Jr., cashier. The fol-
lowing are the directors : Dr. L. D. Boone, Rice Fay, John Dennis-
ton and Benjamin F. Sherman of Chicago and Aylmer Keith of
Naperville. It is the intention to commence business as soon as a
suitable building can be obtained and the stocks and plates pro-
cured."— (Democrat, December 18, 1851.)
"The days of 'wild cat' and 'yellow dog' are fast coming upon
us. Brass in a man's face has become banking capital and he is
the greatest financier who can suggest the best method of staving
off his promises. All money in circulation ought to have some
place in Chicago where it is redeemable in specie at 1 per cent, or
in bills that are redeemable at 1 per cent. Now we call upon all
these recently established banks to have some place of redemption
here — permanent redemption. Who redeems the bills of the Illi-
nois River bank in our city and will continue so to do? No institu-
tion was ever started that gained so extensive a circulation in so
short a time. They come to us from all quarters. We see it stated
that this institution has filed the necessary papers to have a bank.
But we see it nowhere stated that it has filed the necessary securi-
ties."— (Democrat, December 20, 1851.)
"Tax the people to get money to put in the banks as banking
capital. Chicago borrowed $350,000 at 10 per cent. This money is
then deposited in the banks and loaned back to the people at 12
per cent. But the banks pay the city no interest." — (Democrat,
January 8, 1852.)
"Tlie Bank Laiv. — After all that was said prior to the passage of
the late bank law, not 1 per cent, of securities has yet been filed by
men intending to do a banking business and the belief is general
that not 1 per cent, will be." — (Democrat, January 28, 1852.)
"The desire to get our city deposits for banking capital is over-
riding all the other questions, and we never saw the like of the
present contest, and it will grow hotter and hotter until the election
is over. Who shall have the deposits ? This is the entire question.
The two candidates for mayor already announced having refused
to make any pledge concerning the deposits, the bankers of our city
through their private stockholders, confidential attorneys, and money
borrowers are bringing out candidates both for mayor and treas-
urer, and keeping the other offices to trade upon. As high as $1
per man was paid on 'Saturday for signatures to calls for men who
want to run and will not come out unless their friends in the banks
will get them a certain number of names to start with. As high as
$5 per name can easily be got this week if people will only hold back
their names and give free competition among the candidates of
the different banks. The banks can well afford to pay high for
146 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
names if they only get the deposits at last, as some of those applying
will not have any capital unless they do get them." — (Democrat,
February 2, 1852.)
"The contest for the deposits grows stronger and stronger.
There are gentlemen in our city who will agree to divide a sum
equal to the salary of both the mayor and treasurer between the
two orphan asylums in our city if they can but keep the deposits
for a single year. And they agree to give good security. There
are several embryo candidates for both mayor and treasurer. Calls
are out for them. Like candidates who think they have a chance
for election, they do not come out openly and announce themselves.
But they are waiting to see how many callers they can get first.
Yesterday a large number of persons got their street tax paid, and
we believe it is now the settled price for signing a call to come out
for office that the candidate pays the street tax. People are saying
that they can now tell when a man gets discounts by the candidates
he supports, there being no other question prevailing than who shall
get the deposits." — (Democrat, February 3, 1852.)
"Candidates are abandoning the practice of paying men to go
about after signers to calls for them to come out for office. This
practice did very well for respectable humbug when new. It is
now old and is the meanest kind of humbug. Children and fools
now understand the whole game. It is to get men pledged on
paper so that they cannot back out if a man that would suit them
better should come out. ... A respectable banker yesterday
publicly stated that if the city deposits and hydraulic deposits were
put up to the one who would give the best security and pay the
most therefor, our city would realize $5,000 at least from them
next year. The mayor and treasurer are the offices that control the
deposits, and we want to know why our city as well as the banks
cannot be profited by them." — (Democrat, February 4, 1852.)
"Banking on stocks is going to drive all the specie from the
country. It is all hoarded in the banks now : and when stocks are
substituted for it in banks, it will leave the country. Banking upon
State and corporate debts is but little safer than banking upon
individual debts. Take the whole United States, and the specie will
not average 10 cents to the dollar." — (Democrat, April 5, 1852.)
It was reported in March, 1852, that the Michigan Southern
Railway company intended to establish a large bank here. The
Democrat of March 22 said : "We are glad of this as the few banks
we now have are exerting too much power, and it is very important
that more competition be had. This bank will settle the question,
'Who is to have the deposits of the Southern Michigan Railway
company?' which caused no little excitement at our late election.
When Chicago has about twelve banks, our bankers will be the
most polite and accommodating men in town. They will take no
part in our railroad quarrels or our elections. But they will en-
deavor to be 'all things to all men.' '
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 147
"Banks are now getting as thick as groceries and saloons in our
city and at the progress of last year, they will soon outnumber
them. And as we are to have them, the more we have the greater
will be the competition and the lower the shaves. We will here
add that we take the paper of all our city banks who advertise with
us at par and then in turn take ours at par." — (Democrat of May
6, 1852.)
"Our people -have been swindled long enough by an irredeemable
currency. The Board of Trade of this city were very anxious to
have a general banking law passed and predicted that its passage
would drive all irredeemable shinplasters out of circulation. But
thus far these worthless rags have increased rather than diminished.
Yet it is in the power of the Board of Trade to correct the evil. A
few reckless speculators among them oppose this step. At the
proper time we intend to hold these men up to the scorn of the com-
munity. The most of our bankers say they will pay specie the mo-
ment Mr. Smith will — that they cannot pay specie unless he does,
for it is in his power to ruin them. Mr. Smith, who is now here,
is willing to make any arrangement that will give him an equal
chance with the other bankers If our bankers have
no respect for themselves — if they do not value their own notes at
par — it is time that they were taught to do so. We must have a
currency which when issued at par must be taken back at par." —
(Adapted from Democrat, May 24, 1852.)
"Damn the Shinplasters! — Excuse us, dear reader — we are in
bad humor. We cannot see deception substituted for fair dealing
so long as open honesty is the only sure road to success. The Mer-
chants and Mechanics Bank of Chicago has issued a shinplaster
exactly like their notes, which are secured as the law requires. The
Western papers call it a dangerous counterfeit. 'Tis worse — 'tis a
device, a deception, a fraud, and the only way to avoid it is to refuse
all notes on the Merchants and Mechanics Bank of Chicago."-
(Thompson's Reporter, August, 1852.)
"We insert the above not so much to injure this one bank in
particular, but because others of our city banks are going into the
same operation. This thing ought to be stopped at once and we
caution people upon the subject. Under our new banking law the
bill holder is secured, but there is no security at all for the depositor.
So people who prefer security to no security will hereafter take the
legal countersigned bills instead of the illegal certificates of deposit."
-(Democrat, September 3, 1852.)
"But few understand the extent to which bank bills are now being
mutilated for fraudulent purposes in this city. The thing has within
the last few weeks been reduced to a science and is likely unless it
meets the stern opposition of business men to become a very suc-
cessful swindle." — (Democrat, September 16, 1852.)
Four bills of $5 each were torn in two and then so pasted together
that an additional $5 bill was gained.
148 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
"The way some of the shinplasters read is enough to condemn
them, admitting that the foundation upon which they are issued is
as good as their grammar. Several of the genus read, 'we will pay,'
etc., while they are signed by only one person." — (Democrat, De-
cember 10, 1852.)
"Looking to experience and observation as my guides, I found
that when a man had real capital to start and capacity and integrity
which commanded the confidence of the community (best where
best known), it not only aided him but greatly facilitated trade and
business among the people to issue his credit in a convenient form
for circulation — all based upon his actual capital in hand and the
securities which were beyond all question, and loan it to active
business men for legitimate commercial purposes. Seeing this, I
had engraved in the very best style by the artist a certificate of
deposit of the Bank of Chicago (which had been duly organized
under the laws of Illinois). When men deemed by one firm to be
possessed of integrity, good moral habits and business talents wanted
bank facilities, we loaned them these securities on satisfactory terms
for three-fourths the amount at 6 per cent, interest and an even
exchange for the other one-fourth in current bank notes (such as
the certificates of deposit were payable in), with the agreement on
their part that as often as one-tenth of the whole was returned to
us for redemption, they would give us other current money in ex-
change therefor, so continuing during the time for which they bor-
rowed the certificates. No sooner did these certificates make their
appearance in market, than they were most scurrilously attacked
by the issuers of shinplasters which laid no claim to security, legality
or even shadow of foundation ; which were drawn by men who, for
aught we know, were men of straw, upon others just as little known,
some accepted and some not, pay at some designated place in this
city. The very men who had thus acted for years, loaning out such
trash at 10, 12, and 15 per cent., who even had got the multitude
of business men under such obligation for this spawn of theirs
at these rates as to make them submit to terms of greatest humility
and be thankful for such gracious permission, crippling the com-
merce of the country as effectually by miserable shinplasters at high
rates of interest as they would by leaky ships and high prices on
freight, joined with the press, from Thompson's Reporter (who has
shown himself and whom I am prepared to show is not entitled to
the least weight when he has a supposed interest at stake) down to
some of the most venal of those very papers who had spoken in my
praise, by a man who now attacks my credit as a banker. They
would if possible move heaven and earth, if by so doing they could
prevent us from having a credit — which was reduced to circulation
form. We met these attacks from Thompson down to the various
scribblers who have showed their hand to the Chicago public and we
shall continue to meet them without any nearer approach to person-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 149
ality than self-defense demands. I showed that Thompson had
Virginia bonds to sell, which cost him 97l/2 cents on the dollar and
which by the power of his Reporter he had raised to 100 and 112;
and that every $50,000 bank which bought stocks of him was worth
$5,000 to $7,000 to him. I showed that this was the real founda-
tion for his attack upon the Merchants and Mechanics bank, as well
as upon our own. I showed that he had had about one circular and
had laid himself open to wicked and malicious libel. I also showed
that bankers in this city or elsewhere who raised the hue and cry
to put us down were acting upon false pretenses and that they were
only influenced by a knowledge that competition in banking like
competition in anything else would reduce rates. I told the people
that this talk about 'care for their safety' by men whose hands were
reeking with the blood of bastard 'wild cats' was a pretense — a sham
— and that we, organized under the law, had a legal right to make
an issue — our capital backed by integrity with capacity to manage
our business well. All this we said in self-defense, and now we ask
a discerning public to decide." — (Seth Paine in Democrat, Decem-
ber, 1852.)
"Specie Payments. — The time has now come when all the banking
institutions of our city should keep up the appearance of honesty.
It is to the disgrace of our city that she alone of all the cities in the
Union has not a specie basis for her currency. This, however, is not
so much the fault of the bankers as of the people. It is expected
that bankers will exact always all that the people will tolerate. The
bankers will keep on grinding the noses of the people until they
learn that it is time to stop. The people are now beginning to
complain. They know of no reason why a dollar should be used up
in passing through a broker's hands one hundred times. They
know of no reason why a man who pays out a bill of $1 should not
receive it back as such. The people are becoming very much ex-
cited upon this subject and we would excite them more if we could.
The least a banker loans money for to any of our best citizens is 1
per cent, a month. Now this affords profit enough without using
an inferior currency. We have talked with our bankers upon this
subject. Each alone is ready for specie payments. But each one is
afraid of his rivals. Each is afraid that if he pays specie, some of
his rivals will make a run upon him. There is a way to obviate
all this. Let there be a common day to all. Let our board of trade
take hold of the matter. Our Legislature should take hold of the
subject. It is in its power to stop all illegal banking in our city.
The Marine bank is paying specie now and several of the other
bankers have authorized us to say that they are ready and willing
to begin whenever any day shall be generally agreed upon." — (Dem-
ocrat, May 6, 1852.)'
Early in 1852, the Merchants and Mechanics bank, at the head
of which was Levi D. Boone, president, and Stephen Bronson, Jr.,
150 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
cashier, removed from 5 Clark street to 7, Tremont block.
Early in May, 1852, Forrest, Brothers & Co. established a new
bank here. At this time also Bradley Curtis & Co. began banking
operations and in a short time their one-dollar bills were counter-
feited extensively. The Southwestern Plank Road company did a
banking business in 1852 under the name of Commercial Bank of
Chicago. The capital of the Chicago Marine bank was $50,000;
Merchants & Mechanics, $100,000; Commercial Bank of Chicago,
$52,000; City Bank of Chicago, $50,000; Marine Bank of Chicago,
No. 2, $500,000; Bank of North America, $1,000,000. George
Smith had been connected with the old Wisconsin Marine and Fire
Insurance Company bank, but in 1852 began operations independ-
ently under the new banking law of the State. He began business
as the Bank of North America. Nearly all of the old private bank-
ers began operations under the new banking law as soon as it came
into effect.
In August, 1852, there was considerable complaint that the cer-
tificates of deposit of the Merchants & Mechanics bank were thought
by many people to be counterfeits and were refused in business
transactions. The bank accordingly announced publicly that the
certificates were not counterfeits, but were genuine and good. An-
drew J. Brown was president of the Marine bank ; Henry L. For-
rest and Thomas L. Forrest joint cashiers. The Forrest brothers
had a private banking business under the name of Forrest, Brothers
& Co. The bank of Seth Paine & Co. was in the old post office build-
ing on Clark street. The newspapers of that date stated that the
Chicago bankers refused to redeem their own torn bills. Thomas
Burch was president of the Chicago Bank and T. H. Burch cashier.
They had a nominal capital of $1,000,000. Mr. Burch had previ-
ously been in business with W. L. Newberry. Seth Paine was presi-
dent of the Bank of Chicago and W. T. Miner cashier.
In October, 1852, Illinois Internal Improvement 6 per cent, bonds
of 1847 were worth in New York 83 cents. Other Illinois Internal
Improvement 6 per cent, bonds were worth 55 cents. Chicago 6
per cent, bonds due in 1876, were worth 98l/2 cents. Galena &
Chicago railway bonds of 1856 were worth $1.18 and its bonds of
1862 were worth 94 cents.
During 1852 the subjects of credit, capital and banking were
thoroughly discussed here by the newspapers. It was an important
topic and numerous articles from the citizens were published in the
papers. At this time there came on what was called "The bank
war." It was due to the fact that irregular or illegal banks had a
better opportunity to make money than those which were organized
under the State bank law and adhered strictly to its provisions.
They could issue money, receive deposits and at the =ame time do
a shaving, brokerage business and could carry wild-cat financial mat-
ters to extremes. On the other hand the prudent regular banks
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 151
were somewhat restricted in their operations and hence lost much
of the business which went to the irregular banks. Ihe regular
banks accordingly demanded that such a change in the law should
be made as would drive the irregular bankers out of business.
"Bank of Chicago. — This institution has determined upon issu-
ing certificates of deposit and issues are now out, which for artistic
skill and beauty of finish are not exceeded by any bills we have
seen. On the right of the ones is a beautifully executed portrait of
Senator Douglas; on the right of the twos is Washington crossing
the Delaware; on the threes a fine portrait of Henry Clay." — (Dem-
ocrat, 1852.)
The Marine Bank of Chicago was organized January 13, 1852,
with a capital of $50,000. The Merchants & Mechanics Bank of
Chicago was organized December 7, 1851, with a capital of $100,-
000. In 1852 the Farmers' bank at 100 Randolph street was estab-
lished by Charles Brothers & Co. About the same time F. G.
Adams opened a brokerage and exchange office at 44 Clark street.
Under the banking law of 1852 money became very abundant
and accordingly people experienced better times. Mr. Wentworth
and other Jacksonians had predicted all sorts of disasters succeeding
the passage of the law. Accordingly his papers of that date contain
numerous sarcastic and critical allusions to the State banking law in
particular and to every banking law in general. He had not recov-
ered from his hostility to all banking systems. The prosperity suc-
ceeding the passage of the State banking law occasioned him great
surprise. He still continued to criticize and predicted that before
long there would be as much trouble with the new system as there
had been before without any system. The prosperity was so great
that Illinois stocks, in fact all stocks, increased greatly in value.
Money was so abundant that business men engaged in all sorts of
speculation. They had no trouble to get money from the banks
at reasonable interest and hence there succeeded an era of unusual
business prosperity and speculation.
Sheldon's Bank Note Detector stated in December, 1852, that
there were on Clark street over twenty bankers and banking houses
the most of which issued their own bills. In fact several fake banks
were started about this time. One of them was called the Fusiliers'
Bank of Chicago. Interest at this date was usually 10 per cent.
People found it so easy to get money that they speculated — largely
in real estate. The people of this city believed that they could do
nothing better with their surplus than to put it into Chicago prop-
erty. The papers of this date declared that real estate speculation
was greater here than at any time since 1836. Everybody noted
the difference between the condition of financial affairs at this date
and what it had been but two or three years before. Late in the
forties money was hard to get ; was scarce and much of it was worth-
less. Under the new law everybody had money; the banks were
152 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
literally overflowing with it, so that business men found no diffi-
culty in securing all they wanted, such as it was, not only for legiti-
mate purposes but for speculation as well. People invested exten-
sively in stocks of all kinds at this date. In fact holders of stocks
which a few years before were considered absolutely worthless
brought them out, dusted them off and found a ready sale for them
at comparatively good prices. There was one complaint at this date
— exchange on New York was too high. It was usually about 2
per cent, premium. Business men argued that it showld not be over
1 per cent, and that l/2 of 1 per cent, was nearer the proper figure.
In December, 1852, several so-called banking houses were indicted
for issuing shinplasters. The banks organized under the State bank-
ing law were called security banks; all others were called irregular
banks. The latter had no right to issue money, but they managed
to do so by evading the law. It was their custom to use every arti-
fice to depreciate the value of the bills issued by banks organized
under the State law. When the price was sufficiently reduced they
would purchase all they could get, take them to the bank which had
issued them and demand specie in exchange for them.
In 1852 Seth Paine began to issue a magazine named the Chris-
tian Banker. This periodical called out sarcastic comments from
the newspapers. The Democratic Press said : "As to the system of
wild-cat bank it is established to support, please take notice we look
to the Legislature to clap a summary extinguisher upon it among its
earliest acts. The prospectus of the magazine is a curiosity and
well worth preserving as a souvenir of the times."
Upon accepting the presidency of the Bank of Chicago, Ira B.
Eddy made the following public announcement: "Its mission is a
great one — no less than to assist directly in lifting up and bringing
forth to the light the now dormant energies of the mechanics and
common people, so-called, to the knowledge of their own power and
position of strength. The people have been crushed by the aristoc-
racy of the money power and with money and a union bank now
guided by the spirit of the Almighty in heaven the fiat has now
gone forth that time with the wicked shall be no longer. We begin
small, very small, but like all beginnings with the people we now
with God's blessing start the work."
The Democratic Press of January 14, 1853, said : "The Christian
Banker. — The second number of this paper appeared yesterday.
We have read it with attention. It certainly is a curiosity in its
way. Such a strange mixture of assumed benevolence and ma-
lignity, sanctity and slander, we have seldom seen. Give it a clear
track for it must have its way."
Early in 1853 a change came over the financial situation in the
West ; money grew scarce. It was seen that speculation and plenty
of money was certain to bring about reaction and that moment had
arrived. Bankers began to exercise caution ; speculators were de-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 153
clined loans ; and in a short time banks refused to discount the best
paper. There was no excitement, but trouble was in the air. At
this time also a strong movement to drive out shinplasters was made.
The Legislature was petitioned to pass a law that would prevent
all illegal banking in the State. People were tired of wild-cat money.
It was a time when all illegal bankers became alarmed lest their
business should be taken from them. One of the newspapers said :
"The cats are lying low and looking wild." Among the most con-
spicuous of the illegal institutions was the "Spiritual Bank" of Paine
and Eddy. On one occasion when an officer of this bank refused
to redeem its bills when presented by its enemies, a crowd gathered
to which Mr. Paine made a speech, promising that the bills would
be duly honored. A little later Ira B. Eddy of this bank was placed
on trial and was found to be insane by a jury. Mr. Paine later
met the same fate after several trials. It was a war to the finish be-
tween the security banks and the wild-cat concerns. One of the
newspapers said, "It is the impression here that there is not a hole
for the smallest kind of an animal to crawl through and that the
days of the cats are numbered." It was charged and generally
believed that both Paine and Eddy had been made insane over spir-
itualism. That was the era when spiritualism in the United States
made its first great advancement. It seemed to pass in a convulsive
wave over the whole country. Slate writing, rapping, etc., were the
order of the hour. Seances and public exhibitions generally capped
the climax of superstition and folly. Messrs. Paine and Eddy were
so influenced by the manifestations that seances were held in the
rear room of their bank. Thus the institution was properly dubbed
"Spiritual Bank." But Paine and Eddy were not the only wild-cat
bankers. There were more than a dozen such establishments here
and all prospered in spite of the law. They made no attempt to se-
cure their issues. It was not necessary, because people accepted their
money if issued by an institution back of which there were reputable
men or men who were supposed to be reputable.
In January, 1853, the legitimate or standard stock security banks
numbered about a dozen. The bills of these banks were at
par with the best current funds. "Shinplaster banks," as they were
called, were conducted by I. H. Burch & Co., Bradley, Curtiss &
Co. and a dozen others. It was about this time that the security
banks began to throw out of circulation the bills of all banks that
were not properly secured. The old bank-war movement was one
to obtain better security for bank issues. The Democratic Press of
February 26, 1853, said, "The banks have been alarmed; the public
has been excited ; there appears to be an underlayer of spite or ill
will towards banks and banking in this city." This statement repre-
sents the actual condition in Chicago at that date. No doubt Mr.
Wentworth was in a measure responsible for this state of public
opinion. For years he had been one of the leaders of public opinion,
154 HISTORY OF OOOK COUNTY
not only as Congressman, but as the editor of his newspaper here.
Thousands of the best citizens had imbibed his financial policies
which were founded upon the Jacksonian hostility to the United
States bank. Mr. Wentworth scarcely ever had a kind word to say
concerning any banking institution. There can be no doubt that in
a large measure he was responsible for the hostility shown in this
community to all banking enterprises. Credit, the basis of modern
business transactions, was daily damaged by his philippics. But
Wentworth was not alone in the hostility shown to the banks. Many
others here had likewise accepted the banking policy, or rather the
no-bank policy, of Jackson and Van Buren.
Early in 1853 an effort to establish a bank with an immense
capital was undertaken here. It was designed to form an institu-
tion in which all of the best citizens would own stock. The capital
was fixed at $2,000,000 and the bank was to be known as the Metro-
politan. It did not materialize.
The abuse of banks was so sharp at this date that all banks and
all bank issues were regarded with suspicion. Sound institutions
suffered unjustly from this suspicion. Solvent banks which were
thus suspected had their money returned to them for redemption.
Brokers were in ecstasies. To them the times were bright and
auspicious. There were in circulation here bills worth all degrees
of discount and premium. It was the custom of brokers and had
been for years to run down the value of good bank issues in order
to buy the same at a small figure so that they could secure par from
the banks of issue. In April, 1853, the bills of the Merchants and
Mechanics bank were at 1 per cent, discount; the same of the
banks of I. H. Burch and Bradley, Curtiss & Co. The certificates
of deposit of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance company,
which circulated as money, were thus likewise at 1 per cent, dis-
count.
"Money remains close in the city. The banks are in a safe con-
dition and are determined to incur no risks by extending the line
of their discounts beyond the smallest amount that will accommo-
date their customers." — (Democratic Press, March 21, 1853.)
"There is decidedly a better feeling in Clark street. Advices from
the Eastern cities are favorable and it is confidently believed that
the crisis is past and we have better times ahead. The people have
not generally felt the pressure as yet, and we doubt whether they
will. It is the opinion that the closeness was caused in part by the
brokers of New York who wished to create a crisis in order to
secure higher rates of interest. The rates of interest at the banks
are as usual and the brokers are supplying their customers at 10
and 12 per cent. In the streets the rate is 2 per cent, a month and
we think something more has been paid during the month." —
(Democratic Press, April 5, 1853.)
"We note a remarkable degree of carefulness, not only among
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 155
bankers and brokers, but also among those engaged in street opera-
tions, to guard against a speculative spirit." — (Democratic Press,
April 11, 1853.)
"All our bankers are doing a good business A fact
of great importance to the development of the resources of Illinois
is the entire confidence felt by the East in our railroad securities." —
(Democratic Press, June 20, 1853.)
Outside small bank bills were very bad during the summer of
1853, so banks here posted up this notice :
"On and after the first of August, 1853, no bills under $5, except
those of the banks of this State, and no circulation prohibited by
law, will be received on deposit or in payment at this office."
"Here we have the death knell of all shinplasters and the cer-
tainty of a legalized currency amply secured in its stead. The public
have abundant reason for thankfulness that they have escaped from
the reign of such a currency with so little loss. Our general bank-
ing law was universally condemned by our 'generous confidence'
financiers, and it was said that no one could or would do a banking
business under it ; but we think that experience has shown that all
such fears were groundless. In the short space of a few months
a large number of banks have come into existence and are doing
a successful business." — (Democratic Press, July 23, 1853.)
"The law was wise, as it gave all persons full time to get rid of
foreign small bills and was intended to drive out all wild-cat issues,"
said the Democratic Press.
"The merchants of this city alone have been shaved by this wild-
cat currency to an extent of probably not less than $100,000 per
annum. If all persons are prohibited from paying small bills of
foreign banks, they must use specie or small bills that are convertible
into specie here." — (Democratic Press, August 2, 1853.)
"The small bill law has gone into operation since our last issue.
So far as we can learn there is a general disposition to obey it, and
sometimes much vexation, inconvenience and trouble ensue. Our
banks we believe, with a single exception perhaps, vote it a nuisance,
and if we mistake not it is so regarded by the people generally. We
predict its early repeal at the next legislature. The shinplasters have
most happily made their exit, we hope never to return. We presume
the few stragglers still in the hands of the people will be redeemed.
While we rejoice at their departure, we would speak of them with
due respect, for they have served a most important purpose in the
development of the West. The Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insur-
ance company name is to appear no more on every other bill you
meet. Though it has always been a financial nondescript, there can
be no doubt as to the facilities it has afforded to the business com-
munity of Chicago and the people of the Northwest generally." —
(Democratic Press, August 8, 1853.)
By the act of August 1, 1853, a supplemental law to the banking
156 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
act was passed, to the effect that no persons could become incorpor-
ated under said act until they should first have deposited with the
State auditor United States or State stocks so that its capital stock
would amount to the sum of $50,000. No persons could emit money
"other than the bills or notes of banks of this State."
"At this season for the last four years money has always been
close in this city. The canal sales are to take place next week and
will absorb all the spare means in the hands of our citizens. This
money of a very large amount is sent forward to New York to pay
the canal bondholders. We hope the canal trustees will sell all out
at once. The system heretofore pursued of their bidding against
buyers is execrable and we have good reason to believe cannot be
justified before a judicial tribunal. If they sell all the lands in their
hands, as it is thought they are legally bound to do, three years will
wipe out all these payments and we shall have no such drains as
now to cripple our energies." — (Democratic Press, May 7, 1853.)
"The Christian Banker has again made its appearance. Since its
long 'nap' many of the spirits have apparently been cast out, as it is
far less extravagant than when first issued. Where is the Christian
Shoemaker? Will it not listen for one encouraging rap?" — (Demo-
cratic Press, May 14, 1853.)
"Money is close as we expected. The land sales have closed and
after a few weeks we may expect easier times. The amount of the
sales is nearly $1,000,000. The first payment is $200,000. It was
a fact remarked by everyone that a majority of the purchases were
made by our citizens. However, the feeling in Clark street is buoy-
ant."— (Democratic Press, May 14, 1853.)
"The small bill law has partially become a dead letter. So far
as our information extends nobody pretends to regard it. Even the
precaution at first used by the banks to receive them from depositors
'for collection' is no longer taken and the small bills of all good
banks circulate about as freely as ever. We doubt whether the very
executors of the law have not violated it repeatedly. Brokers charge
from 2 to 4 per cent, a month ; regular rates 10 per cent, per an-
num."— (Democratic Press, September 12, 1853.)
"The money market continues very close. Short produce paper
is taken at the banks, but outside operators find it exceedingly diffi-
cult to obtain accommodations. All speculation paper is virtually
rejected, and no money can be had on it except at ruinous rates.
Some of the brokers are discounting at 2 per cent, a month, and 3
and 5 per cent, have been offered. The general business of the city
is, however, in a healthy condition." — (Democratic Press, Septem-
ber, 1853.) ^TS
"The money market is tight, very tight. The pressure is, we be-
lieve, as for some months past, confined mainly to the banks and
monied men, as the people have more actual cash in hand than for
years previous." — (Democratic Press, October 24, 1853.)
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 159
The law of 1853 discriminated against the small bills of banks
outside of Illinois. The object was to drive from the State all shin-
plasters, and time until August 1, 1853 was given, so that no hard-
ship would result. The shave on the small foreign bills had been
enormous. "The merchants of this city alone have been shaved by
this wild-cat currency to an extent probably of not less than $100,-
000 per annum. If all persons should be prohibited from paying
small bills of foreign banks, they must pay specie or small bills that
are convertible into specie here." — (Democratic Press, August 2,
1853.)
In the fall of 1853 Chicago business men demanded more bank
capital. The city had grown so enormously that notwithstanding
the fact that the banks also had increased in numbers there was
still felt a serious lack in ready money. It should be noted that
at the time the new banking law took effect on August 1, 1853, every
newspaper of the city refused thereafter to insert any notices or ad-
vertisements from the shinplaster banks. In August all the security
banks of the city united and sorted out all outside shinplasters and
rated them accordingly to what they seemed worth. The Marine
bank issued $50,000 in small bills. The Union bank also issued
bills of small denomination. The Farmers' bank went into operation
in September, 1853.
The hard times began to be manifested here by October and No-
vember, 1853. The stringency became so great that a severe hard-
ship was entailed upon commercial transactions. The banks were
extremely cautious and in some instances refused to grant any dis-
counts whatever. Men that received favors considered themselves
extremely fortunate. The sound banks organized under the State
law were called "Illinois Stock Security Banks." Paul B. Ring
was president of the Farmers' bank and C. H. Chan cashier. They
issued bills of the denominations of $1, $2, and $5. A genuine
bank scare or panic was seriously threatened by the last of Septem-
ber. At this date several counterfeiters were caught in the toils in
this city. They had counterfeited bills of Chicago banks and also
of several outside institutions.
In February, 1854, money was exceedingly scarce. At this time
the Merchants and Mechanics bank added $100,000 to its capital.
The new Phcenix bank, with L. Reynolds president and N. C. Coe
cashier, began business about this date. Its capital was $50,000. It
issued $1, $2, $3 and $5 bills. The Commercial Exchange company,
at the corner of Clark and Randolph streets, began business about
this time with Henry Moore as president. The banking hours in
early times extended from 9 o'clock in the morning till 4 o'clock
in the afternoon ; but early in the '50s the time was changed to
10 o'clock in the morning till 3 o'clock in the afternoon. The bank-
ers unitedly desired to go back to the former time, but were opposed
by their clerks. In 1854 the following bankers were in operation
Vol. II— 10.
160 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
here: Commercial Exchange, F. Granger Adams, J. M. Adsit, Ma-
rine Bank, George Smith & Co., Chicago Exchange Bank, Phoenix
Bank, Farmers' Bank, I. H. Burch & Co., R. K. Swift & Co., E. H.
Huntington & Co., Merchants and Mechanics bank, Union Bank,
Bradley, Curtiss & Co., and others.
Notwithstanding that money was exceedingly scarce, business in
the spring of 1854 was very brisk. The banks were cautious, but
business men managed to secure loans at reasonable rates. The $5
bills of the Phoenix bank were counterfeited quite extensively in
1854. Late in this year there was a sharp panic in financial affairs.
The trouble arose over the Indiana free bank bills. Brokers ran
them down and then bought them in large quantities for from 50
cents to 75 cents on the $1. Everybody who held them unwittingly
sacrificed and the brokers profited thereby. The excitement and
panic unjustly extended to the sound Indiana Stock bank, the bills
of which were run down by brokers as much as 25 per cent, discount.
Within a few months the bills of the Indiana free banks were wholly
driven out of this community. In different parts of the country the
same conditions prevailed. The panic resulted from the determina-
tion of security banks to drive out all shinplaster issues. The first
serious result of the panic here was the failure of the Merchants and
Mechanics bank, which did not open its doors on November 13.
The officers claimed it was in good condition and issued a statement
that they would resume business in a short time. On November
14 the City and Union banks both failed. At this date there were
large runs on both of the banks. The citizens became panic-stricken
and sacrificed their bills unreasonably and pandemonium reigned in
commercial and banking circles. In order to check the panic so far
as possible, a number of Chicago business men publicly announced
that they would receive the bills of the Chicago stock banks at par.
This announcement was signed by hundreds of the best business
men. By November 17 the panic had almost wholly subsided. At
this time N. C. Coe & Co. announced that the Phcenix bank would
continue business as N. C. Coe & Co. Of course the runs on the
banks were due to the fact that the banks themselves were unable
on short notice to redeem their bills in coin. Brokers took advantage
of this state of affairs to run down such bills to as low a figure as
possible in order to buy them and later compel the bankers to re-
deem them at par. In December, 1854, the Merchants and Me-
chanics bank resumed business. Dr. Boone, who had been its pres-
ident, resigned and Hon. James H. Woodworth succeeded him as
president. The prominence of Mr. Woodworth as Congressman
and his known high character as a man seemed to promise excellent
conduct for the new concern.
"Three years ago there was not a legitimate banking establish-
ment in the whole State of Illinois. Gold and silver were scarce
and most of our currency consisted of small notes on Eastern banks.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 101
Notes of a higher denomination than Is, 2s and 3s seldom found
their way to the inland portion of the State. We have now twenty-
nine banks, all working under the general banking law of the State,
which provides that the proprietors of each banking establishment
issuing notes shall deposit with the auditor of the State United
States stocks to the amount of their issue." — (Democratic Press,
January 14, 1854.)
The new State banking law as passed was modeled after that of
New York. By January, 1854, the following banks had been organ-
ized under it :
BANKS. Bills in Circulation.
Exchange bank $ 50,000
Marine bank 215,000
Bank of America 50,000
Chicago bank 150,000
Commercial bank 55,000
Farmers' bank 50,000
Union bank 75,000
Merchants and Mechanics bank 54,700
City bank 60,000
Total $759,700
"There has been a perfect panic during the week in reference to
the Indiana free banks. The city and the surrounding country seem
to have been flooded with their bills, and as the brokers have pur-
chased them at from 50 to 75 cents on the dollar and have had all
they could do at that, large amounts must have been sacrificed. The
trouble with this money seems to be the impossibility of converting
it into coin or even into current bills or exchange. The only safe
course is to refuse them entirely. Money has been excessively close
during the past week. Indeed, it has been almost impossible to
borrow on any terms." — (Democratic Press, October 23, 1854.)
"Although our merchants have done a large and profitable busi-
ness, and capital within the last five years has been rapidly accumu-
lating at this point, the increase has borne no sort of proportion to
the rapidly increasing commerce of the city. Our commercial and
manufacturing interests have doubled within the last two years.
This large increase of business is due mainly to the extension of our
railroads in all directions, and the consequent rapid filling up and
sudden development of the resources of the country through which
they pass. They have brought an amount of business to the city
for which the most sanguine were not prepared, and the demands
of which very few had the capital to meet. This scarcity of capital
is the origin of the deranged state of our currency which every
business man now feels most sensibly. For this reason the Indiana
free banks have been able to flood the city and the State with their
paper issues. It is utterly impossible for our own bankers to meet
the wants of our business men." — (Democratic Press, October 25.
1854.)
162 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
NOVEMBER 30, 1854.
BANKS. Had in Circulation.
Merchants and Mechanics bank $ 58,700
Marine bank 158,901
The City bank 50,000
The Chicago bank 125,081
Commercial bank 54,998
The Bank of America 50,000
The Union bank 74,993
Exchange bank 49,995
The Phoenix bank 50,000
The Farmers' bank 50,000
The most of the securities deposited by these banks to secure their
circulation were Virginia and Missouri State stocks at par, Illinois
new Internal Improvement stock deposited at 50 per cent., Illinois
new Internal Improvement certificates, and Illinois and Michigan
canal stocks deposited at 50 per cent.
In December, 1854, Thomas H. Noble, a teller in the office of
George Smith & Co., became defaulter for about $9,000. In De-
cember, 1854, while money was close, business was prosperous and
there was general confidence in the future. The Fanners' bank had
failed and the three banks — City, Farmers' and Phoenix — were still
closed late in December, 1854. During the winter of 1854-5, as
might have been expected, many workmen were thrown out of
employment. The city did everything in its power to relieve them
in their distress. Extra shifts of workmen were put at various jobs,
such as cleaning the streets, etc. Late in December, 1854, the bills
of the City, Farmers', Phoenix and Union banks were quoted at 25
per cent, discount. The City bank had been conducted by Bradley,
Curtiss & Co. and the Union Bank by Forrest, Brothers & Co. Sev-
eral small private banks failed here during the fall and winter. In
January, 1855, Mark Skinner, receiver, was occupied in winding up
the affairs of the City, Union, Phoenix and Farmers' banks. It was
claimed that the bank commissioners failed in their duty by not
taking immediate posession of those banks as soon as failure was
announced. It was pointed out that these banks left to themselves
had managed to absorb and conceal what resources they had left,
to the injury of their creditors. In the month of January, 1855,
there were many business failures throughout the country. The
failure of Wadsworth & Sheldon, of New York City, for about
$2,500,000 involved the Exchange Bank of Chicago and other busi-
ness institutions here. In January, 1855, J. H. Kedzie opened a
banking house at 24 Clark street. At this time J. C. Barbour was
conducting a banking and exchange office at 42 Clark street. He
had previously been a cashier in the Marine bank. In March, 1855,
E. I. Tinkham opened a banking establishment. He had previously
been connected with George Smith & Co. and had been cashier of
the Marine bank. Early in 1855 the State auditor was authorized
to exchange the security of the suspended banks here (City, Union,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 163
Farmers' and Phoenix) for their notes at par. About the year 1855
the custom of paying interest on deposits was introduced here gen-
erally. The Democratic Press argued against the custom, saying,
"It is borrowing money when the real function of banking is to
loan."
In April, 1855, the bills of the ten security banks here were all at
par. J. M. Adsit offered from J4 of 1 per cent, premium for the sus-
pended bank bills. He did this because the State auditor was then
redeeming those bills with gold. J. C. Barbour made the same offer.
About this time Morford Brothers began banking here. They were
located at Clark and Lake streets. One of the brothers had been
connected with the F. Granger Adams banking house for two years.
"Business in this city is brisk and the demand for money very
active. The banks are supplying their customers on short time
for strictly business purposes at the legal rates, viz. : ten per cent." —
(Democratic Press, September 18, 1854.)
"Just now financial prospects look decidedly squally. The banks
of the city have shut down on their best customers and of course it
is hardly possible to borrow money on any terms. Collections come
in very slowly and some are utterly unable to pay though worth
thousands of dollars. How long is this state of things to continue ?
Are we to have a financial crisis, or will this squall blow over in a
week or two?" — (Democratic Press, October 25, 1854.)
"Money is, if possible, closer than ever. We doubt whether there
has been a note discounted in Clark street during the past week.
Of course money is not to be had." — (Democratic Press, October
30, 1854.)
"The banks hale again stopped discounting, and of course money
is not to be had except in small amounts by 'the people who happen
to get in'." — (Democratic Press, November 13. 1854.)
Among the banking establishments here in June, 1855, were the
following: G. C. Whitney & Sons, Exchange Bank of America,
Chicago, Merchants and Mechanics, Commercial, City, Marine.
Farmers', Union, Henry and Elias Greenebanm, Gwynne, Day &
Co.. Morford Brothers. Officer & Brothers. At this time the bills
of the Phoenix, City. Farmers', Union and Marine banks were at
a slight discount. All the other stock banks were at par.
The war against shinplaster issues was continued during 1855
with unabated vigor and intensity. The security banks and the best
element among the business men made every effort to drive out the
wild-cat issue and in a large measure succeeded. Brokers acting in
their own interests aided them in the attempt to depreciate the value
of shinplaster currency. The brokers carried the matter so far
that a financial panic was threatened and was narrowly averted. At
this time the regular rate of interest was 10 per cent., but brokers
charged from 2 to 5 per cent, a month. At this time a concerted
attack upon Smith's Georgia banks was made by the security banks :
164 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
but the newspapers spoke well of the institution managed by Mr.
Smith, notwithstanding the fact that his issues were shinplasters.
It was alleged that Smith's Georgia banks had issued an immense
quantity of unsecured bills and that his bank in Chicago had under-
taken to float them in this community and had largely succeeded.
Many declared that in a short time these banks themselves would
fail and the money they had issued not being secured would prove
worthless. Late in December 109 business men and houses signed
a call "to aid in suppressing and driving out of circulation all Geor-
gia and Tennessee money." This was the culmination of the attack
upon the issues of George Smith & Co. Mr. Smith was the owner
of the Interior and Atlanta banks of Georgia. H. A. Tucker &
Co. of Chicago owned the Merchants Bank of Macon, Ga., I. H.
Burch & Co. owned the La Grange Bank of Georgia and the Mer-
chants and Mechanics Bank of Chicago owned the Cherokee Insur-
ance company of Dolton, Ga. It was believed that these banks in a
short time would fail and that their issues would become worthless,
and that as Cook county was flooded with their bills the result here
might be disastrous to business calculations.
"We have nothing new from our suspended banks. They adopt
the 'mum' policy for reasons of course best known to themselves.
Their bill holders are becoming impatient." — (Democratic Press,
January 1, 1855.)
"We have to note a further improvement in most of the Illinois
suspended banks. They are now purchased at only 5 per cent, dis-
count by our principal brokers. This fact shows the excellence of
our banking system and speaks volumes in its favor." — (Press,
March 26, 1855.)
"Business of all kinds is active and consequently the demands
upon our bankers are large. Currency is very scarce and probably
must continue so for a short time longer What Chica-
go most needs is capital and men to do the business that is con-
stantly pouring in upon her like a mighty avalanche." — (Daily
Press, April 7, 1855.)
The Legislature in February, 1855, passed a law "to allow the
auditor to give up the bonds of the suspended banks to the bill hold-
ers. This will greatly relieve our brokers and business men." —
(Daily Press, February 19, 1855.)
The business men of Chicago met in the rooms of the Board of
Trade January 6, 1855, "to consult upon ways and means to do
away with the circulation of illegitimate bank notes, and to secure
such new laws and amendments to the present banking law as will
secure for this city and State a sound (banking) currency, con-
vertible into exchange at fair cost, and at the same time afford ample
remuneration to the banker and the investment of capital in bank-
ing." Resolutions to this effect and directed to the Legislature were
adopted. Present: B. W. Raymond, J. H. Reed, J. H. Dunham.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 165
James A. Smith, M. D. Oilman, J. C. Williams, Nelson Tuttle,
Aaron Haven, E. Baker, and W. A. Baldwin. Mr. Raymond was
elected chairman of the meeting.
"With all the run on the banks of George Smith & Co. no man, so
far as we have been able to learn, doubts their solvency for a mo-
ment ; indeed the class of business done by this firm renders it almost
impossible to affect their credit in the least. It is known to every one
who has any knowledge of their mode of doing business that they
never touch any paper which is not above suspicion, hence they
make no losses. Men who are not perfectly good, who do not meet
their notes promptly, can get no accommodation of them. Hence
the bitterness and malignity manifested against them in certain
quarters." — (Daily Press, October 6, 1855.)
"The tricks to which those who are endeavoring to produce finan-
cial crisis in the West are ready to resort are sufficiently mean and
contemptible. Certain wire pullers were determined to pass at the
State fair a series of resolutions which they desired to publish as
coming from the farmers of the State, condemning in strong lan-
guage the issues of George Smith & Co. and the other banks in
Georgia which are owned by parties in this city. Accordingly a few
got together, passed the resolutions in course, and harangued the
crowd on the importance of the Industrial League. As to the At-
lanta and Interior banks we have never heard any well-informed
business man express the opinion that all the enemies of George
Smith & Co. put together had power enough to break them. In-
deed they don't expect it. They hope simply to cripple them and buy
their notes at a heavy discount." — (Daily Press, October 16, 1855.)
"CHICAGO, November 17, 1855.
"Sir — The undersigned bankers in Chicago respectfully invite
your institution to unite with us in carrying into effect an arrange-
ment whereby all the banks in this State shall provide for the
redemption of their notes in gold at their place of issue, and in Chi-
cago or St. Louis by a responsible agent, upon the following terms :
At St. Louis in specie funds and at Chicago in sight exchange on
New York at the usual rate among bankers. The object is to dis-
criminate between banks of substantial capital and those of issue
merely having little or no means beyond the stocks deposited with
the auditor of State, and also that a prompt and reliable redemption
may be obtained when desired. Banks desiring to participate in
this arrangement may signify it to either of the undersigned and
by giving continual public notice through their agents in St. Louis
or Chicago according to the places they may select. The notes of
any bank declining to redeem as aforesaid will not be treated as cur-
rency after the 30th inst. It is understood that bankers presenting
notes for redemption shall receive in return their own notes or those
they may be interested in circulating."
This was signed by George Smith & Co. ; E. W. Willard, cashier
166 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Bank of America ; B. F. Carver, cashier Marine bank and secretary
of Chicago Marine and Fire Insurance Company; H. A. Tucker
& Co. ; I. H. Burch & Co. by I. H. Burch, cashier Chicago bank ; A.
Gilbert, cashier Commercial bank and secretary of Commercial
Exchange Company; Francis A. Hoffman; Officer & Brother; Ed-
ward I. Tinkham & Co.
At the time this circular was issued the Press bitterly denounced
it as a measure originated by the wild-cats and calculated to injure
and cripple the stock-secured banks.
"For fifteen years George Smith was the only banker in the city.
His currency was the Milwaukee Marine and Fire Insurance com-
pany's wild-cat bills. The last four or five years he has been the
principal and largest banker in the city and has furnished a circu-
lation in the main for all this city and region. No man has ever
lost a dollar by his failure or refusal to redeem the circulation he
put forth."— (Daily Press, December 27, 1855.)
"We have observed with regret an effort on the part of some of
our newspapers and brokers, as well as of people at a distance, to
discredit and render useless the currency upon which this city has
mainly relied and used in the various transactions of business." —
(Daily Press, January 5, 1856.)
"The money market for the past week has been quite stringent,
and bankers have been discounting to a very small extent. Our mer-
chants generally are in a very flourishing condition and quite inde-
pendent of bank assistance. We hear of South Water and Lake
street merchants buying up their own paper, and we know of some
of them taking funds to New York to buy up all their paper that can
be had on advantageous terms and may be bought in that city.
This speaks volumes for the responsibility of our Chicago men, and
should inspire great confidence in their ability, and no doubt will
rather surprise those gentlemen who have been preaching panic,
ruin and bankruptcy to the traders of this city. Speculators are
very short of funds. Bankers are discounting very sparingly.
Brokers are buying first-class business papers at 2 per cent, per
month. Currency is in fair supply, with very little Georgia in cir-
culation. Brokers are not now sorting many of the bills of country
banks to draw coin on them, as the abundant supply of gold and
exchange prevents it being so profitable as heretofore. We have
therefore a large amount of our own State money now in circula-
tion. The discrediting of Georgia and Tennessee money after the
15th inst. will not alter the money market: bankers' rates are 10 per
cent, for thirtv days: brokers' rates are 20 to 24 per cent, pavable
in sixtv to ninety davs." — (J. K. Swift Johnson & Co. in Daily
Nni>s. January 3, 1856.)
The most noticeable fact connected with the banking interests
of the city during the '50s was the enormous increase in the amount
of business done. The banking business in reality increased during
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 167
that period at a greater ratio than did the growth in population.
The number of active banking institutions quadrupled. Busi-
ness men were overwhelmed with orders for goods and they in
turn so overwhelmed the banks that the latter greatly increased their
capital. In 1856 the leading banking establishments were as fol-
lows : Officer & Brothers ; Wheeler, Bunker & Co. ; Gwynne, Day
& Co.; Brewster, Hay & Co.; Hoffman & Gelpcke; R. K. Swift
Johnston & Co. ; Wadsworth & Hitz ; Greenebaum Brothers ; E.
Aiken ;' Strong & Wiley; Morford Brothers; T. C. Barbour; E. R.
Hinckley & Co. ; Cotes, Dyhrenfurth & Co. ; Davisson, McCalla &
Co.; G. C. Whitney & Son; E. I. Tinkham & Co.; I. H. Burch;
George Smith & Co., and Gurley & Farlin.
During the summer of 1856 money was extremely tight, owing
to the condition of affairs in the East as well as to the lack of suffi-
cient banking capital here to meet business requirements. In Au-
gust, 1856, the Board of Trade took action to improve the banking
law of the State. Thomas Richmond was at the head of this move-
ment. This course was rendered necessary by the fact that illegiti-
mate banking was extensively conducted by evasion of the new
banking law and business men were at the mercy of brokers.
"We notice that the banking business in this city is increasing in
an immense ratio. A great deal of capital is coming in here. We
hear of one gentleman from Scotland who has invested half a mil-
lion of dollars. To give an idea of the immense business in money
done in this city we mention that one house — the Marine bank — in
this city pays out from $350,000 to $400,000 on checks daily. Tak-
ing the whole of our banking houses the amount of money
turned daily must be very large." — (Daily Democrat, October 14,
1856.)
In October, 1856, brokers and owners of stock effected an organ-
ization to protect their mutual interests with Buckner S. Morris as
president and George T. Pearson as secretary and treasurer. In
November, 1856, exchange on New York was quoted at 1*4 per
cent, premium. Late in the fall of 1856 and early in 1857, financiers
here predicted serious trouble in business affairs.
"Before this (banking) law was passed, we had none before
George Smith & Co., H. T. Tucker & Co.. and I. H. Burch & Co.,
men of unquestionable integrity, commanding an immense capital,
and for many years known to the public as shrewd and far-seeing
bankers, who established banks in other States, in every respect legal
and legitimate institutions, and from the entire confidence which the
people had in their financial skill and abundant wealth they secured
for their issues a wide circulation. They used the bills of banks
located in another State (Georgia), but made themselves personally
responsible. These bills were in circulation when our general bank-
ing law was passed. We regarded the Georgia system as temporary,
and one that could in a few years, when our own law was perfected,
168 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
be gradually abandoned. It was regarded by its bitterest enemies
as perfectly safe. When the bank war raged two years ago, they
were approved by our largest and wisest business men. But as soon
as the brokers had time to scan our general banking law, they in-
augurated an organized and persistent war against our Georgia
bankers. Their bills were sent home by hundreds of thousands of
dollars, but they were all promptly redeemed in exchange or coin.
Months passed on and the Georgia currency was mainly withdrawn
and the sharpers and stock jobbers were left in an open field for
their schemes of chicanery and plunder. Behold the result ! Those
in the secret have now to puff stocks as long as they can possibly
bear it, lend them to stool pigeons, have them deposited with the
auditor, and get bills issued by the million and put them in circula-
tion. The game works beautifully, the auditor takes the securities,
and the people take the bills. Soon they are quoted at 'current rates,'
and everything goes on swimmingly. Suddenly it is discovered
that the stock given as security is worthless and then the trouble be-
gins. It is moreover mysteriously found out that the banks are re-
deeming bills under $10 one by one in small new silver coin and that
each bill must be protested separately. In fact everything is out of
joint with the law, and all possible efforts are exhausted to get up a
panic. Then the people will have sensible evidence of their schemes.
The bills of the People's (stock) Bank of Carmi are now bought at
12 per cent, discount as an example, and the wishes of certain bro-
kers and quack financiers are that half of the banks of the State shall
follow the same lead. Our banking law needs radical amendment."
—(Daily Press, January 29, 1857.)
The act of January 28, 1857, incorporated the Merchants Savings,
Loan and Trust company with a capital of $500,000 and with the
following incorporators : William B. Ogden, F. B. Cooley, N. R.
Wilder, Henry Farnham, Samuel R. Officer, John Hight, Jr., Eras-
tus S. Williams, Henry W. Hinsdale, John W. Stanley, John R.
Babcock, Charles Hitchcock, D. R. Holt, and R. W. Officer. They
were authorized to increase their capital to $2,000,000, to borrow
and lend money, to receive deposits and buy and sell exchange, bills,
notes, bonds, etc., to hold coin and to accept trusts whether fiduciary
or otherwise, and to hold the real estate necessary, etc.
The Chicago Savings Institution and Trust company was incor-
porated on February 14, 1857, by Peter Page, Walter S. Gurnee,
Charles Harmon, John P. Chapin, Thomas Heale, Benj. W. Ray-
mond, Edward K. Rodgers, Amos G. Throop, William H. Brown,
Edward I. Tinkham, Thomas Richmond, James Peck, Tuthill King,
E. D. Taylor, Philo Carpenter, George W. Dole, Grant Goodrich,
and Walter L. Newberry.
The new banking law provided that all bonds should be received at
10 per cent, less than their New York value; that when notes were
presented for redemption the redemption should be instanter in gold ;
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 169
that notes when payment was refused should be protested in aggre-
gate; that banks should do business in the place where they were
established and could receive 10 per cent, interest; that no bank
should be established with less than $50,000 capital paid up.
"Since the issue of our circular of March 31 we have passed
through one of the closest, if not the closest, week of the season.
For ten days past it has been next to impossible to get paper dis-
counted at the banks. Deposits were down to the lowest point of the
year." — (R. K. Swift, Brother & Johnson in Daily Press, April 8,
1857.)
Early in 1857 C. M. James and Alfred Hyde endeavored to es-
tablish a fraudulent bank, but they were soon discovered and com-
pelled to quit business. Late in January, 1857, exchange on New
York was from 1 % to 3 per cent, premium. At this time Tinkham
& Co. withdrew much of their issues from circulation. The bills
of Illinois banks that had failed were quoted at 10 per cent discount.
A. F. Sherman & Co. were doing a banking business in February,
1857. About this time the Legislature considered incorporating a
savings institution here with a capital of $2,000,000. Among the
incorporators were W. B. Ogden, J. H. Dunham, W. L. Newberry
and J. H. Foster. In April, 1857, Forrest Brothers & Co., who had
previously failed, resumed banking operations with honor. In May,
1857, J. M. Adsit, Taylor & Kreigh, and Louis J. Hertz were en-
gaged in banking here. In July, 1857, the Bank of Commerce con-
ducted by E. R. Hinckley & Co. failed to open its doors. It was
claimed they had become involved in an immense corn speculation
on the Board of Trade. Several indictments were returned against
the various members of that bank. In July, 1857, $500,000 was
added to the banking capital of the Marine bank. B. F. Carver
was cashier of this institution. In July, 1857, H. A. Smith, of the
Chicago Joint Stock company, was indicted for conducting a lot-
tery and was fined heavily. The failure of E. R. Hinckley & Co.
was followed by runs upon many of the other banking establish-
ments. On August 11, Cotes & Brother, formerly Cotes, Dyhren-
furth & Co., closed their doors. Country depositors had with-
drawn their deposits and the city had done the same, which act
left the institution destitute of sufficient currency to meet the de-
mands of depositors. In August banks throughout the country
began to fail. About the first of September all banking accommo-
dations were stopped and the banks absolutely refused all discount.
Business men here could not understand why this should be so,
in view of the good crops and generally of the prosperous condi-
tion of the country. On September 29 E. I. Tinkham & Co. closed
their doors. There followed a drastic run on R. K. Swift, Brother
& Johnson, who were likewise compelled to close on September 30.
Later they announced that they would liquidate and not resume
operations. On October 12 Wadsworth & Co. closed their doors.
170 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
"The money market is still unsettled and great caution is exer-
cised by our bankers in all their movements. ... In our own
city the money market continues uncomfortably close, but every-
thing is entirely quiet and the streets are alive with business and
bustle." — (Chicago Press, September 9, 1857.)
"The past week has been one of great anxiety and caution. At
no time in the history of our city has there been so complete a stop-
page of all bank accommodations. For the past week the banks,
with but few exceptions, peremptorily refused all discounts. They
have, of course, been further strengthening themselves against any
further contingency." — (Chicago Press, September 14, 1857.)
"Our bankers and citizens generally take matters very coolly and
seem to be prepared for the worst. Confidence in the wealth and the
abundant resources of the Northwest does not waver for a moment.
Why should it ? We have the wheat and the corn, the pork and the
beef, and, come what will, the dependent East must purchase our
surplus of these commodities." — (Chicago Press, September 29,
1857.)
"It is with pride that we record the fact that Chicago still
stands."— (Chicago Press, October 15, 1857.)
"Exchange continues very scarce and the market is variable and
unsettled. Some of our leading bankers charge 5 per cent on col-
lections and some charge 10. The general trade of the city, all
things considered, is healthy and active. The question may arise,
how our wholesale dealers can stand the rates of exchange. The
high rates, the well grounded distrust of most Eastern currency, and
the fact that the bills of the Illinois and Wisconsin banks could not
be used at seaboard, and that they are taken here at par, added to
the still further fact that they were for a time discredited in St.
Louis, have given our wholesale dealers an immense trade." —
(Chicago Press, October 26, 1857.)
A meeting of the merchants was called for January 20, 1858,
"For the purpose of taking into consideration the state of our cur-
rency and exchange market with the view of devising some plan
which may prove beneficial to the interests of this city and vicinity,
and give us equal facilities with our neighboring cities. The experi-
ence of the last few months in wild-cat currency and the unprece-
dented high rates of exchange will suggest the importance of such
considerations." — (Signed by Nelson Tuttle, Edwin Hempstead,
George M. Wells and John V. Farwell.)
"All the banks in Illinois and Wisconsin except the Marine and
the Chicago of this city (which to their honor, be it said, have the
coin on demand for all their issues) virtually suspended specie pay-
ments, yet our bankers received at par the bills of all the country
banks and thus saved the business of the city from utter stagnation
and ruin." — (Annual Review of Chicago, January. 1858.)
It was noted that nearly all business continued in 1857 about as
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 171
usual. The shipments of wheat were about 100,000 bushels per
day. "When coin and exchange became dear, our merchants took
currency from their customers, bought wheat with it, and made ex-
change for themselves. Such an example of Western energy and
shrewdness was duly appreciated by the creditors of Chicago dealers
upon the seaboard." — (Review of Chicago.)
The panic of 1857 was one of money, not of poverty.
"The Northwest was entirely solvent — was teeming with wealth
in her products. Her farmers had full granaries and storehouses
and were ready to sell at a fair price. Parties whose interest it was
to influence the market published and most industriously circulated
reports said to have been 'carefully made up from actual observa-
tion' that there was comparatively no grain in the country, that our
surplus was exhausted, that the mighty Northwest had neither
money nor produce. These slanders were most eagerly caught up
by the journals of the East and extensively published under the head
of 'Eastern Distrust of the West.' The effect was instantly felt.
Our bankers stood appalled by the drain on them from the East.
Large sums of money which had been sent forward for the purpose
of moving the crops were at once withdrawn."
Early in 1858 the bank note list issued by E. Keach & Co. gave
a complete valuation of all the bills in circulation in Chicago. This
and other similar lists were invaluable to business men and brokers.
No transaction was made that did not take into consideration under
compulsion the current value of a score of different bills of vital
importance to all business where cash was required.
By May, 1858, exchange on New York had fallen to about 1 per
cent, premium, with gold the same. In May the Bank Note Reporter
was issued by E. K. Willard & Young, bankers, at 74 Dearborn
street. This also supplied a want that had not been filled by any
previous bank list, because it gave a great deal of valuable informa-
tion concerning business and banking operations in addition to the
correct quotations of all current and uncurrent money. In August,
1858, a large meeting of bankers and merchants considered the
advisability of throwing out of circulation all Wisconsin bank bills
affected by the late free banking law of that State. Six of the Chi-
cago security banks resolved to discontinue the receipt of such
bills. Brokers, however, were not affected and accordingly took no
action except to make deeper shaves whenever that money passed
through their hands. One of the resolutions passed at this, meeting
was as follows :
"Resolved, That we believe Wisconsin currency to be well secured,
and if any of the banks in that State refuse to redeem, we will
nevertheless take the money at par, and place it in the hands of some
banker who will send it home for redemption."
In March, 1859, among the leading bankers and brokers were
the following: L. E. Alexander & Co., Ernst Trussing, Granger
172 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Weldon & Co., E. I. Tinkham & Co., Charles H. Ham & Co., Hoff-
man & Gelpcke, Uldrich & Geudtner, A. C. Hertel, Officer & Broth-
ers, Aiken & Norton, George Smith, G. C. Whitney & Co., T. C.
Barbour, B. W. Phillips, H. A. Tucker & Co., and Morford
Brothers.
As a matter of fact banks of issue operating strictly under the
spirit of the State law found it hard to exist at this time. The
security banks had ceased to emit bills, but the irregular banks
poured upon the community large quantities of their funds and usu-
ally adopted the method of circulating the same rapidly at some
distant point before the true nature of the institution issuing them
could be learned. The only security bank of issue in 1858 was the
Marine. At this date currency was very scarce and mostly came
from distant points. It should be noted that late in November,
1858, New York exchange sold at par with the best currency.
In June, 1859, exchange on New York and gold were both at
2*/2 per cent, premium. In August it had risen to 3 per cent, premi-
um. This was not so much due to the impending panic as it was
to the fact that business was extremely prosperous. Business men
demanded money and exchange and this requirement forced sky-
ward the requests upon bankers and brokers for short loans. By the
latter part of September, 1859, exchange had fallen to less than 1
per cent, premium. It was said at the time that the demand for
money in the fall of 1859 was the most urgent ever experienced in
this city up to that date. It was further stated that the demand was
wholly legitimate and largely sprang from the lack of sufficient
banking capital here. More than one business house in October
received in one day over $100,000 worth of produce paper besides
paying the checks of customers. Naturally during this enormous
demand for money bankers and brokers did their utmost to supply
the wants of business men. Late in October New York exchange
was quoted at J4 per cent, premium.
The Press and Tribune of November 15, 1859, had the following
notice : "The Illinois and Wisconsin bank notes are not readily con-
verted into coin or exchange. The banks of those States furnish
almost all the currency in circulation west of Indiana. They are
opposed on principle to redeeming their issues; and the brokers of
Chicago are in favor of the high rates of exchange, as it enables them
to realize two or three times the legal rates of interest. By loaning
to their customers for a short time Western currency and making
them pay back in New York funds they draw 20 to 30 per cent,
interest instead of 10 which the law allows. The banks only redeem
at the tail end of a chancery suit, but as their issues are 'stock-
secured,' they are considered ultimately good and consequently pass
freely. There will be no low rates of exchange in this city while the
brokers are herded together to keep it up, and the banks allowed to
avoid prompt redemption."
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 173
During the fall of 1860 it became apparent to thoughtful and
experienced financiers and business men that the political agitation
then convulsing the country might seriously injure business opera-
tions during the coming winter. It was realized that the bills of
the security banks of Illinois were largely based upon the stocks
of many of the Southern states. It was seen that should the South
adopt ordinances of secession, inaugurate war and withdraw from
the Union the value of the stocks held as security by the banks of
Illinois would become greatly reduced and in fact might become
worthless. Accordingly business men generally looked with misgiv-
ings upon what the future should bring forth. In October, 1860,
exchange on New York jumped to \]/2 per cent, premium. The
Tribune and Press about this time said, "More than twenty banks
have come into operation under our general banking law within
the last few months. The next Legislature should provide some
effectual check to this unlimited expansion of the currency." It
was the opinion of business men here that the banking law of the
State should at once be amended on the following points : To pro-
vide . for the redemption of bills of doubtful security ; to prevent
banks and brokers from charging excessive exchange rates; that
a discrimination against banks which evaded the law should be
made ; that banks which failed should be compelled to liquidate and
redeem their bills, and that all banks should be required to deposit
with the State auditor Illinois or United States stocks. At a busi-
ness meeting held here concerning the monetary situation the fol-
lowing was one of the conclusions :
"WHEREAS, In our opinion the present monetary crisis in our
State is the direct result of our banking system, which discriminates
against the interests of our own citizens in its practical workings
by giving to a few irresponsible bankers (in most cases) the inter-
est upon $15,000,000 of stocks, while the people are compelled to
pay for them and submit to the conversion of every dollar of their
surplus products into bank bills with no other basis but those stocks
till from $5,000,000 in 1857 they have increased to $12,000,000,
$3,000,000 of the increase being from this year's surplus crop, and
WHEREAS, From the nature of the evil the commercial interests
of the State are compelled to bear the burden of its depreciated
currency."
The last report of the auditor before November 1, 1860, showed
that only twenty of the eighty-four banks in the State had any de-
posits, and those banks receiving deposits were confined to one half-
dozen leading cities of the State. The total deposits of these banks
about November, 1860, was $832,354. The circulation of the
eighty-four banks was $9,610,084. This illustrates to what an ex-
traordinary degree the State had been flooded with rag money.
After the presidential election of November, 1860, exchange began
to mount upward and although currency was discounted heavily
174 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
business men continued to borrow and to widen operations. On
November 16 gold and exchange were quoted at from 3 per cent,
to 5 per cent, premium to customers and to others from 5 to 6 per
cent, premium. The next day exchange mounted from 5 per cent, to
7 per cent, premium selling. On November 19 exchange reached
10 per cent, premium selling, while gold was quoted at from 5 per
cent, to 10 per cent, premium.
Late in November, 1860, many bankers were called upon to
strengthen their security. This was due to the fact that the securi-
ties themselves had depreciated and were still depreciating in value.
The time to make good was fixed at thirty-five days. About Novem-
ber 22 many bankers of Virginia suspended, as did also several
in Washington, D. C. On November 23 exchange was quoted at
7 per cent, premium selling and gold .at 10 per cent, premium
selling. At this date stocks were recovering a little. Late in
November Mr. Tinkham offered to buy much of the discarded
Illinois issues at 80 cents on the $1. About this time other Illinois
bank bills were thrown out of circulation here. Late in November
the banks of Missouri, except those of St. Louis, suspended specie
payments. Small change in Chicago was so scarce that merchants
themselves issued small "promises to pay." About December all
discarded Illinois issues were quoted at 15 per cent, discount, Geor-
gia at 10 per cent, discount, the two Carolinas at 5 per cent, dis-
count, Virginia and Tennessee at 3 per cent, discount, Missouri
and Free Indiana at 1 per cent, discount, Iowa at 3 per cent, pre-
mium, Michigan, Canada and Louisiana at 5 per cent, premium ;
Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana also at 5 per cent, premium ; New York
and New England banks, 5 per cent, premium ; gold from 7 to 8
per cent, premium selling, and New York exchange the same.
Late in December, 1860, 120 merchants and business houses
signed a call for a business meeting to be held at Bryan hall to con-
sider the state of the money market and "to consult as to what legis-
lation is necessary in view of the financial and general condition
of our State."
Upon the passage of the ordinance of secession by South Carolina
in December, 1860, there was not such a financial panic as had been
anticipated. However, as time passed and one after another of
the Southern states followed the course marked out by South Caro-
lina, the bills of all banks with Southern security began to depreci-
ate in value. In fact the bills of banks with Northern security but
of doubtful strength also began to decline in value. By about the
first of February, 1861, exchange on New York was 6 per cent,
premium buying and 7 per cent, selling; New York and New Eng-
land solvent banks, 6 per cent, premium; Louisiana, Ohio, Kentucky,
Indiana State, Michigan, Canada, New Jersey and Iowa, 5 per cent,
premium; Tennessee, Maryland and Free Indiana, 2 per cent, premi-
um; Missouri, par; gold, 6 per cent, premium. Uncurrent money
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 177
had fallen immensely. Discredited Illinois bank bills were quoted
at 2 per cent, discount ; Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Georgia,
old Tennessee, South Carolina and the stock bank bills of Tennessse
were quoted at 5 per cent, discount. •
So great was the diversity in bank bill quotations at this time
that scavenger brokers began a systematic attempt to depreciate the
bills of good banks in order to secure the same for redemption at
par upon presentation later to the banks themselves. They also
bought up such bills and sold the same to laborers and servant girls
at 10 per cent, premium.
Early in 1861 the State Legislature duly considered the changes
asked for in the State banking law by Chicagoans. J. Y. Scammon
then represented Cook county in the House and was the leader there
in banking reforms. At this time pandemonium reigned in Chi-
cago business circles owing to the constant fluctuations in currency
rates and to the excited condition of the country. In February,
1861, Mack's bank bill became a law.
At a meeting of the bankers of Chicago held on February 27,
1861, it was resolved to receive at par the bills of all Illinois banks
put in liquidation by the State auditor. The discredited bank bills
remained at 20 per cent, discount. By March 27, 1861, New York
exchange and gold had fallen to from 3*/2 to 5 per cent, premium.
The Chicago bankers had carried inferior Illinois money — issues
of rags, as they were termed — until the burden became unbearable,
when all were finally thrown out of circulation. At first the issues
of thirty-two banks were thus discarded and later others were added
to the issues under the ban.
"The wholesale slaughtering of the Illinois banks on Saturday
evening produced considerable excitement to-day; but all things
considered there was much less than might have been expected.
Comparatively few were disposed to sacrifice their money. The bills
of these banks have now been, or will be, reduced to what the bonds
on which they are based make them worth according to prices
ruling in the New York market." — (Tribune, April 2, 1861.)
Early in 1861 the banks of Chicago were publicly thanked by a
mass meeting of the merchants for throwing out the poor rag money
of Illinois banks. In April, 1861, the Merchants' association was
incorporated with full banking powers and with a capital of $1,000,-
000. During April all bonds and stocks, with few exceptions,
dropped sharply in value. About the middle of April brokers of-
fered 75 cents on the $1 for bills of rejected banks. Two days later
they offered only 70 cents on the $1. On that date there was strong
talk that the issues of thirteen more Illinois banks would be thrown
out of circulation. At this time exchange on New York was quoted
at from 7 to 8 per cent, premium selling and was very unsettled ;
gold was quoted at from 6 to 10 per cent, premium selling.
Immediately after the fall of Fort Sumter all stocks declined
Vol. 11—11.
178 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
about 5 per cent., but nearly all immediately recovered to the figure
they were before the surrender of that fort. Gold remained high,
however; on the 17th it sold as high as 10 per cent, premium; on
April 16 exchange also jumped at 10 per cent, premium, gold re-
maining the same. On April 17 exchange remained at 10 per
cent, premium selling, but gold jumped to 12 per cent, premium
selling. At this date brokers were offering 50 cents on the $1 for
rejected bank bills. No currency was worth over 90 cents on the
$1, because gold was at 10 per cent, premium. By April 23 the
bankers of Chicago refused to sell exchange on New York except
upon such high terms as were ruinous to business men. Exchange
was officially quoted at 15 per cent, premium selling, but fluctuated
4 or 5 per cent, above and below that figure. Gold at this time
was selling as high as 20 per cent, premium.
"The money market is entirely unsettled and almost indescribable.
The banks have an abundance of currency. Most of the banks re-
fuse to sell exchange on any terms. What little was doled out to
customers was at 15 per cent, premium. Gold as near as we can
give was 15 per cent, buying and 20 per cent, selling." — (Tribune,
April 23, 1861.)
"The money market for the past week has been entirely unsettled
and the most gloomy forebodings were indulged in regard to our
entire financial system. It was seriously feared that banks and
business would all go to the bottom together." — (Tribune, April
29, 1861.)
On April 2 the leading bankers and merchants in mass meeting
assembled entered into an agreement to receive the bills of Illinois
banks not on the rejected list as currency during the continuance of
the war. This act it will be seen rendered it impossible for brokers
or others to arbitrarily throw out the bills of good banks. A little
later a strong effort to break this agreement was made and suc-
ceeded. The merchants of Chicago sent a committee to Springfield
to urge the passage of a law for the State to guarantee the bills of
good State banks.
By April 30, 1861, gold had risen to 10 per cent, premium selling
and exchange the same. By May 14 the bills of all banks based on
Southern stocks had fallen so low that in a few instances they
were comparatively worthless. This was due to the decline in the
State stocks held as security by those banks. On May 14 Missouri
State stocks were quoted at 35 cents on the $1, Tennessee stocks
at 45 cents on the $1, and Virginia stocks at 43 cents on the $1,
in New York. The previous act of the bankers and merchants was
modified on May 14 at a large meeting held for that purpose. It
was agreed that all bills should be received for what they were
worth in open market; that no bills should be thrown out wholly
and that 1 per cent, should be added to cover expenses of business
transactions. It was argued that what any bills would buy in ex-
change on New York was a fair basis of their actual worth.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 179
About the middle of May intense excitement followed a sudden
and rapid decline in stocks, exchange and gold. On the morning
of May 15 New York exchange sold for from 24 to 26 per cent, pre-
mium and during the afternoon of the same day the figure on the
street was placed at 30 per cent, premium selling. It was now real-
ized that in all probability all Southern securities were worthless.
This meant an immense hardship upon bankers and business men
throughout the North. As the excitement grew and money con-
tinued to fall several large meetings of merchants, bankers, railway
officials and board of trade operators were held for the purpose of
deciding upon some basis of monetary valuation. At one meeting
it was resolved as follows : "That the bills of solvent Northern banks
should be worth 95 cents on the $1 ; Tennessee, Kentucky and North
Carolina issues, 50 cents on the $1 ; bills of the North and South
mixed, 75 cents on the $1 ; Missouri and Virginia, 40 cents on the
$1." But this schedule had scarcely been adopted ere it was found
necessary to change it, owing to the continued, wide and uncertain
fluctuations. About this time merchants received good currency
at from 70 cents to 80 cents on the $1. All bills and stock ebbed
and flowed with every change in the tide of the New York stock
and money market. Attempt after attempt to grade bank issues
was made, but perhaps the next day the attempt was rendered nu-
gatory by a vast change in the quotations. It was noted during the
latter part of the month of May that the currency question in Chi-
cago was even more important than that of the war itself.
At another large meeting held on May 2 the merchants and busi-
ness men adopted what became known as the Union list ; however,
many preferred the railroad list, believing it to be a better gradua-
tion.
One important gradation of currency was attempted by the united
railway officials and was as follows: 1. Best currency at par; 2. 90
cents on the $1 ; 3. 80 cents on the $1 ; 4. 70 cents on the $1 ; 5. 60
cents on the $1 ; 6. 50 cents on the $1. Under each one of the six
grades were mentioned the issues that were embraced therein. All
depreciated currency at this date, and there was none other, was
called "stump tail."'
"The bankers begin to feel that they made a capital blunder in
not following the market and selling exchange for what it was
worth, currency being the standard." — (Tribune, May 16, 1861.)
"The action of the railroads, the warehousemen, the agents of the
propeller lines, and the merchants in relation to the secession or
discredited currency yesterday, is decisive of its fate. It may now
lie considered as dead, and no efforts of the banks can galvanize it
into life. From this day it will cease to pass in any transactions at
its nominal value, here or in the country." — (Tribune, May 18,
1861.)
On May 23, 1861, the Board of Trade determined upon a bold
180 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
and what was considered at the time a hazardous movement. They
determined thereafter that all transactions by their body should be
upon a specie basis — that coin should be the par circulating medium
and that all stump tail currency, railway list, union list, rejected and
discredited, should be buried out of sight and placed where they be-
longed as compared with gold and silver. The board declared that
it was unfair to denominate 80 cents as a dollar. They duly con-
sidered what should be done with the $6,000,000 par value of
stump tail currency circulating throughout the State. This action
was extremely important and the only sound step properly to be
taken in the dilemma. The relief felt in Chicago was also instan-
taneous, because business men and bankers saw at once that it fur-
nished a firm, substantial and reliable basis upon which to establish
all business transactions and supplied the only solution to the chaos
existing here. At first several bodies of the citizens opposed the
measures of the board of trade ; but ere long all realized the wisdom
of the movement and began anew their business calculations with
coin as the basis. Immediately the question arose, How should
bankers settle with depositors? If a depositor had placed with the
bank $1 in currency that was actually worth but 80 cents, how much
should he receive for his $1 upon the new gold basis?
Immediately thereafter E. K. Willard promptly offered New York
exchange at par for gold and silver. He also made no distinction
between coin and the best Eastern bills and the best bills of Ohio,
Indiana, Michigan, Iowa, Canada, Pittsburg, Philadelphia and New
Jersey. Other banking establishments made practically the same
offers. Thus light instantly appeared where before all had been
doubt and gloom.
The Board of Trade, May 23, 1861, resolved that all transactions
on Exchange are to be henceforth taken as having been made on a
specie basis. Stump tail, long lists, short lists, Union lists, railway
lists, preferred and discredited, were all buried out of sight. Eighty
cents has ceased to be a dollar. But there is $6,000,000 of this stuff
in the hands of the people. How to get something out of it is the
question.-" — (Tribune.)
"As to Illinois currency, almost everybody is glad that the agony
is over. The people, like one dreading some long, painful operation,
feel relieved that they now know the worst and can provide for it.
They know there is energy enough in our commercial system to
rally. Already the healthy symptoms begin to appear." — (Tribune,
May 23, 1861.)
Immediately upon the adoption of a railway and union list of
graduated currency a number of financial sharks prepared a list
and marked all bills 10 per cent, below the gradation furnished by
the railway and union meetings. They shrewdly called their gra-
dation the "merchants list," and endeavored to induce the poorer
class of people to part with their currency upon such a basis.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 181
Immediately after the general adoption of the policy of the board
of trade notices like the following appeared in the financial journals :
"On the board of trade exchange was sold at J/2 per cent, premium
for Indiana currency and at 1 ^ per cent, discount for gold. . . .
On 'change and in the street, exchange sells at % per cent to 1
per cent, premium for currency and J4 P61" cent, to fy per cent,
discount for gold."
"Wanted in Chicago. — A bank conducted on a specie basis. The
mercantile community requires a bank which shall receive and pay
100 cents every time it shall receive and pay out a dollar. They
require a bank which shall have no dealings with futures which may
be money or merchandise according to circumstances. They require
a bank which will not be conducted on the principle of giving from
1 to 10 per cent, out of each check offered at its counter in payment
of Eastern acceptances." — (Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1861.)
"This has been about the dullest week financially that Chicago has
suffered for many years past. The active available capital of the
city is just now largely employed in retiring Illinois currency. The
entire business of the city is sadly depressed, more for the want of
means to operate than from any other cause. Exchange is nominal
at par or j^ per cent, discount for coin and J4 to 2 per cent, for
currency, depending upon the quality of the article offered. As to
loans and discounts, they are entirely out of fashion." — {Tribune,
June 15, 1861.)
"We, the undersigned merchants and business men of Chicago,
do not believe that the resolves of a self-appointed, so-called finance
committee can make a depreciated shinplaster good. Therefore,
we hereby pledge ourselves to each other and to the interests of
Chicago not to aid, assist, or abet in the fraud of giving to a depre-
ciated currency a value that it does not possess, and that from this
date henceforth we will not receive and circulate Illinois and Wis-
consin depreciated shinplaster currency at anything more than its
real value." — (Signed by over eighty merchants and business men.)
"A noticeable feature is the opening of several new banking
houses, some of them connected with the leading firms of other
cities. The old banks that have not gone absolutely into liquida-
tion are closing up old accounts as fast as possible preparatory to
beginning anew. J. Y. Scammon continues business in place of the
Marine bank and the Marine and Fire Insurance company. These
institutions, I. H. Burch, and Hoffman & Gelpcke, have gone into
liquidation. E. I. Tinkham continues his clearing house. It will
take the city a long time to accumulate the banking capital that has
been lost in the collapse of our Illinois currency." — (Tribune, July
30, 1861.)
On May 28, 1861, E. I. Tinkham & Co. and I. H. Burch &
Company made assignments for the benefit of their depositors.
About the same time Hoffman & Gelpcke liquidated and issued a
182 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
circular announcing that they intended to close up business and
settle with depositors. Nearly all of the brokers at this time bought
and sold all varieties of stump tail in circulation here.
The example of the board of trade in returning to a specie basis
was soon followed by all business interests of the city. Immediately
thereafter confidence was restored and business of all kinds boomed
regardless of the war. Currency was in immense demand. Busi-
ness men could not get half as much as they wanted, but in every
transaction as before they were compelled to take into consideration
the value of all currency in circulation.
In September, 1861, Julius White, United States depositary,
placed upon the market here for sale the first of the United States
7-30 treasury notes. Solomon Sturges & Sons subscribed for $100,-
000 worth of the 7-30 loan. The first sales were made on the 18th.
Among the first subscribers were Walter L. Newberry, $10,000;
Alexander White, $1,000; James Niccoll, $500; Jason McCord,
$1,000; William T. Barren, $200.
About the middle of October, 1861, Tennessee securities were
quoted in New York at 43 cents on $1 ; Missouri, 46 cents; North
Carolina, 60 cents; Virginia, 47 cents. At this date Eastern ex-
change was at from par to y\ per cent, premium and gold about
the same. Exchange on Detroit was also at par. Willard & Keane's
quotations were considered authority at this date.
Early in the fall of 1860 Illinois banks had issued about $12,-
500,000 of currency based on Southern security. By October, 1861
the amount had been reduced to about $3,500,000.
The Merchant's association at a business meeting adopted resolu-
tions against the proposed bank bill then before the people for con-
sideration. Prominent at this meeting were John V. Farwell,
Judge Scates, Merrill Ladd, H. A. Hurlbut, Mr. Tyrrell, J. V. Clark
and C. M. Cady, all of whom addressed the assemblage. Mr. Far-
well, as a whole, liked the proposed bill, but objected to the proposed
post notes. The resolutions against the bill were voted for almost
unanimously by the citizens present. In this county the vote on the
bank law was as follows: For the law, 121 ; against the law, 8.744.
At this date the State auditor announced that the stocks of forty-
five suspended banks had been sold. He further announced that he
was busy redeeming the bills of such banks at a published rate of
discount. In some instances the rate was as low as 50 cents on the
$1 and as high as 66 cents on the $1. The stocks of thirty -one other
banks were also being sold for what they would bring. He also
announced that those of seventeen other banks would soon be placed
on the market.
Late in 1861 the banks of New York, Philadelphia and Boston
suspended specie payments. On January 10, 1862. gold was quoted
at from 2 to 2jX per cent, premium buying and 4 per cent, selling.
"The suit of Charles Chandler of Macomb, against the Marine
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 183
Bank of Chicago settled the rights of depositors in the old banking
institutions. After four days' trial here he obtained a judgment
of $17,375.83 on a running bank account. The judgment was ren-
dered against a stump tail balance, no allowance being made for
the depreciation of the stuff ; and such have always been the decisions
of the courts in similar cases. The law allows no abatement of re-
sponsibility. When a banker receives any currency as money, the
courts hold him responsible to pay money in return." — (Tribune,
November 26, 1861.)
"The monopolists cannot brook the presence of any currency
intrinsically better than their own. They have almost complete com-
mand of the field now, and will only yield it after an obstinate
and desperate resistance. The manufacturers of 'promises to pay'
have made too nice a thing out of the business to voluntarily with-
draw. Look at the state of the case : The shinplaster fraternity
have 200 millions of their notes in constant circulation as money.
On this 200 millions which they owe the community they charge
and collect $20,000,000 on their own obligations. No other class
enjoy such extraordinary special favors. Other people are obliged to
pay interest on what they owe, but the bankers receive interest
on what they owe and literally wax rich on the interest of their
debts. But this imposition is only one of a series. The second
is called 'exchange and discount.' When one of the banking
fraternity puts one of his 'promises to pay' into circulation, all the
others commence shaving the holders of them. The note which was
issued as worth 100 cents is quoted and bought at a discount. The
shave varies according to circumstances, being higher at one time
than another. Sometimes the notes are done at a moderate shave;
on other occasions they are tithed and frequently redeemed on
shares, the holder getting but half their face. This miserable state
of things breeds and sustains swarms of exchange brokers, who
reap fortunes from the evils attending our currency system. As the
whole currency (paper) passes through the hands of brokers and
banks at least a score of times per year and a shaving is planed off
the holder at every transit, varying from one-quarter per cent, in
thickness to 20 per cent., the gross amount of spoliation suffered
must be double the interest first charged, or thirty to forty millions
in the whole Union. There must be added to this at least ten mil-
lions to cover the loss by breaking of banks and the suspension of
specie payments, all making an immense sum paid as a penalty annu-
ally by the people for permitting these thousands of debt factories
to pollute the currency medium, and convulse the business of the
country by panics, contractions, and expansions. The remedy for
the cure of this appalling evil is simple and at hand. Tt consists in
substituting the Government demand notes, redeemable in gold at
par, for the issues of the thousand brinks." — (Tribune. October 12,
1861.)
184 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
"With the -sinking out of sight of so many of our old and well
established banking houses, our business public for a time were at a
loss to know where to do their business. One house after another
has opened its doors until now there seems to be scarcely any lack
of banking accommodations. Among our old citizens J. Y. Scam-
mon has taken the place of the Marine bank, and Solomon Sturges
& Sons with an immense capital occupy the rooms of George Smith
& Co. on Wells street. Among the new houses are Brotherton &
Nettleton, from Cincinnati ; A. C. Badger & Co., from Louisville,
Ky. ; C. B. Blair, who represented the Branch Bank of Indiana
at Laporte; Chapin, Wheeler & Co., who represent the South Bend
branch, and Burkham & Sons, who represent the Lawrenceburg
branch, and there is an agency here of the Bank of Montreal, E.
Willard being the representative." — (Tribune, October 4, 1861.)
"In a speech, October 12, 1861, Mr. Wentworth denounced the
banking system of the State, said it was charged that the Legislature
was bribed to pass the late banking law and stated that he was pre-
pared to go before any grand jury and give the names of those
contributing money to influence legislation." — (Tribune, October
13, 1861.)
"For the convenience of subscribers the banking house of Solo-
mon Sturges & Sons offer to furnish them gold to pay the Govern-
ment for ordinary currency free of extra charge. This patriotic
offer on their part is really equivalent to giving the suscribers T/4
to y$ per cent., as gold is now worth that premium in this city.
So liberal and patriotic a policy on the part of Solomon Sturges &
Sons will be properly appreciated by their fellow-citizens. They
deserve a general vote of thanks." — (Tribune, October 16, 1861.)
In February, 1862, New York exchange was quoted at ^ oi I
per cent, premium and an abundant supply was obtainable. Gold
at this time was 4 per cent, premium above the best paper.
The Board of Trade on February 10, 1862, passed the following
resolution : "Resolved, That the president of this board be directed
to telegraph the honorable, the Senators from this State at Wash-
ington, that in the opinion of this board the Senate should pass
immediately the House bill making treasury notes a legal tender,
believing as we do that the great Northwest will sustain the credit
of such issues by receiving them cheerfully for all our products."
(Tribune, February 11, 1862.)
The passage of the treasury note bill in February, 1862, gave
great confidence throughout the entire country and particularly at
Chicago. It meant that the Government thereafter would sustain
the money of the country. In March demand treasury notes were
quoted at y$ per cent, premium above the best bank issues, but
among bankers and business men thev passed ordinarily at par
with the best bank issues. Tn April. 1862. W. F. Coolhausrh opened
a banking house and about the same time T. W. Drexel & Co. did the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 185
same. James Boyd and H. Doolittle were also in the banking busi-
ness here at this date. About the first of June treasury notes were
l/2 per cent, premium and gold from 3 to 4 per cent, premium.
"Bank rags" were the circulating medium and were in abundance,
though very inconvenient. The demand for treasury notes led a
little later to a wish to have them established as the par fund or
circulating medium instead of the "bank rags." At this date people
were warned against wild-cat bills of all descriptions which flooded
this community. Canada currency at this date was 2 per cent, pre-
mium. About the middle of June gold had risen to about 7 per cent,
premium.
In June, 1862, the majority for the new Constitution in this city
was 663 and for the banking articles of the new Constitution the
majority was 1,948. By June 24 gold had advanced to 9 per cent,
premium. At this date the first issue of treasury notes was quoted
at 4 per cent, premium. It was stated that the rise in gold and in
old treasury notes was due to the passage by the House of Congress
of the bill for an issue of $150,000,000 of new demand treasury
notes, of which $50,000,000 was to be in bills of denominations less
than $5. It was thought that such an immense issue would depre-
ciate the currency and consequently in this community the new
bills were from the start regarded with some misgivings. The ad-
vance in the price of gold in July greatly alarmed financiers here.
On July 8 gold was quoted at 1 1 per cent, premium and the next
day at 17 per cent, premium over currency. Old treasury notes
at this time and silver were quoted all the way from 5 per cent, to
12 per cent, premium. On July 18 gold was quoted at 18 per cent,
premium and on the 21st as high as 20 per cent. About this time
Congress passed a bill to permit the use of postage stamps as small
currency. Late in July the department was paying out daily $2,000
in postage stamps to be used as small currency. The stamps were
issued in small packages in order to keep them from becoming soiled
and in this condition they passed around in packages of 10 cents,
25 cents. 50 cents and $1. All other fractional currency was for-
bidden at this period.
"Probably at no time in our business history has there been such
a scarcity of silver. One may travel a week with a dollar note
in his pocket, indulge in cigars and other domestic follies to an un-
limited extent and at the close of the week find his dollar note still
wadded up unbroken in his pocket. At the railroad office if the
fare be a dollar note and a fraction, and you are unfortunate enough
to have nothing but a five-dollar note, you must pay the note or
forego your trip. The grocer bars you from sugar and the market
man from your matutinal steak unless you pay him in silver. The
dry goods clerk makes change with shinplasters, vulgarly supposed
to represent 25 or 50 cents, but which of course can be redeemed
only by the same institution by a second purchase. Now we have a
186 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
plan to propose. Take your demand treasury notes and buy up a
quantity of 1, 3, 5 and 10-cent postage stamps and pay them out for
all fractions of a dollar."— (Tribune, July 14, 1862.)
"The brokers are paying 10 per cent, premium for silver change
and selling at 12. Many of our dealers are resorting to postage
stamps to make change. They put them up in little packages of
10, 20 and 25 cents, and, having marked them, wrap them in bits of
paper to keep them clean. This is far better than for the town to
become deluged with irresponsible shinplasters." — (Tribune, July
15, 1862.)
The whole county loan of $200,000 at 7 per cent., ordered in 1862,
was taken by Chicago bankers, as follows:
Sturgis & Sons $100,000
Merchants Savings Loan and Trust company 25,000
Chapin, Wheeler & Co 25,000
J. Y. Scammon 20,000
Western Marine and Fire Insurance company 10,000
W. F. Coolbaugh & Co 10,000
Drexel & Co 10,000
A. C. Badger & Co 5,000
Total $205,000
"To give the uninitiated some idea of the beauty of shinplasters as
we 'see it' here and as a subject to laugh over in the future years,
we annex a list of the contributions made by a certain Wabash
avenue congregation on Thanksgiving day. The list was taken as
the 'collection' came from the plates." — (Tribune, December 8,
1862.) :
1 two-dollar bill . $ 2.00
11 one-dollar bills 11.00
9 fifty-cent postal currency 4.50
16 25-cent postal currency 4.00
19 10-eent postal currency 1.90
16 5-cent postal currency 80
1 patent postage stamp 10
2 10-cent postage stamps 20
3 5-cent postage stamps 15
25 3-cent postage stamps 75
12 1-cent postage stamps 12
3 silver dimes 30
5 silver half-dimes 25
2 3-cent pieces 06
9 new coppers 09
4 old coppers 04
4 grain inspection tickets 40
1 Joliet bank ticket 25
4 Walker omnibus tickets 20
35 Chicago railroad tickets 8.75
1 Chicago railroad ticket 15
2 Chicago railroad tickets with four holes 20
2 Chicago railroad tickets with three holes -30
2 Chicago railroad tickets with two holes 30
1 S. T. X. Bitters ticket 00
Total . ....$36.81
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 187
Among the leading bankers in July, 1862, were the following:
Chapin, Wheeler & Co. ; Solomon Sturgis & Sons, Merchants Loan
and Trust company, Burkham & Sons, Western Marine and Fire
Insurance company, A. C. Badger & Co., F. G. Adams, Joseph W.
Drexel & Co., C. P. Blair, Rutter, Endicott & Whitehouse; Mark
& Hertel, J. G. Conrad, J. M. Adsit, Brotherton & Nettleton, Trad-
ers bank, Bank of Montreal Agency, Wiley Brothers & Co., Ruxton
& Co., H. Doolittle, James Boyd, Willard & Kean.
In August, 1862, an organized band of counterfeiters put out in
this city a large quantity of their paper products before they were
discovered and arrested. In August, 1862, treasury notes of the
denomination of $2 appeared here for the first time. Late in
August, early in September and throughout October the price of
gold rapidly advanced. On September 30 it was quoted here at 23
per cent, premium. By October 14 it had reached 32 per cent,
premium, by October 15, 37j4 per cent, premium, but on the 18th of
October the price dropped to 27 per cent, premium. Late in Oc-
tober, 1862, Collector Haven received $5,000 in small United States
fractional currency and so great was the demand he was forced to
pay it out to different individuals in lots of $5. At this time the
demand for fractional currency was enormous. Business houses,
street railways and even the Chicago Times issued a sort of shin-
plaster which circulated as fractional currency and in a measure
relieved the distress prevailing here in money matters. The Board
of Trade persistently demanded a greater quantity of postal cur-
rency. There had been received here by December about $40,000 of
such currency, but the board at a business meeting demanded of the
government $200,000 more at the earliest possible moment. Late
in 1862 the newspapers here could not or would not understand
the new proposed national banking law. At a business meeting held
in December the Board of Trade, the express companies, the tel-
egraph companies and numerous wholesale and retail merchants
agreed that after January 1, 1863, they would take no more small
currency except United States postal notes, silver, copper or nickels.
At this date the City railway had issued monthly tickets which were
in circulation to the amount of about $40,000. Upon the announce-
ment that on January 1 such tickets would be thrown out of circu-
lation a small panic arose among holders of the same and they were
sacrificed at a considerable loss to holders when they really should
have passed at par. For the week ending January 10, 1863, Col-
lector Haven paid out about $30,000 worth of postal currency, -or
as they were termed "little greenbacks.'" At this time nearly all of
the old shinplasters which had circulated here so extensively the pre-
vious summer had disappeared. The little greenbacks and the ac-
tion above mentioned of the business men had driven them from this
community. In January, 1863, gold was quoted all the way from
40 to 72 per cent premium.
188 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
During the summer of 1862, when gold began to rise, the brokers
here began to buy and sell the same like any other commodity and
as it continued to rise and fluctuate in value the expectations and
hopes of brokers arose and fell correspondingly.
The troubles of the Marine bank culminated early in 1863 and
many lost heavily thereby. It was claimed that in 1860 heavy defal-
cations had undermined the strength of that institution and later
when Mr. Scammon returned from Europe its affairs were patched
up temporarily, but as the financial troubles of that date contributed
to their distress the bank in the end was unable to recover itself and
was compelled to quit business early in 1863 with a debt of over
$200,000 hanging over it.
The new National banking law passed by Congress in February,
1863, received the favorable opinion of Chicago financiers and busi-
ness men. Chicago men declared that by reason of the fact that
the United States Government was back of the National banking
law the currency thus issued could not be otherwise than good, pro-
viding the Government itself continued to exist. Citizens here re-
garded the law with confidence and awaited its operations with
enthusiasm and hope. Early in 1863 the freaks of the gold market
were regarded with much concern here by business men. The stock
and gold brokers were in their element. It gave them an opportunity
to gamble on futures and to make money from those who could be
enticed into the web of their misrepresentations.
In May, 1863, it was rumored that the first bank under the na-
tional law was soon to be established in this city. By May 7 nearly
$300.000 in treasury notes had been exchanged for 5-20 bonds at
the United States depository by Mr. Haven, the collector. At this
time preliminary steps to establish a United States savings bank
under the national banking law with a capital of $500,000 were
taken here. The stock was offered by Horn, Miller & Lewis, at-
torneys, and by L. E. Alexander, cashier of the Mechanics Savings
bank. On July 20, 1863, a number of business men and capitalists
assembled in the rooms of the Mercantile association "to consider
the establishment of a National bank with a capital of at least
$1,000,000." In the spring of 1863 the First National bank, with
a capital of $100,000, was duly authorized to commence business.
In August, 1863, Lyman J. Gage, cashier of the Merchants' Sav-
ings Loan and Trust company, was victimized by a woman who
managed to secure $3,600 by the transaction. During the summer
and fall of 1863 people generally began to realize that the true
monetary basis was gold. In February, 1864, the Second National
bank and the Third National bank began operations. James H.
Bowen was president of the Third National bank, which had a
capital of $200,000; Ira Holmes was cashier. This bank was lo-
cated at 156 Lake street. J. A. Ellis was president of the Second
National bank and E. I. Tinkham cashier. This bank was the sue-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 189
cessor of the old private concern of J. A. Ellis & Co. E. Aiken
was president of the First National bank and E. E. Braisted cashier.
The First National bank at this date had a capitalization of $300,-
000. In May, 1861, George Smith, president, and E. W. Willard,
cashier, gave notice that the Bank of America would withdraw its
notes from circulation during the next three years. In February,
1864, they gave further notice that the time for withdrawal was
limited and for all holding the notes to take advantage of the
offer. Early in 1864, the Fourth National bank was established
with a capital of $100,000. On April 5, 1864, a large meeting of
bankers and business men, including members of the Board of
Trade, was held for the purpose of taking steps to drive completely
out of circulation the remaining wild-cat and stump tail issues yet
here. It was decided to make greenbacks and national bank notes
the basis of all commercial transactions.1 At this time, owing to
the fact that gold fluctuated so rapidly, all wished to make treasury
notes the basis instead of gold. This was deemed so important that
the first meeting adjourned before taking action in order to give
the subject proper consideration. The Board of Trade passed a
resolution on March 10 that five days later they would shut out
from circulation on the board all wild-cat issues, but this resolution
encountered an immediate remonstrance from business men and
bankers. It would work too great a hardship on holders of such
bills to summarily throw them out of circulation without giving
due notice so that holders could have time in a measure to save
themselves from serious loss. Accordingly the Board of Trade re-
considered their action and postponed such a step until a later date.
In April, 1864, prices of all kinds, including that of gold, fluctu-
ated rapidly and occasioned much excitement in this city. Wheat
advanced in a few days about 15 cents per bushel. Stocks of all
descriptions advanced about the same ratio. Early in 1864 there
was in circulation here yet bills of the banks of New York, New
England, Indiana, Iowa, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michi-
gan and other States. All were to be thrown out of circulation by
the rule adopted to make treasury notes and national bank notes
the basis of business. However, all other bank notes which were
redeemable at par at the home bank were announced to be equal in
value to treasury notes. May 16 was the date fixed for throwing
out the bills of banks under the old system. It was at this time
that working men and clerks demanded to be paid in greenbacks.
"Resolved, That on and after the first day of July, 1864, we, the
bankers of Chicago, will receive and pay out as par funds, United
States notes, national bank notes, and such other notes as are re-
deemed in legal tender notes in the city of Chicago only. Thereafter
for the present solvent New England bank notes and the notes of
all other solvent banks whose notes are redeemed at par in
New York shall be taken at one-fourth per cent, discount; Ohio,
190 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Indiana, Iowa, and New York State bank notes and such Illinois
banks as are not redeemed in Chicago at par, one-half per cent, dis-
count. Nothing but United States notes, national bank notes and
such other notes as are at par in Chicago shall be paid on checks or
in settlement of balances between banks and brokers.
"Resolved, That on and after Monday, May 9, 1864, the selling
rates of exchange on New York shall be one-half per cent, premium
for miscellaneous currency,"
On May 7, 1864, at a meeting of leading bankers of the city, a
resolution to fix greenbacks as the basis of financial transactions was
at first voted down. A meeting of the merchants treated them the
same way. One week later, however, so rapid was the change in
business sentiment, influenced largely by the wise course of the
Board of Trade, the bankers and business men reversed their previ-
ous action and agreed that May 16 should be the date when green-
backs and bank notes should be considered the basis. The Board
of Trade in this emergency forced the issue. This fact should be
stated greatly to their credit. Brokers did not care for the new
order of monetary affairs. They could make more money by specu-
lation with the various currencies under the old order and there-
fore did not desire a change. The same is true of banks of that
date ; they were not concerned in ordinary business transactions and
dreaded to change their method of banking and their basis of finance
and accordingly were loath to vote for any change. The Board of
Trade was solely responsible for the change.
The old Merchants' Savings bank of L. E. Alexander, which had
failed in May, 1861, was reorganized in May, 1864, as the Mer-
chants' National bank, located at 154 Lake street.
Ifi May, 1864, Frederick Hertel, of the firm of Marc & Hertel,
bankers and brokers, absconded, leaving many creditors.
It had been anticipated that much inconvenience and perhaps seri-
ous loss would result from establishing greenbacks and national
bank notes as the basis of monetary operations. On May 16, how-
ever, when that date arrived, little inconvenience or trouble was
experienced. People anticipated the change and had become so ac-
customed to abrupt and unexpected financial upheavals that they
were prepared apparently for any emergency ; consequently the day
passed without excitement. The rapid rise in gold in 1864 was
taken advantage of by speculators who dealt extensively in that
commodity. On May 28 gold was quoted here at 90 cents premium ;
on June 27 at $1.40 per cent, premium ; on July 8 at $1.76 per cent,
premium; on July 11 at $1.83 per cent, premium; but after that it
declined again very rapidly and by October 14 was at $1.15 per cent,
premium. In July gold was at its highest figure and wheat was
worth $2 per bushel; corn, $1.34 a bushel; flour, $10 per barrel;
whisky, $1.75 per gallon.
Despite the new National banking law many of the old bankers
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 191
regarded the same with distrust if not disdain and continued oper-
ations under the old order of affairs. The result was that the most
of them in a short time were driven out of business by the prosperity
and patronage enjoyed by the new national banks.
In August and September, 1864, at the time gold declined rapidly
there were many failures throughout the country and several im-
portant ones here. Business houses and bankers were compelled
to close their doors. All prices fell with gold. The people here,
accustomed as they were to remarkable changes in business and
financial affairs, nevertheless suffered severely under the immense
decline in prices. C. C. Parks & Co., bankers, failed ; J. G. Conrad
also closed his doors ; the Western Marine and Fire Insurance com-
pany failed in September. In the latter a Town committee of
twelve had just- deposited $7,400. This money was raised to pay
to substitutes for the army and when it was known that the bank
had closed, the depositors took immediate steps to secure either their
money or revenge. A large crowd assembled around the bank
and Mr. Tuttle, one of its officers, endeavored to allay the excite-
ment by addressing the angry people outside. They gathered
around him and finally assaulted and struck him, but a squad of
soldiers under Major Williams, of the Veteran Reserve Corps, saved
him from the clubs and clutches of the crowd. All further trouble
was prevented by a body of soldiers under the command of the pro-
vost marshal.
In March, 1864, the Fifth National bank was authorized to begin
business. In December, 1864, the Producers National bank was
authorized to begin operations with a capital of $200,000, and with
C. H. Doolittle as president. In August, 1864, the Northwestern
National bank was also established here. In January, 1865, the
First National bank in four days sold $579,250 of the new 10-40
Ijonds.
In January, 1865, the Chicago stock exchange was organized
with J. C. Hilton, president; Solon McElroy, secretary; W. W.
Goodenow. treasurer. Early in 1865 the Merchants National bank,
with a capital of $450,000, opened its doors with C. B. Blair as
president and John De Koven as cashier. At this time Gushing,
Harden & Co., private bankers, began business. In January, 1865,
the Union National bank, with W. F. Coolbaugh as president, be-
gan operations. It was noted by the newspapers in January, 1865,
that the Secretary of the Treasury had drawn on the Chicago banks
for nearly $1,000.000 and that the draft was promptly honored.
This was regarded as something to brag about. In January, 1865,
the Commercial National bank was authorized to begin business.
At this date gold had fallen rapidly, being on the 21st at only 97
per cent, premium. Late in January, 1865, the Manufacturers'
National bank, with a capital of $235,000, was commissioned to
begin business and William H. Brown was president and D. J. Lake
cashier of the same.
192 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
From February 1 to February 21, 1865, Jay Cooke's agent in this
city, the Second National bank, sold for him nearly $2,000,000
worth of the 7-30 government bonds.
In October, 1864, the First National bank had a capital of $600,-
000; the Second, $100,000; the Third, $300,000 and the Fifth,
$200,000. The deposits of the First National bank on October 3,
1864, were $481,409; those of the Second were $135,417; those of
the Third, $628,872, and those of the Fifth were $50,001.
On October 3 the Illinois State Savings institution, located on
Washington near Clark, withstood a hard run. At this time the
Western Marine company issued a statement and arranged terms
of settlement with creditors.
By the evening of October 4, 1864, the runs on the various banks
had almost wholly subsided but business was at a standstill. All
banks having temporarily ceased operations, necessity forced busi-
ness of all kinds to do likewise in a large measure. Merchants
could get no currency. It was noted at the time that while gold was
quoted at 90 per cent, premium in New York it went begging here
at 80 per cent premium. People did not want gold with which to
transact business. By October 5 the panic was almost wholly over
and banks and business men were doing business about as usual.
The failure of the bank of J. G. Conrad amounted to a loss to
creditors of about $212,000. He had dealt extensively in grain
and whisky products. In November gold rose and fell with fright-
ful frequency. In two days it passed from $1.10 premium to $1.40
premium, then fell to $1.29 premium and then jumped to $1.35
premium. A few days later it was down to $1.13 premium and by
the first of the year was less than $1 premium. However, as all
business here was based upon greenbacks and national bank notes
and as gold and silver had become commodities, no serious effect
was noted.
"This morning the public was again startled by the announcement
that the Western Marine and Fire Insurance Company's bank had
failed. This caused a tremendous panic among all classes, and many
of even our ablest business men were alarmed to a degree beyond
conception. The various banking establishments were soon crowded
with depositors eagerly desirous of withdrawing their balances. A
few of the strongest institutions escaped a severe run till the after-
noon, but many of them were thoroughly taxed to meet the drain.
Some banks of good repute were forced early in the day to refuse
payment of checks for large amounts till Monday or Tuesday, while
others paid their checks in greenbacks as long as they could and then
paid in New York exchange. This method of procedure on the part
of the banks, is, to say the least, irregular, but it was deemed
the most prudent course under the circumstances." — (Tribune, Oc-
tober 2, 1864.)
"The fall in gold is simply a rise in the value of greenbacks. Gold
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 195
remains stationary, but the purchasing power of the legal tender
is enhancing. National currency which five weeks ago was worth
but 38 cents in coin, is now worth 55 cents. This is due to the
splendid victories of Farragut, Sherman, Sheridan, and Grant." —
(Tribune, October 3, 1864.)
"The money market to-day was again convulsed and panic-strick-
en. As soon as the banks opened a determined and persistent run
on some of them was kept up all forenoon, but toward the afternoon
it had evidently spent its force and there was increased confidence.
One of the savings banks had a very large crowd of depositors at its
door all day. There were no failures. There were no signs of
weakness exhibited by any of the banks." — (Tribune, October 4,
1864.)
The Board of Trade passed resolutions to accept certified checks
of solvent banks for all transactions with the board ; this was done
to relieve the bankers.
The most important business feature of 1864 was the establish-
ment of the national banks. "The outset of the year ( 1864) found us
with one national bank organized and that coldly received by its fel-
low institutions. It found us with a miscellaneous currency which
made the sorting process laborious to our bankers and noxious to the
community, a mixed and motley mass of Eastern rag issues." —
(Tribune, December, 1864.)
In former years, in the best times, exchange on New York had
cost 1 to 5 per cent, and in panics 1 5 to 20 per cent, and worse. Im-
mediately after the establishment of the National banks exchange
on New York was at par. The relief to business of all kinds was
enormous. By December, 1864, the following National banks were
in existence:
First National E. Aiken, president
Second National J. A. Ellis, president
Third National J. H. Bowen, president
Fourth National B. Lombard, president
Fifth National Josiah Lombard, president
Mechanics National J. Y. Scammon, president
Northwestern National B. Sturgis, president
Manufacturers National W. H. Brown, president
"The year 1864 has been a most prosperous one to all our banking
institutions. A brief but boisterous flurry in October, in the sudden
fall of gold, brought down three hollow institutions and that was
all. The wonder only grew, when the storm was over, that these
had lived so long. The other banks stood erect, some of them a little
pale, and warned by the lesson given, but the majority went safely
through secure in the channels of legitimate business." — (Tribune,
December, 1864.)
"The banking transactions of Chicago are all for cash. It stands
as the paymaster of the great Northwest and disburses the millions
in currency required to move its great food staples, each year, by
Vol. 11—12.
196 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the opening of new channels and the development of new currents
of trade. The great Upper Mississippi region no longer follows
the flow of the Father of Waters. The new territories, the far West
with its new Eldorados, have been added to the pay roll of Chicago.
The banking capital of Chicago at the close of this year (1864) has
more than doubled in the last twelve months and is three times as
large as that of 1862 For the last sixty days the
amount handled by our bankers daily is ten millions of dollars.
Within the past fortnight one of our leading banking houses in a
single day shows transactions reaching two millions and a half of
dollars. It must be remembered that this is currency actually han-
dled— counted, piled and carried away. One million dollars a day
goes into the country to the producer. Well may the bankers re-
joice that the days of rag money are over. Imagine a banking
house 'sorting' two millions and a half of 'red dog' a day.
The question of establishing a clearing house in the city has been
long discussed by our leading bankers and business men and it
meets with general favor." — (Tribune, December, 1864.)
First National S. Aiken $1,000,000
Second National J. A. Ellis 100,000
Third National Jas. H. Bowen. . . . 750,000
Fourth National B. Lombard 200,000
Fifth National L. Lombard 503,000
Mechanics National J. Y. Scammon. . 250,000
Northwestern National C. G. Hammond.
Merchants National C. B. Blair
Union National W. F. Coolbaugh.
Commercial National P. R. Westf all . . .
500,000
450,000
500,000
200,000
250,000
Manufacturers National VV. H. Brown
Traders National J. A. Rutter 160,000
City National A. P. Reed 250,000
Merchants Loan and Trust Company. . ..S. A. Smith 500,000
Marine National J. Y. Scammon. . . 500,000
State Saving Trust C. A. Haines 100,000
Producers Bank N. Doolittle 200,000
Creamery Bank J. N. Wadsworth. 160,000
Branch Bank of Montreal (An agent) 250,000
$6,820,000
Estimated capital of private banks $2,000,000
Total $8,820,000
Among the private bankers were : Solomon Sturgis Sons, J. M.
Adsit, Meadowcroft Bros., L. Silverman, L,. Meyers & Co., Tyler,
Williams & Co., A. C. Badger & Co., Scripps, Preston & Kean,
Greenebaum Bros., C. L. Nichoff & Co., Hardin, Cushman & Co.
The following is a condensed statement of the seven National
banks for the quarter ending December 31, 1864 :
Discounts $3,244,181.71
Currency and specie on hand 3,095,693.87
Individual deposits 3,081,893.38
Government deposits 1,460,969.43
Circulation 1,678,800.00
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
197
The following bids of over $1,000 for the Government loan of
$75,000,000 ordered in 1864 were presented by Chicago bankers :
W. J. Egan & Co
..$ 3,600 at
3
per cent premium
Henry Thompson
. . . 4,000 at
10
percent premium
R. N. Shaw
. . . 2,000 at
6
per cent premium
Second National bank...
. 25,000 at
6^2
percent premium
S. Sturgis
. . . 10,000 at
3 to 5
per cent premium
Hiram Hance
. .. 1,800 at
V/4
per cent premium
C. B. Blair
. . . 19,000 at
3 to Ql/2
per cent premium
D. R. Halt
. . . 5,000 at
&l/2
per cent premium
C. & B. Clark
. . . 5,000 at
o
per cent premium
W. L. Peck
. . . 10,000 at
3
per cent premium
C. H. Warner
. . . 2,000 at
e'A to iy2
per cent premium
Fourth National bank...
. . . 12,000 at
2 to 6
per cent premium
Fifth National bank
... 20,000 at
^l/2
per cent premium
W. H. King
. . . 20,000 at
3
per cent premium
The National banks here January 1, 1865, had a capital of $2,318,-
300. On April 1, 1865, the total was $4,837,420.
BANK.
First National...
Second National.
Third National...
Fourth National.
Fifth National..
Mechanics
Commercial
Merchants
Union ,
Northwestern . . .
Manufacturers . .
City
Capital.
$1,000,000
100,000
750,000
186,000
500,000
250,000
200,000
450,000
500,000
500,000
225,000
176,420
Discounts.
$941,308
115,395
268,124
182,755
513,910
214,344
138,682
442,998
873,509
349,420
124,332
81,125
Deposits.
$1,377,622
354,274
1,389,385
129,989
364,311
327,410
82,840
515,761
2,329,683
176,674
184,610
103,880
Cir-
culation.
$514,800
97,500
290,000
163,000
357,950
126,500
34,000
184,500
420,000
450,000
82,500
Currency Specie
on hand, on hand.
$ 260,685 $14,800
1,000,848
881,225 5,267
59,375
289,125
104,940
63,974
211,749'
1,532,266
160,234
132,041
35,604
3,632
Y,52i
Total $4,837,420 $4,245,907 $7,336,445 $2,718,750 $4,733,067 $25,221
—Tribune, April 5, 1865. ,
The officers of the City National bank early in February, 1865,
were A. D. Reed, president, and J. P. Taylor, cashier. In March
the capital of the Manufacturers' National bank was increased to
$300,000; in February the capital of the Fifth National bank was
increased to $500,000 ; in March the Fourth National bank removed
to the Lumbard block near the post office. In March Cook county
scrip was worth from 86 to 87 cents on the dollar. About this
time Cook county 7 per cent, war bonds, payable in fifteen, twenty
and 25 years, sold at par. Cook county scrip could be exchanged
for Cook county war bonds at par. This fact finally raised the value
of the scrip to 97 and 98 cents on the dollar. Notwithstanding the
fall of Richmond and close of the war the price of gold con-
tinued to rise, much to the surprise of everybody. It had been
thought that the war alone kept the price up, but it was learned that
the quantity of paper currency in circulation and the possibility that
it might never be redeemed were the primary causes to keep up the
price. About April the Cook county scrip was quoted as low as 83
198 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
cents to 84 cents on the dollar, but after that it rose steadily until it
was 98 cents on the dollar. In April the Trader's bank was trans-
formed into a National bank with a capital of $200,000; J. O. Rutter
was president and T. P. Tallman cashier. In June, 1865, Preston,
Williard & Kean were the government loan agents with office at 47
Clark street. In September, 1865, the stock of the First National
bank sold at $1.25 on the dollar. At the same date stock of the
Third National bank sold for $1.03 on the dollar. In September,
1865, Chicago city 7 per cent, bonds were worth 90 cents on the dol-
lar; old Chamber of Commerce bonds sold at $1.10^ on the dollar
and new Chamber of Commerce bonds sold at par.
In January, 1865, a number of bankers assembled to discuss the
proposition of establishing a Clearing house. It was agreed that
the project should first be tried as an experiment and if successful
and satisfactory, would be continued. All of the leading banks
participated in this meeting except the Mechanics' National, Solo-
mon Sturgis & Co., Montreal Bank Agency, and the Traders'. They
agreed to join the movement if the experiment proved successful.
On March 10, 1865, the Clearing house was formally organized
with W. F. Coolbaugh as president; Joseph Lumbard as vice-presi-
dent, and A. C. Badger, E. I. Tinkham, E. E. Braisted, Ira Holmes
and John De Koven as executive committee.
On May 13, 1865, at a meeting of the bankers the subject of issu-
ing clearing house certificates was discussed. The meeting passed
a resolution authorizing bankers of the association to issue such
certificates to be used to settle balances between the banks and clear-
ing house to the extent of 3 per cent, of their capital ; and as security
for the redemption of the certificates they were required to deposit
with the clearing house committee legal tender or coupon United
States notes for like amounts.
COURTS AND LAWYERS
PROBABLY the first lawyer that ever came here to reside
was Charles Jouett, who was sent here as Indian agent in
1805. He was a native of Virginia. He studied law at
Charlottesville, Va., and was appointed by Jefferson Indian
agent at Detroit in 1802. April 2, 1805, he was appointed com-
missioner to hold a treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas, and other
Indians in Northwestern Ohio and what is now Southeastern Mich-
igan. The same year he was appointed as Indian agent at Chicago,
and on October 26, 1805, assumed charge, by direction of the Gov-
ernment, of the Sacs, Foxes, and Pottawatomies. He was again
appointed Indian agent for Chicago by President Madison in 1815,
and moved here with his family in that year.
The next lawyer that took up his abode here was Russell E. Hea-
cock. He arrived in Chicago July 4, 1827. Under date of August
5, 1835, he is advertised as an attorney, and his name appears in
the Chicago directories as late as 1848. He was one of the four
delegates from Cook county to the Constitutional convention of
1847, the others being Francis E. Sherman, Patrick Ballingall, and
E. F. Colby.
The next lawyer that came here was Richard J. Hamilton. On
the organization of Cook county he turned his eyes northward and
was elected by the General Assembly as the first probate judge
January 29, 1831. His friend, Judge Richard M. Young, appointed
him clerk of the Cook County Circuit court, and Governor Reynolds
commissioned him a notary public and recorder. According to all
accounts he arrived in Chicago in the very early days of April, 1831,
and was present at the organization of the county on the 8th of that
month.
The first lawyers who came here to make a living by their pro-
fession were Giles Spring and John Dean Caton, who arrived here
about June 18, 1833. If they did not try the first lawsuit, they were
engaged in the first prosecution for larceny that ever occurred here.
Soon after there came James H. Collins, Justin Butterfield,
George Manierre, Alonzo Huntington, Ebenezer Peck, James Grant,
E. W. Casey, A. N. Fullerton, Isaac N. Arnold, Henry Moore,
Grant Goodrich, Buckner S. Morris, William B. and Mahlon D.
Ogden, Mark Skinner, Lisle Smith, N. B. Judd, Thomas Hoyne,
William H. Brown, Henry Brown, and George B. Meeker. The
names of these lawyers are not in the exact order of time of
199
200 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
arrival, but Spring and Caton came here in 1833, Grant Goodrich,
Buckner S. Morris, James H. Collins in 1834, William B. Ogden,
George Manierre, Alonzo Huntington, Ebenezer Peck, Jonathan.
Young Scammon and Justin Butterfield in 1835, Isaac N. Arnold,
John Wentworth, Mark Skinner and Henry Brown in 1836, Lisle
Smith, Thomas Hoyne, N. B. Judd, George Meeker and Mahlon
D. Ogden in 1837, Edward G. Ryan in 1836, Hugh T. Dickey in
1838. Calvin De Wolf came October 31, 1837, John Wentworth
October 25, 1836. William H. Brown came here in 1835. In
1834 the number of lawyers was eleven and their names were : Rus-
sell E. Heacock, R. J. Hamilton, Giles Spring, John Dean Caton,
E. W. Casey, A. N. Fullerton, James H. Collins, James Grant,
Grant Goodrich, Henry Moore, and Buckner S. Morris. Five of
these men reached the bench, and all attained distinction.
The first meeting of the Chicago bar was held some time in July,
1835, and was called to pay respect to the memory of Chief Justice
Marshall, who died July 6, 1835. The members present were: A.
N. Fullerton, E. W. Casey, Grant Goodrich, Buckner S. Morris,
Henry Moore, and Royal Stewart.
From 1834 to 1840 many young men of education and family
distinction came to Chicago to locate and engage in the practice of
the law, but all who thus came did not remain. Among these were
Henry Moore, Joseph N. Balestier of Brattleboro, Vt, George An-
son, Oliver Beaumont, Fisher Ames Harding of Rhode Island, and
Fletcher Webster, the son of Daniel Webster. While here in 1837
Webster was at the head of the firm of Webster & Harding.
The celebrated Thomas F. Marshall came to Chicago just before
the breaking out of the war and engaged in the practice for a short
time. Joseph Blackburn also practiced here for a short time in con-
nection with his brother just before the breaking out of the rebel-
lion.
The career of Judge Caton is not only unique in local history, but
is something extraordinary. He arrived in Chicago on the 19th
of June, 1833. He was here when Chicago was nothing but a small
collection of huts. He prosecuted the first criminal who was ever
brought before a court of justice in Chicago and commenced and
tried the first civil suit in a court of record in this county and was
engaged in the very first jury case ever tried in Will and Kane
counties.
James H. Collins came to the State in 1833 and took up a claim
to some land at Holderman's Grove, in Kendall county. At the
solicitation of Judge Caton, who knew him while residing in New
York, and who had studied in his office, he abandoned farming and
entered into partnership with him in the practice of the law in
1834. This arrangement lasted but a year, when a partnership was
formed between himself and Justin Butterfield under the firm name
of Butterfield & Collins, which soon took a very high rank, not
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 201
only in the city of Chicago, but throughout the State. They were
both well grounded in their profession, and were men of great
determination and perseverance. Collins was a man of iron will.
He was one of the earliest and most violent abolitionists in the West.
He belonged to that group of men like Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Ichabod
Codding, Z. Eastman, L. C. P. Freer, Farnsworth, George Manierre,
Carlos Haven, H. B. Hard, Chancellor L. Jenks, and the Lovejoys.
He was engaged in the defense of Owen Love joy, the brother of
Elijah, who was foully murdered at Alton by a pro-slavery mob in
1837.
Grant Goodrich occupies a high rank among the pioneer lawyers
of Chicago. He became a partner here of Giles Spring in 1834.
No one who engaged in the practice here ever pursued his profes-
sion with greater diligence and success than he, and no one has a
better record for honor and fidelity than he. He was for some
time a partner of George Scoville, and in 1854 entered into partner-
ship with William W. Farwell, who was afterward elected to the
circuit bench, and in 1856 Sidney Smith entered the firm, and it
became Goodrich, Farwell & Smith. In 1857 he went to Europe and
remained there until the spring of 1859! Upon his return he was
elected one of the judges of the Superior Court of Chicago, which
he held for one term.
In 1847 the Constitution of the State of Illinois was revised and
a new judicial system adopted for the State, in and by which the
judiciary was made elective. A County Court was established in
each county with probate jurisdiction, to be held by one judge, who
was to be elected by the qualified voters of the county and hold four
years.
By an act of the General Assembly, approved November 5, 1849,
entitled "An act to establish the Tenth Judicial Circuit, and to fix
the times of holding courts in the Fifth, Sixth. Seventh, Ninth, and
Eleventh Judicial circuits, and for other purposes," it was provided
in the llth section as follows: "From and after the first Monday
in January next, the Circuit Court in and for the county of Cook
shall be holden on the first Mondays of May and December in each
year, and that there shall be added to the name and title of the 'Cook
County Court,' created by an act of the Legislature, approved on
the 21st of February, 1845, and referred to in the 21st section of
the schedule of the Constitution, the words of 'Common Pleas,' so
that the title and name of said court shall henceforward be the 'Cook
County Court of Common Pleas.' and the regular terms of said last-
named court shall hereafter be held on the first Mondays of Feb-
ruary and September in each year, instead of at the time heretofore
designated by law ; and the said Cook County Court of Common
Pleas and the said Circuit Court of Cook County shall have equal
and concurrent jurisdiction in all cases of misdemeanor arising un-
der the criminal laws of this State and in all cases of appeals from
202 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
justices of the peace arising or instituted within said county of
Cook, any law in any wise to the contrary notwithstanding, and all
appeals from justices of the peace within said county of Cook shall
be taken and carried to whichever of said courts the term of which
shall be held next after any such appeal shall have been applied for
and taken."
By an act of the General Assembly, approved February 6, 1849,
it was provided by the 1st section "that on the first Monday of
April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
forty-nine, and every fourth year thereafter, an election shall be held
in Cook county, at which election there shall be chosen one judge
of the court created by an act entitled 'An act to establish the
Cook County Court,' approved February 21, 1845, also a clerk of
said court, and a prosecuting attorney, to perform the duties pro-
vided for in said act, who shall each hold their respective offices for
the term of four years and until their successors shall be elected
and qualified."
Giles Spring was a phenomenon — a natural born lawyer. His
education was quite limited, and he paid little respect to the rules of
grammar, yet he could present a point of law to the court and argue
the facts of the case to the jury with a clearness and force seldom
equaled. In argument he possessed a keenness of analysis, a force
of compact, crushing logic which bore down all opposition. He
studied law in Ashtabula, in the law office of Benjamin F. Wade
and Joshua R. Giddings, and removed to Chicago in 1833, and six-
teen years after, or in 1849, was elected judge of the Cook County
Court of Common Pleas. On the death of Spring, in May, 1851,
Mark Skinner was elected judge of the Cook County Court of Com-
mon Pleas and held the office for two years. He was succeeded
by Judge John M. Wilson, one of the most remarkable jurists, in
some respects, that ever held a judicial position in the courts of this
county. He possessed great grasp of intellect and strong reasoning
powers, and was master of the common law and the science of
pleading, and was equally at home on the chancery side. He pre-
sided with great dignity on all trials, ruled with promptness, and
disposed, in the course of a year, of an immense amount of business.
Mark Skinner spent a year at the New Haven Law School, then
entered the office of Judge Ezek Cowen at Saratoga Springs, a cele-
brated lawyer, and finished his studies under the tutelage of Nich-
olas Hill at Albany, who was a master of his profession, and who
perhaps never had his superior in this or any other country in
analyzing a case and making a brief and presenting the law points.
Mr. Skinner arrived here in July, 1836. He was soon after ad-
mitted to the bar and formed a partnership with George Anson
Oliver Beaumont, with whom he continued in business until 1844,
and in 1847 he formed a partnership with Thomas Hoyne, which
continued until he was elected to the bench. Mr. Skinner was not
HI8TORY OF COOK COUNTY 203
only a highly educated man, but one of the best trained men in
the profession. He was identified with almost every public enter-
prise and improvement which was projected during his time. He
was city attorney in 1840, school inspector in 1842, United States
district attorney in 1844, was a member of the Legislature in 1846,
was chairman of the meeting called by the citizens of Chicago in
1846 to make the necessary arrangements for the great River and
Harbor convention in 1847. He helped organize the Young Men's
association and the Chicago Lyceum, and was a member of the
United States Sanitary commission and president of the Chicago
Sanitary commission during the war. He was a trustee of the
Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary and was long connected
with the Chicago Relief and Aid society, the Home of the Friend-
less and the Reform School.
Justin Butterfield was without doubt one of the greatest lawyers
of his time and belongs to that early group who attained national
distinction. He was appointed commissioner of the General Land
Office in June, 1849, his rival being Abraham Lincoln. Daniel
Webster was a great friend of Butterfield and Butterfield recipro-
cated the friendship, dressed like him, and imitated to a great ex-
tent his methods. He took part in many noted trials and many
anecdotes are told of his powers and quaint methods. One of the
most remarkable cases that he ever engaged in was that of Joe
Smith, the great head of the Mormon Church at Nauvoo.
Thomas Hoyne was one of the most eminent lawyers that ever
practiced at the Chicago bar. He came here in 1839 to meet the
early friend and companion of his youth, George Manierre, who
had preceded him but a few years. His career is something unique
in our history, for, commencing with a clerkship in the Circuit
Court clerk's office, he afterward filled the office of city clerk, pro-
bate judge, United States district attorney, United States marshal
and acting mayor of the city of Chicago.
Among the most enterprising public-spirited and useful citizens
was Jonathan Young Scammon. He came here in 1833 and was
appointed reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court of Illinois
in 1839 and issued four volumes, which bear the marks of great
care and industry. The first edition of Volume I of his reports
was destroyed by fire in December, 1840, while in the hands of the
binder, causing a heavy loss of time and money. That Mr. Scam-
mon labored under many difficulties in preparing his reports for
publication is evident by what he says in the preface to Volume I
of his series, from which it appears that printed abstracts and briefs
were entirely unknown and he had to prowl through the record
and briefs of the appellant and then sit by and take notes of the
points and authorities of the appellee at the time the case was
argued, as no briefs were required to be filed by the appellee.
Henry W. Blodgett was one of the early pioneers of Cook
204 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
county, and for many years occupied a seat upon the bench
of the United States District and Circuit courts. Henry Moore
came to Chicago in 1834 from Concord, Mass., and was admitted
to the bar the same year. He was a lawyer of fine abilities, a very
attractive and interesting speaker and very soon became prominent.
He was for a short time a partner of E. G. Ryan. Henry Brown
came here in 1836 and was soon after elected a justice of the peace,
and in 1842 became city attorney. He prepared a history of Illinois
in 1844.
Paul Cornell may be regarded as among the most enterprising
men ever connected with the Chicago bar. He studied law in the
office of William A. Richardson at Rushville. He first came to
Chicago in 1845, but did not remain permanently. He returned on
June 1, 1847. John M. Wilson had recently removed here and had
formed a partnership with L. C. P. Freer, and Cornell became a
clerk in their office. He was afterward employed in the office of
James H. Collins and of Skinner & Hoyne, and on Mr. Hoyne being
elected probate judge he acted as clerk.
In 1851 he formed a partnership with William T. Barren and
they did a large business. In 1856 Barron was elected probate
judge, when he became associated with the late Judge John A.
Jameison and Perkins Bass, and after that with H. N. Hibbard, the
firm being Cornell, Jameison & Hibbard.
He always had great faith in the future of Chicago and invested
largely in real estate. He purchased the town site of Hyde Park,
laid it out into lots and sold many of them and improved the rest.
He also laid out Grand Crossing, built a hotel there and established
a watch factory. He took a great interest in schools and churches
and contributed largely to their support. He was an ardent sup-
porter of the project for establishing parks in the south division
of the city and was for a number of years one of the park commis-
sioners. •
Calvin De Wolf arrived in Chicago October 31, 1837, and in 1838
entered the law office of Spring & Goodrich. He was admitted to
the bar in May, 1843. He was elected a justice of the peace in 1854,
and held the office up to 1879 when he resumed the practice, but did
not continue it long. In his early days he was an abolitionist of
the most pronounced type and belonged to that well-known school
of philosophers and philanthropists of which Dr. Dyer, George
Manierre and Owen Lovejoy were types.
Harvey B. Hurd belongs to the old regime, although he did not
join the Chicago bar until 1846. In 1847 he began the study of
law in the office of Calvin De Wolf and was admitted to the bar
in 1848. He commenced practice with Carlos Haven, who after-
ward distinguished himself as State's attorney for the Cook and
Lake county circuit. He was one of the founders of the flourish-
ing city of Evanston and took up his residence there in 1855.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 205
Ezra B. McCagg is one of the links in the remote past of the
Chicago bar. He studied law in the office of Monell, Hogeboom &
Monell of Hudson, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. In the
summer of that year he came to Chicago and formed a partnership
with J. Y. Scammon, which continued many years. Samuel W.
Fuller became a member of the firm about 1859, which continued
until his death. No one at the bar had a more varied experience
than Mr. McCagg. No lawyer at the Chicago bar traveled so much
as he, and none had such opportunities to make himself well
informed and well read as he.
Col. James M. Strode was a member of the Chicago bar and
prosecuting attorney from about 1844 to 1848. He was identified
with the bar of Joe Daviess, Cook and McHenry counties. His
name is attached to a letter signed by the leading citizens of Chi-
cago addressed to Alexander McKinzie, dated October 3, 1838,
in which they express their high appreciation of Mr. McKinzie's
efforts to entertain the people by a series of theatrical performances
and trusted that before he left the city he would allow them to
testify their regard for him "by appointing an evening for a benefit
for himself." Mr. McKinzie replied to this highly complimentary
letter on the llth of October, 1838, which is addressed to H. L.
Rucker, J. M. Strode, Buckner S. Morris and others, acknowledg-
ing the receipt of the communication and naming Thursday evening,
the 18th, as the benefit night. The colonel was not only a devotee
of the law, but a patron of the drama.
William H. Brown was one of the most useful citizens that Chi-
cago ever had and the bar should be proud of his exemplary char-
acter. He was one of the most careful and trustworthy lawyers that
ever advised a client or tried a case. His business was strictly an
office business, and in his later years he did nothing but attend
to his own affairs.
Edward W. Casey of New Hampshire was the fifth lawyer to
take up his abode here, in 1833, and was for a time deputy clerk
of Richard J. Hamilton, clerk of the Circuit court. He practiced
for some time in partnership with Buckner S. Morris, the firm name
being Morris & Casey. He was a strong and vigorous lawyer and
able advocate.
James Grant, the sixth member of the Chicago bar, was admitted
to practice in this State March 26. 1836. In 1836 he represented
Arthur Bronson in making sales of some seven thousand acres of
land at the terminus of the Illinois and Michigan canal. In 1836
he formed a partnership with Francis Peyton, which continued until
about 1839, when he removed to Davenport, Iowa.
A. N. Fullerton of Vermont came here in 1833 and was for a
time a partner of Grant Goodrich. He drifted into commercial
pursuits.
The names of Royal Stewart, William Stuart and Hans Crocker
appear on the records as lawyers at a very early period.
206 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
James Curtis came here early, and was a shrewd lawyer and man
of ability. He set himself up as the champion of the people and
was more inclined to talk politics than practice law. He had many
good traits in his character and drew around him many friends
and adherents. He was elected mayor of the city in 1847 and
again in 1850. He was appointed by Judge Hugh T. Dickey the
first clerk of the old Cook County court, now the Superior Court
of Cook county.
Ebenezer Peck filled for a considerable period a large place in
the public affairs of this State. He was born in Portland, Me.,
but moved to Montreal at a very early age, where he was educated
and admitted to the bar. He rose to the position of king's counsel
and was elected a member of the Provincial Parliament of Canada
East. He came here in 1835 and soon showed his forcible man-
ner. He was elected to the State Senate in 1838 to fill the unex-
pired term of Peter Pruyne, deceased.
George W. Meeker came to Chicago in 1837, studied with Spring
& Goodrich, and was admitted to the bar in 1839, and very soon
after formed a partnership with Mr. Manierre. He was for a time
clerk of the United States court and was for many years United
States Court commissioner. He was considered a very fine office
lawyer; was well versed in the statute law of the State and especially
the statutes of the United States, and was an authority on all points
of practice arising in the Federal courts.
In 1854 a system of police magistrates was established for the
whole State. At the municipal election in 1855 police justices were
voted for under an old act relating to Chicago without any regard
to the new act, although there were very many who believed that
by the law as it then existed police magistrates alone should be
voted for. The consequence was that both police magistrates and
police justices were voted for. The police justices received an over-
whelming vote. W. H. Stickney, Calvin De Wolf, and Nathan
Allen received a few votes, having been voted for as police magis-
trates. A case was taken to the Supreme court, and it was decided
that under the circumstances either title would comply with the true
intent and meaning of the law, and Mr. Stickney was offered a
certificate of election and a commission, but he said that the citizens
having so unmistakably indicated their preferences, he would not
take advantage of any technicality, and therefore refused the com-
mission offered to him.
Among the early public prosecutors in Cook county was Alonzo
Huntington, who came to Chicago as early as 1835 from Vermont,
became State's attorney in 1837, and served in that capacity until
1841. He prosecuted John Stone for the murder of Lucretia
Thompson, which was tried at the April term of the Circuit Court
of Cook county, 1840, before Hon. John Pearson, who presided.
Stone was defended by Justin Butterfield and S. Lisle Smith, and
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 207
from beginning to end the trial was attended by many dramatic
incidents. Stone was convicted and finally executed.
In 1851-2 Daniel McElroy and Patrick Ballingall were the lead-
ing criminal lawyers, and Mr. McElroy was at that time State's
attorney and prosecuted George W. Green for poisoning his
wife with strychnine. He was succeeded by Carlos Haven, who
proved to be one of the most successful prosecutors the county ever
had. He was the very embodiment of honesty and integrity, and
never insisted upon a conviction when he became convinced that
there ought not to be one, but he was the terror of the wicked and
they fled before him.
Patrick Ballingall was a man of unusual acumen and shrewdness,
and, considering the great disadvantages that he labored under in
his youth, it is quite wonderful what success he had and what a
reputation he established. That he attained distinction is evidenced
by the fact that he was more than once elected to the office of State's
attorney, and was one of the delegates from this county to the Con-
stitutional convention in 1847.
Daniel McElroy came to Chicago in 1844, and was twice elected
State's attorney.
Carlos Haven was succeeded by Joseph Knox, Charles H. Reed,
Luther Laflin Mills, Julius H. Grinnell, and Joel Longenecker as
public prosecutors.
George Ingham, who was the assistant prosecutor under Mills,
was possessed of the most wonderful gifts, and his earnestness and
directness always attracted attention. Charles G. Neely was an as-
sistant under Longenecker, also achieved a wide reputation while
acting on behalf of the State.
Joseph Knox was a natural born lawyer and was one of the
most effective jury lawyers that ever practiced in the Rock River
Valley. He was very direct and at times very dramatic in his pres-
entation of a case, and was for years engaged in the trial of more
cases than any other lawyer of his time.
Charles W. Reed was admitted to the bar in 1859, and soon after
became a partner of Joseph Knox. He removed with Knox &
Drury from Rock Island to Chicago in 1860, and in 1864 was
elected State's attorney, and was reflected two successive terms.
In the winter of 1882 he was associated in the defense of Charles
Guiteau for the murder of Garfield.
He was a man of great natural abilities, and was considered a
great Greek scholar. He was a most efficient State's attorney.
The success of Julius H. Grinnell in modern times as State's
attorney is something phenomenal. During his term of office he
was called upon to prosecute a number of the most remarkable
criminal cases that ever had occurred in this country. He prose-
cuted with success the anarchist cases and what are known as the
boodle cases, which involved a number of the county commissioners
208 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
in Cook county in corrupt practices, and was triumphant in all of
them.
John Van Arnam, one of the most noted criminal lawyers of
the country, came to Chicago from Michigan in 1859, and practiced
with distinction. Emory A. Storrs was a great criminal lawyer,
but he did not make it a specialty. William O'Brien was another
great criminal lawyer. He was a man of great natural abilities
and brain power.
E. G. Asay, for a considerable period antedating the fire, did a
large criminal business, and was very successful. Augustus H. Van
Buren, his father, Evert Van Buren, A. S. Trude, and Charles
M. Hardy all attained celebrity in the management of criminal
cases. Leonard Swett was a man who pursued a lofty ideal and
was above trickery and chicanery. He was in appearance almost
the counterpart of Abraham Lincoln, and was his intimate friend
and practiced with him on the circuit long before his removal to
Chicago.
In addition to the above William S. Forrest, Russell M. Wing,
Daniel Donahue, William J. Hynes, Kickham Scanlan, Daniel
Munn, and William S. Elliott have all attained distinction in the
practice of the criminal law. Mr. Forrest has made criminal juris-
prudence a specialty, and has studied the subject scientifically, and
the same may be said of Mr. Wing and several others.
There is no branch of law so much neglected and so illy under-
stood as that of the criminal law. In cities like Chicago the office
of State's attorney has risen to the importance of the home depart-
ment in England and should be filled by not only a learned and
experienced lawyer, but one of the greatest integrity and well versed
in public affairs.
The administration of the criminal law during the pioneer period
was attended with far more certainty than at the present time, and
there was far less nonsense and trifling indulged in than character-
izes the trial of cases of this character in our courts at the present
time. If we are to judge of the manner in which criminal cases are
disposed of by an examination of the reports of this State, it would
appear that all criminal cases are determined by an equation of
errors instead of on their merits, and that we have made no progress
at all since Judge Lockwood made his celebrated decision in the case
of McKinney vs. People (2 Gil., 248) in 1845.
The criminal law at the present time is the least studied and the
least understood of any branch of the law, and our courts seem to
have but one idea about it, and that is to be guided solely by the
technical rules of the seventeenth century, to rule everything against
the State and to not only give the defendant the benefit of every
doubt, both reasonable and unreasonable, but also every possibility
of a doubt. In the pioneer period penitentiaries were not regarded
as summer resorts which were to be run on the European plan, but
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 209
a place of penance, and persons when convicted were sent there to
do something besides sit around and calculate their chances of
being set at liberty by those who are "in the push" or be pardoned
outright by a sympathetic Governor.
The District court of the United States for the State of Illinois
was established March 3, 1819, and Nathaniel Pope was appointed
district judge. He died in 1850, and was succeeded by Thomas
Drummond, who continued to fill that office until he was appointed
circuit judge in December, 1869. The District court of the United
States had and exercised Circuit court jurisdiction, and the district
judge held the Circuit court for a long period, although Judge
McLean of the United States Supreme court was the judge of this
circuit, which was called the Seventh, from 1837 down to the time of
his death in 1861.
Nathaniel Pope was the first judge to hold a Federal court in
Chicago, which was in 1837, over George W. Meeker's store, on
Lake street, between Clark and Dearborn. Judge Drummond also
held court for a short time in the same place, but very soon after
Judge Drummond removed from Galena to Chicago, and perhaps
before, the United States courts were held in what was known
as the Saloon building, at the southeast corner of Clark and Lake
streets. In 1857 the United States courts were removed to the
Larmon building, corner of Clark and Washington. Immediately
after the fire the courts, with the custom house, were removed to
Congress hall, at the corner of Michigan avenue and Congress street,
then they were transferred to the Republic Life building, on La
Salle street, and later to the Government building, at the corner of
Dearborn and Monroe streets.
Abraham Lincoln, prior to 1860, tried many cases in the United
States District courts. The last case he tried in any of the courts in
Cook county was what is known as the "Sand bar" case, which
involved title to a large amount of "shore" property on Lake Michi-
gan, north of the Chicago river. It had been tried three several
times previously, and came on for the fourth time before Judge
Drummond and a jury in the Larmon block, northeast corner of
Clark and Washington streets, on March 19, 1860, two months prior
to the great Chicago convention. Lincoln stopped at the Tremont
House, and he never was in Chicago but twice afterward. The title
of the case was William S. Johnson vs. William Jones and Sylves-
ter Marsh. The counsel for the plaintiff were Buckner S. Morris,
Isaac N. Arnold, and John A. Wills. The counsel for defendant
were Abraham Lincoln, Samuel W. Fuller, Van H. Higgins, and
John Van Arnam. The trial closed April 4 by a verdict for de-
fendants.
The business directory which was published by J. W. Norris in
January, 1846, contains the following list of attorneys, with their
place of business: Abell, Sidney, 37 Clark street; Arnold (Isaac
210 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
N.) & Ogden (Mahlon D.), 123 Lake street; Brown, Henry and
Andrew J., 126 Lake street; Brown, John, 90^2 Lake street; But-
terfield, Justin and J., Jr., 70 Lake street; Clarke, Henry W., south-
west corner Clark and Lake streets; Cowles (Alfred) & Brown
(William H.), State Bank building, southwest corner La Salle and
South Water streets; Curtis, James, courthouse, southwest corner
Randolph and Clark streets; De Wolf, Calvin, 71 Lake street;
Dickey, Hugh T., 102 1/2 Lake street; Freer, Lemuel Covell Paine,
53 Clark street, opposite City Hotel; Gardiner, Charles, 71 Lake
street; Gregg, David L., U. S. attorney, 65 Lake street; Hamilton
(Richard Jones) & Moore (Thomas C.), 59 Clark street; Hoyne,
Thomas, 51 Clark street, opposite jostoffice; Huntington, Alonzo,
98 Lake street; Leary, Albert Green, 53 Clark street; Lee, David,
103^ Lake street; McDougall, James A., 118 Lake street; Mcllroy,
Daniel, courthouse basement; Manierre (George) & Meeker
(George W.), 100 Lake street; Morris (Buckner S.) & Greenwood
(George W.), 59 Lake street; Phelps, Pallas, Clinton between Mad-
ison and Washington streets; Scammon (Jonathan Y.) & Judd
(Norman B.), 23 Lake street; Skinner, Mark, 92 Lake street;
Spring (Giles) & Goodrich (Grant), 124 Lake street; Stuart (Wil-
liam) & Larrabee (Charles R.), 59 Clark street; Thomas (Jesse
Burgess) & Ballingall (Patrick), 92 Lake street; Tracey, Elisha
Winslow, 123 Lake street; Wright, Walter, 94 Lake street.
Chicago became in a very short time the great objective point, and
among the "sooners" were such men as Melville W. Fuller, S. K.
Dow, Samuel W. Fuller, A. W. Arrington, B. F. Ayer, Cyrus Bent-
ley, William C. Goudy, M. F. Tuley, Lambert Tree, Robert Hervey,
Richard Merrick, Joseph P. Clarkson, E. W. Tracey, John Van
Arnam, Emory A. Storrs, Wirt Dexter, James M. Walker, Charles
Hitchcock, B. F. Gallup, John A. and George W. Thompson,
Thomas F. Withrow, John P. Wilson, E. W. Evans, H. T. Helni,
Alexander S. Prentiss, B. F. Strother, Sidney Smith, William W.
Farewell, James L. High, William K. McAllister, Corydon Beck-
with, H. G. Miller, Penoyer L. Sherman, William H. King, Ira
W. Scott, George Payson, Joseph E. Gary, Henry M. Shepard,
Van H. Higgins, John N. Jewett, John M. Douglass, James P.
Root, A. M. Pence, D. L. Shorey, John A. Jamieson, Homer N.
Hibbard, Robert S. Blackwell, Henry Frink, Henry S. Monroe, and
many others.
Richard Merrick was for a time a partner with Corydon Beck-
with. He possessed great oratorical powers and attained great dis-
tinction.
Corydon Beckwith was, without any question, one of the greatest
lawyers that ever practiced at the Chicago bar, and he had as worthy
compeers such men as William C. Goudy, Wirt Dexter, B. F. Ayer,
Henry G. Miller, John A. Jewett, Melville W. Fuller, Emory A.
Storrs, Sidney Smith, William K. McAllister, A. W. Arrington,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 213
William H. King, Charles Hitchcock, John A. Jamieson, Robert
Hervey, Joseph E. Gary, Van H. Higgins, and many others who
would compare favorably with the members of any other bar in
the United States.
William C. Goudy was one of the great lawyers of this State
and in many respects had no superior. He was one of the best "all
around" lawyers.
Samuel Snowden Hayes came to this city in 1850 and was, very
soon after his arrival, employed as city solicitor. He was born in
Nashville, Tenn., was a Democrat of the Douglas school and a very
high-toned patriotic gentleman. He was city comptroller in 1862
and again in 1873.
Van H. Higgins became identified with our city and a member
of our bar in 1852. He began practice in St. Louis in 1844, but re-
moved to Galena in 1845, where he distinguished himself for his
great industry and wonderful knowledge of decided cases.
Henry S. Monroe studied law with Henry R. Mygat at Oxford,
Chenango county, N. Y., and was admitted to the bar in 1853, and
came directly to Chicago. He was an excellent trial lawyer, strong
and vigorous, and was engaged in many celebrated cases.
Joseph N. Barker studied law in the office of B. S. Morris and
John J. Brown, and was admitted to the bar March 4, 1848. He
took the census of Chicago in 1850 entirely alone, when the city
was found to contain 28,250 inhabitants. He established a very
large admiralty practice and from 1854 to 1860 was the leading
lawyer in that department. He was at one time associated with
George A. Meech, then with L. H. Hyatt, and then with Judge
Tuley, afterward with H. F. Wait and Ira W. Buel.
John M. Douglass, who came to Chicago in 1856, became the
general solicitor of the Illinois Central Railroad company and after-
ward its president. The Hon. Robert H. McClelland says that he
was the deepest thinker and the profoundest lawyer of his time.
Benjamin F. Ayer belongs to the old regime and is one of the
most accomplished lawyers that ever practiced at the Chicago bar.
Charles Hitchcock possessed a wonderfully comprehensive mind,
and weighed every question presented him with judicial fairness
and impartiality. His grasp of legal principles was great and he
could enforce his views in the most luminous and logical manner.
He was always calm and self-poised in his way, yet he possessed
great force. He was a model presiding officer and he displayed
great knowledge of parliamentary law. He attained a very high
place at the Chicago bar.
Kirk Hawes is another gentleman who was not only well and
favorably known as a lawyer of distinction, but as an orator of
great power. He graduated from Williams College in 1864,
studied law in the office of Bacon & Aldrich at Worcester, came
West soon after, and went into partnership with H. T. Helm, was
Vol. II— 13.
214 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
elected one of the judges of the Superior court in 1880 and reflected
in 1886, but was defeated by the Democratic cyclone which swept
over the country in 1892, and then engaged in private practice.
Henry T. Helm came to Chicago in 1854, when he was admitted
to the Illinois bar. He entered into partnership with George K.
Clarke, and soon established a large business. Mr. Clarke died
some years since. After that he became in turn a partner of Kirk
Hawes, E. S. Taylor, John L. Manning, A. M. Pence and Walter
Howland.
H. M. Shepard, who was for many years on the Superior court
bench, and later a member of the Appellate court of the First dis-
trict of Illinois, was an accomplished jurist and very able lawyer.
He studied law first with General Divens at Elmira, N. Y., and
afterward with John K. Porter, of Albany. He became a very fine
chancery lawyer and his decisions were characterized by being
broad and well considered.
Judge Gary was elected to the Superior court bench in 1863.
He succeeded Judge Grant Goodrich. Judge Gary not only proved
himself a great judge, but one of the best posted men in his profes-
sion. He presided at the celebrated trial of the anarchists and in
accordance with the verdict of the jury condemned them to death.
No judge ever worked harder or performed greater services on
the bench than Judge Gary..
Henry E. Seelye removed to Chicago in 1850 and commenced
reading law in the office of Morris & Goodrich and was admitted
to the bar in 1852, and from that time to this has pursued the even
tenor of his way.
Robert Rae made insurance and admiralty law a specialty
and at one time did a larger business than any other lawyer at the
bar. In 1882 he went to London and argued a case in the English
Court of Commissions involving a large amount of money, and
was successful. He was employed by the American Board of
Underwriters and was the first American lawyer that ever appeared
in any case in that court. He settled some very interesting com-
mercial questions of admiralty, and by his researches contributed
much to settle the admiralty practice in matters pertaining to our
inland seas.
Cyrus Bentley is another lawyer of great merit and of the most
exemplary character who deserves recognition and the most kindly
remembrance. He came here in the '50s and established a fine prac-
tice, and was not only a gentleman of the highest type, but was a
jurist fit to adorn the bench or any other position. He passed away
many years ago.
Frederick Hampden Winston became very early, through his
connection, interested in railroad law and railroad business and
prospered finely.
Some of the most prominent lawyers who died from 1858 to 1867
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 215
were: Bolton F. Strother, 1862; Andrew Harvie, 1863; Lorenzo
D. Wilkinson, 1863; George W. Roberts, killed at the battle of
Murfreesboro, January, 1863; John A. Bross, July 30, 1864;
Charles M. Willard, 1866; Edward P. Towne, 1866; Henry L.
Rucker, 1867; Solomon M. Wilson, 1867.
Every bar has a number of natural -born leaders of men, great
advocates, skilled trial lawyers, successful verdict-getters and bril-
liant orators, and the Chicago bar forms no exception to this rule.
If anyone wanted to know in olden times what form of action to
adopt or what pleas to put in in any common law case he would
be told without hesitancy to go for advice to James H. Collins, to
George W. Lay, the partner of Arnold ; to Ezra B. McCagg, to
Grant Goodrich, to J. Y. Scammon, or John M. Wilson; or, if it
should be a complicated matter, coming within the chancery juris-
diction, it would be Collins, or Goodrich, Mark Skinner, George
Manierre, Hugh T. Dickey, Erastus S. Williams, John Wood-
bridge, George Meeker, or N. B. Judd ; but if a case was to be tried
and it required skill, shrewdness, adroitness, a knowledge of the
rules of evidence and eloquence, then it was Justin Butterfield,
Thomas Hoyne, E. W. Tracey, E. G. Ryan, Isaac N. Arnold, E. C.
Larned, Buckner S. Morris, or Grant Goodrich, or J. Y. Scammon.
There were others who were great in their way, but these men were
strong and tried every case with the most wonderful skill and
power. They were at the head of the bar as it existed under the old
regime and most worthily filled the positions universally awarded
them, and they could be relied upon in any emergency.
Tradition has invested the name of Samuel Lisle Smith with a
halo of glory. It is claimed that he was possessed of the most ex-
traordinary mental endowments and the highest oratorical powers.
At first he was likened to Curran or Grattan, but that claim has
been surrendered, and it is now asserted that he was the S. S.
Prentiss of the Chicago bar and was without a peer. He arose at
a time when effusive speaking, or what is known as stump oratory,
was it its height; when Tom Corwin, Tom Marshall, Ed Baker
and Henry Clay had been exalted to the very highest places in the
pantheon of fame, and a great wave of eloquence was sweeping
over the land.
In 1835 Thomas Ford, who had become prominent as a lawyer
and State's attorney in the Fifth Judicial circuit, was elected by
the Legislature a judge of the newly created Sixth circuit. He
exchanged with Judge Breese, who held the first term in Chicago
in 1835. That term extended from May 23 to June 4, and the
records show that a great deal of business was done during that
period. Judge Breese was then but thirty-nine years of age, but
was possessed of great executive ability and good attainments as
a lawyer, and he allowed no one to linger. This term marks an era
in our local history, for from that time onward the law business
216 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
increased steadily, and for the first time the legal fraternity began
to flourish and assume a prominence which had never characterized
the profession before.
The second term of the Circuit court for the year 1835 was, by
arrangement between Ford and Stephen T. Logan, held by that
great jurist in this city. It was not as long as the one held by
Judge Breese, it having begun on the first Monday of October and
closed on the llth of that month. There were, according to the
most authentic accounts, 103 civil suits on the docket, 70 of which
were disposed of. The number of people's cases was 37, but 19
of these were against persons who had been summoned to serve
on the jury, but failed to obey the summons; two were fined $5
each.
In 1837 Cook county became a part of the Seventh circuit and
John Pearson, of Danville, was elected judge. He had been ad-
mitted to the bar December 5, 1833, and his reputation as a lawyer
was such that his appointment was considered an insult to the entire
Chicago bar, and was most vigorously resented from the very first.
The docket of the courts in Cook county had, by the opening of
the May term, 1837, become greatly crowded and the Circuit court
had at that time more than 700 cases on its docket.
At the meeting of the Twelfth General Assembly, February 10,
1841, the judges of the nine circuits were legislated out of office
and five additional judges were added to the Supreme court, who
were to do all the Circuit court business and hold two terms of the
Supreme court at the capitol each year. By this arrangement
Theophilus W. Smith was assigned to the Seventh circuit, which
included Cook county, and he opened the spring term of that court
for 1841 toward the close of April.
He also held the fall term, but when the time for holding the
spring term for 1842 arrived he was too ill to hold court, and ac-'
cordingly a special term was called for July, which was held by
Stephen A. Douglas, commencing July 18, 1842. This was the
only time that Mr. Douglas ever held court in this county. Judge
Smith resigned December 26, 1842.
Prior to the year 1831 the cabins of John Kinzie, Jean Baptiste
Beaubien and Alexander Wolcott were the temples of justice in
what is now Cook county. The house in which Kinzie administered
justice was built in 1779 by Jean Baptiste Point de Sable, near the
interesection of North Water and Rush streets, became the prop-
erty of Jean Baptiste le Mai in 1796 and of John Kinzie in 1804.
Enlarged by Kinzie, the house came down intact to 1833. In
1812 Beaubien purchased the Lee cabin on the lake shore, or old
river bank, at the foot of Madison street, but it is questionable
if he ever held court therein; for, in 1817, he moved into a house,
purchased from Contractor Dean, at the foot of Randolph street,
and in 1823 into the United States factory, which he purchased
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 317
from the American Fur company for $500. There he was residing
when appointed justice of the peace in 1825 and there he made his
home until 1840. Dr. Wolcott, appointed justice in 1825, held
court at Cobweb castle, on the southwest corner of State and North
Water streets, from 1828 to 1830, when death released him from
further judicial service; and so with the other justices who suc-
ceeded them, the home, office or store formed the court room for
years.
When Cook county was attached to the Fifth Judicial circuit
in February, 1831, a term of court was ordered to be held in Cook
county in April and a fall term in September, 1831. Under this
order the court is said to have been held in a room on the first
floor of the brick building of Fort Dearborn on September 6, 1831.
In 1832 Judge Young arrived with two circuit riders of the bar,
bringing the news that the Sacs and Foxes were on the warpath.
He came to hold court, but there is no record of the spring term
being ever held. The same year the commissioners authorized the
sheriff to rent rooms from John Kinzie for court purposes, but
there is not a record to show that the September term was opened.
In May, 1833, Judge Young opened court, but no one knows more
about the location or the business transacted, while the same must
be written of the fall term, which the late Thomas Hoyne asserted
was duly held.
Meantime the new justices of the peace, such as 'Squire Harmon,
introduced a new fashion in the matter of location by selecting one
or other of the favorite taverns as a court room, the Green Tree
tavern, on the northeast corner of Canal and Lake street, being
Harmon's principal rendezvous. This fashion was so well estab-
lished by the spring of 1834 that when Judge Young arrived in
May he did not hesitate to preside in an unfinished room of Dexter
Graves' tavern, known as the Mansion house, which occupied the
sites of the building now known as 84-86 Lake street. His Honor
did not relocate in the fall, for court was held in an unfinished
store room on Dearborn street nearer Water than Lake street. In
1835 and 1836 the First Presbyterian church, on Clark street, north
of the present Sherman house, was used for court purposes. The
meeting house, though built in 1834, was moved and removed, and
this, with the rough usage to which it was subjected while given
over to the uses of the Circuit court, rendered it as unsafe and un-
comfortable as it was devoid of taste and architectural expression.
The Municipal court was inaugurated in 1837 at the New York
house, a tavern which stood on the north side of Lake street near
Fifth avenue. When the Saloon building on the southeast corner
of Lake and Clark streets was completed the city officers took
possession of a part of the building and with them came the Munici-
pal court, for the county watched its single court room, a block-
away, with jealousy.
218 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
In 1835 a one-story and basement county building was erected
on the southwest corner of Clark and Randolph streets, of which
the main floor was dedicated to court purposes and the basement to
the uses of the ordinary business of the county. In 1845 the Legis-
lature enacted a law providing that four terms of the County court
of Cook county should be held and making it mandatory on the
commissioners to provide a suitable courtroom; for the judges com-
plained of the accommodations in the Chapman building, on Ran-
dolph street and Fifth avenue, which was used from 1840 to 1842,
and of the room improvised out of the clerk and recorder's offices
in 1844. The erection of the Market building in the center of
State street, fronting on Randolph, in 1848, was to accommodate
the city courts and offices, rather than offer any hospitality to the
county judges; but more than once the original idea was set aside
and the courts of record held therein. In 1853 the city and county
erected a building on the public square, on the third story of which
was the courtroom — an elegant apartment for that time — and
herein the Circuit and kindred courts were held until the fire of
1871 reduced the room and building to ruins.
When the first Federal court was opened here by Judge Pope in
July, 1848, the office of George W. Meeker, or rather his vacant
storeroom, on Lake street east of Dearborn, was considered the
most available place for holding court. In July, 1849, court was
held in the office of Buckner S. Morris, and again in the Saloon
building, until 1857, when a regular courtroom was established
in the Larmon building, on the corner of Clark and Washington
streets. In 1860 the Federal building, on the site of the present
First National bank, was completed and there the sessions of the
court were held until October, 1871, when fire destroyed the house.
Temporary quarters were then obtained in Congress hall, on Michi-
gan avenue and Congress street, but the fire of 1874 destroyed that
building, and, to insure against future disappointments and losses,
the courts took shelter in the Mutual Life Insurance company's
building on La Salle street, leaving the restored Federal building
to be dedicated to theatrical purposes. In April, 1880, the judges
entered the "new Federal building." It may be added that prior
to 1853 the courtroom of the pioneer courthouse of the county was
sometimes offered to the Federal judges and the offer accepted on a
few occasions.
The old Criminal Court building on the North side was com-
pleted in 1873 and therein courts were held until the modern crimi-
nal courthouses were completed. The Circuit, Superior, County and
Probate courts occupied the County building after 1881-82. After
the destruction of the old courthouse in the great fire, courts were
held in the West Side High School building until January, 1872,
when the temporary house known as "The Rookery," on the south-
east corner of Adams and La Salle streets, was completed. For
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 219
almost ten years the judges, officers, lawyers, litigants and jurors
inhabited that dingy structure, and all were pleased when the new
building was completed. Within another decade the new building
became almost as dingy as "The Rookery," the heavy cornices
began to fall in installments and its walls to settle. Like its con-
temporary, the Federal building, it was declared unhealthy, if not
unsafe; was subjected to repairs and denounced, until it appeared
the county was ready to raze it. With all its interior and con-
structive imperfections, it continued to be used by the courts and
county officers. When this building was torn down courts and
officers found quarters about town until the present structure was
ready in 1908-09.
The Appellate court, established in 1877, made headquarters in
the Grand Pacific hotel for some time, then moved to the Chicago
Opera house, on the southwest corner of Clark and Washington,
and later found a home in the more modern Ashland block and
elsewhere.
The Supreme court, as established February 10, 1841, comprised
nine judges, who were to supplant the Circuit judges. Judge T.
W. Smith opened court here in April of the same year in the Chap-
man building, on Randolph street and Fifth avenue, and that con-
tinued to be the courthouse of the Seventh circuit some time.
The United States courts — the Circuit Court of Appeals, the
Circuit court and the District court — found shelter in the Monad-
nock building. When the $6,000.000 ruin on the Bigelow block
appeared to be on the point of sinking into Mother Earth, in 1895,
the Federal judiciary sought healthier quarters, leaving the post-
office and customs authorities to tenant the dilapidated concern
known as the Federal building, until they removed to the temporary
structure on the lake front in 1896, and in 1906 to the new building
on the old site.
Section 26 of Article VI of the Constitution of the State of Illi-
nois, in force August 8, 1870, provides that "the Recorder's court
of the city of Chicago shall be continued and shall be called the
Criminal court of Cook county. It shall have the jurisdiction of
a Circuit court in all cases of criminal and quasi criminal nature,
arising in the county of Cook, or that may be brought before said
court pursuant to law ; and all recognizances and appeals taken in
said county, on criminal and quasi criminal cases, shall be returna-
ble and taken to said court. It shall have no jurisdiction in civil
cases, except in those on behalf of the people, and incident to such
criminal or quasi criminal matters, and to dispose of unfinished
business. The terms of said Criminal court of Cook county shall
be held by one or more of the judges of the Circuit or Superior
court of Cook county, as nearly as may be in alternation, as may be
determined by said judges, or provided by law. Said judges shall
be ex-officio judges of said court."
220 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
By the Constitution of 1870 it was provided by Article VI, enti-
tled "Judicial Department," as follows :
"Section 23. The county of Cook shall be one judicial circuit.
The Circuit court of Cook county shall consist of five judges until
their number shall be increased, as herein provided. The present
judge of the Recorder's court of the city of Chicago and the present
judge of the Circuit court of Cook county shall be two of said
judges, and shall remain in office for the terms for which they were
respectively elected, and until their successors shall be elected and
qualified. The Superior court of Chicago shall be continued, and
called the Superior court of Cook county. The General Assembly
may increase the number of said judges by adding one to either of
said courts for every additional 50,000 inhabitants in said county
over and above a population of 400,000. The terms of office of said
courts hereafter elected shall be six years."
Prior to the adoption of the Constitution of 1870, cities, villages
and incorporated towns were formed under special acts of the
General Assembly, and these special charters varied from each
other, so that there was not a usual form of charter or uniform law
applicable to these different municipalities. The Constitution of
1870 prohibited the passage by the General Assembly of any local
or special laws incorporating cities, towns or villages, or changing
or amending the charter of any town, city or village. The passage
of local or special laws relating to divers other matters of local
concern, such as laying out, opening, altering and working on roads
or highways, vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public
grounds, or granting the right to lay down railroad tracks, was
also prohibited by this Constitution.
In view of the changes in the organic law by the Constitution
of 1870, and of the necessities for reforms in the government of
cities in the respects mentioned, a conference was held of the mayors
of the cities of Illinois, or their representatives, at Jacksonville, in
the year 1871, to consider the subject of the revision of the law
governing municipalities and the preparation of a general act which
should embody the reforms which this conference should approve.
A committee was appointed by this conference to prepare an act of
this kind, and the General Incorporation Act, which was passed by
the General Assembly and approved by the Governor on April 10,
1872, entitled "An act for the incorporation of cities and villages,"
was prepared. In April, 1875, this act was adopted by the city of
Chicago, and has been adopted by a considerable number of other
cities, while other cities still retain their special charters which
were passed prior to the Constitution of 1870.
This act of 1872 marks a distinct advance in municipal govern-
ment. Taken altogether, it is perhaps the best charter of cities and
villages which, up to that time, had ever been enacted in the United
States. It is doubtless true, however, that, in view of the tremen-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 221
dous growth of the city of Chicago during the last thirty years,
and the new conditions and problems which such growth has
brought, and the larger experience with those problems, some
changes in the form of municipal government provided by this act
are now desirable. This act of 1872 differed mainly from the
previous charters of cities in Illinois in that it gave to the mayor
of the city greater powers and placed upon him more clearly and
entirely the responsibility of the municipal government during his
administration. Under this charter, if there are any evils in the
government of Chicago for which the executive officers of the city
are responsible, that responsibility rests upon the mayor, and this
responsibility he cannot deny or shirk.
This charter also gave to the city councils very great legislative
power respecting matters of local concern. The Supreme court of
Illinois has decided that the provision of the Constitution of 1870
prohibiting local and special legislation did not apply to the city
councils of cities, but only to the General Assembly. The city
councils, therefore, are not affected by this restriction ; and, indeed,
very much of their legislation must, from the necessities of the case,
be special as well as local.
As. the act of Congress of 1845 was an act passed to extend the
admiralty jurisdiction over the Great Lakes, it was found in prac-
tice that it was a limitation of the admiralty jurisdiction instead of
an extension of it over the Great Lakes, so that in the year 1851
a case came before the Supreme court of the United States, known
as the case of "The Genesee Chief" (reported in the 12th of How-
ard, at page 441), in which the Supreme court of the United States
decided that the act of Congress passed on the 20th of February,
1845,wasconsistentwith the Constitution of the United States. Itdid
not rest, however, upon the power granted to Congress to regulate
commerce among the several states, but was put upon the ground
that the lakes and navigable waters connecting them were within
the scope of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, as known and
understood in the United States when the Constitution was adopted,
that the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction granted to the Fed-
eral government by the Constitution of the United States is not
limited to tide waters, but extends to all public navigable lakes and
rivers, where commerce is carried on between different states or
with foreign nations. The opinion was delivered by Chief Justice
Taney. This decision is a valuable state paper, construing the
Constitution of the United States in two of its most important
national provisions — the power to regulate commerce among the
several states and with foreign nations ; and that clause of the Con-
stitution which gives exclusive admiralty jurisdiction to the Federal
government.
For several years the admiralty courts bordering on the lakes
confined the jurisdiction, however, as limited by the act of Con-
222 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
gress in 1845, and in the case of Allen et al. vs. Newberry (21st
Howard, 244) the Supreme court decided that admiralty courts
had not jurisdiction on the lakes of a contract of affreightment of
goods between ports of the same State.
The first case reported in which the jurisdiction of the admiralty
over the Great Lakes occurred in 1853 in the District court at
Chicago, known as the case of "The Flora" (1st Bissell, 29), and
was decided by the Hon. Thomas Drummond, who had been ap-
pointed, in 1853, district judge of the United States for the district
of Illinois. That learned judge, with a true prophetic vision,
pointed out that the act of 1845, instead of being an extension of
the admiralty jurisdiction of the United States over the Great Lakes
in its plenary sense, was but a limitation upon it, and that the Dis-
trict courts, as Admiralty courts, had an inherent jurisdiction
proprio vigore over cases of admiralty jurisdiction independent of
and without the aid of the act of Congress of 1845, and was regu-
lated by the Judiciary act of 1789.
The office of corporation attorney from 1849 down to February,
1896, was filled by the following named lawyers : O. R. W. Lull,
1849; Henry H. Clark, 1850; Arno Voss, 1852; Patrick Ballingall,
1854; J. A. Thompson, 1855; J. L. Marsh, 1856; John C. Miller,
1857; Elliott Anthony, 1858; George F. Crocker, 1859; John Lyle
King, 1860; Ira W. Buel, 1861; George A. Meech, 1862; Francis
Adams, 1863; Daniel J. Driscoll, 1865; Hasbrouck Davis, 1867;
Israel N. Stiles, December, 1869; Egbert Jamieson, 1873; Noel
B. Boyden (prosecuting attorney), 1875; Richard S. Tuthill, 1876;
Julius S. Grinnell, 1879 to 1885; Hempstead Washburne, 1886;
George F. Sugg, 1889; Jacob J. Kern, 1891, resigned November
21, 1892; George A. Trude, November, 1892, and Roy O. West,
1895.
The office of corporation counsel was created under authority
of Section 80, Article VI, of the act to provide for the incorpora-
tion of cities and villages, approved April 10, 1872, and adopted
by Chicago in 1875. This department was created and rules for its
government prescribed in Chapter VI, Article I, of the ordinances
passed and approved April 18, 1881. It is a branch of the depart-
ment of law which embraces the corporation counsel, the city at-
torney and the prosecuting attorney, with the first named as head
of the department. The duties of the counsel include the superin-
tendence of all law proceedings in which the city is interested, the
drafting of ordinances, contracts, leases, deeds, etc., etc., and the
giving of written opinions on municipal questions to the mayor,
Council, and chiefs of departments. The first corporation counsel
was Francis Adams, appointed in 1881. F. S. Winston, Jr. (act-
ing, 1883; George M. Haynes, 1886; John W. Green, 1887; Jonas
Hutchinson, 1889; John S. Miller, 1891; Adolph Kraus, 1893;
Harry Rubens, 1894; John M. Palmer, 1894, and G. W. Beale,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 223
1895, afterward filled the office, each of them taking a very active
part in guarding the interests of the city against the encroachments
of corporations.
The office of prosecuting attorney was created at the same time
as that of corporation counsel, the mayor nominating the first in-
cumbent in May, 1881. His duties were to prosecute all actions for
violations of the ordinances before justice of the peace (and, on
appeal, before the Criminal court) when so requested by the Coun-
cil or by the chief officer of any of the departments or by a citizen,
when in his judgment the complaint of the citizen is just. The
first incumbents of this office were as follows: Charles S. Cam-
eron, 1881; M. R. M. Wallace, 1883; George M. Rodgers, 1886;
Benjamin F. Richolson, 1887; John E. May, 1889; Stephen A.
Douglas, 1891; C. A. Dibble, 1892; William C. Asay, 1893, and
W. H. Tatge, 1895.
The South, West, and North Park commissioners were practically
three great taxing powers, armed with vast authority. The act of
February 24, 1869, and subsequent acts gave the South Park com-
mission very extraordinary powers; that of February 27 of the
same year conferred equal privileges on the West Side Park com-
missioners, while the first in the series, that of February 8, 1869,
gave powers to the Lincoln Park commissioners so contrary to
public interest that it was declared invalid and the act of June 16,
1871, substituted. Special taxation and special assessment were the
main reliance of these quasi municipal corporations, but the general
park tax was not inconsiderable.
The Board of Education, working under the act of May 21, 1889,
have power to appropriate for school purposes a sum equal to 2 per
centum of the assessed value of real and personal property and 3
per centum for building purposes, plus moneys receivable from the
State school fund, rents and other sources. Expenditures exceed-
ing the total of the legal revenue are made at the risk of the board,
as the city is not responsible for a dollar over the 2 per centum al-
lowed for educational purposes, plus the rentals and other ascer-
tained revenue. In 1894 the levy for school purposes amounted
to 2.29 per centum, for general city purposes 2 per centum, and for
interest on bonded debt .47 per centum, or $4.76 on each $100 of
valuation. In 1895 the school tax amounted to $3.12 and the
city tax for general and interest purposes to $2.53, or a total
of $5.65 on every $100 of assessed value. This of course did not
include the special assessments for improvements, water rents, and
other direct revenues of the city, amounting to millions annually.
The Supreme court decided that the 2 per centum limit for gen-
eral city and the same limit for educational purposes cannot be
exceeded; but, notwithstanding this, through the several agencies
for taxation, the limit is unobserved, and, for all the practical pur-
poses of aldermen, may not be until more stringent laws are adopted
for municipalities.
224 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
To recount the names of the exponents of municipal law in
Chicago would be to give a list of 75 per centum of the attorneys
who selected this city for a home between 1833 and 1909. The in-
cumbents of the office from 1833 to the spring of 1849 were: John
Dean Caton, appointed in 1833 ; came to Chicago the same year,
established the first law office; died in 1895. Edward W. Casey,
1834; came in 1833, returned to the East in 1838, and in recent
years was a citizen of New Hampshire. N. B. Judd, 1837; came
in 1836; was minister to Berlin, member of Congress, and Federal
officeholder in later years. Samuel L. Smith, 1839; came in 1838;
died of cholera in 1854. Mark Skinner, 1840; came in 1836; was
elected judge of Common Pleas in 1851. George Manierre, 1841 ;
resigned July, 1843; came in 1835; elected circuit judge in 1855;
died in 1863. Henry Brown, 1843; came in 1836; died in 1849.
Henry W. Clarke, 1844; came early in the '40s. Charles H. Lar-
rabee, 1846; located here in 1845. Patrick Ballingall, 1847; grad-u
uated from the bar to the bench in 1843 ; and Giles Spring, in 1848 ;
came to Chicago in 1833, was elected judge of County court in
1849, and died in 1851.
The liability of the municipality for defects in the construction
of sidewalks, bridges, streets, sewers, ditches, etc., is very clearly
defined. In the celebrated case of Chicago vs. Keefe (114 111., 225)
a number of apothegms are given, from all of which it may be de-
duced that an action lies against a municipality for damages re-
sulting from its negligence in keeping the streets and sidewalks
in repair and in a reasonably safe condition.
The powers of the public under municipal law are sometimes car-
ried into the smallest affairs. The trees which Brown, Tones, and
Robinson planted a few years ago between the sidewalk and the
curbstone and on which they lavished water, fertilizers, care, and'
labor do not belong to them. These street shades and ornaments
are the property of the city as much as the street lamp, and may
not be removed by the abutting property owner without the consent
of the municipality. This little question was carried into court
some years ago by a stubborn baker and is reported in 81 111., 108.
The sidewalk and half the street, paid for directly by the im-
provers of the street, are also public property, to which they have
access and on which they must conduct themselves as modestly as
the immigrant who arrived last week.
In 1883, when the question of the relation of street railroads
to the city was discussed, the old ordinances of 1858, granting rights
for a term of twenty-five years, played an important part in the
discussion. It may be stated that the contracts of 1858 provided
that the city could become owner of the tracks, rolling stock, etc., at
an appraised price. The legislative acts and city charters were all
examined closely for an authority upon which the city could end
the street railroad monopoly, but the opinion of Attorney Adams
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 225
was not favorable to the city's claims under the contract and hence
the companies' privileges were extended for twenty years, or until
1903, a condition of the extension being the payment of an annual
license fee of $50 a car by the companies. Richard S. Tuthill, who
was city attorney in 1876 and subsequent years, was employed to
defend the city's privilege of imposing this license before the Su-
preme court.
The act of 1861 amending the city charter countenanced the
Board of Public Works, which was organized May 6, that year.
The charter of 1863 introduced other novelties, the special assess-
ment plan being given full license. The Superior court of Chicago
ruled against this feature in 1864, and little could be done in the
way of improvement until the opinion of the Supreme court would
be rendered. The opinion came in 1865, reversing the judgment
of the Superior court and making it possible for the Council to
carry out improvements which contractors or lot owners might
suggest. The Nicholson pavement and hundreds of seemingly good
things followed thick and fast, until the great fire came to hide the
mistakes of the authorities, the tricks of the contractors, and the
duplicity of the property owners.
The ordinances for the elevation of the railways are the sequel
of that issued in the spring of 1895. It is one of the results of the
entente cordiale between the city administration and the rail-
road companies, and, altogether, a most beneficial one for both par-
ties to the transaction. The companies saw the handwriting on
the wall demanding the elevation of tracks and the city saw that
it was a duty to make the expensive alternative as light a burden
as possible for the railroad companies.
The unconstitutionality of the annual city subscription to the
Washingtonian home, discovered only in 1895, after Chicago had
paid over to that concern large sums of money, is an evidence that
once in awhile the city officers learn their duty and follow it. On
October 11, 1895, the Illinois Supreme court decided that it was a
private corporation and that the sums paid toward its support by
the city should never have been paid.
Chicago had experienced the effect of municipal law for two
years before her pioneers understood what such a law implied.
In April, 1831, the commissioners of Cook county laid down rules
for conducting taverns, granted licenses, and exercised all the pow-
ers of a village council. The excesses and tyranny of the com-
missioners were tolerated by the precocious villagers until August
5, 1833, when they asked for village or town government. How
they did push the subject forward is shown in the fact that on Au-
gust 10 the twenty-eight voters assembled to elect officers. In
December following John Dean Caton was appointed corporation
counsel. He was followed by Edward W. Casey in 1834, and thus
the Board of Trustees had the advice of two pioneer attorneys in
226 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
directing village affairs. The borrowing of $60 in October, 1834,
and of $50,000 in July, 1836, form an index to the work of the first
corporation attorneys and to the rapid advance of the village. The
city charter of 1837, the appointment of N. B. Judd city attorney,
and the issue of $5,000 in scrip speak of the growing municipal idea,
but not until 1846, when George Manierre, a former city attorney,
proposed raising moneys for public improvements by special assess-
ment, did the villagers stop to think of the powers loaned to their
councilman by the State. All precedents were not yet laid down.
The railroad interests presented work for aldermanic brains in
1848, and in 1849 the gas company appeared, asking to contract
with the city for lighting the streets. In 1851 the demands of the
Michigan Southern Railroad company for right of way and of the
citizens for extending every aid to that and other companies seek-
ing terminals here, increased the work of the alderman, while the
calls of the Chicago City Hydraulic company for the privilege of
supplying the citizens with water added to the complications of the
time.
The year is a memorable one in the story of Chicago's council;
for great favors were asked of the city which the city could not
easily refuse to grant. Then the battle in the Council to increase the
liquor license from $50 to $100 annually and and the partnership
of the city in the construction of the county building occasioned
trials of patience and diplomacy foreign to all former experiences.
The issue of bonds to cover a loan of $250,000 for improving and
extending the system of water supply marked the spring of 1852,
proving beyond doubt that the aldermen understood the wants of
the city and were determined to supply them. The city became a
dealer in fuel in February, 1855, when it offered firewood at cost
to citizens, no one family being permitted to purchase more than
one cord. In April following the Knownothings filled the Council
and city offices. The liquor license, increased in March to $300 an-
nually, they surrounded with conditions which made life very un-
comfortable for the German element, Sabbath laws were revived,
and many acts of persecution sanctioned, until the fatal riot of
April 21, 1855, brought the two sets of malcontents to an under-
standing.
The laws relating to taxation in Chicago under the old Constitu-
tion were subject to so many interpretations that they were open
to abuse and in many cases abused. The Constitution of 1870
provided means for improving the old conditions, but the Chicago
Council pretended that legislation was necessary to give strength
to the article on city taxes, and went on under the old form levying
and collecting taxes. The Superior court sustained the aldermen,
but on January 22, 1872, the Supreme court, in the case Webster vs.
City of Chicago and similar cases, set aside the decision of the
Superior court, annulled tax sales exceeding $500,000, and declared
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 227
the article of the Constitution of 1870 to have full force in the
matter. In 1873 the Legislature passed a special act in opposition
to the Constitution, under which city taxes were assessed, but owing
to a defect in the details of the act an amendment was made, under
which the taxes of 1874 were levied. The law was of course uncon-
stitutional and was held by Judge Wallace of the County court.
The city appealed, but in vain, for the Supreme court held, in the
case of City of Chicago vs. Cooper, that the tax law and the special
charter of 1875 were altogether opposed to the law of Illinois.
From 1870 to 1875 Chicago expended $12,500,000 more than its
revenue for that period and was determined to follow that insane
rule, did not Edward Robey et al. oppose the plans of the council-
men in the highest courts.
In 1875 a pamphlet was signed by the comptroller, corporation
counsel, and fifteen lawyers of standing, showing the right of the
city to issue scrip. The argument was used to float $4,500,000
worth of scrip. In March, 1877, an effort was made to enjoin the
city from issuing the scrip, but before the Supreme court decided the
case the scrip had performed its mission and was redeemed.
The powers of the City Council, the validity of the ordinances,
the acts of city officials, and even the laws under which councilmen
and officers acted have nearly all been tested in the higher courts,
with the result that where the city authorities kept within the
limits laid down in the Constitution, or acted in the spirit of laws
passed in accordance with the Constitution, their transactions were
legal in every particular.
The County court of Cook county, Illinois, was established in
1848 by an act of Legislature under the new Constitution adopted
that year. Previous to that date from the organization of the county
in 1831, such legal matters as now come under the jurisdiction of
the County court, excepting probate matters, came before what was
called the Court of County Commissioners. This was simply a
body of three men having certain judicial powers which they exer-
cised in connection with their duties as county commissioners.
The year 1848 was the beginning of a new era, not only for
;he city of Chicago, but for Cook county and for the State of Illinois.
The possibilities of the city were rapidly becoming apparent, and
though, as yet, there was no evidence that she was destined to grow
into the mighty giant of to-day, it could be seen that she was fast
gaining power, and that she would surely, in the near future, reflect
her glory upon both her county and State.
Thus to the growth of Chicago was due the growth and impor-
tance of Cook county, and this growth and importance made it nec-
essary for the establishment of a court having a wider and more
extensive judicial authority than the Court of County Commis-
sioners. And thus was the County court of Cook county established
under the new Constitution of 1848.
228 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The probate matters of Cook county were, under an act of Jan-
uary 2, 1829, in the hands of probate judges chosen by the General
Assembly, who held office during "good behavior" or until they
should resign. The first probate judge thus appointed by the Gen-
eral Assembly was Richard J. Hamilton. He served from February,
1831, to the latter part of 1835, when he was succeeded by Isaac
Harmon. In 1837 a new order of things was inaugurated and the
probate judges were elected by the people. Charles V. Dyer was
the first judge to occupy the tyench under the new conditions. He
was elected in January, 1837, and was followed by Walter Kimball,
Mahlon D. Ogden, and Thomas Hoyne, whose term expired in
1849.
With the establishment of the County court that organization was
invested with all probate authority and the judges were elected for
a term of four years. This continued until 1877, when, under the
new Constitution of 1870, it was provided that county courts should
be courts of record and have original jurisdiction in all matters of
probate. This Constitution also made provision for the establish-
ment of a Probate court, which was done, and Joshua C. Knicker-
bocker was its first judge.
It will thus be seen that the Probate court and the County court
of Cook county were practically the same until the divorcement, in
1877, under the new Constitution. But, besides these matters of es-
tates and wills, the new County court established under the Con-
stitution of 1848 had jurisdiction over all matters relating to taxes
and revenue ; the transaction of county business ; insanity and in-
solvent cases ; the appointment of conservators for lunatics, idiots,
drunkards, and spendthrifts. At different times, subsequently, some
important changes have been made in the province of this court,
which will be referred to in their proper order. As it was, however,
in the early day of its establishment, the matters over which it had
jurisdiction show it was an organization of vast importance, and
one which has played a prominent part in the judicial history of
Cook county and of the great metropolis of the West.
The first judge of the County court proper was Henry L. Rucker.
He was elected to office in 1849 and served two terms. Judge
Rucker had been before the people for a number of years. He had
held the office of justice of the peace, and he achieved no little prom-
inence from cases arising from the famous beer riots in the spring
of 1855. The saloon faction interested in this fight contended that
as the cases were criminal an indictment was necessary, and that
they were out of the jurisdiction of a Police court. Justice Rucker
claimed that he had the right to try the cases, and, while this matter
was being settled, feeling ran so high that a riot was precipitated,
with more or less serious results.
Judge Rucker's firmness during those exciting days was warmly
commended and his reputation as a sound and able judge was in-
REV. FRANCIS GORDON, C. R.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 231
creased. He was undoubtedly one of the best probate lawyers in
Cook county at that time, and this being so strong a factor in the
business of the County court is no doubt one primary reason for
his selection as county judge. There was one custom prevailing at
that time, followed by both Judge Rucker and his successor, which
has been rather severely criticised. The custom was that of making
out certain classes of papers upon which the county judge must pass
and the collection of a fee for doing it. In the light of these later
days it does certainly look absurd for a man in the capacity of a
lawyer to draw up certain instruments for which, if they are passed
upon by the county judge, he is to receive a fee, and have the county
judge and the lawyer be one and the same individual. But that
custom, as well as some others which laid this court open to severe
censure, has long ago been abolished.
The insolvent debtor law, as it stood at that time, afforded the
best opportunities for the practice of abuses. There was not, previ-
ous to 1877, any statute providing for voluntary assignments. It
was an easy matter then to have a man arrested for debt, and have
him thrown into prison. Advantage was taken of this, and it was
no uncommon thing to have a small army of debtors arrested on
Saturday afternoon, the hope of the creditor being that, in order not
to be locked up in jail over Sunday, some extra effort would be made
to settle matters. Great injustice was often done, and the fact that
the law has practically become inoperative through disuse is per-
haps the best and strongest argument against it as a just and wise
measure. At least, the liberal Constitution in favor of personal
liberty has had much to do with the dying out of the earlier form
of the insolvent debtor law.
William T. Barren was the successor of Judge Rucker. He was
elected in November, 1857, and served until 1861. Judge Barren
was not only a popular member of the bar on account of his social
qualities, but he was an able lawyer, and filled the position of county
judge with the greatest credit to himself and to the entire satis-
faction of all with whom he had to deal. Nothing of any great
importance occurred during his term of office. The business of the
court increased in volume, particularly in connection with probate
matters.
Cook county is peculiar in this, that it is the only county in
the State of Illinois having adopted this election law of 1885 and
that has a separate Probate court. By reading the synopsis of the
election law in the books it will be seen that an enormous power is
given into the hands of the judge of the County court of Cook
county. He, a single individual, practically controls the elections,
as, if he chance to be a Republican, he can choose as commissioners
one Republican, one Democrat, and one other person, who may have
the strongest of Republican tendencies, though he may be called a
"mugwump." This would, of course, mean the selection of a Re-
Vol. II— 14.
232 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
publican clerk of the board, and he is in himself, by reason of the
powers placed in his hands by law, a strong factor in any political
contest. In a word, the election law of 1885 is the lever of the
political engine, and the clerk of the Board of Election commission-
ers is the engineer, with his hand upon the lever.
The County court of Cook county as it is to-day is one of the
most important judicial institutions in the county. Its duties de-
mand talents of the highest order. The salary of $7,000 per year,
which is in the hands of the county commissioners to lessen or in-
crease, as they choose, is none too large. The men who are fit to
occupy this bench should be too high, both in probity and ability,
to devote their time for any small sum of money. The future of
the County court of Cook county is great.
By act, passed in 1849, the title of the county court was changed
to that of the Cook County Court of Common Pleas and the terms
of said court were changed to the first Mondays of February and
September in each year.
And it was further enacted that the Cook County Court of Com-
mon Pleas and the Circuit court of Cook county shall have equal
and concurrent jurisdiction in all cases of misdemeanor arising
under the criminal laws of this State, and in all cases of appeals
from justices of the peace arising or instituted within said county
of Cook, and that all appeals from justices may be taken to which-
ever of said courts the term of which shall be held next after such
appeal shall have been applied for and taken.
Judge Dickey resigning, Giles Spring was elected judge of said
court, and began holding court April 14, 1849; he died on the 15th
of May, 1851. Upon his death Mark Skinnet was elected judge,
and acted as such until 1853, declining to be reflected on accqunt
of ill-health.
It may be noted that on the 7th day of February, 1853, the Cook
County Court of Common Pleas occupied the new courthouse the
first term. On the 4th day of April, 1853, John M. Wilson was
elected judge of said court, Walter Kimball clerk, and Daniel Mc-
Ilroy prosecuting attorney. In 1857 Judge Wilson and Walter
Kimball were respectively reflected judge and clerk of said court.
In the year 1859 a new act was passed by the Legislature of Illi-
nois, which took effect February 21, 1859. in and by which the title
of the court known as the Cook County Court of Common Pleas
was changed to that of the Superior Court of Chicago, and it pro-
vided, among other things, that said court should be composed of
three justices and that the present judge of said court shall, during
the time for which he was elected, be one of the judges of said
court ; that on the first Tuesday of April, 1859, an election shall be
held in Cook county, at which there shall be chosen two judges of
said Superior court, who shall severally hold their offices for the
following time, to-wit : The person receiving the greatest number of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 233
votes shall hold his office for six years, and the person having the
next highest number of votes shall hold it for four years and until
their successors shall be elected and qualified, and that on the first
Tuesday of April, 1861, and every two years thereafter there shall
be elected one judge of said court, who shall hold his office for the
term of six years.
The act further provided that at the same time there shall be elect-
ed two additional clerks of said court, who shall be styled "deputy
clerks," who shall also hold their offices for the respective terms of
six and four years, the person having the larger number of votes
to hold it for six years, and on the first Tuesday of April, 1861,
and every two years thereafter there shall be elected one clerk or
deputy clerk, who shall hold his office for the term of six years ; that
the deputy clerks are, with the present clerk, to do and perform all
the duties performed by the present clerk, and shall pay an equal
proportion of the necessary expenses, and that the fees shall be
equally divided between the clerks ; that the process and record shall
be tested in the name of the chief clerk and his successor in office.
The sixth section provided that there shall be paid to said addi-
tional judges out of the State treasury the same salary that is paid
to the present judge of said court, and that all fees to which the
judge of said court may be entitled by law and all docket fees shall
be paid into the hands of the treasurer of the county of Cook, and
that the clerk of the Circuit court shall pay over to the treasurer
of Cook county all judges' fees and docket fees received by him,
and that all these fees shall be held by said treasurer as a separate
fund for the payment of the judges, and shall be divided by the
treasurer equally between the judge of the Circuit court and the
judges of the Superior court, giving to each of said judges one-
fourth part of said fees, at the end of every quarter.
The eighth section provided that the court shall be held in the
courthouse in the city of Chicago, or some other convenient place in
said city, and the different judges of said court may hold one or
more courts at the same time at different places; provided, it shall
be the duty of at least one of said judges to attend daily at all reason-
able hours at the judges' chamber for the dispatch of chamber busi-
ness.
The ninth section provided that court shall be held on the first
Monday of every month, and the terms of said court shall be held
and continued from its commencement every day, Sundays excepted,
until and including the last Saturday of the same month, and longer
if necessary, to complete the trial of any cause then on trial.
It further provided that the judges of said court, or the majority
of them, may adjourn the same on any day previous to the expira-
tion of the term for which the same may be held, and also from any
one day in the term over to any other day in the same term.
The eleventh section provided that either of said judges may hold
234 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
court for the trial of causes at law or in chancery, and one or more
of them may hold court at the same time in different places, but
all cases and points reserved at trials, bills of exception, and demur-
rers to evidence, motions in arrest of judgment, and issues in law
may be argued or submitted in said court before a majority of said
judges, provided that demurrers to pleadings may be heard by
either of said judges in court or in chambers.
The twelfth section provided that when the judges shall sit to-
gether the oldest judge by commission shall preside and shall be
styled the "chief justice."
Under the act before cited which changed the title of the court to
the Superior Court of Chicago, an election took place in April, 1859,
and Van H. Higgins was elected judge for the term of six years and
Grant Goodrich for the period of four years.
Jurisdiction over probate matters in the territory that is now
Cook county was in the County Commissioners' court of the county
to which that territory was attached from the organization of the
County Commissioners' court under the Constitution of 1818 until
the organization of the Probate court in 1821. When Peoria county
was created in 1825 the territory within the limits of what is now
Chicago came under its jurisdiction, and the Probate court of
Peoria county then had jurisdiction in probate matters over what
is now the great city of Chicago.
The act of January 12, 1825, amending the act establishing the
Probate court, provided that there should be established in each
county a court of record, to be styled a Court of Probate, and that
the General Assembly at its then session should elect by joint ballot
some fit person in each county to be judge of probate for said county,
and that the judges, when so elected, should hold their office during
good behavior, and that they were to have the same jurisdiction as
judges before that time appointed.
By the act of February 5, 1827, the Circuit court had jurisdiction
of the sale of real estate of minors.
The act of January 2, 1829, provided that there should be estab-
lished in each county a court of record, to be styled a "Court of
Probate," the jurisdiction whereof was to be coextensive with the
limits of the county, the judges to be elected a the then session of
the General Assembly, which judges were to have jurisdiction in
probate matters and such other matters as might be or were then
vested by law. The General Assembly were at the then session to
elect by joint ballot some fit person of each county of this State
where a vacancy may be in the office of judge of probate to fill such
office, and the respective judges so appointed to hold their office dur-
ing good behavior.
On the 23d day of January, 1829, an act was approved, of 140
sections, relating to wills and testaments, executors and administra-
tors, and the settlement of estates.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 235
By act approved March 4, 1837, so much of the former act as
relates to the establishment of courts of probate in the several
counties in this State is repealed, to take effect after the first Mon-
day in August. The second section of this act provides that an
election shall be held on the first Monday in August, also the first
Monday in August in the year 1839, and on the first Monday in
August every four years thereafter, for the purpose of electing one
additional "justice of the peace for each county, to be styled by
way of eminence and distinction a probate justice of the peace" of
their respective counties. This probate justice of the peace was
given the same jurisdiction as justices of the peace and was to have
jurisdiction in all cases of debt or assumpsit where executors or
administrators shall be party plaintiff or defendant, when the amount
claimed to be due does not exceed $1,000.
Richard J. Hamilton was the first judge of probate for Cook
county. Isaac Harmon held the office of probate judge from Octo-
ber, 1835, to March, 1837. He was one of Chicago's respected pio-
neers, and performed the duties of the office with fidelity and as any
good business man would have done.
Dr. Charles V. Dyer was probate judge from March, 1837, until
December of that year. Walter Kimball had the "honor and dis-
tinction" of being the first probate justice of the peace ever elected
in Cook county.
Mahlon D. Ogden was elected probate justice of the peace, and
served from September, 1839, to September, 1847. He was a
brother of William B. Ogden, a gentleman of liberal education, and
graduated at Trinity College, Geneva, N. Y., in 1832.
During the first thirty years of the existence of the State the
courts having probate jurisdiction underwent many changes. First
this jurisdiction was exercised by the County Commissioners' courts,
then by a Probate court, which was abolished four times by legisla-
tive act and a similar court created, the principal object appearing
to be to get rid of the judges who were elected by the General As-
sembly and were to hold their office during good behavior, and con-
sequently could not be removed from office except by impeachment
or abolishing the courts over which they presided. This jurisdiction
was exercised by the probate justices of the peace from December,
1837, to December, 1849.
The Constitution of 1848 provided for the creation of a County
court in each county of the State, which should have jurisdiction of
all probate matters, and from December, 1849, until 1877, there
was no such court by name in the State as a Probate court.
By section 20, article 6, of the Constitution of 1870, the General
Assembly provided for the establishment of a Probate court in each
county having a population of over 50,000, and for the election of a
judge thereof, whose term of office should be the same as that of
the county judge, and who should be elected at the same time and
236 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
in the same manner. Said courts, when established, should have
original jurisdiction of all probate matters, settlement of estates of
deceased persons, the appointment of guardians and conservators,
and settlement of their accounts in all matters relating to apprentices
and in cases of the sales of real estate of deceased persons for the
payment of debts.
Under this section of the Constitution in 1877 the General As-
sembly passed an act establishing Probate courts in all counties of
the State having a population of 100,000 or more, providing that
the probate judges should be elected at the same time and for the
same terms as the county judges in the State. In 1881 this act was
so changed as to establish Probate courts in all counties having a
population of 70,000 or more. The first time the question of the
constitutionality of the act establishing Probate courts under the
Constitution of 1870 came before the Supreme court, it decided the
are to be unconstitutional, but upon a rehearing by a divided court
it held that the act was constitutional. (See Knickerbocker vs. The
People, ex rel, 102 111., 218; Klokke vs. Dodge, 103 111., 125.) It
was also held, upon the establishment of a Probate court in a par-
ticular county, the County court of such county "is at once, by oper-
ation of law, deprived of its jurisdiction in matters of probate and
all other matters upon which Probate courts are given jurisdiction,
and that the jurisdiction of the Probate court is exclusive."
In 1854 Calvin de Wolf was elected a justice in the South Town,
and filled the office continuously, by elections and appointments,
for more than a quarter of a century. He came to Chicago in an
early day, was admitted to the bar and was a partner at one time
of the late L. C. P. Freer.
The justices in 1857 were Isaac L. Milliken, Calvin de.Wolf,
C. L. Diehl, J. A. Hoisington, and L. H. Davis for the South Town;
Franklin Thwing, Charles H. J. Muller, S. B. Vernon, W. H. Stick-
ney, and August Brunning for the North Town; Caleb D. Fitz,
William Windoes, C. H. Barnum, Hiram H. De Mary, and Austin
D. Sturtevant for West Chicago. Of the above named. Justices
Milliken, de Wolf, Diehl, Hoisington, Muller, Stickney, Barnum,
and Sturtevant were serving in 1865, with J. Summerfiekl, Aaron
Haven, Charles McDonnell, Nicholas Berdell, and John M. Moore
for the South Town ; John G. Rommeis, John Cuthbertson, Edward
Kehoe, John Atwater and Owen Dougherty for the North Town,
and Nathan Allen, H. B. Ruger, and W. H. Hasse for the West
Town. In 1870 Justices Milliken, de Wolf, Hoisington, Stickney,
Dougherty, Sturtevant, and Moore were yet in the harness of petty
judicial life, with James Winship and Henry Arnold in the South
Town, John S. Quinn, Peter L. Hawkinson, and S. J. Dresser in
the North Town, and August Kovatts, Andrew Enzenbacker, and
George Sitts in the West Town. Many of the justices up to this
time, some of whom were then in office, were men of learning, in-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 237
tegrity, and honor, and conscientiously administered their judicial
duties in accordance with the evidence and the law. Rucker, De
Wolf, Stickney, and Brown were lawyers. Barnum became one
after the expiration of his term. Isaac L. Milliken had served one
term as mayor of the city of Chicago. Sturtevant had been a prin-
cipal for years of one of our public schools, and there were others
of equal ability and probity. Notwithstanding these, there were
the Banyons and O'Malleys.
Peoria county, including the region of Chicago, was set apart
from Fulton county January 13, 1825, and on the same day Austin
Crocker and John Kinzie were confirmed by the State Senate as jus-
tices of the peace for the new county. John Kinzie was not com-
missioned, however, until July 28, 1825. He was, therefore, not
only the first resident justice in Chicago, but one of the first con-
firmed for Peoria county. It is doubtful whether he received any
commission under his former appointment.
Alexander Wolcott and Jean Baptiste Beaubien were made jus-
tices of the peace September 10, 1825, and they and Kinzie were
judges of election in the Chicago precinct December 27, 1825. Jus-
tices were made elective by the law.
John S. C. Hogan was elected July 24, 1830, and commissioned
October 9, 1830, and Stephen Forbes was elected November 25,
1830. Chicago was still in Peoria county. After the organization
of Cook county by act of January 15, 1831, four justices of the
peace were elected for Cook county. Only one, William See, was
a resident of Chicago ; another, Archibald Clybourn, did not reside
in Chicago at that day, although what was then his farm is now
within the city limits. Russell E. Heacock was commissioned jus-
tice of the peace September 10, 1831, and was probably the first
justice before whom trials were held in Chicago. Isaac Harmon
was elected June 4, 1832, probably to succeed justice See. Justice
Heacock and Justice Harmon, so far as can be learned, served until
August, 1835, and Harmon was reflected August 9, 1835, for four
years. John Dean Caton, who subsequently served for several years
on the Supreme court bench with honor and distinction, was elected
a justice of the peace July 12, 1834 and served more than a year
in that capacity. William E. Casey was elected justice of the peace
August 9, 1835, but did not serve long.
Previous to August, 1827, justices were nominated by the House
of Representatives, confirmed by the Senate, and commissioned
by the Governor. The act of December 30, 1826. repealed the act
of February 19, 1819, and the county commissioners were ordered
to establish not less than two or more than eight justices' districts
in each county, and in each district two justices of the peace were
to be elected except in that in which the county seat was located,
which was entitled to three justices. The term of office was four
years and until the successor qualified.
238 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
In May, 1827, justices' jurisdiction was again extended to include
cases of assault and of assault and battery. In 1833 the Legisla-
ture, recognizing that some of the justices were irresponsible and
conducted their official duties not in a judicial manner, required a
bond for not only faithful performance of duty, but also for an exact
accounting of all moneys passing through his hands as justice of
the peace.
The act of January 15, 1831, establishing Cook county, led to its
organization on March 8, that year, when J. S. C. Hogan, as justice
of the peace, administered the oath of office to the three members
of the Commissioners' court. Under the new order of affairs the
election of justices was carried out according to law, and for many
years the system was quite satisfactory.
By an act approved February 27, 1845, justices of the peace were
to be elected after August, 1847, for two years only. This act was
repealed by act approved February 12, 1849.
Among the justices who held office here prior to the creation of
the three towns in 1851 and subsequent to the repealing act just
referred to were L. C. Kercheval, L. O. Doolittle, H. L. Rucker,
and H. Magee, each of whom filled the office prior to 1849 and
after 1851.
The act providing for township organization in force April 1,
1851, provided that counties might at any of their annual elections
vote for or against township organizations, and that whenever town-
ship organizations were adopted by a county the County court should
appoint three commissioners, residents of the county, to divide the
county into towns, and each town should elect two justices of the
peace. On the first election after the act went into force Cook
county voted to adopt township organizations, and Chicago was
divided into towns of South Chicago, North Chicago, and West Chi-
cago, and two justices were elected in each town.
Under this act H. L. Rucker, L. C. Kercheval, S. J. Lowe. F. A.
Howe, and V. A. Boyer meted out justice in the South Town.
Ammon Moon and Jeremiah H. Sullivan in the West Town, and
J. D. Aymar and Ache Kasson in the North Town. In 1852-3
Justices Howe, Kercheval, and Boyer were still on the South Town
bench, Peter Duffey and Owen McCarthy were on the bench of the
North Town, and Ammon Moon and J. H. Sullivan on that of the
West Town.
In compliance with the Constitution the Legislature, at its next
meeting, by act approved and in force March 30, 1871 (amended
by act of March 25, 1875), provided that on or before the first of
April and every four years thereafter that the justices of the peace.
Circuit, Superior and County courts of Cook county, a majority of
the justices concurring therein, should recommend to the Governor
seven fit and competent persons to fill the office of justice of the
peace in the town of West Chicago; also seven fit and competent
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 239
persons to fill the office of justice of the peace in the Town of South
Chicago ; also five fit and competent persons to fill the office of jus-
tice of the peace in the Town of North Chicago, and the persons
thus recommended the Governor shall nominate, and by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate (a majority of the Senators
elected concurring by "yeas" and "nays") appoint justices of the
peace in and for each of said towns respectively; and in case the
Governor rejects any person recommended, or the Senate refuses
to confirm any persons nominated, the Governor shall give notice
of such rejection. Later the Municipal courts of Chicago super-
seded the old justice court system, which had fallen into disrepute.
The office of police magistrate was abolished in the city of Chi-
cago by the Constitution of 1870. The office of police justices cre-
ated by the city ordinances are filled by the appointment of justices
of the peace.
The judges of Cook county, in obedience to the above require-
ments, recommended to the Governor as the first justices of the
peace under the new order of things for the South Town, A. H.
Banyon, N. B. Boyden, Charles B. Doggett, Calvin de Wolf, J.
Charles Haines, S. C. Hinsdale, Charles Drandorff ; for the North
Town, Thomas Cannon, Robert C. Hammill, Henry A. Kaufman,
Franz Rolle, Peter L. Hawkinson ; for the West Town, Henry S.
Austin, Max Eberhardt, Daniel Scully, John Van Woutd, A. D.
Sturtevant. While most of the above appointments met with the
approbation of the bar and the community, some were neither fit
nor competent, and it is putting it mild to say there was much disap-
pointment felt by those who had hoped for better things. During
the term of office for which the above were appointed some of the
most unfit for the position did the greatest amount of business.
They were known as "plaintiff's justices."
In 1875 the South Town justices were Calvin de Wolf, John
Summerfield, Peter Foote, Joseph Pollock, George A. Meech, Lo-
gan D. Wallace and J. Charles Haines ; the West Town were Daniel
Scully, Alvin Salisbury, Max Eberhardt, Orlin P. Ingersoll, Red-
mond Sheridan, A. L. Morrison and C. R. Matson, while the North
Town justices were H. A. Kaufman, W. H. Robinson, Martin
Paulson, W. F. de Wolf and R. C. Hammill. In 1879 there were
appointed for the South Town D. Harry Hammer, John Summer-
field, Peter Foote, Joseph Pollock, George A. Meech, Logan D.
Wallace and Hardin B. Brayton ; for the West Town, Daniel Scully,
David Walsh, Max Eberhardt, Orlin P. Ingersoll, Alex L. Morrison
and Canute R. Matson, and for the North Town, H. C. Kaufman,
Archibald H. Robinson, John M. Wilson, Henry Hudson and Peter
L. Hawkinson.
In 1883 the appointments for the South Town were Thomas D.
Brown, Hardin B. Brayton, D. Harry Hammer, George A. Meech,
David J. Lyon, Peter Foote and Randall H. White; for the West
240 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Town were Daniel Scully, Charles W. Woodman, Max Eberhardt,
Orlin P. Ingersoll, Francis C. Russell, Charles J. White, Edward
Fisher, and for the North Town were Charles Arnd, Louis Kistler,
John C. Barker and George Kersten.
In 1887 there were appointed for the South Town Hardin B.
Brayton, D. Harry Hammer, David J. Lyon, Randall H. White,
John K. Prindiville, Robert W. Smith and Thomas B. Bradwell;
for the West Town, Daniel Scully, Max Eberhardt, Charles J.
White, James Doyle, Michael A. Le Roy and Jarvis Blume, and for
the North Town, George Kersten, E. C. Hamberger, Judson F.
Young and Thomas Sweeney.
The justices in 1891 for the South Town were Hardin B. Bray-
ton, David J. Lyon, Randall H. White, John K. Prindiville, E. T.
Glennon, Thomas Bradwell, M. R. M. Wallace, William S. Everett
and George R. Foster; for the West Town, Daniel Scully, Max
Eberhardt, Charles J. White, James M. Doyle, Michael A. Le Roy,
Jarvis Blume, Charles W. Woodman, Olof F. Stevenson and James
C. Dooley ; and for the North Town, George Kersten, E. C. Ham-
berger, Daniel L. Wheeler, Walter J. Gibbons and Charles Hoglund.
In March, 1849, James H. Woodworth, elected mayor for a sec-
ond term that year, suggested to the council the expediency of es-
tablishing "The Mayor's court." The reasons set forth were sub-
stantially that Chicago, being on the high-road between the East
and West, a class of citizens found their way here who had no
regard for the rights of property or the precepts of the law, and
that such a condition called for a well regulated police force and
court for the arrest and trial of violators of the ordinances. In
accordance with this suggestion, the court was established and
opened on April 26, 1849, under authority given in the-charter.
In 1851 this court fell into disuse, during the administration of
Mayor Gurnee, but was revived in April. 1853, by Mayor Charles
M. Gray, who had a room fitted up in the southeast corner of the
courthouse. It is said that next to the old municipal court, the
mayor's court was the most useful and best administered ever known
in Chicago. The incumbent of the office made it a point to be just in
all cases, and there were very few instances recorded where his
decisions were reversed. The business of the court was carried on
in a business-like way, for the mayor, personally and officially, en-
forced a strict observance of judicial forms and would not tolerate
the indecent language or ugly customs heard or followed in the other
courts of the period.
The Recorder's court was established under the act of February
12, 1853, with the same civil and criminal jurisdiction as the Circuit
court, except treason and murder, and cases where the amount in-
volved exceeded $100. Robert S. Wilson was the first judge and,
though his qualifications were questioned, after holding the position
for almost a year, the Supreme court decided that his election and
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 241
his service were valid. The Recorder's court disappeared many
years ago, when its business was apportioned between the newer
courts. Philip A. Hoyne, famous in later years as United States
commissioner, was the first clerk. During the first two years of its
existence there were 753 indictments disposed of and 140 criminals
sentenced, while only one of its judgments was reversed. In 1855
the men indicted for participating in the beer riots of April 21 were
tried. Three days were given to finding a jury and, this accom-
plished, the so-called rioters were tried in a bunch, and on June 30
all except two were held not guilty. The act of the jury was set
aside on July 11, 1855, when Judge Wilson granted the two men
a new trial, believing, with the decent majority, that if they had any
interest in the riot at all beyond that of curiosity they were the least
guilty of all the men indicted. The second trial never took place, but
the jury farce was looked upon so lightly that no attempts were
made to abolish it, with that court in which the jurors displayed
such blind ignorance and want of sympathy for exact justice and in
which two innocent men were sentenced to short terms in the peni-
tentiary. In April, 1862, Evert Van Buren succeeded Robert S.
Wilson as judge and served until 1868, when William K. McAllister
was commissioned, and served until the court ceased to exist, under
the Constitution of 1870.
The Recorder's court was really abolished in 1870 by Section 26,
Article VI of the Constitution, which merged it into "The Criminal
court of Cook county" — a court without civil jurisdiction. The
terms of the new court were to be held by one or more judges of
the Circuit or Superior courts of Cook county, and such judges were
ex-officio judges of the Criminal court.
In 1832, when General Scott arrived at Chicago, Dr. E. D. Har-
mon was acting post surgeon and was physician for the settlement.
He refused to obey the order of the general to confine his practice
to the soldiers, but of this disagreement the military law did not
take notice. This was the first attempt to regulate the practice of
medicine at Chicago.
In June, 1834, a laborer, returning drunk to his cabin here, beat
his wife so that she died from its effects. An autopsy was held by
Doctors Harmon, Temple, Egan, Boyer, Maxwell, Turner, Vander
Bogart, Clarke, Eldridge and Kimberly, the first held here under
American law and the first referred to in history. The medical
men reported that death was the direct result of the blows inflicted
by the woman's husband, but owing to the circumstances surround-
ing the case and the fact that the prisoner was indicted for murder,
rather than for manslaughter, the murderer escaped the penalty due
to his crime.
The laws of Illinois on medicine and surgery are few and simple.
The act of March 9, 1819, for the establishment of medical societies,
with power to examine applicants, was found too stringent and was
242 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
repealed January 3, 1821. In January, 1825, an act prescribing the
mode of licensing physicians was approved, but that, too, was de-
clared oppressive, and its repeal was recorded January 25, 1826.
For almost forty-five years the profession in Illinois was in the con-
dition in which the profession is found to-day in Ohio. The quali-
fications for practice were nominal, so that anyone who pretended
to understand the value of drugs or herbs could practice at will.
In 1835 Dr. W. G. Austin advertised the fact that he had vegetable
medicines for sale and practiced the botanic healing art, "which is
not connected by ties of consanguinity to the Thompsonian system."
The organization of the State Board of Health in 1871 and the act of
1872 led the way for the more thorough legislation adopted in the
act of May 29, 1877, the act of June 26, 1885, and of June 16,
1887. The only case of importance carried to the higher courts
under the act of 1877 was that of Chicago vs. Honey, reported in
10 111. App. (10 Brad.), 535. The decision simply denied to phy-
sicians who did not possess genuine diplomas and the certificates of
the State Board of Health power to recover fees for services as phy-
sicians and surgeons. It is also denied to their patients or the heirs
of their patients power to recover moneys paid as fees to such phy-
sicians or surgeons. The act of June 16, 1887, regulating the prac-
tice of medicine, gave a certain protection to legitimate physicians
against the wiles of the mountebank and quack. The case of the
People vs. Blue Mountain Joe, reported in 129 111., 370, resulted in
a declaration that the act was constitutional and that fraud, decep-
tion, charlatanry and quackery in the practice of medicine clearly
fall within its prohibition and subject the illegitimate medicine man
to punishment.
In 1891 real estate men in Chicago became interested in the
Torrens or Australian method of transferring land titles, and chiefly
at their instigation a joint resolution passed the Thirty-seventh Gen-
eral Assembly providing for the appointment of a commission "to
make investigation of the present system of transferring land titles
and to consider whether a more simple, expeditious and inexpensive
system and one that will give greater security of title cannot be
adopted, and especially to inquire into the practical workings of what
is known as the Australian or Torrens system of registration of
titles, and whether it can be adapted to the Constitution and laws of
the State." Upon that commission were appointed, by Governor
Fifer, the late ex-Attorney-General James K. Edsall, Willis G.
Jackson, George W. Prince, Frank H. Jones, and Theodore Shel-
don. The place of General Edsall on his death was filled by the ap-
pointment of Harvey B. Hurd. In December, 1893, the commis-
sion laid before the Governor a somewhat extended report, con-
cluding with a recommendation that the essential features of the
Torrens system be adopted and used in this State, and to that end a
draft of a bill for the adoption in this State of the system of regis-
tration of land titles accompanied the report.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 243
The bill so prepared received an unusually full discussion by the
Thirty-eighth General Assembly. It passed the Senate by a vote
of 28 to 4, but failed to pass the House of Representatives, receiving
seven votes less than the necessary majority.
Much interest in the subject was awakened by the meetings of
the World's Real Estate congress held in 1893 under the auspices
of the World's Fair Auxiliary, at which the Torrens system was
made the central point of deliberation.
In January, 1895, the bill prepared by the commission was again
introduced in the Senate and House of Representatives, and with
some slight amendments passed the former by a vote of 32 to 3 and
the latter by a vote of 105 to 20. It received the approval of the
Governor and took effect July 1, 1895. As enacted the law provides
for its ratification before use by the people of each county. In
Cook county such ratification was had at a general election held in
November, 1895, and the measure met with a practically unanimous
vote in favor of its adoption. The requisite steps were taken by the
recorder of Cook county to put the system into practical operation.
A fair trial of the new method soon determined all questions as to
its efficacy. This system has been used with marked success in
South Australia since 1858. Queensland adopted it in 1861, Vic-
toria and New South Wales in 1862, Tasmania in 1863, New Zea-
land and British Columbia in 1870, Western Australia in 1874, Eng-
land in 1875, Manitoba in 1883, and Ontario in 1884. The Prussian
land law of 1872 proceeds upon the same principle. Wherever it
has been tried it has proved most satisfactory.
In Chicago the law of "liability over" slumbered after 1857 when
the city instituted suit in the Court of Common Pleas of Cook county
against one Robbins, which case was transferred to the United
States Circuit court and thence to the United States Supreme court,
wherein the action of the municipality was sustained.
Prosecution of personal injury litigation became a thriving in-
dustry, and no reflection on the lawyers employed in the prosecu-
tion of this class of cases is meant, for they did their duty as lawyers
to their clients. But it is astonishing that the city did not resort
to this form of protecion all these intervening years, and put a dam-
per on the contractors, railway companies, property owners, and the
like, who enjoyed special privileges from the municipality.
The law of "liability over" affords adequate remedy. It so ap-
pealed to Edward J. Brundage upon his being inducted into the
office of corporation counsel. He immediately assigned one of his
assistants in the city attorney's office to the task of looking up the
law, which was productive of the assistant submitting a very ex-
haustive brief on the subject. A number of suits followed, the
first one to come up for hearing being the City of Chicago vs. Scully
Paving Co., a corporation, Municipal court No. 9790, tried before
Judge Arnold Heap, resulting in a judgment for the city for
244 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
$407.26, representing judgment costs and interest which the city
had to pay in the suit of Richard Farrell against the city for in-
juries sustained by reason of negligence of the said Scully Paving
company in leaving Loomis street in disrepair without barricade or
lights to guard against persons driving upon the dangerous street.
The limitation on actions "over" is five years, and the city is vig-
orously prosecuting the collection of damages against the parties at
fault. Alfred O. Erickson is the assistant city attorney who pre-
pared the brief on "Liability Over," and he is in direct charge of this
litigation for the municipality.
On the 29th day of November, 1884, eighteen gentlemen met at
room 64, Honore building, 204 Dearborn street, pursuant to the fol-
lowing notice :
"All members of the Chicago bar who practice patent law are
requested to meet at the above office on Saturday next, November
29, at 2 p. m., to consider the advisability of organizing a Patent
Bar association for Chicago and to consider another suggestion re-
quiring, if any, immediate action. All attorneys-at-law who make
patent litigation or soliciting a specialty of their practice are in-
vited, and the recipient of this circular letter is requested to extend
this invitation accordingly.
"GEORGE PAYSON, L. L. BOND, L. L. COBURN,
J. H. RAYMOND, E. A. WEST, C. K. OFFIELD."
Mr. Payson was elected chairman, and, after a lengthy confer-
ence, a committee, consisting of J. H. Raymond, W. G. Rainey, and
John W. Munday, was appointed to further consider the matter
and report at a subsequent meeting. On December 2, 1884, the
committee reported that —
"Such an association, rightly conducted, would add to the dignity
and reputation of this branch of the legal profession ; would be
instrumental in promoting the interests of its individual members
and the professional and social relations which exist or should exist
between them ; in aiding reforms in the administration of the patent
office; in assisting to make more definite, uniform, and convenient
the rules of practice in the courts ; in taking associate action to pre-
vent unwise amendments to the patent law ; in discussing such other
matters hereafter to arise as may be of common interest, and in
affording an example which will be followed by the organization,
in other cities, of similar associations having like objects, the ac-
tions of which, in connection with the proposed associations, will
make national the higher standard and reputation, the amenities,
the reforms, and the rules of practice referred to."
Pursuant to the recommendation of the committee, the chairman
called a meeting to consider its report, which meeting was held on
the 6th day of December, 1884, at the office of the Western Rail-
way association. There were present at this meeting : George Pay-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 245
son, chairman ; L. L. Bond, P. C. Dyrenforth, M. E. Dayton, J. W.
Munday, C. C. Linthicum, J. H. Pierce, E. Banning, C. T. Brown,
J. G. Elliott, J. M. Thatcher, H. S. Towle, T. E. Brown, Edmond
Adcock, T. E. Banning, J. H. Raymond.
The report of the committee was considered at length, and several
amendments made in the proposed articles of association. Messrs.
Thatcher and Towle were added to the committee, and the report
was recommitted to be revised in accordance with the amendments
suggested.
At an adjourned meeting held on the 12th day of December, 1884,
the committee reported back the articles of association and they were
unanimously adopted. Those present at the meeting were : George
Payson, chairman; J. H. Raymond, secretary; J. H. Pierce, L. L.
Bond, J. W. Munday, W. H. Dyrenforth, C. C. Linthicum, H. S.
Towle, T. E. Brown, C. T. Brown, George R. Cutler, and E. Ban-
ning.
The articles of association provided that the affairs of the asso-
ciation should be directed by a board of seven managers, of which
the president and secretary should be members ex-officio. Mr. L.
L. Bond was elected president, Mr. J. H. Raymond secretary and
treasurer, who, with E. Banning, M. E. Dayton, J. M. Thacher, H.
S. Towle, and J. W. Munday, composed the first board of man-
agers. The articles of association stated the objects of the associa-
tion to be —
"Such associate action and social intercourse as shall aid reform
in the administration of the patent office, to assist in making more
definite, uniform, and convenient the rules of practice in the patent
office and in the courts, to take associate action to prevent unwise
amendments to the patent law, and to aid such reforms therein and
salutary amendments thereto as may be deemed expedient, and to
hold discussions concerning and to take action about such matters
hereafter to arise as may be of common interest."
The articles of association as adopted made solicitors of patents
and experts in patent causes, as well as attorneys-at-lavv who made
patent law a specialty of their practice, eligible to membership.
During the first year of the existence of the association meetings
were held monthly at the offices of the different members; but there-
after this practice was abandoned, and the meetings were held
quarterly at the down-town clubs. A banquet was made a feature
of each meeting. The membership is $5 and the annual dues $10,
and out of these proceeds all expenses of the association, including
banquets, printing of papers read at its meetings, etc., are paid.
The Chicago Evening College of Law was organized in the fall
of 1887. During the year of 1889, at the request of the trustees
of the Lake Forest University, it became the law department at that
institution. At this time it remodeled its course and organization
and changed its name to the Chicago College of Law. Its sessions
246 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
were held each weekday evening between the hours of 7 and 9
o'clock, its object being to give a large number of young men and
women, qualified for the study of law but engaged in law offices,
an opportunity to pursue a regular course of law studies under
proper and competent instruction during the evening hours, and to
obtain a legal education equal to that to be gained from institutions
where the sessions are held during the day. The law office affords
to the law student a practical drill that is indispensable and must
sooner or later be secured. The objection to law schools that has
been strongly urged in the past was that they taught the theory of
the law, but gave little knowledge of the application of the principles
in actual practice. This institution gave the student an opportunity
to obtain a knowledge of the general routine of office and court
work while attending law school, and in this manner combined to
the fullest extent the theoretical and practical elements of a legal
education Its curriculum was divided into two courses, consisting
of an under-graduate course of two school years and the post-grad-
uate course of one school year.
The Union College of Law was opened in the fall of 1859 as the
law department of the first University of Chicago. The founda-
tion of the school was due to the efforts of the Hon. Thomas Hoyne,
who gave to the school an endowment of $5,000. At Metropolitan
hall, on September 1, 1859, the Hon. Thomas Drummond presided
at the dedicatory exercises of the law school and the late David
Dudley Field delivered an address. The future of the school was
foreshadowed by the distinguished orator of the occasion when he
said that "whatever light is here kindled will shine through town-
ship and village from the Allegheny to the Rocky mountains." But
this prophetic vision failed to perceive that the influence of the
school would, before the close of the century, be wider even than
he prophesied. There were but three law schools west of the Alle-
gheny mountains at the time this school was founded. One of these
was in Cincinnati, one at Louisville, and one at Lebanon, Tenn.
The law department of the University of Michigan was established
in the same year as this school.
In 1865 the board of trustees of the first University of Chicago
granted to St. Mary's University the privilege of a partial participa-
tion in the benefits of the law department. Of the exact nature and
duration of this connection no record has been obtained. October
6, 1873, the law department of the University of Chicago passed
under the joint patronage of the Chicago and of the Northwestern
universities and assumed for the first time the name "Union Col-
lege of Law." The law school continued under the joint manage-
ment of the two universities until 1886, when the first University
of Chicago suspended instruction and was practically dissolved.
The Union College of Law was incorporated April 4, 1888. In
1891 the Union College of Law was consolidated with North-
GKORGK R. CARR.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 249
western University by agreement between the two corporations, and
the school became known as the Northwestern University Law
school.
This law school was incorporated under the laws of the State of
Illinois by the name of the Kent Law School of Chicago, July 18,
1892, by the following named gentlemen as incorporators :
Marshall D. Ewell, LL. D., M. D. ; Russell H. Curtis, B. S. ;
William H. Dyrenforth, LL. B. ; Alfred D. Eddy, A. B., LL. B. ;
Fred A. Bangs, LL. B. ; Hon. George F. Sugg, LL. B. ; Thomas
E. D. Bradley, LL. B. ; Willard M. McEwen, LL. B. ; Milton O.
Naramore, A. M., LL. B. ; Frederick G. O'Connell, LL. B. ; Ga-
briel J. Norden, LL. B. ; John C. Everett, A. B., LL. B. ; George
N. Morgan, B. L., LL. B. ; Samuel B. King, LL. B. ; George W.
Ross, B. S., LL. B. ; Max A. Drezmal, LL. B. ; Ephraim C. West-
wood, LL. B. ; Samuel J. Lumbard, LL. B. ; Hervey Sheldon,
LL. B. ; Joseph W. Errant, LL. B. ; Hon. John Gibbons, LL. D.
On December 31, 1894, its corporate name was changed to Kent
College of Law. It opened its doors to students September 15,
1892, with 137 students in attendance, its success thereby being
assured from the very outset. At its first commencement it gradu-
ated a class of 64. During the second- year of its existence it had
in attendance 163 students and graduated a class of 39; the third
year of its existence it had 181 students and graduated a class
of 64.
The Chicago Bar association was organized in 1874 for the pur-
pose, as stated in its constitution, of maintaining the honor and dig-
nity of the profession of the law, to cultivate social intercourse
among its members, and to increase its usefulness in promoting the
due administration of justice.
The first president was William C. Goudy. The association en-
tered actively and at once upon the work of securing the ends indi-
cated above, and has successfully accomplished much in these
directions.
The Law club, organized early in the '80s, claims its constitu-
tional number of members. The secretary reported the condition of
this legal association to be first class. The club has grown with
its years, and advanced so quietly that even the city directories
make no mention of the organization under the above title. The
membership is limited to 150, each of whom must be under forty
years of age. A member who is reported absent at three consecu-
tive meetings must be dropped from the rolls but a valid excuse may
save him. Informal meetings were held at various club houses, at
6 :30 o'clock in the evening, when a short paper was read and dis-
cussed. After the discussion dinner was served, and then adjourn-
ment. The club was a mixture of mind and matter.
The Lawyers' Club of Chicago was organized June 17, 1894,
with William H. Condon president. The rooms of the club were
Vol. 11—15.
250 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
well known to the members of the bench and bar, for they were open
to lawyers on the occasions of lectures or addresses on legal sub-
jects.
The charter giving legal countenance to the Chicago Law Insti-
tute is dated February 18, 1857. It was modeled on the charter
of the New York Law Institute, for at that time Chicago aimed
to follow rather than lead the town on Manhattan Island. The
amendatory acts of February 14, 1863, and February 23, 1867,
countenanced a few radical departures from the original charter
and extended the privileges of the association. The progress made
in the collection of books was phenomenal, Illinois and other States
contributing statutes and sundry law works. Chicago lawyers were
most generous, several of them robbing their home libraries to build
up a central one; so that, within thirteen years, the institute became
a storehouse of law books and a pleasant rendezvous for lawyers.
On that Saturday of October, 1871, preceding the Sunday of
the great fire, there were 7,000 volumes in the library. Before
three o'clock on the morning of October 9 the books were destroyed,
with the courthouse, and $30,000 worth of law literature, with
records and valuable documents, were lost to the institute.
COUNTRY TOWNS
PREVIOUS to 1850 Evanston and vicinity was included in
the old Gross Point district, but at that date when the town-
ship of Ridgeville was organized it was made to include the
present territory where Evanston and Lake View stand.
Thus it remained until Evanston township was organized in 1857.
At that date the Ouilmette reservation was added to Evanston town-
ship. In 1859 the territory thus added was detached from Evanston
and made a part of New Trier.
Among the first settlers in this portion of the county were
Abraham Hathaway and Philip Rogers, who located there as
early as 1836. Mr. Rogers located in Sections 31 and 32, built a
log house and began the business of burning charcoal. He lived
where Rogers Park now stands. Mr. Hathaway located near the
present park at Evanston and opened a tavern soon after his arrival.
A little later James Carroll and Edward H. Mulford settled in that
vicinity.
About 1837 Samuel Rohrer located at Rosehill, but did not re-
main long. In about 1838 James and John Carney located in Sec-
tion 18 which is now a portion of the most thickly populated part
of Evanston. In 1839 Otis Munn located there, and John Zembder
came about the same time. Paul and George Pratt were there at
an early date, and Peter Schmitt settled at Rogers Park, probably in
Section 31. Edward Murphy was an early settler in that vicinity.
He served as county supervisor for many years. O. A. Grain lo-
cated at South Evanston about the year 1840, and soon afterward
his brother, Charles A. Grain settled there. About this time George
W. Huntoon located in Section 19. He afterward became quite
prominent in the affairs of Cook county. He served at one time
as constable of Chicago. Jacob Phillips located in this vicinity
early in the '40s, as did also John O'Leary and Edward Davlin.
Other early settlers were David Hood, Joseph Clein, Peter Bletsch,
John Beck, John Tillman, Henry Fortman, Michael Britt, Henry
Reinberg, Peter Munn, Frank Schmitt, and Peter Rinn. In early
times there was a divide called the Ridge extending between Rose-
hill and Evanston. Along this Ridge many of the first settlers
located to keep clear of the water which about half the year rested
over a portion of the low lands adjacent.
The town of Ridgeville was organized in 1850 under the new
township law. The first election was held in the summer of 1850.
Ebenezer Bennett was moderator and the election was held at the
251
252 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
house of George Reeley. Edward Murphy was elected first super-
visor, L. S. Bailing, town clerk; P. Smith and E. H. Mulford, jus-
tices of the peace; Philip Rogers, assessor; Jacob Smith, collector;
Otis Munn, overseer of the poor; David Wood, Charles Miller
and Martin Young, commissioners of highway ; and Andrew Faber
and Jacob Smith, constables. Immediately after the election the
officers proceeded to divide the township into four road districts.
In order to prevent stock from running at large a committee was
appointed to formulate some method of restraining them or of pre-
venting their invasion of the fields of growing grain. This com-
mittee consisted of Edward Murphy, George W. Huntoon, Isaac
Burroughs and Silas Pratt. The committee, after investigating the
subject, reported that in their judgment all cattle and horses should
be confined during the months of December, January and Febru-
ary, and that hogs and sheep should be kept in pens during the en-
tire year, or if turned out on common should be herded. The town-
ship officials proceeded to build a pound, and later constructed an-
other in a different portion of the township.
The four road districts of the town were later overseen by John
Moore, James Hartman, W. B. Huntoon and Abraham Snyder. In
order to obtain money to carry on the first expenses of the town it
was necessary to raise about $175, but upon submitting the question
to the board the project was defeated by a vote of six to two. How-
ever as it was necessary to raise the money, the subject was recon-
sidered and later the officials proceeded to raise $200 by a general
tax upon the town. The town officials also proceeded at this date
to improve the roads in this portion of the county. In fact this was
one of the principal duties of the early town officials. The country
being flat, it was necessary to raise the roads above the level, and
this entailed a great deal of hard work and no little expense.
The law of 1849 providing for the organization of townships was
amended by the law passed in 1851. The new law greatly improved
the duties and powers of the town officials. They could now act
with greater authority, and accordingly proceeded to put town af-
fairs in better working condition. Additional road districts were
laid out and an annual tax was levied to meet the expenses of dig-
ging drainage ditches, throwing up roads and building bridges.
Under the new law Edward Murphy was elected county super-
visor, and Samuel S. Billings, township clerk, and an entirely new
set of officials was chosen. At this time one of the duties of the
town officials was to take care of the poor. In early times the peo-
ple were poor, and it was no easy task for the collector to induce
them to pay their taxes when due. In those days justices of the
peace had a comparatively easy time of it, and were officials of much
dignity and influence. Many amusing incidents are related con-
cerning early town matters. It was the custom to seize any animal
found running at large in violation of the law and to place it in
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 253
the pound until redeemed by its owners. Failure to redeem it was
followed by the public sale of the animal. Among the early offi-
cials of the town were Jacob Smith, collector; Philip Rogers, as-
sessor; Matthias Dunlap, overseer of the poor; Andrew Faber,
John Bugner and Otis Munn, commissioners of highway; Jacob
Hartman and Andrew Faber, constables, and Peter Smith and Ed-
ward H. Mulford, justices of the peace. One of the first assess-
ments of this township was made by Mr. Rogers in 1853. At that
date the taxable property was placed at about $6,000. Among
those who paid taxes were the following : O. A. Grain, Paul Pratt,
Eli Gaffield, William Foster, G. W. Huntoon, Charles Grain, Peter
Munroe, Patrick Goodwin, John O'Leary, Jacob Phillips, Peter
Smith, John George and Anton Haskamp. The head officials in
early times continued to serve for many years. Edward Murphy,
the first supervisor, was in 1855 succeeded by George Huntoon.
In 1857 Ridgeville was divided and the town of Evanston was
organized. The new town was divided into four road districts,
by Edward Murphy, W. S. Steele, J. D. Colvin and A. Haskamp.
Mr. Reynolds was the first supervisor and Mr. Colvin the first
clerk. In 1861 Edwin Haskins succeeded Mr. Reynolds and J. M.
Hill succeeded Mr. Colvin. G. E. Foster succeeded Mr. Haskins
and at the same time J. M. Hill became clerk. J. W. Clough suc-
ceeded Mr. Hill late in 1861. Mr. Haskins became supervisor in
November, 1862, but was succeeded'by E. V. Taylor, who served
for three years. George W. Reynolds was supervisor from 1866
to 1870, and Eli A. Gage from 1870 to 1874.
The settlement of the northern part of Cook county was not
rapid until after the construction of the early lines of railway. In
1854 the Chicago & Milwaukee railway reached Evanston and im-
mediately thereafter the settlement of that portion of the county was
rapid. George Curney was one of the first to locate at Evanston.
However, farmers had resided on the site of the present plat of that
suburb for many years previous.
Paul Pratt was one of the early residents there. Mrs. Elizabeth
Pratt and Eli Gaffield were early residents of the present site of
Evanston. John Carney also located there in early times. The
Grain Brothers were among the first in that locality. William Fos-
ter lived there at an early date. David Burroughs lived a short
distance south of Mr. Foster. Mrs. Jellerson lived near the Bur-
roughs residence. The Curney house was not far from that of
Mr. Pratt. Anthony Haskamp lived east of the ridge. Dr. John
II. Foster owned a tract which passed to the Northwestern uni-
versity. South of Doctor Foster were Abram Snvder and Mrs. S.
H. Densmore. S. S. Billings lived at Ridge and Central avenues
and Andrew Robinson, John Spence and D. W. Burroughs were
there at an early date. Aside from the land on the Ridge and the
present university grounds the present site of Evanston was mostly
254 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
a waste in early times. The act of 1852 appointing drainage com-
missioners and providing for the drainage of lands in this portion of
the county wrought a wondrous change within a few years. Ditches
were dug from the Ridge eastward to the lake and others leading to
a slough which flowed into the north branch of the Chicago river
were dug in the direction of Winnetka. Within a short time the
low lands were comparatively dry and began to be occupied by
human habitations. Soon the streets began to take form and
business houses were erected. Among the first business men were,
Philo Judson, Charles Wilson and W. C. Garwood. Mr. Wilson
kept a tavern and a general store, and Mr. Garwood conducted
a drug store.
Long before Evanston was founded a public school had been
maintained in a log building near the corner of Ridge avenue and
Greenley street. The schoolhouse was near the residence of Henry
Clark, a farmer, who sold to the town authorities the land for a
schoolhouse site and a burying ground. This schoolhouse stood
on what afterward became Pittner's addition to the town of Evans-
ton. In this schoolhouse the Methodists held many of their early
meetings. In July, 1854, one of the first quarterly meetings of that
denomination was held in this house.
Evanston, as a matter of fact, originated from the successful ef-
forts to establish Northwestern university, but it would not have
been laid out nor founded, nor would the university have been
established there, had it not been for the railways. The university
grounds were located upon land secured from Dr. John H. Foster
of Chicago and others. When selected the site was imposing. In
fact, it was one of the most attractive spots along the west shore
of the lake. The university grounds were laid out and planned
under the direction of Rev. Philo Judson. Later an addition was
obtained from James Carney.
The establishment of Northwestern university was due to the
desire of the Methodist Episcopal church people to form an insti-
tution devoted to Christian learning. The meeting which first pro-
jected the institution was held in May, 1850, and on that occasion
there were present the following persons interested in the new
school; Rev. Z. Hall, Rev. Richard Haney, Rev. R. H. Blanchard,
Dr. John Evans, Grant Goodrich, Orrington Lunt, Andrew J.
Brown, J. K. Botsford and Henry W. Clark. The committee to
secure the charter for the university were Evans, Goodrich and
Brown. The charter was obtained in January, 1851. Among the
incorporators of the institution were Philo Judson, Richard Haney,
S. P. Keyes, A. E. Phelps, Elihu Springer, Henry Summers. Da-
vid Brooks, H. W. Reed, D. N. Smith, Grant Goodrich, J. K. Bots-
ford, Orrington Lunt, A. J. Brown, Eli Reynolds, Absolom Funk,
E. B. Kingsley, John M. Arnold, Joseph Kettlestrings and George
F. Foster. These gentlemen and others were incorporated as trus-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 255
tees of the Northwestern university. They proceeded to organize
in June, 1851. It was due to the efforts of these trustees that a
special school in Chicago was instituted and located on the present
site of the Grand Pacific hotel. This excellent school was estab-
lished by the trustees for the purpose of furnishing a preparatory
school for the University. Immediately after becoming organized
the trustees began the task of selecting the site for the university.
At first they considered a tract of land in the town of Jefferson,
and later viewed other prospective sites. Finally, however, they de-
cided on the present grounds at Evanston. Among the first mem-
bers of the faculty were Abel Stevens, W. D. Goodman and H. S.
Noyes. During the first year classical and scientific courses were
founded and a little later the departments of law and applied sci-
ence were added. The university was duly opened in November,
1855. Dr. Hinman had much to do in starting the institution on
its successful career. Dr. R. S. Foster was also prominently con-
nected with the university. He was president of the faculty and
held the chair of moral philosophy and logic. Mr. Stevens was
professor of rhetoric and English literature. Daniel Bonbright was
professor of Latin, and Henry S. Noyes professor of mathematics.
W. D. Goodman was professor of Greek. Early in the history of
the institution, literary, scientific and eclectic courses of four years
each were provided. The Hinman Literary society was one of the
early university organizations. The first university building was
a small structure and others were added as time passed.
In 1856 the officers of the board of trustees were John Evans,
president; Grant Goodrich, vice-president; Philo Judson, secre-
tary and financial agent, and Orrington Lunt, treasurer. The mu-
seum was commenced in 1857 by Robert Kennicott. A little later
J. V. Z. Blaney became professor of natural sciences and a member
of the faculty. The first freshman class in 1855 numbered ten.
Of this number five were graduated in 1859.
Soon after the establishment of Northwestern university steps
were taken to found a library for that institution. By 1870 about
4,000 volumes had been selected. The first great addition thereto
was made about this time when the Greenleaf library of 20,000 vol-
umes was secured. This furnished the nucleus around which has
been collected the large library of the present date. Its beneficial
influence on the community need not be recited here. The collection
covers almost every department of literature and is particularly
rich in works on philosophy, philology, education and art. The uni-
versity and the library alone would serve to give a decided air of
culture to any community.
The College of Liberal Arts was founded both for young ladies
and young gentlemen. The influence of the various literary soci-
eties in conjunction with the university and its adjunct school?
should not be overlooked in a presentation of sources and methods
256 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
of education. The University museum contains a large collection
of interesting articles from all parts of the world. It is an educa-
tion alone to study the utilities and follies of man to be seen in this
department.
Another important educational institution located at Evanston
early was the Northwestern Female college. It was founded in
1855 and from the start its uplifting influence was felt upon that
community. Connected with the same was a conservatory of music
that should not be overlooked by the historian.
In 1868 the Evanston College for Ladies was established and
was designed to furnish higher education to women. It first be-
gan as the Womans' Educational association, with Mrs. Mary P.
Haskill as president. Among those first connected with this insti-
tution were Mrs. Mary F. Haskill, Mrs. Mary J. K. Huse, Mrs.
Elizabeth M. Greenleaf, Mrs. H. Noyes, Miss Cornelia Lunt, Mrs.
Melinda Hamline, Mrs. Caroline Bishop, Mrs. Harriet S. Kidder,
Mrs. Mary T. Willard, Mrs. Maria Cook, Mrs. Margaret P. Ev-
ans, Mrs. Sarah J. Hvird, Mrs. Abby L. Brown, Mrs. Annie H.
Thompson and Mrs. Virginia S. Kent.
In 1873 the Ladies' college became a department of Northwest-
ern university. Its influence was thus greatly widened, and the
university itself was ornamented and strengthened by the addition.
In 1872 the Womans' Educational Aid association of North-
western university was established as an adjunct to the Evanston
College for Ladies. Its first president was Mrs. Hannah Pear-
sons.
In 1859 what became the Chicago Medical college was founded
under the management of the trustees of Lind observatory, and be-
came a department of Lind observatory. In 1864 it adopted the
name of Chicago Medical college, and five years later became a de-
partment of Northwestern university.
In 1859 the Chicago College of Law was established, chiefly
through the influence of Thomas Hoyne, who subscribed $5.000 for
the endowment of a chair of international and constitutional law in
the University of Chicago. The institution opened at Metropolitan
hall. Afterward many prominent men were connected with the
college. In 1873, under the name of the Union College of Law.
it became a department of Northwestern university.
In the '50s the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston was founded
by Mrs. Augustus Garrett, who donated about $300,000 for the
establishment of the institute. In 1854 an organization was effected
to carry out the purpose of the donation. Grant Goodrich, Walter
S. Gurnee and John Link were the executors of Mrs. Garrett, and
were authorized to devote the above sum to the establishment of a
female college, to be under the same management as the Biblical
Institute. The first building was erected in 1854, and the institute
was incorporated in February, 1855, with Orrington Lunt. John
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 257
Evans, Philo Judson, Grant Goodrich and Stephen P. Keyes as its
first trustees. TKe institute was placed under the patronage and
control of the Methodist Episcopal church.
In December, 1863, the question of town incorporation was sub-
mitted to the voters of Evanston. The proposed limits of the town
were as follows : Dempster street on the south, the lake on the east,
a street near Garrett Biblical Institute on the north, and Wesley
avenue on the west. What was called North Evanston was after-
ward annexed to the town. In 1873 the town embraced its ex-
tended boundaries. In 1863 the citizens were called upon to vote
on the question of town incorporation. It was decided in favor of
the affirmative by thirty-nine to eight. In January, 1864, an elec-
tion of the first trustees of the town resulted as follows : H. B.
Hurd, C. Comstock, E. Haskins, Prof. H. S. Noyes and J. Clough.
Mr. Hurd was the first president of the trustees. In July, 1864, the
necessary rules and ordinances were adopted. They provided for
the appointment of town officers, such as clerk, treasurer, attorney,
street commissioner and constable. One of the first ordinances pro-
hibited the sale of liquor within certain boundaries. In March,
1869, the town voted on the question of a city government and de-
cided against it by a vote of 192 to 82. In 1872 a number of the
citizens petitioned for a village organization, and the following year
an election of the first village trustees was held with the following
results: C. J. Gilbert, H. G. Powers, Wilson Phelps, Lyman J.
Gage, O. A. Willard and William Blanchard. Mr. Gilbert became
the first president of the board of trustees; Charles K. Bannister,
the first clerk; Henry Oakes the first street commissioner, and
Lyman J. Gage the first treasurer.
In 1870 it was proposed at Evanston to establish a free public
library, notwithstanding the excellence of the University library.
It was noted that the latter did not meet the requirements of the
comparatively uneducated people. The university collections were
largely on subjects unfamiliar to the masses of people, who de-
manded a literature more in accordance with their social and edu-
cational status. Accordingly there was formed at that time the
Evanston Library association, which started with a collection of
about 900 volumes. All residents of the village were permitted the
free use of the books while in the library. Volumes could be taken
out upon the payment of a small fee. The library was duly opened
in February, 1871, and continued to open until the great fire of
October of that year.
In 1872 an act permitting the municipal corporations of the State
to establish at public expense free public libraries was passed by
the Legislature. In accordance with this law, the citizens of Evans-
ton, in April, 1873, decided to establish such an institution. They
accordingly voted a two-mill tax, and soon afterward the library
was opened to the public.
258 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Evanston has had a number of newspapers. One called The
Index was established in 1872 by Alfred L. Sewell, who, previous
to and during the Civil war, had conducted The Little Corporal, a
journal that became very popular with young people while it was
issued. Other newspaper enterprises have appeared from time to
time in this portion of the county.
From the start the religious influence at Evanston was the great-
est power in that community. As early as July, 1854, the Metho-
dists held their quarterly conference in the old log schoolhouse in
the town of Ridgeville. Previous to that date regular services were
held in the same building. By 1854 the Sunday school there num-
bered nearly 100 children and had thirteen officers and teachers.
The second conference was held there in January, 1855. Meetings'
were held about this time over a store owned by Rev. Philo Judson.
In 1856 the Methodists erected their first church edifice and dedi-
cated same in July. The dedication sermon was preached by Doctor
Dempster, assisted by Professor Godman and Rev. John Sinclair,
the latter being paster of the society. By 1862 the membership
was nearly 200.
The second Methodist church to be established at Evanston was
founded in 1872. Its membership at first was small and continued
to be so for a number of years. Recently it has been greatly in-
creased.
The first Baptist church in Evanston was established in 1858.
At that date a meeting of Baptists was held in the chapel of North-
western university, on which occasion a society was organized, Mr.
E. H. Mulford acting as moderator. Six persons joined at this
time. Late in April of the same year the society was formally
recognized by the council of the Baptist denomination. For a
short time the members continued to use the college chapel. A little
later the society met with several discouragements and for a time
the membrship ran down, but about 1860 it again became prosperous
and the membership was greatly increased. Later a building was
erected and the society became one of the fixed religious organiza-
tions of that community.
In December, 1859, the first Congregational church at Evanston
was organized. Among the early members were Mrs. M. F. Earle,
Isaac D. Guyer and wife. Charlotte A. Kellogg, A. T. Sherman,
Mrs. Sherman, Silas Whitney. Anna C. Winfield, Mrs. William G.
White and others. This society did not last very long. The lead-
ing members moved away, and the organization ceased to exist.
In the fall of 1865, however, a Congregational society was perma-
nently organized. Their services were held first in other churches
and in the chapel of the Northwestern university. This society was
a branch of the Presbyterian church, and was not considered inde-
pendent until a later date. It was not recognized formally by the
Ecclesiastical Council until 1870. The first Congregational church,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 259
as such, was finally organized in 1870 and a large building was
erected.
In December, 1863, St. Mark's Episcopal church was founded.
Among the early members being A. G. Wilder, John Lighthall, H.
B. Kurd, D. J. Crocker, John Lyman, J. H. Kedzie, F. M. Weller,
S. G. Siller, H. C. Cone, J. S. Haywood, and W. C. Comstock.
Rev. J. W. Buckmaster was the first regular pastor.
In 1864 St. Mary's Roman Catholic church had its commence-
ment at Evanston. Among the first members were George Kear-
ney, William O'Connell, Michael Cunningham, Frances McLaugh-
lan, Thomas Conner, John Sharp and Patrick Furlong. The so-
ciety soon after being organized raised $800 and built a small
wooden church, which afterward was used as the schoolhouse of
the parish. Father Haskaman conducted the early services. The
society continued to grow and at the present date is a large and
influential organization.
St. Matthew's mission at North Evanston was established in
1883. Previous to that date services were held by William Nether-
cott, who did much to advance the prospects of the mission. Dur-
ing the same summer a small church was erected and Rev. George
A. Whitney officiated at the first services.
In 1868 the first Presbyterian church at Evanston was oragnized
with a membership of thirty-eight. The communicants came from
the independent organization above referred to. Rev. Jas. B. Dun-
can was one of the first pastors. Brainard Kent, L. M. Angle, A.
L. Winne and George E. Purington were the first ruling elders.
Rev. George C. Noyes was first called to the church. He began in
November, 1868.
In 1870 the Swedish people began holding services at Evanston.
At first their meetings were held in residences and in other churches,
but in a short time the membership had so increased that they con-
cluded to organize, and the First Swedish Methodist Episcopal
church was the result of their efforts. The first regular pastor was
Rev. Karl Skou, who at the time was a student at the Northwestern
university. Professor Ericson afterward became pastor. In a short
time the membership numbered about thirty.
In 1875 the German Lutheran church was organized and soon
had a membership of thirty-eight and a Sunday school of about
twenty-five. Rev. J. Adam Detzer was the first to take charge of
the church and Sunday school.
In 1883 the Swedish Theological Seminary was established,
largely through the efforts of Professor Ericson of Northwestern
university. Late in that year a building was erected and dedicated
by Mr. Ericson.
In September, 1881, the Free Methodist church was organized
by Rev. George W. Whittington, then a student of Northwestern
university. At first the communicants were only six, but later the
260 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
efforts of the few resulted in a greatly increased membership. Sev-
eral of their first meetings were held in a tent, also in other churches,
and finally their own building was erected.
During the early history of that portion of the county the Nor-
wegian Methodist church was organized, the first pastor of which
was Rev. A. Haagensen. The German Lutherans had an early
organization and school under the management of Rev. A. Detzer,
Jr. The African Methodists also had a society at an early date.
The Second Baptist church started small, but is now a strong
organization. The Episcopalians had an organization at North
Evanston, an early pastor being Rev. George A. Whitney.
A portion of South Evanston was platted in October, 1857, and
in February of the following year an additional tract was sur-
veyed. These two surveys completed the boundaries of that ham-
let. No lots were laid out until 1868. Improvements were com-
menced in 1871 by Warren Keeney & Co. Mr. Kedzie was also in-
terested in the town site at this date. In November, 1872, a petition
was presented for a village government. At the election seventy-six
votes were case for the incorporation and none against it. The
first trustees were John B. Adams, A. E. Warren, Thomas H. Wat-
son, S. Goodenough. J. S. Kirk and C. Shackelforcl. Their first
meeting was held in March and Mr. Adams was elected president of
the board.
In November, 1873, the Industrial School for Girls was opened
at South Evanston. Credit for the establishment of this institution
is given to the ladies of the Illinois Centennial association. At first
there were but six inmates. Later the school expanded and became
useful. ,
In 1872 the Methodist Episcopal church was organized at South
Evanston. The first place of worship was in a schoolhouse. Rev.
A. G. Sutton was the first pastor.
The village of Rogers Park derived its name from Philip Rogers,
an Irishman, who came to America in 1838, and six years later set-
tled on the Ridge where the place now stands. At that date, as
he was about the only settler in that vicinity, the place was called
Rogers Ridge. Mr. Rogers died in 1856 and his estate was divided
The present village of Rogers Park and Ravenswood are built on
the land formerly owned by him. The town site was platted by the
Rogers Park Building association in 1870. Immediately the vil-
lage began to grow and has become one of the prominent centers
of the county. In 1878 the inhabitants incorporated themselves
as a village under the name of Rogers Park. At the first election
of officers in April, 1878. the following trustees were chosen:
James Carter, D. W. Keene, C. H. Ceperly. J. J. Pitkin, Matthias
Mann, and Andrew Jackson. The latter was elected president of
the board. Early in the '70s the Methodist Episcopal church at
Rogers Park was organized with a membership of about twenty.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 261
At first the pulpit was supplied by professors from Northwestern
university. Rev. Andrew Yonker was the first regular pastor.
Soon a mission was established in connection with the church.
New Trier township was partly settled before the land was
thrown into market by the government. As early as 1836 squatters
began to locate on the high lands in this portion of Cook county.
One of the first was Erastus Patterson, who located on the hill
near Winnetka. In the year 1836 he built a log house on Section
16 and Alexander McDaniel assisted him to set the logs in their
places. Soon after locating there, Mr. Patterson began keeping tav-
ern on a small scale for the accommodation of travelers and new
settlers. Mr. McDaniel was not yet a resident at the time he as-
sisted Mr. Patterson to erect his house. He was there on a pros-
pecting tour, but in October of the same year, having become satis-
fied with the location, he bought a claim on what afterward was
known as Peck's place, on the present site of Winnetka. The next
spring he bought a tract, where later John Garland settled and
built a log house a short distance south of the railroad station.
At this date, Antoine Ouilmette resided at Gross Point and Mr.
McDaniel and Mr. Patterson, when they first came to this vicinity,
stopped for a short time with his family. The house occupied by the
Ouilmettes was a double hewed-log structure that had been in ex-
istence for many years previous. It was the largest and most sub-
stantial structure in this portion of the county. The family of An-
toine consisted of his wife Archange, a half-breed Indian woman,
and their eight children — Joseph, Mitchell, Louis, Francis, Eliza-
beth, Archange, Sophia and Josette. There also lived with them
Lucius R. Darling, the husband of Elizabeth, and John Deraphi,
the husband of Sophia. Although the mother was a half-breed,
the children were nearly white and were unusually intelligent and
prepossessing.
Land in the vicinity of Winnetka was pccupied by Perry Baker,
and Simeon Loveland previous to 1837. Soon after Mr. McDaniel
settled at Wilmette Anson K. Taylor, Philip Martin and A. M.
Tolly located near him, the latter two at or near Glencoe in the
extreme northeastern part of the county. Mr. Tolly really lived in
Chicago and was a printer connected with the Democrat.
In 1838 Wendell Allis and his sons Jacob and John settled in
this township. About the same time Timothy Sunderland, Harrison
Lowe and Simon Doyle settled on the lake shore in this township.
A little later Charles H. Beaubien, a cousin of Mark Beaubien of
Chicago, and Joel C. Stebbins also settled here. Within the next
two years John Ellis, John Eoster, Marcus Gormley, Michael Gorm-
ley, Robert Daggert, Joseph Feltman, Lambert Duolicum, Joseph
Fountain, Auruna Hill, Edward Dalton. John Armstrong, Edward
Grain, Dennis Cliffert, Samuel Jerome, James Hartry, John Malter
and Peter Schmitt settled in this township. Still later, other settlers
262 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
were Franz Engels, John J. Schreiner, Brady Schaefer, Peter
Schaefer, Herman Passbach, Hubert Herrig, John Lauerman, John
Wagner, John Barre, John and Jacob Schmitt, John Schildgen,
Reinhard Manzig, Joseph Schneider and Andrew Reinwald.
The town of New Trier was duly organized in 1850 at the house
of John Garland as per order of the county clerk. At the first
meeting of the citizens Jesse Mattison acted as moderator and
William H. Garland as clerk. The following were the first officers
elected : James Hartry, supervisor ; John Garland, clerk ; Andrew
Hood and Anson H. Taylor, justices of the peace ; Michael Gorm-
ley, assessor ; John Lauerman, collector ; Anton Schneider, overseer
of the poor, and Michael Deidrich, Michael Gormley and James
Hartry, commissioners of highway. The officers proceeded imme-
diately to divide the town into road districts and to make pro-
vision for the care of a number of poor persons. The necessity
of good roads was realized and at the first meeting the citizens dis-
cussed the question of assessing a tax for that purpose. The
supervisor elected was instructed to solicit from the County Board
assistance to aid in completing ditches, etc. Soon after the first
settlement a school was opened in the Patterson log cabin. Later
a small schoolhouse was constructed on the present site of Win-
netka. Still later other primitive school establishments were built.
Winnetka was laid out by Charles E. Peck and Walter S. Gurnee
in 1854. James L. Wilson bought the first lot. Anson H. Taylor
in 1856 was the first postmaster. The name Winnetka signifies
"Beautiful Place." In the northern portion is a spot known as Lake
View, one of the most attractive points on the west shore of the
lake. The village of Winnetka was incorporated in 1869, the first
trustees being Artemus Carter, Jared Gage, Timothy Wright, David
Wilder, Thomas Bassett, and Mr. Atwood. The first village offi-
cers were O. W. Belden, treasurer ; R. M. Graves, assessor ; Nicho-
las Simons, marshal and collector, and H. W. Kenny, clerk. Arte-
mus Carter was the first president of the board of trustees and
John T. Dale the second.
In 1869 Christ church was erected by John Garland. It was
first used as a union meeting house, but later became Christ church
of Winnetka. The Congregationalist church was organized in
1874.
The first settler at Wilmette was Anton Ouilmette, after whom
the place was named. Other early residents of that vicinity were
J. G. Westerfield, H. A. Dingee, Alex McDaniel, Henry W. Blodg-
ett, Simon V. Kline and others. The settlement was at first called
Gross Point. In fact the north half of Cook county was called by
that name for several years after the county was organized. It was
a general term referring to the point of land extending into the
lake in this locality.
The village of Wilmette was incorporated in 1872, the first trus-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 263
tees being A. C. McDaniel, C. F. Boggs, A. T. Sherman, B. M.
Munn, Amos Schants and John A. Westerfield. Mr. Munn was the
first president of the board. Charles A. Vale was clerk.
The Methodist church at Wilmette was established in 1878,
and the First Congregational church in 1875. School was probably
taught here in the old Ouilmette homestead, no doubt as early as the
'30s.
Gross Point, a small place southwest of Wilmette, was incor-
porated in 1874, the first trustees being M. Schaefer, Frank Engels,
John Bleser, Joseph Passbach, Bernhard Braun, and Adam Braun.
The German Catholic church was established here at an early
date. St. Joseph's Roman Catholic church was organized in 1843.
This congregation became one of the strongest in this portion of
the county. Later a school was established and was largely at-
tended by Catholic children. The village of Glencoe was incor-
porated in 1869. The Congregational church of Christ at Glencoe
was founded in 1870. The Methodists and Baptists also had early
organizations in this vicinity.
The old Lake View township was an important one during the
period of its existence. It commanded a beautiful view of the
lake and was settled at a very early period. Just north of the
northern boundary was the Clybourn family and a little farther
north was the Ouilmettes. As early as 1837 Frederick Sulzer
located at what afterward became Ravenswood. His father Conrad
settled near him at the same time. Also about that time Samuel
Rohrer located at Rosehill. Between 1844 and 1847 the following
settlers also located in the old Lake View township: David Hood,
John Beck, Peter Bletsch, Henry Fortmann, Joseph Klein, John
Tillman, Henry Reinberg, Michael Breit, Peter Rinn, Frank
Schmitt and Peter Monroe, and a little later the Hansens located
near Rosehill. As early as 1854 the Lake View tavern was opened
near Graceland avenue on the lake shore. It was built by James
H. Reese and Elisha E. Hundley. This was the beginning of quite
a settlement at that point. A little later Pine Grove became a sub-
division of Lake View proper. The settlers in this portion of the
county demanded, at an early period, a better road to Chicago. This
demand, in the end, led to the construction of the Lake View pike
road along what was then known as the extension of the Green
Bay road. Another settlement in the old township of Lake View
was called Andersonville. All of these settlements have long since
become a part of the North side. One of the first schoolhouses
was built at Andersonville.
In 1857 the township of Lake View was organized. I. S. Shippy
was moderator of the meeting and John Mauritzen, clerk. Rob-
ert Edson was chosen as county supervisor; Conrad Sulzer, assessor;
Nicholas Kranz, collector ; John Mauritzen, clerk ; Isaac C. Shippy,
justice of the peace; Louis A. Brown, Jacob Wolfe and Francis
264 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Baer, commissioners of highway; John Reese, constable; John
Bugner, overseer of the poor. The township was divided at this
meeting into two districts, one from the northern boundary of
Chicago to Albert street and the other from Albert street to Grace-
land avenue. Lake View township was not organized as a town un-
til 1865. At that date the citizens determined on a town organiza-
tion and elected the following officers : James H. Reese, supervisor ;
Nicholas Kranz, assessor; Samuel B. Chase, Nicholas Mann and
Louis A. Brown, commissioners of highways; Baptiste Portmann,
collector.
The boundaries of the town were fixed as follows : "All of Sec-
tions 6, 7, 18 and 19 and that part of Section 30 east of Western
avenue and the North branch of Chicago river and all of Sections •
17, 20 and 29, also fractional Sections of 5, 8, 16, 21 and 28 west
of Lake Michigan, the same being that part of Township 40 north,
Range 14 east." This boundary gave the town jurisdiction over
the bottom of Lake Michigan for a considerable distance from the
shore.
The new town was no sooner organized than the officials began
a systematic and concerted plan of improvement. Roads and bridges
were constructed and the low lands were properly drained by ditches
and sewers. In 1872 the town hall was built at a cost of $17,000.
In 1866 a police force was duly organized and a Board of Health
was established. Rosehill station was called Havelock; J. H. An-
derson was postmaster. W. H. Bryan was postmaster at Ravens-
wood and C. S. Wells at Wright's Grove. Two important improve-
ments of this township were Rosehill and Graceland cemeteries. An
account of these tracts will be found elsewhere in this work. The
settlement of Lake View was very rapid. This led early in the
'50s to the establishment of several important schools. One was
built on Evanston avenue at School street. Another on Diversey
street. The schools of Ravenswood were excellent almost from
the start. Miss A. T. Shotwell taught school early in the town-
ship.
In 1873 the citizens assembled for the purpose of considering the
question of building a high school. After debate the question was
submitted to the people and was decided in the affirmative. The
building was accordingly erected at a cost of about $15,000. The
first principal was A. P. Nightingale, the present efficient superin-
tendent of Cook County schools. Professor Nightingale had an
able corps of assistants. An important improvement in the '70s was
the Lake View water works. The first pump was set in operation
in 1876, but so great was the growth that another was started the
following year. Important manufacturing interests added greatly
to the population of this portion of the county. Among the most
important were the Deering Harvester works, North Chicago Mal-
leable Iron works and the Northwestern Terra Cotta works. An-
other valuable industry was the celery trade.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 267
Ravenswood was founded about 1868 by John M. Wilson, Jared
H. Hinckley, Leonard Hodges, Merrill Ladd, Samuel Powers, R.
S. Parker, Cyrus P. Leland, Chauncey T. Bowen, Daniel A. Jones,
Clarendon Harris, John H. Kedzie, Field, King & Co., Seth Shel-
don, Jr., Luther L. Greenleaf, M. Van Allen, Alexander T. See-
berger, John Williams, Lucius A. Willard and Israel Sunderland,
under the title of the Ravenswood Land company, but the lots were
not laid out until the following year. Later additions were made
to the original tract. In 1869 the company built a schoolhouse and
later a hotel and otherwise endeavored to make the site attractive
to residents. The Chicago fire of 1871 checked but did not prevent
the growth of this town.
The Methodists organized a class as early as 1872. Rev. Mr.
Clendening was the first pastor. The Congregationalists, under
William A. Lloyd, were organized as early as 1870 and at the same
time started a Sunday school. The first church was built in 1871.
The Episcopalians also had an early organization a this place.
The Ravenswood Historical society was another important organ-
ization. The Ravenswood Women's Christian Temperance union,
which has been in existence under various names almost to the
present time, was organized in the '70s and among its membership
were many of the most prominent ladies of the town. In 1842 the
first Catholics settled in the vicinity of Rosehill. By 1850 they were
there in sufficient numbers to have a religious society. The first
regular pastor was Rev. H. Fortmann, and the society took the
name of Saint Henry's parish. The first services were held at the
house of Peter Schmitt. In 1850 their first small church building
was erected. During the '60s the orphan asylum of the Guardian
Angel was established at Rosehill by the Catholic congregation.
The first trustees were as follows: Ferdinand Kalvelage, Peter
Fischer, Peter Zimmermann, Dennis Stolz, Clemens Venn, Lorenz
Biehl. John Herting, Anton Schager and Anton Franzen. The first
building was erected in 1867 and was destroyed by fire in 1879.
A new building was soon thereafter built at a cost of about $35,000.
The United States Marine hospital was located on Graceland
avenue and commanded an excellent view of the surrounding coun-
try and the lake. It was finished in 1873 and cost a large sum.
Another institution built in this locality early was the Martha Wash-
ington home. It was first opened in 1872. Emmanuel church of the
Evangelical association was established about 1871 ; Rev. J. B.
Kraemer was one of the first pastors. Fullerton Avenue Presby-
terian church was organized in 1864 by Rev. W. Lord and L. J.
Halsey and others. The Third German Evangelical Reform Fried-
en's church was established early in the '80s with membership of
about forty. Rev. Alexander Arronet was the pastor. The Lake
View Congregational church was organized in the winter of 1881-2
by Rev. J. C. Armstrong. In November of that year the first
Vol. 11—16.
268 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
church built was erected at a cost of about $6,000. The Saint Al-
phonsius Roman Catholic church was organized in the fall of 1882
by Rev. Father P. Hahn. St. Luke Evangelical Lutheran church
was organized January, 1884; Reverend John E. Mueller was the
pastor. Deering's Methodist Episcopal congregation was an early
organization. Several newspapers have been issued in this part of
the city, among which were the Telephone, Townsman and others.
Numerous secret and other societies have flourished down to the
present.
Niles township was settled before the land was formally thrown
into market by the government. As early as 1831 Joseph Curtis
located on Section 17. He built a rude log house and a little later
kept tavern, as did nearly all the early settlers from necessity.
John DeWees, the following year, settled about one-half mile north
of Mr. Curtis. Both of these first settlers were Englishmen.
Soon afterward John Schadiger and Julius Perrin, in conjunction,
built a rude log hut on the North branch of the Chicago river,
within the limits of what is known as the village of Niles. This
was formerly called Dutchman's Point, and is referred to many
times in the early records of the county. It is uncertain how it
came to be called by that name. It is presumed, however, that it
derived its name from the fact that the first five or six families to
settle on the point of river and timber extending westward from
the North branch were Germans, or as they were generally called
then, Dutchmen, and that the point thus received its name. It was
a familiar landmark in early times.
About 1833 William Clark, who had previously lived in Chi-
cago, settled in this township. He built a log cabin on Section 30.
About the same time Thomas Jefferson and his son, Thomas, Jr., lo-
cated near Mr. Curtis. In 1834 many settlers poured in, because
the township contained tracts of the most excellent farming land.
Among the first were Christian Ebinger, John Plank, John Ebinger,
and Frederick Ebinger. Several of these early settlers worked at
Fort Dearborn, probably on the piers or the harbor, during 1834.
The most of these first settlers located on what was called the
Ridge in this township. The Ebingers kept tavern. In early
times no pioneer turned from his doors a prospective settler. Those
who had already established homes were exceedingly anxious to
have others locate near them, and hence the early settlers were
invariably very hospitable, and in many instances kept public house.
Other early settlers in the township were John O'Dell, Robert
Robinson, John Miller, and Elam Grain. John Miller built a saw
mill which for many years was known as Miller's mill. It sup-
plied the lumber for many of the early houses, fences, etc. It is
said that Mr. Miller obtained for his first thousand feet of lumber
the sum of $70. John Roland, Andrew Brown, James Wheldon,
Thomas Brown, John Brown, Benjamin Emerson, George Hes-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 269
lington, a Mr. Barletts, Lyman Butterfield, Samuel E. Ferris, Joel
O'Brien, Thomas Jowarski, John Rickard, Jacob Comstock, Ste-
phen Gage, John Marshall, Benjamin Hall, Benjamin Lupton and
others were early settlers during the '30s and '40s. It is said that
Benjamin Hall kept the first general tavern at Dutchman's Point.
It is also said that he sold liquor, and in all probability secured a
license from the County Board. John Schrigly succeeded Mr. Hall
as tavern keeper at Dutchman's Point. Nearly all of these early
settlers were good hunters, because at that time game was abundant.
Lyman Butterfield and John Schrigly are said to have been partic-
ularly skillful with the rifle. The latter kept a pack of dogs, and
with their assistance captured many wolves, for the hides of which
the County Board paid a premium. Other early settlers were
Nicholas Meyer, William Huffmeyer, William White, John Schnei-
der, John Rodgers, four Hoffman brothers, named John W., Nich-
olas, Michael and Matthias; Lucas and Peter Haupt, John Finke,
Peter Schwarz, Jacob Kercher, and many others. The open prairie
was a large marsh between the Evanston ridge and the timberland
skirting the North branch.
The township was organized in 1850 under the general law. At
an election held in April that year, Samuel E. Ferris served as mod-
erator and James Milne as clerk. Samuel E. Ferris was elected
supervisor; Pierpont Anderson, clerk and collector; Christian Eb-
inger, assessor and overseer of the poor; Samuel E. Ferris, Nathan-
iel Snell and Robert Robinson, commissioners of highway; Robert
Pink and Charles W. Buller, justices of the peace; Hamlet B. Snell
and Pierpont Anderson, constables. The town officers proceeded
to raise $150 and to set the machinery of the township in opera-
tion. A pound was soon built and several bridges were thrown
across the river. The County Board assisted in the construction
of the river bridges. There were five road districts. As early as
1838 churches were organized on the Ridge. Religious services
were held in private residences. In 1850 there were five school dis-
tricts in the township.
The village of Niles is on the North branch not far from Nor-
wood Park. The first residences on the village site were those of
John Schadiger and Julius Perrin. They stood on the right bank
of the river. These houses were built about the year 1833. Mr.
Phillips kept the first store at Niles, and is said to have been the
first postmaster in the township. He was succeeded by George
Beech. The first hotel there was called the North Branch hotel.
In 1840 Benjamin Lupton began blacksmithing at Dutchman's
Point, and this shop was operated later by John Grey and Robert
Heartt. In 1838 or 1839 a Scotchman named Ballantine taught
school in the village of Niles. He was succeeded by a Miss Phil-
lips, who charged a tuition of $2 per scholar. Another early teacher
was Cordelia Wheaton. The first schoolhouse was a rude log struc-
270 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ture, but about 1849 a substantial building was erected. About
1857 the brick schoolhouse was built. The German Lutherans had
an early organization in this township, as did the Methodists. The
Church of the Evangelical association was located in the township
in 1867. The house was a small frame structure which was after-
ward used for a barn.
The village of Niles Center may be said to have started with the
house erected by Henry Harns about the year 1854. The second
was built three years later by Peter Bergmann, and during the year
George Kay and A. J. Snell also erected houses on the village site.
Carl Breitzmann started a blacksmith's shop at an early date. Sam-
uel E. Ferris was a blacksmith in this township a number of years
before this date. In 1858 a general store was started by Henry
Harns. Soon afterward Peter Bergmann also opened a general
store. He was succeeded by Peter Blaneufer. About this date a
schoolhouse was established about half a mile south of the village.
It was used by the early religious societies of that community, par-
ticularly by the Evangelical Lutherans. The first postmaster was
Henry Harns, and a little later George C. Klehm succeeded him.
The German Evangelical Lutheran church was duly organized in
1867. It was said that the first membership some time before this
date was about thirty-five. Rev. Emil Reucher was probably the
first pastor of this church. A little later he was succeeded by Rev.
F. Werner. The building was erected in 1868 and was a two-story
brick structure. The basement was used for a schoolroom, and the
upper story for the church purposes. St. Paul's Evangelical Lu-
theran church was organized in 1881. The school was started the
same year by Rev. Frank Detzer. St. Peter'sxCatholic church at
Niles Center was established in 1868, and at first had a membership
of about thirty-five. The frame church was built at a cost of over
$3,500. The schoolhouse there was erected in 1873 under the di-
rection of Rev. A. J. Thiele. The village of Morton Grove was
started in 1879, and soon there were stores, a postofnce, schools,
religious societies, etc.
Maine township was settled at an early date. Captain Wright
located on Section 22 as early as 1832 and soon afterward Messrs.
Brooks, Edick, Bessey and Sherman located near him. Eben Co-
nant located on Section 34. Among others who came at an early
date were Harry Phillips, Peter Guthrie, Thomas Walton, Samuel
Johnson, Mancel Talcort, Samuel Rand, John Dougherty, Daniel
Goodenough, J. W. Walton, A. H. Conant, Dr. Austin and Messrs.
Hopson, Foote, Taylor, Kincade, Allison, Bradwell, Clay, Kenni-
cott, Parsons, Salisbury, Socrates Rand, Hiram Hugunin, Judge
Hoard, Mr. Long, John Boyd, Hiram Jefferson, Curtis Clark, Phin-
eas Sherman, Jarius Warner, Thomas Stephen, George F. Foster,
Thomas P. Robb, James Granns, Evan Jones, Luther Ballert, John
Ward and many others.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The first road was laid out by the County Commissioners and ran
from Sand Ridge to Elk Grove. A little later one was projected
from Brush Hill along the bank of the river. A third was the
Brook's road from Sand Ridge to Elk Grove. Another extended
from Sand Ridge to the mouth of Salt creek and crossed the Des
Plaines river at Rand's place. Early bridges across the river were
built by Dr. Austin and Captain Talcott. These were merely tem-
porary structures, but served the purpose until the town trustees,
assisted by the County Board, could construct better ones.
The town of Maine was organized under the law of 1849. The
first meeting was held in April, 1850, at which Socrates Rand served
as moderator and Curtis Clark as clerk. The town was divided
into nine road districts, and steps were taken to raise a tax to keep
the roads in repair, construct bridges, etc. An attempt to rename
the town "Wauksaid" did not succeed. The first town officers were
as follows : Curtis Clark, supervisor ; John Gazlaz, clerk ; Joseph
Mitchell, assessor; William Johnson, collector; Alvin Scott, J. H.
Rand and H. A. Grannis, commissioners of highways; H. Sabin,
overseer of the poor; J. C. Clark and T. Brown, justices of the
peace ; William Johnson and William Brown, constables. The first
assessment for roads and bridges amounted to $40.
It was stated that the first preacher to hold services in Maine
township was Rev. Mr. Coulson. Early meetings were held at
the residence of Mr. Walton. This was probably as early as 1836.
Among the first members were Mrs. Conner and Mrs. Walton.
Later Rev. Joseph Lours attended this congregation, which was
Methodist. An early organization of Congregationalists was es-
tablished in this township. Mormon missionaries came here during
the '50s and secured a few converts to their faith. The Universal-
ists had an early organization and the Baptists, Christians and Uni-
tarians were also represented in the township.
In 1838 Harriet Rand taught school in this township. The ses-
sion was held in a room which had previously been used as a cheese
factory. About fifteen scholars attended. A few years later a
schoolhouse was built near the residence of Mr. Rand. Dr. Asa
Clark was an early teacher, as were also Orlando Alger. Orvis Skin-
ner, Orlando Talcott and Robert Meacham. In 1841 the township
was first divided into regular school districts. By 1859 the total
number of school children under twenty-one years was 654.
The village of Des Plaines was originally known as Rand in
honor of Socrates Rand, and as such it was4 platted on the southwest
quarter of Section 16. In 1869 the name was changed to Des
Plaines by special act of the Legislature. In 1870 the trustees
elected were Henry C. Senne, Elias A. Thomas, Franklin Whit-
comb, August Meyer and Charles Wicke. Simeon Lee was first
treasurer, John Sahin. assessor, and J. H. Ohlerking, constable and
collector. In 1873 the corporate limits of the village were reduced
272 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
upon petition of the inhabitants. The village proper was organized
in 1874. Among the first residents in this place were Mr. Ortman,
Socrates Rand, Henry C. Senne, Jacob Tymerson, Enos Stockwell,
A. Mohldenhauser, John Scuh, Mr. Slusser, Mr. Parsons, Simeon
Lee. These men established stores, blacksmith shops, etc. As early
as 1840 a Mr. Long was postmaster there. Later Silas Meacham
succeeded him.
Schools were taught in this vicinity at an early date, at first in
private residences but later small structures were erected at con-
venient points. In 1874 the fine brick schoolhouse at Des Plaines
was erected. William Munner was one of the first teachers in this
building.
The German Lutheran church of Des Plaines was organized about
1868 and began with a membership of sixteen. Within a short time
a church building was erected at a cost of $1,500. In 1876 a much
better building was erected in its place.
The Congregational church at Des Plaines was established about
1868 with fourteen members. The building was erected in 1871.
Rev. J. H. Laird was the first pastor. The Methodist church of
Des Plaines was organized about the year 1870 by Rev. Schwartz
and at first had a membership of about twenty.
The village of Park Ridge was started about the year 1840 by two
men named Warner and Stevens, who erected a small frame house
on the present site of the village. Of course there was no village at
that date, and the land had just been surveyed. The settlement of
this locality was slow. In 1854 Benjamin Meacham built a brick
yard on the present site. Mancel Tolcott, Jr., built a frame house
about the year 1840. It was not until the '50s that the growth of
the village became somewhat rapid. George W. Renny located
there in 1856. In 1859 the railway depot was constructed and after
that event the growth was rapid. The Penny & Meacham lumber
yard was started near the close of the Rebellion. The village was
first called Pennyville. after George W. Penny, and still later the
term Brickton was applied to the place. In 1856 Robert Meacham
was postmaster. He was succeeded by A. B. Sherwin.
Early schools at Park Ridge cannot be given. By 1860 several
schools had been started in that vicinity. Among the first teachers
were R. W. Gunnison, Miss Augusta Meacham. and George A.
Follansbee. Early in the '50s a First Methodist Episcopal con-
gregation assembled in residences on the present site of Park
Ridge. They were not strong enough to form an organization,
but united with other denominations and held union services. In
1856 the Methodists first started a permanent organization. Meet-
ings were held in the first schoolhouses and at the houses of the
members. The Congreeational church at Park Ridge was organ-
ized as early as 1843. The first minister was Rev. E. E. Wells, and
the first church building, a small frame structure, which was erected
about 1848.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 273
In 1873 a village organization was effected. The votes showed
that forty-nine desired the organization, while fifteen opposed it.
The first trustees were George B. Carpenter, Augustus Dickinson,
Joseph T. Jones, Loring D. Tenant, Charles Kobow and W. S.
Chittenden. The population of the place in 1883 was about 600.
The little place called Canfield was established on the railway
early in the '50s. It was first called Ridge Lawn, and several other
terms were used to designate the settlement. After the construction
of the railway, the place grew rapidly and established schools and
religious organizations.
Elk Grove was a township which was originally mostly prairie,
intercepted by a few noted groves. One was called Elk Grove by
the Indians and still retains the name. It contained about 1,300
acres and was a noted landmark in early times. In 1834 Dr. Fred-
erick T. Miner located on the school section and J. A. Barnes set-
tled near him about the same time. Leander Collins located on
Section 21 and Caleb Lamb located on the same section. Thomas
Smith, John Whiting, George A. Knowles, Aaron Miner, and F. W.
Page also settled in 1834 or 1835. The next year Mark Norse,
Ashbel Miner, Silas Wheeler and others arrived. In 1836 Joseph
Converse located on Section 18. About the same time John Allen,
Asa Davis, and the three Drapers arrived and erected log houses.
In 1837 John Bowe and Horace Rice located on Section 19. Soon
afterward others appeared and by 1845 the township contained a
large and prosperous community.
In 1850 the township was organized under the State law. The
meeting was held at Miner's tavern in April. Ira Cooper was mod-
erator ; R. F. Clough, clerk, and at the election the following officers
were chosen : R. F. Clough, supervisor ; L. T. Skinner, clerk ; Mark
Norse, assessor; B. R. B. Miner, collector; and F. T. Miner, over-
seer of the poor ; John Allen, Noyse Gay and G. H. Pratt, commis-
sioners of highways; J. W. Jones and R. F. Clough, justices of the
peace; I. M. Cooper and B. R. B. Miner, constables. Soon $150
was raised for town purposes. The town was divided into six road
districts and was also divided into school districts.
By this date (1850) the township was well settled and schools
and churches were in every community. As early as 1837 a post-
office was established at Elk Grove, with F. T. Miner postmaster.
He was succeeded by F. W. Page. Mount Prospect was a small
station on the Northwestern railway about twenty miles from Chi-
cago. As early as 1836 school was taught in the houses of the resi-
dents. Among the first teachers were Mrs. Morse, Mrs. Warner.
Mr. Pennoyer, R. F. Clough and Miss Dowe. In 1840 a school-
house was built and was attended by children living several miles
distant. In 1842 the town was divided into three school districts.
The township of Sclmnnburg was settled among the first of this
portion of the county. The soil was good and the surface originally
274 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
a beautiful prairie with clumps of timber. The name was derived
from a principality in Germany. The first settler was Orumbell
Kent, who located in Highland Grove in 1835. He settled on
Section 29, Palatine, but a few weeks later entered another tract
in the present town of Schaumburg. The Baileys were other early
settlers. In 1836 William H. Dunton settled in the township. Hor-
ace P. Williams was another early resident. He brought the first
flock of sheep to the township. He became one of the founders of
Northwestern university. William Frieze was another settler dur-
ing the '40s. Many other families came about the same time and
by 1845 the town contained from twenty to thirty permanent resi-
dents. Schools were started as early as 1840. A religious organiza-
tion appeared about the same time. The early schoolhouses served
the double purpose of church and school. In 1850 the township
was organized under the State law. Originally Schaumburg was
part of the old Salt Creek precinct. Among the first officers chosen
were Richard Cook and M. Dohle, constables; Lyman Johnston and
Henry Schirding, justices; William Schen, F. Pendleton and H.
Pfingreton, commissioners of highways.
The township of Northfield was not thrown into market until in
the '40s, and settlement was at first rather slow. Thomas Allison
located in Northfield in the spring of 1847. John K. Clark located
there about the same time. In 1835 John Striker built a home on
Section 7. In 1836 there came in John and Benjamin Tapps, Dar-
denus Bishop, William H. Davis, Edwin Clark, William and Luke
Steele, Edward Cammack, William Lester, Gage brothers, D. Ul-
linger. These men scattered throughout the township and erected
generally log houses and were soon busy clearing and building.
About 1837 Joseph Adams settled on Section 26. Mr. Tulley lo-
cated near him. Charles Anderson, Ashel Baker, Mr. Esher, Milo
Urnchel, Rich Deadlove, Levi Kennicott, John Kennicott, Joel
Sherman, John Russell, Mr. Lavelle, Abel Green, Mr. Moody,
Moses Button, Hiram and William Shepard, John Bach, Capt.
Studley, H. H. Heindrick, William Steele, Ezra Malley and others
were among the first settlers. As early as 1838 school began to be
held and churches were organized. By 1845 there were eight
public schools in the township. West Northfield postoffice and
Sherman station were established quite early. Oak Glen and North
Northfield sprang up a little later. The building of the railroad
brought many of the settlers and by 1850 the population was large
and the people were prosperous and therefore happy.
The town of Wheeling received settlers at an early day. As
early as 1833 Mr. Sweet located on Section 13, where he built a
log cabin. This was before the date when the Indians' claim to this
portion of the country was secured. He was warned to leave in a
general notice issued by Col. T. J. V. Owen, Indian agent at Chi-
cago. He refused to do so and in the end sold his claim to George
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 275
Strong for $60. Mr. Strong was the first settler in that portion of
the county. His nearest neighbor was many miles distant. The
Indians were hostile and it was only through skill that he managed
to placate them and remain upon his claim. On more than one
occasion he came within an inch of death at the hands of the en-
raged natives. Soon after Mr. Strong secured the claim another
early settler was Timothy Titcomb, but he soon sold out to Myron
Dimmick. A little later William B. Clay and several of his grown-
up sons settled on Section 12. Among other early settlers were
S. M. Salisbury, Christopher and Daniel Stranger, James Mackey,
Christian Stryker, Peter Gebhardt, Henry Miller, Israel Martin,
Joseph Filkins, who later became prominent in township and county
affairs; Matthew Chivel, William H. Dunton, Ephraim and Charles
Morrison. Charles Daniel and Russell Wheeler together opened an
early store where the village of Wheeling was afterward located.
Also among the first settlers were Joel L. McDuffy, Henry Shep-
ard, A. T. Skinner and many others. By 1840 the population of
the township numbered about 200.
The early settlers of this township formed an association to pre-
vent claim-jumping. They took this course because nearly all of
the first residents either settled upon their lands before the Indian
cession or else before they were thrown into market by the govern-
ment. In more than one case claim- jumpers were rigorously dealt
with. The land throughout the township was first surveyed in
1837. The town proper was organized in 1850 at the tavern lately
owned by James Parker. William H. Dunton was moderator, Eg-
bert Van Vlack clerk, and George Fullagar assistant clerk. The
first town officers were as follows: S. M. Salisbury, supervisor;
Louis Peet, clerk; Ira Millard, assessor; D. B. Briggs, collector;
Ira Snow, W. H. Dunton and Andrew Luce, commissioners of
highways; D. B. Briggs and S. D. W. Miller, constables. The
town officers immediately proceeded to build a pound, lay out the
town into school and road districts, raise means to support the
poor, and levy a tax for general town purposes. For roads and
bridges the citizens promptly raised $300.
By 1857 there were ten school districts in the town. At this
date W. H. Dunton, A. W. Peet and E. K. Beach were the school
trustees. In all of the ten school districts terms had been taught for
several years.
Arlington Heights was first platted in 1854 and was first called
Dunton, after W. H. Dunton, upon whose farm the lots were laid
out. The house of Mr. Dunton was the first on the town site. The
second was built by Dr. F. T. Miner in 1854. Dr. Miner kept a
store. A little later W. G. Wing opened a second store. James
McGrath built the second residence, and the first blacksmith shop
was opened by Mr. Page and another a little later by John Flem-
ing. John H. Gale and Johnson & Peters started early hardware
276 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
stores. Enoch Williams manufactured cheese at an early date.
James Shirra established a grist mill about 1865. By this time
many residences had been built and the settlement had become quite
large. The first Presbyterian society in the village was organized
in 1855. Early in the '70s the name Dunton was discarded and
the title Arlington Heights was adopted. Asa Dunton was the first
postmaster. The first Presbyterian society was organized in 1855
and the first settled pastor was Rev. David H. Kingsley. At first
the congregation numbered about fifteen members and in a short
time a frame building was erected at a cost of about $3,000. The
Methodist Episcopal society was organized at Elk Grove about the
year 1838. The first quarterly meeting was held in 1840 under
the management of Rev. John T. Mitchell. The Universalists had
a congregation here as early as 1862. Late in the '60s the Evan-
gelical Lutherans formed a congregation. St. Peter's Evangelical
Lutheran church was established about 1860 and at first had only
seven members.
The schoolhouse at Arlington Heights was built in 1849 and Miss
Sarah Thornton was the first teacher in the same. This building
was used until 1856, in which year a much better building was
built. In 1870 a large brick structure was erected at a cost of
about $10,000.
The township of Harrington is located in the extreme northwest-
ern part of the county. Its surface is somewhat rolling and orig-
inally was mostly prairie interspersed with groves. A small body
of water called Mud lake was in this township. As early as 1834
Jesse F. Miller and William Van Orsdal located in this township.
As first they located on the school section, which was heavily tim-
bered, but later settled on Section 17. At the date of their arrival
the Pottawatomie Indians were here in great numbers. They were
not removed until two or three years later. In 1835 Benjamin Irick
located on Section 20. About the same time Philip Hawley and
Henry Clawson settled near there. John McKnight arrived in 1836
and about the same time Samuel Wadlow built a cabin on Section
29. Wallace Bucklin settled in the township as- early as 1837.
Freeman Morton. G. A. Applebee, Benjamin Richardson, William
Otis, Charles D. Miller. Thomas Perkins, John Giddings and Hor-
ace Rosecrans settled throughout the township during the next
two or three years. A little later the following arrived : George S.
Browning, Henry Smith, L. O. E. Manning, Alvah Miller, William
B. Freeman, Homer Wilmarth, Lyman Dunklee, Hezekiah Kings-
ley, S. W. Kingsley, P. M. Gould, John C. Allen, George T. Wat-
tennan, Daniel and Nelson Messer, S. W. Slade, John Hendrick-
son, Charles Church and Henry Mundhenke.
The first houses were built of logs, there being in the groves an
abundance of good timber. The land was not thrown on the market
until 1840. Previous to that the settlers were squatters. In 1841
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 277
several schools were in successful operation. People demanded the
sale of the school section. It was accordingly advertised by the
county school agent and the proceeds were devoted to the school.
Schools were taught as early as 1836.
The township of Harrington was organized in 1850 under the laws
of 1849. The township derived its name from Great Harrington,
Massachusetts, from whence several of the first settlers came. The
meeting to organize the new township was held at the schoolhouse
near Miller's Grove. William Adams was moderator of the meeting
and Jerome W. Kingsley was clerk. The following officers were
elected : William Devol, supervisor ; Alvah Miller, clerk ; Edward
Hawley, assessor; Henry M. Campbell, C. I. Wilsie and Philip N.
Gould, commissioners of highways; Aaron Billings and William
Hitchcock, justices of the peace; J. Ward, collector, and Hezekiah
Kingsley, overseer of the poor. The officers proceeded to divide the
town into road and school districts. Four pounds were established
to take care of the live stock running at large. At a meeting held
in November, 1840, the citizens divided the town into school dis-
tricts. Seventeen votes were cast at this meeting. The school trus-
tees elected were Philip Hawley, Homer Wilmarth and Thomas
Perkins. In January, 1841, the town was divided into four school
districts and schools were established in each.
The village of Barrington is about fourteen miles from Chicago
courthouse. Benjamin Felter was one of the original owners of
the village site. Other owners were A. S. Downs and Robert Camp-
bell. The town was laid out in 1854, about the time the railroad was
constructed. The depot at first was at Deer Grove, but late in 1854
was established at Barrington. Eben Conant resided in the village in
1850. In 1855 John Catlow erected a house and immediately after-
ward Lewis Boombower built another. Francis Heatley constructed
several houses and rented the same. In 1857 J. O. Davis erected a
house on the Cuba side, and about the same time L. H. Bute settled
in Barrington. He also located on the Cuba side. M. B. Mclntosh
came here in 1857. Leonard Loomis and Richard Boyce also became
residents late in the '50s. On the Cuba side Nathan Squares started
a store as early as 1855. Two years later Edward Foster opened a
general store on the same side. In 1857 John Moody opened a
large store on the Barrington side.
The two sides were kept distinct until the incorporation of the
village in 1865. It required a special act of the legislature to effect
the incorporation. This act was passed February 16. 1865. A pre-
vious election of the necessary trustees was declared valid by this
enactment. The first trustees were Homer Wilson, Oscar Lawrence,
M. B. Mclntosh, A. K. Vangorner and G. Heimerdinger. In 1872
the village was incorporated. On the question of incorporating fifty-
seven votes were in favor of it, and none against. As early as 1846
a schoolhouse was built at Barrington. Prior to that school had been
278 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
held in private residences. Immediately after 1846 it was found
necessary to erect several other schoolhouses. At that date the set-
tlement of that portion of the county was very rapid. By 1855 there
were no less than ten excellent schools in this township. There were
independent schools at Barrington, Cuba and Ela prior to the union
of the villages.
The Methodist church was erected in the fall of 1858. It was a
frame structure and cost $2,000. The society was organized as early
as 1844 by Rev. Nathan Jewett. During the same year a com-
bined schoolhouse and church was built on Section 26 and contin-
ued to serve this society as church for many years. The Methodist
church at Barrington Center was organized in 1840 and at first
had only six members. The society first worshiped in a schoolhouse,
but about 1853 a frame structure was erected at a cost of about
$2,200. In time this society became the strongest in what was called
the Dundee circuit. It was a membership of over 100. Deer Grove
society of the Evangelical association was organized in 1848 at
Deer Grove. At first services were held in private residences, but
in 1854 a small church was erected there and continued to be occu-
pied by the society for many years. Zion's society of the Evangelical
association was established at Barrington in 1866. A small frame
structure was erected and continued to be used until 1880, when a
large church was erected at a cost of $8,000. The Unity Evan-
gelical Lutheran church was organized in 1864 with membership
of 20. They first met in a schoolhouse, but after a few years a
frame church building was erected at a cost of about $2,000. Among
the early ministers were Rev. John Bund and John Hunzicker. The
Baptist church at Barrington was organized in 1859. This society
had a previous existence. During the summer of 1859 a small
church was erected and was used until the second was built in the
'60s. One of the first ministers was Rev. Mr. Dennison. The
Catholic church was organized in 1870. In 1873 they secured the
old Methodist church building and used it for a number of years.
Barrington Post, G. A. R., was started in 1883 with fifteen mem-
bers. Barrington township during the Civil war furnished many
soldiers. Various secret orders and societies have flourished at Bar-
rington. The postoffice was originally kept two and a half miles
north of the present village of Barrington by John J. Bullock. In
1855 it was transferred to Barrington and John Porter was the
first postmaster. He was succeeded by John Jackson a year later.
The township of Hanover was settled at an early date. It com-
prised all of fractional Township 41, with Range 9 east. The sur-
face was originally a rolling prairie with a slight slope toward the
west. About one-third of the township was covered with timber
at the date of first settlement. Many trees were three feet in diam-
eter. Independence Grove and Hoosier Grove were famous land-
marks. As early as 1833 George and John Hammer settled on
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 279
Section 23. Asa Leatherman located on the same section about
the same time. A. D. Gifford, Guy Adams, Daniel Guptail, Sam-
uel N. Cadwell, Byrem Smith, John Guptail, William Merrifield and
Benjamin Burritt were among the first settlers. A little later came
John Hill, Joseph Oatman, Mr. Primrose, D. S. Hammond, Wood-
worth Butterfield, Edwin Bartlett, John Hubbard, David C. White,
Samuel Gould, Jarvis Smith, Lyman Williams, John T. Cook, John
Genney, Joseph Hollowell, David Longley, Andrew Spitaer, Na-
thaniel Ballard, F. Pendleton, John Bower and Mr. Rosencrans. By
1845 Hanover contained probably twenty-five permanent families.
Schools were started as early as 1836. They were first taught in
private residences.
In 1850 the town was organized under the State law. Eighty-
five votes were polled at the first election, which was held at Leather-
man's tavern on the Chicago and Elgin road. This tavern was an
important landmark during the '40s. It was a log house and was
subdivided into several rooms. In 1848 D. S. Hammond opened
a second tavern on the same thoroughfare. This was destroyed by
fire in 1851. Another early tavern was conducted by a Mr. Young.
The first schoolhouse in the township was built on Section 20 about
the year 1840. The nearest residence was that of John Hill. The
German Lutherans organized about 1840 and erected a church in
the northeastern part of the town. In 1854 the Baptists erected a
church on the Chicago & Elgin road. The milk business was an im-
portant early industry. Phineas H. Smith began shipping milk
quite extensively to Chicago as early as 1850. A little later a
cheese factory was established by C. W. Gould and I. H. Wanzer.
A little later these men divided and another factory was started.
In a short time there were six cheese factories in the township. One
of the chief occupations of the farmers was the production of milk,
butter and cheese. The following were the officers elected in 1850:
Luther Herrick, supervisor ; John Hubbard, clerk ; Abel D. Gifford,
assessor ; Woodworth Butterfield, George E. Smith and Josiah Horn,
commissioners of highways; John Hill and Samuel Gould, justices
of the peace ; Samuel S. Hammer and Lyman Williams, constables ;
Jarvis Smith, collector; and Joseph Oatman, overseer of the poor.
The officers took the necessary action to prevent animals from run-
ning at large and raised $50 for current expenses. The town was
divided into twelve road districts and into ten school districts.
The village of Bartlett was located on Section 34. The original
plat was made by Luther Bartlett and the railroad company in
1873. Mr. Bartlett owned the land there and gave one-half interest
in the same to the railway company upon condition that the station
would be located there. The first house on the village site was that
of Mr. Tammis. The second was erected by John Carr and the
third by James Cornish; all were built in the fall of 1873. Next
spring Cyrus W. Metcalf erected a residence. The Bartlett Manu-
280 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
facturing company was organized about this time. They proceeded
to erect a factory and began manufacturing patent neck-yokes, etc.
A large store was built by H. B. Sayre in 1874. It was leased to
Hayne & Gower and opened with a large general stock of merchan-
dise. In 1878 Waterman Brothers erected a store building. Dr.
E. C. Guild opened a drug store in 1874. In 1877 Mr. Hemenway
also begun selling goods in this village. In 1874 the postoffice was
established, with Luther Bartlett as postmaster. In 1873 Thornton
Russell opened a blacksmith's shop in the village. A lumber yard
was established in 1873 by Bartlett & Shields. A cheese factory
was established by Henry Waterman about the same time. A large
schoolhouse was erected in 1876 and was attended by seventy-five
scholars at the start.
The Congregationalists had an organization there in 1874 and
erected- a church in 1878. The first minister was Rev. Henry Ja-
cobs. They established a Sunday school at the same time.
Spaulding was a little station about thirty-two miles from Chi-
cago, and Hammond was another little hamlet farther on. Ontario-
ville was a small village in Hanover township.
Palatine is one of the agricultural townships of Cook county.
Originally the surface was mostly prairie. Several groves stood
out prominently on the landscape. One was called Deer Grove and
another Frye's Grove. Others were called Englishman's Grove,
Highland Grove and Plum Grove. At the latter there was originally
an Indian burying ground. As early as 1836 George Ela settled
in the township. Others to arrive about the same time were Orrin
Ford, A. H. McClure, Asa Dunford, Asahel Harris, Amos Bailey,
Ezekiel Cady, Harris Webster, Palmer Webster, M. W. Sawyer,
Loren Edgerton, B. B. Lincoln, Lyman Staples, Tfiomas F. Wilson,
Elisha Pratt, John Slade, Thomas S. Clark, Edward Castle, Luman
Clark, Elias Wood, Daniel Johnson, Thomas Bradwell, Joel Wood,
M. S. Johnson and others.
The town of Palatine was organized in 1850. At the time the
town was named, Yankton was proposed, but failed by one vote to
be adopted. The meeting to organize the town was held at the
house of John Slade. The first officers were Thomas S. Clark, super-
visor; D. B. Wood, clerk; H. Webster, assessor; M. Faskett, col-
lector; John Slade, overseer of the poor; Daniel Stanard, E. Cady
and Luman Clark, commissioners of highways; Milton Faskett and
Fleming Gaines, constables; Thomas Bradwell and H. N. House,
justices of the peace. The town was divided into nine road dis-
tricts and $25 was raised to pay current expenses. The first road
extended from Deer Grove in the direction of Chicago. The early
population of Palatine township were mostly Germans. They were
industrious and accordingly the farms soon became well improved
with substantial houses and barns. Schools were started at an early
date. Religious societies also made their appearance during the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 281
'30s. A Lutheran organization was established as early as 1838.
The village of Palatine on the Northwestern railway is about twenty-
six miles from the courthouse, Chicago. It was established at the
time the railroad was built. On the town site were four houses
when the railroad was extended through this section. Smith Pratt
erected the first building. Others were built by Mr. Faust, Joel
Wood and Adolphus Bennett. In 1855 the depot was built. John
Guthrie, blacksmith, located there in 1855. The Rothschild brothers
started a store about 1856. The first postoffice there was called Elk
Grove, but was finally changed to Palatine. In 1866 the village was
incorporated. Only two votes were cast against incorporation. The
first trustees were Joel Wood, Myron H. Lytle, H. Schirding, Solon
M. Johnson and F. G. Robinson. A schoolhouse was built as early
as 1855 in Palatine and one of the first teachers was Lucina Spring.
The building was enlarged in 1864. The Masonic hall was used as
a schoolhouse for a while in 1869 and a much larger school building
was erected. A small newspaper called the Enterprise was conducted
here in the '70s. A Methodist Episcopal church was organized as
early as 1839 at Plum Grove. About the same time a schoolhouse
was located there. Another Methodist organization was founded in
1840 at Deer Grove. A frame church was built there after several
years. The Disciple's church at Palatine was organized in 1858
with twenty-five members. They first worshiped in a private house,
later in the schoolhouse, and finally built their church in 1865. The
Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran church was organized in 1868 with
twenty members. They bought the church which had previously
been owned by the Disciples and used the same for some time. St.
Paul's United Evangelical church was organized in 1872 with a
membership of fifteen. The first pastor was Jacob Furrer. The vil-
lage of Palatine has always been prosperous, with good stores, shops
and manufacturing enterprises.
Riverside township, as created, comprised but four sections — 25,
26, 35 and 36 — in the southeast corner of Proviso township. This
was one of the first portions of the county to become settled. As
early as 1828 David and Barney Laughton built and opened a trading
house near Lyons and Riverside. There they lived for many years
and their house was familiar to the residents of the county. Hunters
stopped there for refreshments and they were compelled to keep a
sort of tavern. They also kept liquor at an early date. Stephen
Forbes located in Riverside as early as 1831. He became one of
the first sheriffs of Cook county. He was in Chicago as early as
1829. He and the Laughton brothers were intimate friends.
The township of Riverside was organized in 1870. A petition
was presented to the County Board asking that the sections above
referred to be set off from Proviso and be made an independent
town. The petition was granted. At the first election of officers
thirty-nine votes were polled and the following officers were chosen :
282 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Thomas Wright, supervisor; Joseph Ditto, assessor; J. H. Best,
clerk; T. G. Kinman, collector; L. Y. Schermerhorn, M. Fox and
A. Edgerton, commissioners of highways; C. G. Case, S. R. Cole,
justices of the peace; W. P. Harris and George Nig, constables.
These men proceeded to set the machinery of the town in operation.
They made important improvements at the start and took control
of revenues and improvements. In 1869 the Riverside Improvement
company was organized and at once began to form a village. Among
the company were Emery E. Childs, Leveret W. Murray, Henry
Seelye, David A. Gage, Alpheus C. Badger, George Kimbark, and
William Allen. A tract of 1,600 acres was secured from Mr. Gage,
who owned what was called "Riverside farm," one of the finest in
the county. The company began immediately to lay out streets and
walks, put in gas and water pipes, drain the site, and in other ways
prepare for building. Among the first residents were David A.
Gage, John C. Dore, H. C. Ford, E. E. Childs, L. Y. Schermerhorn,
E. F. Nexsen, Charles Gladding, E. Wright, J. P. Merrill, W. E.
Chandler, H. F. Jemison, J. H. Hollister, David Blakely, D. F.
Chase and John A. Rice. Also among the first were L. W. Murray,
Watts De Goyler, W. L. B. Jenney, Rev. H. Trowbridge and others.
The town was prosperous from the start. Residences were built
rapidly and an excellent class of people gathered there. Within two
years there were good stores and successful schools and religious
societies. The Presbyterian church was organized in 1872. The
church was a union one built by the Riverside Improvement com-
pany. The Episcopalians were organized in 1883 and had a small
church on Parkway road near the depot. During the winter of
1874-75 the first important school was taught and the building was
a frame structure with two rooms. The first teathers were W. H.
Downing and his sister.
The township of Leyden was mostly prairie at the date of the
first settlement. A strip of timber ran along the Des Plaines river
and a few clumps of timber were found elsewhere. Trees along the
river were very large. Occasionally one three feet in diameter was
found. The soil in this township was not as good as in some other
portions of the county. In this township were the large Indian res-
ervations of Alexander Robinson and Claude La Framboise. They
occupied a large tract on both sides of the Des Plaines river. They
were granted by the treaty of 1829 before the township was sur-
veyed and accordingly the boundaries do not correspond with the
ordinary section lines. The first permanent settler was probably
David Everett, who located on the La Framboise reserve in 1833.
He was a Methodist and services were held at his house the same
year. His home was a log structure which had formerly been used
by a squatter or as a trading post probably by Frenchmen. Mrs.
Everett was the daughter of Rev. Jesse Walker, one of the first min-
isters of Chicago. In 1834 Mr. Brooks and Mr. Sherman arrived
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 285
and settled on Section 3. About the same time Mr. Higgins, Wil-
liam Rowley, Aldrich Rowley, Ezra Ellis, William Ellis, Samuel
and Abel Spencer, Mr. Hewitt and William Draper settled in the
township and became permanent residents. A little later other set-
tlers were Henry Boesenberg, J. W. Frye, Henry Rounge, M. L.
Dunlap and others. The Spencers kept hotel in a log house on the
east side of the river. Later they opened another on the west side
of the river. They came from Cazenovia, New York. The post-
office was thus named Cazenovia, but a little later the name was
changed to Leyden. The postoffice was kept in a residence for some
time. At the time the plank road was built in 1850 the company
erected a saw mill at the Des Plaines crossing and there the planks
of the road were mostly sawed. After running eighteen months
the mill was transformed into a grist mill.
The township was organized in 1850. The meeting was held in
the house of Richard Fuller. E. Alger served as moderator and
William Emerson, clerk. The following officers were chosen : M.
L. Dunlap, supervisor; Richard W. Everett, clerk; William Emer-
son, assessor ; Samuel Hummel, collector ; Richard W. Everett, over-
seer of poor; Thomas Croghan, Ezra Alger and John Frye, com-
missioners of highways; John M. Pennoyer and William Dunlap,
justices of the peace; Samuel Hummel and Edward B. Stanley, con-
stables. The town was first named Monroe, but immediately after-
ward the name was changed to Leyden. The town was divided into
ten road districts and a tax was levied to meet current expenses.
The town authorities also reorganized the school districts and im-
proved the facilities of securing an education. Regulations con-
cerning the running at large of stock were adopted and a pound was
built. One hundred dollars was raised with which to purchase plank
to be used in building drainage ditches. When the Laughtons lo-
cated on the Des Plaines Alexander Robinson was employed by them
to assist in the Indian trade.
Turner Park was a small place about eleven and a half miles from
Chicago and located on the East branch of the DesPlaines river.
The Turner Park association laid out the original lots with the
design of building up a large town. Six blocks were first laid out
and afterward additions to the same were made. The first store
was opened in 1874 and a little later the station house was erected.
About the same time a blacksmith appeared. A schoolhouse was
built in 1869. The Germans had a religious organization there
about the same time. The village of River Park or Franklin was
on the west bank of the Des Plaines on the Milwaukee railroad, and
was located on part of the La Framboise reservation. The original
plat was laid out in 1872. R. S. Rhodes erected six buildings there
in 1872 and sold the same on easy payments to purchasers. A
church was erected there by the Presbyterians about 1873. The
members numbered fifteen. Rev. J. B. McClure was the first pastor.
Vol. II— 17.
286 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
A Sunday school was organized in connection with the church. The
depot was erected in 1874 and at that date a postoffice was estab-
lished. A little schoolhouse was built about the same time. The
station of Monheim was started in 1874. At that date a postoffice
was opened by Henry Boesenberg. A creamery was established
there early. A grocery and general store were commenced also.
Orison was a small station near Monheim. River Grove is a village
of a later date.
The old Jefferson township was settled at a very early date. It
occupied a central position, and as the soil was unusually good set-
tlers were attracted to that vicinity. However, the territory was
somewhat low and in early times was covered with water. To add
to this unpleasant state of affairs, the citizens were negligent in
regard to the question of drainage. They even took action against
becoming a part of the Chicago drainage system early in the '50s.
Later this injury to the town was repaired by the construction of
numerous ditches and sewers. The site was originally prairie,
crossed with Sand ridge and Union ridge, the latter extending from
Elijah Wentworth's hotel to Whiskey Point. As a whole the town-
ship was elevated about twenty to twenty-five feet above Lake Mich-
igan. The ridges were approximately from thirty to forty feet
above the lake. The drainage was effected from the North branch
of the Chicago river.
Among the first settlers was John Kinzie Clark, who located there
as early as 1830. He is conceded to have been the first resident in
this township. He was a squatter, of course, and hence had no rights
except those granted by the preemption laws. His log cabin was
located in the timber on the North branch of the, river, about eight
miles from its junction with the South branch, the Clybourns and
several residents of Chicago assisting him to erect his small resi-
dence. Here Mr. Clark resided until 1836, when he sold to Mr.
Brownell and removed to Northfield.
Mr. Clark seems to have been the only resident of the township
prior to about 1831-32. At this date or a little later the Bickerdikes
settled not far from the Clark residence. The Nobles owned land
in this township very early and may have lived within the township
limits during the early '30s. Joseph Lovett settled near Mr. Clark
in 1833 and his residence stood about one mile northwest of Whiskey
Point. It was not until 1838 that the land of this township was
thrown into the market, so that all settlers prior to that date were
squatters. Another early settler was David Everett. Elijah Went-
worth located on Sand ridge as early as 1836. He opened a tavern
and received much patronage from emigrants westward bound.
Mr. Wentworth's tavern became such a landmark that the ridge
was often called "Wentworth's Ridge." Among others who settled
in the township about 1836 were Winthrop Merrill, Wm. E. Sayre,
Gustavius V. Smith, Israel G. Smith, Major Noble, Martin Kimbell,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 287
James Townsend, Philip Townsend, Richard Townsend, John An-
derson, S. S. Abbott, Thomas Burkel, Laomi Butterfield, John
Sweeney, Abner Ellison, and a little later came John Robinson,
Hiram Sanford, Reese Eaton, Edward Simons and others.
Milwaukee avenue at a very early date was a wagon track extend-
ing from Kinzie street, Chicago, northward through Jefferson town-
ship and then on to Niles and Northfield in the direction of Deer-
field. This was the most important highway leading northward from
Chicago in early years. Accordingly the citizens of Chicago as well
as the settlers along the road were interested in its early improve-
ment. The County Board early made appropriations for keeping it
in repair, and the towns through which it passed levied taxes for
the same purpose. It was duly surveyed upon petition of Silas W.
Sherman, and Asa F. Bradley was the surveyor to mark its final
course. Abram Gale located in the township as early as 1835. Upon
his arrival Charles Chapman had just located within the limits. Mr.
Gale selected a tract on the ridge that afterward became known as
Galewood. The house, however, was not built until 1838. Richard
Y. Spikings, Leighton Turner, Able Kay, D. L. Roberts, Chester
Dickinson and William P. Gray located in the township late in the
'30s or early in the '40s. Taverns were opened by George N. Pow-
ers, S. S. Abbott and D. L. Roberts. The latter purchased the tav-
ern owned by Elijah Wentworth in the village of Jefferson. This
building was a strong block-house, two stories high. In 1845 a
postoffice was established at Jefferson with E. B. Sutherland as post-
master. He was succeeded the following year by Chester Dickin-
son. The school section was offered for sale in 1840. At that date
its valuation was from $4 to $12 per acre.
In 1850 the township was organized as a township under the new
law. Prior to that date the citizens had voted either at Chicago
or in Monroe township. One of the voting places was at Higgins'
tavern on the west side of the.Des Plaines river. The new Jefferson
town was made to coincide with the Congressional township of the
same name. At the first meeting there were present the following
men : Martin Kimbell, William P. Gray, Edward Simons, Chester
Dickinson, David L. Roberts, Zina Byington, S. S. Abbott and
Major Noble. The first election was held in April, 1850, at the resi-
dence of Chester Dickinson. George Merrill served as moderator ;
D. L. Roberts, clerk. The first officers elected were as follows :
Martin W. Kimbell, supervisor; Robert J. Edbrook, clerk; Russell
Morton, assessor ; Alexander Clark, collector ; George Merrill, over-
seer of the poor; Daniel Booth and Major Noble, commissioner of
highways ; John H. Butterfield, constable. The officers immediately
proceeded to divide the township into road and school districts, levy
a tax on property, fix a legal height for fences and provide for dig-
ging ditches and constructing sewers. Early in the '50s the com-
missioners of highways performed the duties of a drainage board,
288 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
and seem to have been negligent because there was much complaint.
In 1859 a separate drainage board was organized. The village of
Jefferson was organized in 1870, the first officers being William P.
Gray, supervisor; S. S. Abbott, assessor; Frank D. Wulff, collector,
and D. N. Kelsey, clerk. In 1856 the town hall was erected at a
cost of about $2,500. From the start Jefferson spent immense sums
for drainage purposes, and the result was shown a little later in the
splendid farms and gardens in this portion of the county.
In 1872 the village organization was made effective. Thirty citi-
zens petitioned for the change and a total of eighty-two votes were
polled, seventy-two being in favor of village organization and ten
opposed. William P. Gray was the first president of the Board of
Trustees. As early as 1869 the first artesian well was sunk on the
farm of M. W. Kimbell, and a depth of 653 feet was reached at a
cost of about $4,000. Later several others were dug in the same
vicinity ; the water usually came a few feet above the surface but not
with great force. About ten or a dozen wells were sunk and sev-
eral are in existence at the present time.
As early as 1836 the township was divided into school districts.
Reese Eaton was one of the first teachers. He was succeeded by L.
H. Smith. Mr. Kimbell taught several terms in his own residence.
Children came to his house from as far as four miles. By 1837 there
were four schoolhouses within the township limits. The first regu-
larly organized school district was established in 1842 and Edward
Simons, Gustavius V. Smith, Philip Townsend, Nyram Sanford and
W. E. Sayre were the first trustees. Two years later, School district
No. 2 was duly organized by the citizens assembled in the tavern
of Mr. Kimbell. By 1849 Jefferson probably had, as a whole, the
best schools in the county outside of Chicago 'proper. The school
buildings by that time were numerous, well constructed and well
attended. Among the early settlements in the township were : Ma-
plewood, Cragin, Humboldt, Avondale, Mont Clare, Montrose,
Whiskey Point, Grayland, Forest Glen, Bandow, Kelvyn Grove, Jef-
ferson, Bowmanville, Summerdale and Irving Park. In 1869 the
citizens concluded to build their first high school building. At first
it was proposed to conduct high school in the town house. The first
attempts failed, and it was not until 1870 that a high school was
finished and opened under the principalship of J. B. Farnsworth.
The high school building was not erected until 1883. It cost about
$30,000 and was a credit to the township. Soon afterward it was
found necessary to erect another.
As early as 1833 religious services were held in Jefferson town-
ship. The first settlers prior to that date attended meetings at the
residence of Daniel Everett in Leyden township and in 1833 Rev.
Mr. Payne, a Congregational minister, conducted services in the first
schoolhouse built in the township. A little later Methodist quarterly
meeting was held at Whiskey Point. This meeting was the founda-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 280
tion for the rapid growth of Methodism in this section of Cook
county. Mark Noble, Sr., a strong church man, preached to Jef-
ferson township congregations at an early date. Several other or-
ganizations sprang up and by 1860 the township was well represented
with religious services. The Jefferson Congregational church was
organized with seven members in 1861. St. Johannes German Evan-
gelical Lutheran church was established in 1876 by Rev. Augustus
Reinke. The Union Congregational church at Bowmanville was
founded as early as 1878 and was known as the Union Protestant
church. Mrs. Mary A. Petersen was a leading member at the start.
This society had an early Sunday school with large membership.
The Congregational church at Cragin was established in 1873 by
Rev. J. M. Williams. In 1874 the Reform Church of Irving Park
was commenced with a membership of sixteen. In 1860 the Baptist
church of this township was organized. Its services were held in the
railroad station and in the schoolhouse. The Church Extension so-
siety of this denomination do important work to this day. Jefferson
village was laid out by D. L. Roberts in 1855. Numerous additions
were platted and within a few years the village contained several
thousand population, excellent schools, churches, business houses and
shops.
Maplewood lies in the southeast corner of Jefferson township.
The first house there was built in 1870 by Mr. Hoffman. The second
was built the following year by Mr. Daniel Reynolds. Other build-
ings were erected by Cronv & Farlin. Mr. Rhoades, L. Welch, C.
M. De Libbey, David A. Cashman, T. W. Taylor, James Lee and
Mr. Whitman. The station was built in 1870 and the postoffice
established two years later with Mr. Reynolds as postmaster. The
site of Maplewood originally embraced the southeast quarter of
Section 25.
Irving Park is distant from Chicago about six and a half miles.
It was located near the center of the township on the farm of Major
Noble. Charles T. Race. W. B. Race. John R. Wheeler, and John
S. Brown were the founders of Irving Park. The original plat em-
braced the northeast quarter of Section 15 and was laid out in 1869.
Later additions were made by John Grav, A. E. Brown, while later
Baxter's addition was annexed. In 1871 the postoffice was estab-
lished and L. B. Hill was postmaster. The Christian Union of Irving
Park was established in 1883, and this little hamlet had its earlv
schools, churches, and was soon a thriving and prosperous business
point.
Humboldt, situated a short distance north of Humboldt park,
nriginallv comprised eightv acres on Section 36. This suburb was
located on a rider, and prior to 1870 was little less than a cultivated
field. Hansbroujth & Ties'; divided the trnct into sixteen blocks.
Henry Grecnebaum became interested in this site and at the date of
its commencement, and in (he end was called the "Father of Hum-
290 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
boldt Park," owing to the sacrifices he made and the money spent
to secure its establishment. He erected several houses, and resi-
dents began to appear. He secured the organization of the Hum-
boldt Park Literary union, also an Odd Fellow lodge. In a short
time a branch of the railway was run to this point, largely through
Mr. Greenebaum's influence. A little later street car tracks were
extended to this point. Many Scandinavians and Germans settled
here and gave the hamlet the appearance of a foreign town.
Cragin, on the Milwaukee railway, is seven miles from Chicago.
It took its name from the Cragin Manufacturing company's plant.
This company had located there some time before, and their em-
ployes were the original inhabitants of the town. The town is situ-
ated on Section 33. The Cragin company came here from Chicago
in 1882. A depot was immediately built, a postoffice established and
stores were opened. Another early business concern was the North-
field Rivet company.
A short distance north of Cragin is Kelvyn Grove on Section 27
and on the Belt Line railway.
Whiskey Point is also a short distance from Cragin. It is stated
that the first quarterly meeting of the Methodists ever held in this
township was held at Whiskey Point. The origin of the name is in
considerable doubt. However, all stories agree that the selling of
whisky had something to do with it. One story is to the effect that
in early liquor merchant buried several barrels of whisky there to
keep them from falling into the hands of Indian bands.
Avondale is about five miles from Chicago. The plat was ap-
proved in 1873 and was on portions of Sections 25 and 26. A post-
office was established there a little later with L. R. Hull postmaster.
A prosperous communitv settled there and soon Schools and churches
supplied the intellectual and sniritual wants of the people.
Mont Clare is located on the Milwaukee railway nine and a hnlf
miles from Chicago. It was begun in about 1871-72. Later addi-
tions were made to the original site. The first postoffice was estab-
lished in 1873. the first postmaster being Herbert Merrill. When
first laid out the hamlet was called Sayre Station, but two years
later the term Mont Clare superseded the other. Church organiza-
tions were here as earlv as 1873. a Sunday school being established
by C. E. Lovett, superintendent, in 1876.
Grayland is on the Milwaukee railwav, about eight miles from
Chicago; it was named in honor of John Gray, whose residence joins
the station. It is located on Section 22.
Forest Glen is also on the Milwaukee about ten miles from the
city. The original plat was laid out on the old W. C. Hazelton farm,
and is on the northeast quarter of Section 9. The village derived
its name from Forest Glen avenue. Chicago. W. C. Hazelton was
the first postmaster. The station was built in 1883.
Bandow is a term applied to a postoffice that was located at 1594
Milwaukee avenue, P. W. Bandow being the first postmaster.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 291
Bowman ville was located on Section 12. Several additions were
made at an early date and the business houses began to appear. It is
located one mile west of Summerdale, and is about six and a half
miles from Chicago. It was laid out on the famous Milwaukee
ridge, where excellent water is found by digging from ten to twenty
feet. A large hill north of Bowmanville was named Roe's hill,
from Hiram Roe, who lived near it and kept whisky for sale in
early times. M. Roe's name also gave rise to the name Rosehill.
The first store in Bowmanville was established by Christian Brudy
in 1868. He also started the first saloon there. Baptiste Putman
owned the second store. The second house in the place was built by
John Fountain. However, business was conducted at what be-
came Bowmanville as early as 1856. Leonard Mehr opened up a
saloon, and a little later Thomas Freestone began a saloon business
and also kept hotel. A few years later, associated with John Rohr-
bach, Mr. Freestone began the brewery business. Vollmar began
business there at a later date. The name Bowmanville was derived
from a Mr. Bowman, who owned considerable land there in early
times. Budlong's pickle factory was established in 1869. Other
business enterprises raised the population, and with increased popu-
lation came schools, churches and societies.
Galewood is 8.7 miles from Chicago proper. The land was orig-
inally owned by Abram Gale, from whom the village took its title.
It was located on Sections 31 and 32. The station house was built
in 1872, but was only a flag station until 1883. Charles G. Whit-
comb was the first station agent. An important business enterprise
here was the Western Brick and Tile company, which began opera-
tions in 1883. Excellent brick clay was found in the vicinity of
Galewood. When burned it gave brick of a fine red color that at-
tracted the attention of builders and contractors.
Montrose is on the Northwestern railway, about eight miles from
Chicago. The original lots were laid out on Section 15. Several
additions to the original lots were soon annexed. Soon after being
platted the town began to grow. A few business establishments
brought the first residents, and finally schools and churches appeared.
Particular attention is called to the high school which was located
there at an early date. The postoffice was called Mayfair, and was
established in 1883, with W. N. Stevens postmaster.
Garfield was a small hamlet laid out on Section 34 early in the
'80s. The first house was built by Mr. Lathman in the spring of
that year. Frank Breit and Martin Keller erected buildings soon
afterward. K. S. Dryer & Co. and James F. Keeney also were in-
terested in building operations here about the same time.
The little village of Pennock was located at Diversey street and
Ballon, Fullerton and Crawford avenues. Lots were laid out. sub-
divisions added and business enterprises made their appearance.
Homer Pennock was the most prominent figure there in early days.
292 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The reserve given to the Indian chief, Billy Caldwell, was located on
Sections 3, 4, 5, 9 and 10, this township.
Cicero was one of the early subdivisions of Cook county. When
created it was bounded north by Jefferson, east by Chicago, south by
Lake and Lyons, and west by Proviso. In 1869 a strip two miles
in width along the eastern side was attached to Chicago, but prior to
that date the township was six miles square. The principal drain-
age from the start was from the famous Ogden ditch to the south-
ward. Cicero for many years had a municipal government with its
principal offices located at Austin. The town was organized first in
1857. In that year the county clerk ordered an election to determine
upon the question of town organization. Strange as it may seem,
there were but fourteen votes polled at that election, as follows:
James W. Scoville, H. H. Palmer, Reuben Whaples, Geo. Scoville,
Joel G. Phillips, B. F. Livingstone, Peter Crawford, Joseph Kettle-
strings, William A. Scoville, H. G. Hurd, Ives Scoville, H. P.
Flower, Gilbert Crawford and John Beaver. The election resulted
as follows: William H. Scoville, supervisor; James A. Scoville, as-
sessor ; Reuben Whaples, collector ; H. P. Flower, clerk ; George Sco-
ville, Peter Crawford and Joseph Kettlestrings, commissioners of
highways; George Scoville and Peter Crawford, justices of the
peace ; John Beaver and Gilbert Crawford, constables ; Joseph Ket-
tlestrings, overseer of the poor. In 1867 Cicero was made an inde-
pendent corporation with powers vested in a board of five trustees.
In 1869 the charter of 1868 was superseded by a new and improved
one. At this date the two-mile strip on the east was added to Chi-
cago.
Originally Cicero was flat and about one-half of the year was
covered with water. The soil was made dry,by sinking numerous
ditches in all parts of the town. W. B. Ogden said, "If you want
high lands dig deep ditches," and this advice was followed by the
officials of Cicero. The result was that the town has a soil of such
fertility as to render it almost like a garden. It is black and deep
and this fact has been taken advantage of by city truck growers. By
1880 more than fifty miles of ditches costing over $100,000 had been
built in the town. Ogden avenue was the most important early
highway extending across Cicero. Riverside parkway was macad-
amized as early as 1850. Twelfth street was also improved, and at
an early date Madison street was graded and graveled. Lake street
was also improved as far as Ridgeland. Central avenue received
proper attention, as also did Hyman avenue. Ridgeland avenue was
early connected with Mud lake, and Center avenue was similarly
drained. Other streets were graded and improved until the cost ag-
gregated several hundred thousand dollars. There are several ar-
tesian wells within the limits of the town.
In 1857 the school section was offered for sale, except the portion
that was reserved for railway purposes. The section realized about
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 293
$28,000. This gave the town at its start the foundation of its pres-
ent school property.
Austin proper is situated on the extension of Lake street, where
the old six-mile house was located at a very early date. It was first
drained by sluices extending to the famous Ogden ditch. A large
sewer was built on Central avenue at an early date. The early in-
habitants, by digging about fifteen feet, secured an abundance of
pure water. Nearly all of the wells possessed artesian pressure, as
the water rose a little above the surface. Several of the early wells
were flowing. The village was started in 1866 by Henry W. Austin.
The United States Clock Manufacturing company located there and
made donations for public improvement and brought there also many
of the early residents who were connected with it. As Mr. Austin
had much to do in promoting the prosperity of the village, it was
named in his honor. Afterward he added a number of subdivisions.
C. C. Merrick, C. E. Crafts, Henry Waller and others assisted in
building up the place. The land where Austin was laid out was orig-
inally entered from the government by Henry L. DeKoven and in
1865 was sold to Mr. Austin. The Clock Manufacturing company
which had started out so propitiously, finally failed and the village
was mostly built by private enterprise. Among the first residents
were Seth P. Warner, George A. Philbrick, T. Sherwood, T. A.
Snow, W. C. Heacock, L. R. Erskine, Charles Hitchcock, George M.
Doris, C. E. Crafts, Fred L. Philips, E. A. Osgood, A. Lindsay,
Lewis Husted, E. J. Whitehead, Charles Vandercook and W. W.
McFarland ; William Meredith, M. B. Crafts, Thomas Carroll, J. J.
McCarthy and George E. Plum.
These men possessed sufficient enterprise, intelligence and force of
character to build up the village rapidly and make it desirable as a
place of residence. Through their influence largely early schools
and churches were founded. The Methodists, Presbyterians, Epis-
copalians, Baptists and others founded organizations there. Early
schools were taught in temporary structures and finally a large
building was erected at a cost of about $5,000. It is said the first
school structure built was located near the Methodist church, which
was used until 1871, when a much larger structure was erected.
The South building was erected in 1879. The Amerson school was
started in 1881 in a frame building. In 1871 the schools were duly
graded, and thereafter no suburb of Chicago afforded better educa-
tional facilities. A little later the establishment of the high school
was an important event. There were about seventy-five high school
students early in the '80s.
In 1871 a Baptist church was organized in Austin with a member-
ship of about fifteen. Services were first held in a hall on Willow
avenue, but later in the schoolhouse. In 1872 a building was erected
on Pine avenue. A Sunday school was established at the start. St.
Paul's Episcopal church was established late in 1877 and the first
294 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
services were held on Easter day, 1878. A frame church was erected
in 1880-81. The Austin Presbyterian church was erected in 1871,
and it first had a membership of only eight. Rev. E. M. Barrett
organized this society. The first services were held in the old frame
schoolhouse and later in the town hall. Their first frame church
was built in 1881 and in 1867 Rev. J. H. Bayles, a Methodist, held
services in Austin. He succeeded in forming a class of twelve
members, and a little later many others were added. The old school-
house was their first church. Later they met in the town hall. A
church was built in 1871-72. A Methodist church was built there in
1873, located near Center avenue on Chestnut street. In 1874 the
Disciples of Christ established an organization in Austin. Numerous
societies and lodges flourished from the start.
Oak Park was settled at an early date. Joseph Kettlestrings set-
tled there as early as 1833. Two years later he built a residence in
Cicero near the Proviso line and on Lake street (Chicago) extended.
For the first few years Mr. Kettlestrings was employed in a saw-mill
operated by Bickerdike & Noble. Mr. Kettlestrings was a squatter,
and as soon as the land was thrown on the market he entered the
northwest quarter of Section 7. He held same until 1848 and then
sold a portion to R. K. Swift and later the tract sold passed to S. P.
Skinner. The Kettlestring subdivision was made in 1856. This
vicinity in early times was called Kettlestring's Grove. It referred
to a clump of timber and took its name from Mr. Kettlestring. As
soon as it became a village the term Oak Park was adopted. A few
settlers located near Mr. Kettlestring at an early date. In 1853 S. P.
Skinner built the Oak Ridge hotel and a little later Mr. Waples and
Mr. Morey erected buildings on Lake street. Among them were a
tavern, a store, and a schoolhouse which served as a temperance hall.
George Scoville was there as early as 1855. J. H. Quick arrived in
1856, and at the same time John Leisen became a resident. Israel
Heller opened a store and Mr. Quick of Harlem came about this
time. In 1856 the name Oak Ridge was changed to Harlem. The
latter was retained until 1867. A grocery store was established by
Mr. Furbeck in 1856. An early dry goods and grocery store was
conducted by William Steiner. Dr. Orrin Peak established a drug
store in 1873. In 1871 the postofnce was located here and was
called Oak Park. This finally gave the name to the village. O. W.
Herrick was postmaster in 1871. In 1849 the first railway station
was built. A new building took its place in 1851. On the start the
village grew rapidly and soon schools and churches added to the
good influence of this community.
The Oak Park Methodist church was established at an early date.
At first it was connected with Thatcher and Austin. Services were
held in this neighborhood as early as 1833. The earliest religious
services in Oak Park were held in the schoolhouse. This old school-
house stood on Lake street, which was formerly known as Pennsyl-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 295
vania avenue. In 1863 a Union church was organized and later
other Methodist societies were established. This locality became one
of the strong Methodist communities of the county. In 1856 the
Union Ecclesiastical society was established here by James Viall, a
traveling Methodist preacher. George Scoville started a Sunday
school about the same time. The Oak Ridge public school was well
attended during the '60s. The Union church of Oak Park was or-
ganized 1871 at the house of E. W. Hoard. A temporary organiza-
tion was followed by a permanent one a little later. Steps to erect
a building were taken in April of that year. The Evangelical asso-
ciation of Oak Park began with eight members in 1864. Grace
Protestant Episcopal church was organized in 1879 and began with
a large membership. The first Presbyterian society there was estab-
lished in August, 1883, with about thirty members. In 1855 public
school was taught in Temperance hall, Oak Park. Sessions were
held there until 1859, when a large building was erected, which, in
the end, cost about $20,000. In this building was conducted for
many years one of the most efficient schools in the county. The Oak
Park Library association was organized in 1882 with a membership
of 109. The first collection of books were shown in the Holley
building on Lake street.
In 1883 James Scoville founded at Oak Park the Scoville insti-
tute. The object was to provide for the citizens a free library, read-
ing room, museum and art gallery. The German Benevolent society
was organized with thirty-five members 1860. The waterworks were
built in 1878. Ridgeland and Avenue are two small hamlets located
in this township at an early date.
Lemont township was settled as early as 1833. In that year
Jerome Luther located on Section 34, about three miles southeast
of Lemont. About the same time F. B. Miner came to the town-
ship, erected a log house and began farming. His son, Fred G.
Miner, lived in the township afterward for many years. William
R. Derby arrived here as early as 1834 and settled on the same sec-
tion occupied by Mr. Luther. At the same time Orange Chauncey
and Joshua Smith arrived in the township. Section 34 seems to
have been a popular one, because four of these first settlers located
thereon. It contained excellent soil and had considerable timber.
Augustus Dolan settled on Section 13 in 1837 and in 1838 William
C. Bell and Joshua W. Bell located on Section 25. Joshua W. Bell
kept a tavern at Sag Bridge at an early date. He later moved to
Chicago and was proprietor of a hotel. Richard Cleveland was an
early resident of Lemont township. The building of the canal
brought many transient persons to the township and accordingly sev-
eral taverns were opened.
The village of Central Park was established early in the '70s by
the West Chicago Land company. Previous to the building of the
village several houses had stood there, but the first building in the
296 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
village proper was erected by that company. In 1873 W. W. Wilcox
erected the first store building at the corner of West Lake and
Forty-second street. The next year a drug store was opened by
Hunt & Eldridge on Lake street. Several others started the same
year. In 1874 of the same year a schoolhouse was built. It was at
first called the Tilton school, and was named in honor of George
Tilton of the Northwestern railway. As early as 1860 school was
taught on the village site by Rolla Pearsall. In 1870 the Baptists
established a society here and first assembled in the schoolhouse
which stood at Lake and Fortieth street. Two years later they es-
tablished a well-attended Sunday school. In 1874 a Union church
was established, the membership being made up of some half-dozen
different denominations. Later the society divided. In 1878 St.
Philip's Catholic church was established in the Tilton schoolhouse.
Later a church -was erected on Park avenue. The first pastor was
Thomas Morissini. St. Barnabas' Episcopal mission was established
in 1881. One of the first business enterprises of importance was the
Chicago & Northwestern car shops, located here about 1873.
Brighton Park was originally called Brighton. It was laid out as
early as 1840. The village was incorporated in 1851 by John Mc-
Caffery, Richard K. Swift, John Evans, William F. Johnson, Nicho-
las Egglehart and Mr. McCollister. These men built the old Blue
Island Point road and bought considerable land adjoining the same.
They erected the Brighton house, added subdivisions to the site and
induced residents to locate here. Mr. McCaffery was called the
"Father of Brighton Park." He did a great deal for its prosperity
and growth. The Dupont Powder company erected an early build-
ing, as did Messrs. Croworth and Mr. Kelly. A little later Adam
Smith and S. M. Wilson erected buildings. It was an attractive
location and the residents came in rapidly. The name was derived
from the old race course. Another early building was put up by
Mr. Donnersberger. The Brighton cotton mill was built in 1871
and in 1873 the Silver Smelting and Refining works. J. C. Thayer
and John Leggate became residents at a later date. Jacob Singer
built a distillery near the canal. The Northwestern Horse Nail
company was established there as early as 1864.
In 1871 the Methodists and Baptists of Brighton Park erected a
union church and each society, in turn, assembled there for worship,
they started Sunday schools at the same time. In 1878 the Baptists
erected a building of their own and soon afterward the Methodists
did likewise. The Brighton Park Baptist society was first started
with eleven members in 1848. St. Agnes' Roman Catholic church
was established by Father Egan in 1878. In 1866 a substantial
schoolhouse was erected but school had been taught here many years
before. Another school building was erected in 1877.
Moreland was situated about five and a half miles from the court-
house, Chicago. The settlement grew up as the result of the location
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 291
at this point of the Northwestern railway shops. A depot was erected
and houses were built for the employes of the company. C. E.
Crafts laid out the subdivision and began to sell lots. He built some
half-dozen houses and made other improvements. The West Chi-
cago Land company laid out a large addition, as did also William
M. Derby. Mr. Crafts erected ten houses. In 1881 E. A. Cummings
& Co. platted a large addition and advertised extensively. Stores
and shops began to make their appearance at an early date. The
postoffice was established in 1833 with Mr. Barclay in charge. Other
organizations and schools soon appeared.
Clyde was a small village about nine and a half miles from Chi-
cago. The plat was purchased in 1866 by W. H. Clark. The first
improvements were made about 1872. Mr. Clark laid out a number
of lots and advertised to sell same. One of the first buildings was
the depot. The union church was built about 1874. James McKen-
ney was the first resident of the place. The village grew rapidly
and is now one of the substantial portions of Chicago.
Hawthorne was founded about 1873. Lots were platted and sold
and then the village began to grow. Stores and shops were opened
and soon schools and churches made their appearance. Temporary
shops were established late in the '30s and during the '40s. Isaac
and Milton W. Cleveland, sons of Richard, became permanent set-
tlers of this section of the county. Joel A. Wells arrived as early as
1845 and was connected with the Illinois Stone company. Alexan-
der Ried came in 1846. He opened a store a short time afterward
on the canal. James N. Tripp, a carpenter, arrived during the '40s
and a little later purchased a tract and began farming. Daniel C.
Skelley was here as early as 1839. He became interested in the stone
business at an early date.
The township was organized under the law in 1850 and at first
was called Palmyra, but almost immediately afterward the name was
changed to Lemont. This town was originally in the old York
precinct. At a meeting to organize the new town, William R. Derby
served as moderator and John Russell as clerk. The following- offi-
cers were elected: John Kittering, supervisor; L. Brown, clerk;
August Dolan. assessor; Thomas Brackin, collector; L. Brown and
O. Chauncey, justices of the peace. The village of Lemont had its
origin about 1844. The village first was composed of the shanties
of the laborers on the canal. There were a few boarding houses,
liquor shops and crude stores to meet the wants of the transient
people of the town. A little later a better class of business men set-
tled in the village. At a still later date it was transformed into one of
the most prosperous villages of Cook county.
It was in 1848 that the village received its first and best impulse.
In that year the canal was finished and boats began running. Nu-
merous stores were established here, schools and churches were com-
menced, and manufacturing establishments made their appearance.
298 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
It was at this time also that the great stone interests which have
made Lemont famous were projected. More than one settler who
procured his land for a song and learned that the soil was very poor
and that stone extended almost to the surface, learned later that the
quarries of Lemont made the locality famous throughout the whole
State. Lemont stone, as a matter of fact, was shipped to St. Louis
and as far down the river as New Orleans. Immense quantities were
taken to Chicago and formed the early buildings of that Western
metropolis. By 1854 numerous quarries had been opened and the
industry was at the height of its prosperity.
In 1852 A. F. Sherman, John Kittering and William Giles organ-
ized the Illinois Stone and Lime company and began taking out
stone at Lemont. The upper portion of the rock layer consists of
fine-grained and even-textured limestone and below is found a layer
of what became known as Athens marble ; as such it had an extensive
sale here in Illinois and was even shipped to Eastern cities. After
a short time the concern became known as the Illinois Stone com-
pany, which title it assumed in 1858. In 1854 the Singer & Talcott
Stone Co. was organized and continued in operation until 1872.
After that date the company continued under a reorganization.
These companies employed many hundreds of men and took out vast
quantities of stone without apparently decreasing the supply. Since
that date many other companies have organized at times for working
these valuable quarries, and the product has invariably found a ready
sale.
Sag Station was a small postoffice where Lemont, formerly Ath-
ens, now stands. It was started in 1838, when canal workmen were
there in large numbers. In fact the Sag was famous at that time not
only for the work on the canal, but because the workmen there often
changed the result of political elections in the county. There were
several stores there at an early date, one good hotel, a postoffice and
many boarding houses. However, the Sag did not amount to much
in the end; with the canal it went down and is nothing more than
a country village at the present time.
The first plat of Lemont village was made about 1848. It was
first called Keepotaw, after an Indian chief who formerly resided in
this vicinity and was known to the first settlers. Later the name
Lemont was substituted. In 1873 the citizens assembled to consider
the question of organization as a village under the law of 1872.
Every vote present was cast in favor of village organization. The
first election was held in August and the following trustees were
chosen : Joel A. Wells, president ; Dr. William B. Pierce, Daniel
B. Murphy, John H. Fedens, and Stephen Keough. George D.
Plant was clerk and S. W. Norton, treasurer. The first school taught
in the vicinity of Lemont village was held in 1836 on the old Luther
farm. It was taught in a residence and several sessions were held
there. About 1840 the public school was opened on the present
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 299
site of Lemont village. It was at this date that the township was
divided into school districts and by 1844 there were four or five
prosperous, well-attended schools. Religious organizations were es-
tablished as early as 1836. St. James' academy was established in
1883. The building, 80 by 30 feet, was erected at a cost of about
$14,000. The Lemont Methodist church was organized in 1869.
Another building was erected the same year. St. Patrick's Catholic
church in the center of the town was established in 1860. The Ger-
man Polish Catholic church was organized in 1882 by Rev. Mr.
Moczygemba. A large church was erected soon after. The German
Catholic church was erected in 1869 of the same year a church was
erected at a cost of $4,000. The German Lutheran society was
organized in 1872, but continued to meet in the schoolhouse until
1874, when they secured their first church building. Among the
early hotels in the village of Lemont was one built by Michael Kear-
ney in 1861.
The Township of Proviso originally contained thirty-six sections,
being a full Congressional township. In 1870 the township of Riv-
erside took from it four of the southwestern sections. The Des
Plaines flows north and south through the eastern part of the town-
ship. Salt creek enters the Des Plaines from the west near River-
side. This stream is in the southern part of the township. At the
time of the first settlement the town was mostly prairie with a strip
of timber along its water courses. Bennett's Grove and Cat Grove
were two well-known localities. Mr. Bennett settled at the former in
a log house at an early date. The first settler of the township was
probably Aaron Parsell, who located on Section 29, close to Salt
Creek, in 1832. In 1833 George Bickerdike and Mark Noble built
a saw-mill on the east side of the Des Plaines river, near the Chi-
cago & Northwestern crossing. A little later T. W. Smith owned
the mill and resided in a log house adjacent. Ashbell Steele settled
on Section 12 about 1836. For several years thereafter the following
settlers appeared in this township : Thomas Covell, John Bohlander,
P. H. Fippinger, J. S. Sachett, James Ostrander, Reuben Waples,
A. B. Kellogg, Nathan Dodson, John Waters, Henry Mesenbrink,
William Noyes, P. Granger, Peter Miner, E. W. Thomas, S. Y.
Bruce, Augustine Porter, C. Limberger, Peter Bohlander, George
Darmstadt, D. F. Deibert, C. G. Puscheck, H. F. Deibert, Charles
Longood, John Pfeifer, Stephen Pennoyer and Solomon Buck.
These men settled in the township late in the '30s and during the '40s.
The township was organized in 1850 at a meeting of the settlers.
Phineas Stanton served as moderator and A. S. Funston, clerk. At
the election of officers the following was the result : Stephen Pen-
noyer, supervisor ; Daniel F. Deibert, clerk ; Augustine Porter, as-
sessor; Daniel Stanton, collector; Joshua S. Sackett, overseer of
poor; Phineas Stanton, Phares Granger and E. W. Thomas, com-
missioners of highways; C. G. Pucheck and Avery M. Pitts, consta-
300 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
bles, and Nathan Dodson and A. S. Funston, justices of the peace.
At this election a total of fifty-two votes were polled. The town-
ship was immediately divided into four road districts and the name
given to the new town was Taylor, but a little later the term Pro-
viso was substituted. The name was derived from the Wilmot Pro-
viso which was discussed at that time. Resolutions regarding the
running at large of animals were passed. One of the first roads laid
out commenced near Forbes' place, thence ran northerly to Waples',
thence on to Kettlestring's. In about 1851 a tax of five mills was
levied to secure means to build a bridge across the Des Plaines river
at the Chicago Grand Detour State Road crossing. New officers
were elected in 1851 under the improved town law.
An early minister in Proviso township was John Brandstedster,
a Lutheran who preached at the house of Christian Longood. The
Methodists conducted services about the same time. A Lutheran
church was organized about 1850, and services were first held in a
schoolhouse. Later a church was erected on Section 30, at a cost of
about $8,000. Among the ministers who attended this congregation
were M. Zucker and Mr. Meyer.
The village of Maywood, distant about ten and a quarter miles
from Chicago, is on the west bank of the Des Plaines river. In 1868
W. I. Reynolds bought a tract there and organized a stock company
and proceeded to lay out a village. Associated with him in the com-
pany were W. T. Nichols, J. P. Willard, P. S. Peake, A. S. Eaton,
H. O. Gifford and A. M. Moore. In 1869 this concern organized
as the Maywood company, which began an elaborate system of im-
provement. Streets were laid out, buildings commenced, ditches dug,
trees planted and the village began to grow. A large hotel was a
notable feature soon after commencement. A general store was
established in 1870 by George R. Hall. He became first postmaster.
The Maywood company in 1870 constructed a large schoolhouse for
the purpose of attracting residents. Religious services were held in
this building. The upper part of the building was really dedicated to
religious services. Miss Ida Barney taught school here in 1871. The
same fall E. L. Hallock opened there the Maywood Military Insti-
tute. The Congregationalists and Methodists had a society there at
a very early date.
Soon afterward their first building was erected at a cost of $5,000.
About the same time a Presbyterian congregation was organized
and their building cost about $10,000. The Maywood Presbyterian
church was fully organized in 1872. The Maywood Episcopal Evan-
gelical church was commenced in 1871 and was first held in the brick
schoolhouse. A Sunday school was established, with M. V. Hotch-
kiss as superintendent. The first Methodist church at Maywood
was organized in 1873, with a membership of about twenty. A one-
story frame church was erected at a cost of about $4,500. The sites
for the various churches were donated by the Maywood company.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 303
About the same time the Baptists organized a society. Other re-
ligious societies appeared a little later.
Among the first residents were P. S. Peake, R. B. Barney, W. T.
Nichols, Allen S. Eaton and H. W. Small. So rapid was the growth
that during 1872 a total of eighty-three houses were erected. The
village was formally organized in 1871.
River Forest, on the east bank of the Des Plaines river, in the
town of Proviso, was commenced in the '50s. A total of 500 acres
was laid out. Lake street (Chicago), continued westward, runs
through the southern part of this village. In 1860 a brick school-
house was erected at a cost of $10,000. In 1873 the Methodists
erected a church at a cost of about $10,000. Solomon Thatcher
spent $25,000 upon a residence there about this time. By 1860
the place contained about fifty residents and many business estab-
lishments. The railway company first called the place Thatcher,
after the man who previously had owned the land there. The first
station also was called Thatcher. One of the first residents was
Samuel Rattle. The place was incorporated in 1880. Forty-four
voted for incorporation and seven against it. The Thatcher M. E.
church was organized in 1860 and a Sunday school was estab-
lished at the same time.
The village of Harlem originally embraced River Forest, Oak
Park and nearly all of present Harlem. When Oak Park was set
off Harlem was limited to Proviso, and when River Forest became
independent Harlem was cut down still more. By 1866 Harlem
had a total of about fifteen houses. In 1884 thirty-four of the
citizens petitioned for incorporation of the village. The election
was held at the schoolhouse and seventy-six votes were cast in
favor the incorporation and fifty-five against it. The Lutheran
church at Harlem was organized in 1862 with forty members.
They first met in the schoolhouse and later erected a church which
cost $8,000. The Evangelical Lutheran St. Paul society was estab-
lished there in 1878 and met first in the public schoolhouse. The
first minister was Rev. Ireon. Early schools were taught in tem-
porary buildings. In 1878 a large building was erected at a cost
of about $4,000. Mr. Wilcox taught the first term in this building.
The village of Melrose, a short distance west of Maywood, was
started in 1873 by the Melrose company, an organization designed
to make money by the sale of lots. The place grew quite rapidly
and in 1874 there were about fifty houses. About the same time
the Melrose depot was built. The Chicago Tire and Spring works
located here and brought many permanent residents. The village
was incorporated in 1882 upon the petition of thirty-seven resi-
dents. At the election twenty-three votes were cast in favor of in-
corporation and fifteen against it.
The village of Proviso was settled as early as 1855, but its
growth was slow. A few residences and shops were there quite
Vol. II— 18.
304 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
early and a German school and church. A postoffice was estab-
lished in 1853 with Augustine Porter postmaster. Bellwood,
Grossdale and La Grange Park are thriving communities of a later
date.
Norwood Park was organized from Jefferson and Leyden towns
in 1872. A small portion from Niles was also taken to form the
original town. Probably the first settler in this township was
Mark Noble, Sr., who located there as early as 1833. The follow-
ing year Phineas Sherman settled near Mr. Noble. He had several
sons who grew up and became useful citizens. About 1835 the
three Smith brothers — Marcellus B., Gustavas F. and Israel E. —
located on Section 7. Henry Smith settled near them in 1836.
About that date Ephraim Paine and Ezra Alger located near them.
John Pennoyer settled on Section 1 in 1837. His son, Stephen
Pennoyer, located on a tract near him. James Pennoyer, a younger
son, established a home there later. Russell Morton became a
resident of the town about 1838. John and Jacob Kline settled on
Section 11 about the same date. Other early settlers in this por-
tion of the county were Samuel Hummel, George Coleman, Heman
Ralley and his son Heman, William Aldrich, Peter Ludby, William
Sporleder, Jacob Bumstead, William Hill, Joseph Shaw, Rees
Eaton, John R. Stockwell, John Robinson, Charles R. Ball and
others.
The first schoolhouse was built about 1838 and was attended
by the children of Smith, Noble, Sherman and others. In order to
raise means to build the schoolhouse all adult males were required
to contribute $5 each with which to purchase lumber. The first
term was opened during the winter of 1838-39 by Miss Susan
Pennoyer. The cemetery near the schoolhouse was established
about the same time the school building was erected.
In 1872 the citizens petitioned the Board of County Commis-
sioners to form a new township. Favorable action was taken and
in a short time it was formally organized. Of the thirty legal
voters residing in the township, twenty petitioned for a separate
organization. The organized territory was as follows: Sections
6, 7 and 18 and the west half of Sections 5, 8 and 17, Township 40
north, Range 13 east; also Sections 1, 12 and 13 and the east half
of Sections 2, 11 and 14, Township 40 north, Range 12 east. The
first Board of Trustees was elected in April, 1873. Cyrus J. Corse
was moderator and D. C. Dunlap clerk. Steps to raise $200 for
town purposes were immediately taken. The County Board also
made an appropriation to assist in the construction of roads and
bridges in the new town. The first annual meeting was held in the
railway station and the first election resulted as follows : Stephen
Pennoyer, supervisor; Cyrus J. Corse, clerk; Jesse Ball, assessor;
Frederick H. Kline, collector; James Winship and John B. Foot,
justices of the peace; Frederick H. Kline and John R. Stockwell,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 305
constables; Israel G. Smith, Charles Jones and Thomas H. Sey-
mour, commissioners of highways. The sum of $65 was paid to
Jesse Ball for making the first assessment.
It should be said that when the town of Jefferson was formed
the citizens of Jefferson and Leyden townships generally opposed
the movement. Meetings in opposition to the division were held,
and resolutions asking the County Board not to grant the prayer of
the petitioners in forming the new township were adopted.
Although several settlers located on the site of Norwood Park
village at an early date, the village itself was not really started until
about 1869, at which time Lemuel P. Swift platted the first lots
and George Dunlap built the first house on one of the lots. It was
a two-story frame house at Norwood court and Circle avenue.
Other early houses were by John R. Stockwell and Thomas H.
Seymour. The village was first called Norwood and is said to have
been named after the story written by Henry Ward Beecher. Later
the word park was added. Thomas H. Seymour was the first post-
master. E. W. Morse established the first store. Other early store-
keepers were John Cammack, F. M. Fox and A. A. Fox. Nor-
wood Park hotel was built in 1872. The Northwestern station was
built about 1869. A small paper called the Voice of the West was
issued at an early date. Other publications succeeded it.
The establishment of the village was duly petitioned for in 1874
by the citizens and was granted. Of the thirty-two votes cast at
the election thirty-one were in favor of a village organization.
The Cook County Infirmary and Insane asylum is located in
the town of Norwood Park. The farm consisted of 160 acres and
was established before the formation of the town of Norwood Park.
A record of this institution will be found elsewhere in this work.
In 1861 the town of Hyde Park was formed from the town of
Lake. The incorporation was effected in February of that year.
In April the first town meeting was held at the station of the
Illinois Central railway. Erastus S. Williams was chairman of the
meeting, Warren S. Bogue moderator, and Abraham Bockee
clerk. The first supervisor was Paul Cornell; clerk, Hassan A.
Hopkins; collector, George White; commissioners of highways,
Prentice Law, John Middleton and Frederick Bosworth ; consta-
bles, Alex Brown and Niboreus Goldhart; justices of the peace,
Chauncey Stickney and Samuel Brookes; poundmaster, Frederick
Rohn. The town officers proceeded at once to establish a pound
at Woodlawn near the railway station. The town was divided into
school, road and tax districts.
Hyde Park village was organized in 1872, 262 votes being cast in
favor of the organization and 188 votes against it. The first village
officers were C. M. Cady, president ; Lucius G. Fisher, supervisor
and ex-officio member; John F. Banecy, Lester Bradner, Jr., Elam
G. Clark, Michael Doyle, William E. Hale, Hiram Vanderbelt,
Asa D. Waldron, trustees; Richard S. Thompson, clerk.
306 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Among the small villages in Hyde Park in early times were
Colehour, Irondale, Roseland, Kensington and Riverdale. Hyde
Park more than any other portion of the county became a part of
the city of Chicago at an early date. Among the important im-
provements were the Hyde Park water works and the fire depart-
ments.
As early as 1853 Charles Cleaver built a house in Hyde Park,
at a place named after him ("Cleaverville"), and later Oakland.
In a short time several other settlers located near him. Samuel
Ellis had lived there previously, and of him Mr. Cleaver bought
the land. Henry and Lorin Greaves also lived there at an early
date. Mr. Cleaver was wealthy and designed making many large
improvements. He spent as high as $60,000 in one year for build-
ing purposes. He erected many houses for his workmen.
About 1854 the residents there erected a church building. In
1857 the site was platted and was called Cleaverville. It was de-
scribed as being the north part of fractional Section 2, Township
38 north, Range 14 east, and the south part of fractional Section
35, Township 39 north, Range 14 east. Mr. Cleaver established
his rendering and soap works early in the '50s, soon after locating
there. At a later date he engaged in the real estate business. Mr.
Cleaver, at his own expense mainly, erected a building for town
purposes and this became known as Cleaver hall. Many of the
entertainments of that portion of the county were held in this hall.
Numerous religious organizations also assembled there. It was
used at times for school purposes also. Mr. Cleaver's residence,
after the fashion of Englishmen, was called Oakwood hall, and
hence Oakwood boulevard, Oakwood street, etc., were originated.
He established the first store at this point. It was a grocery and
was conducted by William Cleaver, a relative of Charles. This
portion of the county was a popular resort for wealthy men doing
business in the city. Here could be seen their sumptuous country
residences. Oakland Congregational church was built by Charles
Cleaver as early as 1854, and was first attended by Rev. Mr. Booth.
A permanent organization was effected in 1857 and on that occa-
sion Rev. W. A. Nichols presided. About twenty persons joined
the first class. It became known as the Salem church, and was
located on Lake avenue between Thirty-ninth street and Oakwood
boulevard. It served the purpose until the Oakland church proper
was built. At an early date the church divided and formed the
Ninth Presbyterian congregation, which a little later became the
Sixth Congregation. The South Congregational church started
with about thirty-five members and a school of about fifty children.
The present frame building was erected about 1884. The Baptist
church in Hyde Park was established during the '50s.
Prior to 1859 all of Hyde Park south of Twenty-second street
was open country. There were two small settlements, one near
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 307
Cottage Grove avenue and Twenty-sixth street, the other on the
lake shore at the foot of Oakwood avenue, called Cleaverville. The
Congregational churches were started about the time these settle-
ments were. The University of Chicago was opened in May, 1859,
and became an important feature of this community. The first
Baptist church was organized early in the '60s near the university.
In 1868 the Cottage Grove Baptist society was formally organ-
ized, with Dr. J. A. Smith as pastor. The members first met in the
university chapel, but finally had their own building. The Church
of the Holy Angels was founded in 1880. Previous to this date
the Catholics of this locality met at Grossman's hall on Cottage
Grove avenue, near Thirty-seventh street. They started with about
thirty members and a Sunday school of about thirty-five scholars.
Numerous other church organizations of about a dozen denomina-
tions were started in Hyde Park during the first twenty years of its
existence. The Forty-first Street Presbyterian church was among
the number.
The first school was taught in Cleaver hall, at Oakland, and the
first teacher was Miss Josie M. Mulligan, assisted by Miss Keeler.
This was situated at the southeast corner of Fortieth street and
Drexel boulevard. Later another school was started on Indiana
avenue, a little farther south. These schools were taught in the
early '60s.
Forrestville had a somewhat indefinite boundary, like many other
suburban villages. It may be said at first to have been bounded
as follows: Forty-third street, Cottage Grove avenue, Forty-
seventh street and Indiana avenue. This village seems to have had
an independent growth and development. It had its own business
houses, schools, churches and entertainments. As early as 1878 a
kindergarten was started in this hamlet. Nearly fifty children were
in attendance within less than a year. The Forrestville Hose com-
pany was an early organization. The Springer and Farren schools
supplied the inhabitants from Thirty-ninth street and Grand boule-
vard to Forty-.third street and Indiana avenue. The Springer
school, built in 1873, became an important educational institution.
The Far ran school was also important. It was located at Wabash
avenue and Fifty-first street. The Oak Ridge school was in the
vicinity of Forty-seventh street and Cottage Grove avenue, but
children attended from as far south as Sixty-third street and as far
west as Indiana avenue.
One of the first residences of what is now Hyde Park was that
of Nathan Watson, who was there as early as 1836. The origin
of the name Hyde Park probably came from a suburb of London,
England. Mr. Watson built a log cabin there, near the corner
of Park avenue and Fifty-third street. It was his design to estab-
lish an orchard. Paul Cornell became a prominent early character
of Hyde Park. He came to Chicago in 1847, but in 1852 bought a
308 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
large tract of land in Hyde Park and proceeded to improve the
same. He at first bought 300 acres along the lake shore and in-
duced the Illinois Central railway to establish the station called
Hyde Park on his land. Mr. Cornell erected the famous Hyde
Park hotel, one of the prominent landmarks in early times. He
leased this hotel to the owners of the Richmond house, Chicago.
It was a favorite resort for the sporting people of the city when
they desired a little diversion. After the assassination of President
Lincoln, Mrs. Lincoln and her family stopped there for a time.
Stephen A. Douglas also occupied the hotel before his death. In
1856 Mr. Cornell platted a tract of land lying between Fifty-first
street and Fifty-fifth street. In 1858 he erected a building for
church purposes, paying about $1,000 toward its erection. Others
assisted with whatever was necessary to complete the structure.
Later Mr. Cornell deeded to the church a tract of ground. The
First Presbyterian church of Hyde Park was organized in 1860,
Mr. Cornell being one of the members. Rev. William H. Spencer
was probably the first pastor. In 1856 the Presbyterian Theologi-
cal Seminary of the Northwest located on the lake shore between
Fifty-third and Walnut streets. They secured the land from Mr.
Cornell. Cyrus H. McCormick made a large donation to this insti-
tution. St. Paul's Episcopal church was organized in Hyde Park
as early as 1857 and about the same time a Sunday school was
connected with it. As early as 1856 Charles B. Waite established
a seminary in Hyde Park. The building was not finished until
1859. Mrs. Charles B. Waite was principal. This institution was
famous in early years. Many of the most distinguished ladies of
Chicago were educated there. In 1863 a large public school build-
ing was erected near Mr. Cornell's residence. The first teacher
was a Miss Brookes. At later dates high schools and many gram-
mar schools have sprung into existence. It is sufficient to say that
this portion of the county is supplied with splendid educational
facilities and has been ever since the Civil war.
As early as 1860 George W. Waite was postmaster at Hyde
Park and was succeeded three years later by Joseph W. Merrill.
H. A. Hopkins was one of the first storekeepers at Hyde Park
avenue and Fifty-third street. He had previously been a book-
keeper for Mr. Cornell.
Egandale was founded by Dr. W. B. Egan and was bounded
about as follows: From Forty-seventh street on the north to Fifty-
fifth street on the south, and from Cottage Grove avenue on the
west to Madison avenue on the east. It was upon this tract that
the famous race track of early times was located. It was called the
Chicago Driving Park, and all the famous horses of the country
raced there at some period. Flora Temple, Moscow and other
famous nags were exhibited there. Near this park were several
mounds which appeared as if they had been thrown up by human
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 309
hands, they were so regular, round and abrupt. Dr. Egan was an
Englishman and designed this tract after the fashion of an English
country residence. He formally opened his garden in 1863. The
rapid growth of Chicago in that direction soon terminated the
dreams of Dr. Egan for such a home. Schools began to be taught
there very early. Mrs. Ella Noble was one of the first teachers,
and two men named Hogan and McCarty also taught at an early
date.
"Kenwood was a term applied to a portion of Hyde Park. One
of the first settlers there was Dr. John Kennicott, who built a resi-
dence about 1856. It was named Kenwood by Dr. Kennicott in
honor of his old home in Scotland. The Illinois Central Railway
company established Kenwood station a short distance to the east-
ward. It stood at the foot of Forty-seventh street. William
Waters, John Remmer and P. L. Sherman were early residents of
Kenwood. The railway accident in 1862, when Judge Barron was
killed, occurred near Kenwood station. During the '50s and '60s
the locality bounded by Thirty-ninth and Fifty-seventh streets and
Grand boulevard and the lake was occupied by many of the most
prominent citizens of Chicago. Many had previously lived in the
cities of the East, had been highly educated, were cultured in art
and literature, and surrounded themselves with evidences of modern
civilization. Thus Oakland, South Park, Kenwood and Forrest-
ville contained many exclusive families. In 1871 a literary society
was organized in Hyde Park and was attended by the most promi-
nent citizens. It was afterward transformed into a lyceum and
philosophical society. Connected with the same was a free reading-
room. Early in the '70s a congregation of Methodists was organ-
ized in this locality. A branch of the Young Men's Christian asso-
ciation was established about the same time. The Forty-seventh
Street church was dedicated in December, 1871. At that date the
membership numbered eleven. The following year a Sunday school
with forty scholars was organized. St. Thomas' church was or-
ganized in 1869 with twenty persons as members. Father Bolles
was the first to have charge of this church. The first building stood
where now stands Kenwood high school. This was the commence-
ment of the present St. Thomas' church at Fifty-fifth street and
Kimbark avenue. The First Baptist church was located in 1874
on Madison avenue near the corner of Fifty-fourth street. A Scan-
dinavian Methodist congregation was organized in 1880. Other
religious organizations have from time to time opened in this por-
tion of the city. The Hyde Park Herald was started in 1882 by
Fred F. Bennett and Clarence P. Dresser. The Metropolitan Press
Bureau was later published where the Herald had previously held
forth. The South Side News was for a time conducted by I. S.
Van Sant & Co. The Hyde Park Weekly Sun was another early
weekly paper.
310 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The locality known as South Park was at no time considered a
separate hamlet or village, nor even to have definite boundaries.
It was located in the vicinity generally of the present Jackson Park.
Charles A. Norton located there about 1863. After a few other
families had arrived the place began to be called Woodville, but
with the consent of Mr. Norton the name was finally changed to
South Park. The first station was in an old log building, and
around it was little more than a swamp. The families of Fassett,
Root, Downs and Wright located early in this locality. The South
Park hotel was built about 1874 by a Mr. Hoyt, but was burned in
1883. Gradually as time passed the lands were cleared. Other
families built houses and various business enterprises were projected.
Hyde Park is distinguished in particular for its park system,
which is one of the most important, attractive and beautiful in the
United States. An account of this system will be found elsewhere
in this work. The Washington Park club owned the Washington
Driving Park. This comprised a tract of eighty acres just south
of South Park, between Sixty-first and Sixty-third streets and Cot-
tage Grove avenue and Grand boulevard. The founder of the club
was Albert S. Gage, through whose influence it was organized with
a capital of $150,000. Buildings were erected an the tract laid out,
and in time this organization became a conspicuous feature among
the amusements of Chicago.
Oakwoods cemetery was established under the act of 1853. It
was located between Sixty-seventh and Seventy-first streets and
Cottage Grove avenue and the Illinois Central railroad.
Grand Crossing grew up at the junction of the Illinois Central
and Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroads at what is now
Seventy-fifth street. Paul Cornell in 1855 purchased a tract there,
and later lots were laid out and soon Grand Crossing was estab-
lished. In 1871 two schools were located there under the auspices
of Mr. Cornell. Among the first business establishments was the
Cornell Watch factory.
Brookline was a term applied to the locality near Cornell, and
was started about 1860. It was a subdivision by Charles A. Norton
and Paul Cornell. It was west of Cottage Grove avenue and north
of Seventy-fifth street. Families lived there at a very early date.
Among the first were John and Orville Field, Peter Cudmore, the
Nichols family, Peter, John and James Storms, etc. The name at
first was Brookline, but as this was too indefinite the term Cornell
was soon applied to the residences and business houses at this point.
At a later date the name Grand Crossing was adopted, owing to the
fact that there was another village in the state called Cornell. The
first storekeeper there was Joseph Lawton.
The first religious services at Brookline were held in the railroad
station in 1872. Rev.. W. H. Holmes conducted the services
Henry C. Northrup conducted services there a little later. Mr.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 311
Cornell assisted the small congregation of about ten or a dozen.
A Sunday school of thirteen scholars was soon organized. The
Catholic congregation at Grand Crossing was established soon after
this date and before many years was large and prosperous. The
first meetings were held at Social hall. The West Side Drainage
association was located here in the '70s.
Cheltenham Beach was first known as White Oak Ridge, and
later, after it was laid out, was called Westfall subdivision. It ex-
tended approximately from Seventy-fifth to Seventy-ninth streets.
A school was established at Seventy-fifth street and Railroad
avenue. Religious societies held services there.
South Chicago had an early origin. It is located at the mouth
of the Calumet, and in the eyes of many was a more suitable loca-
tion for a large city than was the mouth of the Chicago river. The
early French explorers were familiar with the Calumet river and
realized its value. At a very early 'date it was proposed to build
the canal along what was called the Calumet route instead of along
the Chicago route. It is not improbable that Marquette resided
on this river a short time before his death. It seems to have been
a more popular resort for the Indian tribes than was the insignifi-
cant Chicago river. The first proprietor of the land at the mouth
of the Calumet was Ashkum, the Pottawatomie Indian chief, who
was granted a reservation there. At this time the Indians ceded
their rights to the west shore of Lake Michigan. As early as 1830
the Commissioners' court of Peoria county granted to Rev. William
See the right to keep a ferry across the Callimink (Calumet), at the
head of Lake Michigan, upon the payment of a fee of $2. He was
privileged to charge for each wagon or cart drawn by two horses
or oxen 75 cents, for each four horses and wagon $1, and each foot
passenger I2y2 cents. It is probable that Rev. Mr. See did not
conduct this ferry. At an early date Mr. Mann conducted it under
the right of Rev. William See. Mr. Mann lived on the east side of
the Calumet near Ninety-third street. In addition to the ferry busi-
ness he bartered with the Indians for peltries and kept whisky with
which to secure the possessions of the natives. Mr. Mann married
Arksah Saubli, a girl having Indian blood in her veins. She was
the adopted daughter of Antoine Ouilmette. A m;m named Hale
was also an early ferryman on the Calumet.
In 1833 a survey of the Calumet and Chicago rivers was ordered
by the government with the object of ascertaining the cheapest and
most favorable location for the canal. Jefferson Davis, afterward
president of the Southern confederacy, conducted the survey. In
his report he considered the Calumet superior to the Chicago for
the purpose intended. It should also be said that Stephen A. Doug-
las and Louis Benton considered the Calumet region the most
favorable location for the canal. Benton may have been influenced
by his property interests on the Calumet. He had built there early
312 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
a store on the west bank of the river about sixty yards from its
mouth. In addition he had built several cabins for employes and
had made preparations so that if the Calumet river should be
selected for the site of the canal he would be in a most enviable
position as regards property interests. The chances are that the
monied interest on the Chicago river outweighed those on the
Calumet river and thus secured the coveted prize. Benton in 1833
platted most of Sections 5 and 6, west of the Calumet river, and
this place became called the "City of Calumet." Others connected
with Mr. Benton in land development were George W. Dole and
Elijah K. Hubbard. John Wentworth, with property interests at
the present Chicago, steadily fought against the Calumet region.
In fact, nearly all of the prominent men at Chicago in early times
were envious of the recognized importance of the Calumet region.
The subdivision of Calumet was filed in 1836. The following
year George's addition to Calumet was platted. As early as 1835
Thomas Gaughan located in the little village. Benton's Land com-
pany owned a tract from Eighty-seventh street to Ninety-third
street and Commercial avenue to the lake. At this date the com-
pany's store was in full operation. Mr. Crandall was an early resi-
dent of Calumet and was located on the east side of the river and
a Mr. Tuttle occupied a log cabin on the west side, and Mr. Stone
was located near him. John Mann lived in one of the Benton
houses. The company was all-powerful at this early period. It
had means to put up buildings and to induce people by argument
and means to locate at this point. Stephen A. Sexton was an early
resident on the Calumet river. In 1836 a hotel was built at Calu-
met. It stood close to Mr. Benton's store and was called the Calu-
met house and was conducted by Mr. Benton himself. It is stated
that a man named Spencer managed the hotel for Mr. Benton. In
1836 Jason Gurley bought the hotel property and thereafter con-
ducted a reliable and well-patronized tavern. The stage line from
Michigan City to Chicago passed by this tavern. In 1837 Mr.
Gurley rented the hotel to Mr. Hampsher and removed to Chicago,
where he later managed the Mansion house. Tht second tavern
at Calumet was the Eagle, kept by Gideon M. Jackson. At this
date (1836-37) there was an enormous travel between Michigan
City and Chicago. The consequence was that the tavern at Calu-
met had a very large patronage. It was at this time that the first
great settlement throughout the southern part of Cook county was
made. Many had come in at an earlier date, but from 1834 to 1838
the settlement was greatest in that portion of the county. Appro-
priate mention of these will be found elsewhere in this work.
In the vicinity of Calumet is an elevation known in early times
as Indian Ridge, where deceased Indians in considerable number
had been buried for many years. This ridge was quite a promi-
nent feature in early times near Wildwood, Kensington and Rose-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 313
land. Numerous Indian trinkets and skeletons have been found
on that ridge.
The travel had become so great by 1839 that there were strong
demands for a bridge to take the place of the old ferry which had
been conducted by John Mann. Accordingly a company was
formed in that year, among whom were J. Y. Scammon and P. C.
Sherman, who secured a charter empowering them to construct a
toll bridge across the Calumet. The bridge was accordingly built
and was a floating affair constructed of planking and timbers upon
the barge principle. It was located at the foot of Ninety-second
street and the river. The first toll-keeper was Gideon M. Jackson.
Those who had constructed the bridge were well remunerated for
their outlay, as the enormous travel gave them excellent revenue
until 1842, at which date a new road was projected via Cassidy's
residence, later known as Chittenden's. The floating bridge was
damaged by a freshet in 1840, but was repaired and continued to
be used until 1843, when it was again demolished by a storm. A
new company was formed, however, and a better bridge was built
near Cassidy's place, after which the ferry was no longer used.
Cassidy was considerable of a sporting man, and his house was a
resort of hunters and fishermen. Louis Benton built a bridge on
Grand Calumet in 1836. It was on the present site of Hammond,
Indiana, which locality was early called Diggings. By 1845 there
was quite a large settlement at the mouth of the Calumet. As
early as 1834 school was taught there and soon afterward religious
services were held by the Methodists and the Catholics. Among
the early residents of the town were the Kleinmanns, Spiers, Cul-
vers, Rays, Taylors, and others.
In 1848 the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railway was
projected and surveyed through Calumet. The prospect of secur-
ing a railway immediately increased the growth of the village. The
station in 1850 was located and called Ainsworth. This was the
foundation of the present South Chicago. So low was the country
in that portion of the county that the railroad was first run on
trestle work from Calumet to Englewood. Immediately after the
construction of the railway the village became modernized and soon
had permanent schools, churches, stores and shops. It was at this
time that the citizens of Ainsworth were involved in the attempt of
the railways to cut off Chicago to the north. Naturally the citizens
residing at the mouth of the Calumet preferred to see that point the
terminus of Eastern and Western railway lines rather than Chicago.
Accordingly they loaned their influence to the movement to leave
Chicago on the north and to make Calumet the principal city on the
southern shore of Lake Michigan. More concerning this important
step will be found elsewhere in this work. The district around
South Chicago was thoroughly organized into school districts in
1851-52. As early as 1853 what was known as Ray school was
314 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
erected on the present site of the city. Among the first teachers
was Cornelia Wheaton. Irondale, Taylor, Gallistel, Bowen and
South Chicago public schools were creations of a later date.
The lighthouse at Calumet afforded a theme for extended com-
ment for many years during early times. An account of the build-
ing of this lighthouse will be found elsewhere in this book. The
first keeper of the light was A. B. Dalton, who a little later was
succeeded by Hiram Squires. The light was discontinued in 1855.
Calumet harbor was projected at a very early date. It was con-
sidered as early as the one at Chicago. In fact, many favored the
one at Calumet and insisted that point had better facilities for a
harbor than had any other point on the southern point of Lake
Michigan. In 1836 a survey of the harbor was made, but nothing
of consequence was done except some improvements until 1845.
At the latter date the surveyors found that the lake had advanced
a considerable distance eastward. It was not until about 1870 that
money began to be spent to improve Calumet harbor. Thereafter
several hundred thousand dollars were used to render the harbor
more satisfactory to mariners and vessels. Many improvements and
changes since the early times have been made in the piers and harbor
proper.
South Chicago was really started as such about the year 1856.
Several Chicagoans at that date, among whom were Elliot Anthony,
John Wentworth, O. S. Hough and others, secured a large tract of
land there. Soon afterward the Calumet Land Improvement and
Irrigation company was organized for the purpose of draining wet
lands, reclaiming the same, laying out lots, extending the limits and
population of the town, etc. At a later date, by uniting with other
interests, it became the Calumet and Chicago Canal and Dock com-
pany, which in 1869 was duly incorporated. Of the incorporators
J. H. Bowen was first president and the first Board of Directors were
T. Bowen, O. S. Hough, Elliot Anthony, Sheridan Waite, T. L.
Dobbins and C. L. Gregory. This company really founded the mod-
ern South Chicago. Mr. Bowen was the leading power of the
company. Beginning with 1874 and thereafter for many years
the sales of lots at South Chicago by the dock company and by
others were rapid. The postoffice had been established as early as
1853, C. F. Stewart becoming first postmaster. He also was justice
of the peace in 1858. As early as 1857 the term Calumet, which had
applied to the little village, was changed and thereafter the place be-
came known as Ainsworth. In 1858 Michael Doyle was appointed
postmaster and continued to serve for many years. In 1871 the name
Ainsworth station was changed to South Chicago. In 1855 one
polling place served for the towns of Calumet, Hyde Park and Lake.
It was located at Berkey's tavern, Englewood. At this date Fred-
erick Wright was supervisor, representing this portion of the county.
The settlement became so rapid at Calumet that the people soon
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 315
demanded a separate organization and accordingly Calumet was
duly separated from Lake and Worth.
Immediately after the Civil war, owing to the fact that several
large manufacturing establishments were located at South Chicago,
the growth became very rapid. Among the most prominent of these
early establishments was the Northwestern Fertilizing company,
which was chartered in 1867. In 1869 an immense lumber industry
was located here. Previously from an earlier date large quantities
of lumber had been manufactured on the upper Calumet and had
been floated down the river to the lake and thence to Chicago. In
1869 pine lumber from Michigan and other points in immense
quantities were distributed from South Chicago as a central point.
Shipbuilding was soon an important industry along the Calumet.
About 1880 the North Chicago Rolling mill was established and
soon became one of the strongest manufacturing concerns in this
portion of the county. The large number of workmen employed in
these various industries added greatest to the population of this sec-
tion. Among other works were the South Chicago Steam Boiler
works, the South Chicago Wrought Iron, Gas and Steam Pipe fac-
tory, the Robert Aitchison Perforated Metal company, Sutcliff &
Bird's foundry, Benjamin, Fischer & Mallery, South Chicago Forge
and Bolt works, and many others added vastly to population and
to the business importance of this point. In 1873 South Chicago
was made a port of entry. The tonnage in 1875 was 17,442. By
1883 it had increased to over 350,000.
Rev. William See, who secured the first license to keep a ferry
at Calumet, was probably the first minister to preach to the resi-
dents of Calumet. The Catholics also were there at a very early
date. The first church was St. Patrick's, built in 1860, and immedi-
ately afterward a school was started. By 1880 the parish con-
tained 150 families and the school numbered several hundred chil-
dren. The second church was Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran, or-
ganized about 1871. The first Congregational church was founded
the following year. One of the first important early schools was es-
tablished in 1854 by George H. Bird, who graded his school and had
several assistants. The Swedish Baptist church was started at a
later date as were also the churches of the Swedish Methodists,
the Danish Evangelical Lutherans, German Baptists, etc. The
Methodist Episcopal society was well established by 1875. A Pol-
ish society called the Church of the Immaculate Conception was
founded at a later date. Since this time numerous religious organ-
izations have supplied the spiritual wants of the inhabitants.
In 1874 the fire department became a prominent local organiza-
tion. Yachting clubs sprang into existence during the '70s. Secret
societies, lodges, etc., have contributed to the social enjoyment of
South Chicagoans. Numerous newspapers have been conducted
here. Several have been called Enterprise, Times, Bulletin, Weekly
Sun, Post, Independent, Tribune and many others. •
316 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
One of the most important modern improvements in the southern
part of the county was the model town established by George W.
Pullman. Under the law it could not exist as such, and after a
time the workmen who had gathered there dispersed and the land
was sold. The southern terminus of the belt railway is at South
Chicago. This places that city in communication with all suburbs
and every part of Chicago.
The first man, so far as known, to settle at what became known
as Colehour was probably Charles W. Colehour, after whom the
suburb was named. The boundaries of the somewhat mythical
hamlet were never clearly denned. The locality was also called
Ironworkers' Addition to Chicago. Among the first people to
locate there were Michael O'Byrne, George Murley, Frank Degnan,
Rodger Murphy and Michael Doyle. It is said that Father Kelley
said the first mass at Colehour. The real growth of that place
began in 1872, after the Silicon Steel company had started up.
Taylor's Addition to South Chicago, not far from Colehour, be-
came settled at a little later date. The first school consisted of
fifteen scholars and was taught in 1874 in the Colehour German
Lutheran church. The first public school was established in 1876.
The first postmaster was Richard Lender. The first church build-
ing was erected in 1875 by the Evangelical association. The Cole-
hour German Lutheran church, also the German Baptist church,
was built in 1876, and the Swedish Baptist church, founded in 1883.
were early religious organizations.
The Colehour Loan and Building association did a great deal to
build up that suburb. In 1875 the establishment of the Joseph H.
Brown's Iron and Steel company's rolling mill may be said to have
laid the foundation of Cummings. This little hamlet was located
about a mile and a half from the mouth of the Calumet river. The
early settlers in this vicinity were Cassidy, Woodman, James Car-
ney, Samuel Roys, Joseph Rees and John Kleinman. The latter
was in South Chicago as early as 1845 and owned the toll house
at the old bridge. Cassidy lived near the Chittenden bridge; Mr.
Woodman kept a stage ranch. The first hotel was built by Abe
Kleinman in 1873. The boundaries of Cummings, like all the
other early suburbs, were indefinite. The term was simply applied
in a general way to a group of business houses and residences. It
was located east of the north end of Lake Calumet and between that
point and Lake Calumet river. George Phillips was another early
resident. Mr. Riley and A. Hartman were others. T. Connors
owned the first hall, where various entertainments were given. School
was kept in that hall at one time. The first continuous school was
located at Irondale and was opened in 1876. The Evangelical asso-
ciation as early as 1875 had several congregations and Sunday
schools at Torrence hall. The Methodist Episcopal church was
built on Torrence avenue in 1880. The congregation of Welsh
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 317
people were there about the same time. Colehour lodge No. 7,
A. F. and A. M., was established about 1878. The Cummings
company began operations about 1883. The village of Hegewisch
is on Sections 31 and 32, Township 37 north, Range 15 east; also
Section 5, Township 36 north, Range 15 east, and a part of Section
6, Township 36 north, Range 1'5 east, on the east of the Calumet
river, near the forks of the Grand and Little Calumet rivers. It
was named for Adolph Hegewisch, president of the United States
Rolling Stock company. This concern did much for the building
up of this hamlet. Among those interested in the town site early
were C. D. Roys, William B. Keep, Albert Krohn, W. H. Rand,
P. M. Mather, H. P. Kellogg, J. W. Eschenburg, Emil Petersen
and Herman Petersen. In a short time, through the exertion of
these proprietors, the hamlet received an important start and ever
since has continued to grow and extend its usefulness to the people
of this portion of the county.
Riverdale is situated about fifteen miles from down-town Chicago
and the site is located upon Little Calumet river. Almost from the
start it grew rapidly and its business industries were numerous and
large. • The first settler was George Dolton, who located there in
1835. Near him was an Indian reservation. More concerning
the Doltons will be found elsewhere in this work. J. C. Matthews
settled near Mr. Dolton the next year. Levi Osterhoudt, John
Sherman, Frederick Bachmann and John Hansford were there as
early as 1840. This little settlement at first grew rapidly. In 1848
Frederick G. Reich, Frederick Rau, Frederick Schmidt, Emanuel
Goldschmidt and Frederick Nitzsche, Hollanders, located near this
spot. Among the first transactions on what is now the village site
was the platting of the place by David Andrews in 1868. The
second plat was made the following year by several of the Doltons.
As early as 1836 the County court, as will be seen elsewhere herein,
granted a ferry license to George Dolton and J. C. Matthews. This
became known as Riverdale crossing of the river. The ferry was
continued in operation until 1842, when George Dolton and Levi
Osterhoudt erected an excellent bridge, which became known to
all travelers as the Dolton bridge. A toll was charged, but in 1856
it was purchased by the county and thereafter was free. Riverdale
became a separate school district in 1867, although school had been
taught there at the date of the first settlement. Rev. Mr. Williams
preached there probably as early as 1838. It was so early and the
settlers were so few that when he appeared prepared to preach,
messengers were sent out to bring the few settlers together. At
a later date the Methodist German Evangelical Lutherans, Catholics
and others formed congregations. A postoffice was established
there in 1873. A. Reich, Jr., became the first postmaster. As a
matter of fact, Riverdale and Dolton were one settlement. They
were so close together, one being a part of the other, they could
318 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
hardly be regarded, even in early times, as two separate settlements.
Generally in early times it was called Dolton rather than Riverdale,
in honor of Mr. Dolton. The postoffice, however, was Riverdale,
and later the place became called Dolton Junction. The Riverdale
distillery was an important early enterprise. Immense lumber inter-
ests have been conducted there. It is now one of the substantial
suburbs of the city.
As early as 1837 David Perriam and a friend of his named Gil-
linger located on the site of what became known as Wildwood.
This place was established on an Indian ridge and the Little Calumet
river, and was first platted by James H. Bowen. Many houses
were located there at an early date. Near it is an old Indian bury-
ing ground. Even to this date flint arrows and spear-heads arc
found there.
The hamlet of Kensington grew up through the influence of rail-
roads. It was started in 1852 and was first known as Calumet
Station. The location there of several iron industries gave it quite
a growth. Near it is Pullman. One of the first settlers on the site
of Kensington was Patrick Fitzgerald, who located where the
Forging company's shops were established in 1852. Other early
residents were Patrick Shanahan, James Ryan and John Cooper.
A boarding house which was termed a tavern was there soon after-
wards. The first station agent was E. F. Rexford, a son of Nor-
man Rexford, of Blue Island. David Andrews was in this locality
at a very early date. In 1854 Cornelius Roggeveen built a shanty
at the railroad track and 115th street. John Brandt, John Gohring,
John Holmes, Theodore Gohring, John Ortell and Mr. Buell lo-
cated there in the '60s. Theodore Gohring opened the first store at
Front street and Kensington avenue. He conducted a general
store and saloon. The first school was started at Kensington and
Michigan avenues. Daniel O'Robinson, as teacher, was there as
early as 1853. In 1875 a schoolhouse was erected an was greatly
improved in 1880.
West of Pullman, on Thornton Ridge road, was the hamlet of
Holland, established at an early date. Later it was called Rose-
land. The boundaries were approximately as follows : Halsted
street, Indiana avenue, Ninety-ninth and One Hundred and Four-
teenth streets. The natives were almost wholly from Holland and
brought with them their foreign customs. The first plat of the
village was made in 1873-74 by John Ton and Goris Van cler Syde.
Peter Dalenberg subdivided the tract adjoining. James H. and
Arthur Van Vlissingen surveyed the neighboring tracts. All taken
together was called Roseland. Among the first settlers were Len-
dert Van der Syde, John Ambuul, Mr. Locke, Peter Dalenberg,
Jacob De Jong, John Brass and H. Eningenburg, all of whom came
from Amsterdam and Rotterdam in Holland. A man named Frink
started a butcher shop there as early as 1848. Between 1849 and
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 321
1856 other settlers were Tinnis Maat, A. Koker, Peter Prins,
Nicholas Madderom, Peter Madderom, Martin Vanderstar and
Charles Kionka. Berend Van Mynen and a little later J. Brand,
J. Snip, H. Ton and Cornelius Goggeveen settled near them,
mostly on the low land between Lake Calumet and the ridge. The
first storekeeper was Cornelius Kuyper, who began there as early as
1848. Gorris Van der Syde opened a general store the following
year. Mr. Kaperstein started a blacksmith shop there as early as
1858. Previous to the establishment of business offices it was
called Calumet Station, but later it was named Kensington, and still
later Roseland. At one time also it was called Hope.
The Reform Church in America society was established in 1848
with a membership of eighteen. They erected a building in 1849
and later one in 1853. A grocery was early established near the
church. Connected with the society almost from the start was a
flourishing Sunday school. Holland Christian Reform church, a
branch of the Reform church, was established in 1878. Zion's
church, of the German Lutherans, was a later organization. So
also was the German Methodist church, the pastor of which at an
early date was Rev. Frederick G. Wrede. The Presbyterians held
meetings early at Van der Syde's hall. Their congregation was
supplied by Rev. D. S. McCaslin. Soon after the church was
established a Sunday school was also started. The Holy Rosary
Catholic church was located at Indiana avenue and 110th street.
The parish was established as early as 1882 and Rev. John Waldron,
Jr., became its first pastor. Through his energy and capability the
congregation, school and buildings were soon the pride of the citi-
zens. It should be said that the first school started was private in
its nature and was under the auspices of the Dutch Reform church.
The preceptor in 1848 was Peter De Jong. The public school was
held in the church in 1857. A school building was erected in 1859
at Michigan avenue and 103d street. West of Pullman a hamlet
called Fernwood may be said to have started in 1883. It began with
a store, depot and a few cottages, and was slowly added to until
it became a place of considerable interest and importance.
Pullman was started in 1880-81. It was located on the west bank
of Calumet lake and its boundaries were about as follows: The
Lake, Pullman boulevard, 103d and 115th streets. It was located
on land owned by the Pullman Land association and the Palace Car
company. The first work on the town site was begun in May,
1880. Plans to construct at times many dwellings for laborers
were prepared. On January 1, 1881, Mr. Benson moved his family
to the village site. Within two months there were located at this
point eight families, and by June 1 of the same year, eighty fam-
ilies. The growth was very rapid because the company founding
the village had an abundance of money, advertised extensively,
promised many privileges and advantages, and offered other induce-
Vol. II— 19.
323 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ments, such as scliools and churches, to all who would locate there,
and in addition promised steady employment at good pay to all
reliable and steady laborers. Hotel Florence was an early landmark
there. Pullman church was erected near the hotel very early. One
of the first sermons preached there was by Rev. R. W. Blond, a
Methodist, as early as November, 1881. He organized the church
with a membership of nineteen early the following year. In April,
1882, a Sunday school was also started. The Presbyterians had an
organization there in 1882, with a membership of about thirty.
They started also a Sunday school with about sixty scholars. The
Episcopalians also had an organization when Pullman was first
started; also a Sunday school. The Baptists organized in 1882 with
ten members. Their Sunday school was large at the commence-
ment. The Swedish Baptists organized in 1882. There were many
Catholics here at an early date, but they belonged to the Catholic
church of Roseland. The Arcade building was an important struc-
ture in the early history of the village. Mr. Pullman gave the vil-
lage in 1883 a library. Upon the opening of this establishment
Professor Swing of Chicago delivered a dedicatory address. Mr.
Pullman also had a paper read explaining the reasons for contribut-
ing the library for public use. Among the early institutions at
Pullman were a Gun club and a Choral society in the Arcade build-
ing and a hall for theatrical entertainments. The Madison Square
company appeared there in "Esmeralda" on January, 1883. A fire
company was one of the early institutions.
There grew up in the vicinity of the Union Foundry and Pull-
man Car Wheel works a small hamlet which became known as
North Pullman. The works were so large that numerous employes
were engaged there permanently and necessarily. Homes were
soon a part of the hamlet, which might be considered properly a
suburb of Pullman.
The township of Lake was bounded north by Thirty-ninth street,
east by State street, south by Eighty-seventh street, and west by
Lyons. It was incorporated as a village with the above boundaries
in 1865. Two years later the charter was amended, giving the
authorities additional power. Within the town of Lake many
separate villages came into existence and gradually grew together
and became a part of Chicago. Among the first settlers were Hugh
Chittick, John L. Gerber, Samuel Beers, Joseph Oswald and Daniel
Berckie, who located near Fifty-ninth street and Ashland avenue.
A little later Ira J. Nichols, William Brooker and F. A. Howe lo-
cated on what afterward became Englewood as early as 1856. Early
in the '50s John Caffrey and S. S. Crocker settled near what are
now the Stock Yards. Other early residents of this portion of Lake
township were Milton F. Patrick, Michael Rich and George W.
Wait.
The first township of Lake included Hyde Park until 1865. An
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
early postmaster was W. F. Tucker. The office was first located
in the basement of the Transit house near which was the Town hall.
The supervisor in 1870 was Z. Colman; collector, Daniel Burckey;
assessor, A. Colvin; clerk, G. B. Thorp; trustees, A. M. Hoyle, J.
L. Gurber, Peter Rider, William Brinkler and John Tabor; consta-
bles, Patrick Grady, J. S. McElligott ; justices, R. S. Barrows and
G. T. Williams. In 1868 policemen in addition to constables were
put at service throughout the township. A large increase thereto
was made in 1873 and again in 1880. Many small newspapers have
sprung up in different parts of Lake and flourished for a few hours.
One was called the Weekly Sun, issued by H. L. Goodall, and the
Drover's Journal was another. The Lake Vindicator was founded
about 1883 by William Halley. The Daily Commercial was started
about 1887 and was first known as the Union Stock Yards Circular.
A better journal was the Courier, commenced about 1883 by Mr.
Schneider and others. Previous to 1882 there was no paid fire de-
partment for the town of Lake. At that date an organization was
effected and paid men were enrolled. The first fire commissioner
was Frank Becker, and the second John Wall.
From the start schools were located in different parts of Lake
wherever a few families assembled. In the Stock Yards district
the Fallon school was started under a different name about the date
of the first settlement. There other early schools were called Col-
man, Buckley, O'Toole, Drexel Park, Auburn, etc. Churches were
also organized at an early period. The Winter street Methodist
Episcopal structure was erected in 1887. George Chase was first
pastor. An excellent Sunday school was established soon after
the church was organized. In 1873 the Methodists held services
in the Town hall at the Stock Yards. The first Presbyterian church
was established about 1881 and the first services were held in Fallon
school building, and later at Temperance hall, at 4247 Halsted
street, and another building was erected in 1883. Later the con-
gregation became known as the First Presbyterian Church of Lake.
St. Gabriel's Catholic church was established in 1880 by Rev. M. J.
Dorney, who became the first pastor. He was full of ability and
soon had around him a strong congregation, an excellent school
and a substantial building. Before that date the Catholics had
organized at Thirty-seventh street. St. Rose of Lima Catholic
church was built in 1883 at Forty-eighth street and Ashland avenue.
Rev. Father Gallagher was the first priest of this parish, which was
set off from the parish of Father Dorney about 1882. St. Eliza-
beth's Catholic church at Dearborn, near Fortieth street, was organ-
ized in the '80s. St. Augustin German Catholic church was built
at Forty-ninth and Laflin streets in 1878. The Swedish Lutherans
had an organization at Forty-seventh street as early as 1883, and
their church was built at Butterfield street, near Fifty-fifth. A
German Evangelical organization was begun in 1883 near Dearborn
and Forty-sixth streets.
324 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
One of the first improvements made by the town of Lake were
works built to secure pure water. The engine, etc., were located at
Sixty-eighth street and the lake, in 1873. At that date Lake and
Hyde Park constructed these works as the joint improvement. In
1880 the town of Lake became the sole owner of the improvement,
and later Hyde Park constructed its own water system. As early
as 1881 the town began to spend much money in properly draining
many wet tracts. As the result hundreds of acres which previ-
ously had been under water half the year appeared permanently
above the subsiding sea. A little later great improvements were
rapidly made in the direction of good roads and streets. The most
noticeable of many industrial improvements of Lake were of course
the famous Stock Yards. They were located there at the conclusion
of the Civil war and need not be described here. The railway
roundhouse alone employed many thousands of men and furnished
a living for their families. The manufacture of brick was an early
enterprises of the town of Lake.
The Union Stock Yards and Transit company was incorporated
in February, 1865. About one million dollars was spent to put
the yards in efficient operation at the commencement. The first
hogs and cattle, however, packed near Chicago were not put up
here. Elsewhere in this work will be found a description of the
early yards, one of which was at Bull's Head on the West side,
as early as 1848. Another was at Cottage Grove on the lake in the
'50s, and another in the yards of the Michigan Southern railway.
Several other early pens were used. As time passed the yards were
steadily improved and enlarged and the facilities for handling
stock alone, dead or alive, was vastly improved. Details of this
great industrial enterprise need not be entered into here. Scores
of packing houses have come and gone since the yards were estab-
lishd at what formerly was called Brighton.
Englewood was started when the Rock Island and Michigan
Southern railways were built. It was at first called the Junction
and a few residents were living on that site early in the '50s. How-
ever, no lots were laid out until several years after. Railroad labor-
ers located at Junction in the '50s. The site of the village was
originally covered with oak trees. These were sacrificed without
any remorse and their place has been taken by elms and maples
planted by the settlers. Among the first settlers at the Junction, or,
as some called it, Junction Grove, were the Gerbers, Nicholses,
Grossmans, Wilcoxes and Daniel Burckey, who located near State
and Sixty-third streets; John Hastings, who lived at the Nichols
house; Joseph Nash, near State and Sixty-third streets; Milton S.
Patrick, at Sixty-third street and Indiana avenue; Patrick Pagan,
not far from Burck's; Nathaniel S. Clark, Samuel S. Crocker, L.
Crocker, John D. Wright, W. S. Proudfoot; Mr. Grossman, near
State and Fifty-fifth streets; Michael Riech, near Fifty-ninth and
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 325
Wentworth avenue; T. L. Gerber, at Halsted and Sixty-second
streets; Carl Dunn, Benjamin Ring, J. Darling and William Wilcox.
Later settlers were A. G. Warner, W. H. Brooks, H. B. Louis,
H. L. Kent, A. B. Condit, M. T. Wright and John Rarber. Engle-
wood formerly extended in a general way from Fifty-fifth to Sev-
enty-first streets and from Halsted to South Park avenue. The
railways were of course the means to build up this portion of the
town. Perry avenue was first called Clark street. The first post-
office at Englewood was kept in the engine house of the Chicago-
Fort Wayne railroad. Carl Dunn was postmaster and was suc-
ceeded by N. S. Clark. Beginning in 1852 and ending about 1856
eight important railway lines were projected through this part of
the town of Lake. Among the early newspapers were the Review
and The Bye.
In the '50s the Protestant denomination established a small society
at Englewood and later founded a mission. They also commenced
a Sunday school with a large membership. A brick schoolhouse
was erected in 1859 and was used by the various religious denom-
inations for their church services and Sunday schools. Even as
late as 1860 the term Junction was applied to the Sunday schools
and weekday schools. The Presbyterians established several con-
gregations here quite early. The Baptists organized early in the
'60s. They also had a large Sunday school soon afterward. The
Universalists had an organization in the '70s. The Episcopalians
were there as early as 1875. The Swedish Lutherans, the German
Evangelists, the Congregationalists, the Christians and the Catho-
lics all had organizations and all were well patronized, for this
became a religious community to such an extent that it was said
to be the "Cradle of Churches." Among others the Methodists
had a society in the hall of Englewood hotel as early as 1873. This
later became the First Methodist church of Englewood, with a mem-
bership of twenty-five. The Baptists held their first services at the
residence of Ira J. Nichols. A Sunday school was organized in
that house. Later they met at the house of E. R. Louis and there
the society was duly organized. Connected with this church was
an early ladies' society and they did much to advance the interests
of the members. As early as 1874 the Universalists held services
in the old brick Champion schoolhouse. The first Universalists'
organization, however, did not take place until November of that
year. A Sunday school was established at the same time. St.
Bartholomew mission of the Protestant Episcopal church was or-
ganized in 1872 by Rev. John Wilkinson. In 1875 the Reform
Episcopal society, with a membership of twenty, was organized by
Rev. M. F. McCormack. A building was erected in about 1882.
The Swedish Evangelical Lutheran church was started in 1875 with
fourteen members. St. Annes' Catholic church was organized in
1869 by Rev. Thomas Kelley. However, the Catholics had held
326 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
occasional services at Englewood as early as 1860, the services being
conducted by missionaries from Chicago societies. The Catholics
in 1869 purchased the old Jewish synagogue at Harrison street and
Third avenue and moved it to the corner of Wentworth avenue and
Thirty-fifth street and dedicated it formally as a Catholic church.
This was the foundation of the present large congregation at Fifty-
fifth. Rev. P. M. Flannigan was long the pastor of this church
and did more than any other person to make it one of the strongest
in this portion of the city. The school he established was and is
largely attended. Schools were taught at Englewood as early as
1854. The large brick schoolhouse built in 1859 served the purpose
of the inhabitants for a number of years. The Englewood Female
college was founded in 1868, but owing to some misunderstanding
the project was dropped and the Englewood High school was built
in 1873. Numerous secret societies have held forth in this portion
of the county. The Union Veteran club was organized about 1880.
Soon the Soldiers' Memorial association was organized. In 1875
the town authorities empowered the Chicago City Railway company
to lay tracks on State street. Thus the line was extended to Sixty-
third street.
Among those who first located at South Englewood were Henry
M. Eisle, Merrill Oren, Asa Kyle, Mathias Schmidt, Capt. Spink,
George Schultz, Peter Draligan, Fritz Grimwade, Deercup, Dun-
ning and others. Junction Grove was the railway junction proper
near the same. About a mile or a mile and a half south was South
Englewood on the Rock Island railway. Between them was Nor-
malville, or Normal, as it was later called. In 1865 a schoolhouse
was built at South Englewood, where the pickle factory was after-
ward located. In 1882 a substantial school building was erected
at Eighty-seventh street. The Methodists, Baptists and Catholics
had an early organization in this suburb. Other religious societies
have also sprung up there in recent years. The first plat of South
Englewood applied that name to the site. Formerly it was called
Cummorn. Those who platted South Englewood were Messrs.
Newman, Hill, Cole, Cecil and Givens. The original owners of the
land there were W. B. Ogden and Dr. C. V. Dyer. In 1882 a tract
west of the Rock Island railway was platted by Mr. Schmidt. Later
other additions were laid out.
Normalville, or Normal, was applied to that portion of the town
of Lake bounded by Sixty-fifth and Seventy-first streets. It occu-
pied the higher tract of lands and accordingly was chosen as the
site of the Normal school. The first postoffice was established in
1872, with Mr. McClintock postmaster. The first business estab-
lishments there were the grocery store of Huse and Dahlgren and
the drug store by Dr. Arnold. There was little settlement there
prior to 1871. Among the first residents were William Benedict,
Dr. Arnold, L. W. Beck, F. Benton, Thomas Edwards, Luce
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 327
Hicks and others. Over on Webster avenue were the families of
Brennan, Huse and Nurse, and one on Vincennes road was the
Kimball family. East of Normal was Peter Draligan ; a few other
small houses were there at an early date. In 1865-66 County Super-
intendent John E. Eberhart found much fault with the methods of
instruction in vogue throughout Cook county. For a number of
years he had served most efficiently in his important position, and
had done everything practicable to advance the interests of schools
and to improve the methods of instruction. There was throughout
the county a singular apathy to school attendance, as shown even
in Chicago, where very often there were more children of school
age outside of the schools than in them. This condition of things
led to the demand for a normal school in this county. It was felt
that with better teachers there would be better schools, as they
would create an interest in time. In 1866 Professor Eberhart
recommended the experiment of a training school in the county.
His recommendation was indorsed by the state superintendent, and
in December of that year a committee appointed to investigate the
subject reported in favor of the construction of a county normal
and training school. The next spring the Board of Supervisors
formally commenced on the plan of constructing such a building
and putting it in operation. At times there was numerous appli-
cations from villages for the location of this institution. Among
others Lyons, Harlem, Richton, Blue Island, and Englewood put in
strong bids to secure the prize. In September, 1867, Blue Island
was selected, and in September of that year the first normal session
held in the county was conducted in that suburb by Prof. D. S.
Wentworth and others. When it came to securing a permanent
location the question was submitted to the vote of the county super-
visors. Englewood won with twenty-five votes; Blue Island re-
ceived thirteen and Norwood nine. The citizens of Englewood
raised $25,000 and donated a tract of twenty acres, the latter coming
from Mr. L. W. Beck. The building cost, when erected, nearly
$100,000. Professor Wentworth was the first principal. Francis
W. Parker later headed the institution and became a strong factor
in the educational field of Cook county, owing to his advanced
ideas along educational lines. Since then the school has grown and
flourished, although in later years, owing to the superior conduct
and management of the grammar and high schools, its usefulness
has to some extent been curtailed.
The tract surrounding the Normal school became called Beck
park, from the donor, Mr. Beck. South Lynn was located at Sixty-
third and Sixty-seventh streets, near Ashland avenue, about 1870.
They had a school but no church. Auburn was established at Wal-
lace and Seventy-sixth streets, on the Rock Island railway, in 1872,
and has become one of the strongest suburbs of the city. The Ab-
bott Buggy and Carriage manufactory was a prominent industrial
328 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
feature here. The postoffice there was first known as Cummorn,
and was established in 1850, with Mr. Schafer postmaster. The
postoffice was at first in the old Ten-Mile house kept by Mr. Schafer.
The first school there was built in 1876. South Brighton was an-
other suburb at Thirty-ninth and Forty-third and Western ave-
nue. Arnoldsville was a small place near the Stock Yards.
The township of Lyons was settled at an early date. Probably
the first settlers near here were David and Barney Laughton, who
located at Bourbon Springs, Riverside, about 1828. At that date
no settlers were nearer than Chicago and the country was a wilder-
ness owned by the Indians and filled with wild animals. Another
early settler near was Stephen Forbes, who later became sheriff
of the county. Stephen White arrived about 1830, but did not settle
permanently until ten years later. Among the first settlers near
here were Russell E. Heacock, Edmund Polk, Samuel Marrs, John
Jay, Thomas Flaherty, George W. Beebe, Thomas Butcher, Mr.
Wilson, James McClintock, Elijah Wentworth, Joseph Evans,
Henry Carrington, J. Vial, Mr. Brown and others. An early tavern
was kept at Mount Pleasant by Joseph Evans. Joshua Sackett oc-
cupied a log house at the village of Lyons at an early date. Colonel
Witt was another early resident. Doubtless these men were induced
to locate in this vicinity thus early by the prospect of the early con-
struction of the canal. In 1834 there was a large addition to the
settlement. Schools were started probably as early as 1834, and no
doubt religious services were held about the same time.
In 1850 the township was organized as a town under the new
law. A total of seventy-one votes were polled. The first men voted
for and the first officers elected were as follows: Samuel Mars,
supervisor, 71 ; William Carrington, town clerk, 20; James Michie,
town clerk, 47; Ebenezer Eaton, assessor, 71 ; Alfred Ward, collec-
tor, 45; James Kerr, collector, 20; Theodorus Doty, overseer of
poor, 67 ; Theodorus Doty, commissioner of highways, 65 ; Pat
Doyle, commissioner of highways, 66; R. B. Heacock, commis-
sioner of highways, 68; W. D. Knapp, justice of the peace, 29;
James Michie, justice of the peace, 40; Alfred Ward, constable,
42; Michael Upton, constable, 66; James Kerr, constable, 18;
George Jeffry, constable, 7; George Jeffry, collector, 3.
The first schoolhouse in the township was built in 1843. and
Margaret McNaughton was the first teacher. Early in the '40s a
bridge across the Des Plaines river at Summit was built by Rus-
sell Heacock.
The village of Lyons is on the line of Thirty-ninth street (Chi-
cago) extended. It was first started about 1831-2. Probably the
first settler on the village site was Edmund Polk and his two sons,
Henry H. and Wesley. They arrived about the year 1833 and
erected a log house and were soon joined by others. Joshua Sackett
erected a house in Lyons village at an early date. Theodorus Doty
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 329
occupied the Sackett dwelling and at a little later date transformed
the same into a hotel. He was succeeded by Mr. Webster. This
hotel was on the well traveled Naperville road. The latter was first
called the Brush Hill road and later Barry Point road. It was
later a continuation of the Southwestern Plank road, which is
now Ogden avenue. The first schoolhouse in the village of Lyons
was erected by Theodorus Doty, the teacher's name being Miss
Ellen Storrs. The old frame schoolhouse did duty for many years
both as a schoolhouse and church. The Catholics were early in
this part of the county. They had an organization at Lyons and
one at Summit at a very early date. The Germans also established
a Lutheran congregation here soon afterward.
In 1850 the postoffice of Lyons was established with S. White
postmaster. The growth of the village was slow. Schools, churches
and business houses put in their appearance as settlers arrived
and demanded the same. The village of Summit is also an old
one. It flourished greatly during the early canal period from 1836
to 1839. The first building there was the stage ranch and later
a hotel was built. The canal laborers brought their families there
and the population, though perhaps transient, was considerable late
in the '30s and early in the '40s. The Democratic party in early
times could always rely upon Summit for a substantial majority.
Mr. Heacock was there as early as 1838. Dr. John T. Temple was
there as early as 1836. Among the other early residents of the
township were William Brown, John Maher, Patrick Doyle, Michael
Murphy, Daniel Sweenie, Larry Haffey, Dennis Doyle, Dennis
Coghlan, John Kirk, John Murray, John Healy and others. Thomas
Butcher for a time kept the old stage tavern. The stage line was
operated by Frink & Walker. As early as 1846 school was taught
in Summit, and about the same time religious services were held
there. In 1840 Mr. Osterhold conducted a tavern at Summit. John
Wentworth had a country seat at Summit in early times. He had
fine cattle and other stock with a pedigree. The great industry of
Summit is the stone business in all its varieties.
Mount Forest, distant seventeen miles from Chicago, is a hamlet
established at a later date. Settlers, however, were there in early
times. William Cronin was an early resident of Mount Forest.
Others were H. W. Fowler and H. S. Dietrick. A small newspaper
called New Era was there about 1881. The hamlet slowly grew
in population and improvement until it became one of the popular
resorts of the county.
La Grange is often called the garden spot of Cook county. The
soil in this vicinity is excellent. The site is well drained and after
the village first started the growth was rapid and the residents were
of the best class. West Lyons was near it. Kensington Heights was
the name applied to this vicinity in early times. Robert Leitch was
one of the first settlers in this community and located here probably
330 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
about 1840. It was the only place between Lyons and Brush Hill.
The Chicago and Dixon road was one of the first highways through
the town. The depot at West Lyons was established in 1868. The
first school at La Grange is said to have been taught in 1852-53
by Miss Gertrude Smith. Samuel Vial and family located in this
town in 1834. Afterward he was supervisor for five years. In
1879 La Grange was incorporated as a village. The vote for incor-
poration was forty-two and against incorporation thirty-four. The
high school at La Grange is one of the most successful and satis-
factory in the county. The Emanuel Episcopal church was estab-
lished about 1875. In 1882 the Congregationalists had a strong
organization there. About the same time the Baptist society was
organized and met in Masonic hall.
Western Springs is a small village in the northwestern corner of
Lyons township. It derived its name from mineral springs in that
vicinity. The Willow Springs association were probably the found-
ers of the village. Schools and churches as well as stores and shops
were built early in the '70s. Flag Creek was the name applied to a
small hamlet in that vicinity. Along this creek many settlers located
at a very early date and the term was applied to one of the first
precincts of Cook county. Elijah Wentworth's tavern was an early
feature of this township. Political meetings were held here at a
very early date instead of at Chicago. The reason for coming here
with county conventions was probably to get away from Chicago
influences. A schoolhouse was built at Flag Creek as early as
1831-32. Early meetings were held there by Rev. Isaac T. Hinton
and Elder Powell. Joseph Vial was one of the first settlers in this
portion of the county. He owned a tavern at Flag Creek as early
as 1833.
Calumet town was created in 1862 and the first election was held
at the store of Gorris Van der Syde in Washington Heights Of
this meeting Benjamin Sanders served as moderator and O. G.
Kyle as clerk. Thomas C. Morgan was first supervisor. Albert
Krueger, clerk ; T. F. McClintock, assessor ; Charles Ellfieldt, col-
lector; George Luctemeyer and A. B. Wheeler, justices. At first the
town included Worth, but later the latter was set off and given an
independent organization. In the original Calumet town were the
villages of Blue Island, Washington Heights, Morgan Park and
several others established at a later date.
The settlement at Blue Island was one of the earliest in the
county. As early as 1835 settlers located on what is at this date
the town site of Blue Island. Peter Barton platted the village and
he was soon followed by other residents. It is said that Peter
Barton kept a store on Western avenue as early as 1837. Norman
Rexford was another early resident of this locality. Jermanicus
Cally was here as early as 1839. Horus Mann, Carlton Wadhams
and others were early residents. Blue Island received its name
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 331
from the fact that it was a high strip of land mostly covered with
timber standing about five or six feet above the low prairie which
surrounded it. It thus had the appearance from a distance of an
island. Norman Rexford settled at the upper side of the island in
1835. He was really the first settler on the present site of Blue
Island. Stephen Jones was another early settler of this vicinity.
John Britton was here as early as 1837 and kept a blacksmith shop.
Henry Robinson platted a part of Blue Island at an early date,
as did also Carlton Wadhams. Mr. Rexford kept the Blue Island
house, which was well known in early years. Even as late as 1850
deer could be killed within a few miles of Blue Island. Early in the
'40s Richard Bingle settled not far from the place. Benjamin
Sanders was a resident quite early. In 1838 Norman Rexford be-
came postmaster there. He was succeeded by Henry Robinson and
others. The village of Blue Island was not organized until after
the Civil war. At that date the township of Calumet was reorgan-
ized. In 1872 the question was again revived of organizing the
village. A petition was duly presented to the County Board for that
purpose. The first election was held at the house of Gottlieb Klien.
Christian Krueger, Henry Bertrand and Hart Massey were judges
of this election. Ninety-nine voted for village organization and
thirteen against the same. The first trustees were Richard Mc-
Claughry, Ludwig Krueger, Jacob Allpe, Walter Roche and Ben-
jamin Sanders. Soon after this the trustees met and formed laws
and regulations. George Luctemeyer was first president of the trus-
tees; Charles Trap, clerk; Herman Schmidt, treasurer, and Marshall
Arnold, justice of the peace.
The first public school building was erected in Blue Island about
1848-49. It stood on Vermont street near Maple avenue. After
ward it was used as a residence. Daniel Barnard, Mr. Hamilton
and Miss Perkins were early teachers in the old building. The
first Sunday school held in Blue Island assembled in this school
building in 1849. The next school building was erected in 1855
and was a much larger and better house. The Normal school at
Blue Island was established in 1867, with Professor Wentworth
as principal. At this date Mr. Wentworth was one of the prin-
cipal instructors in the county. He took part in the old teachers'
institute held late in the '50s and early in the '60s. Many sessions
of the old institute were held at Blue Island because this was con-
sidered one of the leading educational centers of the county.
At a very early date religious societies began to hold services
at Blue Island. Several of the earliest meetings were held in
schoolhouses. The Methodist Episcopal people had an organization
as early at least as 1865, and their first structure was erected about
that date. The German Methodists of Blue Island organized a short
time before with a membership of about thirty-seven. This society
embraced the district included in what was then known as Blue
332 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Island, Sand Ridge and Oak Park. Rev. T. Koppe was the first
pastor. The first building was erected in 1865. Another Methodist
society was organized in 1873, most of the members previously
having been attendants of the Congregational church. This organ-
ization began with about twenty-four members. The German Evan-
gelical Lutherans had an organization early in the '60s. Rev. Mr.
Ranniker was the first pastor. A Congregational society organized
in 1861 with Rev. Henry Hammond as temporary supply. He was
succeeded by Lemuel Foster. The Catholics had organized as early
as 1854 and St. Bernard's church was erected by them in 1861.
Father Beda, a Benedictine from Chicago, was assigned to this
church at the start. A school was established about the time of
the organization of the church. Universalists held meetings at the
schoolhouse as early as 1849. The Rexfords were among the
members. They first held meetings in Mass hall and later in the
schoolhouse. Masonic and Odd Fellow societies were organized in
the '60s and early in the '70s. Blue Island has had several news-
papers. The Herald was established in 1873 and was succeeded by
the Daily Press. A little later a paper called the Standard was es-
tablished. The Blue Island edition of the Chicago Sun was another.
The Standard Herald was conducted here for a short time. The
water works of Blue Island was one of the important improve-
ments made during the '70s. When completed it furnished the
citizens with an abundance of pure water. Previous to this date
water was secured from wells.
Among the first settlers in the neighborhood of Morgan Park
were the Morgans, Smiths, Igleharts, Lackores, Frisbies, Colvins,
Betts, Kaylors, Wilcoxes and Barnards. Thomas Morgan was here
as early as 1844; Reuben Smith was another early resident; C. D.
Iglehart was here as early as 1856. William Morgan settled here
in 1854; Benjamin Taylor came as early as 1857 and Frederick
Frisbie and Timothy Lackore were on Ninety-fifth street as early as
1856. The first postofnce was kept by W. W. Washburne. Morgan
Park was formerly known as "Horse Thief Hollow," a place sup-
posed to have been in early times a refuge or resort for horse
thieves. It was not called Morgan Park until 1869, at which date
streets and roads were laid out by the Blue Island Land and Build-
ing company. Previous to this date it was considered a part of
Blue Island. Late in the '60s and early in the '70s many roads
were laid out, numerous residences appeared, stores and shops were
opened and within a comparatively short time the community was
flourishing and prosperous. Among the early residents of the vil-
lage proper were H. G. Merrick, F. F. Cottle, L. T. Groe, Doctor
Thayer, Capt. E. N. K. Talcott, Colonel Norton, W. W. Wash-
burne, John Ingersoll and C. P. Silva.
The Baptist seminary at Morgan Park was founded by the Bap-
tist Theological union. The first steps to establish this organization
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 333
were taken in the First Baptist church at Chicago in 1860. In
1861 others joined the movement until in 1863, thirteen persons
duly organized under the name of the Baptist Theological Union of
Chicago. The institution was formally incorporated in 1863 and in
August of that year the trustees met for the first time in the office of
the Christian Times. Active work to secure funds to endow the
seminary was continued and succeeded. In a short time $1,500 per
annum for five years was secured in pledges from responsible men.
In 1866 the officers of the new institution were chosen and arrange-
ments to open the first school in 1867 were made. In 1868 the
first seminary building was erected. In time this institution be-
came one of the most popular and efficient in this portion of the
State. In 1881 the society of the American Institute of Hebrews
was established at Morgan Park under Dr. William R. Harper.
The Chicago Female college at Morgan Park was founded in 1875.
It became one of the most popular educational institutions in this
portion of the county. The Morgan Park Military academy, an-
other noted and well patronized educational institution, came into
existence in 1873. At first the children of Morgan Park attended
the old school building at Fifty-ninth street, but in 1864 this locality
was named school district No. 5, and a house was erected at a
more certral point. The Baptist society of Morgan Park was or-
ganized in 1872 and the following year the church was erected.
Blue Island Land and Building company was an important indus-
trial organization during the early history of this portion of the
county. The present Washington Heights was commenced at a very
early date. As early as 1836 Jefferson Gardner established a hotel
or tavern, as it was then called, on the present village site. Mr.
Wilcox was one of the first to lease and conduct this tavern. Wash-
ington Heights proper comprises an elevated ridge extending from
the south line of Lake township in the direction of the village of
Blue Island. The ridge is about six miles long. It was first laid
out in 1869 by the Blue Island Land and Building company. One
of the first settlers in this vicinity was William Barnard, who had
a son William. Other settlers about the same date were John
Lynch, James Garrity, Martin Vanderstar, William Welp, Mathias
Kay and S. H. McNab. The latter was one of the early postmasters.
Sermons were preached here in the '60s by Rev. M. Foster of Blue
Island. The railway here brought many residents late in the '50s
and early in the '60s. The first survey was made in 1870. Wash-
ington Heights seems to have been a central point for the Indians
who congregated here in early times. This seems to be proved by
the large number of flint arrows, battle axes, spear heads, ancient
pottery, etc., that have been found in the soil of that locality.
In 1874 Washington Heights was organized as a village. Sev-
enty-two votes were cast for village organization and thirty-two
votes against it. The first trustees were D. S. Heffron, Isaac Green-
334 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
acre, L. Lowenthal and George Martin. In 1880 the Town Board
was reorganized under the law of 1879. In 1874 the Washington
Heights public school was established and steps toward the erection
of the new building were taken. As early as 1872 J. A. Wadhams
taught in a small building at Washington Heights. He became prin-
cipal of the new school at the time it was started.
Bethany Union church was established at Washington Heights
as early as 1872, and Rev. J. B. Dreer was the first pastor. In the
'70s the convent of Our Lady and Church of the Sacred Heart
was located at the junction near Washington Heights. The Cath-
olic church was founded in 1874 by Rev, Father Sweetberth. The
German Lutheran Zion congregation was founded in 1874 and the
Evangelical Lutheran Trinity church in 1881. Early schools taught
in the vicinity of Washington Heights were those conducted by
Lucy Gorton on Ninety-fifth street. Miss L. Myrick of Blue
Island taught in this locality.
That portion of Washington Heights where Mr. Morgan settled
was formerly called Upwood. Mr. Morgan bought the land of
Mr. Blackstone. The villages of Oak Lawn and Worth were located
in Worth township. Oak Lawn and Oak Park were indiscrimi-
nately applied to the same place in early times. Before the town-
ships were organized in 1850 York precinct included the townships
of Worth, Bremen, Palos, Orland and Lemont. Worth township
was organized in 1850 at the house of Mr. Wadhams. The first
supervisor was F. Chamberlin; clerk, C. D. Robinson; assessor,
John Wilcox; collector, S. D. Huntington; justices, H. S. Rex-
ford and Christian Duensing.
The first settler in Orland township arrived about the year 1834.
In that year Henry Taylor settled on Section 15, but did not remain
long. In 1836 Thomas Hardy settled in the township. William
and Ichabod Myrick settled on Section 6 about the year 1844.
George H. Newman arrived the following year and the same time
Fergus Dickson came and erected a residence. Among those who
came later were Alonson St. Clair, Joseph Ward, William Jack-
son, Thomas Cooper, Frederick Kimmel, and Amos Parmalee.
Still later came William Hewsin, William Sippel, George Brandon,
Alonzo Briggs, Henry Reed, and others. The first postoffice was
established at the house of Alonson St. Clair. An early schoolhouse
was built in 1849 and located about half a mile west of the village
of Orland.
In 1850 Orland township was a part of York precinct, which also
embraced Bremen, Lemont, Palos and Worth. At that date the
township was organized under the new law. The following were
the first officers: William Jackson, supervisor; Alonson St. Clair,
clerk; Sidney S. Campbell, assessor; William Myrick, collector;
B. P. Bartlett, overseer of the poor; Ichabod Myrick and Fergus
Dixon, justices of the peace. The officers proceeded to establish
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 335
a pound for stock running at large in violation of the law, and
laid out the town into road and school districts. The first road
laid out extended from Jackson's in the direction of Hickory creek.
The village of Orland is located about twenty-three miles west of
Chicago. It was founded in 1880 upon the completion of the rail-
road. The first dwelling was built by G. H. Zahn in 1880. The
next year John Humphrey erected the second. Henry Laun also
built in 1881. The village was first platted by Fawcet Plum in
1880. The name Sedgwick was first applied to the station, but
later the name was changed to Orland. Alpine was the name of
the postoffice a short distance west of Orland. It was established
about the same time the railroad was extended through this portion
of the township. East Orland is located about four miles north-
east of Orland. Louis Grosskoff kept a store there for many years
and was postmaster.
The township of Palos was settled at an early date. The Pad-
dock family located there as early as 1834. Schuyler Brown set-
tled near them the same year. John McCord arrived in 1835. Sam-
uel Mahaffy came in 1834. A little before Mr. Mahaffy arrived
Robert Lucas, Elijah Star, Benjamin Wentworth, Uriah Went-
worth, Richard McLaughry, DeWitt Paddock, John Russell, Adam
Boyce and Seeley Spaulding located in this portion of the county.
Joseph Harrington was here as early as 1834. George Pettijohn
located on Section 28 about the same time. M. A. Powell arrived
in 1837. The first postoffice was called Orange and was kept at
the residence of Mr. Powell. Afterward the name was changed
to Palos. Lewis Bush settled on Section 31. About 1840 George
J. Lintz settled on Section 21. Patrick O'Kane settled in this
township early. The township was organized as a town in 1850
and was first called Trenton. Within less than a year afterward
the name was changed to Palos. The first officers of the new
town were : M. A. Powell, supervisor ; John McCord, clerk ; Lewis
Bush, assessor; J. P. Campbell, collector; John McCord, John
Collins, justices; George Pettijohn, overseer of the poor; Matthew
McLaughry and Mark Burroughs, commissioners of highways.
The town officers proceeded to divide the township into road dis-
tricts and school districts. They also made provision for the care
of live stock. The first school taught in this township was at the
house of Mr. Powell as early as 1838. A Mrs. Chatfield is said
to have been the first teacher. A log schoolhouse was built on Sec-
tion 28 about 1840. By 1845 the schools in the town were numer-
ous and well attended.
Willow or Forest Springs is a small hamlet situated in Palos
township. It was started about 1840. The first permanent settler
there was George W. Beebe, who built a log cabin on Section 32
about 1842. He opened a tavern and boarded laborers on the
canal. The first merchant was Mr. Jarvis, who opened a store
336 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
on the bank of the canal early in the '40s. John Sherwood had a
general store about the same time Mr. Jarvis left. The first post-
office was called Willow Springs.
The township of Bremen contains some of the best agricultural
soil in the county. In early times its appearance was beautiful. It
consisted of an undulating prairie interspersed with groves, and the
prairies were covered in the summer and autumn with multitudinous
flowers. The township was not settled as early as some other por-
tions of the county. Hollanders and Germans were among the first
inhabitants. Among the first to live there were the families of
Barton, Noble, Newman and Crandall. They settled close to the
present village of Bremen. John F. Cague lived near them about
1842. In 1847 Mr. Cague was postmaster at Bremen. Other early
settlers were: John Fulton, Peter Hopkins, Doctor Ballard, Rob-
ert Aston, and Mr. Kammeck. Tinley Park, Oak Forest, Dupont,
Rexford, Posen, and Goeselville are recent villages which have
added to the population, improvement and prosperity.
An important landmark in this township in early years was the
famous Cooper's Grove. It was referred to often in the county
records and was a central point for that portion of the county. It
was named for a Mr. Cooper. He settled here in the early '30s and
was the first resident of the township. A log cabin was found by
the early settlers and may have been built by him. At the edge of
the grove was another large log cabin, which was known as the "Old
Stage house," and apparently had been a hotel in very early times
on the road from Chicago to Joliet. During the '30s large num-
bers of cattle and hogs were driven to Chicago from a distance of
more than 100 miles. This old cabin at Cooper's Grove was patron-
ized by the drovers who took their herds to Chicago. Doctor Bal-
lard was the physician and also the first storekeeper at Bremen.
The first house built in the village of Bremen was erected by a Mr.
Swan. It was built as early as 1842. Thomas Hill was an early
resident of Bremen village. He located near Cooper's Grove in
1841 and later moved to Chicago. He was one of the first to plant
an orchard and raise fruit.
As early as 1852 school was taught by Daniel O. Robinson on
the Gilson farm near Bremen. Previously terms had been taught
elsewhere in the township. The first schoolhouse built in Bremen
village was in 1863. A larger and better one was built in 1880.
The Lutherans had an early religious organization at Bremen. The
Methodists formed a society about 1843, and meetings were first
held at the house of Frank Mynard, about three miles north of
Bremen village. Originally Bremen village was included in the
old precinct known as York. In 1850 the town of Bremen was
organized. The citizens assembled and voted in favor of the change.
The meeting was held at the schoolhouse near Mr. Crandall's. Sam-
uel Everdon was moderator and Benjamin Cool clerk. The fol-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 339
lowing were the officers elected : L. H. Scott, supervisor ; Robert As-
ton, clerk; Henry Mynard, assessor; Jacob Vocht, collector; David
Wadhams, overseer of the poor ; John F. Cague, Henry Stetter and
Henry Versner, commissioners of highways; Leonard H. Scott and
William Carley, justices of peace; William Carley and Carl Kott,
constables, and Alphonso Carley and William Kott, overseers of
highways. The village of Bremen continued to grow and became
one of the substantial suburban communities of Cook county.
The township of Rich lies in the extreme southern portion of the
county. It was settled at an early day, mostly by German immi-
grants from Holland. The village of Matteson was surveyed in
1855 by N. D. Ellwood and Jacob Rich. The first residence was
built about that time by Charles Ohlender, who opened a store. The
next year John Fox erected a residence and at the same time con-
structed a small wagon shop. John Steichelman opened the first
tavern in the village. In January, 1852, the first train passed
through this village. A school was established in 1865 and two
or three years later a religious society was organized by the Ger-
mans. Among the first residents in Matteson were F. P. Weishaar,
A. Kludenning, M. Emerich, C. Stuenke, S. Lux, H. Mahler, H.
Merker, J. Blattener, C. H. Greenhager, F. Duensing and F. Kliene.
The population of the village increased slowly as the township grew
and as business and farming warranted. The hamlet of Richton
was located one mile south of Matteson. Among the first who set-
tled in that vicinity were the Miller, Merker and Reihl families.
Nearly all the early residents were Germans. George D. Lewis
was the first station agent at this point. The village was surveyed
in 1853 by J. Calhoun. As early as 1841 the German Lutheran
church was organized in this village and a building was erected.
Rev. Mr. Kuegele was the first pastor. The German Union church
was organized in 1868 and two years later a building was erected.
Revs. Nirhms and Phein were the first pastors. Peter Pfiefer set-
tled in Rich about the same year 1849. Gradually the little village
grew, but has never become large nor very influential.
In 1850 the town was organized under the new law. The first
officers were as follows : Eli Taylor, supervisor ; Jacob Rheil, clerk ;
Walter Goodenow, assessor ; L. L. Butterfield, collector ; Eli Taylor
and J. H. Batchelor, justices of the peace.
Bloom township, the southeast corner township of Cook county,
includes all of congressional township 35 north, range 14 east, and
a strip six miles long and two miles wide, constituting twelve sec-
tions of congressional township 35 north, range 15 east, its area
embracing one and one-third congressional townships. It is bounded
north by Thornton township, east by Lake county, Indiana,
south by Will county, west by Rich township. Its surface is ele-
vated and rolling and its loamy soil renders it fine for agricultural
purposes. It is watered and drained by several tributaries of the
Vol. 11—20.
340 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Calumet. Originally about one-fourth of this township was well
timbered, the remaining one-fourth being rolling prairie land. The
timber has long since given place to cultivated fields and a city,
villages and fine farms have come into being within the borders
of the township. The Chicago & Grand Trunk and Pittsburg, Cin-
cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis railroads cross its northeastern cor-
ner, the Illinois Central railroad crosses its northwestern corner,
the Chicago & Eastern Illinois railroad traverses its central section
north and south, the Chicago Terminal Transfer railroad has sta-
tions at Glenwood and Chicago Heights, and the Joliet division of
the Michigan Central line stretches across the township east and
west about two miles from the southern border. The electric line
of the Chicago & Southern Traction company traverses it north and
south, via Glenwood, Chicago Heights and Steger.
Bloom was organized as a township, with the area and boun-
daries above described, April, 1850. Until that time it was long a
part of old Thornton precinct, which for a time comprised this,
Rich and Thornton townships. The first election of township
officers was held at a schoolhouse in the Samuel Sloam neighbor-
hood, April 2, and the following named citizens were elected to the
offices mentioned:
Joseph Holbrook, supervisor; John C. Wilson, clerk; Floris
B. Young, assessor; Charles Sauter and Job Campbell, justices of
the peace; Benjamin Butterfield, overseer of the poor; Samuel
Sloam, I. S. Finn and David Millar, highway commissioners.
Members of the Wells family came to what is now Bloom town-
ship in the spring of 1833 and settled on the northeast quarter of
section 20, range 14, congressional township 35, and built a small
house on the creek not far from the northwest corner of the present
town of Chicago Heights. They were doubtless the first white
men who located in what is now Bloom. They would seem to have
got on well with their Indian neighbors, for when the Indians were
removed by the United States government to the Far West the
Wellses went with them. That was about three years after their
coming to this locality. It should be noted that Chicago Heights
includes the old village of Bloom, originally named Thorn Grove.
Benjamin Butterfield, who came from New York to Lockport in
1831, removed to the Bloom neighborhood in 1834. In 1835
Samuel Sloam located about two miles and a half southeast of
Bloom. Morris Murphy came that year and was the pioneer mer-
chant there. In 1836 came John Hume, from Michigan; Timothy
Smith, from Indiana ; James Bell, from Kentucky ; and Caleb
Sweet, John Wallace, John McCoy and John Call. About that time
came John McEldowney, Jr., who took up land in sections 20 and
28, also John McEldowney, Sr., his sons James and Thomas and
his six daughters.
Not long after the original settlement by the Wellses, Adam
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 341
Brown came and erected a primitive log dwelling at the intersec-
tion of the Sac trail and Vincennes road. When he settled there,
in 1833, his nearest neighbor was a Mr. Osborn, six miles south.
There were then but three families living anywhere within a radius
of twenty-five miles from his cabin. In 1840 Mr. Brown planted an
orchard and built the first frame barn in this part of the country.
His daughter Lovina was the first white child born in the vicinity.
In 1837 settlements were made on the Brown farm by Benjamin
Ross, on Thorn brook by John Lyons, and at Thorn Grove by
John Wilson and John Caldwell; in 1838 Joseph Caldwell, C. Cul-
ver and Jacob Bowder and his family came; in 1839 Vincent Sauter-
and Frederick Richards came, and later they located at New Stras-
burg. In 1842 Christian Miller and H. Beckley came. They were,
respectively, Bloom's first blacksmith and first carpenter. James
Miller accompanied his parents to the township. He will be re-
membered as having written what was known as the Centennial
History of Bloom. Among the settlers in 1843 were Jeremiah
Maroney and William Orr. In 1844 there was a considerable
accession of settlers, among them James Pickens Farnum, Stewart
B. Aiken, James Rice, Joseph Gloss, John Little and the Dixon,
Gushing and Prestage families. John Campbell settled northwest
of Bloom in 1848. In 1855 William Caskey, from Green county,
Alabama, settled half a mile west of Bloom. In 1858 his mother,
five sisters and three brothers came on from Alabama and found
a home with him. John Holmes and Captain Finn located near
Caskey later in 1855.
As late as 1840 land around Bloom (Chicago Heights), now ad-
vanced to remarkable value, was sold by patentees at $5 to $6 an
acre. By 1860 it was worth $60 an acre.
One of the earliest land purchases in the Glenwood neighbor-
hood was that of a large tract on Hickory creek by Job and John
D. Campbell in 1838. It was not until eight years later, however,
that the former actually settled in what is now Bloom township.
Prominent among other early land owners at and near Glenwood
were Thomas Dyer, Julius Wadsworth, the Pecks — Samuel, James
and Sheldon — and John Finn, all of whom bought ground in the
vicinity in 1854 or earlier.
The primitive name of Glenwood was Hickory Bend. The first
white settlers in that vicinity were O. P. Axtell and Job Campbell,
who made homes on lands near the village in 1846. Floris Young,
Benjamin Baker, Jacob Dull and Lott Chapman came in 1847,
George R. James in 1848, and James and Orson Pickens, father
and son, in 1849, on a farm about three miles south of the village.
The Holbrook family settled about the same time west of the vil-
lage. In 1854 Thomas Barrows came. Joseph Kinsey came that
year also, but left in 1855. Caleb Sweet, William D. Wilkie, Claus
Jorgensen, Chris and Henry Krolin, George Nutting, Robert Bal-
342 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ford, Robert Kaiser, John Wagner, Clark Holbrook, Fremont
Holbrook and James and Richard Hemmingway all settled around
Glenwood before the village was platted.
The once village of New Strasburg was settled in 1839, near the
old village of Bloom. There was a store there as early as 1836.
James Morrison was the merchant. There, too, was the pioneer
postoffice of Bloom township. Charles Sauter was the first post-
master. This was long the mail center for the southeast part of
the township. There is strong evidence to support a claim, many
times advanced, that the first religious services in the township
were held here by Father Fischer, of the Catholic church. The
Church of St. James was built in 1847. It was destroyed by light-
ning in 1870 and rebuilt thirteen years later. The causes that
made other towns in the vicinity destroyed New Strasburg. It
was a survival of the fittest.
Steger is a village on the southern township line, largely in Will
county. It is a station on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois railroad
and on the electric line of the Chicago & Southern Traction com-
pany. It had a population of 357 in 1900.
Hickory Bend was surveyed for Job Campbell and Floris Young
in 1871, and at the suggestion of O. P. Axtell was given the more
euphonious name of Glenwood. At that time the postoffice was
established. H. K. Axtell was postmaster; George H. Paine was
his assistant. It was in 1871, too, that Job Campbell built the Glen-
wood house. It was leased and conducted for a time by O. P.
Axtell and James Dull, then sold to Theodore Weiderhold, who
remodeled it and utilized it as a general store. "This, with the
postoffice store, of which George H. Paine, who is also the station
agent, is proprietor, a saloon and a blacksmith and wagon shop,"
wrote Andreas in 1884, "constitute the present business houses of
the place."
The Rev. Mr. Ball, a Baptist, who preached at Glenwood in
1848, was the first preacher who held forth there. In 1859 the
Rev. Mr. Gilbert, a Presbyterian, and the Rev. Mr. Bartlett, a Con-
gregationalist, held occasional services in farmers' houses round
about. The Catholics began the erection of a church early in 1884,
and the Presbyterians were then meeting in the schoolhouse, where
they were ministered to by the Rev. William Morrow, of Bloom.
The Catholics have no local pastor, but are ably ministered to by
the Rev. Father Welch, of Chicago Heights, and bv other visiting
priests. There is a local organization of Methodists, without a
regular howse of worship, who hold services in one of the two vil-
lage schoolhouses.
An infant daughter of Thomas Barrows, bom in 1855, died
before the end of that year. Her birth and demise were the first
at Glenwood.
The first schoolhouse in the Glenwood district was built a mile
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 343
and a quarter east of the site of the village in 1850 and was moved
to Glenwood in 1882. The local public school is conducted in two
small schoolhouses by Prof. F. Harms, principal, and Miss Helen
Ward, assistant. Grammar and primary grades are taught.
There is within the corporate limits of Glenwood a population
of about 380. The only noteworthy business place is the general
store of Fred Kobel. J. F. Miller is the local agent of the Chicago
& Eastern Illinois railroad. The Chicago Terminal Transfer rail-
road and the electric line of the Chicago & Southern Traction com-
pany afford additional railway facilities. The president of the vil-
lage board in March, 1909, was Andrew Mergenthaler. The Coun-
cil was constituted thus : H. Krause, William Krause, M. J. Scan-
Ian, Edward Kennedy, W. J. Wheeler.
The Illinois Manual Training school, originally known as the
Illinois Industrial Training School for Boys, was chartered Febru-
ary, 1887. In 1890 it was moved from Norwood Park to near
Glenwood, to a farm of more than 300 acres donated by Milton
George — a beautiful body of land, with a rolling surface dotted
with clusters of trees, a sparkling stream cutting through its cen-
ter. The school derived some revenue from the county and was
in a measure self-supporting. Any deficiency was made up by
charitable people connected with its management or otherwise inter-
ested in it. The property has been improved by the erection of
domiciles and industrial buildings and otherwise. The scope of the
institution has been broadened and its efficiency has been increased.
The boys who have a home here at this time number about 700.
About fifty teachers, matrons and attendants are employed. Myron
E. Loller is its superintendent.
The training school law reaches and protects a class of boys
more deserving than almost any others of being rescued from the
depths of indigence and being placed in institutions equipped to
safely guide them in the path of self-reliant manliness. As a rule,
boys entitled to claim assistance under this act are guilty of no
serious breach of the law. Their greatest misfortune arises from
the fact that they are deprived of proper guardianship and left to
the charity of a world too busy and too careless to take note of their
needs. If left to their own devices, such boys must either starve or
live by their wits, and to live by their wits means for many of them
membership of that criminal class which menaces the welfare of the
State.
Mrs. Ursula L. Harrison, formerly superintendent of this school,
testified that she "found the children sent there to be like marble
in the rough, requiring only to be chiseled with patience and pol-
ished with love to fashion many pure and lovely characters that
may become bright and shining lights in the world. The hardest
task is to inspire confidence in the child and inculcate in him the
idea of self-support and independence. The boys are frequently
344 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
received in the home in a state of abject misery. If reclaimed at an
early age, there is enough physical and mental vitality remaining
to them in which morals may be planted and take root and grow.
It is hard for them to submit to discipline and to grasp the ideas of
moral training, but patience and kindness have brought many an
unruly boy to a halt before he plunged over the precipice from
which so few ever return. The boys brought here are trained for
lives of industry and usefulness and many of them nre sent to good
homes in the country."
Morris Murphy, who was merchandising a mile and a half north
of Bloom as early as 1835, bought his stock in Chicago and brought
it to his place of business on the back of a little Indian pony, which
he sometimes burdened so heavily that three or four days' time was
used up in making the journey to and fro. He was the only local
merchant before 1846, when Hunter & Aikens opened a general
store in the village. The first postoffice in the township was estab-
lished at New Strasburg, in charge of Charles Sauter. Later it
was removed to Thorn Grove (later Bloom, now Chicago Heights),
where Robert Wallace was the first postmaster. Among his earlier
successors were Stewart Aiken and L. Oswald.
The primitive school in the township was taught in a school-
house completed in 1836. It stood west of the site of Bloom, south
of where the railroad bridge now is. Miss Cooper was the teacher,
and she had but seven pupils. A cemetery, the first within the lim-
its of the present township, was platted at Bloom in 1842. The
burials there of Rosanna McEldowney and a daughter of a Mrs.
Noble were the first two of which any record is extant.
The name of the Thorn Grove settlement was changed to Bloom
in 1849, as a memorial to Robert Bluhm, a patriot who died at
Vienna, at the hands of the public executioner, the year before.
The word Bloom is Bluhm Anglicised, and the change was made
at the request of a number of prominent Germans then living in the
vicinity. Bloom was not platted until 1863, when a survey was
made embracing fifteen acres, including the crossing at Main street
of the Michigan Central railroad. Dolton's addition of forty acres
was platted in 1871. In Andreas' History of Cook County (1884)
appears the following prophetic forecast of the future of Bloom :
"When the spirit of enterprise now growing so rapidly reaches
further out, Bloom, which is now a happy rural village, contented,
peaceful and industrious, will realize its relations to the great city
and win hundreds, perhaps thousands, of busy Chicagoans to share
the bliss of country life. The advantages which the railroads offer,
and its own undoubted claims to a healthy and beautiful location,
pure water, rich soil, woodlands, hill and dale, tell that such ad-
vantages will not long be left to the sole enjoyment of its present
limited population."
Chicago Heights, as founded in 1891 by the Chicago Heights
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 345
Land association, had an area of 1,260 acres. The Hon. F. Scales,
judge of the Cook County court, ordered the holding of an election
September 2, 1892, to decide as to the advisability of incorporating
under the general law as a village. Eighty-two votes were cast for
village organization, none against that measure. The first village
election was held September 24, 1892. John C. Becker was elected
president; George M. Ewing, W. B. Ewing, A. Kasdorf, J. C.
McColly, J. H. McEldowney and Theodore Weiderhold, trustees;
Theodore H. Weiderhold, clerk.
John C. Becker, Dr. J. C. Ross, George C. Planner, A. J. J, Miller
and Frank Fellows filled the office of president, one after the other
in the order named, until the village of Chicago Heights gave place
to the city of Chicago Heights. The successive mayors have been
J. W. Thomas, J. C. Mote and Lee H. Hook. The latter was serv-
ing in his second term in March, 1909, when the board of alder-
men was thus constituted : First ward, Nels Widing, August Kas-
dorf; Second ward, Fred Riebling, W. H. Johnston- Third ward,
Mike Costabello, Sam Zone; Fourth ward, Joe Cercone, Tony
Reinwald ; Fifth ward, Thomas Fogg, Henry Badennius. John
Gravelot was city clerk; Joseph Gibson, city treasurer; Craig A.
Hood, city attorney; J. W. Hill, police magistrate; Sam Brooke,
superintendent of streets; W. W. Sterling, water and building in-
spector; C. S. Kirgis, chief of fire department; John Crowe, chief
of police. Charles A. McColly, David McKinney and George L.
Johnston are justices of the peace.
Following is a copy of an ordinance passed by the Village Board
of Chicago Heights in 1897, annexing the contiguous land of the
Chicago Heights Land association to the village named :
"WHEREAS, The petition of the Chicago Title and Trust com-
pany, trustees for the Chicago Heights Land association, Frank
Fellows, George H. Fuller, A. J. Miller, W. H. Donovan, H. C.
Meyer, E. F. Hoke, William McGrew and H. E. Skeele, to the
president and Board of Trustees of the village of Chicago Heights,
was on the 18th day of January, 1897, presented, praying that the
hereinafter described territory contiguous to said village be an-
nexed and become a part of the incorporation of the village of
Chicago Heights, under the act of the General Assembly of the
State of Illinois approved April 10, 1892, entitled 'An Act to Pro-
vide for the Annexing and Excluding of Territory1 and the amend-
ments thereto.
"WHEREAS, It appears that the petitioners are three-fourths of
the legal voters and owners of three-fourths in value of the prop-
erty in said contiguous territory and that said territory is contigu-
ous and not within the corporate limits of said village, nor a part
of any city, village or municipal corporation.
"Therefore, Be it ordained by the president and Board of
Trustees of the village of Chicago Heights:
346 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
"\. That the prayer of the said petitioners is hereby granted. It
is hereby ordered that the territory described by the following
metes and bounds be and is hereby annexed to the village of Chi-
cago Heights, Cook county, 111., with its privileges and benefits,
subject to its ordinances and contracts, to-wit :
"§Beginriing at a point on the west line of the northeast quarter
of section 29, T. 35 N., R. 14 east of the 3d prime meridian,
Cook county, Illinois, the same being the intersection of said sec-
tion line and the prolongation of the south line of blocks 219 and
218 for a distance of 1,001.9 feet, to the intersection of the south
line of the right of way of the Michigan Central railroad, thence
east along the south line of the right of way of the Michigan Cen-
tral railroad for a distance of 505 feet, thence south along the west
line of the northeast quarter of section 29-35-14 for a distance of
1,131.2 feet to the point of beginning; the territory described above
by metes and bounds being included within blocks 218 and 219
and a part of Euclid avenue and Main street, in Chicago Heights,
111.
"§2. That the territory annexed shall be known and legally
described as blocks 218 and 219 in the first annexation to the vil-
lage of Chicago Heights, which is a subdivision in T. 35 N., R.
14 E. of the 3d prime meridian, Cook county, Illinois.
"§3. This annexation is without restriction or reservation."
At that time George C. Flanner was president of the village;
P. F. Jirtle, clerk ; David Wallace, George H. Fuller, O. G. David,
P. T. Large, John Becker, Charles Miller, trustees. It will be
of interest to note also that O. A. Oswald was village treasurer;
George A. Brinkman, attorney; John Mackler, collector; Charles
A. McColly, constable ; Dr. H. Raby Bidgood, physician.
The "founders and owners of Chicago Heights," as the stock-
holders in the Chicago Heights Land association, most of whom
were Chicagoans, have been termed, were A. E. Hamill, president
of the Corn Exchange National bank ; Charles L. Hutchinson, vice-
president of the Corn Exchange National bank; Michael Cudahy,
meat packer; D. V. Purington, manufacturer of brick; Charles H.
Wacker, president of the Wacker & Birk Brewing company;
Joseph Theurer, president of the Schoenhofen Brewing company;
Rudolph Brand, president of the United States Brewing company ;
E. G. Uihlein, president of the Schlitz Brewing company; George
Bartholomae, brewer; Alfred Kohn, wholesale grocer; John Bueh-
ler, capitalist; Lackner & Butz, lawyers; Leo Fox, capitalist; Wil-
liam Vocke, lawyer; H. W. Austin, president of the Oak Park
State Bank; H. C. Hansen, vice-president of the Oak Park State
bank ; D. B. Lyman, president of the Chicago Title and Trust com-
pany; H. W. Leman, second vice-president of the Chicago Title
and Trust company; Juergens & Anderson, wholesale diamond
merchants; Joseph Austrian, of the Leopold & Austrian Transfer
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 347
company; Thomas B. Marston, lawyer; H. M. Kilgallen, real
estate; George Burry, lawyer.
The city now has an area of about 1,350 square acres. Hannah
& Keeney's addition, the Edgewood avenue addition, Schilling's
addition, the Sunnyside addition and Holbrook's first addition, all
yet outside the city limits, have been platted and put on the market,
and some of them may be annexed in the near future.
The Chicago Heights Land association was formed May 23,
1891, for the industrial development of approximately 4,000 acres
of land in Bloom township, about twenty-eight miles south of the
central part of Chicago. From the day of its organization Charles
H. Wacker has been its president and treasurer, and during most of
the time Rudolf Brand has been its vice-president and Francis
Lackner its secretary. These gentlemen and Leo Fox and George
Burry constitute its board of directors. Since 1892 M. H. Kil-
gallen has been its general manager. With weekly meetings of
the board of directors the work originally mapped out has been
carried on tenaciously and aggressively, yet always conservatively,
in the face of many inevitable obstacles and disappointments. As
a result, Chicago Heights is a thriving manufacturing center with
fifty-eight diversified industrial establishments, many of them man-
ufactures, supporting a population of nearly 15,000, where,
eighteen years ago, there was a quiet farming community of per-
haps 150 people. It is the fixed policy of the association not to
make the growth and prosperity of the city dependent upon any one
line of industry.
List of industries: A. B. Fireproofing company, manufacturers;
American Brake Shoe & Foundry company, manufacturers; Amer-
ican Car & Equipment company, manufacturers; American Stove
Board company, manufacturers; William H. Andrus & Co., dry
colors; Fred H. Ayer, general machine shop; Baldwin Piano com-
pany, see Hamilton Organ & Piano company ; Beebe Box company,
box factory; Bonnet, Nance Stove company, manufacturers;
Builders' Brick company, brick yard ; Caldwell Coal company, coal
yard; Otto Canedy Manufacturing company, manufacturers;
Chalmers & Williams, manufacturers; Chicago Color & Chemical
company, manufacturers ; Chicago Heights Boiler Works, manufac-
turers; Chicago Heights Coal company, retail coal yard; Chicago
Heights Iron & Metal company, scrap iron ; Chicago Heights Lum-
ber company, retail lumber company; Columbia Tool Steel com-
pany, manufacturers; Diamond Braiding Mills, manufacturers;
Planner & Fellows Lumber company, retail lumber company ; Funk
Brothers Manufacturing company, manufacturers; General Chemi-
cal company, manufacturers ; Gordon Iron company, scrap iron ;
C. H. Hall & Co., dyeing; Hamilton Organ & Piano company,
manufacturers; Hartwell Brothers, manufacturers; Hessler &
Maier, metal heating contractors; Hicks Locomotive works, manu-
348 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
facturers; Hicks Car Works, manufacturers; Inland Steel com-
pany, manufacturers; Kennicott Water Softener company, manu-
facturers ; King & Andrews company, manufacturers ; Lalor Road
Cart company, manufacturers; J. F. Leising & Co., building ma-
terial ; Ludowici-Celadon company, manufacturers tiles ; Morden
Frog & Crossing Works, manufacturers ; National Brick company,
brick yard ; North Shore Electric company, power house ; People's
Coal company, coal yard ; Phoenix Fire Extinguisher company, see
King & Andrews company ; Quaker Manufacturing company, man-
ufacturers ; Sauter Coal company, retail coal yard ; Sheldon, Foster
Glass company, manufacturers ; Standard Oil company, oil depot ;
Victor Chemical company, manufacturers; Montgomery Ward &
Co., manufacturers vehicles; Weber, Costello, Fricke & Co., manu-
facturers school supplies; Wood, Smith & Co., manufacturers;
Jos. Joseph & Brothers company, rails and railway supplies; Mon-
arch Motor Car company, automobiles; Calumet Steel company,
Humane Horse Collar company, Hauser Shade Cloth company,
Inter-Ocean Steel company, Paraffine Paint company, Standard
Varnish company, Economy Wall Paper company.
In addition to the plants already in operation, the following com-
panies have purchased land and are constructing factory buildings :
The Standard Varnish company, the Paraffine Paint company, and
the Inter-Ocean Steel company, the latter occupying a tract of
eighty acres and planning a plant costing $1,500,000. In addition
to splendid transportation facilities, close proximity to and direct
connection with the coal fields of Illinois and Indiana and low
water taxes, the most attractive feature of Chicago Heights as a
manufacturing center is a local switch line, constructed by the
association. This connects every factory, by its own switch, with
the various railroads entering the city and keeps five modern switch
engines constantly running from and to the connecting railroad
lines.
There are at Chicago Heights approximately 2,000 residence and
business buildings, about 250 of which are brick or stone structures.
The federal government has purchased a site upon which will be
erected, in the near future, a postoffice building costing $50,000.
The city has a local street railway line and two interurban roads.
The latter are the line of the Chicago & Southern Traction com-
pany, running north and south, and the line of the Joliet & South-
ern Traction company, running east and west. It iias a complete
system of sewers, and a modern sceptic plant for the disposal of
sewage is nearly completed. The principal streets are paved with
brick or macadam, and a majority of the streets are bordered by
cement sidewalks.
The policy of the land association has been to keep the factory
district segregated from the residential part of the town, and as
a result practically all the factories are located on the so-called
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 349
"East Side." The residence and business portion of the city, the
so-called "West Side," is adjacent to wooded and picturesque ra-
vines and natural beautiful scenery, affording healthful and attrac-
tive locations for fine residences. To justify the prophecy of a
continued healthy and rapid growth of this busy manufacturing
center, it is only necessary to refer to its past history and its pres-
ent undeveloped assets. The value of the ground has risen, in
eighteen years, from $100 an acre to $300 a front foot for lots
on the principal business streets. The factories already located at
Chicago Heights, judging by actual conditions in older towns,
would, in course of time, support a population of not less than
50,000, and additional factories are coming fast.
According to the published testimony of some of the early set-
tlers at Bloom, the first preaching in the vicinity was by the Rev.
J. W. Morrison, a traveling minister from South Carolina. He
held meetings in the neighborhood at stated intervals and tried,
but failed, to plant a church. The Presbyterian church at Bloom
was probably the first religious society organized in what is now
Bloom township. The Rev. John McMaster was its organizer, in
1843, and its constituent members numbered twenty-five. A church
edifice was built in 1845, which long since gave place to a more
modem successor. Following is a brief mention of the principal
churches in Chicago Heights in 1909: First Presbyterian, Chicago
road and Twenty-first street, Rev. J. Budman Fleming, minister;
First Baptist, Otto boulevard and Fifteenth street, Rev. S. P.
Mahoney, pastor; First Methodist Episcopal, Sixteenth and Oak
streets, Rev. G. F. Rassweiler, pastor (has branches on Portland
avenue and at Jackson avenue and Twenty-ninth street, South Chi-
cago Heights) ; St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran, Four-
teenth street near Chicago road, Rev. H. G. Sandvoss, pastor;
Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Immanuel, Fifteenth street and
Park avenue, Rev. P. O. Bersell, B. D., pastor; St. Agnes' Roman
Catholic, Chicago road and McEldowney street, Rev. J. C. Welch,
pastor; Swedish Methodist Episcopal, Fourteenth street and Vin-
cennes avenue, Rev. Oscar Sundberg, pastor; German Evangelical,
St. John's, Sixteenth street and Vincennes avenue, Rev. Hugo
Weichelt, pastor; Swedish Evangelical Missionary, Otto boulevard
and Fifteenth street, Rev. A. Swanson, pastor; Calvary Church
of the Evangelical association, Fifteenth street and Center avenue,
Rev. A. J. Byas, pastor; Christian, the Tabertiacle, Sixteenth
street and Vincennes avenue, Rev. R. E. L. Prunty, minister;
Swedish Baptist, Fifteenth street and Chicago road, Rev. Oscar
W. Johnson, pastor; English Evangelical Lutheran Church of the
Ascension, Fifteenth street near Otto boulevard, Rev. C. S. Brewer,
pastor; St. Ambrose Episcopal, Chicago road and Fifteenth street,
Rev. A. C. Cummings, priest in charge.
From September 5, 1859, to April 21, 1894, a period of thirty-
350 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
five years, public schools were conducted in district No. 1, after-
wards district No. 170, under the management of a Board of Direct-
ors consisting of three members. The first Board of Directors con-
sisted of John McEldowney, chosen for one year; John Holmes,
for two years, and Archibald Caldwell, for three years. The last
Board of Directors, which was succeeded by a Board of Education in
1894, consisted of Jacob Kirgis, A. J. J. Miller and Theodore
Weiderhold.
The Board of Directors turned over to the new Board of Educa-
tion a four-room school building on the present site of the Washing-
ton school, and the new board found itself in control of seven teach-
ers, three of which were teaching in rented rooms — two in Chicago
Heights and one in Steger.
From a system of seven teachers in 1894 the district grew in
eleven years to a system of thirty-nine teachers in 1905. During
these eleven years the amount of time and labor that has been given
to the district by the members of the Board of Education may be
appreciated in a small measure when it is remembered that in addi-
tion to the usual labor incident to maintaining and operating there
has been all the extra labor of securing sites, erecting and furnish-
ing buildings.
The names of the presidents of the Boards of Education from
1894 to date are as follows: Jacob Kirgis, 1894-1901; W. G.
Stowell, 1901-1905; E. E. Beach, 1905 to the present time. The
Board of Education serving in March, 1909, was thus constituted:
E. E. Beach, president; A. V. Edman, J. W. Hobbs, J. Hansen,
P. P. Lauritzen, George F. Kreuger, James M. Whelan, Harry
W. Green, O. F. Middleton; F. M. Richardson, superintendent of
schools and clerk of the board. The Chicago Heights school dis-
trict is known as district No. 170, Cook county, Illinois, and is
thus bounded : On the north by an east and west line through the
middle of sections 16, 17 and 18, except that the southeast one-
fourth of the northwest one-fourth of section 17 is included in said
district; on the east by State court; on the south by the south
line of sections 28, 29 and 30; on the west by the west line of
Bloom township. Its area is seven and nine-sixteenths square
miles.
The schools are known as Washington, Washington annex, Lin-
coln, Garfield, Franklin and McKinley. The average annual in-
crease in school population since 1892 has been about 160. The
average annual increase in school enrollment in the same period
has been slightly larger. The greater part of the instruction in
the schools is elementary in character. The school population is
just out of its infancy. Nearly one-fourth of the entire enrollment
is in the first grade and nearly three-fourths in the first four grades,
only about 12 per cent having reached the seventh grade. This
suggests adding to the length of the average school life by admit-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 351
ting the children a year earlier to kindergartens. It also testifies
to the fact that Chicago Heights is not a city of old settlers or of
retired farmers.
The Steger district has been separated from that now known as
district No. 170. Bloom township high school is located within
the city limits of Chicago Heights.
District No. 170 has a library of goodly proportions which, with
the city's free library, affords to the pupils library facilities far in
advance of those of some older cities.
The following local organizations of secret and benevolent socie-
ties flourish at Chicago Heights : Chicago Heights lodge No. 851, A.
F. and A. M., meets evening of each Tuesday of each month except
the fifth Tuesday, at Masonic hall, Main street ; W. G. Stowell, W.
M. ; James M. Street, secretary. Chicago Heights chapter No. 218,
R. A. M., stated convocations at Masonic hall, first and third Fri-
days of each month at 8 p. M. ; F. J. Baudell, E. H. P. ; James M.
Street, secretary. Chicago Heights chapter No. 551, Order of the
Eastern Star, meets in Masonic hall on the evenings of the first
and third Wednesdays of each month; Mrs. Alice Klinger, W. M.;
Mrs. Bertha Pannenborg, secretary. Prospect lodge No. 627,
Knights of Pythias, meets every Tuesday evening at Ben Hur hall,
No. 5 Illinois street ; Edwin W. De Voe, C. C. ; Max Verne, K. of
R. and S. Bloom council No. 134, Royal League, meets in Odd
Fellows hall evenings of the second and fourth Wednesdays of
each month ; H. L. Wichman, Archon ; Ed Evans, Scribe. Chicago
Heights council No. 997, Knights of Columbus, meets in Odd Fel-
lows' hall evenings of the second and fourth Mondays of each
month ; George D. Meyers, G. K. ; F. M. Mayer, R. S. Chicago
Heights lodge No. 1066, B. P. O. E., meets in Elks' hall, 92 Seven-
teenth street, evenings of the second and fourth Wednesdays of
each month ; James M. Street, E. R. ; E. H. Kirgis, secretary. Chi-
cago Heights Aerie No. 1059, F. O. E., meets on the evenings of
the second and fourth Thursdays of each month at Mee's hall;
F. B. Wendell, W. P. ; F. C. Deist, secretary. Star court No. 10,
Tribe of Ben Hur, meets evenings of the first and third Saturdays
of each month at Ben Hur hall ; Mrs. Anna Booze, Chief ; Mrs.
S. W. Bishop, Scribe. Chicago Heights Trade and Labor Assem-
bly, American Federation of Labor, meets at Union hall, West
End avenue near Nineteenth street, on the evenings of the second
and fourth Wednesdays of each month; W. A. Behm, president;
L. W. Asher, secretary and treasurer.
Five railroads enter Chicago Heights, two great trunk lines, the
Frisco System and the Michigan Central, two belt lines, the Elgin,
Joliet & Eastern and the Chicago Terminal Transfer railroads, con-
necting with thirty-two railroads entering Chicago, and one coal
road, the Chicago Southern Railway. Chicago Heights is also a
very important station on the Illinois Traction Company's line from
Seventy-ninth street, Chicago, to Kankakee.
352 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Chicago Heights has a large and rapidly growing home trade,
supplied by seven dry goods stores, some of which are big and
modern enough to be ciassed as department stores, about sixty gro-
ceries, several large hardware stores and many clothing, book and
stationery, millinery, jewelry and drug stores, some of which com-
pare favorably with establishments of their respective classes in
Chicago. Some of these are mentioned in connection with the Chi-
cago Heights Business Men's association. The town has nearly a
dozen hotels, the best of which offer first-class accommodations to
the traveling public. Its manufactures are numerous, rapidly in-
creasing in number and growing in importance. Its railway and
express facilities are unsurpassed and it has telegraph and telephone
connections in all directions, city water, electric lights and power,
macadamized streets, parks, walks and drives, a fine opera house
and several popular theaters.
The city's banking facilities are supplied by three staunch insti-
tutions : The Bank of Chicago Heights ; W. J. McEldowney, pres-
ident; J. Howard McEldowney, vice-president; David Wallace,
cashier; Frederick Kirgis, assistant cashier. The Chicago Heights
Savings bank; J. C. McEldowney, president; W. F. McEldowney,
vice-president ; Joseph Kotilinek, cashier. The First National Bank
of Chicago Heights; J. W. Thomas, president; E. R. Davis, vice-
president; W. W. M. Davis, cashier.
The city's religious and educational advantages are of a high
order. All of its church and school buildings are of good construc-
tion and some of them are of fine architectural design. It has a
well-housed and in all respects ample free library, established
partly by the beneficence of Andrew Carnegie. The library build-
ing bears date 1902 and was erected under the supervision of a
library board constituted as follows: Sam H. Lea, president;
David Wallace, vice-president; Joseph Caldwell, secretary; W. E.
Canedy, P. P. Lauritzen, L. A. Snyder, W. H. Donovan, E. R.
Davis, C. W. Salisbury. Miss Harriet Taylor has been librarian
since the library was opened.
There are published here two ably edited and well printed local
newspapers. The Chicago Heights Signal, established in 1888, is
issued every Thursday afternoon at 92 Illinois street by the Palmer
Printing company. William H. Freeman is its editor. The Chi-
cago Heights Star, official newspaper of the city of Chicago Heights,
is published weekly at 86 Illinois street, by W. E. Williams. It is
in its eighth volume. A city directory of Chicago Heights has
been published annually since 1900.
The postoffice at Chicago Heights is ably managed by William
J. McEldowney, postmaster, with Charles F. Kargis as assistant
postmaster. The local delivery work is so extensive as to employ
seven city and two rural carriers.
Chicago Heights is said to have a larger income than any other
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 353
city of its size in the State — perhaps in the country. It is also a
pretty sure statement that its business done within her limits ex-
ceeds that of any city of its size. In 1895 it was a village of 1,200
people; it now has from 12,000 to 15,000 people, and it is predicted
that in ten years more it will be a city of 40,000 people.
The Manufacturers' association of Chicago Heights was organ-
ized in 1906, to foster and promote manufacturing industries in the
city. Its members are: A. B. Fireproofing company, American
Foundry & Machinery company, American Brake Shoe & Foundry
company, Bonnet-Nance Stove company, Columbia Tool Steel com-
pany, Chicago Color & Chemical company, Canedy-Otto Manufac-
turing company, Chalmers & Williams, Chicago Heights Lumber
company, Calumet Steel company, Planner & Fellows Lumber com-
pany, General Chemical company, Hartwell Brothers, Hamilton
Piano company, Hicks' Locomotive & Car Works, Inland Steel
company, Kennicott Water Softener company, Ludowici-Celadon
company, Morden Frog & Crossing Works, Montgomery Ward
& Co., Monarch Motor Car company, National Brick company,
Quaker Manufacturing company, Quincy-Manchester-Sargent
company, Sheldon-Foster Glass company, Victor Chemical Works,
and Weber-Costello company. Its directors and officers early in
March, 1909, were: G. A. Berry, president; Cass S. Kennicott,
vice-president; C. E. Eshelman, treasurer; D. W. Boyd and Irvin
T. Hartz. B. W. Edwards is secretary. There are about fifty con-
siderable manufacturing concerns in Chicago Heights, employing
about 7,000 persons. Factories have located here so rapidly and
in such a comparatively brief period, and the older ones have so
increased their capacity that the city is short fully 1,200 houses
of enough to barely house its factory operatives, hundreds of whom
are compelled either to board or live in Harvey, Kensington, Steger,
Crete or others of the surrounding towns. In the location of indus-
tries the most important factors are ready interchange with all con-
necting railroads centering in Chicago, prompt handling of cars
and a rate situation upon the Chicago basis. All these advantages
Chicago Heights enjoys, and the ever increasing number of fac-
tories locating here is convincing eivdence, and it is believed that
Chicago Heights is destined to be within a few years one of the
great manufacturing centers of the Middle West.
The Business Men's association of Chicago Heights was organ-
ized March, 1908, and has a membership of about 120, among them
many of the leading merchants of the city in all lines. John Mich-
alek is president; A. L. Hayward, vice-president; H. A. Hood,
treasurer; J. J. Flood, secretary. The members are: Mee & Co.,
furniture and undertaking; W. H. Donovan, real estate; the Real
Estate Exchange; John Gravelot, men's furnishings; Jirtle &
Somes, plumbing; Max Seeberg, furniture; H. A. Heinsen, sport-
ing goods ; Fordtran Brothers, photographs ; W. A. Foley, jewelry ;
354 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
John Michalek, hardware; Harry A. Hood, drugs; Charles W.
Friend, men's furnishings; the Chicago Heights Star; the Palmer
Printing company; W. J. Smith, groceries; Aulwurm Brothers,
groceries; J. C. Bradley & Co., drugs; Martin Wald, clothing;
G. P. Krueger, groceries; H. F. Thoeming, groceries; G. Berts-
heimer, dry goods; G. H. Summerville; D. S. Van Natta & Co.,
drugs; W. F. Stowell, hardware; Hersler & Maier, heating, roofing
and metal work; Rahn, Johnston & Co., builders; Adair & Sons,
coal; the North Shore Electric company; Lindhout & Lindhout,
lawyers; Phillips Brothers; E. W. Clark, plumbing and gasfitting;
H. S. Blanchard, lawyer ; the Chicago Heights Gas company ; Baker
& De Bolt; S. Klamitz, tailoring; Victor Nylund, jewelry; Hay-
ward & Co., grocers; J. E. Gibson & Co., plumbing; Kappmeyer
& Cox, cigars; W. H. Stolte, drugs; McEldowney & Co., real
estate; the Bank of Chicago Heights; B. W. Edwards, secretary of
the Chicago Heights Manufacturers' association; Otto Jaeger;
Charles Hayward, laundry; Dr. W. H. McChesney; William Wad-
dington (the Stock Yards market) ; J. Bagtoglia, wholesale fruits;
E. H. Kirgis, tobacco and cigars ; L. B. Schilling, real estate ; J. W.
Cole, paints, oils, etc. ; J. Krebs, paints and oils ; Collins & Barbay,
restaurant; Mayo & Haughey; Dr. C. L. Fritts; Paxton, Baker
& Co., furniture; W. H. Doompp, fruits and confectionery; W. H.
Kilgallin, president of the Chicago Heights Land association ; A.
San Pelipi; Hood, Holbrook & Co., feed; G. Gregory, fruit and
candy; William H. Lane, grocer; Angelo Bianchi, fruit; Carpenter
& Rettman, lawyers; W. C. Madder, constable; H. J. Wilson, civil
engineer ; F. A. Palmer, merchant ; the Chicago Heights Lumber
company; Clovis A. Bonvouloir, horseshoer; the First National
bank; J. Casper, groceries; Emil Carlson, groceries; G. R. Blom-
stadt, groceries; Marcusson Brothers, groceries; P. J. Jurgensen,
groceries; Max Verne, ladies' cloaks and suits; C. E. Sage, gro-
ceries; Louis B. Krizan, meats; A. H. Rathe, groceries; M. Asher
& Sons, department store; A. V. Edman, groceries; A. Hertkoen,
groceries; J. Rosenthal & Co., furniture; A. Swanson, shoes; Jacob
Albrecht, baker; Oscar Toll, meats; F. C. Boland, shoes.
Homer Abbott and George A. Brinkman were established in law
practice at Chicago Heights in 1870. The local medical men were
Drs. H. Raby Bidgood, L. L. Goodenow, N. E. Oliver, A. M.
Pease, C. W. Salisbury, G. F. Schreiber, -R. M. Tafel and H. S.
Zimmerman. The practicing lawyers in 1909 are Herman S.
Blanchard, George A. Brinkman, Craig A. Hood and Lindhout
& Lindhout. The roster of physicians and surgeons is as follows :
Drs. Elbert M. Barns, C. E. Cord, Talbot Gorrell, Ira Hartman,
E. G. Klingler, William McChesney, W. G. Magee, Anna Medaris,
A. Pannenborg, W. D. Robbins, Claude W. Salisbury, George F.
Schreiber, F. A. P. Smith, Martin Strand, T. Stankewicz, F. A.
Walls.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 357
The first Chicago Heights Chautauqua was held July 17 to 26,
1908. under the direction of the Chicago Heights Chautauqua asso-
ciation. Officers : W. A. Foley, president ; A. Hayward, vice-
president; John J. Flood, secretary; George H. Glazier, superin-
tendent. Directors: W. A. Foley, A. Hayward, H. A. Hood,
John Michalek, M. L. Rau, A. Aulwurm, A. L. Spindler, Fred
Wilkenning, G. H. Summerville. Committee of members of the
Chicago Heights Woman's club : Mrs. J. W. Thomas, president ;
Mrs. A. G. Clayton, first vice-president; Mrs. David Wallace, sec-
ond vice-president; Mrs. James Hood, recording secretary; Mrs.
H. W. Blanchard, corresponding secretary; Mrs. W. G. Stowell,
treasurer; Mrs. Homer Abbott, chairman literature and art; Mrs.
F. M. Richardson, home and education ; Mrs. Irving Kelley, chair-
man department of civics ; Mrs. L. C. Lockhart, chairman program
committee. It was inaugurated with the cooperation, assistance and
encouragement of the clergymen and laity of every religious denom-
ination represented in the city ; with the hearty support and financial
assistance of the Business Men's association, the Manufacturers'
association, the Liquor Dealers' association, the civic authorities
and every organization active in the healthy growth and the moral
and social advancement of the community. Attractive grounds
were prepared and a fine program was arranged and carried out.
The public interest made the affair a success. It is the earnest wish
of all concerned to establish a permanent Chautauqua with a sub1
stantial pavilion, cottages, pleasant surroundings, and all that tends
to make such an attraction profitable and enjoyable from an educa-
tional, religious and moral standpoint.
Owing to the several towns and manufacturing centers within its
limits Thornton is one of its most populous townships in Cook
county. Historically it is one of the most important. It comprises
all of Township 36 north, Range 15 east, having an area of about
fifty square miles, and is bounded north by Chicago, east by Lake
county, Indiana, south by Bloom township, and west by Bremen
township.
Early settlers in Thornton found on the present site of Thornton
village, ruins of what evidently had been Indian strongholds. They
consisted of outer trenches with inside fortifications, on which grew
trees perhaps a hundred years old. It should be recorded, however,
that Indians attributed these remains to French explorers. Ira
Gardner in 1871 exhumed some skeletons, a stone chisel, some stone
bullet molds, some flint arrow heads and specimens of pottery.
Some of these relics may have been of French, others of Indian
origin. It has been suggested that they may have been left by south-
ern Indians, once resident here, who were eventually driven away
by northern tribes.
Thornton township derived its name from Thornton village.
Thornton village was named in honor of Col. W. F. Thornton ov
Vol. 11—21.
358 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Shelbyville, Indiana, a promoter of the Illinois and Michigan canal,
and for some years president of its board of commissioners. Wil-
liam Woodbridge, reputedly the first white settler in the township,
built in 1834 on the east side of Thorn creek, half way between the
sites of Thornton village and Calumet, and removed in 1835 to 160
acres of land adjoining Thornton village on the west. The latter
property he sold to John Blackstone and Blackstone sold it to Gur-
don S. Hubbard. Stephen Crary came in July, 1835. James Far-
well settled that year on the southeast quarter of Section 27. His
title was defective and Noah Warren, who bought him out, did not
clear it until long afterward. About the same time came the Cases,
John and Sanford. In 1836 came Stephen Spoor, Christian Ran-
dall, James Barton, David Crandall, John Blackstone, Don Carlos
Berry, Joseph Milsted, James Childers, Elisha Young and William
Young. John H. Kinzie, of the historic Chicago Kinzie family;
Gurdon S. Hubbard and John Blackstone came in 1835 or 1836.
All these located at or near Thornton village. Dolton was settled
by Andrew H. Dolton in 1846. His brothers, Henry B. and
Charles H., came a few years later. At Homewood early settlers
were the Butterfields, Job Campbell, James Walker, Daniel Hood,
Samuel James, Horace Briggs, J. H. Scott, C. D. Robinson, James
Hart, Cyrus Eastwood, Joseph Gallener, William Van Wyck, John
Johnson, William Hall and James Clark. In 1848-50 came many
German settlers, among them H. Brinkeman, C. Hecht, C. Hipping,
H. Hasberg, H. Rathe, C. D. Rathe, L. Hupe, H. Schonhalz and
H. and C. Zimmer. The advance of settlement in the township is
indicated by the rise and growth of villages.
Until April, 1850, Thornton township, with Rich and Bloom
townships, constituted Thornton precinct. Its first township officers
were A. H. Dolton, supervisor; Elisha Young, assessor; A. G.
Smith, collector; Stephen Crary, clerk; Stephen Spoor and John
Milsted, justices of the peace. The first postoffice in the township
was established at Thornton village about 1836, with Don Carlos
Berry as postmaster. Before that the people went for. their mail
to Chicago and to Hadley, near Mokena, Will county. Joseph Case,
the second postmaster, succeeded Berry in 1837. The first birth in
the township was probably that of Sarah Crandall, daughter of
David Crandall, September, 1835; the first death was that of Mar-
garet Hampsher in the winter of 1837-38.
The township is drained by the Grand Calumet and Little Calu-
met rivers and Thorn and Stony creeks and smaller streams. It
was early predicted that Thornton village would become the head
of navigation. Its water power was valued at $10,000. Thorn
creek had a channel forty feet wide. In 1835 Peter Barton brought
a schooner up the Calumet to the mouth of Stony creek and up
Stony creek to Thornton village. Later Young brothers built a
small steam trading barge which plied between Chicago and points
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 359
on the Calumet. The Youngs went to California and in 1851 the
boiler of the barge exploded, killing its engineer.
The Illinois Legislature granted to the Illinois Central railroad
each alternate section of land along its proposed route, including
Section 8, Township 36 north, Range 14 east. In 1865 C. C. P.
Holden bought the south one-half of Section 8. In 1871 he sold
part of it to the owners of Section 17, a syndicate including Samuel
Delamater, John K. Romley, Joshua P. Young, Josephus Collett,
Joseph E. Young and Seth Waddens, which in 1873 platted 1,700
acres as South Lawn. Large lots and gardens were offered at $100,
with free transportation for actual settlers to and from Chicago for
a year. John Gay, the first settler, received a deed for Lots 1 and 2,
Block 50, October 1, 1874, and for two or three years lived there
neighborless, while streets were laid out and trees were planted on
all sides. He was a contractor and in 1874-75 graded the Grand
Trunk railroad from Thornton Junction through South Lawn to
Corwith. In 1880 the Hopkins Mower works and the hotel near the
railroad were erected. Later the property of the syndicate was di-
vided among its members. I. Ryan acquired the interest of the
Waddens estate. He and Young bought adjacent land and August
6, 1888, Ryan sold 500 acres west of Ashland avenue to A. G.
Spaulding, who contemplated the building of a town under his own
name. William H. Pease, now postmaster at Harvey; John De
Graff, James B. Wilson and George Stiles were the only citizens of
South Lawn in 1889. In November of that year Turlington W.
Harvey, then well known as capitalist, lumber merchant and philan-
thropist, bought a part of the East Division, including the plant of
the mower works, together with some land north; also Blocks 67,
69, 79 and 88, and perhaps some others in the more northern por-
tion. Later he made other purchases. In June, 1890, he sold this
land and much of the East Division, between 151st and 159th
streets, to the Harvey Land association, which had been organized
with a capital stock of a million dollars. In April, 1891, the associa-
tion acquired the Spaulding property or West Division. In 1891-93
the association sold lots to the amount of nearly $2,000,000, busi-
ness establishments multiplied and the population increased so rap-
idly that in 1895 it was estimated at nearly 5,000. It is now con-
servatively estimated at 6,500.
Harvey was incorporated as a village in 1891. Peter B. Lamb,
the first president of the village board, was succeeded by Thomas
McFarlane, he by Peter B. Lamb, and he by H. C. Riordan It
was incorporated as a city in 1895 and is divided into five wards.
The following have filled the office of mayor in the order named :
Jonathan Mathews, Clark W. Ranger, F. A. Braley, Frank A.
Howland, E. M. Flewelling, Clark W. Ranger, A. W. Campbell,
W. E. Kerr, E. M. Flewelling, W. E. Kerr, C. F. McKie, D. H.
McGiloroy and F. W. Gage were village clerks in the order named.
360 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
A. C. Coover was the first city clerk. Richard E. Calenck has been
clerk since 1901.
Under the direction of the City Council, the Board of Local Im-
provements, city engineer and commissioner of highways, extensive
public improvements have been and are being perfected. The im-
portance of sanitation was early recognized and miles of sewerage
had been constructed before Harvey was incorporated. The work
has been carried forward and brought to effective completion under
the administration of the present mayor. The system covers all
important business and residence streets and includes adequate
surface drainage. Streets are paved and connect with an improved
country road system which makes Harvey accessible to farmers on
all sides. Cement and plank sidewalks skirt all streets, and many
trees have been planted, converting a naked prairie into a place
of beauty. The city is amply supplied with water and with electric
light. The fire-fighting equipment meets the requirements of the
Chicago Board of Underwriters and takes it in the list of first-class
cities. The fire department was organized in 1891.
The police and health departments would be creditable to a much
larger town. A large, handsome city hall was built in 1895. The
first postmaster at South Lawn was John Fay. The present post-
master of Harvey is W. H. Pease, who as pioneer merchant and
public spirited citizen has seen the city in every stage of its de-
velopment. Free delivery was introduced in 1900. The Harvey
Library association was organized to include all persons willing
to pay 25 cents a year to read one book each week. A Carnegie
library building was erected in 1906.
The first school teacher at Harvey was Miss Margaret McKee.
When the town was platted there was one little school building
within its limits — that in District No. 8, now No. 152, which was
cut out of two adjoining districts in 1882. Until 1892 only one
teacher was required. Then the "Magic City" had sprung into
living, with 655 school children. Schools were opened in store-
rooms and in the basement of the Methodist church. A small high
school was started in 1892 with Prof. J. E. Cable as principal.
This was superseded in 1898 by the township high school with
Professor Cable in charge. Prof. F. L. Miller, who had been for
about a year the head of a private academy in the "academy addi-
tion," was employed in the fall of 1902 as superintendent of the
schools of the district and has ably filled the position ever since.
District No. 152 includes the greater part of the city. It employs
there twenty- four teachers in five buildings and its course of study
is based on that of the Chicago public schools and grades so high
that often pupils from Chicago are not up to the work of their
grades in Harvey. Graduates are admitted to the Thornton town-
ship high school and other high schools without examination. Dis-
trict No. 147, partly outside the city, derives four-fifths of its
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 361
patronage from Harvey. In his report for 1896-97 Professor Mil-
ler urged the erection of a township high school building to relieve
pressure on District No. 152 by pupils from neighboring villages.
The idea, until then without coherency, crystallized in the election
of a township school board: W. H. Miller, J. A. Lawson, F. C.
Rowland, F. A. Braley and J. C. Howe — men commanding the
highest respect for judgment and public spirit. Thornton township
owns an entire block in the center township of Harvey and a build-
ing and equipment worth $100,000, adequate to the need of many
more students than are now accommodated, with room for addi-
tion to the building should they be required. The high school
employs half a score of teachers and its graduates are accredited
to collegiate institutions in Illinois and neighboring States. Its
courses of study, largely elective, are laid out as classical, scientific,
English and business. Stenography and typewriting are included
in the latter.
On September 1, 1906, the old Whittier building, situated on the
corner of 153d street and Turlington avenue, was completely burned
with all its contents, entailing a loss of $30,000 or more to the dis-
trict. This was a large stone building containing eight school rooms
besides a large office. The building was well equipped with furni-
ture, pianos, valuable pictures, and several hundred volumes of
books. The supplies, including supplementary readers, were in the
building at the time of the fire. All the records of the school were
destroyed, including the teachers' registers and records of all pupils
of former years. School was postponed for one week and rooms
secured at the high school, lecture rooms of three churches, and
extra rooms in the school buildings.
Plans were immediately made for the erection of a new building,
and as the site of the old school was so small, a half block of
ground was purchased on the corner of Loomis avenue and 152d
street, upon which was erected a magnificent building known as the
New Whittier, containing eight schoolrooms, office with a large
fire-proof vault, large, spacious halls, rooms for manual training
and domestic science, and a large attic used as a gymnasium by the
pupils.
District No. 152 has now five buildings. In the last four years
the Bryant building has been enlarged from a five-room school to
an eight-room school, with front and rear staircases, making it a
very commodious building.
A corps of twenty-five teachers, including the superintendent and
a supervisor of music and drawing, are needed to take care of the
pupils of District No. 152, which has at the present time (Febru-
ary, 1909,) an enrollment of 1,030, and will reach 1.100 before
the close of the year.
The Board of Education, District No. 152, has for its president
Mr. W. D. Rogers; secretary and superintendent, Prof. F. L. Mil-
362 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ler; and the following members: William L. Voss, W. G. Morse,
Mrs. Aurilla M. Pease, W. H. Davis, Mrs. Minnie L. Hinsdale,
and Edward Anderson.
District No. 147, known as West Harvey, the Fourth ward of
the city of Harvey, has three buildings, and employs nine teach-
ers, including the superintendent, Prof. L. A. Pringle, and a super-
visor of drawing. The enrollment will probably amount to 300.
J. H. McKee is president of the Board of Education, District No.
147, and J. D. McLarty is secretary. Messrs. A. Klaczynski, J. E.
Reuss, J. E. Fischer, E. Dathan, and Andrew Fischer are the mem-
bers of the board.
In addition to these two systems of grade schools a very fine
township high school is located at Harvey, with a faculty of eleven
teachers, including the principal, Prof. L. W. Smith.
This school has an enrollment of about 260 pupils. There are fine
laboratory appliances in both chemistry and physics. This splendid-
ly equipped building is situated at the corner of 150th street and
Columbia avenue, easy of access from the trains, from which
come many pupils from different directions to attend this school.
In 1890 A. S. K. Anderson, of the Moody Bible Institute, Chi-
cago, preached to a congregation of various denominations in a
schoolhouse in Harvey. In December the Methodists withdrew ;
the Baptists withdrew in January, 1891. A Congregational so-
ciety, organized of those who remained, worshiped in a temporary
structure till 1901, when the present Congregational church was
built. The First Methodist Episcopal church was organized De-
cember 2, 1890, by the Rev. H. L. Houghton. It met in rented
halls until it bought and improved its fine property. The First
Baptist church was organized in 1891 and its house of worship was
dedicated November 18, 1892. The Christians date their society
from 1891. Its people worshiped in the Lutheran church and in a
hall until its house was built. The Rev. James B. McClure of Chi-
cago organized the Presbyterian church of Harvey March 17, 1892.
Its first regular pastor was Rev. Joseph F. Flint. Its building was
erected about seven years ago. The Free Methodist church organ-
ized about sixteen years ago, built a church house and a parsonage.
The Academy Methodist Episcopal church grew out of a class or-
ganized in the academy. May 15, 1892. Rev. Daniel McGuirk was
the first pastor. A house of worship costing more than $7,000 was
dedicated May 14, 1893, and opened November 6, 1893. A smaller
building dedicated December 1, 1895, was later enlarged. The
Honore avenue Methodist Episcopal church occupies a fine build-
ing erected in 1897. St. Clements mission (Episcopalian) was or-
ganized by the Rev. Joseph Rushton, December 7, 1898, and its
Sunday school January 11, 1899. It received its present name in
1900. The Ascension Roman Catholic church was organized by
the Rev. J. B. Feeley, July 2, 1899; it had been a mission. The
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 363
German Evangelical Church of Peace dates from March 24, 1901 ;
and the Seventh Day Adventist church from August, 1901. A
Scandinavian Evangelical Lutheran society built a church in 1906.
A colored Baptist church was organized a few years ago by the
Rev. Nathan Brooks.
The city of Harvey was named by W. H. Pease in honor of
Turlington W. Harvey and Harvey L. Hopkins, founder of the
mower works at South Lawn. It is located two miles south of Chi-
cago, on the Illinois Central, Big Four and Grand Trunk railroads,
three great trunk lines, and on the line of the Chicago Terminal
Transfer company. It has electric railway connection with Chi-
cago by two lines, one of them that of the Chicago and Southern
Traction company, by which an outlet is had over remote connecting
interurban railways.
The Bank of Harvey dates from the beginning of the town. W.
H. Miller, its president, came to Harvey in February, 1891, and
opened the bank for business in July following. Dr. G. A. Steven-
son is its president and Alfred Miller its cashier. The First Na-
tional Bank of Harvey was opened May 15, 1907. Its officers are
Frederick De Young, president ; W. D. Rodgers and W. E. Powers,
vice-presidents; David Weidemann, cashier.
Thornton village, near the southern border of Thornton township,
is the oldest settlement in the township and was for some time the
center of its population. The first white settler there and probably
the first in the township was William Woodbridge, in 1834, east of
Thorn creek. In 1835 he moved to a point west of Thornton vil-
lage. Later he opened the first store at Thornton. In 1836 the
pioneer tavern was established by Don Carlos Berry, who about
that time became first postmaster. The first schoolhouse was built
in 1836. James Barton and Caub Sweet were early schoolmasters.
The first sermon heard in the settlement was preached in 1836,
probably by Marcellus McGowan, a Mormon missionary.
The village was platted in 1835 by John H. Kinzie, who had
bought land there from Indians. He soon associated with him
Gurdon S. Hubbard and John Blackstone and they put a saw mill
in operation. Stone quarries were opened at Thornton about 1850.
The first resident physician was Dr. Benjamin Baker. A lodge of
Odd Fellows was duly organized and eventually it erected a build-
ing, which in 1876 was bought by the Methodists and converted into
a church.
Dolton, in the northern part of Thornton township, near the
southern limit of Chicago, on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago &
St. Louis and Chicago & Eastern Illinois railways, and just east
of the main line of the Illinois Central railroad, was settled by An-
drew H. Dolton, and next to Thornton village is the oldest settle-
ment in the township. Henry B. and Charles H. Dolton, brothers
of Andrew, came later and they then were the founders of the
364 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
village. The first plat of the place was made for the settlers by
Alexander Wolcott and embraced that part of the village between
Park and Lincoln avenues and Washington street. The property
south of Blocks 7 and 8 was platted for the Doltons by George E.
Dolton March 7, 1870. Conrad Zimmer was the first local mer-
chant. The first schoolhouse was built in 1868 and Miss Bishop
taught the first school. Dolton postoffice was established in 1870
with Andrew H. Dolton in charge. A Methodist organization
was effected by Rev. J. M. Lambert August, 1870. A Union Sun-
day school dated from August 12, 1877, and S. H. Harrington
was its first superintendent.
South Holland, three miles south of Dolton, was settled by Ger-
mans in 1847. Among the pioneers there were John Kallowingeo,
Henry De Young, R. Van Vuuren, the Gonevens and the Benslips.
They and A. Zevijenberg, who came in 1850, were the only resi-
dents between the villages of Dolton and Thornton. The place
was long known as "the Dutch settlement."
New Hammond, in the northeast corner of Thornton township,
on the Michigan Central railroad, and near the Chicago & Erie,
New York, Chicago & St. Louis and Western Indiana railroads, is
a suburb of Hammond, Indiana. The first settlement there was
made by E. W. Hohman in 1849. It was incorporated in 1892.
Homewood, in the extreme southern corner of Thornton town-
ship, on the Illinois Central railroad, with fine agricultural environ-
ments, was platted in 1852 by James Hart and was originally named
Hartford. Settlement began there in the early '40s. German im-
migration set in in 1840-50 and in time the settlement became char-
acteristically German. A postoffice was established in 1852.
George Churchill was postmaster. H. Brinkeman opened a hotel
in 1851. Thomas Hastings, the primitive merchant, kept a general
store in a building erected by C. D. Robinson. Conrad Zimmer
opened a store in 1855. A company organized on subscribed cap-
ital, with George W. Morris as president, built a flouring mill in
1856. Eventually it passed to other ownership.
In 1856 George Morris laid out forty acres of land adjoining
Hartford, south, in village lots, under the name of Thornton Sta-
tion. It promised well, but the panic of 1857 finished it.
Lansing, in the southern part of Thornton township, on the Pitts-
burg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis railway, was settled by John,
George and Henry Lansing, and was platted in 1865 by John
Lansing. Located on a sandy ridge with natural meadows on all
sides, it has absorbed a settlement formerly known as Cummings
Corners. The baling and shipping of hay produced in the vicinity
early became a leading business. A Lutheran church was built in
1883. The population, largely German, had reached 830 in 1900.
Riverdale, a flourishing little village south of the Chicago limits,
on the Illinois Central and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St.
Louis railroads, is forging to the front with considerable local trade.
EPIDEMICS AND THE PRACTICE
OF MEDICINE
THE early practice of medicine at Chicago is intimately con-
nected with old Fort Dearborn and its garrison. The fort
was built in 1804 and physicians were there as early as the
troops. As early as 1810 Dr. John Cooper, surgeon mate,
came to Fort Dearborn and practiced his profession upon the garri-
son. Dr. Isaac V. Van Voorhees was post surgeon at the time of the
massacre of the garrison and inhabitants in 1812. Doctor Van Voor-
hees himself was killed under peculiarly barbarous circumstances
during the massacre. His death left the remaining troops and
inhabitants without the services of a physician. In this extremity
Mr. Kinzie performed a surgical operation by extracting a bullet
from the arm of Mrs. Heald.
About 1820 Dr. Alexander W. Wolcott located here as post phy-
sician and agent. He was a graduate of Yale college and continued
here until his death in 1830. During his lifetime he served as army
surgeon and practiced for the inhabitants outside of the fort. In
1823 Thomas P. Hall became assistant surgeon at Fort Dearborn,
according to the Army Register. Even as early as 1825 there was
considerable need of the services of a physician, because throughout
this region were from twenty to thirty families besides the soldiers
in the fort. During the year 1822, according to the army records,
one death occurred out of the eighty-seven men connected with the
garrison. The following year three out of ninety-five died. Upon
the departure of the garrison late in the '20s Doctor Wolcott prob-
ably continued to administer to the wants of the few inhabitants.
In 1828 Dr. C. A. Finley was assistant surgeon at Fort Dearborn
and was still here in December, 1830.
It is well to bear in mind the surroundings here when the county
was created in 1831. Along the lake in most cases was a stretch of
sand ridges which were dry and clean. Back a little farther were
low tracts without sand, and throughout the year many portions
were wholly covered with water, or partially so, furnishing thus
natural facilities for the propagation of various fevers and other
diseases. These were the surroundings at the time of the appear-
ance here of Dr. Elijah Dewey Harmon, the first permanent resi-
dent physician of Cook county. He had studied medicine in Ver-
mont and had later served as volunteer surgeon during the War
of 1812. He had the honor of serving as a surgeon at the battle
of Plattsburg in 1814, on the flagship of Commodore McDonough.
365
366 HI8TORY OF COOK COUNTY
There his services on the bloody deck of the "Saratoga" were em-
ployed. He came west in 1829, went to Jacksonville, Illinois, and
elsewhere, and in the fall of 1831 came on horseback to Chicago.
Upon his arrival, Dr. J. B. Finley, the surgeon of the garrison,
was temporarily absent for some time, whereupon Doctor Harmon
was made garrison surgeon and at the same time began a general
practice with a few inhabitants found residing here and in this
vicinity. The appearance of cholera the next year gave him an
abundance of work to do. General Scott arrived July 10, 1832,
and brought with him on board the vessel many cholera cases.
Disease spread rapidly, one out of three of the troops being at-
tacked, and many died. The two companies composing the gar-
rison were separated and removed to different points some dis-
tance from the stockade, where they were surrounded with every
favorable condition possible at that time. Doctor Harmon was
given charge of the sick, and of the cases placed in his hands it is
declared that only two or three deaths occurred. At the time and
afterward Doctor Harmon attributed his success to his avoidance
of the use of calomel in the treatment of the disease. Doctor
Harmon and General Scott had some differences, the former insist-
ing on treating the inhabitants outside of the fort, while the latter
demanded that so long as Doctor Harmon occupied the post of gar-
rison surgeon he must confine his services to the troops. Doctor
Harmon refused, but in time their differences blew away.
During the winter of 1831-32 Doctor Harmon performed the op-
eration of amputating the frozen foot of a half-breed Canadian.
The man was tied to a chair, a tourniquet was applied to the lower
extremity and the foot was successfully removed. Doctor Harmon
with his family occupied the old Kinzie house, where his sign was
displayed. He brought his first medicine with him from Vermont,
but later secured supplies by vessel from Detroit and Buffalo. His
library consisted of about one dozen volumes of standard works
of that date. Later he increased the number until he had one of
the best early medical libraries in the city. He made his visits often
on horseback, but usually to the Chicago inhabitants and those liv-
ing near he journeyed on foot, rain or shine. Many interesting
incidents are related concerning the genial character, hopefulness
and efficiency of Doctor Harmon. He had unbounded faith in the
future development and vast growth of Chicago. He was one of
the first school commissioners and was otherwise prominent outside
of his profession. He died in 1869.
Probably as early as 1829 Dr. S. G. J. De Camp became post
surgeon at Fort Dearborn. It is from his report that the facts in
the table below are derived. He must have been post surgeon dur-
ing the cholera epidemic in 1832, because he reports that 200 cases
were admitted to the hospital in the course of six or seven days,
and that fifty-eight cases terminated fatally. All of the cases ex-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
367
cept those administered by Doctor Harmon were treated with calo-
mel and bloodletting. Doctor De Camp reported that this treat-
ment was so efficacious that the disease was "robbed of all its ter-
rors." He came to the conclusion that the disease was contagious,
owing to the fact that several citizens died of the cholera, although
previous to the arrival of the troops there was not a case of cholera
either in the fort or in the village proper. He further noted a
predisposition to the disease with persons of intemperate habits.
The following is an abstract from the report of Dr. S. G. J. De
Camp exhibiting the principal diseases at Fort Dearborn for seven
years :
Years
18ft9
1830
1831
1833
1834
1835
1836
Totals
91
90
92
104
91
96
104
668
DISEASES :
Intermittent fever
17
18
19
3?,
19
31
136
Remittent fever
15
1
1
|
5
2
26
1
1
2
Diseases of respiratory organs . .
Diseases of digestive organs ....
Diseases of brain and nervous
system
11
30
?,
8
22
3
1
9
10
69
22
84
3
14
53
23
42
1
89
309
9
Rheumatic affections
10
3
7
3
7
15
51
Venereal affections
1
3
?,
7
Ulcers and abscesses
16
1?
9
8
5
7
57
Wounds and injuries
19
15-
10
41
19
10
14
128
4
11
f,
4
8
29
n
5
2
26
10
20
15
90
Totals
118
119
30
193
185
137
160
933
The second physician who located here permanently was Dr.
Philip Maxwell, who also was educated in Vermont. He was assist-
ant post surgeon of the army in 1832. He arrived at Fort Dear-
born March 15, 1833. He later removed to Wisconsin. Other
physicians who were here during the '30s were : Dr. Edmund S.
Kimberly, Dr. John T. Temple, Dr. Henry Clarke, Dr. William B.
Egan, Dr. John W. Eldridge and Dr. Josiah C. Goodhue. These
men were here prior to 1834. Several of them came during the
great increase in population in 1833. It has been stated that sev-
eral of these early physicians located here, not with the expectation
of practicing their profession, but with the design of engaging in
some other occupation, presumably farming. This statement was
made by Doctor Goodhue in an address delivered at the Rock River
Medical society at a later date.
Dr. John T. Temple arrived in 1833 and was for a time volunteer
surgeon of the garrison. He was credited with having made the
first autopsy and with having rendered the first medico-legal testi-
mony in court. Dr. William B. Egan reached Chicago in the fall
of 1833, and thereafter for many years was a successful physician,
368 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
practicing largely among the laborers on the canal. Almost from
the start he began dealing in real estate. He took much interest in
the construction of the canal and the improvement of the city. Dr.
Josiah C. Goodhue was here early in the '30s, secured a lucrative
practice and later removed to Rockford. Two other doctors about
1836 were J. J. Stuart and Lord. Philo Carpenter arrived at Chi-
cago in July, 1832, and assisted in the care of the cholera patients.
A little later he opened a drug and general store near the present
Lake street bridge. The second drug store was opened by Dr. Ed-
mund S. Kimberly, who likewise practiced medicine. As early as
1834 Dr. Peter Temple began the practice of dentistry at Chicago.
About the same date Dr. William H. Kennicott was also engaged
in dentistry here. Both of these dentists had professional cards
in the first newspaper (The Democrat} of that date. Dr. Daniel
Brainard reached Chicago in September, 1835. He began prac-
ticing medicine, and throughout his career was probably the most
prominent figure among the many able physicians of early years.
As early as the winter of 1836-37 he announced the project of
establishing Rush Medical college. In 1838, assisted by Doctor
Goodhue, he performed a difficult double surgical operation, which
attracted the attention of physicians and citizens. This case alone
established his reputation as a surgeon. He was master of all the
collateral branches of medical science. He communicated important
articles on a great variety of subjects to medical journals. His con-
nection with Rush Medical college is well known to all Chicago.
Dr. Charles V. Dyer, who came here in 1833, was city physician
in 1835. At that date the old directory shows the presence here
of the following doctors : John Brinkerhoff, H. Clarke, Levi D.
Boone, Eldridge, E. S- Kimberly, Merrick, Post, and J. J. Stuart.
Doctor Boone was a grand-nephew of Daniel Boone, the Kentucky
pioneer. He arrived in Chicago in 1836 and was a prominent prac-
titioner. As early as October, 1836, a medical society was organ-
ized in this city. At that time it was called the Cook County Med-
ical society, and Dr. Levi D. Boone was its secretary.
Dr. Joseph W. Freer, who arrived here in 1836, became one of
the leaders in medical affairs. After finishing his professional edu-
cation at Rush Medical college he was offered and accepted the
position of instructor in the institution. He also formed a part-
nership in the practice with Dr. J. A. Kennicott of Wheeling. In
after years he became one of the most prominent and useful pro-
fessors in the college.
Dr. John H. Foster was a successful physician in early years.
Dr. John M. Smith began practicing here in the spring of 1837, but
removed to Philadelphia in 1842. He was an elder brother of the
distinguished orator S. Lisle Smith. Dr. George W. Wentworth
located here during the '40s. He was a brother of John Went-
worth.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 369
The practice of medicine in Chicago is closely identified in early
days with the medical staff of Rush Medical college. That insti-
tution was first suggested in 1836. Its first building was erected
in 1844. The first four professors connected with it were Brainard,
Blaney, McLean, and Knapp. These men practiced much outside of
their duties at the college. In 1855 the following eminent medical
men were connected with the college: Daniel Brainard, Austin
Flint, George N. Flint, J. V. Z. Blaney, John McLean and William
B. Herrick. It was in 1859 that a division occurred in the staff of
Rush Medical college, resulting in the organization of a separate
institution, later called the Chicago Medical college. To supply
the vacancies caused by this division, the following physicians be-
came connected with Rush Medical college at that date : J. Adams
Allen, De Laskie Miller, Ephraim Ingals, R. L. Rea, A. S. Hud-
son and Joseph W. Freer.
In 1850 the Chicago Medical society was inaugurated, the first
meeting being held at Randolph and Clark streets. Among those
present were: Doctors Daniel Brainard, Levi D. Boone, Brockholst
McVickar, W. B. Herrick, John Evans, Edwin G. Meek, J. Herman
Bird, S. W. Ritchell, J. V. Z. Blaney, Nathan S. Davis and Philip
Maxwell. These well known practitioners formally established the
Chicago Medical society. In September, 1857, the German Medical
society of Chicago was organized, the first officers being: William
Wagner, president ; E. Schmidt, vice-president ; George D. Schlotzer,
secretary.
As early as 1844 the first issue of the Illinois Medical and Surgical
Journal appeared here under the management of Dr. J. V. Z.
Blaney.
The business and general directory of Chicago in 1845 enrolled
twenty-eight names of physicians. In addition to those mentioned
above the following appeared : S. D. Cornell, A. W. Davidson, H.
H. Beardsley, William Allen, Charles H. Duck, Philip Maxwell,
Aaron Pitney and D. S. Smith.
In 1847 the first general hospital was established on the North
side near Kinzie and Wolcott streets, chiefly through the influence
of Doctor Brainard and his associates. The medical staff there at
the commencement were Doctors Blaney, Brainard, Herrick, etc.
Among those connected with the Chicago Medical college in
1859, the date of its commencement, were Doctors David Rutter,
Ralph N. Isham, Hosmer A. Johnston and Edmund Andrews. Later
the following were connected with it : N. S. Davis, W. H. Byford,
J. H. Hollister, Doctor Mahla, M. K. Taylor, Titus De Ville and
H. G. Spafford. Lectures were first delivered in the Lind block at
Market and Randolph streets to a class of thirty-three members, of
whom nine were finally graduated. The first building owned by
this institution was at State and Twenty-second streets, and in
1870 was removed to Prairie and Twenty-sixth streets. At that
370 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
that time Mercy hospital became connected with it. Thereafter the
medical board of that hospital was made up of professors from the
college. The Mercy hospital was chartered in the '40s, but a com-
mencement was not made until about 1850. Among the trustees
mentioned were Doctor Evans and Judges Dickey and Skinner.
In 1850 Dr. N. S. Davis delivered a course of six lectures on the
sanitary condition of Chicago, and the proceeds realized from the
admission fee secured for the hospital some of its first funds.
Twelve beds were purchased and placed in the old Lake house at
Rush and North Water streets. Its success was largely due to
the unremitting and able efforts of Doctor Davis and Doctor Brain-
ard. The Sisters of Mercy took charge in 1857 and proceeded to
enlarge the accommodations. In after years the institution became
a Godsend to the sick and helpless.
In the '50s the Woman's Medical college of Chicago was pro-
jected. At that date there was intense prejudice against the ad-
mission of women to the profession of medicine, but Emily Black-
well had attended a course of lectures at Rush Medical college,
and being denied a continuance there, mainly through the prejudice
of the Illinois State Medical society, she went to Cleveland and
there graduated in medicine. Soon after this Dr. Mary H. Thomp-
son began practicing medicine in Chicago, notwithstanding the
prejudice against her sex. These were the first women to brave the
displeasure of the male practitioners at Chicago. Others afterward
assumed the responsibility and in time it became common to see
women acting as disciples of Esculapius. In 1869 four women
entered the Chicago Medical college and took the full course. The
great fire of 1871 destroyed the Women's hospital.
The Chicago Relief and Aid society was organized in the '50s
and during the war was particularly active, and its services were
wide and invaluable. Another early institution was the hospital
for Women and Children, which at a later date was located at West
Adams and Paulina streets. The Illinois charitable Eye and Ear
Infirmary was another important institution about this date. Their
first building was on East Pierson street. In 1854-55, during the
cholera epidemic, the city established a hospital at Eighteenth and
Arnold streets, where afterward was located the County hospital.
Frame buildings were first used, and at that time Dr. Brock Mc-
Vickar was city physician. The Board of Health of the city was
active and prominent during the '50s and later. The County hos-
pital recognized the two distinct medical schools — the Allopathic
and the Homeopathic boards. Still later the Eclectics were also rec-
ognized.
As early as 1858 clinical instruction was given by the faculty of
the medical colleges and by Doctors George K. Amerman and J. P.
Ross, who devoted considerable attention to that branch of the prac-
tice. During the war the clinical school was conducted with much
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 371
success and satisfaction. Dr. B. McVickar was connected with it.
It was through the efforts mainly of Doctors Ross and Amerman
that the Cook County hospital service was reorganized and expanded
about 1866. They afterward were prominently connected with the
institution.
In 1835 the trustees of Chicago established a permanent Board
of Health. Only one physician, Dr. John T. Temple, was a mem-
ber of same. In 1837 among the members of the board were Doc-
tors J. W. Eldridge and Daniel Brainard. The next year Dr. E. S.
Kimberly succeeded Dr. Brainard, and in 1841 Dr. J. W. Eldridge
occupied the position. In 1842 Dr. W. B. Egan became city physi-
cian, and Austin Smith, who was city marshal, was appointed his
assistant. The position of city physician was afterward filled by
the following physicians : Philip Maxwell, Henry S. Huber, A. B.
Boone, A. B. Palmer, Brock McVickar, I. Lynn, Gerhard Paoli,
William Wagner and Lucien P. Cheney. The latter held the posi-
tion for thirteen years, until 1874. In 1867 the Health department
was severed from the Police department and placed under the man-
agement of the Board of Health. At this date a sanitary superin-
tendent was the executive officer. The Board of Health at this
time was composed of the following doctors : H. A. Johnson, J. H.
Ranch and William Wagner, besides several citizens. Doctor Rauch
was sanitary superintendent and Dr. H. S. Hahn city physician.
The sanitary condition since that date has invariably been taken
into consideration.
The transfer of the Health department to the control and man-
agement of the mayor and police in 1860 encountered the emphatic
protest of every leading medical man in the city. The Chicago
Medical society likewise protested against the procedure. In 1876
the City Council abolished the Board of Health and created a com-
missioner of health and made provision for a corps of sanitary in-
spectors as well as a registrar of civil statistics. The act of 1881
placed under the supervision of the health commissioner the sani-
tary condition of the factories, shops, etc. A little later it was given
control and supervision of the milk supply, the control of epidemics,
management of free baths and the school of inspection, etc. Late
in the '80s the Board of Health was gradually expanded and syste-
matized. New departments were added by the city and new dis-
eases were carefully studied with a view to prevention. Probably
at the present time no city in the country has a more efficient inspec-
tion with a view to public health than has Chicago.
Upon the organization of the City Medical society in 1850 Doc-
tor Herrick was elected its first president and Dr. Edwin G. Meek
one of the first secretaries.
Homeopathy was represented in Chicago as early as 1836 by Dr.
Daniel S. Smith, who later was called the "Father of Homeopathy."
In 1842 Dr. E. E. W. Adams, of the same medical school, arrived
372 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
here. The following year Dr. Aaron Pitney, also a practitioner of
Homeopathy, located here. These three were the first of that school
to practice in Cook county. Later Doctors George E. Shipman,
Henry W. Boardman, D. A. Colton, G. D. Beebe, Nicholas F.
Cooke, Reuben Ludlam and Alvin E. Small were practitioners of
the same school here. In 1851 at the office of Skinner & Hoyne,
Lake and Dearborn streets, the Western Homeopathy association
was inaugurated. This preliminary meeting was attended by Pro-
fessor L. Dodge of Cleveland, chairman, and Dr. T. G. Comstock,
St. Louis, secretary. The committee on credentials consisted of
Doctors D. S. Smith and George E. Shipman of Chicago, and Dr.
L. M. Tracy of Milwaukee. Later a convention held at Warner's
hall and largely attended by Western Homeopathists duly created
the Western Institute of Homeopathy. At first there was much
divergence between the Allopaths and the Homeopaths, but by 1857,
as before stated, the differences were largely healed by the appoint-
ment of the Board of Health to the city hospital of joint practition-
ers of the two schools.
v, The first Homeopathic pharmacy was opened in Chicago in 1844
by Dr. David B. Smith. In 1854 the Homeopaths established a hos-
pital at 20 Kinzie street. In 1853 steps were taken to secure a char-
ter for a Homeopathic college by Dr. David S. Smith. It is said
that Abraham Lincoln prepared the draft of the first charter in 1855.
No records are accessible showing the diseases of the country
during the French occupation so far as it has been possible to
ascertain. The natural topography of Chicago, is that of a flat,
sandy plain along the lake front, which rises to about eight feet,
and again descends to the north and south branches of the river.
Westward a vast prairie stretched to and beyond the Des Plaines
river. A natural forest of oaks extends to within a mile of the
river on the north, along the banks of the North branch.
The fort consisted of two block houses with a parade ground and
sally port, or subterranean passage to the river, the whole sur-
rounded by a stockade. It was garrisoned with fifty men and three
pieces of artillery.
Surgeon Forry, who, under the direction of Surgeon General
Lawson, compiled the first official volume of medical statistics of
the army, says : "As the bank of the lake is several feet higher than
the ground in the rear, the latter is sometimes covered with water."
"This position," says the writer, "is one of our most salubrious
military stations. According to the Adjutant General's returns, the
deaths from all causes amount to eight, being 1 3-10 per cent per
annum. Of these deaths, five are reported in the military returns,
viz. : one phthisis pulmonalis, two bilious remittent fever, and two
spasmodic cholera. Excluding the last two cases, which occurred in
1834, the annual ratio of mortality is no higher than 5-10 per cent."
The settlers were without doubt subject to the prevalent diseases
GROUP OF STATE REPRESENTATIVES.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 375
of the northwestern frontier, such as bilious or remittent fever, ague
and occasionally epidemic dysentery. This assertion does not rest
on recorded observations, so far as this particular locality is con-
cerned, but on the fact that nearly all the northwestern country,
and also western New York, suffered from epidemic dysentery.
One hundred and ten cases of diarrhoea and dysentery were reported
among the troops at Fort Dearborn up to 1829, when the post was
abandoned. Dr. Lovell of the army states :
"Dysentery and diarrhoea were the most general diseases through
the summer months and they continued into the autumn. These
diseases (intermittents), though severe, bore but a small propor-
tion to the usual pestilences of our army, diarrhoea and dysentery.
All of the army posts on the Great Lakes during the period named
seemed to have suffered from it. Incidentally it may be mentioned
that ipecacuanha was regarded almost as a specific."
According to Daniel Drake, in 1848, "the town of Chicago has
been more infested with autumnal fever than Fort Dearborn." This
he attributed to the upturning of the soil by the plow and the spade.
In 1829 exclusive of the garrison, there were between six and ten
families in Chicago (squatters). The extreme salubrity of the
place is mentioned by all the early writers, and Governor Reynolds
attributes it to the lake breezes. Work on the canal caused a great
deal of sickness, and after the disappearance of cholera of 1832,
the town was still unhealthy. Nearly all the workmen who lived
along the line of the canal were attacked by "autumnal" fevers and
many died with visceral congestions.
The first epidemic of any great extent in the northwestern coun-
try was the epidemic of Asiatic cholera which prevailed in 1832.
This disease was brought to Chicago by the troops who had been
ordered from Fortress Monroe, Va., to Fort Dearborn to take part
in the Black Hawk war.
"Cholera had prevailed," says Doctor Peters, "in Russia in 1829
and 1830. It reached England, Scotland and Ireland in 1831 and
was first landed at Grosse Isle, the quarantine station for Quebec,
on April 28, 1832, by the ship 'Constantia' from Limerick, Ireland,
with 170 emigrants, of whom twenty-nine had died of cholera on the
voyage. On May 14, the ship 'Robert,' from Cork, arrived, having
ten deaths from cholera ; May 28, the ship 'Elizabeth,' from Dublin,
came in with 200 passengers and twenty deaths from cholera. June
3 the brig 'Carrick,' from Dublin, followed with 145 emigrants
and forty-two deaths from cholera. Total, 375 emigrants and 159
deaths. There was no proper quarantine and all who seemed well
were forwarded at once from Grosse Isle. The soiled clothing was
not washed, and disinfection was unknown."
These immigrants were allowed to proceed to Quebec and Mont-
real, and although many died on the way, it seems that the exist-
ence of the cholera was not known or recognized by the authorities
Vol. 11—22.
376 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
until the arrival of the "Carrick" in June; and it seems that for
some time that date was fixed as the landing of the first case of
cholera, although it actually occurred in April, and, so far as is now
known, that was the first importation of Asiatic cholera on the
North American continent. There were cases at Albany on July
3, and at Schenectady on the 12th, and one at Rochester. A case
from New York was reported on the same date. On July 15 there
were cases among the canal boatmen, and early in July there were
numerous cases among the immigrants at that port, where they were
congregated in great numbers awaiting transportation to Detroit
and the northwest. It was at this point, without doubt, the troops
became infected. The steamboat "Henry Clay," a boat previously
engaged in transportation of immigrants, was chartered to transfer
troops from Buffalo, and seven companies of infantry were em-
barked July 1. She was detained two days at Buffalo on account
of adverse winds, and only sailed July 3. The next day cholera
made its appearance among the troops and two died. The steamer
"Sheldon Thompson" had only a short time preceded her, having
on board General Scott and staff, six companies of artillery and
two of infantry. The garrison at Fort Niagara had also been sent
to Detroit, had arrived June 30, and were quartered in the worst
part of the town in an old brick building on the bank of the river.
The disease rapidly spread on the "Henry Clay" and on July 7 the
troops were landed one mile below Fort Gratiot on the St. Clair
river. "Two days later," says McClellan, "owing to the virulence
of the epidemic by deaths, and desertions among the panic stricken,
the seven companies which left Buffalo but five days before were
reduced to a total of but sixty-eight men. A large number of de-
serters from the camp are reported to have died from cholera in
the surrounding country, many on the roadside." On July 8 the
troops from Fort Niagara had the disease, and the city authorities
demanded their removal. The steamboat "Sheldon Thompson" be-
ing free of the disease, sailed on the 6th and arrived at Fort Mack-
inaw, but cholera having developed, four cases were sent to the post
hospital, where they died. On the 8th, all well on board, the
"Thompson" proceeded ; she had twenty-nine cases that day and
reached Chicago July 10 with a total of seventy-six cases and nine-
teen deaths.
Major General Macomb, in his annual report, speaking of this
event, says: "The cholera was just at this time making its way into
the United States from Canada, and infected our troops while on
board the steamboats in their passage up the lakes; and such was
the rapidity with which this disease spread among them, that in a
few days the whole of the force sent by the lakes was incapable of
taking the field. Some were landed at Fort Gratiot, others were
stopped at Detroit, while the principal part reached- Chicago in a
most deplorable condition. Of the six companies of artillery which
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 377
left Fort Monroe, five companies arrived at Chicago, a distance of
1,800 miles, in the short space of eighteen days — a rapidity which
is believed to be unprecedented in military movements. The loss
by cholera in that detachment alone was equal to one out of every
three men."
The Black Hawk excitement had swelled the population of the
little town of Chicago, and there being no houses, the fugitives
flocked into the abandoned fort; but military necessity compelled
its reoccupation and the refugees were turned out into the prairie.
With the arrival of the troops under the command of General Scott
the aggregate strength of the garrison at Fort Dearborn reached
1,000 men. Assistant Surgeon De Camp, the medical officer at the
fort, reported : "Several of the men belonging to Major Whistler's
command took the disease and two died. Several citizens of the
village also died of cholera, although previous to the arrival of the
steamboat which brought the disease to Fort Dearborn there was
not a case of disease of any kind at the fort or in the village. When
the troops marched for the Mississippi, they appeared in perfect
health, yet on the way it broke out again and three died. It made
its appearance when the command reached the Mississippi and be-
came as fatal, I believe, as it had at Fort Dearborn
As the troops were very much crowded in the fort, and as the dis-
ease was making frightful havoc, I advised the commanding officer
to have the well men quartered in a barn outside the pickets, from
which time the number of new cases declined." — (Lawson, statis-
tical report, etc., 1840). According to this report 200 cases were
admitted into the hospital in the course of six or seven days, fifty-
eight of which died. Those who died were buried quickly.
Brown's History of Illinois says: "The burial of the dead was
entrusted to a sergeant, who executed his duty with military pre-
cision as soon as life was extinct. On one occasion several were
removed from the hospital to be buried at once. The grave had
already been dug and the bodies, wrapped in blankets, were laid by
its side, and nothing more remained to complete the service but to
turn them one after another in, when one corpse appeared to move.
A brother soldier resorting thither, his old messmate opened his
eyes and asked for water. The sergeant said the man might be
taken back, as he was not quite ready for burial. The old soldier
lived many years afterward."
According to Dr. N. S. Davis jaundice has several times pre-
vailed as an epidemic in Chicago.
The fear of cholera operated to cause the town authorities to pass
certain sanitary enactments, the first of which on November 7,
1833, made it unlawful to throw any carcass into the river "under
a penalty of three dollars." — (Report of the Board of Health for
1867, 1868 and 1869, and a sanitary history of Chicago from 1833
to 1870. Chicago, 1871.) In June following the trustees directed
378 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the supervisor to abate all nuisances, and a vigilance committee was
appointed at a meeting held at Hubbard and Company's store. Ac-
cording to Governor Reynolds the first public expenditure by the
new town was for an estray pen or pound, which ground cost the
embryo city $12, and is a part of the square on which the courthouse
now stands. Early in 1849 the city council directed the street com-
missioners to notify the owners or occupants of any lots or premises
to remove nuisances and keep the property clean. This was in
anticipation of the advent of cholera.
"This action," says Dr. John H. Rauch, "was not any too soon,
as on April 29 cholera was brought here by the emigrant boat 'John
Drew.' Her captain, John Pendleton, contracted the disease from
immigrants who had come from New Orleans by way of the
Mississippi and Illinois rivers and the canal, and died a few hours
after his arrival. Others who came by the same boat also died.
There being no quarantine regulations, the disease was further
introduced and spread by immigrants arriving from Europe."
The city was fully aroused ; lime to the extent of one hundred
barrels was scattered on the streets ; nuisances were abated ; slaugh-
ter houses were forbidden to be erected within certain limits; the
construction of sewers was authorized, and on May 15 an appropri-
ation was made for the construction of a cholera hospital for the
poor who might be attacked with the disease. Notwithstanding the
vigorous action of the Council and the Board of Health, the dis-
ease continued to spread, and during the thirty-four days from July
25 to August 28 there were 1,000 cases of cholera and 314 deaths.
The cholera hospital was closed September 24, but it had to be
opened again in October on account of the reappearance of the
disease among some newly arrived immigrants. One person in
every thirty-six of the population, according to Dr. Rauch, died,
the total cholera mortality being 678. Nor did the scourge die out
with the year 1849, for it reappeared in July, 1850, and to Septem-
ber carried off 420 persons. It is learned from the official record
already quoted that during this epidemic the Board of Health met
every day. In 1851 the mortality from cholera was 216, and in
this year the Board of Water Commissioners was created. In 1852
there were 630 deaths from cholera, and a temporary cholera hos-
pital was erected on the beach in the north division. City Physician
recommended a more adequate supply of lake water and stated the
necessity for better drainage. There was but a single death from
cholera in 1853 — July 30; but in 1854 — July 10, twenty-six deaths
from cholera were reported, it is believed that the disease had been
in existence for several weeks previous, but had not been reported.
The disease continued to spread and lasted until December, giving
a total recorded mortality of 1,424, although the probability is that
there were many deaths which were not recorded. Chicago was
not alone in the suffering of that year, St. Louis losing the enormous
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 379
number of 3,547 cases, and the blame of the introduction into the
West of the cholera of that year is charged to the laxity of the
quarantine regulations at New York and New Orleans. In 1855
the mortality from cholera was 147, but dysentery is reported as
having caused 150 deaths, and no more is heard of cholera until
August, 1863, when there were three deaths and one in September.
In 1864 there was but one death from cholera. July 21, 1866, a
case of cholera was reported, and although concealed under the name
of cholera morbus, the disease continued to spread, until November,
when the total number of cases had reached 1,561 and the deaths
990. In July, 1867, cholera was again present, but there were only
67 cases up to the last case October 3. The utmost exertions were
made by Sanitary Superintendent John H. Rauch to prevent the
spread of the disease by isolation of the cases and disinfection of
the premises, with eminent success.
The introduction of the water of Lake Michigan, the improved
sewerage and the unceasing vigilance of the sanitary authorities
so improved the condition of the city that when cholera again made
its appearance in Chicago, May 24, 1873, it did not spread, and
when the second case occurred June 10 there were only eight re-
sulting cases. This epidemic was very widespread and came from
New Orleans. Every portion of the Mississippi valley was visited
by the scourge, and Congress ordered a special report. This report
was made very exhaustively by Jno. C. Peters, John M. Wood-
worth, Ely McClellan, Jno. S. Billings and Frank W. Reilly.
From Doctor Peters's subsequent condensation in Wendt's vol-
ume, the following is quoted :
"The cholera invasion of the State of Illinois dates from May
24, when a man who had been employed as a bridge builder on the
Memphis and Paducah railroad died of cholera in Chicago. No
other cases occurred in that city until June 10, when a cholera death
occurred in a house occupied by several Danish families, and in
which an immigrant lately arrived from New Orleans had been
sick with what was supposed to be typhoid fever. From this case
a local epidemic occurred, consisting of eight cases, all having an
epidemic connection, and from them a circumscribed epidemic oc-
curred, fed by occasional importation. That no serious epidemic
occurred in the city of Chicago was due to the activity and vigilance
of the health authorities."
The persistence with which cholera clung to Chicago in former
years was without doubt due to the lack of sewerage, bad water sup-
ply and filthy surroundings of tenements. Whenever the seed is
again sown, under like conditions, we may expect to reap even
more disastrous results, in proportion to the great increase of popu-
lation. It is true that the marshes have been reclaimed and in that
work the mighty energy of the great city was displayed. Few at
the present day would imagine that by far the largest area of the
380 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
business center of Chicago was raised from the marsh by rilling.
The streets were raised to a grade of from eight to twelve feet above
their natural level, and then whole blocks of business houses were
lifted by jackscrews to correspond to the new grade, and in this
work the ever present fear of the reappearance of cholera with its
attendant loss of life and business depression operated as the prin-
cipal cause. The raising of the city grade was necessary in order
to provide drainage and sewerage, and to prevent dampness, and
this was the view constantly urged by the sanitary authorities. From
the earliest appearance of cholera the people were thoroughly
aroused to the necessity of active effort and as early as 1834 the
town supervisor was given authority to order "every male person in
said town over the age of twenty-one years" to work at street clean-
ing or furnish a substitute, for a failure to obey the supervisor's
order, a penalty of $5 was authorized to be assessed for every
offense. When the scare was over, however, the penalty was re-
duced to $1. The whole history shows that cholera and smallpox
were the real mainsprings of sanitary action, and the Council was
active or apathetic according to the presence or absence of one or
the other of these diseases.
Vaccination has been practiced in the army as a regulation routine
of the recruiting service for many years, and in consequence there
is not found a single case of smallpox among the returns of dis-
eases among the troops at Fort Dearborn at any time during its
occupancy.
That there was a smallpox scare in 1848 and presumably cases of
that disease in the city is apparent from the action of the Board of
Health January 24 in appointing a city physician, although "with-
out salary," and the further order of the board directing the city
marshal "to call upon the other physicians of the city and ascertain
who were willing to vaccinate persons unable to pay for the opera-
tion; to publish the names of such physicians in English and Ger-
man handbills, in connection with a call upon all persons who were
not vaccinated to be vaccinated without delay." — (Rauch Sanitary
History of Chicago, page 20.) Nothing more seems to have been
done until February 12 when Dr. E. Me Arthur called the attention
of the Council to the necessity of vaccination and Dr. Henry S.
Huber and Doctor Bird sent a joint letter urging the necessity of
vaccinating the poor on account of the prevalence of smallpox,
but no statement is anywhere furnished of the number of cases in
the city. Smallpox was reported in December, 1850, and was prob-
ably present each winter, for Dr. Rauch informs that in 1851 "small-
pox increasing, on February 5 the Council ordered the city physi-
cian, Dr. Boone, to vaccinate, at the expense of the city, all persons
who needed it, so as to prevent the spread of the disease." There
were "several" cases reported this year but beyond vaccination in
a desultory fashion no municipal action was taken. Two deaths
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 381
from smallpox are on the mortality list, which was the first recorded
list.
As early as 1834 Dr. WiHiam Clark and Dr. E. S. Kimberly
were authorized to establish a hospital for cholera outside the town
limits, and in an ordinance of 1837 there is a clause authorizing the
establishment of one or more hospitals, but the first mention of
smallpox hospital proper is found in 1853, where the smallpox hos-
pital was ordered to be opened for the reception of some cases of
"ship" or typhus fever, and on June 28 of the same year, when
the hospital was ordered to be altered "so as to accommodate small-
pox at one end and cholera at the other," a truly accommodating ar-
rangement, but one based on entire misconception of the necessities
of administration. The pest house was removed further from the
city in 1853, and Doctor McArthur again called the attention of the
City Council to the prevalence of smallpox and urged a general vac-
cination. In 1854 a prize of $100 was offered for the best plan of a
smallpox hospital. In 1855 the smallpox hospital was enlarged
and the infected houses ordered to be placarded. This is the first rec-
ord of a warning sign on any infected house. The Marine hospital,
then located at Rush street bridge on part of the old Fort Dearborn
reservation, had refused to receive cases of smallpox occurring
among sailors, on account of the danger of infecting the hospital,
and a claim was made against the government for the care of sailors
treated in the pest house. In 1856 a new smallpox hospital was
built on the north beach just below the cemetery (now Lincoln
Park).
In 1862 the smallpox cases materially increased although only
five deaths were recorded, and the rather long period of good health
had induced the city authorities to discontinue the employment of a
medical man as health officer, and the mayor delegated the duties
of that office to a policeman. The smallpox, however, showed no
particular respect for "the force" and the Council finally passed an
ordinance reestablishing the office of city physician and placed
under his charge the general supervision of the sanitary condition
of the city, the superintendence of the contagious disease hospitals
and attendance on the sick therein, and the attendance on the poor.
For this extended duty the city physician was allowed by the same
ordinance $600 a year in monthly payments. It was stated that
there were 800 cases of smallpox in the city from September, 1862,
to May, 1863, although the mortality returns only partially show it.
The Chicago Medical society appointed a committee of which Dr.
John Bartlett was chairman to inspect and report on the condition
of the pest house. His report was to the effect that it was badly
managed and inadequate for its purpose. In 1864 the increase of
smallpox had grown alarming, and a new pest house was built, and
additional policemen detailed to assist the health officer. There
were 1,233 cases reported this year and 283 deaths. The next year
382 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the smallpox showed little abatement, there being 1,058 cases and
57 deaths ; this year the city physician was authorized to remove any
person suffering from smallpox in any building to the smallpox
hospital if in his judgment it was safe. The number of cases was
reduced to 155 in 1866 of which nine died.
With the appointment of the Board of Health in 1867, real effi-
ciency was for the first time shown in sanitary administration. In
July on motion of Dr. H. A. Johnson the Board took active measures
to vaccinate the people, and it may be inferred what the previous
condition of the smallpox hospital may have been when it is said
the Board recommended that the Board of Public Works "be re-
quested to make the necessary arrangements for supplying said
hospital with lake water; also when water is supplied, that the
necessary steps be taken to furnish bathing facilities, and that
the better portion of the clothing be disinfected by boiling, hot air,
and the vapors of sulphur or bromine under the direction of the
city physician."
In this year on recommendation of the Board of Health children
were forbidden to be received in the public schools without a cer-
tificate of vaccination. The schools were visited by sanitary inspec-
tors and free vaccination was performed. There were 968 cases re-
ported during the year and Dr. Ranch states that about 30,000 per-
sons were vaccinated and revaccinated. In the first four months of
1868 smallpox was very prevalent, and the large influx of immi-
grants made an inspection of them a necessity. There were 1,286
cases reported, of which forty-eight were immigrants just arrived,
and the next year the Board of Health sent a memorial to Con-
gress requesting the vaccination of immigrants before they are
received on shipboard for transportation to this country. This
wise measure was not finally carried into effect until the passage of
the Act of Congress February 15, 1893, more than twenty years
later. In 1873 smallpox continuing, an attempt was made in Decem-
ber of that year to eradicate the disease by house to house vaccina-
tion. Twelve inspectors were appointed, four for each division
of the city, and 50,134 persons and 3,000 families were inspected.
The "Chicago Relief and Aid society" also aided very materially in
the work. A new smallpox hospital was built and occupied in this
year, and located on the grounds of the House of Correction, and
the old Lake hospital was abandoned. This hospital was better
equipped than any previous one, and private rooms were provided
for the class of patients requiring them, in order that the objections
urged against leaving a well furnished home might no longer
obtain. More than 63,000 were vaccinated. The reports for the
years 1870, 1871, 1872 and 1873 are consolidated and owing to the
great fire of October, 1871, the reports are very imperfect. There
were reported 2,382 cases of smallpox in 1872, and 1,766 in 1873.
The good effects of the active work of vaccination, inspection and
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 383
isolation were apparent, for the number of cases diminished to 343
in 1874 and to 39 in 1875. In the last half of 1875 there were no
cases. The condition of the smallpox hospital was asserted by
Sanitary Superintendent Ben. C. Miller to be excellent in all re-
spects. Six months' immunity brought relaxation from vaccina-
tion and the constant inflow of immigrants brought more cases, and
from them the disease spread, the smallpox report in 1876 is made
to the sanitary superintendent by Dr. J. Suydam Knox, who says :
"The first case occurred February 14 and scattering cases in various
parts of the city. August 11 the disease appeared in a tenement
house in Milwaukee avenue and twenty cases were traced to this
source. On September 21 at 22 Hinsch street five cases were dis-
covered and twelve cases followed from this. November 6 six
cases were found on Orchard street and fourteen cases resulted
from them. November 12 the disease was reported in the sixth
and seventh wards.
The measures taken for the suppression of the disease were: 1.
Prompt removal of patient to the hospital. 2. Thorough disinfec-
tion of infected premises. 3. Extensive and compulsory vaccina-
tion."
Doctor Knox further says: "Of the 154 cases of smallpox during
the year, 116 were removed to the hospital, of whom twenty-six,
or 22.4 per cent, died. Thirty-eight were quarantined at home, of
whom seventeen, or 45 per cent, died. In other words, the chances
of a smallpox patient were improved 100 per cent by removal." It
was not the severity of the disease that prevented removal to hos-
pital, as might be inferred from these figures, for the doctor says
the following were the conditions which prevented removal: 1.
The suppurative stage of the disease. 2. The inability of mothers
to accompany young or nursing children. 3. The ability to fully
isolate the patient at home.
The Health Department this year reported 19,980 vaccinations.
In the first half of the year 1878, 102 cases of smallpox were re-
ported, and twenty-one deaths, but no cases after July 25. Eighty-
eight of the 102 cases were treated in the smallpox hospital. Health
Officer De Wolf advocated sulphur fumigation. He says : "The re-
sults of this fumigation have given me great satisfaction. Houses
are made as close as paste and paper can make them, and with the
clothing, bedding, furniture, etc., are subjected for a period of eight
hours to the action of this gas liberally supplied. With a single
exception the disease has not recurred in any house thus treated."
In 1879 there was but a single death from smallpox, an immi-
grant at the Hotel Denmark; but in 1880 there were 227 cases, of
which 216 were treated in hospital and eleven quarantined at home.
The Health Commissioner, Doctor De Wolf, attributed the new in-
fection as due to the large number of unvaccinated immigrants, of
whom 147,000 arrived at and were distributed from Chicago. In
384 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
regard to the use of the hospital he says : "The added experience of
each year teaches me more and more that, in the attempt to circum-
scribe the ravages of this contagious disease, the only safety to the
masses is in the early removal of the patient to hospital, particularly
among the tenement house population, with ignorance, willfulness
and constant intermingling of the inmates of these houses to con-
tend against. I do not Believe that isolation can ever be relied
upon. Wherever I have been led to trust the experiment of leaving
a patient in one of these homes, I have in the end invariably re-
gretted having done so."
He refers to the wonderful protection afforded by vaccination
and reverts to the fact that "in the preceding four years, in which
period smallpox has twice become prevalent in all parts of the city,
only two cases of the disease have been reported among the 57,000
children attending the public schools."
A conference of representatives of State Boards of Health was
held June 30, 1881, at which nearly every State board in the United
States was represented. Dr. De Wolf reported that there were
then sixty-two cases of smallpox in the hospital, and that in the
first twenty-three weeks of 1881 there had been 136 deaths, and
after much discussion the conference attributed the cause of the con-
tinuance of the epidemic to lack of vaccination of immigrants.
Smallpox appeared in various places throughout the State and dur-
ing the three years up to 1882 there was an aggregate of 8,856
cases and 2,978 deaths. Of these, 6,518 cases and 2,518 deaths
were in Chicago alone.
The health commissioner said in his report for 1881-82: "Our
citizens had been sufficiently protected by methodical house to house
vaccination in the districts liable to general infection. Yet the daily
arrival of immigrants- suffering from the disease, and large num-
bers unprotected by vaccination and ready to receive the infection
on exposure, filled our hospital until it became necessary in Febru-
ary, 1882, to construct a larger building within the same enclosure.
This new building was erected in ten days after contract, and in two
weeks thereafter sheltered 150 strangers, not one of whom could
speak our language."
In this year an interior immigrant inspection service was main-
tained by the National Board of Health and under the supervision
of Dr. John H. Rand. In June, 1882, the hospital was again placed
in charge of the Catholic sisters. In the year 1887 ten cases of
smallpox were brought into the city, but no epidemic resulted. The
hospital was kept fully equipped and ambulances were in readiness
even when there was no case in the city, but the precaution was
like that against fire, always necessary.
The long immunity from severe epidemic naturally increased the
number of those susceptible to the disease, by neglect of vaccina-
tion ; and the great influx of strangers in 1893 in attendance on the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 385
world's fair, together with a large immigration, made the oppor-
tunities greater than ever for sowing the smallpox infection. There
were three centers of infection, according to the report of the chief
sanitary inspector, Dr. Garrod, to Commissioner Reynolds. In this
year there were 140 cases and twenty-three deaths. In 1894 the
disease markedly increased during the first half of the year.
Scarlet fever and diphtheria have been almost constantly present
for many years. The first case of diphtheria is reported to have
occurred in March, 1885. — (Epidemic Diseases of Illinois, R. C.
Hamill, M. D., Transactions American Medical Association, Vol.
18). There were then many cases in several places throughout the
State. The cause of diphtheria being unknown until a very recent
period, and bacteriologic diagnoses wholly unknown, it is not sur-
prising that there have been many failures in diagnosis, even after
notification was ordered. It is well understood by medical statis-
ticians that many cases of diphtheria have been returned as croup,
and vice versa. This has almost made the statistics valueless, so
far as mortality is concerned. From this time forward there will
be no difficulty in securing accurate returns, as the health depart-
ment of the city for many years has had a bacteriological laboratory
wherein careful examinations are made of faucial scrapings and
pharyngeal mucous.
Although the exact date of the first case of scarlet fever cannot
be given, it is certain that it has prevailed as an epidemic of more
or less severity for many years, and up to February, 1877, no re-
ports of its presence were required, but the medical profession
themselves took the matter in hand and at a conference held with
Health Commissioner De Wolf the same system of notification was
agreed upon as already existed with regard to smallpox. There
were said to be more than 100 cases in January, 1877, and in Feb-
ruary there were actually reported 481 cases, and for the eleven
months of 1877 2,205 cases and 810 deaths, giving a percentage to
the total mortality of 36.73. There has never been a hospital for
the reception of diphtheria and scarlet fever patients, and doubtless
for that reason no attempt has been made to limit the spread of
these diseases beyond house disinfection, attempted isolation and
house placards. Diphtheria, as will be seen by the table, has caused
many more deaths than scarlet fever. There is a point bearing
on the question of relative mortality which it is well to remember,
and that is, that a relatively larger number of cases of scarlet fever
die from delayed secondary infection, and the cause of death is
put down to one of the sequelae of scarlet fever rather than the
disease itself. Taking into consideration this source of error in
the statistics in respect to deaths from scarlet fever and errors of
diagnosis in respect to diphtheria, it can readily be seen that the
figures are surely much under the truth. Nor is it to be expected
that much more accurate returns will be received until these cases
shall be cared for as smallpox is now cared for.
386 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
An epidemic of influenza was present in 1843, of which little is
of recbrd, and again in 1889 and 1890. The latter epidemic reached
its height in Chicago in January of that year, and the commissioner
of health, Dr. Swayne Wickersham, states that in his opinion there
were over 100,000 sufferers from the disease at that time. The
city mortality for the month of January, 1890, was 2,501, but the
deaths directly attributed to la grippe were 112. However, the
mortality list shows distinctly the epidemic influence, and the fact
is well known that the pulmonary complications of la grippe carried
off many who, although suffering from various respiratory and
circulatory diseases, would otherwise have recovered.
It is believed that the origin of influenza was in Asia, probably
in China. Its spread was remarkably rapid — no disease has been
known to traverse such vast spaces with such speed — but it is
further observed that the usual routes of human travel were fol-
lowed. The first cases of the pandemic of 1889-90 were observed
in Vjatka, one of the most easterly provinces of Russia, in October,
1889. A few days later cases were reported in the Caucasus, and
about the middle of October the disease was declared prevalent at
Lowsk, in western Siberia. Early in November it appeared in St.
Petersburg, where in six weeks it reached an almost unprecedented
diffusion; thence it spread over western Russia and eastern Ger-
many, and reached Berlin about November 1. Early in December
Paris was attacked, and the cities of southern and central Germany,
Austria and France were reached in turn. About the middle of
December cases were reported in London and other English cities,
and about the same time cases were observed in New York. The
outbreak of the epidemic in Boston, New York State, Philadelphia,
Washington and Canada soon followed. In the United States the
disease progressed steadily westward, while in Europe it invaded
the extreme north and south, and finally crossed the Mediterranean
into Africa.
The results of the disease were not materially different in Chi-
cago from other cities. The mortality from it was about 1 per cent
of the whole. The disease was still more or less active in the winter
of 1891-92, but the mortality was inappreciable.
Mention has been made of the statements of military medical
officers in regard to the prevalence of epidemic dysentery among the
troops and among the early settlers in all new countries, and the
town of Chicago was no exception. After it became a city, owing
to the bad water and lack of drainage dysentery caused a great
many deaths. In the autumn of 1856 Dr. N. S. Davis reported to
the medical society that dysentery had prevailed as an epidemic in
July, August and September and that more deaths had occurred
from this than from any other cause, viz., 305, out of a total from
all causes of 1,897. It was again epidemic in July, August and
September of 1857 and caused 465 deaths. In 1858 the disease was
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 387
attended by a great mortality, being most fatal in July and August,
224 deaths being recorded from it. It does not appear to have been
epidemic since the introduction of an abundant water supply.
During the summer of 1863 there were a great many cases of
erysipelas and the number of cases increased during the fall and
winter until it became epidemic. It was also very prevalent in the
first half of 1864. Dr. Edmund Andrews made an exhaustive report
on the causes of this epidemic.
COMMON COUNCIL OF CHICAGO
1866—1909
IN his annual message on May 7, 1866, Mayor J. B. Rice an-
nounced that the entire debt of the city on that date was $4,610,-
000. Of this amount the waterworks cost $1,600,000. The city's
expenses were too large. The various departments without suffi-
cient reason made urgent demands for larger revenues. Particularly
were increased funds for the inert and corrupt police department
demanded. The deepening of the canal, the construction of the
lake tunnel, new buildings for the waterworks, etc., were declared
imperatively necessary. Prior to this date a tax of 2 per cent had
been the highest rate levied in the city. It was hoped that this
limit need not be exceeded, but at this date the pressure from par-
tisans and camp followers was so great that other means of secur-
ing additional revenue were schemed and considered. The news-
papers curtly advised the administration not to deprive the citizens
of security, protection and convenience. Fair reports, accompanied
by pressing demands for more money, were made by the Board of
Public Works, superintendent of schools, police commissioners, fire
marshal and superintendent of the Reform school.
In his annual message of May 6, 1867, Mayor Rice stated that
the total debt of the city amounted to $5,392,724. If from this
sum there were deducted the amount due from the watenvorks and
the amount expended for deepening the canal, there would be left
$3,454,000, to be met by taxation. The bonded debt was over
$1,400,000, the sewerage debt over $1,500,000, and the water debt
over $1,800,000. During the years 1866-67 there was much com-
plaint concerning the high rate of taxation, which came from the
newspapers and from a large number of citizens. A high taxation
and poor administrative service were declared irreconcilable and in-
tolerable. The city was glowing and prosperous, its population and
wealth rapidly and surprisingly increasing, and there was no just
reason why a fair taxation should not meet all the proper wants
of the municipality.
The project of widening the river to a maximum of 200 feet
was prominently before the public. The Board of Education re-
ported that the schoolhouses were filled to overflowing and that
new schoolhouses would have to be built at once or 12,000 children
would be without suitable schooling. The intense importance of
vast improvement in the sewerage system was heralded and thun-
dered. Everywhere throughout the city pavements were in
388
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 389
wretched condition and a large expenditure for improvement in this
department was insistently demanded. The police department was
again vigorously criticised for inefficiency during the past year, but
responded by asserting that they lacked a sufficient number of
patrolmen to accomplish good and satisfactory results. The same
was true of the fire department. There had recently been appointed
under the charter a tax commissioner, who, with the three assessors
elected by the Council, was expected, in his presumed omnipotence,
to meet the conflicting and multiplex financial requirements of the
municipality. The city sadly needed an office for the collection
of taxes, and nothing had been done to erect a much-needed house
of correction to take the place of the antiquated and exasperating
Bridewell. The fire-alarm telegraph had given splendid service
during the year 1866-67. Although the health department was able
and active, its efficiency was enfeebled and crippled by the shameful
sanitary conditions of the city, particularly the contaminated drink-
ing water. The Board of Public Works urgently recommended
a large amount for street improvement. This meant an increased
revenue, where property owners begged for a decrease.
In his annual address on May 4, 1868, Mayor Rice, with much
concern and dismay, announced that the total bonded debt of the
city was $6,530,682. The amount raised for deepening the canal
and guaranteed by the State was $450,000. The water loan
amounted to $2,483,000. With these amounts deducted there was
left $3,597,682 to be raised by taxation. The construction of a
house of correction at this date was imperatively demanded. The
project of extending the courthouse to La Salle street was recom-
mended. It was suggested that the haymarkets should be estab-
lished away from the line of business streets. Commercial interests
of every description were prosperous beyond precedence. The
population was increasing immensely, and the municipal depart-
ments experienced great difficulty in meeting the public require-
ments of new and expanding environments. Cleanliness and secur-
ity, purity and decency, faithfulness and economy, had been neg-
lected in the storm and confusion of rapid and unwieldy growth.
Complaints of high and intolerable taxation continued to be made.
Nothwithstanding the various difficulties and despite the criticisms
of the citizens and the press, Mayor Rice contended that during
the years 1867-68 the city administration, as a whole, had been well
and economically conducted. On November 30, 1868, the mayor
called the attention of the Council to the importance, on behalf of
the city of Chicago, of securing from the United States and the
State of Illinois a settlement as to the ownership of land along the
lake front. It was intimated that a conveyance by the government
and the State of all claims to the lake front would be acceptable
to the city of Chicago.
On December 6, 1869, Mayor R. B. Mason in his inaugural
390 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
address startled the community with the statement that the total
debt of the city on December 1, 1869, amounted to $10,754,873.
The sewerage debt was $3,930,000, the water debt $3,150,000, and
the municipal bonded debt $2,960,500. After making proper de-
ductions, it was found that $6,184,873 would have to be raised by
taxation. People did not realize — could not or would not under-
stand— that the good water they were using in such abundance,
the excellent health they were then enjoying, and the splendid rec-
ord of Cook county in the bloody Civil War, were the direct and
inevitable causes of the existing sewerage, water and municipal
bonded debts. What they noticed was that no effort was being
made to pay this debt. It was announced that during July, 1870,
the canal registered debt of over $400,000 would have to be met by
the State. After that event the net income from the canal could
be applied to the principal and interest of the expenditures being
made by the city in deepening the canal for sanitary purposes.
It w,as estimated that the total expenditure of the Board of
Public Works for the fiscal year ending April 1, 1870, would be
$1,216,581. Of this amount there had been expended by Decem-
ber 6, 1869, over $721,000. The total disbursements made by the
Board of Public Works during the year ending April 1, 1869, for
city purposes, sewerage, river improvements and public works
amounted to over $3,000,000. This vast outlay showed how large
had grown the varied interests of the municipality. Even with
that large amount in hand to spend many improvements had neces-
sarily to be omitted or curtailed. It was realized that in the near
future immense improvements would have to be made, and the city
administration boldly and injudiciously recommended increased
indebtedness, but not to the extent of an impoverishment of credit.
The press called attention to the report of the Board of Public
Works, demanding at once, in the interests of public health, im-
proved sewerage conditions throughout the city. During 1869-70
the police and fire departments, though found fault with, were
properly and satisfactorily conducted. Greater economy in the con-
struction of school buildings was demanded, and the press persist-
ently declared that it was the duty of the city to provide for the
education of all its children. It was advised that a number of
school buildings less expensive in character should be constructed
in certain localities. As the school lands would be reappraised, no
doubt, in 1870, there would probably be a considerable increase in
school revenue.
Satisfactory progress was made by the Board of Health. Year
by year that department had steadily continued to gain in advan-
tages over disease, as shown by improved health conditions. A
new Bridewell was urgently demanded by everybody. Existing
conditions were a reproach and a disgrace. Owing to the large
number of females confined there, the appointment of a matron,
acting under orders of the Bridewell keeper, was suggested.
STATE'S ATTORNEY AND PRINCIPAL ASSISTANTS.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 393
It was recognized that at the recent elections the citizens had ex-
pressed themselves in favor of strict economy, integrity and ac-
countability in the management of city affairs. The newspapers
which were hostile to the administration depicted in glowing, iri-
descent and correct colors the undoubted extravagance of the party
in power. The debt of the city had been more than doubled since
1866. Extravagance and corruption, it was declared, had crept
into the city administration like a thief in the night and stolen
immense sums and debauched official purity and honesty. Under
this ringing slogan was Mayor Mason elected. He was pledged
to economy, retrenchment and reform. Fair compensation was clue
all officers. It was recommended that the amounts received in fees
by the several offices should be investigated and any excess over
reasonable compensation should be devoted to public use. The
great increase in the public debt and in public taxation was food
for serious reflection. It would not do to impair the good name
and credit of the city. The mayor closed his inaugural by stating
that, "I firmly hope that our joint labors may prove to be for the
best interests of our city and be crowned with the blessing of Al-
mighty God."
On December 5, 1870, Mayor Mason in his annual message
stated that the total bonded debt of the city on December 1, 1870,
amounted to $13,934,000. From this amount was to be deducted
the water debt and the expense of digging the canal, leaving $6,-
611,000 to be paid by taxation. He had not curtailed indebtedness
one iota as he had so strenuously and pompously promised. There
was in the city treasury at this time a total of $3,236,090. The
floating debt had been entirely discharged. These were the re-
deeming features of his extravagant administration. Of the
amount on hand over $393,000 was school building fund.
At this date it was reported that work on the Illinois and Michi-
gan canal, designed to aid in the drainage of Chicago, would be
completed early in 1871. It was expected that not only would
there be a great improvement in the drainage of the city and county,
but that the navigation of nearly one-third of the whole canal
would be greatly improved, much to the advantage of commerce.
It was stated at this time that should satisfactory improvements
then under consideration be made on the Illinois river, the business
of the canal would be more than doubled. The mayor said : "There
is no public work within my knowledge that can be completed with
so small an expense and the advantages of which would be so
widely diffused as the Illinois river improvement." The city was
deeply interested in the completion of the lock and dam then being
constructed at the head of Peoria lake.
The Reform school was considered one of the noblest and most
useful charities of the city. Nearly 75 per cent of the inmates had
been reformed and made useful members of society. It was real-
Vol. 11—23.
394 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ized that if more of the youthful offenders that were sent to the
Bridewell should be sent to this institution, the benefits would be
far-reaching, permanent and incalculable. There was felt a press-
ing need of a reform school for girls. The newspapers insisted that
such an institution should at once be built.
At this date the new Bridewell, which had been commenced under
severe pressure from the people, was nearly completed and the
Council proceeded to put the same under the proper officers and
conditions. From December 1, 1869, to December 1, 1870, 5,082
persons were sent to the existing Bridewell. It was noted that at
least three-fourths of that number were committed for intemper-
ance. It was recommended that certain theater licenses should be
increased above $150. At this date approximately 2,300 saloon
licenses were in existence. The population of the city was esti-
mated at 300,000. It was thus shown that there was one saloon
for about every twenty-six men in the city. The newspapers rec-
ommended either an increase in the price of licenses or a decrease
in the number of saloons. During the preceding year the city treas-
urer collected as interest on city deposits the sum of $64,929. It was
believed that this was the first time the city ever realized a revenue
from this source. The credit of the city was good notwithstanding
the high indebtedness, and the administration of public affairs, as
a whole, was satisfactory. There was no friction, as all depart-
ments worked harmoniously.
In his annual message of December 4, 1871, Mayor Joseph
Medill explained how awful had been the recent visitation of fire
upon the city. Nearly one-half of the valuation of Chicago prop-
erty was wiped out by this calamity. There were burned out of
house and home 125,000 people. The total destruction of property
was estimated at over $100,000,000, but there was no discourage-
ment. Already by December the city departments were actively
at work and the citizens were engaged in rude fashion in rebuilding
their homes and reorganizing their business. On December 1,
1871, the total bonded debt of the city was $14,103,000. In addi-
tion there was a floating debt of about $686,707. There was on
hand to the credit of the various funds a total of $1,556,333. The
debt was increasing at a frightful rate without adequate return.
Soon after the fire the Council appropriated $140,000 with which
to repair the waterworks system.
Formerly it was customary to place the city funds in banks and
to receive no interest thereon. It was often the case that immedi-
ately thereafter the city would borrow money and pay interest
thereon, presumably paying interest thus on its own funds. The
people united in condemning the immemorial practice of anticipat-
ing the revenue from nine to twelve months by borrowing and
using the sum for current expenses. The city taxes were collected
in the spring and were immediately used at a venture for current
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 395
expenses and accumulated claims; later during the year, when the
estimates were made, the city was usually compelled to borrow to
meet the requirements of the last half of the year.
The loss to the public by the great fire rendered additional taxes
imperative to meet damages and new improvements. The State
Legislature came to the rescue of the city in this emergency and
restored the money the latter had advanced for deepening the Illinois
and Michigan canal. This placed the canal in the possession of
the city, free of all incumbrances, and enabled the authorities to
rebuild its bridges, schoolhouses and other structures, maintain
its credit and support its government until the crisis was past. The
sum which the State agreed to pay for the city mortgage on the
canal was $2,955,340. This amount saved Chicago from serious
embarrassment at this critical period. Large sums to pay inter-
est on the city indebtedness were also required. In July, 1872,
there was due from the Illinois Central railway $210,000 in taxes.
In the fall of 1872 there was received in taxes $6,750,000; but it
was estimated that, notwithstanding all the revenue, there would
still be a shortage of nearly $1,000,000, which must be met by addi-
tional taxation.
It was estimated at this time that the municipality lost by fire
property to the amount of $1,085,000. The loss to the fire depart-
ment was estimated at $130,700; the police department, $86,000;
the Board of Education, $251,000; Board of Health, $615,100;
total, $1,567,800. In addition, 128 miles of sidewalk were de-
stroyed, the loss being estimated at $941,380. All of this loss
covered the city hall, bridges, street pavement, damages to side-
walks, waterworks, lamp posts, reservoirs to the sewers, water-
works, furniture, etc., but it did not include the loss of the records —
perhaps the most serious, all things considered, during the fire.
Everything in the mayor's office was destroyed ; the same of the
city controller's office. A considerable portion of the records in
the city clerk's office was saved ; all books and vouchers in the city
treasurer's office were destroyed. Many of the assessment books
in the tax commissioner's office were burned. Seventeen volumes
of maps and scores of other documents in the map department were
destroyed. In the city collector's office the assessment rolls, books,
general taxing warrants, etc., were lost. Many records of the
Board of Public Works were saved. The records of the boards
of police and fire were burned ; the same of the health department,
the police courts of the three divisions and the Board of Education.
In most cases these records could be replaced by existing memo-
randa and books kept elsewhere. The greatest damage probably
was in the records, rolls and warrants of the city collector's office.
Most of these could not be replaced without great trouble and ex-
pense.
It was noted that a considerable class of property holders were
396 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
in the habit of contesting in the courts the payment of all taxes
and harassing the city with injunctions and other devices based
upon alleged informalities in assessment and judgments, whereby
the city was defrauded of a large sum of money justly due it. It
was also observed that the Supreme court under the new constitu-
tion had rendered decisions overruling wholly the previous custom
of raising money by special assessment with which to improve the
streets. It was the opinion of the corporation counsel at this time
that the decision rendered it impossible to continue operations in
accordance with previous custom.- It seemed probable that such
improvements would liave to be made thereafter by general taxa-
tion. It was realized at this date that the lavish expenditures pre-
viously indulged in by the Board of Public Works, Board of Educa-
tion and other departments would have to be terminated from sheer
force of necessity if nothing else. The mayor said : "The two
or three million dollars per year obtained from the sale of bonds
and added to the city debt, which is the present practice, is forbid-
den in the future by the new constitution, and the two or three
million dollars annually obtained from special assessments are pro-
hibited by the Supreme court. The only remaining source of rev-
enue, with the exception of rents, licenses and canal lien money,
is from direct taxation on property according to valuation. The
time has now come for a rigid system of retrenchment in all
branches of the municipal government. The 'pay-as-you-go' prin-
ciple must now be adopted and adhered to." He declared that the
best revenue at present was retrenchment, and further said : "The
fire fiend came like a thief in the night and caught our municipal
government living in excess of its income, with a loose discipline
in some departments, inefficiency in others, and extravagance in all.
It will be no easy matter to reform the luxurious tastes and ex-
pensive habits of the past or to enforce in the future close economy
upon independent powers, accountable in effect to nobody, and ac-
customed to the use of all the money they desire." The immediate
discharge of numerous officeholders and a reduction of all salaries
was recommended. The appointment of a special committee to
make a searching investigation into the details of the municipal
service, with the object of effecting a reduction of expenses, was
advised. The mayor stated that the recent election, if it meant any-
thing, demanded that such reforms should be carried into effect.
As a matter of history it must be admitted that the citizens as a
whole had been and were opposed to the policy of increasing the
indebtedness under any considerations, though likely to be success-
ful and favorable. As time passed and the debt continued to swell
to an enormous and alarming extent, and as the anticipated bene-
ficial results to sanitation and health failed to arrive in the golden
showers promised and expected, complaints — forceful, inelegant,
sarcastic, bitter and menacing — grew in volume until it came to pass
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 397
that elections were based upon pledges that a wholly different pol-
icy would be inaugurated and enforced. In particular Mayor
Medill was severe concerning extravagance, vice and corruption
in the administration of municipal affairs. He said that "honesty
seemed to have departed from the majority of those holding places
of trust and honor. For several years past good men have wit-
nessed with growing apprehension the alarming deterioration of
integrity in municipal administration, and a feeling of despondency
and almost despair comes over them."
Attention was called to the combustible character of the city and
recommendations for extending the fire alarms, perfecting fire ap-
paratus and otherwise preventing a reoccurrence of the late terrible
calamity were made. As one means of preventing fire in the fu-
ture, the newspapers demanded a better and more reliable supply
of water. It was shown that during the recent fire, as soon as the
pumping works were destroyed, not a gallon of water could be
secured by the department with which to check the progress of the
flames. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of houses were destroyed by
reason of this fact.
Mayor Medill in his annual message of December 2, 1872, re-
viewed the condition of city affairs for the preceding year. He
noted the trials and hardships to which the people were subjected
owing to the great fire of October, 1871. Fifteen thousand families
had lost their homes and subsisted on the charities of the world,
and were huddled in schoolhouses, churches, halls and shanties of
every description until they could better themselves. He noted that
one of the greatest hardships was in having so many employes cut
out of their usual employment and wages. This entailed enormous
hardship throughout the whole city, but all had gone to work with
confidence and cheerfulness and the result even in one year gave
the greatest encouragement. The city government had begun the
year immediately after the fire with a depleted treasury, enormous
current expenses that had to be met, and a staggering debt, the
interest on which alone amounted to a very large sum. During the
year the General Assembly, in order to relieve the losers by the fire,
ordered rebates of municipal taxes on destroyed property. This
greatly reduced the revenue usually expended by the city adminis-
tration. Money had been borrowed and special funds had been
drawn upon to meet necessary expenses. In the absence of records
which had been destroyed, city business in a large measure was in
a confused and chaotic condition. Enormous funds were necessary
to replace bridges, viaducts, schoolhouses, engine houses, police
stations, city hall, fire apparatus, sidewalks, lamp posts, furniture,
books, etc. The outlook had been staggering, but the citizens with
dauntless courage, backed by assistance from all parts of the world,
had gone heroically to work and during one year had accomplished
wonders.
398 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The first step taken was to inaugurate a system of rigid retrench-
ment in every portion of the municipal service. All departments
appreciated the necessity of this step and all agreed to cooperate.
A greater degree of economy was never attempted, probably, in the
history of the city than during the first year after the great fire.
Men of prominence throughout the whole city made personal sacri-
fices, a record of which was not made and was not expected to be
made. It was a voluntary self-sacrifice for the public welfare.
With all resources taken into consideration, however, the greatest
assistance was that furnished by the State in the part payment of
the city's mortgage on the canal. Had it not been for that timely
act it is doubtful whether the city government would not have suf-
fered beyond endurance during that memorable year. This sum
enabled the city to support its fire and police departments, pay inter-
est on its debt and thus preserve its credit. Another fortunate
revenue was obtained from unrepealed taxes, but even with those
the city found it necessary to practice the severest economy. The
result was that employes were paid punctually, all departments were
kept in good working condition, contractors' estimates were met
when due, thousands of old claims in the shape of rebates and bal-
ances and unsettled accounts of all descriptions were adjusted, and
the credit of the city was maintained without a blemish, be it said
to the credit of the splendid men and women who faced the results
of that awful calamity. During the year the city government and
the citizens not only repaired the damages occasioned by the great
fire, but spread out and grappled with new questions of improve-
ment and reform.
But there were serious faults in the management of public affairs.
There was little open official corruption. Defaulters appeared occa-
sionally like the moon in eclipse, but the shadow soon passed away.
The real trouble was the bad habit of meeting current expenses
and public improvement by running in debt. There was no excuse
to increase the city indebtedness more than $9,000,000 in about
five years— 1866-71. This fact was drummed and thundered into
the hard heads of the city fathers month after month, year after
year, by the public press. All political parties during this reign
of extravagance courted public patronage and support on platforms
in which all extravagant planks had been replaced with those
of economy and retrenchment. After election, so strong was the
force of habit upon the sacred precincts of the city hall, the identi-
cal subservient steps which had plunged the city into the slough of
debt were again blindly retraced and followed. This was why
Mayor Meclill demanded so many changes in the management of
city affairs. It was an honest attempt to throw off the bad habit of
borrowing and to inaugurate an era when revenues would not only
meet current expenses, but rapidly and steadily retire bonded and
other fixed indebtedness. But the sage city fathers were still blind
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 399
and continued to travel in a circle, often stumbling and occasionally
falling.
By the first of September, 1872, the existing bonded debt of the
city was $13,546,000. The general taxes of 1872 amounted to
$4,243,098. In addition the city expected to receive during 1873
$1,100,000 from the State as payment for the canal mortgage.
Rents, licenses, etc., yielded an additional $500,000. During 1872
the amount of general taxes received was $2,309,730. There was
received from the State during 1872, prior to December, $1,273,-
308. Licenses of all kinds yielded $225,097. Fines brought $117,-
856. Special assessments brought $176,802. These amounts con-
stituted the bulk of the revenue used in 1872. During the year
there were 10,252 applications for rebates of taxes on burnt prop-
erty. The amount of rebates granted reached the sum of $271,855.
There was paid during the year for improvements on streets, to
claimants of land damages, for patent fees on Nicolson pavement
and to contracts on water service pipe, private drains, etc., the sum
of $269,690. On December 1, 1871, there was $1,556,333 to the
credit of the various special funds. The necessities of the adminis-
tration compelled the city to borrow from this fund during 1872
to the amount of $1,144,152. This amount was replaced late in
1872. The total cash on hand on December 1, 1872, was $1,103,-
270.
The Board of Public Works reported at the close of 1872 satis-
factory progress within its jurisdiction in repairing damages done
by the fire. Prior to December 1, 1872, there was spent in rebuild-
ing burnt bridges and viaducts $382,237; for rebuilding school-
houses, including apparatus, $129,509; and for rebuilding engine
houses, $84,440.
Important improvements in progress at this time were the ex-
tensions on Dearborn street, Michigan avenue, Franklin street, the
widening of State street to Monroe, and Milwaukee avenue. Dur-
ing the year there was protracted controversy as to the location
of the new waterworks. The question was finally settled by the
purchase of a block of ground on Ashland avenue near Twenty-
second street, in all about three and one-half acres. The purchase
price was $63,000. The new tunnel being built under the city from
the old waterworks to the new was seven feet in diameter and about
four miles in length. This work was being completed in sections
as rapidly as possible. During 1872, with the awiul lesson before
them, the city adopted numerous safeguards against future fires.
Small hand extinguishers, rapid runs from engine houses, etc.,
were the means numerously adopted and put in service. Among
other means suggested were the following: The purchase and dis-
tribution of chemical fire extinguishers, the erection of a bell tower
to give alarms of fire, access to the river at the street end for the
fire engines, clearing away obstructions, more fire wardens, an
400 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
increase of the police force in order that outbreaks of fire might be
more quickly discovered and signals given. It was noted that
the average cost of insurance in the city exceeded the taxes on the
same property.
During 1872 the health department did excellent work to abate
the noxious odors arising from rendering, soap boiling and other
similar establishments in the southwestern sections of the city.
Many owners of such establishments were indicted and fined for
violation of city ordinances. Healy slough was in bad condition
until properly drained under orders of the administration. The
deepening of the canal from Bridgeport to Lockport assisted great-
ly to purify the river. During the year the Council granted the
right into the city of twelve new railroads on four separate routes,
three roads to use the tracks of each route. The companies were
required to build and maintain viaducts, approaches, connections,
sidewalks and to properly guard crossings and other points of dan-
ger. Previous councils had neglected these precautions in contract-
ing with railroad companies. At the close of 1872 there were
pending in the courts various suits commenced by the corporation
counsel for the collection of municipal taxes and special assess-
ments. Prior to 1872 the total amount of assessments uncollected
aggregated over $543,000. There was due the contractors for work
done under the assessment about $253,000. The corporation coun-
sel expressed the opinion, in accordance with a recent decision of
the Supreme court, that the city had no right to levy a special as-
sessment for street improvements against the railway companies.
The city treasurer, D. A. Gage, in the spring of 1873 reported that
during the fiscal year ending March 31, 1873, the total receipts
were $9,215,434.90, less $821,322.19, balance on hand. Of the
total receipts the city spent all except $889,559.53. This same
Mr. Gage a year or so later defaulted to the extent of about $500,-
000.
It was presumed that the administration of Mayor Medill, owing
to the extraordinary promises of economy and reform made during
the campaign, would be a model of wise and sagacious government.
The results showed the frailty if not mendacity of human promises
made for campaign purposes. The administration began by bor-
rowing all it could obtain and ended by begging for more. The
habit of borrowing, shinning, sponging — anything to get money —
was continued with unabated vigor, deliberation, stupidity and am-
plitude. The heads of departments knew no better. They had
caught the habit years before and had not recovered — could not
recover. Not so with Mayor Medill. He had previously, during
the campaign which elected him, announced repeatedly his policy
of retrenchment by keeping within the limits of the annual revenue.
He meant well — intended to do as he agreed — but his other duties
prevented his close contact and cooperation with the heads of de-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 401
partments, and accordingly the old degenerate, disastrous but con-
venient habit was overwhelmingly continued. So the people con-
tinued to marvel, expostulate, investigate and finally, with groans
and curses, submit.
In December, 1873, Acting Mayor Bond delivered his annual
message to the City Council. Retiring Mayor Medill called par-
ticular attention to the serious financial condition of the city. He
stupidly said that immediately after the great fire the tax levy was
reduced to 10 mills, which left the treasury in a depleted condition,
and the city was forced to borrow by resorting to the process termed
"shinning," which was a very expensive way, he announced, of ob-
taining money, as it cost for every improvement from 10 to 20 per
cent. The constitution prohibited the city from borrowing any
money beyond the limit. This forced the city to do one of two
things: Either to let the treasury department get along the best
it could by borrowing temporarily, or to go to the people and ask
them for a sufficient sum of money to square accounts and there-
after not again be caught in the same trap. The Council assumed
the responsibility of making a levy to relieve the immense drain
of short, high-priced loans and to bring the finances into satisfac-
tory condition. There were urgent demands for more schoolhouses,
the fire department needed help, and the police force required more
strength. Accordingly the City Council boldly asked the people for
money to meet these necessary expenses.
Mayor H. D. Colvin in opening his message to the City
Council in March, 1873, first alluded to the recent elections and to
the promises which were made during that most exciting campaign.
The election was bitter, sharp and decisive, and the officials felt
bound strictly to carry out their solemn promises made during the
heat of the campaign. It is doubtful if any political canvass ever
in the city was conducted with a greater degree of vilification and
abuse. Partisans did not hesitate to slander outrageously all per-
sons opposing them. Mayor Colvin said : "The animosities and
jealousies of religion, nationality and race were seized upon with
avidity for the purpose of weaning from us popular support. This
mode of conducting a political campaign tended to prejudice the
minds of many persons both at home and abroad against the move-
ment which elected the present officials. In view of these facts
every member of the new government had motives of patriotism
and personal pride to impel him to the task set before him." Now
the immediate resources of the city were $754,707 and the immedi-
ate liabilities $1,861,704. Nearly the whole of this amount would
have to be met before the first of April, 1874. Thus the city was
compelled to raise a large amount within a few months to meet cur-
rent indebtedness. Under the new constitution the bonded debt
was limited to 5 per cent of the last assessment for State and county
purposes. According to the equalization of taxes the total valua-
102 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
tion was $229,835,938. Five per cent of this amount was $11,-
492,796, but the existing bonded debt was $13,544,000, or more
than $2,000,000 in excess of the constitutional limit and therefore
no further increase could be made. There was in the treasury
about $1,100,000, but this was there to the credit of public funds
and if borrowed would have to be replaced. The local appropria-
tions for the year ending April 1, 1874, were over $6,000,000.
One-third of this amount was required to liquidate matured indebt-
edness. Accordingly it was seen that in order to meet the necessary
expenses of the city government unusual financial steps or measures
would have to be adopted.
During 1873 the public school, police, fire, sewerage and public
grounds departments were carefully and prudently managed.
Drainage was neglected, water mains were often in bad condition
and portions of the city were left without adequate fire protection,
but the citizens were prosperous and therefore happy. The police
department was reduced to a considerable extent. The mayor in
December, 1873, recommended the appointment of a special com-
mittee on State legislation for Cook county. The tax law needed
revision. Many other matters needed attention. There were only
two viaducts crossing railway tracks in the city. The press urged
that railway companies should be compelled to build additional via-
ducts immediately.
Mayor Colvin, in his annual message of December 7, 1874, said
that the city had passed through the recent financial crisis with
great difficulty. Being unable to borrow more under the constitu-
tion, it suffered severely under the recent panic. Nothwithstanding
this crisis, the city did not fail during the year to meet its payments
and was never obliged to ask for an extension from creditors. On
December 1, 1874, the bonded debt amounted to $13,379,000. The
total amount to be paid by June 1, 1875, amounted to $3,186,000.
The appropriations of June 30, 1874, amounted to $5,572,346.87.
Of this amount $3,117,346.87 was paid by December, 1874. This
phenomenal administration was absolutely innocent of any intelli-
gent intention or design to live within the revenue and commence
the payment of the city indebtedness.
As a whole, though the city was burdened with debt and though
expenses were high and the means of acquiring revenue lacking,
the administration, aside from incapacity, stupidity and vast unnec-
essary expenditure, made outwardly a creditable showing. By this
time frame buildings of every description destroyed by the great
fire were replaced by those of brick and stone. The various de-
partments showed commendable progress in carrying on operations.
The law department was well managed under Egbert jamieson.
Several cases were pending in the Supreme court of the United
States and in the various State courts. Of over $228,000 claimed
in suits against the city, but a little over $8,000 was recovered.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 403
The Board of Public Works reported considerable progress dur-
in 1874. Its total expenditures for the year ending November
30, 1874, amounted to $3,625,617. On the new tunnel works, in-
cluding the crib, there was spent over $650,000. Expensive im-
provements of the sewers were made. The amount spent for
cleaning and repairing the streets and improving intersections was
considerably reduced but still large. Bridges and viaducts neces-
sarily cost a large sum. The new smallpox hospital required an
expenditure of nearly $13,000; the Fullerton avenue conduit cost
nearly $120,000; new police stations cost nearly $14,000 and new
engine houses $29,000. The police department during the fiscal
year 1874 cost $687,945. Of this sum over $43,000 was spent for
buildings.
The health department at the close of 1874 reported considerable
improvement in sanitary conditions. The death rate per thousand
was 20.5. From the date of the great fire up to 1873 smallpox
prevailed throughout the city. The health department inaugurated
a system of visitations, vaccinations and other remedial and pre-
ventive measures which slowly but steadily expelled that disease from
the city limits. Numerous packing houses were inspected and disin-
fected. The number of nuisances reported and abated was 21,487.
This shows how active and persistent was the health officer, Dr.
John Reid. The department gave special attention to the condition
of sewers, catch basins, back yards, alleys and to cleanliness gen-
erally. During the year 1874, 5,523 persons were received by the
House of Correction; of these 1,435 were females.
The Board of Education managed school affairs during 1874
in a highly efficient and satisfactory manner. At this date John C.
Richberg was president of the board. He reported that in some es-
sential particulars school facilities should be at once improved. It
was shown that lessees owed the school fund over $230,000. The
press demanded that this amount should be at once collected. A
number of lessees had paid no rent for four years. The board
demanded in the interests of public education that this situation
of affairs should promptly be corrected. Several lessees had each
sold their leases for a bonus approximately of $10,000. It was
stated that from school property $530,000 could be secured with
which to pay the salaries of teachers. After October, 1874, the
old postoffice site was leased. The board requested the Council to
appoint a competent attorney to enforce all measures necessary to
place the school fund in proper and satisfactory condition. The
number of children enrolled in the public schools at the close of
1874 was 38,242. The average number attending was 35,975. Of
these about 10,000 attended only one-half day at a time, owing to
the lack of room and funds. The board reported that were it not
for parochial and private schools, thousands of children in the city
would be wholly unprovided for. At this date the high school
404 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
had an enrollment of 767, the average attendance being 750. The
board published a list of delinquents who had failed to pay the
school fund amounts due on leases. About this time the Mechanics'
Institute, which had ceased to exist, left to the school fund, under
the will of Mr. Peck, about $80,000. For many years the trustees
thereof had made no accounting of rents due. As the institute
ceased to exist in 1860 or 1861, the delinquency was quite a large
amount. The claim of about $30,000 due the school fund, which
had been running since 1860, was still due from the old Marine
company. That portion of the school fund in the city of Chicago
arising from the extension of the city limits on the West side had
never been set off to the city nor had there been any claim pre-
sented therefor. Immediate attention was called to this claim of the
school board. Under the Morrison lease, if the petition to perfect
the title under the burnt record act were attended to, the city schools
would be benefited to the amount of from $300,000 to $500,000.
The public library was swept out of existence by the great fire of
1871. On May 1, 1874, the new library was duly opened. Its
success was almost unprecedented. The issuance of books to bor-
rowers rose as high as 2,500 in a single day. By December, 1874,
the number of books on the shelves approximated 30,000.
In 1874 the Council determined to rebuild the city hall at the
earliest practicable moment. It was decided to locate the new build-
ing on the old site. Generally, the people, owing to the hard times
and the depreciation in values, opposed the construction of a new
and expensive building at this date. Contractors and grafters were
clamorous for a new building. The mayor suggested that there
was considerable property along the lake front owned by the city,
which might be sold and a large sum realized therefor.
The Council in 1875 failed utterly and ingloriously either to
comprehend the financial condition of the city or to manage affairs
so as to live within the revenue and commence the payment of the
indebtedness. The task seemed beyond the mental or moral capac-
ity of this blockhead or dishonest administration. They were inca-
pable of rising higher than to spend the revenue afforded and plead
for more. This was the "anti-taxing period" when property owners
fought to a finish every attempt to increase taxation. Thus the
stupid city fathers were between the devil property owners and the
deep sea people. But they knew enough to squander the funds on
hand, borrow all they could secure by hook or crook, and pose as
the unappreciated martyrs of a cruel and dominating financial sys-
tem.
In his message of May 18, 1876, Thomas Hoyne, the reputed
mayor-elect, reviewed the singular circumstances under which he
was presumably elected. He complimented the citizens on the
quiet, manly self-possession and courage with which they had
almost unanimously elected him, conducted their proceedings and
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 405
maintained the authority invested in them by law. He doubted
not that for this they would receive the spontaneous and unanimous
commendation of the community. He complacently stated at the
outset : "You have entered upon the performance of your very
honorable and important duties at the most critical and interesting
period of our municipal government, both as to the circumstances
of your election and to the momentous issues involved. There has
been a feeling that no ordinary dangers menaced the prosperity of
the city and the happiness of our people. The improvident and
reckless expenditure of our city's means, the unnecessary heavy
burden of taxation imposed upon the citizens, the creation of new
offices and the utter indifference manifested by the late administra-
tion to all the reasonable complaints of their constituency, had filled
the minds of our people with distress and alarm. The city de-
manded a class of wiser and better men in her councils. Many of
you, I know, have reluctantly and at considerable sacrifice to your-
selves yielded to this demand. Your well-known characters afford
the assurance by which the people will follow your advent into the
administration of the city."
The new mayor demanded an immediate return to frugal ex-
penditures and administrative purity. Every consideration of value
asked for this reform. He further stated : "Your selection has
been timely and fortunate, as through you a revolution is ordered
under forms of law which the people of other countries reached
only by bloodshed, violence, carnage and crime. It has rarely ever
happened that in merely local contests the entire body or mass of
the people became so directly engaged upon the issues at stake as
in the last municipal election of the city. It is certainly true that
never before the contest last fall for county treasurer and the last
city election has our entire business community — the commercial
and industrial classes — all cast aside private engagements to devote
themselves to the performance of political duties. Business on
election day was suspended at all places of exchange; the Board of
Trade adjourned over; the banks and great mercantile houses
closed their doors, and the large manufacturing establishments re-
leased their employes. It seemed as if that day had been set apart
by common consent as a day consecrated to municipal devotion be-
cause of some great impending or apprehended disaster. The con-
comitant circumstances of all this and equally significant was the
monster mass meeting of 30,000 or 40,000 people called without
distinction of party and held at the exposition building a week pre-
vious. According to all rumors it was the largest number of people
convened for political deliberation in this city, and yet the utmost
decorum and unity marked the entire proceedings. The resolutions
were unanimously adopted. A candidate for mayor was put in
nomination upon a reformed platform. Never, perhaps, since the
time of the ancient Greek republics did a whole people seem to be
406 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
present at an assembly, to realize the idea of practical, democratic
government, by coming themselves to demand a change of adminis-
tration in the rulers of the city and to protest agains the evils from
which they suffered. The truth is, and the fact may be candidly
stated, that during the last decade there has been growing up and
increasing in our midst a class of social and political criminals
somewhat peculiar to the civilization of large American cities. It
doesn't matter as to names, but the class in some cities has been
distinguished as 'Plug Uglies,' 'Bowery Boys,' or in Chicago as
'Bean club' or 'Cosmos.' Their dangerous and criminal instincts
are the same. To live without industry is the habit of the greatest
number, and to fix themselves in some public office is one of their
highest ambitions. They are the loudest of partisans upon what-
ever side or in whatever party they enlist their particular services.
These men are too cunning or intelligent to rob or steal the same as
ordinary criminals, because punishment would be sure to follow
exposure; but more unscrupulous and equally depraved as the more
vulgar criminal, they rob or stuff the ballot boxes of the people in-
stead of plundering the individual. They find it safer to plunder
the body politic. The people of Chicago learned with amazement
that at an election held in this city last year, the judges appointed
to have custody of the boxes and count the ballots themselves crim-
inally outraged the ballot boxes of the voters by stuffing them with
illegal votes, and that thus4 the legitimate law of the people on a
question so grave as the adoption of the present charter of munici-
pal government was defeated. In the recent town election of South
Chicago, again the criminals or the class referred to, encouraged
by immunity from punishment and flushed with the insolence of
success and braving public opinion, precipitated at last their own
ruin. On that occasion, it would seem from the evidence as if they
had deliberately resolved that, however the people made the nomi-
nation for candidates of their own choice, the ballot box conspira-
tors would defeat such choice by counting into office their criminal
confederates. The fraud was too transparent for investigation and
it failed. The situation of the city has been summed up by the
late grand jury in language not less graphic than truthful in rela-
tion to county rule. They say that the system of management em-
ployed by the county board is rotten. Officialism is degraded by its
low character, its depreciated moral tone, its constant association
with jobbery, extravagance, bribery and incompetence. The legiti-
mate fruits of this are the recent Gage and Von Hollen defalca-
tions—the loss of over one-half million dollars to the public. Our
young metropolis has barely escaped the catastrophe which the
Tweed ring brought upon New York. Chicago has been drawn
to the brink of a chasm into which New York has fallen."
The officiating mayor made the following specific charges against
the former administrations : Neglect to retrench or economize in
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 407
the matter of public expenditure; an increase in the amount of
taxes levied; an increase in the number of offices made and in
the rates paid as compensation for public service; had sought by
illegal means to raise money upon the credit of the people to pay
themselves and thereby had increased the public indebtedness of the
city nearly $5,000,000 beyond the constitutional limit; had jeopard-
ized the municipal credit, which was never before impaired, by ille-
gitimate issues of time-loan certificates placed upon the market of
foreign cities against the law and against every remonstrance which
could be urged in opposition to so vital and ruinous a policy.
The action of the Municipal Reform club which had been ap-
pointed prior to the election was commended in high terms by the
press and the new mayor. Among the resolutions adopted by that
club had been the following: "That the practice of the city govern-
ment in anticipating receipts of revenue by making time loans on
certificates has a dangerous tendency ; that the illegitimate character
of this indebtedness was of itself calculated to impair the credit of
the city, while it opened the door to every species of fraud and ex-
travagance in city expenditures; and that it had produced a con-
fusion in the administration of the city finances impossible of extri-
cation or remedy in the hands of men intrusted with the manage-
ment."
As a matter of fact, a judicial tribunal called upon at this date
to pass upon the validity of issuing these certificates to place upon
the market, declared them illegal unless drawn upon a specific
fund. The wild extravagance of city expenditures had outrun the
utmost efforts of the city controller to collect money to defray them.
The people now demanded a discontinuance and utter abandonment
of the whole service system as soon as possible and of the insane
policy of anticipating and spending revenue in advance of its col-
lection. By curtailing expenditures, paying off current obligations
and contracting no new liabilities, the credit of the city could be
restored. The city was not insolvent nor in failing condition. It
had simply been improvident and must now pay for its folly.
The city of Chicago was organized in April, 1875, under the
recent general incorporation act, and consequently no election was
held in November, 1875, but the persons then in office held over
until May, 1876. Under the new law the city was divided into
eighteen wards. An order passed by the City Council provided for
an election of city officers under the act, but omitted all reference
to the office of mayor. Notwithstanding this omission and the
apparent absence of any authority, a popular vote for mayor was
taken and Thomas Hoyne received 33,064 votes against 819 scat-
tering. A canvass of the returns being made to the Council, the
vote given for Mr. Hoyne was disregarded. However, the new
Council at its first meeting was cited to canvass again the returns,
and, having done so, declared Mr. Hoyne duly elected mayor. Mr.
408 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Colvin, the incumbent, declined to yield possession of the office on
the ground that he, like other city officers, was entitled to hold over
under the law. The matter was referred to the courts and resulted
in the virtual failure of each of the contestants to sustain his posi-
tion. In consequence a special election for mayor was ordered by
the Council, and on July 12, 1876, Monroe Heath was duly chosen.
The principal fact to be considered was that during a period of
great financial depression the city had suffered from a policy of
unnecessary and excessive taxation and extravagance. The enor-
mous shrinkage of values since the war, and particularly since
the great fire, had reduced it was falsely claimed, many large
estates in this city almost to bankruptcy. This seemed to be shown
by the large number of real estate sales due to the nonpayment of
taxes. That there were many failures was true, but only because
of the depreciation of values due to a return to specie payments.
Outrageous extravagance and not burdensome taxation contributed
to the load of worry and work. "During all this time of suffering
and distress the taxpayers have been exposed to the most cruel and
violent taunts by some men in authority who never paid a dollar
for taxes into the treasury from which they have received support,"
said the mayor. A thorough investigation into the exciting situa-
tion was therefore imperatively demanded as a preliminary to re-
trenchment, economy and reform. It was thought that if a million
dollars could be saved out of the recent extravagant appropriations
by the Council, the sum would go far toward liquidating the illegal
certificates outstanding and would in addition place in the hands
of the departments money sufficient for the pressing needs of the
schools, police, fire and other departments. The mayor suggested
that it might be judicious to instruct the city treasurer to refuse
payment on all obligations until the same had been duly classified
and inspected. It was thought in May, 1876, that the new Council
was one of the strongest, ablest and presumably the most honest
that had ever taken charge of municipal affairs. The spontaneous
movement of the people in popularly selecting, nominating and
electing them precluded any idea of their inferiority or lack of hon-
esty. This was an era of mental and moral upheaval, of insight and
foresight, of civic righteousness and personal purification, of ag-
gressive virtue and assertive intelligence. But the people were yet
weak, blind and hesitating and prone to do wrong as the sparks to
fly upward.
At this date (May, 1876) the city employed, exclusive of the
school service, a total of about 1,316 persons. The aggregate an-
nual compensation due these employes was about $1,459,000. It
was justly believed that this was too high an average. The press
assumed that the average compensation should not exceed $600,
whereas the existing compensation was nearly double that amount.
There were 533 persons upon the pay rolls of the police department.
OSCAR HEBEL.
W. H. WEBER. WALTER E. SCHMIDT.
BOARD OF ASSESSORS, COOK COUNTY.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 411
It was recommended that the pay of the police, which averaged not
far from $1,000 each annually, should be reduced to about $600.
The same was true, it was declared, of the Department of Public
works. It not only had too many employes, but they were paid too
much annually. The health department contained forty-seven per-
sons with a total pay of $62,000. Twenty-eight of the employes
were called sanitary policemen and received a total compensation of
$18,000 a year. It was declared by the press that this was unneces-
sary. The mayor courageously recommended the entire abolish-
ment of the health department with the exception of one competent
and faithful superintendent, a medical expert, and a few clerks, and
further recommended that the health department be placed under
the control of the police department. It was likewise suggested
that at least $75,000 could be saved annually by similar retrench-
ment in the fire department. The mayor announced that in his
opinion a large sum could be saved from the fees allowed the police
justices. The same retrenchment was suggested for the tax com-
missioner's office. The custom of the mayor in having not only a
special clerk but also four special policemen to dance attendance
upon him was condemned by the press as a piece of willful ex-
travagance. The building inspector's office, with its clerks and
twelve deputies, was regarded as largely unnecessary. However,
it was admitted that no one could wisely recommend any reduction
in the number of persons employed by the Board of Education —
698, with an aggregate annual compensation of $574,312. Educa-
tion of the children must continue at any cost. In fact, with par-
donable weakness the board yielded to demands from this depart-
ment, which would have received no consideration from any other
source.
In the opinion of the law department of the city of Chicago there
was no constitutional limitation on the power of the Legislature
to provide by law that all cities might certify to the county clerk to
the amount which they respectively required to be raised by taxa-
tion for the years 1873 and 1874, and that it thereupon became his
duty to estimate the tax due from each person by extending the
amounts thus certified against the assessed and equalized valuation
of property for the year. The taxes of the years 1873 and 1874
became by the laws of the State a lien upon realty on the first day
of May in those years, and the Supreme court had frequently decided
that after taxes had become a lien they so remained until paid.
However, they became a lien not by virtue of the assessment and
levy, but by virtue of the statute, and the assessment and levy were
the only means of ascertaining the amount, the payment of which
would discharge the lien. Under this view, if such taxes could be
collected ultimately, the city would have assets sufficient to meet the
requirements of annual expenditure and the liquidation and in-
debtedness.
Vol. 11—24.
412 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Mayor Heath in his message of April 30, 1877, called particular
attention to the finances of the city. The appropriation for 1875 was
$5,123,905; for 1876, $4,045,526; and for 1877, $4,012,002. A
great portion of the appropriation for 1876, owing to a change in
the financial year, covered a period of only nine months, while that
for 1877 covered a full year and included over $300,000 for sewer-
age. The saving in 1876 over that of 1875 was declared to be
$1,111,403. Of the amount outstanding on April 1, 1876, over
$290,000 consisted of taxes for the years 1869 and 1870. The tax
warrants for those years having been destroyed in the great fire, the
balances were largely uncollectible, and during 1876 were practi-
cally stricken from the books. On the 1st of April, 1876, there
were outstanding certificates of indebtedness amounting to $3,484,-
856. By April, 1877, that amount was reduced to $956,115, but
there had been issued during the year $150,000 of the new form
of revenue warrants to retire the same amount of old certificates.
The total certificates and warrants outstanding on April 1, 1877,
were as follows:
Old certificates issued prior to April 1, 1876 $ 956,114.89
New revenue warrants on tax levy of 1875 205,392.517
New revenue warrants on tax levy of 1876 2,300,485.52
New revenue warrants on tax levy of 1877 339,900.00
Total $3,801,893.00
On April 1, 1877, the total bonded debt of the city was $13,-
454,000. Nearly the whole drew 7 per cent interest. The mayor
said : "The remarkable growth and confidence in Chicago securi-
ties during the past year is shown by the fact that the past-due 7
per cent paper issued by the previous administration has lately sold
at a premium in New York, while our own bankers and business
men have offered us several hundred thousand dollars at 7 per cent,
which has been declined for the present. Only nine months ago the
finance committee, comptroller and mayor were compelled to beg
for funds while offering interest at 8 per cent per annum. The
reason for this change is principally due to the fact that the rev-
enues of the city have been collected thoroughly and the expenses
reduced inside of the income."
At the close of the fiscal year in April, 1877, the total enrollment
of children was 40,835. During the succeeding year it increased
to 43,512, showing an increase nearly equivalent to the capacity of
four twelve-room buildings. It was estimated that there were not
less than 25,000 children of school age in the city who could not
or did not attend school.
During 1877 satisfactory progress in public improvements under-
taken previous to September, 1876, were made under the manage-
ment and control of the Board of Public Works. On that date the
board was summarily abolished and its duties and authorities were
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 413
vested in the mayor. There was inaugurated a general decrease in
the number of persons employed by the city and in the salaries paid.
The expenses of the department were reduced fully one-half under
the strenuous new management. The reductions by dismissals
from the water department alone amounted to $30,000, and the
total amount of savings by reduced salaries in the whole department
was $92,500. The total amount received from water tax collec-
tions was $833,963, being a considerable increase over that of any
previous year. The total expense of operating and maintaining
the waterworks was $281,700. It was proved that the revenue to be
derived from water tax collections would be sufficient not only to
pay all running expenses, salaries and interest on water bonds, but
would carry on all necessary water pipe extensions, pay for ma-
chinery, etc.
During the year ending March 31, 1877, the number of patrol-
men in the police department was reduced from 565 to 482. In-
efficient men were weeded out and dismissed. The amount given
to this department for the fiscal year was $504,984. A few changes
in the fire department were made, and as a whole that branch of the
city service was efficient and up to date. The health of the city
was constantly improving under advanced sanitary conditions and
under the exertions of the energetic officers in charge of the de-
partment. The House of Correction was well and economically
conducted under adverse circumstances. The sanitary conditions
of the buildings were pronounced good. The prisoners' labor real-
ized a considerable sum during the year. A separate prison for
females was demanded by the press and the mayor. The latter
further recommended that the young should be separated from the
old and that hardened criminals should not be permitted to mingle
with light offenders.
In April, 1877, the mayor closed his message by saying: "Our
financial condition is now healthy and prosperous. The credit and
good name of our city are restored. The expenses of all the de-
partments have been reduced without impairing the public service
in any particular. On the contrary it must be apparent to all who
have examined the question that the large reduction in the number
of city employes has benefited the service departments and in-
creased their efficiency." He recommended that the sewerage
under contract should be completed without unnecessary delay, and
that should the school taxes past due be collected, new buildings
to accommodate all children ought to be constructed.
The city treasurer reported for the year ending December 31,
1878, that the total receipts were $6,759,212, less $594,285 on
hand at the beginning of the year. At the close there was on hand
a total of $217,102. The school fund tax collected amounted to
$238,785.
On April 28, 1879, Mayor Heath in his annual message reviewed
414 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the condition of the city departments during the past year. He
stated that the bonded debt was $13,043,000, and that it had been
reduced $414,000 since July 12, 1876. At the latter date the out-
standing illegal certificates of indebtedness amounted to $3,011,329.
By April 28, 1879, all such paper except $249,000 had been paid.
On July 12, 1876, the credit funds of the city had been drawn upon
to meet deficits to the amount of $1,800,000. These overdrafts to
the amount of $900,000 had been paid by April 28, 1879. On July
12, 1876, there were no funds in the treasury with which to pay the
salaries of employes and about five months' pay was then past due.
Since that date the tax levies of 1873 and 1874 were legalized and
judgments against delinquents were secured. The mayor boasted
that during his administration a total of good assets and taxes to
the amount of $1,230,388 was legalized. By deducting from this
total the amount of outstanding certificates and overdrafts on the
treasury, there was left a net balance in the treasury from these
resources of over $81,388. There was left in the treasury after
paying outstanding liabilities on illegal certificates and restoring
credit funds overdrawn total net assets of $636,321. There were
also other funds to the credit of the city not specified above. Sev-
eral hundred thousand dollars in floating obligations against the
city were paid off during this administration. Many important law
suits concerning tax levies, etc., were decided in favor of the city
by the Supreme court. In 1784 the surplus in the water depart-
ment was $91,174 and in 1878 was $359,731, showing an immense
increase in revenue from that department. In 1874 street cleaning
and repair cost $269,168, and in 1878 $136,002, showing also an
immense gain. The same gain was shown in the fire, police and
health departments. There was a saving of over $200,000 in the
management of the police department alone. The expense of con-
ducting the health department was cut down more than half. On
the first of January, 1877, about 700 city cases were pending in the
court of record, exclusive of quasi criminal and tax and special
assessment cases. On January 1, 1878, there were only 446 cases
pending and the expenses of the law department were considerably
reduced. The cost of lighting the city with gas was also greatly
reduced, notwithstanding a great increase in the number of lamps.
Though the city had appropriated large sums to liquidate outstand-
ing claims and to construct the city hall, the amounts required to
be raised by taxation in the annual appropriation bills were greatly
reduced. The amount levied in 1874 was $5,466,692. The amount
required in 1879 was $3,766,450.
The management of city affairs by Mayor Heath from 1876 to
1879 was extremely satisfactory to the citizens of Chicago. The
newspapers paid him high compliments. His administration was
heralded as the soundest, ablest and most economical the city had
ever enjoyed. At the close of his period of service in 1879 the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 415
council unanimously passed the following resolution : "Resolved,
That the thanks of the City Council are due and are hereby tendered
to the Hon. Monroe Heath for the able and efficient manner in which
he has managed the affairs of the city during his administration."
In reply the mayor said, "This resolution is a very flattering one.
If I have been enabled in my administration to do anything for the
good of the city it has been because I have had the cooperation of the
council. If I could I would like to have a resolution passed thanking
the council for its hearty support of my administration."
On September 3, 1880, the total city indebtedness amounted to
$12,752,000. No further indebtedness could be contracted until the
valuation of city property should exceed $225,000,000. The emer-
gency policy of issuing scrip to meet current expenses in antici-
pation of future collections had cost the city annually for several
years about $200,000.
The controller reported that for 1880 the appropriations for mu-
nicipal purposes amounted to $3,063,911 and for 1881 to $3,183,-
400. To the first was added $478,000 of back taxes and savings,
and to the latter $550,000 of the same. The revenue for 1882 was
as follows: Two per cent upon the assessed valuation of $119,151,-
951; cash from licenses, rents, etc., $350,000; cash from the Gage
assets and other savings, about $150,000; total, $2,883,039, less col-
lection fees, $2,823,464. As this sum was less by $359,936 than
the appropriations for the preceding year, some step to supply the
deficiency would have to be taken. The controller suggested that
this might be met by increasing generally all the city licenses. In-
creased expenditures in any department were out of the question
unless the revenues should be increased. The tax limit might be
raised or property owners might be made to pay the cost of remov-
ing dirt and of building street intersections, thus saving annually
an immense sum. He favored taxing the telegraph, telephone and
all other companies or individuals enjoying special privileges, and
thought this could be done, though an unsuccessful attempt to levy
a tax on the capital stock of telegraph companies was made a few
years before. As saloons occasioned the infractions of law, the
control of which cost the city so much, their licenses, it was ar-
gued, should be increased to cover such cost. Why should not
railroads, saloons, lumber yards, vehicles, draft animals, manufac-
turers of certain articles, etc., pay special revenue to the city for
their special protection?
Previous to 1875 the municipal authorities were the sole arbiters
of valuations and collections under the control of the county offi-
cials. In 1872 the valuation of real and personal property aggre-
gated $284,000,000, but by 1880 had been reduced to $117,000,000,
though the city had practically doubled in population and wealth.
In addition, the Legislature in 1879 limited tax levies to 2 per cent
and enacted that the valuation of real estate for 1880 should re-
416 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
main the same for four years, though the following year a law was
passed that real estate valuation could be changed in 1882. The
controller in 1881 called attention to the inconsiderable tax paid
by large corporations compared with the property owned. All
the railroads centering in the city, except the Illinois Central, paid
into the treasury in 1880 $73,359.79; at the same time one mercan-
tile company, including two of its members, paid in $86,647.85.
The inequity of this state of affairs was apparent. The receipts
of the city for 1881 were $9,697,416.85, less $1,080,775.32 on hand
at the beginning of the year. At the end of the year there was
on hand $755,479.26. The total bonded debt of the city on De-
cember 31, 1881, was $12,752,000.
During 1881, 17.86 miles of streets were paved with cedar blocks
and 6.14 miles with macadam, out of a total of 25.73 paved. All
street lamps were either oil or gas. Electric lights had not yet
made their appearance generally for city use. Over twenty-five
miles of sewers were built. The new city hall was so far com-
pleted that the roof was put on. Over $95,000 was spent on
bridges, viaducts and repairs. The Fullerton avenue conduit works
were mainly built. The Washington and LaSalle street tunnels
were paved with wooden blocks. Thirty-four bridges spanning the
river and its branches; twenty-two were of iron and wood com-
bined, eleven wholly of iron, and one of wood. Four had been in
operation fourteen years ; three, thirteen years ; three, twelve years ;
four, eleven years; ten, ten years; one, nine years; three, eight
years ; one, seven years ; four, five years, and one, one year.
Nine of the bridges were crossed by street railways. A new viaduct
at Halsted and Sixteenth streets was built at a cost of $17,685.
Harrison street viaduct was built at a cost of $96,419 and Sanga-
mon street viaduct at a cost of $98,977. The police force in 1881
consisted of 506 men. This department cost the city $577,039
during the year.
Mayor Harrison in his message of May 9, 1881, called special
attention to the following conditions of city affairs: In 1878 his
predecessor issued city scrip to the amount of $2,238,000. This
scrip depreciated to such an extent as to entail a loss of from 5 to
10 per cent upon employes and other creditors of the city. It also
caused a loss to the city of from $150,000 to $200,000 per annum.
During 1879 the city administration was enabled to reduce the out-
standing scrip to less than $1,500,000 and during 1880 to less than
$590,000. It was expected that during 1881 the existing scrip
would be entirely retired. During the past twenty-one months every
city employe had been paid in cash. The city being unable under
the law to borrow a dollar and not having ready money to meet its
semi-annual interest, was compelled to hypothecate interest coupons
when due and to pay a heavy commission for having them carried
until taxes could be collected. These commissions amounted to
from $50,000 to $70,000.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 417
After 1879 the city promptly met such interest and paid not one
cent in commissions. This administration thus far paid the Hayes-
Colvin certificates which, though illegal, had been met in full with
interest, the whole amounting to $275,643. The city likewise paid
off large sums of water bonds and refunded at a lower rate of in-
terest a large amount of sewerage and municipal bonds. By so doing
it effected a saving in interest of $54,215. During 1879 and 1880
the administration, it was claimed, saved $1,050,000. This amount,
added to the taxes of previous years collected and to cash from
various sources, enabled the administration to contribute $550,000
to the obligations of 1881 and left on hand $1,500,000 to meet the
expenses of 1881-82. Owing to the small amount allowed for a
probable deficiency in tax collections it was realized that there would
likely be necessary a large increase in the revenues from licenses.
It was demanded that assessors should be required to discover and
reveal men of large property who habitually evaded a just taxation.
By practicing the most rigid economy the city, it was claimed,
was freed from scrip and was placed on a cash basis. Existing con-
ditions to be feared were the numerous cliques and rings deliberately
and systematically formed in the various departments for the pur-
pose of defrauding the city. Favoritism in appointments nourished
according to the newspapers, and extravagance and fraudulent prac-
tices were openly and unanswerably charged. Notwithstanding
severe ridicule and criticism, the mayor declared that the police de-
partment was well managed and that criminals were controlled and
crime reduced. But this claim was wholly untrue. He stated that
when he assumed the mayoralty two years before, the city was in-
fested with a gang of bank robbers, the most daring and successful
in the whole country. They were silent and inactive here, but used
Chicago as a base of operations throughout the West. These gangs
had been traced, arrested and punished. He stated that the tele-
phone police system proved a most valuable adjunct to the police
department. The ninety alarm stations enabled the police to outwit
and circumvent footpads and other desperate criminals. The sys-
tem would soon be connected with business houses and private resi-
dences.
The water supply was usually contaminated, but could not be
improved until the cribs should be removed to a greater distance
from the lake shore. The city showed a less mortality in 1880 than
any large city except St. Louis and San Francisco. The mayor
feebly endeavored to excuse public gambling, which showed a con-
siderable increase. He did not satisfy the public that he had made
proper efforts to suppress this evil. The press of that date declared
that the administration studiously avoided an investigation of fla-
grant gambling cases which came to its notice and winked at vice
and crime — the worst in the history of the city. The fact was
clear that gambling and therefore vice were deliberately and know-
418 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ingly permitted by Mayor Harrison. He covertly ordered immunity
to these elements, avoided investigation and failed to prosecute
cases notoriously apparent, though called repeatedly to his attention.
On February 6, 1882, Mayor Harrison stated in his annual mes-
sage, as if it was a fact about which to boast, that the city during
1881 was not obliged to issue temporary scrip. The negative avoid-
ance of unnecessary debt was paraded as a positive virtue that mer-
ited congratulation and praise. The amount received from taxes
during 1881 was $4,115,408, and there was in the treasury at the
close of the year $755,479. Attention was called by the newspapers
to the remarkable prosperity of all manufacturing enterprises of the
city during 1881 ; to the system of factory inspection that had been
established; to the value of the police telephone service; to the
falsely claimed efficiency of the police department ; to the superiority
of the fire department; to the superb management of the health
department under Doctor De Wolf; to the control of smallpox by
vaccination; to the ob'jectionable proximity of the pesthouse to the
house of correction ; to the wise management of the house of cor-
rection by Superintendent Felton; to the decrease in mortality; to
the excellence of the public schools; to the increased collection of
water rates — $936,639 for 1881 ; to the mayor's unexampled, cor-
rupt and inexcusable pardons of offenders ; to the alleged excellent
management of the city departments despite the knowledge of thou-
sands to the contrary; to the adverse reports in circulation con-
cerning municipal conditions which the mayor declared were "gross-
ly exaggerated" ; to the fact that public opinion had condemned
the administration as one of reckless subserviency to the criminal
population, and to the mayor's indirect admission of the truth of the
charges by a weak and prevaricating apology. There was shown
to exist under his administration an extraordinary reign of crim-
inal license and its attendant wretchedness and wrong. The mayor
made a miserable attempt to explain and condone the disgraceful
condition caused by his own policy of granting immunity to wick-
edness in order to secure its support at the polls. At this date law-
lessness held the balance of power.
However, in matters of detail it was clear that several depart-
ments had been well conducted. The fire department was particu-
larly efficient, and the health department, despite serious obstacles
and inconveniences, made an excellent showing. The old lake tun-
nel, which had been completed fifteen years before, was examined
and found to be almost as sound as when first put in use. The old
tunnel was five feet high ; the new one, seven. The mayor earnestly
recommended that the city should at once make provision for public
improvements in anticipation of the future wants of the city. No
municipality need expect to be made magnificent out of the pro-
ceeds of immediate taxation. "It should be made grand, but com-
ing generations should help to bear the expense. We should pay
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 419
every cent needed for present municipal purposes, but should also
provide for future Chicago and should ask that future to help us
so provide. To this end the Legislature should be asked to make
a change in the State constitution to permit us to issue bonds for
such permanent improvements." The mayor noted that a great
improvement to carry off the sewage and improve the water system
of the city would soon have to be made. Every year new school-
houses and enlarged facilities in every department would have to
be provided.
In his message of May 5, 1884, Mayor Harrison again egotis-
tically complimented the city upon the excellent management of his
administration. He stated that the finances of the city, being the
first consideration, had been judiciously, wisely and economically
managed. The growth of the city had been so rapid as to outstrip all
calculations of receipts and expenditures. He naively stated that
he had experienced great difficulty in checking extravagance, owing
to the creation of many new and untried departments, and noted
that the assessments had not kept pace with the population. At-
tention was called to the fact that in 1872 city property was valued
at $284,000,000 and that ten years later when the population had
about doubled the valuations were $125,000,000.
The mayor argued that bonds of the city should be issued to
make improvements needed for public pleasure and benefit. Such
bonds could be spread over many years, their payment would scarce-
ly be felt, and the improvements could be enjoyed by the present
generation. He illustrated this point by stating that if the councils
had not anticipated the future wants of the city by building much
larger water works than were needed, a sufficient supply of good
water would be out of the question at this date, owing to the great
growth. He recommended that a law to enable the council to issue
bonds with which to make such improvements should be secured.
There was a large increase in the revenue from saloon and other
licenses. The mayor took occasion to criticise severely a partisan
press which at all times, he declared, found fault with his administra-
tion without being able to show how he could remedy matters. The
statement was untrue ; almost every newspaper repeatedly told of the
improvements that were desired and could be made. The change
from low license to high license, he expostulated, worked hardships
upon saloon keepers.
At the close of 1884 Mr. Harrison congratulate^ the City Coun-
cil on the continued prosperity, excellent credit, and high standing
of the municipality. Never before in the history of Chicago had
the municipal government been so fiercely assailed by newspapers
and politicians as during the last few months of 1884. He declared
that the shafts of malice and invective aimed at him were warded
off by his consciousness of right doing and his fidelity to the inter-
ests of the people. He stated that while the newspapers admitted
420 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
that the departments were admirably conducted, they at the same
time denounced his administration in the most abusive and untruth-
ful terms. The newspapers had truthfully published accounts of
lawlessness, mob violence, plunder and riot such as never before
transpired here. Despite the fact that the mayor declared Chicago
was injured by these malicious attacks upon his administration, truth
showed that the financial condition of business and banks was never
better. This fact and other evidence were conclusive proof that
the city was not injured by the newspaper attacks upon the mayor's
administration. The newspapers noticed the filthy condition of the
streets. The mayor admitted the condition. He boasted that the
department of tenement houses and workshop inspectors had ac-
complished great good. Although it was publicly stated to the
contrary, the mayor asserted that the police department had been
ably and satisfactorily managed. The newspapers declared that
the police department and the city administration as a unit were in
league with vice and crime. This was a fact, despite the state-
ment of the mayor to the contrary.
At the close of the year 1885 Mayor Harrison in his annual mes-
sage summed up the progress of events during the past year. He
again congratulated the council on the excellent condition of the
city's finances and on the great progress made in the character and
extent of public improvements. He stated that public requirements
had been wisely and economically extended and that therefore Chi-
cago's financial credit was not surpassed by that of any other city
in the country. He further noted that the police, fire and health
departments had been managed with consummate ability and effi-
ciency and would challenge favorable comparison with similar de-
partments in other cities. The grand jury issued a report at the
end of 1885 severely reflecting on the mayor and the police de-
partment for their failure to manage vice and crime. It was ap-
parent that the administraton, doubtless for considerations of
policy, had permitted gambling, and therefore was responsible for
all its accompanying disorders and disgraces. Strange was it that
the controller seemed to think it necessary to brag that the city had
not been compelled to issue scrip during the past year. He assumed
that it was a matter of congratulation, joy and delight that the
city had not further been plunged into debt; and stated that by
collecting the savings of previous years into a general fund to be
used in emergencies his department had secured within its jurisdic-
tion the necessary means to carry on the affairs of the city. This
step, he stated, was made necessary by the system of tax levies and
collections in vogue. The Board of Health reported considerable
decrease in deaths from zymotic diseases among children under 5
years of age. The report of the factory inspectors was not alto-
gether satisfactory. Though considerable improvement was made
there were still many faults in the system of inspection and partic-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 481
ularly in the conditions which the department designed to improve.
However, substantial progress was made in the right direction.
There was a surprisingly large number of buildings into which sewer
gas found entrance. The total number of policemen was 1 ,036.
The year 1886 was memorable, owing to the riot and massacre
which occurred at Desplaines and Randolph streets on the night of
May 4. This was the desperate and bloody culmination of the en-
croachments of communism and anarchy during the preceding
half dozen years. A dynamite bomb was thrown into the ranks of
the police and one officer was instantly killed, six fatally wounded,
and many injured for life, making in all sixty-seven members of the
force who were struck. That this result was occasioned by the
lenient and unwise method of the city administration in dealing
with the anarchists, there can be no doubt. During his entire ad-
ministration Mayor Harrison permitted the anarchists to hold their
rabid meetings, voice their murderous propaganda, and march un-
molested through the streets with red banners and redder intent.
Little attempt to check their furious designs and operations were
made. They thus became emboldened by the leniency shown them
and imagined that the slackness of the city authorities betokened a
wrong and unjust cause, and accordingly they grew bolder, stronger,
more violent and more insane as time progressed, until they openly
counseled murder at their meetings in halls and on the public streets.
Occasionally they were slightly checked, but this only served to
make them more cunning, desperate and daring. The result was
the riot on the West side. This act sounded the death knell of an-
archy in Chicago. After this event the authorities rigidly checked
all violent movements having such a tendency. There was a large
public subscription for the benefit of the families of the injured
policemen, a portion of which was assigned to the Police Benevolent
association and the balance was distributed among the victims and
their families by a special committee. The leaders of the anarchists
were punished.
In his annual message of April 9, 1888, Mayor John A. Roche
asked the people to decide whether he had fulfilled his promises to
have the affairs of the city conducted in a business like and econom-
ical manner, to suppress public gambling, and to close disreputable
saloons. They did so, but the decision was partly adverse to his
promises. The bonded debt of the city on December 31, 1887, was
$12,588,500. In addition the city was bound to pay $30,000 for
land upon which to swing the Adams street bridge. The total re-
ceipts during 1887 were $11,980,935.55. This was an increase of
more than half a million over those of 1886. The total expendi-
tures during 1887 were $11,497,988.24. This was an increase of
nearly half a million over the previous year, but was accounted for
in part, though feebly, by the addition of 113 men to the police
force. The question of health was reported satisfactory. Chicago's
422 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
death rate was low compared with other large cities of the country.
The revenue from licenses was over $174,000. Improvement in
scavenger work was effected. It was decided during the year that
the city should own the teams and employ the men to carry on this
work. A furnace for the destruction of garbage was put in opera-
tion and was regarded as fairly successful and satisfactory. The
sanitary supervision of homes and the inspection of health con-
ditions of tenement houses were performed with energy, intelli-
gence and success. Over 81,000 examinations were made. The
result was to enforce cleanliness in localities where it was never
before practiced.
During the year 1887 the contract for the four-mile tunnel was
amended that more money would be available for pressing public
let. It was expected to supply seventy-five million gallons every
twenty-four hours. An expert engineer was employed and his sug-
gestions saved the city a large sum. The previous administration
had left a debt of over $250,000 for the paving of street intersec-
tions. This was met by the Roche administration. During 1887
the street railways paved over 91,000 square yards between their
tracks. It was believed by many that the revenue law should be so
improvement. The amount of money obtained under the existing
law was inadequate to meet the wants of this rapidly growing city.
The drainage commission was forced to suspend operations on
December 1, 1887, owing to lack of funds. The newspapers ex-
pressed dissatisfaction with the management of affairs by this
commission. The recent decision of the United States Circuit court
as to the rights of the city on the lake front was encouraging to
the municipal government. The council paid special attention to the
enforcement of rapid transit by both steam and street railway com-
panies. The railways were urged to offer encouragement to all
legitimate schemes that would increase communication with the sub-
urbs. New tunnels under the South branch to meet the require-
ments of street car service for the West side were demanded. Bet-
ter management for the passage of shipping through the Chicago
river was advocated. As over 24,000 vessels arrived and departed
from this port during 1887 and as nearly all of them entered the
river, the importance of this recommendation was apparent. Nu-
merous viaducts over the railroad tracks were constructed during
the year. The mayor emphatically announced that in accordance
with his promises he had almost wholly suppressed public gambling.
He improved matters, but did not accomplish extinguishment. He
employed a force of men whose special duty it was to discover and
report all such establishments. Many were convicted and impris-
oned from the evidence thus secured. Numerous disreputable sa-
loons were likewise investigated and closed. In all cases, it was
claimed, applications for saloon licenses from improper characters
were refused. To a large extent the mayor revolutionized the po-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 423
lice department, saloon establishments and gambling resorts. Vice
of every description was unquestionably checked under his ad-
ministration. This was such a conspicuous and admirable depart-
ure from the wicked practices and immunities under the Harrison
administration as to demand general recognition and commendation.
It was the" first time for half a dozen years that any emphatic bar
was placed before the steady and deadly encroachments of vice,
immorality and anarchy. During the year of 1887 the fire depart-
ment rendered satisfactory service.
The controller reported at the end of the year 1887 that it would
be necessary to spend as estimated about $2,884,000 to secure ex-
tensions to the water system. New tunnels, engineers, buildings,
grounds, mains, cribs and maintenance would have to be supplied.
On April 15, 1889, Mayor Roche reported that on January of that
year the bonded debt of the city was $12,561,500. There was a
small decrease during 1888. The receipts during 1888, including
the balance on hand, were $15,261,712. Of this sum $2,262,181
came from licenses, an increase from that source of over $200,000
in two years. The expenditures amounted to $15,874,387. The
excess was caused mainly by the construction of the lake and
land tunnels and the cost of new pumping stations. There was
on hand at the end of 1888, $2,294,926. Up to the close of 1888
only the building department was self-sustaining. It was evident
that, owing to constitutional restrictions, the revenue of the muni-
cipality was insufficient to commence and complete the public im-
provements demanded by the growth and requirements of the city.
As a measure of relief a law exempting the sewer construction from
the provisions of the bill fixing a 2 per cent limitation on taxation
was passed. As this law would be operative only until about
1891, a large additional revenue thereafter for sewer construction
might be possible. During 1888, notwithstanding the epidemic of
diphtheria which swept the whole country, the death rate in Chi-
cago was the lowest of all the great cities of the world. Tene-
ment inspection was rigidly enforced with surprising and excellent
results. The experiment of having the city do its own scavenger
work proved successful. The cost, though slightly greater than un-
der the contract system, was sure to be less in the end. The De-
partment of Public Works reported a considerable saving in vari-
ous branches and also reported an improved service. During 1888
several land and water tunnels were constructed. A contract for
a four-mile crib was let and provision for an intermediate shaft
was made, all to be completed within two years. Satisfactory prog-
ress by the drainage commission and in the lake front cases was
made during 1888. Two additional street car companies were
granted franchises — one on the South side and one on the West
side. The experiment of operating the city telephone from a central
office was tried and found to be satisfactory. The lighting of the
424 JII8TORY OF COOK COUNTY
river by electricity was a great improvement. The new electric
light system was opened on the West side.
From 1879 to 1886 eight bridges, of which two were small ones,
over the canal, were built at a cost of nearly $427,000. Of this
amount the city paid over $320,000 and the railroads the balance.
In 1887-88 six bridges, costing nearly $441,000, were built, the
city paying over $243,000. From 1879 to 1886, inclusive, nine
viaducts were built, three old ones reconstructed and additions and
repairs made to others, at a total expense of over $1,300,000. Of
this amount the city paid over $582,000. During 1888 ten viaducts
were built and two old ones reconstructed at a cost of about $1,190,-
000. Of this amount the railroads paid over $968,000. From the
above statistics it will be seen that more was done during 1887 and
1888 than was done previously during seven or eight years.
During 1888 there were eliminated from the police force all
drunkards, drones and incompetents, and a much greater degree of
efficiency was secured. The newspapers of that date noticed the
great improvement in the personnel of policemen and in the char-
acter of work they performed. Prior to the fall of 1887 nowhere
in the city was a patrolman on his beat from 4 o'clock A. M. to 6
o'clock A. M. As this was the time when burglars were most active, a
change was made in 1888. There was a notable decrease in crime
under the new arrangement. At the end of 1888 the police force
numbered 1,255. The patrols during 1888 responded to 34,107
alarms and made 23,772 arrests.
There was effected by the Roche administration a notable im-
provement in the moral atmosphere of Chicago. The "wide-open"
policy, though still defiant and in many places still in wicked opera-
tion, received a grievous wound. The policy of the Harrison ad-
ministration had been to yield measurably to the demands of the
vicious and criminal elements in order to secure their patronage.
Mayor Roche inaugurated a different policy. While bidding for
their votes, he insisted that they must operate under rules of con-
trol. In a large measure the publicity of public immorality was
demanded. The result was a vast moral improvement, particularly
in down-town Chicago.
When Mayor De Witt C. Cregier assumed the mayoralty chair,
he stated on April 15, 1889, in his message to the council, his
views of municipal affairs. At the close of 1888 the city had nearly
700 miles of water pipe, ten miles of water tunnels, 500 miles of
sewers, 350 miles of paved streets, 1,000 miles of sidewalks, 2,500
street lamps, 98 school buildings, 21 police stations, 49 fire com-
panies, 76 fire equipments, 36 swing bridges, 33 viaducts, 900 miles
of city alarm telegraph wire, a public library containing 44,000 vol-
umes, a city hall, and other necessary and valuable public build-
ings. The new drainage bill was pending before the General As-
sembly. Rapid transit and cheap fares were important considera-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 425
tions affecting not only Chicago but all of the outlying tributary
districts. The great mass of the people were laborers working for
comparatively small pay. Their time was valuable and their means
limited, therefore it was the duty of the city administration to favor
them so far as possible in the distribution of favors, so rapid transit
was demanded.
At this date the river was crowded and the water was shallow.
Great difficulty in handling vessels and in turning bridges was ex-
perienced, and immediate improvement was imperatively necessary.
It was conceded that the swinging bridges, unless their operation
should be greatly improved, would in future prove serious obstacles
to commercial progress. Other important problems at this date
were the educational facilities, city drainage, enlarged sewers, im-
proved streets, better lights, less vice, etc.
In April, 1890, Mayor Cregier in his annual message noted the
wonderful growth and improvement of the city. Perhaps the most
notable occurrence of the year was the accession of an extensive
area of territory within the city limits. On June 28, 1889, the city
embraced forty-four square miles of territory containing about 850,-
000 people. The following day the city of Lake View and the towns
of Hyde Park, Lake, Jefferson and Cicero, aggregating 128.24 miles
of territory and about 220,000 people, were annexed, thus including
within the city limits more than 1,000,000 people and 172.18 square
miles of territory. "By this extraordinary consolidation these inde-
pendent corporations, each having a legislative and executive de-
partment of government, each controlled and operated under more
or less different systems and methods of conducting public affairs,
were at once merged into one municipality under the authority and
control of one city government." The new territory readily accom-
modated itself to the changed conditions, and the city as a whole
progressed exceedingly in up-to-date improvements and modern
refinements. The bonded debt of the city was increased as follows
by this annexation: Hyde Park, $434,000; Lake, $411,000; Lake
View, $200,000. These sums increased the total bonded debt of
the city to $13,606,900. The territory of Chicago proper had grown
in the past as follows: On February 11, 1835, the original town
contained 2.55 square miles; on March 4, 1837, there were added
8.15 square miles; on February 16, 1853, there were added 6.48
square miles; on February 27, 1864, there were added 11.35 square
miles; on May 16, 1887, there were added one square mile; in No-
vember and December, 1887, there were added 7.15 square miles,
and on July 29, 1889, there were added 128.24 square miles, making
a total of 172.18 square miles. Of this area, 5.14 square miles were
water and the balance land. On April 15, 1890, there were added
two square miles — the village of Gano, thus giving the city a total
of 174.18 square miles on that date.
During the year 1889 a considerable decrease in the price of
426 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
gas was secured by the city government. The price previously
ranged all the way from $1.25 to $2 per thousand feet, but at this
date the price throughout the city was reduced to $1.25 per thousand
cubic feet. During 1889 the controller announced that there was
due the city from the street railway companies for the use of the
LaSalle street tunnel a total of $57,833. From 1887 to 1889, in-
clusive, arrangements to ascertain the damages resulting from the
construction of viaducts were made and accordingly numerous suits
against the city were brought by private parties and corporations
interested. A grand total of $1,459,663 in suits was thus com-
menced.
An important question before the City Council was the disposal
of the interest on the public funds. Reform in this matter was
demanded. It was believed that the existing system was wrong in
practice and an injustice to tax payers. Public officials who loaned
the city funds and drew interest thereon were declared to be acting
without legal authority, and the public insisted that principal and
interest on public money should belong to the people.
Mayor Cregier, in 1890, called attention to the importance of se-
curing greater revenue either by increasing assessments or by re-
moving the tax limitation. This was a matter that demanded early
attention unless the people desired serious trouble in municipal
affairs. The great increase in territory and population and the
multiplication of departments and expenses demanded a greatly in-
creased revenue.
Another important occurrence of the year 1889 was the passage
of the famous Chicago sanitary district law. Extracts from this
act will be found elsewhere in this work. It made provisions for
the drainage in this portion of the city. Additional tunnels and
the immediate reconstruction of dock lines were now demanded.
The vile condition of the upper branches of the Chicago river were
duly considered and bemoaned. A considerable improvement in
transit and in cheap fares on the city railway was made.
Among the assets of the town of Jefferson, which was annexed
to Chicago, was a toll road which was kept in operation. The im-
portance of simplifying or consolidating the various governmental
heads then existing under the city government was admitted. So
far as possible, it was stated, they should be united under one general
head. Notwithstanding that Mayor Cregier during 1889 was vilified
and abused unstintedly by partisan antagonists, he still retained the
good will of the people generally and his administration in some
respects will bear comparison with any up to that date, and in moral-
ity and progress surpassed any other. He was peculiarly unfortunate
in being obliged to suffer from misrepresentation. His motives and
objects were constantly disbelieved and his efforts for improvement
were ridiculed and misstated with deliberate and studied purpose by
partisan enemies. But there is no question that he permitted the
GEORGE H. WHITE.
ALBERT F. KEENEY.
HARRY A. LEWIS.
J. H. WILKERSON.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 429
same reign of vice, extravagance and crime suffered under the Harri-
son administration.
The mayor, in April, 1892, recommended the adoption of a law
amending the existing method of assessment, taxation and collec-
tion. Under the existing system the seven townships which main-
tained a separate existence and withheld annually from the city
treasury immense sums collected for the use of the municipality
could seriously injure the municipal government. The abolishment
of the township system and the centralization of control under one
set of officers would effect the needed improvement. The mayor
said, "It might be mentioned that with our city and county limits
so nearly identical, the abolishment of city and county lines and the
union of both under one municipal form of government would result
in a great benefit to the community." The mayor deprecated the
criticisms of the building department and declared that Louis O'Neill
had conducted this department honorably and creditably. The press
thought otherwise. It was shown that 11,805 buildings costing
$45,000,000 the largest number in the history of the city, were
erected during 1891. It was the opinion that the Pearce street
disaster could not be charged to the building department. During
1891-92 the total receipts for the fiscal year were $29,550,560.29
and the total expenditures a little less. At this time it was shown
that a centralization of governmental authority would decrease ex-
penses and increase receipts; that the building department, though
criticised, deserved credit for its accomplishments; and that the
Department of Public Works accomplished more in the same time
than ever before.
During 1892 the city won the lake front litigation cases in the
United States Supreme court. The health department cleaned the
city after a fashion and thus probably prevented an attack of the
cholera. The following improvements were noted : That much to
prevent grade crossing accidents was accomplished by the elevation
of railroad tracks; that the White City was built; that the four-
mile tunnel was completed December 7, 1892; that gambling, in-
cluding the operations of the Garfield Track Racing association, was
ended; that building regulations, smoke law, etc., received due at-
tention ; that the bonded debt of the city on December 31, 1892, was
$18,476,450, and in addition $1,560,000 was owed on other obliga-
tions; that special improvements for the year 1892 amounted to
$14,505,701.79, nearly $6,000,000 larger than any previous year;
that the collection of water taxes was simplified and improved ; that
the Purchasing Bureau was in operation at a great saving to the
city ; that city health was greatly improved ; that the prosecuting at-
torney's office and the special assessment attorney's office were con-
ducted with great credit; that the House of Correction should be
enlarged; that the enrollment in the public schools was 157,743;
that many new school buildings were opened in 1892 ; that a milk
Vol. II — 25.
430 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ordinance much needed was passed; and that free baths, cleaner
streets and alleys, removal of garbage, isolated stabling, etc., added
to the order and appearance of the city.
In April, 1894, Mayor John P. Hopkins said that the three most
important questions were finances, franchises and track elevation.
The finance committee recommended a general reduction of salaries,
but this was deemed unwise. The mayor recommended that the
matter of assessments be placed under a bureau ; that heads of de-
partments or towns be no longer permitted to retain city funds for
purposes of gain ; that the assessed valuation of city property for
1893 was $245,790,351; that trouble was occasioned by the anti-
quated and inadequate system of bookkeeping in vogue; that the
expert previously appointed discovered the defective water assess-
ment by which the city had been defrauded annually of thousands
of dollars ; that there should be a city paymaster ; that city pay rolls
should be published ; that adequate compensation for city franchises
was demanded and exacted ; that limited franchises were the policy
of the administration ; that the fee offices of oil inspector and boiler
inspector should be made salaried offices ; that steps to elevate grade
crossings were taken by two large South side railways; that the
police court system was remodeled and rearranged; that the ques-
tion of clean streets was duly considered ; and that city revenues
should at once be increased.
John P. Hopkins in his annual message at the close of 1894
stated that his administration had been hampered by an insufficiency
of revenue, loaded down with enormous obligations contracted dur-
ing former years, and drained of its resources by a rapidly growing
and expensive city government. The drain upon the city was fur-
ther augmented by unexpected emergencies, such as the labor trou-
bles, the smallpox epidemic and the absence of a civil service law,
all of which rendered it extremely difficult to secure satisfactory
help. He complained that political influences wholly antagonistic to
each other and to the proper progress of public affairs still further
complicated his administration. He pitifully stated that the wonder
was not that his administration did not get along any better, but
that it managed to get along as well as it did. On the other hand
there was great encouragement in the rapid growth of the city and
in the celebrated name it secured by having made the World's Fair
such a splendid success. While admitting the shortcomings of his
administration he disclaimed responsibility and expressed regret at
being compelled to turn over to his successor the city in bad financial
condition. He stated that this condition was due to three principal
causes. 1. To the insufficiency of the city's resources. 2. To the
absurd condition by which the city's revenue was expended before its
collection. 3. To the decrease in the revenues of the city from sa-
loon and other licenses due to the depression caused by labor trou-
bles. The municipal revenue bore no comparison to the rapid in-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 431
crease in population. The taxing system was wholly wrong in
principle and utterly rotten in its administration, producing a shrink-
age instead of an increase. The fiscal year began on the first day of
January, but the bulk of the taxes for that year were not collected
for many months afterward. In addition, the city was heavily in
debt, which was increasing through judgments, etc.
Thus as a whole the financial condition of the city was a matter
for serious consideration by all thoughtful citizens. Something to
clear the administration of confusion and distress should be done.
During the campaign Mr. Hopkins promised that if elected he would
inaugurate and establish a system of bookkeeping that would at all
times show the true condition of the resources and liabilities of the
city. In accordance with this promise he secured an expert ac-
countant, who made a thorough investigation of the system of ac-
counts kept in every department. This course resulted in placing
the accounts of the city in better condition than they had ever been
before. It was provided that each department should check up
monthly and start each year with a clean balance sheet. The police
court methods of accounting were also thoroughly investigated and
put in much better condition. The inspection thus instituted prom-
ised to check the practice of professional straw-bailing. Having
been elected on the agreement that no franchise should be granted
to corporations without adequate compensation, the mayor,- during
1894, frequently exercised the veto power to prevent any inroads by
the traction companies upon the rights of the city. He boasted that
during his term of office not a single corporation secured a fran-
chise without the payment of compensation to the city. This course
supplied considerable additional revenue. During 1894 the question
of grade crossings engrossed the attention of the city administra-
tion. The number of accidents previously was the cause of great
anxiety on the part of public officials. There was a general reluc-
tance of the railroads to cooperate, due not to their disregard of hu-
man life and security, but to the enormous cost of track elevation
and to a possible decrease in railroad earnings. Civil service was
not observed by the city administration because there was no law
requiring its adoption. Public places were filled as a reward for
partisan service just as they had been from time immemorial. The
police department was not divorced from politics, though such had
been the promise of the mayor. It was found impossible to ac-
complish this reform in the absence of a civil service law. The city
administration and the newspapers became clamorous that the next
Legislature should duly enact a civil service law.
During 1894 serious labor troubles disturbed all business opera-
tions. Differences which had slowly arisen for twelve years cul-
minated in the most serious strikes, clashes and riots which ever
occurred in the West. The police department was taxed to its
utmost. The State troops were called out by the mayor, and force
432 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
was used to prevent serious damage to the city. As it was, a large
amount of property was destroyed by mobs, and for a time in July
it seemed that the city might be set on fire and sacked. Enormous
damage to railway property was done by mobs in spite of the efforts
of the police and the militia. The question immediately arose, To
what extent is the city liable for the damage thus done?
The great strike of 1894 was inaugurated by the American Rail-
way Union at Pullman on May 11. The storm center was at Chi-
cago, but the trouble extended like a tidal wave over the whole
country. The railway companies offered determined and effective
resistance to the demands of the labor leaders. The great burden of
protecting property and preserving order fell upon the police de-
partment, which was wholly unequal to the herculean task. The city
contained over 186 square miles of territory with several thousand
miles of railway track to be patrolled and property of every descrip-
tion at hundreds of points to be guarded and protected. In this
emergency three brigades of State troops were called out against
great and menacing opposition. Daily rioting in all parts of the
afflicted districts occurred. The police department was blamed for
every infraction of the law. All things considered, the wonder
grows that there was not wilder disorder and a greater degree of
outlawry and destruction of property. Serious trouble in the city
proper did not occur until June 27. On that date the General Rail-
way Merchants' association asked for police protection for their
tracks and trains. Partial relief was furnished and no extensive
damages resulted until July 4, when a serious clash occurred at
Blue Island. The police were charged with deliberately siding with
and assisting the strikers. On the night of July 3 United States
troops arrived in the city in response to demands from the marshal.
The presence of these troops proved a firebrand to the excited pas-
sions of the working classes. Much violence had already resulted.
So great was the hostility to the troops in the disorderly districts
that they had to be protected by the police on their way to camp.
Trains were prevented from proceeding, train hands were assaulted
and immense crowds of strikers and the curious gathered and ob-
structed the dispatch and progress of business.
In this emergency the mayor called on the Governor for five regi-
ments of State troops. There was an immediate response and the
troops arrived. They were placed on duty throughout the city
where disorder was greatest and danger most imminent. A seri-
ous conflict between the troops and the strikers occurred at Forty-
ninth and Loomis streets on July 7. It was necessary for the troops
to charge the crowds with fixed bayonets and finally to fire several
volleys, resulting in the killing of four men and the wounding of
about twenty. This act infuriated the strikers. Violent conflicts
of a similar nature occurred in all parts of the city. The maddened
strikers began firing the cars and other property of the railroads
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 433
and soon hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of property were
blazing along the lines. It was impossible to extinguish the flames,
owing to the hindrances presented by the strikers. Criminals and
the lawless everywhere took advantage of the confusion to ply their
desperate occupations. During this violent and revengeful period
squads of soldiers here and there were compelled to fire upon the
strikers with the result that innocent men, women and children
were sometimes shot and either killed or wounded. Thus the trou-
ble continued for more than two weeks. Gradually the soldiers and
the police cleared the tracks of the railways and slowly enforced
order. More than 100,000 persons were affected by the strike. The
railways lost in property and expenses of various kinds nearly $700,-
000. Employes at Pullman alone lost in wages at least $350,000.
About 100,000 men employed on the twenty-four railroads centering
in Chicago lost in wages, it was estimated, about $1,389,000. Dur-
ing this period twelve persons were shot and killed or fatally
wounded. Hundreds were more or less seriously injured.
During 1894 numerous paving frauds were practiced upon the
city, and investigaton instituted by the Commissioner of Public
Works showed that pavements laid during several previous years
were short in material and extremely defective in construction.
Under the law contractors were required to make good defective
work. Accordingly the commissioner demanded that such contrac-
tors should live up to their agreements. Several made good, but
others refused. There thus resulted a deficiency of about $300,000.
In a test case under these requirements the city was defeated. Judge
Smith held that where one party accepted as satisfactory work done
by the other the acceptance was conclusive. During 1894 great ad-
vance in the construction of sewers, sidewalks, and tunnels was
made. The Sixty-eighth street tunnel extension was completed ; the
Lake View tunnel was expected to be completed in October, 1895 ;
and work on the four-mile crib was finished in December, 1894.
The latter had taken nearly five years to construct, but the time and
the money for this improvement were well invested. There was
noticed an immediate improvement in the city water. The Sev-
enty-ninth street extension was an important improvement just pro-
jected. Numerous bridges and viaducts were built and repaired
during 1894. Notwithstanding the deficiency in revenue the city
progressed at a surprising and satisfactory rate. The following
parks were under control of the Department of Public Works dur-
ing 1894: Jefferson, Irving, Holstein, Congress, Oak, Lakewood,
Green Bay, Washington. Shedd's, Douglas Monument Square, Al-
dine Square, Bickerdike Square, Gross, Eldred, Ellis and East End.
It cost nearly $13,000 to keep them in suitable condition.
The controller in March, 1895, called attention to the fact that in
1869 the assessed valuation of Chicago was $266,920,000. In 1894
it was $247,425,442. In other words, the assessed valuation in
434 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
1894 was nearly twenty millions less than it was in 1869 when the
city had a population of only about 250,000. Now the population
was estimated at 1,567,727. No wonder the city was heavily in debt
and did not know which way to turn to secure revenue to pay ordi-
nary current expenses, to say nothing of retiring the city indebted-
ness. The accounts showed that the city had purchased and added
to its permanent assets since 1871 property valued at $49,000,000.
This was nearly three times as much as the total funded debt. How-
ever, regardless of the indebtedness and the low assessed valuation,
the city was in a solvent condition, and there was in the treasury
ready money sufficient to meet current expenses. The council dur-
ing the year publicly questioned the authority of the city to borrow
money, which indiscretion caused the banks to refuse loans to the
corporation until that question should be settled. The city authori-
ties thus had great trouble to secure money for current expenses in
view of the fact that the collections were not made until long after
the assessment was levied. The controller called, attention to the
necessity of correcting the law in this regard at the earliest possible
moment. There was a large increase in judgments against the city,
owing to defective sidewalks, insufficient appropriations for gas and
an insufficient city law department. The assessed valuation in 1894
was declared to be absurd. The actual value was placed at ten times
the amount of the assessment. Property owners expostulated,
begged and lied. Great trouble resulted from the acts of the town
authorities in withholding from the city taxes long past due. The
controller recommended the abolishment of town offices and the con-
solidation of the town organizations within the city.
On January 1, 1894, the funded debt of the city amounted to
$18,426,450. The annual interest upon this large amount was
nearly $1,000,000. During the year 1894 this debt was considerably
decreased, resulting in a reduction of over $84,000 in the annual
interest. In June, 1894, there was received from the World's Co-
lumbian Exposition the sum of $500,000 with which bonds were
purchased and retired. The controller called attention to the fact
that nearly $3,000,000 in bonds would fall due on July 1, 1895.
During 1894 election expenses increased greatly. The total re-
ceipts during 1894 were $32,263,948. The total expenses were
$34,359,300.
Mayor George B. Swift, in his annual message to the council in
May, 1896, stated that the chief difficulty during the past year was
to administer the city government upon an inadequate income. The
new civil service law was put into partial operation with excellent
results. The dispute between the Illinois Central railway and the
city concerning the lake front was finally settled. Many miles of
surface railways were elevated. The finances of the city were so
deplorably insufficient as to cause the greatest distress and incon-
venience. While the expenses of the city were vastly increased ow-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 435
ing to the advance in population, the revenues were really reduced,
thus entailing hardship on the city authorities in their effort to con-
duct public affairs along satisfactory and economical lines. In 1895
the total excess of expenses of all kinds over the actual income for
corporate purposes amounted to $564,509; the judgments against
the city, wholly unprovided for on January 1, 1896, amounted to
$1,155,922. These judgments were entered mainly by confession
of the city. Unquestionably a large portion of them could have
been defeated had contests instead of confessions been the pro-
cedure. Nearly every city department showed in a striking way
how inadequate were the resources to meet the padded and blown-
up expenses of the city under this extravagant administration. The
legal contests were partly due to the insufficient income brought
about by the inequalities of taxation. Instead of cutting down ex-
penses and operating within the revenue, the administration multi-
plied expenses and then called frantically for help. The bonded
debt of the city was reduced during 1895 only to the amount of
$534,000. On January 1, 1896, the total cash deficiency of all
outstanding liabilities other than the bonded debt amounted to
$5,597,847. Prior to this date the County court had adjudged the
paving of street intersections to be in the nature of a public benefit,
and therefore the tax with which to build the same had been levied
against the city and not against individual property owners. Under
this rule there had accumulated to the credit of the special assess-
ment bureau about $1,000,000. The total bonded debt of the city
on January 1, 1895, was $17,722,950.
The debt of the city was limited to 5 per cent of the assessed
valuation, and therefore the present era was compelled to bear the
whole cost of permanent improvement which posterity should assist
in sustaining. It was demanded that the assessment should be in-
creased or the limitation should be removed, in order that greatly
needed public improvements could be advanced. The water works
alone yielded an annual revenue of more than $2,000,000 above its
operating expenses and this revenue would be further increased
when the new tunnel and pumping stations then under way should
be completed. The Department of Public Works was well conducted
and more than half a million dollars was taken from its expenses
by a decrease in the pay rolls, etc. The building department was
likewise conducted. It had to meet a deficit and at the end of the
year had a small surplus. The health department accomplished
great improvement by placing proper safeguards around food sup-
plies such as milk, ice, meat, etc. The medical staff used the anti-
toxin treatment for diphtheria with excellent effect. Under the
management of the municipal laboratory, which examined im-
pure milk and cream, there was shown a reduction of from 60 to
65 per cent impure to 8 and 10 per cent impure. It was the
opinion of the medical staff of the department that the lives of not
436 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
less than 700 children were saved from October, 1895, to April,
1896, by the use of antitoxin. The police department was not con-
ducted upon the merit system, and no serious and honest attempt
to introduce civil service was made in any department. Complaints
concerning the working of the special assessment system were made
daily by the newspapers. Mayor Swift endorsed and partly en-
forced the policy of requiring due compensation to be paid to the
city for the use of street franchises. A fair degree of success was
thus far reached. The same was true of track elevation. Several
railways had already carried the measure into partial effect and
others were thus engaged or had the matter under consideration.
The final settlement of the lake front controversy was regarded as
a great victory for the city. It settled the ownership in the city to
property roughly estimated to be worth $8,000,000.
In order to ascertain the correct valuation of downtown prop-
erty, the administration appointed a commission of gentlemen ac-
quainted with land values in that portion of the city to investigate
and report on the subject. Such an estimate, it was stated, should
be made as often as once a year owing to the rapid increase in
actual value. It was well known that assessments throughout the
city and county were unequal. A similar commission appointed
to report on the market value of land in the South division north
of Twelfth street stated in April, 1896, that in their opinion the
value of land was $337,342,880 and that the value of the improve-
ments on the same was $101,104,300. The assessed valuation of
the same property for the year 1895 was as follows: Land $24,-
726,880, improvements $15,941,840. This commission thus found
that the assessment was much less than the usual 5 per cent of the
actual valuation. It was admitted at this time that no assessor
could possibly make a just assessment under the existing condi-
tions. The township system of assessing and collecting taxes was
not suitable for the county. For many years hundreds of citizens
had earnestly recommended some change in this defective system,
but none had been devised and put in operation. Mr. Swift ear-
nestly urged the people to study and realize more fully the truth of
the situation in order to vote intelligently on any reform movement
that promised improvement.
In April, 1897, Mayor Swift stated that the civil service law
had been put into partial effect throughout the city government.
This statement was emphatically denied by the newspapers, which
declared that civil service was regarded as a joke by the city ad-
ministration. The civil service act was approved by the governor
on March 20, 1895. At the succeeding April election the people
of Chicago by popular vote adopted the law and it went into effect
on July 1 of that year. During the fiscal year 1896-97 24,500
persons took out applications for entrance to the various branches
of classified service, and of these over 7,000 returned their appli-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 437
cations properly filled out and their names were entered on the
books of the commission. Of this number over 4,000 were examined
and nearly 2,500 successfully passed the required average. It was
announced at this date that, notwithstanding rare prudence and
judgment had been employed in the expenditures of the city rev-
enues, and notwithstanding the most rigid economy had been prac-
ticed in every department, the city fund was still inadequate to meet
anything but the simplest necessities. Such parsimony was deemed
unwise, and the press advocated such an annual increase as would
be proportionate to the increased population.
For at least a half dozen years there had been no increase in tax-
ation for municipal purposes in Chicago. In 1891, immediately
after the enlargement of the city by annexation, the assessed valu-
ation was, in round numbers, $256,000,000. In 1896 the assessed
valuation was only $244,000,000. Here was a decrease in the tax
revenue of about $240,000, while the city had probably increased
from 15 to 25 per cent in population and in necessary expenses.
The present financial ills were believed to be due to the existing
faulty assessment and revenue systems. Owing to the fact that the
city revenues were deemed inadequate, municipal authorities had
adopted the policy of running into debt, and continued the practice
until now the limit was overreached. The truth was that the city
authorities were unwilling, or thought they were unable, to live
within the income. During the last few years, not only had the
indebtedness not been increased, but it had been actually reduced,
notwithstanding the revenues remained stationary while the neces-
sary expenditures increased. The city in its emergency had adopted
the policy of issuing time warrants in anticipation of the collection
of taxes. Mayor Swift stated that during his two years of admin-
istration the bonded debt was reduced $644,000 and the floating
debt $625,000. At the same time there was a reduction in the pay
rolls of over $1,800,000. Two years before this date the city's
warrants and franchises were 15 per cent discount. Now they
commanded a small premium.
The decrease of 2,600 in the number of deaths this year was
announced by the health department to be due to the work of the
health bureau. The greater part of the decrease was shown to be
among children under 5 years of age. During the year the city
erected an isolation hospital. Effective steps to dispose of the city
garbage were taken. This step contributed to the healthfulness
of the city. The health department particularly investigated the
foods required by small children, such as milk, etc. They also
successfully treated diphtheria and other contagious diseases under
improved methods.
The public took great interest in 1896 in the subject of compen-
sation for special privileges, particularly by the street railway com-
panies. During the year the pay rolls of the city were purged of
438 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
numerous and unnecessary alleged employes, "whose only excuse
for being upon them was that they had rendered valuable services
to the political party to which they happened to belong." The sav-
ing thus effected amounted in twenty-four months to the astonish-
ing sum of $1,822,391.81.
During 1896 the Council appropriated $50,000 for the comple-
tion of the John Worthy Training school, which was being con-
ducted as a reformatory institution. It was stated that during the
past twenty-four years 24,600 boys ranging in 'age from 8 to 16
years had been committed to the Bridewell for all classes of of-
fenses and there had been thrown in contact with depraved crimi-
nals of the worst character. Of this total number the superin-
tendent of the institution declared that only 738 boys had ever
attended the public schools of the city. It was declared a grievous
wrong that boys of a tender age should be thrown in contact with
criminals under the pretense of improving them. It was hoped that
the John Worthy Training school would effect the complete isola-
tion of these juvenile offenders from old and hardened criminals.
Street car transfers were carried into effect generally through-
out the city during the previous two years. The lake front im-
provements were a source of general congratulation. The suburban
railway stations on the lake front were placed underground, greatly
to the pleasure of the public. Track elevation progressed rapidly
and satisfactorily. The mayor recommended that important
changes should be made in the city charter. It wag his opinion
that because the mayor was held responsible for the city adminis-
tration he should possess the power to appoint the city clerk, at-
torney, treasurer and other officials.
Mayor Harrison claimed at the close of 1898 that his adminis-
tration had restored the confidence he had found wanting two years
before when he took the reins of city government. The bonded
debt was reduced $96,000. The permanent assets were increased
over $4,447,000. There was refunded at 3y2 per cent $290,000
of 7 per cent city bonds. The credit of the city was so strengthened
that refunding bonds bearing an exceedingly low rate were sold at
a premium. Of these bonds $100,000 were sold so low they cost
the municipality in interest only 3.2 per cent, the best price ever
obtained for such issues. Unjustified time warrants to the amount
of $2,350,000, bearing 4y2 per cent interest, were sold. Water
certificates to the amount of $2,200,000, bearing 4 per cent, were
issued. All these issues bore a lower rate than ever before in the
history of the city. The mayor pointed with pride to the business-
like manner with which the controller's office and all departments
of the city administration were managed. During the year more
than 6,000 special assessment warrants were investigated and the
collection of rebates on them was commenced. Before this date
these rebates seemed to be in a state of hopeless confusion.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 439
At the end of the year 1897 Mayor Harrison congratulated the
county on the scarcity of vicious legislation passed by them and
on the numerous important matters that had received due consider-
ation, such as track elevation, intercepting sewers, electric light
extension, the new building ordinance, the water reform office, and
settlement of the garbage question. Six per cent time warrants
were retired and 5 per cent warrants substituted. Of the bonded
debt $65,000 was retired and cancelled; the old special assessment
accounts were taken up anew; a supervision of all appropriations
and expenditures was established and maintained; all salaries were
approved by the civil service commissioners before payment, and
a thorough checking system for the controller's office was adopted.
The mayor declared with emphasis that the revenues of the city
were insufficient to pay the expenses of the police and fire depart-
ments alone. No wonder streets and alleys were foul, bridges and
other works out of repair and streets no better lighted. The city
indebtedness was limited to about $10,000,000, though by a con-
servative estimate city property was worth at least ten times as
much. Any business corporation under the same circumstances
would not hesitate to incur an indebtedness of $30,000,000. In
spite of this lack of revenue the administration, it was declared,
did its best to conduct city affairs in a creditable, satisfactory, and
efficient manner, and succeeded. The stock yards canal, the west
fork of the South branch and south fork of the South branch were
stated to be a menace to the health in that locality. The construc-
tion of the conduit at Thirty-ninth street was intended to purify
those branches and its completion was urged. Much to divert the
sewage from the lake was done. The early completion of the sani-
tary canal would still further purify the lake and the river branches.
All departments of the city hall were subjected during 1898 to
thorough inquiry, particularly as to their bookkeeping methods.
Great improvements were introduced. The police justices were
allowed fixed salaries and the fees were turned into the city treas-
ury. The water office, which had been a prolific source of scandals,
was thoroughly investigated, inundated and washed. The crude
system of accounts and the unsystematic conduct there were en-
tirely changed and reestablished upon better and more modern lines.
The water rates were reduced and the revenues increased. Every
assessment made back to 1872 was thoroughly examined. During
1898 there was organized a special department to manage the elec-
tric interests of the city. This was followed by a reduction in ex-
penses and by better service in the light, fire alarm telegraph and
police telephone systems. The City Council appropriated during the
year $150,000 for the extension of the electric light system. The
police force numbered 2,675. The steel fireboat "Illinois" was pur-
chased by the city and placed in service at a cost of $70,000. In
1897 the department of supplies was created and put in operation.
440 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
By 1899 there was shown a great improvement in the department
of public service. After the 1st of March, 1898, the city collected
and removed garbage with its own men and teams. After July,
1898, nearly 40 per cent of the sewage which previously had been
turned into the lake was diverted and forced into the Illinois and
Michigan canal. Permission from the United States government
to erect a pumping station upon submerged land at the foot of
Thirty-ninth street was granted. Surveys for straightening the
North branch of the river were completed and the project was
shown to be practicable.
At the close of 1899 the financial condition of the city was unu-
sually good. Refunding bonds at a low rate of interest were
promptly accepted by bankers and capitalists. Chicago water serv-
ice improvement bonds and time warrants found a ready market.
The city administration, though working under the restrictive con-
stitution of 1870, proved itself superior to restrictive conditions,
and by taking advantage of circumstances refused to be circum-
scribed and continued to expand in all legitimate directions at an
astonishing rate. There were constant temptations to depart from
the hampered environments of the past and to meet modern re-
quirements with improved surroundings and amplifications. What
would have been considered rank extravagance a dozen years before
was now looked upon as an excusable and absolute necessity.
In the late '90s there came the general demand for improvement
of all the city departments. The citizens determined that municipal
management should be simplified, economized, improved and ex-
tended without delay, complication or corruption. People demand-
ed cleaner streets, better sidewalks, smoother pavements, less gar-
bage, better police surveillance, a decrease of immorality, more rig-
orous inspection of tenements and factories, public baths, more and
better hospitals, bascule bridges, small playgrounds, artistic im-
provement of all waste places, better architecture, deeper and larger
tunnels, perfect sanitation, purer water and scores of other modern
conveniences, comforts and improvements. This involved a much
larger revenue. It was known that, owing to the great increase in
population and wealth, the city could stand a much higher taxation
— not per capita, but in bulk on the whole property valuation.
The early completion of the drainage channel in 1898-99 prom-
ised a wonderful improvement when the Chicago river should be
reversed and its foul current sent toward the Mississippi. It had
now come to pass that public attention, as never before, was turned
critically and understand ingly upon the management and magni-
tude of public affairs. In former years people disregarded details
and alleged fraudulent practices though they increased vastly the
indebtedness and perplexity of the city government. It was at
last realized that the most inconsequential department of the city
government might become a prolific nest of corruption unless
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 441
properly watched, investigated and managed. A single diseased
member might infect and dangerously sicken the entire city
organism. Accordingly the newspapers during the '90s are full of
critical observations concerning the management of every depart-
ment of the city and county governments. People at length were
willing to furnish sufficient money to conduct the administrations
of both city and county along economical, correct and modern lines.
During twenty-seven years prior to 1900, the territory of Chicago
had become five and one-half times greater, the population four
and one-half times greater, but the revenue only two and one-half
times greater. In the meantime the artistic and cultivated city
demanded better service in every department. An accommodation
that gave abundant satisfaction in 1873 was regarded as antiquated,
useless and wholly inadequate in 1900. Chicago was no longer
satisfied with "good enough," but wanted the best along modern
lines to be had for the money. The city was really elevated by the
World's Fair to a height and ambition never before attained by
any American metropolis. Ideals and aspirations were loftier than
ever before. People demanded advanced surroundings in harmony
with the prominence and grandeur won by the World's Fair.
It was admitted that the average citizen was taxed out of all pro-
portion to his property, and therefore the demand that corporate
wealth should bear its just proportion of taxation arose, expanded
and intensified. Wealthy men presumed to be fair and honest were
accustomed to depreciate their property when the assessor appeared
and to appreciate it at the sight of a purchaser. This was true to
such an alarming and shameful extent as to cause an indignant
protest from the people through the public press. Millions worth
of property owned by individuals, large corporations and other con-
cerns were skillfully and wrongfully hidden from the assessor. Sev-
eral of the most prominent citizens of the city — men of acknowledged
repute, high standing, unbounded credit and unquestionable wealth
— were guilty of the picayunish offense of misrepresenting their
property to the assessor. In other words, men who outwardly con-
sidered their word as good as their bond clandestinely lied to the
assessor and deceived him. At the same time it was not asserted
even by wealthy men that taxation in this city was unreasonably
high. However, much complaint arose whenever it was proposed
to increase taxation. In fact, whenever such an event occurred,
property owners promptly raised their rents and threw the increased
burden upon the poorer classes, who of necessity were forced to oc-
cupy the property.
The old proposition of uniting or consolidating the various inde-
pendent bodies within the city limits was still seen to be a step to
secure greater revenue by saving large sums spent uselessly on a
complication of government within government. At the close of
1899 Mayor Harrison said: "Personally I am unalterably opposed
442 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
to any scheme of consolidation depending for its accomplishment
upon an addition to Chicago's present territorial limits. This city
is today spread over such an extensive and unproductive territory
as to render an expansion of its territorial limits absolutely out of
the question. Without the extension of a single foot we can weld
the present taxing bodies exercising municipal functions with the
limits of Chicago into a harmonious whole, by which useless officers
may be dispensed with, all the various municipal functions be com-
bined under individual control, and the responsibility for bad gov-
ernment be placed where the people may readily see at whose door
the fault properly lies. This question of the consolidation of exist-
ing governments should be considered, not by outside irresponsible
bodies, no matter how pure their motives, but by the people's paid
servants, the legislative and executive branches of the city govern-
ment."
At this date taxes within the city limits were levied and expended
by the following bodies: The city, school board, library board,
county, West park, South park, Lincoln park, South town, East
town, North town, Lake View, Jefferson, Lake and Hyde Park.
Each of these bodies had a full staff of executive and administrative
officers, whose usual duty could be performed by one man, probably
much more satisfactorily than under the existing complicated and
hydra-headed taxing monstrosity.
In considering the consolidation of the departments or governing
bodies, the merging of the sanitary district with the city water de-
partment was proposed and involved. This step was advocated
not only by the mayor but by the most progressive citizens of the
city and county. The purposes of the two bodies were so nearly
identical that a consolidation under one head was economical, de-
sirable and practicable. The appointment of a commission of citi-
zens to push forward the ship canal scheme was recommended. It
meant incalculable benefit to all of Cook county; in fact, to all of
northern Illinois drained by such a system. It was argued that the
citizens should not rest contented until a fourteen-foot channel was
extended from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. The close con-
nection between the city and the sanitary district was shown by the
demand that the water power developed at Lockport should be the
property of the municipality rather than be surrendered for a nomi-
nal sum to private capitalists. The citizens felt that the drainage
channel should be the property of the city and county. On March
5, 1900, under authority of the City Council, the controller pre-
pared bonds to the amount of $2,500,000 to be used in developing
the canal water power, and a test case to settle in the highest court
whether the city could legally issue such bonds was instituted. The
importance of replacing center pier bridges with those of the bas-
cule type was clear to the citizens at this date. The deepening of
the river and the construction of the proposed ship canal meant the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 443
lowering of the tunnels and the removal of the center pier bridges.
It was evident that these improvements would have to be made at
once. The largest lake vessels could not enter the Chicago river,
because they could not cross the tunnels nor in some instances could
they pass the center pier bridges without great trouble. Should the
city, the drainage board, or the traction companies using the tun-
nels be required to lower them and remove the center piers? was
the pertinent question.
At this date (spring of 1900) there was a general feeling
throughout the city that long-time bonds should be issued with
which to make necessary public improvements. It was felt gener-
ally that coming generations should assist in bearing the burden of
public improvements which ought to be commenced, but the tempta-
tion to extravagance was considered involved, and proper restric-
tions on public indebtedness were duly demanded by the people and
the press.
In the spring of 1900 Mayor Harrison recommended that more
than $15,000,000 in bonds should be issued for the purpose of
building new bridges, police stations and fire engine houses, of de-
veloping sanitary district water power, of constructing electric-
lighting plants, of retiring outstanding judgments and of establish-
ing small parks and playgrounds. He advised that the bonds should
be issued in small amounts from time to time as means were needed
to pay the expenses of the suggested improvements. A short time
previous to this date the judgments outstanding against the city
amounted to $2,324,944. He recommended that these judgments,
which were bearing 5.6 per cent interest, should be paid with bonds
drawing not to exceed 3j4 P61" cent interest. The popular vote of
the people recently sanctioned the issuance of these bonds.
A notable improvement at this date was the great increase in
the number of small parks and playgrounds throughout the city.
It was stated that no municipality in the world contained a greater
number of these breathing places. The mayor favored the policy
of lowering the tunnels at the city's expense. This would render
the city independent of the railway companies, which were begging
for liberal franchises, and also independent not only of the drainage
board but of the government as well. As the amount required was
comparatively small, the city should not hesitate to make this
change at once at its own expense.
Mayor Harrison advocated direct labor under the charge of the
city on all municipal improvements. He had previously recom-
mended this step, but again in 1900 announced himself heartily in
its favor. He caused to be published in 1900 a list of the companies
and corporations enjoying public property and privileges without
paying adequate compensation therefor. It was shown that a great
increase in revenue would result by requiring such concerns to pay
their just dues. It was argued that there was no better reason why
444 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
private citizens should occupy space under city sidewalks, streets
and alleys free of charge than that a railroad company should make
use of the public highway free of charge. Investigation showed
that such property then in use could be made to pay nearly $500,000
annual revenue into the city treasury.
During the year 1900 there was a general awakening of the
Chicago tax-paying public to the meagerness of city revenues. A
demand that the city be conducted along modern lines, regardless
of proper and necessary expense, was publicly manifested. The
only taxing bodies that failed to receive any relief were those of
the city of Chicago, its subordinate bodies, the Board of Education
and the library board. In the spring of 1899 the city made its
appropriations and based its estimate of receipts upon the taxation
of 1898. In the fall of 1899, acting under the new revenue law, the
Board of Assessors and the Board of Review considerably increased
the assessed valuation of property within the limits of Cook county.
As the city of Chicago had already passed its appropriation bill for
that year, it was unable to take advantage of the greater assessment
thus made. However, all other taxing bodies within the county
took advantage of the circumstances and considerably enlarged their
rates. In the spring of 1900 the city government in passing its
appropriation bill assumed that the assessed valuation would not be
less than it had been in the spring of 1899. Upon this basis the
revenues for the year 1900 were estimated at $6,593,751. Later
during the year it was announced that the Board of Assessors and
the Board of Review contemplated a reduced assessment for Cook
county. As this meant a decrease in the city revenues and as such
decrease was unexpected, it was seen that unnecessary hardships
might be cast upon the city administration. It might compel great
retrenchment at an enormous inconvenience. In response to de-
mand the city authorities immediately reduced the estimates of all
departments of the city. When the assessment for the year 1900
was finally announced it was seen that the city revenues for the
year, instead of being the above sum contemplated, would be only
$5,365,378. The city was thus compelled during the last half of
the year to operate at greatly reduced expenditures. Many em-
ployes were dismissed and legitimate expenses were cut in order to
live within the limits of the revenue. As the city was growing at
the rate of about 100,000 a year and as it was steadily increasing in
proper expenditures, the importance of increasing suitably the rev-
enue annually was emphasized through the public press and through
the messages and papers of the city government.
A municipal lodging house for the city was demanded. The
police stations were thrown open to sufferers during the severe
weather, and it was declared to be a matter of economy as well
as humanity that the city should own at least one municipal lodg-
ing house. It meant the control of worthless and dissolute char-
Chicago Harbor as first
designed in 1834.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 44?
acters and probably their amelioration and final return to de-
cency and competence. The proposition that the city should own
crematories was called to the attention of the public. For years
the city had been accustomed to deposit its filth on low lands in clay
holes and to cover the same slightly but not permanently. The
rapid expansion of the residence district called for reform in this
respect, and finally came the demand that garbage and perishable
matter of all descriptions should be reduced to ashes in crematories.
Accordingly, during 1900 the city appropriated $100,000 for the
purpose of introducing this innovation. There was established at
the House of Correction a garbage incinerating plant, which
showed a capacity to dispose of thirty tons of garbage per day.
During the year, also, the city made an appropriation for estab-
lishing a municipal library. Late in the year, everything being in
readiness, this institution was thrown open to the public. A bureau
of statistics was added to the municipal library a little later. Ex-
perts to examine the special assessment rebate funds and accounts
were appointed. These rebate accounts had long been a disgrace to
the city. No satisfactory material had yet been found to meet all
the requirements of Chicago street traffic. The most satisfactory
product was dressed granite block pavement. Notwithstanding the
great cost of this pavement, it was believed to be the cheapest in the
end. A wide-tire ordinance was proposed.
The wonderful growth of the Department of Public Works dur-
ing recent years was noted. The department was so gigantic and
its branches so numerous and apparently complicated that perhaps
more than one head should be appointed to direct its affairs. It was
recommended that the department be divided into three or four in-
dependent sections with suitable heads and branches. Many thought
that the water department should be an independent body and
should include the functions of pumping stations, construction of
new pumping stations, building of new tunnels, extension of water
mains, and laying water service pipes.
An important problem yet unsettled was that of street railway
franchises. Definite action was deferred because it was not yet
settled whether the ninety-nine-year franchise of 1865 was legal
and therefore operative. It was now learned that the ninety-nine
year lease did not rest upon as solid a foundation as the street rail-
way companies desired the public to believe. Its weaknesses were
pointed out and claims under it were declared to be unfounded.
Early in May, 1901, the local transportation committee decided
to appoint three subcommittees — one to investigate the street car
service, one to consider subways, and one to settle the terms of new
franchise grants. The committee practically decided at this time
that the city should assume the initiative concerning the whole sub-
ject of street railway operations. Up to this date the Council had
shown an unaccountable subserviency to the plans of the street car
Vol. II — 26.
448 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
companies and a strange submission to the inconveniences of street
car operations. This servile policy had prevailed since the Civil
War and had blanketed the city with inefficiency since 1883. A
change was now demanded and inaugurated.
The special assessment nightmare became a bucking bronco in
1901. One victim said that in being made rich by special assess-
ments as had been promised, he was reduced to abject poverty be-
cause there were no buyers of his property. The vast increase in
value promised did not accompany the alleged improvement made
under the special assessment. Thus the procedure amounted to
confiscation and was therefore unconstitutional. But there was now
displayed a more rational view, less inconsiderate action, and an
approaching dawn of common sense in municipal proceedings,
rather than a covert partisan intrigue to court public favor in order
to secure political advantage, popularity, prestige and power.
The city administration of 1901 made no secret of its wish to
secure a greater revenue. It was known that an assessable valua-
tion of $276,000,000 under the 5 per cent limitation meant the
curbing of greatly desired municipal operations. It was not ex-
pected that the high valuation of 1899 would be maintained, but it
was hoped that the valuation of 1900 would not be reduced. The
just assessment of city corporations, it was known, meant suitable
revenue for municipal expenses. In their extremity, threatened with
insufficient revenue, the city government concluded to attack the
validity of the 5 per cent limitation.
In his message of May, 1903, Mayor Harrison stated that the
traction question was the most important one then before the city
for settlement. The recent passage by the Legislature of the Muel-
ler bill, granting to municipalities the rights to own, control and
operate street car lines, made it possible to include in a franchise
to a railway company a municipal ownership clause which would
protect the city without injury to the company. This law was
passed upon the recommendation of many citizens of Chicago and
was a step so far in advance as to attract general attention. The
public opinion law, which likewise was recently passed, made it
possible to submit proposed ordinances to the people. These laws
were adopted in anticipation of the expiration of the railway fran-
chises during the approaching July. At this date there was a
further popular demand for the municipal ownership of public util-
ities. It was the announced maxim of many at this date that "The
streets belong to the people." Accordingly, there was a general
demand for the extension of street railway franchises for a limited
period in order that the companies might be enabled to put into
immediate effect needed reforms in the interest of the people. The
street car service was poor, the cable power was out of date, and
the people, therefore, demanded that improvements should take
place at once and that war between the city authorities and the rail-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 449
way companies should end upon the basis of the policy prescribed
in the recent enactments of the Legislature. It was maintained by
many that no public franchise in which the municipality was not
a partner or did not receive full and adequate compensation should
be made. The mistake of 1865 in granting the ninety-nine-year
franchises was admitted and terminated at this time.
During the past six years the traction question had undergone
almost a complete revolution in public opinion. Prior to that time
the citizens were satisfied, perhaps, with existing street railway
accommodations, small reductions in the fares, and franchises for
inadequate compensation. Now they demanded a waiver of the
ninety-nine-year act, the reference of extension ordinances to popu-
lar vote, the enactment of municipal ownership legislation, and a
limitation to the periods of franchises. Thus public opinion on this
subject completely changed in about half a dozen years.
During 1902-03 great improvement in street paving was effected.
Poor material was discovered and rejected and the best possible
product was obtained and substituted. The charter revision consti-
tutional amendment, though adopted in garbled form by the Legis-
lature, and though the union of city and county was prevented, was
yet a considerable advance in the direction of consolidation. A cru-
sade to clean the streets was carried out with excellent results.
However, it was admitted that the city could not be kept clean
without the cooperation of the people.
A deplorable condition in the contractor's department was cor-
rected. Stone men, sand men, material men and paving contractors
formed combinations to defraud property owners and the city.
Many of these dishonest practices were unearthed and crushed.
Combinations to control all the bids on any contract were success-
fully formed and carried into effect. Such frauds could be avoided
if the city should on its own account complete the improvements in
progress. The mayor emphatically endorsed the direct employment
system. He therefore recommended the creation of a department
of construction as a coordinate branch of the city government.
It was declared at this time that during the previous few years
nearly all attempts to bribe an alderman were immediately made
public by the men approached, whereas in former years such at-
tempts were muzzled and secreted by aldermen who perhaps later
succumbed to the corrupting influences. No longer, it was ostenta-
tiously claimed, did the City Council regard public property as the
legitimate spoils of success at the polls. The public welfare was
now regarded as the first consideration rather than as the sole bene-
fit of a party machine or a hungry horde of spoilsmen and heelers.
Vast improvements in every department of the city government
were effected. The immense growth of the municipality forced
officers to adopt systematic operations everywhere under the ad-
ministration. The tendency to differentiate was anticipated and
450 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
new departments were instituted as soon as required. Mistakes
were made, but were corrected as fast as discovered. There was no
comparison, it was claimed, between the city administration of this
date and that of only half a dozen years before.
The importance of reducing as far as possible the danger to the
public at electric line intersections and crossings was duly consid-
ered. There was almost a craze that proper precautions for the
public welfare should be taken. The elevation of tracks, construc-
tion of subways, guards and gates at crossings, and every other con-
trivance to reduce danger were suggested and introduced. Low-
level sewerage and high-pressure water systems were adopted and
extended. A pneumatic tube system to keep up with the pro-
gressive times was demanded. Never before did Chicago as a
whole adopt and put in use so many modern and important improve-
ments and enterprises.
The important advance of divorcing to a considerable extent the
public schools from politics was made. Scandal under the old order
of school affairs was avoided, but it was admitted that numerous
faults were yet contained in the public school system of the city.
Chicago at this date was and for many years before had been .the
storm center of labor problems and had suffered grievously under
the afflictions. It was conceded that gambling and the accompanying
vices had not been checked and controlled to the extent required
by public morals and welfare. The difficulty of handling such
questions was recognized. During the past six years it had come
to be the practice of the city, which could not be said before, to
require railroad companies to maintain street crossings in good
condition, and where tracks had been elevated to keep the viaducts
in good condition. This was more important than realized at first
glance, as there were hundreds of such viaducts and crossings in
the city.
Particular attention was called to the notable success achieved
by the corporation counsel office. An immense volume of business,
larger and better than ever before in the history of the city, was
transacted. The duties and activities of the office were so extended
and so improved by the employment of able counsel as to attract
general attention by the saving accomplished. Important cases
which in former years would have been wholly dropped and a|-
lowed to go by default were fought to a conclusion and in most
instances were won by the city. It was shown that under the new
order of the corporation counsel's office the department was bene-
fited ten times over for all outlay due to expenses and attorney hire.
The controller's report showed that the debt of the city during 1902
was. reduced $2,137,863. At this date the water department com-
prised eight large pumping stations and two small ones, five intake
cribs and about thirty-eight miles of tunnels. Several new bascule
bridges were built. In every department of the city administration
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 451
improvement was noted, notwithstanding that faults still existed
and dishonesty was occasionally revealed. Particular attention was
called to the value of the intercepting sewers, and to the progress
made by the Board of Local Improvements. The police and fire
departments and the civil service commission rendered satisfactory
service. The department of supplies was managed with excellent
judgment and economy.
In 1903 the traction question was easily the most important.
Before this date the traction interests were aggressive, defiant and
exacting. They assumed that they were entitled under the law of
1865 to an almost unlimited use of the city streets. Later, finding
that some doubts as to the righteousness of their course existed,
they practiced every strategy, direct and indirect, to secure what
they desired. By means of shrewd tactics they hoped to secure by
stealth what was refused them openly. At no time were the citizens
willing to grant the demands of the traction companies nor to admit
that the ninety-nine-year law was in force and valid. The citizens
finally, by means of the "little ballot," demanded a final settlement
of the whole question. The people were at last determined to elim-
inate from all future consideration, as soon as practicable, the rights
claimed by the traction companies under the law of 1865 commonly
known as the ninety -nine year act. The companies at once resorted
to obstructive tactics, hoping to postpone the inevitable as long as
possible. When they saw the end approaching they resorted to the
artifice of asking for a long lease. It was stated that one company
was willing to surrender its alleged rights under the ninety-nine-
year act in consideration of a twenty-year franchise. Another
company was ready to forego a definite long-term franchise in con-
sideration of an official acknowledgment of the rightfulness of its
ninety-nine-year act claims. However, through the "little ballot"
the people determined in favor of immediate municipal ownership
of the traction properties. This vote had the effect of bringing the
traction companies to their senses. The Council favored the policy
that after ten years from the grant of the franchise the city should
have the right, upon payment of fair compensation, to assume con-
trol of the traction properties. "Public officials and the best public
sentiment for several years had been of one mind in demanding a
waiver of the ninety-nine-year act rights, if any existed, as essential
to any future extension ordinances."
In 1904 the citizens voted to proceed at once to acquire municipal
control of the lines of surface transportation and demanded that
in the interim the city should give the company a bare license to
occupy the streets. Notwithstanding the citizens thus decided,
there was a strong sentiment that the city should not own and
operate the railway properties. It was realized that the munici-
pality, not being experienced, would have great difficulty in doing
so. Besides, if it should assume ownership of the property, the
452 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
companies would have to be paid for the same. This meant the
issuance of a large amount of bonds. In other words, it meant a
vast increase in the indebtedness of the city. These questions were
duly considered by the people and the sentiment continued to
spread that municipal ownership along the lines at first projected
was more or less a delusion and might not be so beneficial to the
city as was at first thought. Should the city now issue additional
bonds to purchase the railway properties? was the question. It
was imperative that the tunnels in the rivers should be lowered
soon and that the center-pier bridges should be removed. All of
this meant a vast increase in the bonded indebtedness of the city.
Among the subjects discussed at the close of 1903 were the fol-
lowing: That the city should sell to private citizens gas and
electric current from the city product; that the city should have
the right to regulate gas; that dramshops should be required to
close at midnight; that race-horse gambling should be broken up;
that the good work of the Municipal Voters' League merited com-
mendation from the city and the citizens; that the schools should
be removed from political influences; and that an increase in mu-
nicipal revenues to meet the needs of the great city should at once
be made.
During 1903 the corporation counsel's office was managed with
unusual ability and success. Improved system and discipline in
the management of all cases were shown. It was considered by the
best lawyers connected with the office that the ninety-nine-year
act would be held invalid if tested in the upper courts. The pro-
ceedings of the office during the year 1903 were marked by devo-
tion and fidelity to the interests of the city. During 1903 the con-
troller's office, notwithstanding an insufficiency of revenue, was
conducted successfully and satisfactorily. Though the needs of the
city were constantly growing, the revenue remained about the same
year after year. The controller throughout the year practiced strict
economy and utilized the revenues on hand to the best possible
advantage. The audit bureau of the controller's office was an im-
portant branch of the department. It meant a complete audit and
understanding of all expenses at the time they were made. A
record of the city's real estate was revised and perfected. During
the year a notable achievement was the successful culmination of
the work of adjusting the accounts and rewriting the records of
special assessments from 1871 down to date. This work had
progressed for nearly three years and covered 4,300,000 individual
assessments, aggregating a total of $95,500,000. The work con-
tained over 200,000 sheets of manuscript and typewritten matter.
One of the benefits derived from this work was the recovery by the
city of $550,000 of delinquent taxes and the payment of rebates
aggregating over $400,000 to property owners. Another improve-
ment was the adoption of a system of daily checking and supervis-
HI8TORY OF COOK COUNTY 453
ing the proceedings of the police courts. These courts were put
upon a paying basis, the revenue therefrom in 1903 being over
$163,000 and the expenses over $117,000, leaving a net earning of
over $46,000.
During the year 1904 new bascule bridges were opened at West
Division street and at North Western avenue, both designed and
built by the city of Chicago. The Sanitary Board also constructed
a bascule bridge at Loomis street. Contracts for the same type
of bridges at Archer avenue and North avenue were let. Twenty
permits for the construction of over 3,600 feet of new dock on the
Calumet and Chicago rivers and on Lake Michigan were issued.
The Sanitary Board in widening the South branch to 200 feet
dredged away tracts amounting to over 53,000 cubic yards. The
South Park commissioners dredged over 508,000 cubic yards from
the outer harbor of Chicago and deposited the same in Grant park.
Private dock owners dredged away 458,000 cubic yards of earth.
Satisfactory progress in constructing the various intercepting sew-
ers was made during the year. The Department of Health made
a satisfactory showing. A total of 2,614 fewer deaths than during
the previous year was announced. A reduction under 1903 of
1,224 deaths of children under 5 years of age was reported. This
result was attributed to the improvement in the milk and other child
food supplies. It was noted that for many years there had been a
constant improvement in the death rate of the city. Formerly this
improvement was attributed to modern sanitary conditions and the
activity of the health department. Now it was attributed mainly
to the food and water supplies. During the year there were in
service 2,316 patrolmen, the smallest number since 1891. Not-
withstanding the reduction, the department was efficient and its
service, as a whole, satisfactory. The department adopted the fin-
ger-print system of identification. A bureau of records, which be-
gan operations on January 1, 1905, was established. The House
of Correction cared for 11,647 inmates. The average daily popu-
lation of the institution was 1,723. At the close of 1904 the fire
department embraced 100 engine companies, twenty-eight hook and
ladder companies, including one water tower, and fifteen chemical
engines and one hose company. There were also five fire-boats in
service. The Civil Service commission reported steady progress.
The department of supplies made, as usual, a creditable report.
There were 19',584 orders for materials, supplies and repair work,
involving an expenditure of over $707,000. In the building depart-
ment a new and complete system of records was established. There
were eighteen inspectors, and 48,192 inspections were made.
The Bureau of Statistics made a point of disseminating informa-
tion throughout the city concerning every department of the public
service. The city treasurer's office received from the several de-
partments of the city and county deposits aggregating $50,232,-
454 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
007.80, and dispersed on warrants issued by the city controller
$47,999,947.04. The important work done by the city sealer should
not be overlooked. There were inspected by this department 729,-
963 cases, of which 42,234 were condemned.
A new municipal playground at West Chicago avenue, east of
Lincoln street, was opened. The area of 200 by 125 feet was taxed
to its utmost capacity. There were during the year nine municipal
playgrounds in successful operation. The popularity of these
breathing places was shown by their crowded condition. Others
were in contemplation.
Mayor Edward F. Dunne, in his annual message of April 11,
1906, congratulated the City Council on the advance made during
the past year in municipal management. He said: "Throughout
its governmental branches progress has been achieved along many
lines that make for justice and equality in all things to all our citi-
zens and for the good of the whole public." The rate of gas was
reduced 15 cents per thousand feet. Although the water system
had cost over $34,000,000, it was being maintained at a less cost
than ever before. It was thought necessary to increase the numeri-
cal strength of the police department. The death rate for 1905
was 13.67 per thousand population, almost the lowest in the history
of the city. In the previous year it was 13.62. This was lower
than that of any other city of the same population in the world.
Statistics proved that the general property tax per capita in Chi-
cago was less than in any other of the ten largest cities in the
United States.
The settlement of the ninety-nine-year act case removed a bar-
rier that for years unnecessarily proved a stumbling block to mu-
nicipal progress. At the recent election the citizens had decided
in favor of municipal ownership of street car lines and for the issu-
ance of street railway certificates to provide the means for taking
over the street railway property. They had approved the ordinance
adopted on January 18, 1906, which authorized the city "to con-
struct, acquire, purchase, own and maintain street railways within
its corporate limits and to provide the means therefor." To accom-
plish this result the city might issue and dispose of interest-bearing
certificates to a sum not exceeding $75,000,000. As this was the
policy upon which Mr. Dunne was elected mayor of Chicago and
as the people had signified their approval of such policy, the mayor
announced his intention of putting the same into execution as soon
as practicable. The Supreme court of the United States had re-
cently ruled that franchises had already expired on practically all
of the street car lines of the city. The so-called ninety-nine-year
act was declared merely a wraith conjured up by the traction com-
pany to frighten the people. Every bar had been removed so that
now all street railway lines and branches could be brought under
municipal control. This was an accomplishment that had been
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 455
sought for many years and the mayor congratulated the public on
having at last cleared the subject and made the railway subservient
to the people's welfare. He suggested that steps for an early re-
habilitation and modernization of the present street railway system
of Chicago should at once be taken. If this could be accomplished
by some satisfactory arrangements with the existing street railway
companies, it should be done. Otherwise the city should at once
take steps to construct an entirely new and independent system,
which should be wholly controlled and owned by the municipality.
In the latter case existing companies should then be regarded as
trespassers upon the public streets and as such should be removed
therefrom. Condemnation proceedings would drive them from the
streets. He suggested that the "contract plan" which had been
previously outlined in July, 1905, should be put into effect in order
to establish at an early date municipal ownership of the entire street
railway system of Chicago by construction, by purchase or con-
demnation. These steps should be taken at once in order to correct
the abuses then practiced by the street railways under private own-
ership.
Negotiations with the Chicago Telephone company and other
corporations along lines that would benefit the city were com-
menced, with the expectation of soon reaching satisfactory results.
During 1905, at the request of the mayor and many others, the
Legislature passed a law enabling the city to fix reasonable charges
for gas and .electric lights. Under this act the Council passed an
ordinance reducing the price of gas to 85 cents instead of to 75
cents, as recommended by the mayor. The city continued to suffer,
as it had done almost from its first creation, from a lack of the
necessary funds or from a misuse of funds needed to carry on
needed improvements. The fire department was too small and
weak. It was neither large enough nor elaborate enough to meet
the requirements of modern Chicago. It was not the fault of the
department, but the lack of means to fight fires to the best advan-
tage. The saloon license was increased from $500 to $1,000, with
the result that additional revenue for the fire and other departments
was secured. With this and other revenue the city government was
enabled to add to the police force about 1,200 additional patrolmen.
The city's financial system was still cumbersome and perplexing.
While the appropriations for the current year must be determined
by March 31, the assessed valuation upon which such appropria-
tions were based could not be known until eight months later.
This prevented any certainty in estimates. Tax-dodging corpora-
tions and individuals were on the point of being required to pay
a fair taxation upon their actual holdings. It was hoped that the
proposed charter convention would adopt such measures as would
consolidate the various taxing bodies then in existence in the city.
The citizens of Chicago were justly proud of their splendid water
456 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
system. The total revenue from the water department during 1905
was $4,219,562.44. The water bureau was completely reorganized
and additions and extensions needed were authorized and com-
menced. It was recommended that water should be sold by the city
to all persons at the same price. Such had not been the practice.
A new system of accounts in the water department was put in opera-
tion, with excellent results. The city acquired by purchase the Aus-
tin water system. During the past year all records were broken in
extending Chicago's municipal electric lighting plant. A total of
1,580 arc lights was added, making an aggregate in the service of
6,687 arc lights. Other great improvements were made in the
lighting system. The power to be developed at Lockport, it was
declared, should belong to the city and should be utilized at the
earliest opportunity.
The reduction in typhoid mortality during the last twenty years
amounted to more than 90 per cent. Under the commissioner of
health the work of sanitary inspection was advanced extensively.
Particularly was meat inspection at the stockyards and elsewhere
of the greatest benefit. The large amount of meat condemned and
destroyed was pointed out to show what Chicago had suffered in
the past. The Department of Health at this date conducted ten
public baths and otherwise inaugurated a vigorous reign of public
cleanliness. Much improvement in gambling was also effected.
Though vice and crime were still present, they had been checked
and controlled. Chicago in all respects was vastly better than it
ever had been before. The police department extended its opera-
tions to "get-rich-quick" concerns of every description. Scores
of such establishments were driven out of existence. A systematic
enrollment of criminals and crime took the place of previous un-
certainty and confusion. The municipal lodging house received
13,000 lodgers, served 26,000 meals, and secured employment for
many thousands of indigent people. Progress in controlling the
smoke nuisance was made. The Department of Public Works ac-
complished excellent work in preventing the drainage water of the
city from reaching the lake. The intercepting sewer system divert-
ed immense quantities of water into the river and the drainage
canal. By April all the sewers from Chicago river to Eighty-
seventh street, except one at Fifty-sixth street, were connected with
the intercepting sewer. The early completion of the sewers as far
as Calumet river was announced. Notwithstanding the lack of
revenue, the streets were kept comparatively clean. The Bureau
of Compensation was placed under the supervision of the Bureau
of Streets.
It was learned that business establishments in downtown districts
were using subsidewalk space for private purposes, without paying
anything to the city therefor, and also that many establishments
built bay windows over the sidewalks without authority. The
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 457
Bureau of Compensation investigated such practices and during
1905 collected an aggregate of $41,543 in taxes for such infringe-
ments on public rights and property. The duty of the Bureau of
Compensation required it to keep a complete record of all streets
and alleys and infringements upon same, whether above the surface
or below it. It was shown that many of the city's alleged most
prominent and public-spirited men, one a so-called "merchant
prince," were not only guilty of thus infringing upon public prop-
erty, but were highly indignant when such infringements were
called to their attention and payment was demanded.
During the previous year the Bureau of Bridges, Harbor and
Architecture was created as a branch of the Department of Public
Works. This department seemed necessary owing to the numerous
bridges required and to the important changes constantly being
made in the harbor and in the form and convenience of public build-
ings. A complete lake front survey from the mouth of the river to
the northern limits of the city was completed. Everywhere
throughout the Department of Public Works was seen simplifica-
tion, consolidation, improvement and progress. The year 1905
from a building standpoint was the most prosperous in the history
of the city.
The law department established a new record for ability and
efficiency. Notwithstanding the immense numbers of intricate and
perplexing legal problems, the department accomplished results un-
expected, valuable and satisfactory. Two important cases alone —
the traction franchise and telephone suits — would have made this
department conspicuous at this time. The settlement of the ninety-
nine-year act likewise distinguished the law department. The con-
troller's office was managed with such excellent system that the
results were gratifying in the extreme. The Board of Local Im-
provements accomplished great reforms in the use of materials and
methods of construction. The Civil Service commission was an
established and prized department of the municipality. During the
entire year improvements which were not deemed possible eight or
ten years before were instituted. A better class of public officials
was secured, and it must be admitted that in a large measure these
results were accomplished through the publicity given to every de-
partment by clubs, associations and the daily press. The fire de-
partment rendered throughout the year excellent service. The
department consisted of 100 engine companies, twenty-nine hook
and ladder companies and other adjuncts. Four fire-boats were on
constant duty. Numerous small parks and playgrounds were se-
lected and opened. Track elevation progressed to a greater extent
than during any previous year. The Department of Weights and
Measures conducted a vigorous and successful campaign against
short-weight and short-measure dealers in all parts of the city.
The House of Correction, including the John Worthy school,
458 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
contained an average population of 1,737. The public schools
showed a corresponding advancement. An improved course of
study for the elementary schools was tried, and manual training,
physical culture, sewing, cooking, etc., received attention. Though
the schools were still crowded, the department managed to take all
children who applied for admission. Special schools, such as for
cripples and 'other afflicted persons, were established. Particular
attention was paid to ventilating and heating the school rooms.
The cooperation of the Board of Education and the Department of
Health was of great importance to the health of children and con-
sequently in their educational progress.
During the year, under the instruction of the administration,
plans and specifications for improvements involving an expenditure
of about $8,000,000 were prepared. The improvements contem-
plated new tunnels, pumping stations, pumping machinery, and
boilers. The southwest land tunnel, ten miles in length, the nine-
foot water tunnel in Seventy-third street near Western avenue, and
the Roseland pumping station were projected. The southwest land
tunnel was located under Lake Michigan from the foot of Seventy-
third street to the new crib near the Sixty-eighth street crib, and
was the largest tunnel for the purpose of conveying water ever
projected in America under the bed of a body of water. The cen-
ter of the tunnel was 120 feet below the level of the lake and was
constructed of solid rock. The design was to make this tunnel of
sufficient size to supply three pumping stations each with a daily
capacity of 100,000,000 gallons. During 1906 there was put in
operation a new municipal brass foundry. The plan was to save
large sums annually by enabling the city to make its own brass
castings, fittings, etc. It was disclosed by the water department that
private corporations and individuals were using city water surrep-
titiously without paying for same. The department equalized the
tax rate of water sold through meters. It was shown that thirty-
six large corporations were required to pay but 4 cents per thou-
sand gallons for water, while the great mass of people were
charged 10 cents per thousand gallons. Reform was demanded
and the department finally fixed 7 cents per thousand gallons as the
rate for all consumers. The revenue derived by the city from the
sale of water during the year was approximately $4,500.000. It
was realized at this date that no city in the world had a larger or
better supply of water than the people of Chicago. The appraised
valuation of the city's water system was approximately $35,000,000
at this date.
Covering the year 1897 the annual message of Mayor Busse in
April, 1908, contained many valuable observations and suggestions.
The most difficult work during 1907 was a reorganization, coordi-
nation and development of the various executive departments of
the city administration. The object was to promote the greatest
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 459
degree of order, economy and efficiency. However, department
heads were given too free a hand to accomplish necessary improve-
ments. Giving a free hand meant giving greater official liberty and
license. But the first result was better service with less red tape,
less friction and less lost motion than at any time probably within
the history of the city. Still further advanced was the policy to
conduct city affairs along buisness lines without special favor.
Never before was the city government brought in such close com-
munion with the citizens in their daily walks and pursuits. Par-
ticularly was this result shown in contact with the departments of
building, health, weights and measures, smoke inspection, boiler
inspection, electricity, and the examining boards. The Department
of Public Works and the Board of Local Improvements introduced
better business methods in order to effect permanent results.
Though the city's finances were in an unsatisfactory condition and
though a disastrous panic swept the country, the credit of the city
was kept above par.
For the first time in several years the city's legal business was
wholly handled by the regular force of the law department without
the assistance of special attorneys. Many important reforms and
advantages were gained by the track elevation department. It was
notable that the police and fire departments were raised to a higher
degree of efficiency than had been known for several years. There
was better discipline and harmony and less corruption and careless-
ness. Though the police department was usually first to be blamed
and last to be praised, excellent progress along modern paths was
made. There was less public immorality and crime and particularly
less gambling than for several years last past. More than ever
before were the streets declared to be the property of all the people
and more than ever before the police department carried this prin-
ciple and policy into effect. Continued advancement in instituting
throughout the entire city civil service reform was made. The
water bureau and the Department of Public Works, which previous
to this date were more or less disorganized and inefficient, were
investigated and placed on a better platform of economy, honesty
and duty than ever before. These departments particularly had
been for many years the foci upon which personal and political
schemes and ambitions were directed. It was acknowledged that
the city was still hampered by the limited borrowing power and the
inequitable division of the tax levy. It was desirable, owing to in-
creased expenditures, to increase also the revenue. It was yet the
custom and had been for many years to pay for permanent im-
provements out of current revenues. This was a temporary expedi-
ent which should be avoided. Street cleaning, street repairs, re-
moval of garbage, and the wheel tax authorized by law promised
additional revenue for street improvement.
The settlement of the traction question and its removal from
460 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
politics were a great advance in peace and prosperity. Upon the
settlement of the traction question the companies within a short
time expended more than $8,000,000 to better the street car service.
The settlement of the disputes enabled them to proceed with these
needed improvements. The traction question was settled much to
the advantage of the city and quieted public excitement and outcry.
It was announced that the two companies — Chicago City Railway
company and Chicago Railways company — contemplated spending
over $15,000,000 during 1908 on reconstruction and rehabilitation.
During the first year under the new traction ordinances the city
received from the companies $1,535,719.19. The reconstruction
work of the companies was by far the best ever seen in the city
and gave abundant satisfaction. There was still to be settled the
elevated railway situation. Improved service in the downtown dis-
tricts was demanded. The subject of subways to relieve the loop
district was prominently before the city authorities and the public
generally. Its importance and difficulty were recognized. It was
admitted that in the near future there must be a vast improvement
to relieve the congestion of the loop districts.
Two other important matters yet to be settled were the telephone
and the Commonwealth-Edison ordinances. The city demanded
the absolute and unquestioned right to regulate rates and to require
the publicity of accounts. These demands were in accordance with
the already established policy of exercising complete control of pub-
lic service corporations. The harbor commission studied scientific-
ally and comprehensively wider and wiser questions of harbor
improvement. The boulevard link project connecting the North
and South systems was advanced in a measurable degree during the
year. For the first time the smoke problem was attacked from a
rational and scientific rampart. The policy was to suppress the
smoke nuisance, not so much by punishing smoke-makers as by
compelling them to avoid the offense and penalizing them only
when they refused to adopt improved methods. During the year a
further demand for the substitution of electrical for steam power on
railroad terminals was made. Under the direction of the commis-
sioner of health a concerted movement to prevent the further con-
tamination of Lake Michigan water was made in conjunction with
other cities and states having boundaries on the lake. This was
a step to secure still better water, and contemplated vast improve-
ments that would benefit all the future. In recent years the force
of all efforts was directed to prevent the further contamination of
lake water.
In December, 1908, the Hamiltonian contained a review of the
city administration by Mayor Busse. The department of Public
Works, under John J. Hanberg, showed immense transactions with
the least possible error and the best possible results. The policy of
this department strictly carried out was that the lowest reasonable
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 461
bidder should get the contract. This policy was being exemplified
in the construction of the new city hall. Throughout all the branches
of this immense department a system, economy and honesty rarely
ever witnessed in this city or county were carried into effect. The
immense task of mapping underground Chicago was undertaken and
well advanced. Particularly was great improvement shown in
street cleaning and water saving. The department of Health, under
Dr. W. A. Evans, made an astonishing record. Great advance in
reporting diseases never before noticed was made. The death rate
was still further reduced. Considerations concerning health, diseases
and sanitation never before in practice here were put in operation.
A foundation for good health was laid broad and wide for the fu-
ture. Under George M. Shippy the Police department showed unus-
ual efficiency, honesty and economy. Numerous reforms and im-
provements were introduced. Under Fire Marshal Horan the Fire
department reached a degree of discipline and effectiveness scarcely
ever seen before. Particularly was civil service put into execution.
The fire apparatus was standardized and there was better housing
for the force. The law department, under Edward J. Brundage,
corporation counsel, attained a still higher degree of usefulness. The
expense of special attorneys was done away with. Many old cases
of verious descriptions which had been pending for many years
were settled and wiped off the slate. Numerous test cases to ascer-
tain the rights, obligations and duties of the city were instituted.
The department was still further separated into distinct necessary
and important branches. Though apparently complicated, the Legal
department is the perfection of system and wise management. Still
further were personal injury suits controlled, defended and defeated.
The office of city attorney, occupied by John R. Caverly, investigated
personal injury cases with astonishing results. It was revealed still
further that scores of cases without any merit whatever were begun
against the city under the advice of shyster lawyers who expected
success from the neglect of the department. This department re-
quired high legal ability and skill and showed those qualifications
under Mr. Caverly. The extent to which fraud suits were thus car-
ried to judgments in favor of the plaintiffs was never before fully
realized until the revelations of this office disclosed them to the pub-
lic. Under Mr. Caverly every case was fought to a finish and was
investigated before suit with the assistance of able detectives. The
results shown in 1908 were as follows : More cases disposed of at
less cost; less office expense; average of judgments against the city
greatly reduced ; the entire department was revolutionized and per-
fect system established ; great decrease in the number of cases against
the city; personal injury fakers exposed and several indicted; steady
elimination of fraudulent cases
The Board of Local Improvements, under Col. H. S. Dietrich,
showed great expansion, economy, honesty and a far better character
462 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
of work done. A wiser system of dealing with contractors was
adopted and carried into effect with great saving to the city. The
department of Finance under Controller Wilson reflected much credit
upon the administration. Everywhere was shown economy, system,
greater efficiency, greater celerity and a system of bookkeeping that
at all times showed the exact condition of the city funds. For the
first time in the history of Chicago, judgments against the city sold
at par.
The Civil Service commission made still further advancement.
During 1908 this department was revolutionized. Perfect system
took the place of previous partial disorder. A study was made of
character and qualifications. An immense work was done. A vast
increase in the number of examinations and inspections compelled
greater system, retrenchment and effectiveness. The Board of Edu-
cation, under President Schneider, managed to accomplish several
important reforms. The Building department, under Joseph Dow-
ney, still further amplified and improved the results of this depart-
ment. Particularly were methods of escaping from buildings in
case of fire made easier and more satisfactory. The department of
Smoke Inspection, under Paul P. Bird, showed unusual activity and
better results. The department of Weights and Measures, under
John Kjellander, city sealer, was active in condemnation proceed-
ings and in compelling dishonest merchants and dealers to make
good. The Track Elevation department, under Walter J. Raymer,
made an excellent showing and still further emphasized the impor-
tance, usefulness and efficiency of this division of the city govern-
ment.
Early in 1909 evidences of graft and irregularity in the adminis-
tration of city affairs were so manifest and notorious that the press
generally, and the civic improvement organizations particularly, de-
manded investigation. The Municipal Efficiency commission ap-
pointed early in the year made several important recommendations,
but at first had not the means to go to extremes. During the spring
the evidences and reports multiplied until there was a general demand
for investigation. John E. W. Wayman, state's attorney, in-
augurated a special system of investigation that began to bear fruit
as early as April. His first notable success was the conviction of
"Skinny" Madden in May in spite of the most brazen and outrageous
attempts to "fix" his jury. This conviction and his announcement
that he intended to continue his attack on graft everywhere dis-
mayed the criminal elements as it overjoyed all lovers of law and
order. At once he had such prestige that terror seized the city hall
and shook it to its foundation. About June 1 he asked for $25,000
with which to drive crooks from the city, and the appropriation of
that amount was demanded by the press and citizens. He stated
openly that if given necessary assistance he would clean the entire
jury system which, he declared, was rotten to the core. The estab-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 465
lishment of the Merriam commission in June was approved through-
out the city. The primary object of this step, as stated by Alderman
Charles E. Merriam, when he introduced the ordinance, was to in-
struct and otherwise prepare the citizens of the county so that they
could vote understandingly and effectively on the $16,000,000 con-
templated bond issue. Immediately the object widened to an investi-
gation of "city expenditures for all purposes." The Chicago Daily
Socialist deserves credit for important discoveries in July concern-
ing the McGovern contract irregularities; but the grand jury re-
fused to take action because the charges were not proven. In July
Mr. Wayman discovered the existence of extensive gambling graft
wherein numerous Chinese bought immunity from corrupt city of-
ficials. Many indictments followed. About the same time came
the open charges that immense sums of money were paid by the
West Side levee district as graft and for protection. The grand
jury begun a searching investigation. The Tribune of July 22, said :
"Charges that graft and protection money is being paid in the
levee districts of Chicago at the rate of thousands of dollars a month,
yesterday caused the grand jury to begin a sweeping investigation
to discover who profits. With more than 105 indictments returned
during the day against gamblers, proprietors of disorderly resorts
and slot machines operators, it was disclosed by the state's attorney's
office that the work of inquiry had only begun. State's Attorney
Wayman is directing the investigation. He said, 'I am not trying
to indict any specific person, but no one toward whom the evidence
points will be immune. I am here to prosecute violations of the
law.' '
The first blow was struck against Inspector Edward McCann's dis-
trict on the West Side, from which the worst evidence came and
against which the severest charges were made. Finally the Inspector
himself was brought to trial and was found guilty of extorting
bribes from resort keepers of his district. During the trial, in spite
of the evidence against the inspector, a protest against the crusade
was made by ministers, merchants, lawyers and others, to the as-
tonishment and shame of the whole city. Many dive keepers were
indicted and during the investigation of the grand jury Judge Scan-
Ian publicly stated that unlawful attempts to influence that body
were made. Evidences of graft and other crime continued vastly
to increase from all grafters. It was now seen that the North and
South Sides were as vile and corrupt as the West Side. To cap
the climax outrageous attempts to corrupt the juries and a villainous
counter attack on Wayman were made. In August he caused the
arrest of three men charged with conspiracy to do an illegal act in
the intimidation of the state's witnesses in the graft inquiry cases.
Criminals openly boasted, "We can fix any jury." Wayman said,
"This office has been interfered with in every way possible. It has
become a common practice for attempts to be made to intimidate the
Vol. 11—27.
466 HISTORY OF COOK COUNT J
state's witnesses. There have been conspiracies galore and I refuse
to put up with such practices." In September a physician connected
with the Municipal laboratory was discharged for incompetence and
neglect of duty by the Civil Service commission.
The McCann case was considered the most important in recent
years owing to the bitter public array of gamblers, grafters and
criminals against law, order and decency. Twelve indict-
ments were returned against him. During the McCann trial
there appeared the extraordinary spectacle of an inspector of police
admitting seeing notorious violations of the law without any action
being taken by him to arrest the culprits. William P. Clancy, such
inspector, showed utter incompetence and shameful neglect of duty.
The conviction of McCann vastly encouraged Mr. Wayman and
gave great satisfaction to the public. He now determined to investi-
gate the jury commissioners' office in order to uproot irregularity,
illegality and corruption, the existence of which had been fore-
shadowed. An investigation showed that the frequent miscarriage
of justice in recent years was due to unlawful practices in that office.
The Cook county bench appointed three judges to hear evidence in
the jury commissioners' cases. The Merriam commission unraveled
crooked and illegal practices in the card system of jury selection.
Among the admissions drawn from the witnesses by State's Attorney
Wayman were: That cards drawn for grand jury service were
placed in a drawer of Capt. Mason's desk, where many of them re-
mained as long as five years; that Capt. Mason and several
clerks had keys to the desk, and that whenever the roll top was up
any one could abstract the cards if he so desired; that any of the
clerks in the office could excuse men for grand jury service by writ-
ing on their cards, "Disqualified for grand jury;" the clerks could
also indorse any name by writing on the card, "Good for grand
jury service;" that Capt. Mason at one time suspected Clerk Mc-
Guire of "getting men off from jury service;" that the jury com-
missioners sometimes signed the jury lists in blank and left them
for clerks in the office to fill in ; that no grand jury list was kept
until October of this year, following Mr. Wayman's charges of
irregularities in the jury commissioners' office.
The shale rock scandal whereby $45,984 was wrongfully paid out
to the McGovern company engrossed attention. A surprising de-
gree of negligence and guilt was shown in the department of public
works. John J. Hanberg, John Erickson, Paul Redieske, R. A.
Bonnell and other officials were found to be more or less careless and
involved. The Inter-Ocean's private investigation uncovered the
iron castings scandal. W. A. Coleman, city business agent, was
negligent and irregular. It was shown that against law the T. A.
Cummings Foundry company were given contracts for iron cast-
ings. The Merriam commission was actually overwhelmed with
calls to investigate graft and crime. It was revealed that many
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 467
thousands of dollars had been paid out for extras in violation of law.
It was also realized that the freak juries of the past must have re-
sulted from the illegal practices in the jury commissioners' office.
Hundreds of names had been placed on the jury lists by politicians,
ward healers, bailiffs, clerks, etc. When the Merriam commission
needed more funds in the fall of 1909, they were violently opposed
with injunction and even with verbal bludgeons in the city council.
Opposition to investigation was exhibited by nearly all heads of de-
parments. Mayor Busse himself was involved by the testimony of
Coleman and Redieske. In November the lumber supply scandal
was added to the mess of graft filth that offended the nostrils of the
city. The Merriam commission showed in November an immense
useless expenditure in the street cleaning and garbage departments
of all wards. The wheel tax scandal stirred up the people in No-
vember. Herculean efforts to secure a new whitewashing trial for
Inspector McCann failed at this time. Judge Fake said, "When
little gamblers are arrested the police produce the evidence and con-
victions follow. When big gamblers are arrested conclusive evidence
is lacking and convictions are impossible." The inference was that
big gamblers bought immunity from the police. The Citizens' asso-
ciation charged that the McGovern company had illegally absorbed
the wheel tax for the years 1907 and 1908 with the knowledge and
permission of Messrs. Hanberg, Redieske and Doherty. In Decem-
ber the Merriam commission widened its investigations to all de-
partments of the city administration, because graft and corruption
were seen to blight and fester everywhere. The report of Welton,
the expert, in December threw the burden of the shale rock scandal
on Redieske. The Citizens' association, Merriam commission and
the Inter-Ocean proved the existence of graft and irregularity even
in the mayor's office. The indictment of two prominent men in De-
cember finished this year of rascality. It was at last realized that
the Busse administration was one of the most corrupt ever fastened
upon the city. A permanent investigating commission was de-
manded by many.
Mr. Wayman said in September, "I've got enough evidence to
send these men to the pentitentiary and I intend to do it. People
have wondered about certain grand jury actions in the past and
about certain jurors who tried to create a disturbance because we re-
fused to take up cases in which they were interested. I knew the
reason for this all along, but I said nothing because I was waiting to
get the evidence." The three men arrested were John J. Holland,
N. J. Martin and W. J. Reyburn, charged with "jury fixing." Mr.
Wayman further said, "When you stop to consider that within the
last three months we have had called into the jury box in Cook
county, in the trial of important criminal cases, ex-convicts, men
under indictment, saloon bums, and men selected for the particular
purpose of having them put on the jury in order to acquit the de-
468 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
fendants; when you stop to consider that the biggest fight in the
trial of a criminal case in Cook county is to get a decent jury, you
will understand something about the magnitude of the action just
taken."
An important question early in 1909 was, "Shall the Calumet
river flow be reversed?" It was answered in the affirmative by all
who wanted pure drinking water. Electrification of railroad termi-
nals was demanded by everybody except railway men. In May a
city forester was appointed — Jacob H. Prost. A school for cripples
was founded in 1909, mainly by Jesse Spaulding. An attack upon
the comic supplements of newspapers and upon five-cent shows was
made in order to remove all improper influences upon children. The
new charter bills in the legislature created intense interest in Cook
county. A consolidation bill was widely and urgently demanded.
In May an energetic crusade against flies was inaugurated, because
it was announced that they occasioned tuberculosis, diphtheria, scar-
let fever, typhoid fever and other disorders. Hundreds of Chi-
cagoans went to Springfield about the middle of May to plead for
the passage of the consolidation bill. Principals of schools were
ordered to cease the distribution of political and campaign literature
in the public schools ; the Teachers' Federation was the chief offender.
Poor scholarship generally in public school pupils occasioned the
demand in May that high school students in particular should be
given more practical instruction and useful information. "More
time for the three R's" was the cry. In 1909 the Young Men's
Christian association showed marvelous growth and prosperity. The
exhibition of Chicago art work at the Art Institute in May was
highly creditable. A vigorous campaign against infant mortality
was prosecuted all summer in 1909. The permission of the govern-
ment in February, 1909, for private persons or corporations to build
piers north of the Chicago river mouth roused the entire city when
it became known in May. An amendment of the permit was finally
secured, largely through the efforts of the Harbor commission. Con-
certed action to prevent crime and destitution among children was
instituted in May, the Juvenile Protective League leading the move-
ment. Down state legislators said Chicago could have the charter
bill desired if she would consent to the limitation of her representa-
tion in the Legislature. This kindled the anger of everybody here.
Steps to secure a new home at the Gage farm on the Desplaines
river to take the place of the John Worthy school were taken in May.
Chicago sent a powerful lobby to Springfield in May in the interests
of the new charter and other bills. The residence district option bill
was generally endorsed in this city. In May the city borrowed at
three per cent $675,000 on future tax collections — all taken by Chi-
cago bankers. This deal broke the city credit record. The defeat
of the new charter bill late in May occasioned outspoken indignation
and anger. Twenty-three Cook county representatives, mostly
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 469
Democrats, voted against the bill ; twenty-nine Cook county repre-
sentatives, mostly Republicans, supported the bill. It was said by
the press that "the charter consolidation bill was killed by practical
politics." Bank examinations by the government were reorganized
in 1909; this step was needed in Chicago. The lace-making plant
at Zion City was owned by Marshall Field & Company. The United
Societies late in May at their fourth annual convention rejoiced at
the defeat of the charter bill and opposed local option. The commis-
sion plan of city government was studied by Chicagoans in May.
Parental delinquency (parents who failed to keep their children in
school) was rigidly prosecuted by W. A. Bodine, superintendent of
compulsory education. Miss Mary Snow became the first supervisor
of domestic science in the public schools at a salary of $.3,000 per
year. The Peace Congress here in May was an important event.
The question of the pasteurization of milk was discussed, fought
out and settled in the summer of 1909. It was a signal victory
against great obstacles, but was gloriously won by Dr. W. A. Evans,
health commissioner. Among the bills passed by the legislature
were those for bonds and revenue, referendum, submerged land,
asylum reorganization, forest preserves, machinery, jail supplies, and
ten-hour day for women. The bond bill permitted the city to issue
under certain conditions $16,000,000 in bonds for public improve-
ment. Under the Jones' referendum bill the question of bond issue
was first to be submitted to the voters. The submerged land bill
conveyed to various companies at South Chicago 335 acres of sub-
merged land for $100 per acre. This land is on the lake shore be-
tween Seventy-ninth and Ninety-second streets. The Tribune of
May 31, said :
"The 46th General Assembly has had only one real interest —
selfish, practical politics. It was brought together at the public ex-
pense to legislate in the public interest. It has devoted its real ef-
forts to practical feuds, to personal animosities, to sectional preju-
dices. It has not been content even with these elements of disorder,
for it has arrayed not only party against party and faction against
faction, but house against house. Republicans have fought Republi-
cans; Democrats have fought Democrats. And the senate has
fought the house, and the house the senate to make chaos perfect.
* * * Disorder continued to grow worse and months of outra-
geous wrangling closed with an anticlimax of headlong legislation
which was almost as sorry a spectacle as any that went before."
An important event of 1909 was the position taken by Prof.
George B. Foster of the University of Chicago for freedom in the
pulpit and against blind adherence to church creeds. He was vio-
lently opposed by Rev. Johnston Myers, whose bigotry and intoler-
ance shocked all fair-minded people in the city. Professor Foster
was finally excluded from the Baptist pulpit, but the publicity drove
a nail in the coffin of ancient dogma and superstition festering here.
470 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
A plan to build an island on a reef in the lake about 2,000 feet
from shore and about 300 feet wide, to be used for recreation piers
was broached in May. The business men throughout the city out-
side of the "Loop" united in opposition to the construction of a sub-
way on the general ground that it would injure their business. The
merging of four large banking institutions into two giant banks was
an important event in 1909. Late in June, 1909, the Chicago banks,
state and national, reported deposits to the amount of $798,619,507,
of which $401,781,282 was in the national banks.
In June, 1909, the secretary of war directed the city authorities
to remove the center pier bridges. The retirement of the Dunne
members of the school board was hailed as' the harbinger of peace
in that turbulent body in June. Eight new members of the school
board were appointed by the mayor in July. In 1908 a public
lands committee of the council, at an expense of $5,000, saved
$300,000 to the city. The health department reported better health
among children than ever before. The civil service commission was
more efficient this year than ever before. In July Attorney-General
Stead rendered the opinion that the law establishing one-third of the
total value of property as the assessment basis was valid and in force.
This opinion made it possible to submit to the voters at the next
election the question of issuing $16,000,000 in improvement bonds.
John Thorpe, veteran florist, died in July. After long and deliberate
consideration by the school authorities Mrs. Ella Flagg Young was
chosen superintendent of city schools in July over many contestants.
The corner stone of the new city hall was laid July 20 without great
ceremony.
In July, 1909, Prof. Clyde W. Votaw of the University of Chi-
cago divinity school voiced the growing and prevailing liberal re-
ligious sentiments when he said :
"Take the Bible out of the Sunday school. It is bad for the pupil
when improperly taught and cannot, be taught properly by a Sunday
school teacher. The Bible does not connect with the twentieth
century. We must make Christianity for our own age and not use
what was intended for the first century. The Bible should not be
studied before the boy reaches his college years. Few people, old
or young, understand it. Our students in theological schools don't
understand it and Bible scholars are in doubt as to many things
found in the book of books. Do we wish our children to think as
did the ancient Jews about creation of the earth in six days and other
miracles when we have to unlearn them of all this unscientific
knowledge later in life? The whole idea of children learning a cate-
chism also is wrong. They repeat so many words that have been
handed down unmodified, in spite of the fact that doctrine is not
static."
The legislative Chiperfield committee, appointed to investigate the
rights of the people to submerged lands throughout the state, re-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 471
ported the wholesale seizure of such lands by private persons and
corporations. The Illinois Central railway occupied large tracts of
such lands. The sanitary district held $250,000 of the same at the
mouth of the Wilmette channel. Other tracts were thus wrongfully
held at Streeterville, by the South Shore Country club, Saddle and
Cycle club, along Chicago river on both sides by Corbett & Connery,
and at other places along the lake and river shores. Thus reported
the Chiperfield committee.
In August it was decided to exterminate the public school fraterni-
ties and sororities. A public cleaning day in August remedied in a
large degree the negligence and inefficiency of the street-cleaning
department. The University of Chicago dropped one hundred
students owing to their low standard of scholarship. A subway to
cost approximately $80,000,000 was discussed this year. In Sep-
tember, 1909, Rev. Edmund M. Dunne, a native of Chicago, was
raised to the episcopacy of the Catholic church; the ceremony was
imposing. On September 1, 1869, the National Prohibition party
was organized in old Farwell hall, this city, there being present 500
delegates. The anniversary of this event was observed in 1909.
On September 1, 1909, the new street numberings came into effect.
About 250,000 numbers were changed, some 150,000 remaining as
before. In the labor day parade, 1909, there were but 3,171 in line,
to 6,239 in 1908. Dr. Evans, health commissioner, reported in Sep-
tember that out of Chicago's 30,000 eight-gallon cans of milk,
18,000 were pasteurized. Of these 7,000 were from tuberculin-
tested cows, and 5,000 cows had not yet complied with the ordinance.
The 7,000 cans above came from 30,000 tupberculose-free cows.
Bank reform to prevent panics was duly considered in 1909. It was
realized that the panic of 1907 was really unnecessary and was con-
fined to the rich, as the country as a whole was prosperous. People
demanded something better from banks in times of panic than the
practical suspension of cash payments and the refusal to pay to
order the funds of depositors. Mr. Dawes showed that the gain in
banking power in the middle west since 1900 was 118.96 per cent.
Practical courses of study in the high schools resulted in a large in-
crease in male attendance. The plan to continue Michigan avenue
improvement to the river received public approval. The enormous
increase in the price of household necessities caused much complaint
and discontent.
The various critical works of Prof. George B. Foster, of the Uni-
versity of Chicago, were important contributions to religious ad-
vancement this year. His views in the main were endorsed by the
best thinkers throughout the country and were welcomed by all ex-
cept the intolerant, superstitious, unprogressive, bigoted and un-
reasonable. The 35th annual convention of the American Bankers'
association, with 1,000 delegates in attendance, convened here in
September. With all their wealth and power they neither suggested
472 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
nor accomplished anything of benefit to the public. They opposed
nearly every reform favored by the people and seemed to be actuated
solely by private greed and gain while begging for public favor,
confidence and subserviency. In Hyde Park and elsewhere through-
out the city steps to segregate the negro population were taken and
met the approval of all persons not cranky, not lukewarm, and not
in favor of racial amalgamation.
An interesting event in September was the greeting given Presi-
dent Taft by 165,000 school children, banked along the boulevards.
In accordance with the suggestion of President Taft, Chief Justice
Olson recommended the appointment of a commission by the Legis-
lature to study court conditions and remedy all "delays of justice."
In September, 1909, a splendid system of night schools was estab-
lished for students over fourteen years old. Eleven evening high
schools and twenty-nine evening elementary schools were thus
opened. About this time there was a general advance in the wages
paid to teachers. The experiment of having children work and at-
tend school alternate weeks was tried in September with good re-
sults. People demanded that school instruction should meet busi-
ness requirements after school days were over. Studying with win-
dows open and child wraps on, was tried in the winter of 1909-10.
"Down with the Loop!" was the slogan -of many in 1909.
An immense temperance demonstration with 16,828 marchers was
an important event in September. An ordinance making the electri-
fication of railway terminals mandatory was introduced in the
council in September. The question of the selection of a city
librarian was submitted to competitive examination in September, and
Henry E. Legler, secretary of the Wisconsin Free Library commis-
sion, handed in the best papers; hij ideas on library extension won
him the position. This result blighted the hopes of Dr. B. J. Cigrand
and all pretenders. Humane treatment of animals began to be taught
in the public schools. Gipsy Smith conducted a memorable and suc-
cessful revival in September and October; thousands were converted.
The march of his legions through the levee districts was a feature.
The united action of the Jews against vice and crime was an impor-
tant crusade. Prominent lawyers attacked the parole system, because
it took from courts and juries the real effects of their verdicts. A
revision of the municipal code was begun in September. Better har-
bor facilities were demanded, or commercial supremacy would be
lost. A course on the history of Chicago was proposed for the city
schools. The recall of Mr. Crane from his appointment as minister
to China and his subsequent course attracted attention in October.
"Tag Day," October 19, 1909. netted to the Associated City Charities
$50,000; the day was popular with all prosperous classes. A new
county hospital to cost $4,000.000 was broached in October. In a
test case the city was held liable by the Supreme Court of Illinois for
damages to cars resulting from the Debs' strike of 1894. This de-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 473
cision meant that the city would in the aggregate lose about
$700,000.
In November it was announced that there were 10,620 school
children who attended but half the time owing to the crowded condi-
tion in the rooms ; at the same time it was reported that there were
1 7,802 vacant seats in the rooms. A redistricting was requested and
later carried into effect. Joseph M. Downey, chairman of the com-
mittee on buildings and grounds of the school board, charged that
school buildings, which should cost but $1*60,000, really had cost
$240,000; an investigation was institued.
In November, 1909, the union of every civic and commercial
organization in the city and suburbs was proposed, and the an-
nounced object was stated to be "To obtain fair play and honest
dealings in all matters of public improvement, sanitation, police con-
trol, the levying of taxes, special assessments, and the proper ex-
penditure of public funds." The power of concerted action along
these lines was pointed out. John M. Ewen, harbor commissioner,
asked for $55,266 to carry on the work of improving conditions for
navigation in the city's harbor. It was shown that lake commerce
had materially fallen away in a few years owing to poor harbor ac-
commodations at Chicago.
A strong movement against co-education and in favor of segrega-
tion was exhibited among schoolmen in November, 1909. James E.
Armstrong, principal of the Englewood high school, said, "Parents
favor segregation in high schools, teachers want it, and boys and
girls are overwhelmingly for it. Looking at it from every angle we
must admit that co-education is not to be desired." President R. R.
McCormick, of the sanitary district, offered to light the whole city
with electricity at a saving of $1,000,000 annually. There was a
general demand in November that the city should receive at least
three per cent instead of two per cent for its deposits in banks ; the
average deposits were $12,000,000. In December, 1909, the fair
cash value of all city property was placed at $2,499,000,000. On
July 1, 1909, the city's outstanding indebtedness was $23.367,000.
In December, 1909, it was shown that one of the principal reasons
for the high price of necessities was the high charges and profits of
retailers. The profit of Chicago butchers was fixed at forty-six
per cent by the Department of Agriculture. Librarian Legler's
plans were to adapt the public library to the uses of school children ;
$500,000 was wanted for branch buildings and other purposes. Dr.
Evans, health commissioner, doomed scores of unsanitary under-
ground bakeries and kitchens. Many were filthy, in the extreme.
Out of 581 cellar bakeries 371 were ordered to discontinue. In De-
cember, 1909, Martin Ryerson gave $1,000.000 toward a physical
laboratory for the University of Chicago. The gift was probably
induced by the success of Prof. Albert A. Michelson, who had re-
cently won the Nobel prize for important discoveries in light and
optics.
474 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
In December, 1909, the position of minister to China was tendered
to William J. Calhoun, attorney of Chicago, and was accepted by
him. Governor Deneen called a special session of the legislature for
December 24 and submitted twenty-six separate and distinct propo-
sitions for its consideration, among which were a primary act, a deep
waterway act, a commission form of government, a Chicago subway,
plan for a Chicago harbor, investigation of express companies, deep
waterway legislation, etc. Over one hundred Illinoisans, headed by
Governor Deneen, attended the National Rivers and Harbors con-
gress in Washington in December, 1909. The annual charity ball
in December, 1909, netted $29,000. The first charity ball was" held
in Crosby's opera house January 1, 1868. Gilmore's band supplied
the music. John C. Schaffer established permanent grand opera
here in December, 1909. The consolidation of all public utilities of
the city, with an enormous capital, was discussed at this time. The
city health department was one of the few without scandal in 1909.
The American Red Cross stamp sale totaled 479,038 by December
20, 1909.
On December 21, 1909, stovaine and strychnine combined were
first used here successfully as an anaesthetic in three surgical opera-
tions by Dr. Thomas Jonnesco, of Bucharest, Roumania ; one of the
cases was above the waist line. It was claimed that stovaine had
been used here first as an anaesthetic about five years before. Many
inexpert physicians here, despite Doctor Jonnesco's success, were
afraid of the new substance and decried its use.
A traction merger of vast and far-reaching proportions was an-
nounced late in December, 1909, four street car lines consolidating.
Thousands of business concerns here in December protested against
the collection of the corporation tax and demanded the repeal of the
law. The total receipts of the Chicago post office in 1909 amounted
to $16,699,783.68, an increase of $1,678,778.68 over 1908. There
entered Chicago port in 1909 a total of 6,01 1 vessels. Total volumes
in the city library, 376,463 ; number of card holders, 100,755 : there
were fourteen branch reading rooms and three circulating centers.
The full assessable value of all citv property in 1908 was $2,182.-
302,345 ; in 1909 it was $2,284,420,608.
The Chicago Association of Commerce, a recent organization,
gave great promise of usefulness early in 1909. It made prepara-
tions to build on an extensive scale and proposed to raise $1,000,000
by popular subscription. They appointed a committee, divided into
fifteen sections, for that purpose. The Patton corner in wheat in
May boosted the price to $1.35*4 per bushel: this was the highest
price in eleven years. Four plans for a subway were examined in
June. The West Side was promised a large postoffice at this time.
The plan of using leaflets instead of books in the public schools was
considered in June. Many unnecessary studies were voted out of the
public schools at this time. The year 1909 was famous for the con-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 475
certed action against tuberculosis. The "death strip" between street
railway tracks was considered at this date with the view of its abo-
lition. The Cook county board of review reported in June, 1909,
that the total value of Chicago real estate was $1,745,359,080, and
of personal property $548,333,265. The comparative statement of
the city revenue funds for the two years follows :
RECEIPTS.
1908. 1907.
Corporate purposes $22,670,317 $18,978,568
Sinking fund 1,512,602 1,590,802
Schools 13,553,257 13,490,224
Public library 337,360 340,702
Water 6,355,258 6,231,050
Special assessment account 5,602,593 5,810,050
Grand total $50,031,387 $46,441,396
EXPENSES.
Corporate purposes $23,011,183 $20,756,129
Sinking funds 901,000 784,000
Schools 11,939,095 11,457,396
Public library 291,297 256,677
Water 6,229,320 6,496,658
Special assessment account 5,583,633 5,572,525
Grand total $47,955,528 $45,323,385
The miscellaneous net ordinary city revenues for the years 1908
and 1907, applicable to corporate purposes, were derived from the
following sources :
1908. 1907.
Licenses (saloon) $6,879,840 $6,929,280
Licenses (other) 706,847 696,411
Municipal courts 473,697 440,768
House of correction 164,693 192,253
Police 94 317
Fire 2,482 2,441
Health 42,492 32,746
Inspection 88,537 102,356
Public works 385,977 309,089
Department of buildings 128,325 113,682
Department of electricity 121,632 112,037
Public pounds 4,550 2,441
Real estate and buildings 44,066 57,566
Markets 3,653 4,033
Franchise compensations 894,190 902,015
Insurance tax , 96,995 98,760
Vehicle tax 431,737
Interest on deposits 138,308 123,482
Miscellaneous sources 95,251 92,189
Total $10,703,364 $10,211,886
Late in May it was shown that while Chicago had 3,809 police
patrolmen, only 1,825 actually traveled beats; too many were on pri-
vate and unnecessary details. Orders to correct this state of affairs
were issued. In May a prisoner who was abused by the police and
forced to make confession was acquitted by a jury. In about two
years prior to September, 1909, there were thrown here thirty-three
bombs and not a single conviction had been secured therefor. The
476 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
city authorities offered a reward of $3,000 for the arrest and con-
viction of the bomb throwers. In August, 1909, Col. Leroy T.
Steward was appointed chief of police. He began at once a system
of reform in the police department that met the enthusiastic approval
of the whole city. He took the position that the existing law was
fully adequate if duly enforced. A little later the crusade against
"white slavery" was instituted, headed by Clifford G. Roe, attorney.
The slogan was "Protect the girls!" Scores of religious bodies
joined the war against "white slavery." Identification cards were
demanded at the general delivery postoffice. In a short time Colonel
Steward was pronounced the most efficient police chief ever in Chi-
cago. Every step was needed, drastic and welcomed. It was now
seen that police officials were largely responsible for vice and crime.
The word "decentizing," as applied to Chicago, was coined by Chief
Steward. Wayman and Steward were pronounced the "hope of bet-
ter Chicago." The Tribune of November 5, 1909, said:
"Since Colonel Steward went into office the sins of the police force
have been laid bare. It has been guilty of every conceivable thing
which a police force should be innocent of. It has been as responsi-
ble as the New York police for white slave traffic. It has protected
the slave dealers for a price. It has returned fugitive slaves to their
masters. It has promoted gambling and every other form of vice
which offered opportunities for the levying of tribute or blackmail.
The efforts of citizens to keep immorality from invading their
neighborhoods and displaying itself in public places have been treated
with contemptuous indifference or only half concealed opposition by
the police force. There can be no regeneration of the police force
so long as corrupt men stand between the chief and the rank and file
and thwart every effort of his to improve conditions."
The Tribune further charged that the guilty police officials were
none other than the captains and inspectors. All idlers on the police
force were set at work. In a single order in December, 1909, Chief
Steward transferred fifty-two sergeants and twenty-three patrolman
to active positions. The conviction of Inspector McCann ; the cow-
ardice and incompetency of Inspector Clancy and the hostility of In-
spector Wheeler to the Woman's Anti-vice crusade were a few of the
evidences to convince the people that the police force was leagued
with vice and crime. A notable check to all this was introduced by
Chief Steward.
In November, 1906, a reduction plant for the treatment of garbage
was established at a cost of over $300,000 by the Chicago Reduction
company and located at Thirty-ninth and Iron streets on the Chicago
river. The present capacity is 500 tons of garbage daily. Grace-
land, Montrose and Oakwood cemeteries have crematories. The
number of buildings erected in Chicago in 1908 was 10,771,
valued at $68,203,920. This is the largest number in any one year
except for the period just preceding the World's fair. Total internal
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 477
revenue collected in 1908, $7,815,046.24. The Chicago City Rail-
way company, which began rehabilitation work June 16, 1907, spent
by November 1, 1909, $15,166,234.51, vastly improving the surface
car facilities.
In 1870 the value of manufactures in Chicago was $92,518,742;
in 1908 it was $1,370,337,909. In 1870 the bank clearings were
$810,676,036; in 1908 they were $11,853,814,943. In 1870 the
national bank deposits were $16,774,514; in 1908 they were
$398,955,330, and the state bank deposits were $391,179,195. In
1908 the total gallons of city water pumped per day were 467,772,-
045; the total revenue therefrom was $4,648,299.54; the water pipe
mileage was 2,188.9. The registered voters in the fall of 1908 were
411,120. In 1908 there were shipped by lake, 3,504,584 barrels of
flour; 10,404,334 bushels of wheat; 23,678,381 bushels of corn, and
4,396,725 bushels of oats. There were received by lake 4,419,083
tons of iron ore; 1,083,763 railroad ties; 2,730,236 packages of
green fruit, and 1,309,000 bushels of wheat. The dry goods im-
ported in 1908 amounted in value to $6,754,592. The total enroll-
ment in the city public schools in 1909 was as follows: Teachers,
6,296; scholars, 296,427. In 1909 the tax levy in the city was
$51,925,937.15 ; the rate being 4.4 per cent on a one-third valuation.
The total assessed valuation (one-third real value) of Cook county
in 1909 was $897,212,850; that of Chicago was $833,150,897. The
city appropriations for 1909 were as follows: Corporate purposes,
$22,601,364.21 ; board of education, $17,683,100; public library,
$500,000; from water fund, $4,946,067.16. Chicago's wholesale
trade in 1909 was estimated at $1,892,949,000, the same for 1908
being $1,685,057,000. Its manufactures for 1908 were estimated at
$1,598,147,500 and for 1900 at $1,782,935,000. The number of
buildings erected in 1909 was 11,455, valued at $89,633,580.
The termination of the annual orgy, called the "First Ward Ball,"
was a big step in the direction of order and decency; but the dis-
graceful saturnalia after one o'clock a. m. on New Year's day pre-
sented a new aspect of drunken revelry by both men and women that
likewise had to be considered and terminated. The Young Men's
Christian association in 1909 and the early part of 1910 raised by
popular subscription an anniversary fund of $1,000,000. The new
factory law, safe-guarding the lives and health of employes, went in-
to effect January 1, 1910. The Merriam commission was construc-
tive, as well as destructive, and began to suggest remedies and im-
provements. In January the bravery of four policemen, who at the
risk of their lives, brought to bay and killed four highwaymen, re-
ceived the congratulation of Chief Steward and the admiration and
praise of the whole city. Credit for raising over $900,000 for the
Harper library of the University of Chicago from 1907 to 1909, in-
clusive, was given to Dr. Thomas W. Goodspeed. registrar of the
University. Plans were laid to house 3,000,000 books. In January,
478 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
1910, B. M. Chiperfield, of the committee to investigate submerged
lands said, "The committee is prepared to state that there is not an
inch of the shore of Lake Michigan from South Chicago to
Waukegan that is worth anything that is not being held by unlawful
owners." Early in January, 1910, the South Park commissioners de-
cided to begin condemnation proceedings to acquire the right to lo-
cate Field museum and Crerar library in Grant Park. The Chicago
Plan commission of the Commercial club, under the leadership of
Charles H. Wacker, began with Michigan avenue from Madison to
Randolph and Twelfth street from Michigan avenue to Ashland
avenue. It was declared by the press early in January, 1910, that
the report of B. F. Welton, expert, would "reveal a condition of rot-
tenness, overpayments and disregard of specifications surpassing any-
thing which was brought to light" in the shale rock scandal. This
statement was made in reference to sewer construction in general and
intercepting sewers in particular. In January a competing telephone
system was planned. All Chicago was startled early in January by
the following statements of Dr. Evans, health commissioner : "Don't
let us forget that two or three times a year bread is baked by men
who stand knee deep in sewage, that bread is baked there and taken
upstairs and sold across the counter to persons who don't know the
difference. * * * Basement bakeries are conducive to tuberculosis,
rheumatism, asthma and pneumonia. Since we have started this
campaign 258 bakeries have gone out of business and 143 new ones
have opened up with arrangements that are sanitary and satisfac-
tory." On January 8 it was announced that the property owners on
the East Side of Michigan avenue from Randolph to Lake street
were willing to cede a strip fifty feet wide for boulevard purposes
and that the owners on the West Side were willing to be taxed $500
a front foot on their holdings to defray costs of such boulevarding.
"Michigan avenue a boulevard from Twelfth street to the river!"
was the cry. The "Chicago Plan" to make the city beautiful was
formally inaugurated on January 8, 1910, at a banquet of the Com-
mercial club, after about four years of preliminary growth. The
mirthful spectacle of a city with dirty face and hands putting on
dainty, rich and costly garments set flying the shafts of criticism.
On January 10, 1910, the Merriam commission placed upon Paul
Redieske the chief blame for the unwarranted payment of nearly
$46,000 in the "shale rock case," and recommended that legal action
to recover the amount should be taken. Mr. Redieske resigned Janu-
ary 14 under fire. John J. Hanberg, John Erickson, Ralph A. Bon-
nell and others were likewise blamed. On January 10 the entire is-
sue of $2,500,000 four per cent sanitary district bonds was awarded
to a syndicate for $2,472,675. Steps to defeat the so-called "milk
trust" were taken at this time. It was shown that the pro-
ducer had been paid less than three cents per quart, in some cases
less than two cents, while the consumer had paid seven cents per
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 479
quart. The first bathing beach owned by the public was authorized
by the Lincoln Park board on January 12. It was planned to open
2,800 feet — from Diversey boulevard to Fullerton avenue — to the
public early in the summer of 1910. The municipal budget for 1910,
adopted January 12, appropriated a grand total of $60,150,476.93,
the largest in the history of the city.
THE COUNTY BOARD
1868-1909
ON August 10, 1868, the Board of Supervisors called a special
meeting to consider the proposals for the erection of an
addition to the courthouse. The following action was
taken : "Resolved, That the building committee be dis-
charged from any further action with regard to building an addition
to Cook county courthouse, and that the contract heretofore made
with the city of Chicago in reference to the sale of a portion of the
interest of Cook county to said city be declared forfeited, the said
city having made default in the payment of the amount agreed to
be paid in said contract. Resolved, That a special committee of five
be appointed, instructed and authorized to commence negotiations
at once for the purchase of the interests of the city of Chicago in
the Cook county courthouse, and that said committee report their
action in the premises to the next regular session of the board." A
motion to table these resolutions and a motion to postpone action
were both lost. Supervisors Thompson, Kearney, Humphrey, Rex-
ford and Fitch were appointed the special committee referred to in
the resolution.
At the September session of the County Board, 1868, a communi-
cation from the Common Council of Chicago requested the Board
of Supervisors to take some action relative to the erection of a suita-
ble monument to the soldiers of Cook county who lost their lives in
the war. The committee on the equalization of taxes considerably
increased the assessment throughout the county. The whole amount
of assessment lists and rolls for the year 1868 was as follows: Real
estate, $50,133,760; personal property, $19,718,900; railroads,
$3,167,577.42; total amount of real and personal property, $73,020,-
237.42. A communication requesting the board to visit the proposed
site of the Normal school in Lake township (Englewood) was con-
sidered. The principal of the school at this date was D. S. Went-
worth, whose salary was $2,500 a year. The whole number of stu-
dents enrolled during 1868 was sixty-six, and the average attendance
forty-four. Bids for the permanent location of the Normal school
were received from Junction (Englewood) and Comorn, both in the
town of Lake, also from Norwood in Jefferson, and from Blue
Island. It was contended by the people of Blue Island that the school
having already been opened in that village, the location there should
be considered permanent.
Among the recommendations made by the Committee of Finance
480
Showing the Original River
mouth, the new mouth and
the newly projected Piers,
about 1834. Captain Cram.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 483
of the County Board in September, 1868, were the following:
$175,000 for interest on war bonds; $75,000 for poorhouse, paupers
and warden's salary ; $23,000 for hospital expenses, salaries, etc. ;
$4,500 per diem for county supervisors; $7,000 for election ex-
penses; $8,000 for county clerk in lieu of certain fees; $6,500 for
county judge; $7,000 for principal of the courthouse bond issue;
$20,000 for jurors' fees; $100,000 for courthouse extension; $5,000
for roads and bridges; and $27,000 for prisoners, jail expenses, etc.
The total appropriations amounted to $493,200. The levy for
county purposes in 1867-8 amounted to $420,000. The board
ordered for 1888-9 a levy of 75 cents on each $100 of real and per-
sonal property in Cook county. The assessment roll of 1868
amounted to over $73,000,000, as above.
A special committee on public buildings, to whom was referred
the erection of extensions to the courthouse, reported that the com-
mittee of the two bodies (county and city) had agreed to recom-
mend the acceptance of the following propositions: 1. That the
extensions to the courthouse be commenced and built as soon as prac-
ticable; 2. That the material used be Lockport (N. Y.) stone; 3.
That the east end extension of the courthouse to be built by the
county conform in size to the plan of Rose & Chatman, adopted by
the city for the west wing of the courthouse ; 4. That the building be
constructed according to the plans of Rose & Chatman. The County
Board adopted the first proposition above mentioned, but rejected
the second. The third and fourth sections were accepted. The board
further adopted the following : "Resolved, That the building com-
mittee be authorized to advertise for bids for building the wing to the
courthouse as soon as the city authorities pay us the $25,000 clue on
their contract with us and report the bids to this board."
On December 7, 1868, D. S. Hammond was elected chairman of
the board. The committee on Education reported that they had
received bids from Norwood, Englewood, Blue Island and from
C. V. Dyer individually. It was decided to visit the different loca-
tions before determining at the March session which should be
selected. An appropriation to be used in draining the wet ground
along the turnpike leading from the Northwestern plank road to the
poorhouse was made by the board. The board, after receiving a
favorable report from the Law Institute, legalized the action of the
former building committee in letting the contract for the court-
house extension. Considerable work on the east wing of the court-
house had already been done. In December a continuance of the
work as rapidly as possible was ordered. At this time the bonded
indebtedness of the county included Cook county 6 per cent new
courthouse bonds, $150,000.
The total receipts for the fiscal year ending December 7, 1868. as
shown by Thomas O. Osborn, county treasurer, were $463,382.57,
and the total disbursements were the same, less $68,829.53. The
Vol. 11—28.
484 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
county assessors were instructed to assess all banking institutions in
the county to the full amount of their capital stock. The poorhouse
committee recommended the erection o£ an addition to that institu-
tion for the benefit of the insane. After deliberation, instructions
for the erection of such a building, not to cost more than $30,000,
were ordered. The board passed a resolution requesting members of
the Legislature from Cook county to endeavor to secure the loca-
tion of the proposed Northern Illinois Insane asylum as near as
possible to Cook county. The committee appointed to recommend a
site for the location of the proposed insane asylum for Northern
Illinois reported that they had viewed tracts in the towns of Thorn-
ton and Hanover, but had come to the conclusion that the location of
the institution at Elgin was more desirable, owing to the superior
grounds and surroundings offered, and to its proximity to this
county.
The County Board in 1869 determined to accept the proposition
of Englewood for the location of the County Normal school. An
examination by competent lawyers of the title to the property at
Englewood designed for the Normal school showed the same to be
clear and the purchase was ordered immediately. As soon as the
purchase was effected the board directed that the building should be
erected at the earliest practicable moment.
In 1869 Jonathan Burr in his will bequeathed in trust a tract of
land for an insane asylum in Northern Illinois. It was recognized
that should this asylum be erected at Elgin, Cook county might lose
this bequest. The board therefore determined to build an insane
asylum exclusively for the use of Cook county. The cost of such a
building was estimated at $60,000. During 1869 the board assisted
the city of Chicago to erect a soldiers' monument at Rosehill.
Twenty -one designs for such a monument were received. The struc-
ture cost $10,000.
It was decided in September, 1869, to select the Board of Educa-
tion for the Normal school — six in number — from the three princi-
pal divisions of the city, as follows: One from South Chicago and
one from the country south of the city ; one from West Chicago and
one from the country west of the city ; and one from North Chicago
and one from the country north of the city. At this date the resi-
dents at Englewood in the vicinity of the proposed Normal school
were so few that boarding accommodations for the students were
almost wholly lacking in the neighborhood. Accordingly the board
entered into an agreement with L. W. Beck of Galva for the erection
of several boarding houses near the Normal building for the accom-
modation of the pupils. Lewis W. Beck, not having erected board-
ing houses at Englewood for the accommodation of pupils of the
Normal school, the board appointed a special committee to see if it
were advisable to compel him or his bondsmen to complete his con-
tract as per agreement.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 485
For the fiscal year of 1869-70 the finance committee of the County
Board recommended a total appropriation of $506,100. Among
the items were the following: Poorhouse, paupers, outdoor relief,
salaries, etc., $100,000; interest on war bonds, $175,000; interest on
new courthouse bonds, $17,500; public buildings and furniture,
$30,000; Normal school, $10,000; stationery and printing, $25,000;
jail and prisoners, $35,000; hospital expenses and salaries, $30,000;
fees, $20,000; election expenses, $9,000; per diem of county super-
visors, $5,000. The board ordered levied a tax of 55 cents on each
$100 of real and personal property in Cook county, according to the
assessment roll of 1869, amounting to $94,445,243. This sum was
ordered levied for county purposes for the fiscal year 1869-70.
The new County Board assembled on December 6, 1869. J. J.
Kearney was elected chairman of the board. On motion, standing
committees were made to consist of five members instead of seven
as formerly. A committee of three to determine the salaries of all
offices within the government of the board for the coming year was
appointed. A resolution to the effect that supervisors should be pro-
hibited from occupying any office that would prevent them from dis-
charging their full duties as supervisors was passed.
Communications from the Charity Dispensary and from the
North and the West side dispensaries concerning medical care during
the ensuing year for the county sick poor, were received. The board
resolved that the committee on poorhouse and paupers should have
charge of the insane asylum, that the committee on education should
have charge of the Normal school building, and that the committee
on public buildings should have charge of the courthouse and all
other public buildings of the county. The proposition of the Charity
Dispensary and the Brainard Free Dispensary to attend the county
sick poor for the North division and the West division, respectively,
for the sum of $500 each, was accepted on trial for one year.
At this time the condition of the county treasury was deplorable.
There was no money on hand, and orders for several months were
in existence, and there were no funds to pay the same. The con-
tractors for the Normal school building had not been paid for two
months. The committee on education therefore recommended that
the remaining $40,000 worth of bonds be issued and sold and the
proceeds be used to meet the emergency.
Charges of improper management at the Cook county hospital
having been made, the hospital committee, upon investigation, re-
ported that they found the institution conducted in an excellent man-
ner, and that the number of deaths out of the number of patients was
small compared with other similar institutions in the country. The
charges against the institution were as follows : The insalubrity of
the hospital; unskillful practice of the doctors; allowing students
at bedside at time of delivery; the want of a thoroughly educated
doctor, well skilled and paid for his services ; the undeniable fact that
486 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
a dead body paid better than a living one. The last one included the
charge that the doctors, having in view the sale of the bodies, did not
take proper pains for the recovery of the patients. An investigation
was followed by the report that the charges were unfounded. The
newspapers said the report was whitewashed.
At this date the financial affairs of the county were in sore straits.
There was no money in the treasury nor revenue in existence, and
debts were rapidly accumulating-. The following resolution was
adopted : "Resolved, That the finance committee be instructed to
report at the earliest moment to this board some plan of action
whereby the liabilities of Cook county may be met and the claims
of our creditors liquidated. Resolved, further, That a full statement
of all our liabilities be also presented in proper form."
The committee on public buildings reported in December, 1869,
that work on the new east wing of the county building was progress-
ing in a satisfactory manner. The stone work was all in place, the
brick work was almost finished, and the plastering was nearly com-
pleted. The roof was finished and the cells were nearly so.
For the fiscal year ending December 7, 1869, there was on hand
at the beginning, $68,829.53. The total receipts during the year,
including that sum, were $640,017.75. The whole of this, less $33,-
153.28, was paid out. The board passed a resolution calling upon
the Canal company to rebuild the Lane bridge and dam across the
Calumet feeder.
The finance committee, to whom was referred the resolutions to
ascertain the indebtedness of the county and to provide means for
liquidating same, reported : "First, That they have no means to
ascertain the amount of such indebtedness. Second, They are unable
to borrow any money for the payment of such indebtedness by the
issue of Cook county orders." The question of issuing bonds was
submitted to the Law institute and such issue was found to be legal
and practicable. Financiers of this city stated that they were willing
to loan the county money providing the board would pledge the
repayment of the same as soon as the taxes of 1869 were collected.
At this date the authorities stated that the exact bonded debt of Cook
county was $2,915,000. The floating debt, including its probable
increase by the county building, did not exceed $200,000. As the
taxable property of the county in 1869 was valued at $94,445,243,
it was deemed not difficult to secure the necessary loan.
On December 15, 1869, it was reported that the artesian well on
the poor farm had reached a depth of 690 feet. The top of the pipe
was two feet above the surface, and water at this date was flowing
out and was reported very clear and pure. The different strata pene-
trated were as follows: Earth, 102 feet; white lime rock, 201 feet;
shell rock, 205 feet; gray lime rock, 132 feet, and very hard sand-
stone, 50 feet. In passing through the strata of earth at the top,
three bowlders were struck, one being eighty-seven feet below the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 487
surface. At this date the County Board was paying a wolf bounty of
$5 per scalp.
The board at the December session passed the following resolu-
tion : "Resolved, That the Board of Supervisors of Cook county
respectfully ask the Constitutional convention to insert a clause in
the Constitution, authorizing the Legislature to divide the counties
in certain cases." This meaningless resolution was adopted as a sub-
stitute for resolutions previously introduced in detail concerning the
inequality of representation on the Board of Supervisors of Cook
county. For many years the objection that the Board of Super-
visors did not properly represent the different sections of the county
had been broached and discussed. The outside towns contained a
minority of the population, but had a majority of the County Board.
The city, with a greater population, was dissatisfied with its minority.
For years this had proved a source of conflict between the city of
Chicago and the towns outside. The original resolution proposed to
organize the city and county of Chicago with the county seat at the
city of Chicago, and further proposed that the towns of Lamont,
Palos, Worth, Orland, Bremen, Rich and Bloom should be attached
to the county of Will, and that the towns of Proviso, Leyden, Niles,
Maine, Elk Grove and New Trier should be attached to the county
of Du Page. The County of Chicago, it was proposed, should consist
of the towns of North Chicago, South Chicago, West Chicago, Hyde
Park, Calumet, Thornton, Lake, Cicero, Jefferson, Lake View and
Evanston. This was too radical a change for the supervisors, and
accordingly the substitute resolution above given was adopted.
The annual report of the Cook county warden showed that the
whole number of patients admitted during the year was 1,105; dis-
charged, 950; died, 167, and born, 103. There were treated at the
dispensary: Medical, 1,404; surgical, 500; eye and ear, 152.
Late in 1869 and early in 1870 there was much complaint concern-
ing the supplies which were furnished the poorhouse and the county
hospital. The board ordered an investigation. It was found neces-
sary at this time to have the sick poor taken care of by private insti-
tutions, as the county hospital could not contain all who applied for
admission. A motion to investigate the action of supervisors and
committees and all county offices was carried by a narrow margin.
A motion to table the resolution was lost by a vote of 32 to 18. This
action was called out by the charge that the committee on poorhouse
and paupers had taken improper action concerning contracts for
awards of supplies to the poorhouse, and the further charge that in-
sufficient attention had been given to sick paupers in the hospital.
It was resolved at this time that no committee of the board should
have the power to contract with any person for work or material in
excess of $2,500, and that all expenditures exceeding that amount
should be duly advertised before becoming legal. The following
resolution was also adopted : "Resolved, That no committee of this
488 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
board shall hereafter be authorized to let any contract requiring the
payment on the part of the county of any sum of money, nor audit
or pay any bills for extra work done or to be done on or by virtue
of any building, improvement or contract, without first having pre-
sented same to this board for approval, and it shall require a vote of
the members present to confirm the same."
The board received a petition from fifteen bankers of the South
division, stating that their stock was taxed at par value, while other
moneyed interests and real estate were assessed at one-third of their
value. They prayed that the assessment might be equalized. In
March, 1870, the roof of the east wing of the courthouse having fal-
len and greatly damaged the building, a special committee of seven
was appointed to investigate the causes of the accident, and their duty
was made to include an investigation of materials, workmanship, per-
manency and safety of all other public buildings erected or in process
of erection in Cook county.
In March, 1870, a special committee of five, appointed for the
purpose of investigation, reported that they had found one or more
members of the County Board guilty of having received a tract of
land as a bribe for certain action relative to the Cook County Normal
school. The following whereas and resolution was presented to the
board and duly considered : "WHEREAS, The special committee of
five appointed by this board to examine into and investigate certain
charges, report that they found J. J. Kearney, a member of this
board, did receive a lot of land, and from the preponderance of testi-
mony it was for his influence in securing the location of the Cook
County Normal school at Englewood while he was a member of the
previous Board of Supervisors ; therefore, be it Resolved as the sense
of this board, That the said J. J. Kearney, supervisor of the Ninth
ward and member of this board, be requested to resign as the pre-
siding officer and as a member of this board." On motion, Mr.
Kearney, by a vote of 42 to 8, was requested to resign his position as
presiding officer of the board. A motion, asking him to resign as a
member of the board, was postponed by a vote of 29 to 21.
An investigation by the special committee appointed showed that
the whole structure of the courthouse was unsafe ; that the east wing
rested upon an unsquare and insufficient foundation ; that the walls
were settling, spreading and cracking, and that it was dangerous to
occupy the whole or any part of the building, and unwise to proceed
to build the east wing in its present condition. A committee of five
was appointed to make a searching investigation and to recommend
what should be done in the premises.
The committee on finance reported in December as to the amount
of orders necessary to be issued to pay the present indebtedness of
the county. A total of $62,000 worth of orders had recently been
issued, and the present known and estimated indebtedness due was
$159,497. The board passed a resolution instructing the treasurer
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 489
of the county to pay 10 per cent interest on county orders issued on
or after December 1, 1870, until redeemed. The board also, by res-
olution, instructed the treasurer to pay interest at 10 per cent on all
county orders issued previously or to be issued in the future, to cover
the present floating indebtedness of the county. At this date the
board took action to prevent body-snatching from the county poor-
house cemetery. Albert G. Lane, county superintendent, was author-
ized to employ an assistant at $600 per year. In December, 1870,
the Normal school building at Englewood had cost a total to date of
$148,493. The committee on hospital reported that the hospital
building was owned by the city of Chicago, and that indifferent ar-
rangements existed between the city and the county as to the occu-
pancy of the institution. In consideration that the city might occupy
the Reform school grounds, the county was permitted to use the hos-
pital owned by the city.
In his annual report concerning the county hospital, George Rey-
nolds, warden, reported that the condition of the hospital, from a
sanitary point, was considerably improved during the year. The
sewerage system was extended and enlarged, thus preventing clog-
ging up under the building. He reported the sanitary conditions sat-
isfactory. There were admitted during the year to the hospital 1,438
patients. The total number discharged was 1,281. During the year
140 patients died.
On March 22, 1870, Supervisor Kearney tendered his resignation
as chairman of the board, and the same was promptly accepted.
Supervisor Bluthardt was then elected chairman. Mr. Kearney was
guilty of open, barefaced dishonesty in connection with the letting of
contracts, etc.
The special committee appointed to investigate the condition of
county finances and to suggest some method of relief reported that
in their opinion a further issue of county orders with 10 per cent
coupons payable semi-annually in the city of New York, and becom-
ing due on July 1, 1871, was the only means that would afford imme-
diate relief and meet the pressing demands upon the county treasury.
The committee further reported that in all probability such bonds
would sell at par or at not worse than one-half of 1 per cent discount.
Therefore the committee recommended the further issue of such 10
per cent orders to an amount not exceeding $200,000, the same to
be offered for sale at par. A few days later the committee reported
that they had borrowed the $200,000 above mentioned, and that the
funds were then in the treasury of the county. The committee was
obliged to pay 2 per cent commission for having the loan negotiated.
They reported that $40,000 of the orders were sold at par and
$16,000 at 99 cents on the dollar. The committee further reported
that on March 1, 1870, the balance in the county treasury amounted
to $63,253.19, and that the interest on Cook county war bonds and
other county bonds falling due in April, 1870, amounted to $106,250
490 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
and must be met. Therefore the committee requested the county
treasurer to forward to New York sufficient funds to meet this
interest.
The east wing of the courthouse having collapsed, a special com-
mittee of nine was appointed to investigate the circumstances attend-
ing the catastrophe. They reported that during their investigation
facts and circumstances that reflected on the character of one mem-
ber of the county committee on public buildings were revealed,
"therefore bringing scandal and disgrace on the good name of this
honorable board." The committee further stated that "in view of
the responsibility resting on them, and to the end that this board may
be purged of the shame and disgrace now resting upon it, they would
recommend that J. J. Kearney, supervisor from the Ninth ward, be
expelled from this board and his name be erased from the roll." The
report and recommendation were concurred in by a vote of 42 to 4.
The board also ordered "that the special committee be requested to
report to the grand jury at the recorder's court the names of all
persons who have been known to give or offer bribes to any of the
supervisors of this board, and also to furnish all the evidence in
their possession to said grand jury." The following amendment to
the above order was passed : "That this resolution shall be so
amended as to include all who have received offices in the gift of the
board for and in consideration of votes to be given in said board."
One or more of the members who had voted against the resolution
which expelled Supervisor Kearney later changed their votes in favor
of the resolution. The investigation of the committee of nine showed
that bad meat, poor flour, miserable bread and wood of inferior qual-
ity were fraudulently delivered to the poorhouse under the sanction
of Mr. Kearney and others.
At this time the appointment and duties of official visitors to the
poorhouse were changed and improved. It was resolved by the board
to make no changes in the tax levy so far as the complaining banks
were concerned.
On March 8, 1870, the committee on finance, after a thorough in-
vestigation, reported the financial condition of the county to be as
follows: Total resources for the fiscal year 1869-70, '$711,680.
Of this amount $198,400 was realized net from the sale of $200,000
10 per cent county orders, and $40,008 net from the sale of $44,000
7 per cent county bonds. The county tax levy for 1869-70 amounted
to $519,200. It was shown that during the previous year the ac-
counts were overdrawn to the amount of $1 1,300. The interest to be
paid by the county from May, 1870, to the close of the fiscal year
amounted to $227,250. On March 8, 1870, the outstanding orders
unpaid amounted to $28.006. Besides there was a balance on con-
tracts against the county amounting to $143,357.71. The statement
of the committee showed that on March 8, 1870, here was really a
deficit of $171,183.71. There was spent a total of $600,286.77'on
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 491
the east wing of the courthouse, east half of the old courthouse,
Normal school, insane asylum, county poorhouse road, artesian well,
etc. This condition of affairs called for immediate remedial action
on the part of the County Board.
In April, 1870, the board authorized the building committee to
adopt plans for a new roof on the east wing of the courthouse, and
to proceed to complete the repairs in full on both the old and the new
buildings. The committee on education reported that up to date the
cost of the Normal school building complete amounted to $108,-
150.84, and that the land owned by the institution was worth $50,-
000, making the Normal school property worth in round numbers
$158,000. Englewood had paid $25,000 to securue the Normal
school. The report of the committee showed that while the property
had cost Cook county but $83,000, it was worth in round numbers
$158,000. The committee recommended that inasmuch as the school
was sustained by all the people of the county it should be non-sec-
tarian in character and management.
On March 1, 1870, there were 540 inmates at the poorhouse. The
county agent, C. J. Pusheck, reported on March 6, 1870, that steps
to provide more and better accommodations at the county hospital
for the sick would have to be taken. He said that the hospital was
consantly overfilled. He reported that during the past winter he had
relieved 2,812 families, with an average of five persons to a family,
making the total number of persons cared for about 14,060.
At the meeting of the new Board of Supervisors on December 5,
1870, George W. Waite was elected chairman. The committee on
poorhouse and paupers reported that the warden and the matron of
the poorhouse should be required to serve as warden and matron of
the insane asylum. Two sets of officers were unnecessary. The
committee reported that the new insane asylum was complete and
perfect in its appointments and a credit to Chicago and Cook county.
The committee recommended that but one physician and surgeon be
appointed for the insane asylum and the poorhouse. In 1871 the
Charity Dispensary of North Chicago and the Brainard Free Dis-
pensary of West Chicago, each for $500, furnished medical attend-
ance and medicine to the county poorhouse.
The Board, upon investigating the collapse of the east wing of the
courthouse and upon learning of the scandal there shown to exist,
declined to pay many of the claims of contractors. Several were
rejected and often the objectors brought suit. The most of the de-
mands were compromised. The committee on judiciary at this date,
after an investigation, concluded that under the new constitution the
old Recorder's court, which was a city court, was merged in the
Criminal court of Cook county, and therefore all fees due the State's
attorney of the Seventh judicial district, formerly paid by the city of
Chicago and county of Cook, should now be paid by the county alone.
Accordingly the board authorized the county treasurer to pay such
492 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
fees. An addition to the county hospital was ordered built. The con-
tract accepted fixed the total cost at $5,453. By December 15, 1870,
the new structure was ready for occupancy. The new building accom-
modated sixty patients. The cost during the progress of erection
was increased by extra allowances to $7,750. The lower story was
intended for the eye ward, the second story for fever patients, and
the third story for lying-in patients. The records show that the
hospital was the property of the city of Chicago, but was being partly
used by the county.
The committee on finance in December, 1870, reported that the
annual statement of the county treasurer showed that there was no
money in the treasury with which to pay orders ; that the amount
of orders issued and not registered with the treasurer for payment
amounted to $90,685.25 ; and that additional orders, it was estimated,
to the amount of from $30,000 to $50,000 had been authorized for
issue on this date. To meet these orders, other maturing engage-
ments and the estimated current expenses there was levied in Sep-
tember, 1870, a county tax of $1,398,000. The amount necessary
for current expenses was estimated at $530,400. The balance of the
levy was required to pay interest on the bonds and to retire other
indebtedness of the county. The total bonded debt at this date
amounted to $2,905,000. The committee reported that the finances
of the county were in good condition and that the completion of the
public buildings and other emergency improvements had temporarily
absorbed the revenue and that the distress was only temporary. The
committee recommended that at present no further issue of coupon
orders should be made.
On Monday, December 4, 1871, for the first time the Board of
Commissioners of Cook county assembled in Chicago. Samuel Ash-
ton was elected temporary chairman. Messrs. Crawford, White and
Skelly were appointed a committee on credentials. The following
commissioners were reported entitled to seats as members of
the board : Messrs. Stearns, Jones, and Wahl from South Chicago ;
Messrs. Harrison, Harris, Lonergan and Talcott from West Chi-
cago; Messrs. Ashton. Herting and Roelle from North Chicago;
Mr. White from Lake View, New Trier, Northfield, and Niles ; John
W. Pahlman from Wheeling, Palatine, Barrington, Hanover,
Schaumberg, Elk Grove and Maine; Mr. Crawford from Leyden,
Cicero, Proviso, Riverside, Lyons and Lake; Mr. Hitchcock from
Hyde Park, Worth. Columbia, Thornton; Mr. Skelly from Bloom.
Rich, Bremen, Orland, Palos, and Lemont. Julius White was elected
permanent chairman. The commissioners cast lots for the one, two
and three year terms with the following result : For one year.
Messrs. Crawford, Jones, Skelly, Stearns and White. For two years,
Messrs. Herting, Lonergan, Pahlman, Talcott and Wahl ; for three
years, Messrs. Ashton, Harris, Harrison, Hitchcock and Roelle.
Considerable time was spent in forming committees, adopting rules
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 493
of conduct, appointing subordinates, etc. The standing committees
were as follows : Judiciary, Finance, Education, City Relations, Pub-
lic Buildings, Equalization of Taxes, Poorhouse and Paupers, Hos-
pital, Miscellaneous Claims, Jail, Jail Accounts, Roads and Bridges,
Licenses, Town and Town Accounts.
A special committee was appointed to confer with the Board of
Public Works of Chicago to ascertain whether accommodations for
the courts and Cook county offices upon the reservoir lot could be
obtained. A committee reported, after investigation, that the county
would be furnished with temporary rooms as desired. The board
passed a series of resolutions, asking the National government to re-
fund to Cook county the sum of $2,500,000 which had been paid as
bounty to soldiers during the Civil War. This request was made in
consideration of the immense losses sustained by the county during
the recent great fire. Later this singular action was reconsidered.
It was resolved by the board that no member thereof should have
any contract, direct or indirect, or any interest whatsoever, in any
material, goods, wares, merchandise, stationery or supplies that Cook
county might require during his term of office. The committee on
finance reported the advisability of making a temporary loan of
$500,000 and of issuing county bonds for that amount, the proceeds
to be used to construct county buildings, etc.
The county debt due and maturing between January 1, 1872, and
January 1, 1873, amounted to $765,500. The total indebtedness of
the county at this date was $3,450,000. It was concluded to issue
orders on the treasury to the amount of $500,000 to cover indebted-
ness, the same to be payable in not less than eighteen months nor
more than three years from January 1, 1872, and to bear interest at
7 per cent annually. The board resolved that no action should be
taken at this time to erect public buildings on the old courthouse
square.
The board inquired into the condition of the various departments
of the county government, in order to ascertain the duties of the
various heads of departments, how they were paid, what system of
bookkeeping and accounts generally were in vogue, etc. The board
passed resolutions establishing a branch to be known as the Depart-
ment of Public Charities, and to include the county insane asylum,
poorhouse and farm, county hospital, county physician, county
agent's office and the Cook county jail, so far as the county had ju-
risdiction over the same. The Medical Board at the county hospital
was excluded from this department. The physician of the insane asy-
lum and poorhouse was appointed head of the department.
The board passed a resolution requesting Congress to remove the
duty on a large list of building materials in order to assist tempora-
rily the citizens of Chicago to replace their homes destroyed by the
great fire. The board resolved that all requisitions for supplies re-
quired for the county institutions should be made in writing upon
494 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
certain blank forms furnished and consecutively numbered. In con-
sideration of the necessity of constructing a new courthouse at an
early date, the County Board prepared a bill to be submitted to the
Legislature for its adoption, providing for the issue of county bonds
necessary to pay the costs. At this date a committee of the County
Board conferred with a like committee of Chicago concerning the
construction of a jail and criminal court room either on the public
square or on some other suitable lot. The North Market hall lot
was duly considered.
The county treasurer's annual report, made December 4, 1871,
showed that the balance on hand on December 31, 1870, was $31,-
868, and that the total receipts of the year including the amount on
hand at the beginning was $1,983,706. The total expenses reached
the same amount, less $26,360. Among the items received were
the following: Tax levy of 1870, $1,345,544; temporary loan,
$200,000 ; sale of county coupon orders, $400,000. There was re-
ceived during the year to the credit of the bond fund account, includ-
ing a small amount on hand at the beginning, a total of $190,581.
The fall election of 1873 was bitterly contested. Men in power
fought hard to retain their positions, but there had grown up strong
opposition to the manner in which county affairs were conducted.
The newspapers pointed out that county business had been and was
mismanaged to such an extent that an immense and unnecessary debt
had been created, that rank corruption existed and that a change in
the officials would probably mean retrenchment and reform. But
the men then in place objected to such a procedure. The result was
one of the bitterest and most personal campaigns in the history of
the county. President Ashton of the County Board said, "Dictation
as to the exercise of individual rights and the traducing and slander-
ing of the official acts and private character of public men had
seemed to become an article of merchandise with those who, having
no moral or political standing were determined to drag every one
down to their own level, hence the result of the recent election has
fully demonstrated that the masses will not tolerate dictation from
any source, and that the people are competent to select and fill the
various offices within their gift without interference from any quar-
ter whatsoever. Therefore, we should so manage the affairs of the
county that our people will feel assured that their confidence had not
been misplaced."
At this date rapid progress was being made in the construction of
the jail and Criminal Court building. Regular reports concerning
its construction were received and numerous bills were audited and
allowed. The board determined that the fees collected in the offices
of the sheriff, county clerk and recorder were not sufficient to enable
them to be self-sustaining. They therefore directed the representa-
tives of the Legislature from Cook county to urge the passage of a
bill increasing such fees.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 495
The application of the county recorder for increased compensation
in December, 1873, was reported on adversely by the committee on
judiciary. The law already adopted gave the official a salary of
$3,000 per annum and no change could be made by the County
Board. D. S. Wentworth, principal of the Cook County Normal
school, was paid $300 per month salary. The building committee
in December, 1873, made an elaborate report in regard to the con-
struction of the Cook county jail and Criminal Court building. At
this date the city hall of Chicago was located on Adams street and
was occupied by the County Board. Rooms there were rented for
$300 per month. The annual report of the county treasurer in De-
cember, 1873, showed total receipts of $988,775 during the fiscal
year. The expenses amounted to the same sum, less $38,376 on
hand at the close of the year. In 1873 the recorder's office was in a
building owned by W. F. Storey. In July, 1873, the committee on
education was authorized to procure plans and estimates for a board-
ing house building at Englewood to be used as a dormitory for stu-
dents attending the Normal school. It was estimated that a suitable
building could be constructed for $18,793. The committee at this
date spoke highly of the management and usefulness of the Normal
school. The attendance was 135.
In March, 1874, owing to the complaint made to the County Board
concerning the condition of graveled and macademized roads in the
county, the board instructed the committee on roads and bridges and
the plank road inspectors to examine all toll roads in the county and
report their condition at once. After a thorough examinaton the
committee made the following report : The Northwestern graveled
road was good as far as Niles, and beyond needed widening; the
Elston and Wheeling graveled road was in poor condition, but was
being repaired when examined ; the Higgins graveled road was good,
but needed widening so that two loaded wagons could easily pass
each other. The Lake Street and County Line graveled road was
rough and in rather poor condition ; Rosehill and Evanston graveled
road was in good condition throughout its whole extent, except just
south of the toll gate north of the city limits; the Lincoln Avenue
and Niles Center graveled road was in good condition except at the
extreme south end. The committee thereupon made certain recom-
mendations and the report was concurred in by the County Board.
In April, 1874, buildings on the Reform school grounds in Hyde
Park were sold for $2,500. The board at this date ordered that
thereafter the Criminal court should be held in the new Criminal
courthouse on the northwest corner of Michigan and Dearborn
streets.
The joint committee on hospital and public service, appointed in
1874 to purchase a new site for a county hospital, reported having
received eleven propositions for the sale of such a tract to the county.
After considerable skirmishing, the board passed a resolution to
496 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
accept the Baldwin blocks owned by W. H. W. Cushman. They
were numbers 1 and 2 of David Codwise's subdivision of the east
seventy-four acres of the west half of the southeast quarter of Sec-
tion 18, Town 39, Range 14. The price estimated was $145,000.
The county attorney was directed to see that the title was sufficient.
In June, 1874, the County Board began to consider seriously plans
for the construction of a new courthouse and city hall. There was
much objection to any such action at this date, owing to the fact that
both the city and county were heavily in debt ; but the board realized
that it would take many years probably to erect the building, there-
fore they finally concluded to commence proceedings and to pay for
work as the building progressed. The board consulted judges, clerks
recorder, treasurer, superintendent of schools and heads of all lead-
ing departments of the county and city, both in regard to the location
of the building and the arrangement of the various halls and rooms.
It was determined that the cost of such a building should not in the
end exceed $2,500,000. Resolutions postponing action were voted
down by the County Board. The consensus of opinion was in favor
of erecting the new building on the public square. The preamble of
a set of resolutions opposing definite action at that time was as fol-
lows : .
"Chicago, in common with the whole country, is suffering from
the great financial revulsion and every department of business is
more or less seriously affected thereby, and, added to this general de-
pletion the people of Chicago have, since October, 1871, strained
every nerve to rebuild their destroyed homes and places of business,
to accomplish which private loans have been made, which in the ag-
gregate amount to a very large sum and which entail heavy annual
charges for interest ; and whereas, the new grade established after the
fire has also added heavy burdens in the way of special assessment for
filling and paving streets and the general levy for city, county and
state purposes has annually increased so that our people are already
overloaded as appears by the fact that there remained uncollected on
June 1 of the city levy of 1873 $4,132,593.82 and for state and
county for 1873 $2,662,638.45, making a total aggregate of $6,795,-
232.27 of taxes of 1873, which have got to be paid not later than
August of this year." In view of this condition it was moved that
action be postponed, but the motion was lost.
On June 22 the board authorized the county treasurer to borrow
$100,000 on the credit of the county* for a period not exceeding
ninety days and at not exceeding 8 per cent. This sum was ordered
credited to the sinking fund account — new indebtedness. The board
instructed the county attorney to institute the necessary legal pro-
ceedings to restrain the collection of that portion of the taxes levied
for the year 1873 that he should deem unauthorized.
The Chicago & Northern Pacific Air Line Railroad company asked
for right of way across the county farm, and under certain conditions
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 497
the request was granted in June, 1874. In August, 1874, it having
been apparent that a large amount of taxes had been unjustly collect-
ed by the State for the year 1873, which collection had been declared
unconstitutional, the board directed the county collector to refund
such tax to every person who had paid the same. It seems that
several members of the board were charged with corruption in the
purchase of the hospital lot. The newspapers openly charged graft,
bribery and dishonesty.
Owing to much complaint regarding the payment of taxes
throughout the whole county, the board took special pains to secure
a just equalization and published long lists of changes from the re-
ports and recommendations of the assessors. The total valuation
after equalization of lands, lots and real estate in the county
amounted to $1 18,616,917. The total valuation of personal property
was $38,201,172. The railroad assessment amounted to $1,357,084.
The total equalized valuation was thus $158,175,173. At this time,
as the newspapers continued to charge graft and dishonesty in the
board, an investigation by a special committee appointed for that
purpose was ordered.
In August, 1874, the Cook County Insane asylum having become
extremely crowded, the committee on public charities was directed
to secure the transfer of persons who could not be accommodated in
Cook county to the insane asylum at Elgin.
In September a joint committee was appointed to suggest changes
at the insane asylum which would meet the requirements of the
county. Accordingly after investigation the construction of an addi-
tional wing to the county insane asylum was decided upon. It is es-
timated that this wing would cost $100,000.
In October, 1874, the county treasury being empty, the board
authorized the county treasurer to borrow $100,000 for six months
at not to exceed 7 per cent interest and to credit the same to the gen-
eral fund.
At the close of the fiscal year 1874, President Ashton of the
County Board congratulated the members on the condition generally
of the city and the county. There had been neither money, archives
or records, and yet the citizens had emerged from the disaster with
credit, and though burdened with debt had maintained the city's
good name in view of all the world. He said, "I point you with pride
to the grandeur of our buildings, business and credit. Starting with
an empty treasury and with the reverses stated, we have carried on
the government of the county, been liberal to the oppressed and
needy and rebuilt a part of our public buildings. The calls and de-
mands upon us for charity have been greater than ever known before
in the history of the county. We have constructed a splendid Crim-
inal court and jail; we have provided good quarters for the various
courts and officers; have added an addition to the insane asylum
and poorhouse, have built a plain and substantial morgue, have
498 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
purchased and paid for, in part, an elegant site for a county
hospital; have taken care of more than 6,000 families, averaging
about 30,000 persons annually; have been compelled, owing to the
change from the fee system to one of fixed salaries, to expend unus-
ually large sums annually; have been often without revenue and
forced to borrow in emergency, and had during all this period of in-
creased county indebtedness only about $750,000, of which sum at
least $680,000 was made necessary by the great fire. Today is pre-
sented to the world the spectacle of a county containing a population
of over 550,000 people having within its limits one of the greatest
commercial cities of its age, destroyed by fire only three years ago
and now rebuilt, with an indebtedness of a little over $3,600,000 all
told. Such another instance cannot be pointed to in the history of the
American republic. And yet in spite of these facts, we have been
found fault with by some and charged with corruption in office by
others. Standing here today I denounce it as false and cruel and as a
libel upon us and our people, and hurl it back in the face of the
author and circulator. Mob law should at all times be deprecated,
but sooner or later this community will have to meet the issue in order
to protect its homes, character, families and common decency."
On December 7, 1874, Mr. Burdick, chairman, said, "Our finances
are not in as good condition as we could desire, but under the cir-
cumstances as good as we could expect. The circumstances referred
to are as follows: First — The fact that our expenditures for the
past year have exceeded the appropriations for the same by a large
amount. Second — That our salary system which went into effect a
year ago has not proved as satisfactory and economical as anticipat-
ed. Third — That the change of the law relating to jurors' fees
which went into effect the past year added largely to our expendi-
tures. Fourth — That a much larger amount of our taxes for the
year 1873 remains unpaid than in former years. Add these things
together, gentlemen, and you will understand why the former board
found it necessary to borrow temporarily and leave our treasury
low."
Mr. Burdick predicted that under economical management the
appropriations for the year 1874-5 would be found sufficient. He
stated that the levy was 40 cents on the $100 valuation upon a total
assessment of over $318,000,000. He recommended that a code of
rules should be adopted by the various county institutions in order
that harmony, system, perfect operation and management might be
realized. It was known that the county was expending for charitable
purposes a large sum of money annually. For the year ending De-
cember 1, 1874, the insane asylum cost over $93,000; poorhouse,
over $60,000; county agent's office, over $172,000; county hospital,
over $49,000; outdoor relief in outside towns, over $13,000; care of
paupers in state institutions, nearly $2,000. Total for charitable pur-
poses during the year, over $395,000. Owing to the large number of
Showing Newly formed
the River Mouth and
anay South of the Hi
Captain Cram,
Land North of
the Wearing
ver Mouth.
1839.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 501
men out of employment, it was realized that the coming year would
probably see a larger amount than ever before spent by the County
Board for charity. It was therefore determined to economize in
every practicable way, particularly with regard to supplies purchased
for those institutions.
At this date the county was still engaged in erecting a new poor-
house building and an addition to the insane asylum.
In January, 1875, the county treasurer notified the board that the
treasury was empty of general fund, and asked what should be done
in the emergency. After investigation, the board authorized him
to accept a loan of $25,000 from the Hibernian Banking association,
and a further loan of $75,000 from the Illinois Loan and Trust
company, both at 7 per cent, due June 1, 1875. On December 1,
1874, the total bonded debt of the county was $3,625,000. In addi-
tion, the county owed the Merchant's National bank $100,000.
There was on hand unsold $617,000 worth of fire bonds.
On January 8, 1875, the board advertised for all individuals own-
ing real estate in the county to bring to the recorder's office for filing,
free of expense, all original abstracts of lands in the county. By
February 24 there were brought in and recorded under this authoriz-
ation about 4,000 original abstracts, at a total expense to the county
of about $20,000. The recorder was ordered to prepare a set of
tract indexes for the convenience of the county abstract office.
In February, 1875, the joint committee of the city and county
recommended the commencement at once of a city hall and court-
house, and the prosecution of the same with reasonable speed until
completed. They recommended that a cost of $2,500,000 should not
be exceeded. It was expected that five years would be required to
complete the structure. At this date Chicago had on hand a building
fund of over $600,000 left of the canal funds received from the state,
•and the county had about the same amount of unsold bonds for pub-
lic buildings. These two sums would carry on the work, it was con-
cluded, for the first two years. After that, other arrangements could
readily be made.
In March, 1875, the board ordered an investigation as to what title
papers were in existence concerning property owned by Cook county.
The committee found but one abbstract. The board ordered this
matter cleared up and the title to all county property rendered certain.
In March, 1874, they ordered the removal of seventy-five inmates of
the Cook County Insane asylum to the insane asylum at Elgin. At
this date the County Court rooms, clerk's office and library rooms
rented quarters from the city at the corner of Adams and La Salle
streets.
In March, 1875, the board ordered hospital buildings erected on
the new hospital grounds recently purchased and known as the Bald-
win lots. In May, 1875, they made arrangements to have inmates
of the poorhouse afflicted with eye and ear diseases taken care of by
Vol. 11—29.
502 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the Illinois Eye and Ear infirmary, and at the same time made ar-
rangements for the removal of feeble-minded children to the State
asylum for that class of unfortunates. At this date the $100,000
borrowed in January being about due, and there being no funds with
which to pay the same, the committee on finance recommended a
renewal of the loan for a: period of ninety days.
In July, 1875, the committee on finance reported numerous bids
for the county fire bonds recently ordered issued. The Corn Ex-
change National bank bid 103.5 for $25,000 of the bonds, also 103.4
for $20,000. William H. Turner bid 103.38 for $105,000 of the
bonds. The committee recommended that these bids be accepted.
The lowest bid was 101.75. There was realized from the sale of
$150,000 worth of fire bonds as above, a total of $157,286.27. It was
recognized that the bids fully established the high credit of Cook
county.
At this date the County Board proceeded to build a suitable struc-
ture on the Normal school grounds at Englewood for the accommo-
dation of the students of the institution. It was estimated that the
students' hall thus provided would cost about $20,000. Previous to
this date the County Board had purchased of Otto Peltzer and Wil-
manns & Thielke a lot of abstract books for $45,000. With what
the board had before, the county was now able to furnish complete
abstracts of title to real estate throughout its limits. During the fall
of 1875 the board considered in detail numerous bids received for
the foundation work on the new courthouse and city hall.
The total valuation of Cook county property as equalized and as-
sessed by the State Board for the year 1875-6 was $229,993,108.
The committee on finance in October, 1875, after a thorough investi-
gation of indebtedness and required revenue, recommended a levy of
$1,517,955 for the fiscal year 1875-6. This amounted to 66 cents
on each $100. In November, 1875, it was shown that the outstand-
ing indebtedness of the town of South Chicago from 1862 to 1874,
inclusive, amounted to $22,415.56. The County Board ordered a
levy in that town to cover such indebtedness.
The county agent reported on December 1, 1875, that the number
of families then being cared for by the county was 2,824. Owing
to the cold weather of the preceding winter, an unusually large
amount was spent for outside relief. The agent opposed the project
of erecting a house of refuge, because, as stated by him, such an in-
stitution would constantly be imposed upon by men and women with
means, who would conceal the same and seek assistance from the
county. He reported that the total number of families cared for
during 1875 was 8,374. The total number of persons sent to the
Cook County poorhouse during 1875 was 986; the county hospital
reported an attendance of 1,008; the county buried 406 persons and
treated 1,190. The number of insane persons in charge of the
county was 213. The total expenditure of the county agent during
1875 was $170,479. 96.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 503
At the end of the fiscal year on December 1, 1875, the county
bonded debt amounted to $3,792,000. In addition $200,000 of tem-
porary loans were obtained, making a total county indebtedness of
$3,992,000. There were on hand yet unsold fire bonds to the amount
of $450,000. In May, 1876, the Corn Exchange National bank
bought $10,000 worth of county fire bonds at 106.1; $10,000 at
106.25; $10,000 at 106.4 and 10,000 at 105.5 with accrued interest,
being an average price of 106.28 and accrued interest. In Septem-
ber, 1876, the committee on equalization of taxes reported personal
property $24,093,671 ; and lands, lots and real estate, $111,451,510.
The latter reported by the assessors was $1 1 1,496,404. As equalized
the total aggregate taxable property in Cook county was $136,756,-
163. The finance committee in October, 1876, reported that the
sum necessary to be levied for the fiscal year 1876 amounted to
$1,605,885. This amount was arrived at by adding together the old
indebtedness created prior to 1870, consisting of $191,905, the new
indebtedness created since 1870, amounting to $321,500, and the
estimated current expenses of the county and the charitable institu-
tions, amounting to $1,092,480.
By resolution passed on September 11, 1876, Cook county pledged
the county delinquent taxes for 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874, amount-
ing to $494,926.99, for the payment of whatever indebtedness might
be incurred in the erection of the new county courthouse. The same
pledge was made concerning the reform school property, which was
the south twenty-five acres of the northwest fractional quarter, Sec-
tion 2, Town 38, Range 14.
On November 13, 1876, the committee on finance reported that
they had borrowed of the Corn Exchange National bank for seven
months $200,000 at 8 per cent per annum, the same being the best
offer they could get. At the end of the fiscal year ending December
1, 1876, the chairman of the board, A. B. Johnson, said: "I, as well
as you, have been abused on many occasions by the press, but I pre-
sume the commissioners will be abused as long as the County Board
is in existence. The reason why I have been attacked and my mo-
tives impugned is because I have acted with the majority. I was
elected to act with them, and have done so regardless of criticism.
I was formerly a Republican and at one time a member of the Board
of Supervisors, and chairman of that board. I was supervisor for
eight years and was elected on the Republican ticket, but was never
abused while a member of that body. I had the honor of being on
the most important committees. One was the committee on war
fund, and during two years we paid out over $2,500,000. I had
other important duties and I believe I performed them to the satis-
faction of the public, but since my connection with this County
Board, especially during the past two years, the daily press of the city
has abused me and other commissioners." The reason for the abuse
was that the board continually ran in debt and did not make one
504 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
sound and intelligent effort to get out. On the first of December,
1876, the total bonded debt of Cook county amounted to $4,191,500.
In addition, there had been issued temporary loans to the amount of
$250,000, making the total county indebtedness $4,441,500.
In his address of July 4, 1877, at the time of the laying of the
corner stone of the new courthouse, President C. C. P. Holden of
the County Board stated among other things that in October, 1871,
the state passed an act appropriating the sum of $2,955,340 for the
relief of Chicago. This amount was the obligation due the county
from the canal. With this appropriation was a proviso to the effect
that not less than one-fifth of the amount nor more than one-third
of the same should be used in the reconstruction of bridges, public
buildings and structures destroyed by fire upon the original sites
thereof. These provisions were carried out by the city. The old
courthouse was converted temporarily into a structure for the sheriff,
county treasurer, clerk, board of commissioners, surveyors and a few
other officers. Later the people erected a jail and Criminal court
building which cost over $518,000, also an insane asylum at Jeffer-
son costing over $163,000. They also purchased a site for the hos-
pital at a cost of $145,000, and erected thereon a group of excellent
buildings at an expense of about $428,000. An additional story was
added to the insane asylum at a cost of $35,000. The students' hall
at Englewood cost nearly $27,000. Inasmuch as the revenue would
not meet these various improvements the county was obliged to issue
bonds, which it did to the amount of $1,500,000. The utter incom-
petence of this administration to manage county affairs was well
recognized by the citizens and the press. There was no system to
pay expenses and meet indebtedness.
As early as August 28, 1872, the city and county authorities came
to terms and agreed by contract to erect a new courthouse. In July,
1875, J. J. Egan, architect, was employed to superintend the court-
house, and his salary was fixed at $37,000. After that, work on the
building steadily progressed until the foundation was made complete.
By July 4, 1877, the county debt consisted of war bonds to the
amount of $2,500,000, also $1,500,000 issued for the above pur-
pose, of which all except $50,000 was still outstanding. The bonded
debt since the fire had thus been increased to a total of $1,375,000.
The immense revenue was frittered away in useless and padded pay-
rolls, while the board offered the miserable excuse of having no
money to meet the above building expenses and hence issued bonds.
In August, 1877, the equalized valuation of rents, lots and real
estate in Cook county amounted to $107,620,870; personal property,
$21.705,082; railroad property, $1,127,563 ; total, $130,453,515.
The committee on finance in November, 1877,- fixed the county
tax for the fiscal year at $1,608,405. At the end of the fiscal year
December 1, 1877, Chairman Holden of the County Board summed
up what had been accomplished during the preceding year. The in-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 505
sane asylum and the poorhouse had been found in bad condition and
overcrowded. Both were put in excellent condition and new build-
ings were erected. A new engine house at the insane asylum was
built. At the beginning of the year the county hospital located at
Eighteenth street "reminded one more of a hog pen than it did of a
place of shelter for the unfortunate sick of the county." The board
of 1875 originated and carried into effect the construction of a group
of hospital buildings at Wood and Harrison streets which were a
credit to the county. The students' hall at the Normal school was
built and the new courthouse was well advanced. By December 1,
1877, the new courthouse had cost a total of $749,227. There had
been appropriated for the structure at that date a total of $1,359,927.
In December, 1878, Henry C. Senne was elected chairman of the
board. He stated that the County Board for two years in succession
had submitted the question of issuing bonds to complete the new
courthouse to a vote of the people, and the first year 'such authority
was refused and was refused also at the election in 1878. Mr. Senne
said that it seemed not out of order to inquire into the probable cause
for such refusal. The building was needed and the contracts already
entered into, but the agreement could not be complied with by direct
taxation and therefore the issue of bonds would have to follow. He
stated that the act of February 5, 1872, authorizing the County
Board to issue bonds to the amount of $1,500,000 for the purpose of
building a courthouse had been, in his opinion diverted from the pur-
pose intended. The money was used to build the jail and Criminal
Court building, the insane asylum, enlargement of poorhouse, and the
erection of the students' hall at Englewood, and a large expenditure
on hospital grounds, which he regarded as wholly unnecessary, be-
cause the county then owned the Reform school grounds, the best
in the county for hospital purposes, and when all of the $1,500,000,
except about $100,000, had been expended in buildings scattered all
over the county it was then found necessary to build a courthouse and
the county had no means with which to do it. He stated that the
people were led to believe that the courthouse under the architect's
estimate would cost $2,000,000; that the structure could be built
with the resources on hand; that on December 26, 1876, the board
by a vote of 1 1 to 4 adopted a resolution to issue $1,000,000 in county
bonds without submitting the question to the vote of the people. The
action was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. But in
the meantime considerable expense was incurred which must be borne
by the county; therefore, in view of these facts, it was not surprising
that a majority of votes should be found against the issuance of
bonds. Had the courthouse been built with the bonds authorized to
be issued for that purpose, the charitable and educational institutions
might have been built as the taxable ability of the county would have
justified, and there would have been probably no necessity to issue
bonds. The present board was not responsible for this state of
506 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
affairs, but the facts still existed and must be met. It would require
$1,000,000 additional with which to complete the courthouse, and
there were a large amount of other claims due and unpaid. To meet
these the county had $490,000 back taxes and the Reform school
grounds. The people at the recent and previous elections, by voting
against the bonds, had signified their wish that thereafter the county
should adopt the policy of "pay as you go." With this idea in view
the county affairs during 1878 and 1879 were conducted. This
administration was the first for more than a decade that made a
serious, earnest and promising attempt not only to live within the
income, but to commence the payment of the indebtedness.
Prior to 1870 the county offices were managed under the fee sys-
tem, but on that date a change was made to the existing salary sys-
tem. The latter, as it was debauched, did not prove any better than
the fee system. It was really turned into a burden. At this date
there was not a branch of the county government the fees of which
would pay its way except perhaps the treasurer's office. A thorough
investigation by hired experts to ascertain how county affairs
should be conducted at a less expense for salaries or fees was insti-
tuted.
At the election of November 5, 1878, the question of issuing
$750,000 in county bonds was voted upon. It was reported at first
that the issue was defeated. In reality there were cast 15,903 votes in
favor of the issue and 14,664 against it. The following country
towns cast a majority vote against the issue of the bonds : Barring-
ton, Bloom, Bremen, Calumet, Cicero, Elk Grove, Hanover, Hyde
Park, Jefferson, Lake, Lake View, Leyden, Lyons, New Trier,
Northfield, Norwood Park, Orland, Palatine, Palos, Proviso, Riv-
erside, Rich, Schaumberg, Thornton, and Wheeling. The County
Board therefore ordered the issue of the bands as aforesaid. The
question of the right to issue these bonds was taken into the courts,
whereupon it was discovered that the election officers had reversed
the vote and had declared that 14,282 ballots were cast in favor of
issuing the bonds and 15,549 ballots were cast against the issue. The
court found upon investigation that the votes cast in favor of issuing
the bonds numbered 15,903 and against the bonds 14,664 and further
that the County Board was thus authorized to issue the bonds.
On January 20, 1879, pursuant to the vote of the preceding No-
vember authorizing the board to issue county bonds, the County
Board ordered prepared and issued bonds to the amount of $750,000
in denominations of not less than $100 nor more than $1,000 each,
payable in 1899 and bearing not exceeding 10 per cent interest. The
bonds were to be known as courthouse bonds and were to be regis-
tered. In February, 1879, the board passed resolutions to assess
annually thereafter upon the taxable property of the county a sum
sufficient to pay the interest on the bonds, and also to provide a sink-
ing fund that would retire them when due.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 507
The total of taxable property in Cook county returned by the com-
mittee on equalization in August, 1879, was 119,358,164. A minor-
ity of the committee made a special report stating that they could not
agree with the equalization proposed by the majority. They stated
that the majority passed their assessments upon esiimates of former
years and ignored the actual and increased value of lands assessed
on this date. The minority pointed out several instances where they
deemed the assessment of the majority unjust. However, the assess-
ment of the latter was allowed to stand.
The rules of the commissioners required the County Board annu-
ally at its September meeting to make a full and accurate statement
of the receipts and expenditures of the preceding year, together with
an accurate statement of the finances of the county at the end of the
fiscal year. Under this law, in September, 1879, the bonded debt of
Cook county was found to be $4,941,500, less a total of $261,216 of
bonds unsold and of sinking fund and interest. It was noted that
on May 1, 1880, war bonds to the amount of $1,158,500 would be-
come due, and that therefore some means to pay the same would have
to be provided. In September, 1879, the State Board of Equaliza-
tion fixed the valuation of Cook county assessable property at $146,-
435,495.
The people of the county had witnessed with dismay the action
of the County Board in steadily running in debt ever since the fire.
The bonded debt had been considerably increased and the floating
indebtedness amounted to a large additional sum. When, therefore,
in 1877 it was proposed to issue bonds with which to construct the
new courthouse the authority to issue was voted down by a large
majority. This indicated that the people had lost confidence in the
ability of the County Board to manage county affairs. It then be-
came apparent and was so announced by the newspapers that if the
board should succeed in reducing expenses by about $200,000 for
the year 1878 the people would not refuse to authorize them to issue
at least $500,000 worth of courthouse bonds. Strenuous attempts
to accomplish that reduction succeeded. The consequence was that
at the election of November, 1878, the people voted in favor of the
issue of $750,000 of courthouse bonds. From December 1, 1876, to
December 1, 1879, the County Board ordered paid more than
$2,400,000 worth of obligations. In doing so they accomplished a
saving during 1878 and 1879 of about $580,000. Almost every de-
partment of the county showed a saving in reduced salaries, dis-
missed employes and lighter expenses. At last, in response to the de-
mands of the people, the board awakened to the fact that they could
not go on forever running in debt and that the time to halt had ar-
rived.
On December 1, 1879, the new County Board elected John W.
Stewart chairman for the coming year. In his opening address
he said : "The people of Cook county, and especially the taxpayer*,
508 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
are justly looking with a jealous eye upon your every vote and act
and are only too glad to applaud the good and are swift to condemn
the bad. We are their servants and should exercise the same watch-
fulness and anxious care that we do over our own individual busi-
ness." He noted the importance of selecting good men for grand
and petit jurors and for all subordinate positions under the county
government. It was necessary further to practice great economy in
purchasing supplies for the various city departments and institutions.
In November, 1879, the question of issuing new bonds to be used
in retiring $1,158,500 worth of war bonds soon to fall due was sub-
mitted to a vote of the people of the country a majority of the votes
being cast in favor of such issue. Accordingly the board in January,
1880, ordered the bonds issued. They were to be known as refund-
ing bonds. The committee on finance called for bids and Charles
Henrotin offered par for the entire issue. This being the best re-
ceived, he was awarded the sale. In September, 1880, the books of
the county treasurer showed the following conditions of county
finances for the fiscal year 1879-80; balance on hand September 9,
1879, $610,526.23 ; total receipts, $2,966,079.76 ; total disbursements,
$2,564,477.85, leaving on hand September 1, 1880, $1,012,128.14.
It was shown at this time that the revenue from 1871 to 1879
remained about the same notwithstanding the population increased
from 349,966 to 607,568. In addition it was shown in September,
1880, that every department had to its credit a considerable balance.
This proved how the money was frittered away from 1871 to 1878
inclusive. Waste, waste in all directions and ever the howl for
more. The boards during those years were clearly incompetent —
in fact were incompetent almost the whole time since the Civil War.
The annual report of the county treasurer for the year ending
September 1, 1884, showed that there had been received a total of
$1,447,934.93 and that all had been spent except $255,979.67. The
total bonded debt of the county amounted to $4,941,000. In No-
vember, 1884, the committee on finance made estimates for the fiscal
year 1884-5. The total valuation of Cook county's assessable prop-
erty as returned by the committee on equalization aggregated $174,-
433,355. A tax of 75 cents on the 100 valuation would realize
$1,308,250.16. This tax was recommended by the committee and
was adopted by the County Board.
At the meeting of the new board on December 1, 1884, Adam
Ochs was elected chairman for the coming year. The board was
compelled to face the situation of an empty treasury and accordingly
began measures to raise the money. For the fiscal year 1884-5 the
sum of $1,065,000 was appropriated for county purposes. The
amount outstanding to be met was $131,988. To pay this sum the
earnings of the various county offices, amounting to about $90,000,
could be depended upon. The remainder would have to wait until
taxes were collected unless the treasury could be induced to advance
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 509
the money from the sinking funds. It was noted that the increase in
the valuation between 1881 and 1884 was $18,133,527, which, at
the rate of 75 cents on the $100 valuation, would produce $136,001,
and that the increase in expenditures between 1881 and 1884 was
$278,189. Hence arose the deficiency in the general fund. It was
further shown that the appropriation of $1,065,000 for 1884-5 would
have to cover all expenditures ordered by the board, and further that
expenditures in 1883-4 amounted to more than that sum. There
was, therefore, likely to be a shortage. It was evident that the cause
of the present unsatisfactory condition of the general fund was due
to the expenditure of money regardless of resources and appropria-
tions and that the only remedy in future was to confine expenses to
the appropriations and moneys received from other sources necessary
to be taken into consideration. It was therefore determined by the
board to ask the county treasurer to allow, temporarily, the general
fund to be overdrawn to an amount not exceeding $300,000, for the
purpose of paying the ordinary running expenses of the county until
the taxes should be collected. It was further ordered that each
county department should be instructed so to manage its affairs that
the expenses would not exceed the appropriations by more than 10
per cent, even though positions would have to be abolished and sal-
aries reduced. This action was taken by a unanimous vote of the
new board.
In January, 1885, the board took action relative to the issuance
of $100,000 in bonds to be used in constructing a system of buildings
for the Cook County Insane asylum. It was noted that large
amounts of valuable property in Cook county wholly or partially
escaped due taxation, particularly property owned by railroad com-
panies and comprising nearly 10 per cent of the entire real estate of
the city. It was noted also that the capital stock of incorporated
companies aggregated as much as the entire present assessment of
Cook county, and that the same was almost wholly untaxed. Ele-
vators, warehouses and their contents, amounting in actual value to
75 per cent of the whole valuation of the county, was assessed at
merely a nominal value. All moneys and credits, amounting to
millions of dollars, were likewise unassessed, contrary to law. Cen-
tral property of high value was assessed at a lower rate compara-
tively than property located elsewhere. All of these facts convinced
the board that reform measures on a large scale should be adopted in
order not only to meet the revenues due the state and city, but also
to carry on the actual current expenses. The board therefore re-
solved that the joint committee on equalization of taxes and public
service should proceed to ascertain 'what was required to secure the
proper valuation on property. It was necessary to pay $958,000 in
war bonds, which would become due and payable May 1, 1885. In
order to meet this sum the County Board, in 1883, had raised by tax-
ation $200,000 and in 1884 258,000 more. It was therefore neces-
510 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
sary in 1885 to raise $500,000 additional. The people of the county
in September, 1884, had voted in favor of such bonds. Accordingly
in January, 1885, the board ordered them issued.
In June, 1885, it was noted that during the two years of 1876 and
1877 a total revenue for all purposes subject to expenditure amounted
to $3,238,000, and that the same revenue for 1884-85 amounted to
$3,368,000. The increase being only $130,000, was but 4 per cent,
whereas the legitimate requirements of the various departments had
increased from 25 to 300 per cent. In addition, it was shown that a
large portion of the revenue of 1884 and 1885 had been and was
being used in the construction of hospital buildings, insane asylum
and numerous other prominent improvements, and that during
1876-77 such improvements were not made. It was alleged that the
authorities in 1885 were required to accomplish economy and im-
provement which the authorities of 1876 and 1877 had failed to
perform. There should have been no comparison, because the board
of 1876-7 was incompetent and perhaps dishonest. The voters of
the county at the last election had refused to issue bonds for the pur-
pose of completing the proposed new insane asylum and other public
buildings. It was therefore concluded that no other remedy existed
than to practice, so far as the public knew, the most rigid economy,
discharge with a flourish unnecessary employes, and mournfully cur-
tail all expenditures on improvements that did not have to be met
immediately.
The following improvements were announced as very important
at this date: Four additional wings to the insane asylum ; two addi-
tional wings to the infirmary; repairs and protection to the court-
house; water mains at the insane asylum; gas works and electric
lights at the infirmary ; the same at the insane asylum ; additional pa-
vilions and barracks at the county hospital ; new roof on the Normal
school building and repairs at the students' hall ; repairs on the Crim-
inal Court building; reservoirs on the infirmary and insane asylum.
All these improvements would cost, roughly estimated, a total of
$577,000. Many of such improvements were declared necessary
when it was not true. It was seen that the levy of 75 cents on the
$100 would realize a revenue of about $1 ,300,000. Of this sum over
$650,000 would be required to pay salaries of judges and other
county officers, etc., leaving only about $750,000 to be used to pay all
other county expenses, including the care of all county institutions.
The committee on finance therefore, in this alleged emergency, rec-
ommended that a conference of the leading citizens of the county to
ascertain what was best to be done in the emergency should be held.
This action was taken unanimously.
On September 1, 1885, William C. Seipp, county treasurer, re-
ported that during the fiscal year 1884-5 the total receipts from all
sources were $3,213,697.40, and the total disbursements the same,
less $369,607.16 on hand. At this date the Cook county bonded
debt amounted to $4,483,500.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 511
At the December session of the new board in 1885, George C.
Klehm was elected chairman for the coming year. The new presi-
dent noted that the political complexion of the board was changed
from what it had been during the previous three years. He said,
"The finances of the county are in such a deplorable condition that
we must exercise the most rigid economy in every department to
enable us to keep within the limits of the revenue which we are
allowed by law to raise for county purposes. The general fund in
the county treasury has been exceeded for several months, and $302,-
500.28 in orders on the county treasury are already drawn against
the appropriations for the general fund of this fiscal year over and
above the amount in the treasury to the credit of this fund. This is
the first organization of a new board for many years in which the
general fund shows a deficiency." It was noted that while the
population of the county had increased about 35 per cent in eight
years and that new courts and departments had been increased
greatly, the revenue remained about the same. The demands of
charity were doubled during the last five years.
All classes, it was stated, should pay a fair and equitable tax.
Township and county authorities throughout the surrounding cities
purposely sent paupers and insane persons to Chicago, where they
were picked up by the police and finally given homes in the Cook
county institutions at the expense of the people. Every county chari-
table institution at this time was crowded with inmates. New wings
to these institutions were absolutely necessary. Barracks for con-
tagious diseases were imperatively demanded. There was no proper
place to keep meat, butter or perishable produce at the hospital build-
ings. Repairs on the courthouse were necessary. There were sev-
eral important suits pending against the city which, if decided ad-
versely, would require a considerable sum of money. It was there-
fore concluded by the board, in view of this condition, that every de-
partment of the county should keep within the appropriations set
apart. "Let this new board go to work with a firm determination
to redeem the county from its present embarrassment. Let us con-
duct the affairs of the county on business principles ; have fair com-
petition in all contracts; purchase supplies for our institutions from
respectable wholesale houses; cut off all extra pay rolls; hold all
officers responsible for expenditures in every department ; examine
every pay roll and discharge every person whose service can be dis-
pensed with, and conduct the affairs of the county in such a manner
as will confer honor and credit on every member of this board,"
said President Klehm with hypocritical unction.
In January, 1886, Julius S. Grinnell, State's attorney, reported
having tried and disposed of during the year ending November 30,
1885, a total of 806 cases. Of these, 319 were convictions to the
penitentiary and four were death sentences. The attorneys con-
nected with the department at this time were Mr. Grinnell and three
assistants.
512 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
During 1886 the County Board was justly subjected to the sever-
est criticisms ever passed upon that body. The board emphatically
denied extravagance and declared that a lack of revenue was the
cause of the trouble. Now there were 600 patients in the finest chari-
ty hospital building in the world ; 700 inmates in the insane asylum ;
1,200 old and infirm inmates at the infirmary; 6,000 families re-
ceiving assistance from the county agent ; double the number of
courts of ten years before; industrial schools for boys and girls
costing a large sum ; a Normal school turning out teachers for the
West ; an immense expense required to care for the paupers and
crime which accompanied a population of nearly a million people ;
immense sums spent for public buildings of every description ; vast
increase not only in the number of departments of public affairs but
in the work and employes of the various departments. This was the
condition of things in 1886, wholly different from what it was twelve
years before. It was shown that from 1871 to 1883 the average
revenue annually was about $860,000, and that the sum for the years
1883 to 1886 averaged only $795,000. The immense increase in the
population and expenses during the past three years without a corre-
sponding increase in revenue compelled the County Board, it was al-
leged, to run in debt. It was not a matter of extravagance, but one
of necessity. The board announced regretfully that they were com-
pelled to meet the emergency in the best way possible, and accord-
ingly issued bonds, borrowed, etc., as any business man would do if
pressed for funds in the same fashion. They resented the imputa-
tions of corruption and dishonesty and asked, "Who is responsible
for this misrepresentation of facts? Simply those persons who are
defrauding the public yearly out of millions of dollars of just taxa-
tion. They raise this cry of extravagance and fraud while they do
the robbing. What business man can pay the expenses of a business
requiring 100 assistants and cater to the wants of 10,000 people with
the same amount of money he could when it required 50 assistants
and his patrons only numbered 5,000; Such requirements are not
demanded in the business world and are not to be expected in public
matters, and when the true state of affairs is understood, will not the
honest and honorable citizens of Cook county do us the tardy justice
we are entitled to and hurl back into the teeth of those who have
deceived them, the base calumnies so long heaped upon this County
Board ? The present Board is the most economical in the history of
Cook county. This can be proved. Every dollar will be accounted
for. Complete and perfect records are on exhibition. No former
board ever caused such books to be kept. Every statement made in
the books will be verified by an examination of the records on file.
This cry of extravagance was raised to cover the shortcomings and
robberies of the tax-dodgers. The county revenue has not increased
while the inhabitants, necessary pauperism and business requirements
have, and it is simply an impossibility to sustain the requirements of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 513
a million people upon the same money that sustained 450,000. As
to our bankruptcy, no county in the world with an equal number of
inhabitants has so small an indebtedness as the county of Cook, and
with all the efforts of the press and other interested parties to injure
her credit, her 4 per cent bonds are worth 4l/2 per cent premium
today. No county in the world has so much to show for its indebted-
ness as Cook county. No newspaper has yet told the public that the
present County Board paid $460,000 of county bonds last year and
reduced the interest $50,000 per year, yet such was the case. What
will the honest taxpayers and citizens of Cook county say when they
realize these facts as presented to them today? What would these
miscreants have us do in order that they may continue their schemes
of robbery undisturbed?" But this flourish was neither true nor
believed by the people. The writer skilfully concealed the facts and
tried to hoodwink the public. It remained for the next board to un-
cover the corruption and crime.
At the December session of the new board in 1886 Commissioner
Klehm was reflected president for the coming year. The new board
had only about $25,479 in sight to maintain the county government
and its institutions until September 1, 1887. The president said,
"No County Board in Cook county ever organized with such finan-
cial embarrassments as will be experienced by the board the coming
year. True, there was a time some nine years ago when the county
treasurer was not able to pay county orders promptly when they were
presented, but that was at the so-called 'tax-fighting period.' War-
rants on the treasury, notes and judgments left to be paid this year
are already issued to the extent of 75 per cent of the entire estimated
county revenue."
The total revenue for the fiscal year ending September 1, 1887,
amounted to $1,501,265. In December, 1886, the obligations already
due against this revenue amounted to $1,475,786. In addition there
were other obligations amounting to nearly $100,000. Mr. Klehm
said, "The County Board is charged with having brought about this
state of affairs. Every year without exception since the Board of
Commissioners succeeded the Board of Supervisors fifteen years ago
its members were made a target for the attacking batteries of the
press. The County Board may have been careless and extravagant
at times, but the responsibility does not rest on the County Board
alone." Among the causes assigned by Mr. Klehm were the fol-
lowing: The inefficient manner of making assessments; the county
was unfairly required to support certain institutions, the care of
which properly belonged to the city of Chicago, and an increase in
jury fees by the last Legislature.
On March 31, 1887, the grand jury returned indictments against
the following county commissioners : George C. Klehm, Chris Geils,
R. S. McLaughry, Chris Casselman, R. M. Oliver, Daniel J. Wren,
J. J. McCarthy, F. A. McDonald, and against the following ex-
514 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
county commissioners : R. M. Leyden, John Hannigan, Adam Ochs,
C. T. Lynn, John E. Van Pelt, Michael Wasserman, Patrick McCar-
thy ; also against W. J. McGarigle, warden of the hospital ; Harry
Varnell, warden of the insane asylum ; Charles L. Frey, warden of
the infirmary ; and against fourteen contractors and other business
men involved in the frauds of the County Board. The charge in
most of the indictments was conspiracy, and nearly all of the com-
missioners and ex-commissioners were likewise indicted for bribery.
In December, 1887, President Aldrich in his final address said,
"The work of the board of 1887 is finished. The proceedings of this
body for the past three months have been conducted in a manner
which cannot be understood by the public. The details of the history
of the preceding months are on record in the Criminal courts of this
county. As I recall the events of this most eventful year, I am well
nigh impressed with the conviction that nearly every month has
marked a tragedy, so constant and overwhelming have been the de-
velopments and punishments of crime." The previous board, thor-
oughly corrupt, adroitly managed and manipulated, was whitewashed
by the presiding officer at the close of the year. The lying statements
made by that retiring officer were held up to the severest criticism
and ridicule. The new members of 1887, though in the minority in
the fight for reform, succeeded in accomplishing revelations of cor-
ruption which astounded the whole county and country. All reform
steps were ridiculed, misrepresented and opposed by the majority of
robbers on the County Board. An attempt to revise the rules was
promptly defeated. An effort to secure an inventory of county
property was likewise tauntingly crushed, and an attempt to appoint
a purchasing agent and controller was derided, hooted and voted
down. The determined minority then adopted better tactics. From
information furnished, mostly by Daniel D. Healy, they secured
from the county attorney an opinion that all outstanding warrants
were illegal and that all indebtedness incurred prior to the current
fiscal year was not payable from the taxes of that year. This opinion
enabled them to secure a reference to the finance committee of bills
representing the indebtedness of the county. As the finance commit-
tee was then luckily a reform one, these bills were thoroughly inspect-
ed. This was the first bad blood shed. While this movement was
going on the State's attorney and his able staff accumulated a chain of
evidence which was to fasten securely the guilt in this great conspira-
cy upon the proper culprits. When this fact became known the rag-
ged and rotten lines of the guilty parties began to weaken. Soon the
wardens of the insane asylum and poorhouse were decapitated and
these institutions were thoroughly investigated, with the result that
extravagant management and graft were shown to exist there. Next
the reformers took up the question of extravagant salary lists and
succeeded in saving fully $100,000. It required relentless and radical
measures to accomplish this reform. Outdoor relief for the summer
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 515
months was abolished. This department had afforded the conspira-
tors a highly prized and fruitful opportunity for graft, extravagance
and theft. The janitor contract stealing was revealed and uprooted.
All was now confusion. The thieves in terror were shaking in the
shoes bought with the people's money. The coffers of the county
had been drained and a million or more of floating indebtedness was
the legacy of successors.
The mayor said, "Mismanagement was deeply rooted in nearly all
departments of the government. Demoralization was everywhere.
The empty whereases and resolutions spread all over the record books
for years past were all that could be found in explanation of this
chaos. The good ideas therein were consigned to easy death among
our already overburdened archives. Our county was upon the verge
of bankruptcy and radical measures had to be adopted. All bills
were closely scrutinized, contractors were summoned before the
finance committee and subjected to a searching cross-examination.
Developments led to an examination of old bills already audited but
not paid. Nearly a million and a half of these old accounts were
personally examined by that committee and the result justified our
suspicions. An embargo was at once placed upon everything, and
thus, though in the minority, we defeated the efforts of the majority
in this direction. That we were met with and endured insults, deri-
sion and rebuffs of these plunderers on every side is a matter of pub-
lic record. We were decried as reformers, but reformers only in
name, and like themselves had our price. If they were to be believed,
we were anxious to get into the ring. Temptations were held up to
some of our number, then threats were made, and when false argu-
ments and boodle reasoning failed vituperation of the most virulent
character was resorted to. A bitter struggle ensued, waged on one
side by a determined and dignified minority bent upon regaining the
county from the toils of a band of cutthroats who were arrayed on
the other. The evidence which was accumulating against the wrong-
doers soon became so overwhelming that crafty tradesmen began to
realize, despite assurances from the old commissioners, that all was
not well with them. Supported and stimulated by the gang, they re-
sisted for a time the searching examination of the finance committee
and the county attorney, but by degrees they told the truth and were
turned over to the tender care of the latter, to whom one by one they
gradually gave way and reluctantly admitted their guilt and crimi-
nated their confederates, the members of the once powerful ring in
the County Board. That ring had been broken and its members stood
at the door of the county jail. The plundering of Cook county had
been done mainly in the name of 'public charity' and in the guise of
'needed improvements' and in the interests of 'education.' Com-
missioners had bad habits and indulged them to their heart's content,
always, of course, at the people's expense. Schemes without number
and of every nature, schemes to gravel roads and level hills; schemes
516 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
to despoil and rebuild public buildings; schemes to preserve the
stone and brick in the same ; schemes for steam pipe and for covering
the same ; large water pipes were found at our county hospital coated
with patent steam pipe covering — anything to make business that
would pay the usual commissions. Commissioners would grow elo-
quent in depicting the sufferings of the poor and the hardships of the
sick and at the same instant mentally calculate the 'divide' in the
schemes they were advocating for the alleviation of this distress.
Our famous institutions with their silk-hosed wardens had degener-
ated into mammoth collection agencies where contractors and mer-
chants were corrupt, and where the members of this board were
seen to congregate to receive their share of the spoils and to indulge
in wild midnight orgies." And so Mr. Aldrich continues with col-
umn after column of revelations and denunciations.
It was shown that the previous board had issued bills to the
amount of $572,785 more than the bills audited by the board of
1887. Twenty-five per cent was added to bills to meet the demands
of graft. The total appropriation for county purposes, $1,432,500;
warrants drawn to date against the various funds, $1,272,284; total
indebtedness which the new issue of bonds was to provide for, $984,-
352. Mr. Aldrich paid high compliment to the assistance given by
the county attorney, his assistants and the clerks of departments.
The plot and conspiracy would not have been revealed had it not been
for their efforts. The Department of Public Service had accom-
plished wonders during the past year in ferreting out the work of the
conspirators. The committee clerk of the board was praised for the
invaluable service he had rendered. "He stood alone at his post and
battled for the right in the face of threats of personal injury, and as
an official who fully comprehends the duties of his position he is un-
excelled. The same is true of the jury clerk and his assistants. The
county physician and the county agent likewise rendered great assist-
ance. The chairman of the finance committee was particularly active
in revealing the conspiracy," said the mayor.
In 1888 the total debt of the county amounted to $5,483,500, with
an annual interest of $294,882. In 1893 the debt was $4,558,500,
with annual interest of $190,932. This was such a notable im-
provement as to attract attention.
On December 3, 1888, President Senne stated that the liabilities
of the county were as follows : Old liabilities amounted to $2,294,-
500; also $250,000 in bonds issued in 1869 paid for the erection of
the east wing of the old courthouse destroyed in 1871, which amount
would have to be met on May 1, 1889; half of it was levied in 1888
and the other half in 1889; the new indebtedness, consisting of bonds
issued by authority of the Legislature in 1872 and known as fire
bonds, amounting to $1,439,000. The actual amount of the new
indebtedness less sinking fund accumulated was $1,325,783. In
addition there was the 5 per cent courthouse bonds issued in 1879
Showing land Accretions at the
Mouth of Chicago River and along
Shore. Captain J. Allen, 1337.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 519
to the amount of $750,000; also $1,000,000 in bonds authorized in
1887 to be issued to complete the courthouse. The grand — extra
grand — total of new indebtedness at this date amounted to $3,077,-
783.
It was now contemplated to build a detention hospital to relieve
the overcrowded condition of the insane asylum and poorhouse, and
to make an improvement in the sewerage system of the grounds sur-
rounding the institutions at Dunning. -The total resources for the fis-
cal year 1888-89 were $1,621,814. There was considerable perplex-
ity at this time, owing to the methods adopted to pay expenses from
the assessment of another period. The law provided that the appro-
priations for the expenditures of any year should be made during the
first quarter of that year. The tax levy by which to realize the
money to cover these appropriations was made on the assessments
of that year, but this procedure required a credit system of at least
one year on an average and was therefore seriously objectionable.
The law also provided that at the close of each fiscal year there
be placed to the credit of the general fund all unexpended appropria-
tions for such year. Orders could not be drawn against the general
fund, because a legal tax levy could not be made unless a liability
existed at the time of making the tax levy. If the money for the
expenditures of 1889, for instance, should be paid directly out of the
general fund no liability would exist and no tax levy could be legally
made. The money therefore was borrowed from the general fund
and from time to time returned to the several funds. This was done
as soon as the taxes were collected and received by the treasurer.
It was a roundabout way of doing business and was considered dan-
gerous, but it was the best that could be done under the existing law.
On November 30, 1889, President Senne said that the laws under
which the board had operated during 1888 and 1889 gave consider-
able power to the Board of Commissioners. The board had authority
to levy taxes and to expend the same ; and the amount to be levied
and thus expended was not uncertain and could be ascertained each
year in advance, because it was based on the equalized valuation of
all the property in the county of the previous year and was divided
into two parts : First, a tax levy not to exceed $1 on the $100 valua-
tion could be made for the payment of principal and interest on the
indebtedness of the county created prior to August 8, 1870; second,
a tax levy not to exceed 75 cents on each $100 valuation could be
made to pay principal and interest of the indebtedness of the county
created after August 8, 1870. This rendered certain in advance the
amount to be expended each year. It was therefore within the prov-
ince of the board so to manage financial affairs that a balance would
be left over at the end of each fiscal year. Prom 1873 to 1877 the
full levy of 75 cents on the $100 valuation was not levied because
the population of the county was small and the assessments were
high. On December 1, 1877, the beginning of the fiscal year, there
Vol. 11—30.
520 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
was a deficiency consisting of outstanding orders and temporary
loans amounting to $548,000. After December 1, 1877, with the
single exception of the year 1881, the full amount, 75 cents on the
$100 valuation, was levied. The reason why the levy was not made
in 1881 was because on the first of December, 1880, there was a bal-
ance on hand to the credit of the general fund of $583,000 in round
numbers, so the levy was unnecessary. The date of the fiscal year
of the county did not correspond with the date of the official year of
the county. The latter in 1889 and before was the first Monday in
December of each year. The former was held to be the first
day in December of each year. The former was held to be the first
Monday in December up to 1877. From that time until 1887 it was
held to be the first Monday in September each year. From the first
day of January, 1888, it was made by law to be the first day of Jan-
uary each year. On the first day of September, 1882, there was a
balance to the credit of the general fund of $394,706, and from that
date until September 1, 1887, there were five tax levies, but each year
there was a steady encroachment upon the balance left to the credit
of the general fund until on September 1, 1887, the deficiency thus
created amounted to about $1,250,000. The board of 1888 author-
ized the issue of $1,000,000 in bonds with which to meet this defi-
ciency. It was therefore concluded, owing to the fact that for twenty
years this indebtedness would hang over the county and require the
outlay of a large sum for interest, that the management of county
affairs from September, 1882, to September, 1887 would cost the
county taxpayers, in addition to the five tax levies, a total of $2,064,-
706.
At this date the insane asylum was overcrowded and the condition
would certainly become worse unless an immediate provision for
additional room should be made. The number of inmates at the in-
sane asylum and poorhouse was 2,230, but during the winter months
increased to about 2,500. It was suggested at this time that the two
institutions should be managed by one head, owing to their prox-
imity. It was also suggested at this date that a building for the
curable insane should be built. The county was in a condition finan-
cially now to construct and maintain such an institution. It was
shown that whenever proper economy was used in county affairs
invariably a balance was on hand at the end of the fiscal year.
On December 7, 1891, John M. Green, who had just been elected
president, took his seat and delivered his first address to the County
Board. He stated that there was urgently needed at this date hos-
pital facilities for persons suffering from contagious diseases. It
had become the opinion of many people that the several county insti-
tutions at Dunning, particularly the insane asylum, infirmary and
county farm, should be placed under one executive head. The board
at this time concurred in this view. The county building was too
cramped and small and needed enlargement by the construction of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 521
several additional stories. The Criminal court and jail building were
in bad sanitary condition. The county agent's office needed atten-
tion and improvement. The so-called boodle cases were pending and
would have to be prosecuted to a finality. It was believed by the
board that in the past heads of departments had been too independent
of control and had exceeded their authority to the detriment of the
public service. Economy and strict accountability were now required
owing to the fact that the appropriations, dollar for dollar, had been
made to cover actual conditions, and the amount to be expended was
thus definitely known. The county hospital appropriation was ex-
hausted by about the first of December and that institution would
probably require from $15,000 to $20,000 in addition to live out the
year. There were deficiencies also in other county institutions, so
that it was estimated that every dollar saved from other appropria-
tions would be required to meet such aggregate deficiency. In May,
1892, there would fall due $1,483,000 in 7 per cent fire bonds. This
obligation would have to be met. It was at this date proposed to sub-
mit to the people at the fall election in 1891 the question of voting
this amount of refunding bonds to take the place of the old fire bonds.
This proposition was submitted in November, 1891, and the return
showed that the people favored the issue.
In February, 1892, the committee on public service made the fol-
lowing recommendations: That the plans for plumbing in the north
half of the courthouse should be approved ; that the county morgue
on the hospital grounds should be placed in charge of the coroner
as general custodian; that the hospital committee, in conjunction
with the coroner, should prepare rules governing the morgue ; that
for services returned there should be paid $8,000 to the Chicago In-
dustrial School for Girls, $12,000 to the Illinois Industrial School
for Girls, $12,500 to the Illinois Training School for Boys; $12,500
to St. Mary's Training school ; that judges from outside of Cook
county who might hold court here under the request of Judge Scales
should be allowed $10 per day each ; that the superintendent of pub-
lic service should insure the furniture in the Detention hospital ; that
the list of petit jurors be approved ; that hereafter no delirium tre-
mens patients should be received at the county hospital, and only at
the Detention hospital when injured.
During 1889 the right of the county treasurer to pocket the interest
on county moneys deposited in banks was questioned. It was claimed
that the county treasurer withheld from the city of Chicago funds
long after they were due in order that he might draw interest on the
same from banks where it was deposited. An investigation showed
that he thus withheld large sums for a short period and had drawn
interest to a large amount on the same.
At the close of 1891 the total bonded indebtedness of the county
amounted to $4,558,500. The appropriations for county purposes in
1892 amounted to $1,902,071. The estimated expenses amounted to
522 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
$1,658,500. The total assessed valuation of the county as shown by
the rolls of the various town assessors amounted to $171,811,704
real property, $30,407,189 personal property, and $1,465,000 rail-
road property.
At the end of 1891 there was levied a total tax for 1892 of $2,105,-
530. On December 3, 1892, it was reported that the county institu-
tions at Dunning had been placed under one management and that
great economy and greater efficiency resulted from this arrangement.
A county storehouse was built during 1892 at Dunning. The insti-
tutions were well conducted and the superintendent in charge was
complimented for his management of the institutions. It was shown
that in 1891 those institutions had cost a total of $244,643 for sup-
plies, and that in 1892 under the new head they had cost only $207,-
156 for supplies. During the year the hospital was overcrowded
and additional wards had been improvised for emergency cases.
Many of the wards were supplied with additional beds and cots.
The upper wards were converted into a special department for con-
tagious diseases. In 1891 it required 162,918 to maintain the hos-
pital, while in 1892 it required only $123,504 for the same purpose.
It was reported at this time that the Detention hospital and morgue
were model institutions and a credit to the officers in charge and to
the county. They filled a long-felt want. The county agent's office
was reported to have been well conducted during 1892. It was be-
lieved that that office had done the most good to the greatest number
at less expense than ever before. There was reported a saving in
1892 in this office of about $25,000. During 1892, instead of adding
additional stories to the courthouse, it was determined to erect a new
Criminal court building on the North Side. At the end of the year
the building was well advanced. During the year the $1,350,000 in
7 per cent war bonds had been refunded at 4 per cent.
At this date the office of superintendent of public service was con-
sidered one of the most important in the county. All supplies were
thoroughly inspected under perfect system, with the result that bet-
ter quality and cheaper prices were secured. Previously contractors
by the score took advantage of slack methods to furnish poor supplies
and short weights and measures. The system of inspection now in
use almost wholly prevented such a condition of affairs. The sher-
iff's dieting bills and the work of the county treasurer did not prove
altogether satisfactory either to the citizens or the County Board.
Improvement in those departments was demanded. It was clear to
the people that the county treasurer had not only neglected the duties
of his office but had deliberately violated the law. It was shown
that for months at a time he had retained millions of dollars due to
the various municipalities, particularly the city of Chicago. This
practice had occasioned serious annoyance and loss.
On December 5, 1892, George Edmanson, new president of the
County Board, urged upon the commissioners the necessity of paying
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 523
strict attention to their duties as members of the various committees.
The business of the County Board had become so diversified and ex-
tensive that necessity demanded strict classification, careful inspec-
tion and earnest attention. The vast system of charitable institutions
owned by the county demanded great watchfulness on the part of
the County Board in order that the unfortunate in the care of the
county should not be imposed upon. The commissioners were par-
ticularly charged to use great care in selecting heads of the various
departments, because success or failure rested almost wholly in their
care. Particular attention was called to the condition of roads
throughout the county. There was much complaint, owing to the
want of repairs both on the roads and on the bridges. The cost was
nothing compared with the benefits derived by good roads to the
community. In the winter time particularly they were in extremely
bad condition and should receive earnest attention from the County
Board. Bicycle riders, automobile drivers and all manner of con-
veyances demanded good roads. The elevator service in the court-
house was declared wholly insufficient to meet the wants of the pub-
lic. The sanitary condition of the jail was objectionable and should
be improved. The judges had recently expressed their indignation
that such conditions should be permitted. The watchmen on duty
at the jail complained that the noxious odors threatened to injure
their health as well as that of the prisoners. Affairs at the county
hospital were declared to be unsatisfactory. It was recommended
that the County Board should institute reform measures at once in
that institution. Mr. Edmanson did not believe that a physician
was necessary to serve as general superintendent at Dunning. It
had been previously shown that practicing physicians had neglected
their duty as superintendent when placed in charge of these institu-
tions. It was declared important that a business man should be
placed in the office of general superintendent. He should be a man
familiar with business affairs of all kinds ; should be honest, energetic
and should be able to conduct the institutions strictly on business
lines. The cottage system which had been adopted was pronounced
successful and its continuance and expansion were recommended.
It was declared best for the inmates themselves that the poor at the
county house should be required, when able, to do manual work.
The Detention hospital properly managed was believed to be a credit
to the county. The president recommended that none but union
mechanics should be employed upon the various county institutions
and that eight hours should constitute a day's labor.
In December, 1892, there were pending against the county twenty-
four of the boodle litigation cases. The aggregate amount demanded
was several hundred thousand dollars, but the State's attorney felt
sure that a considerable portion could be defeated in the contest.
Many other cases were pending in which the county was interested.
The State's attorney's office at this time was well conducted and a
524 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
credit to that officer and to the county. The committee on public
service recommended the adoption of the assessment rolls returned
by the various town assessors for the year 1893. The total real estate
was valued at $76,883,620, personal property at $32,162,272, and
railroad property at $2,221,825. The grand total of taxes levied for
1893 was $2,105,530.75.
On December 2, 1893, in his closing address, President Edman-
son of the County Board said "that our administration of the coun-
ty's affairs has been a success I do not believe the bitterest partison
would seek to deny. That much more might have been done, we our-
selves admit. This board has had many things to contend against
experienced by no other board." He stated that the county hospital,
Detention hospital, insane asylum, poorhouse and the county agent's
office were taxed to their limits. The World's Fair brought to the
city thousands of the unemployed, with the result that all charitable
institutions were taxed beyond their capacity. Thousands of desti-
tute persons were sent home as soon as their residences could be
learned. During 1893 the board had less means by $90,000 with
which to carry on affairs than the board of the previous year had.
In 1892 the county had $400,000 available for building purposes,
but in 1893 had only $200,000. A considerable portion of this
amount was spent in repairs and alterations at Dunning and on the
county hospital. The commissioners apparently showed great per-
sonal interest in the management of public affairs. During this year
large sums were spent for the improvement of poor roads through-
out the county. The board was criticized severely for the unfinished
condition of the Criminal court building, but no change was made,
owing in a large measure to the failure of the architect to prepare
plans in time. The president of the board stated that in his judg-
ment the new Criminal court building was a serious mistake and
blunder, as the old building was substantial and well constructed.
During the preceding year the bonded indebtedness of the county
was decreased $925,000. The president predicted that at the present
rate of decrease a few years would see the last of that nightmare. As
a whole, the county institutions were poorly managed, and the press
criticisms were cutting and just. The contagious disease ward was
in full operation. The Dunning institutions, under James R. Pyne,
satisfied the board as to their management. James O'Brien's ad-
ministration of the office of county agent was pronounced successful.
The county physician, Doctor McGrath, and the county attorney,
James Maher, with his assistant Mr. Donovan, were energetic and
able, and their work was well done. Mr. Healy's management of the
office of controller was honest, efficient and satisfactory.
The total amount of taxes necessary to be raised in 1894 was
$2,1 14,656. The old indebtedness to be met was $75,000. The new
indebtedness amounted to $231,600; salaries and election expenses,
$776,800; supplies, repairs and advertising, $617,000; miscellaneous
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 525
expenses, $178,775 ; contingent purposes, $35,481 ; building purposes,
$200,000.
At the close of the fiscal year 1894 President Struckman reviewed
what had been accomplished by the County Board. He said that he
did not know why the expression "clean and businesslike" should not
be applied to the administration of county affairs for the past year.
The previous' administration had been conducted in such a manner
that little resources were left to be drawn upon by the board during
1894. The commissioners were compelled to rely upon their own
ingenuity and good management to successfully carry on the affairs
of the county. Not only was the board of 1894 confronted with a
large number of poor persons on hand, but was compelled to meet
an amount of suffering, misery and starvation almost unprecedented
in the history of the county. The various strikes of that memorable
year threw upon the board great responsibility and an unusual
amount of work to meet the demands of charity. The resources of
the county were drained although rigid economy was exercised.
In spite of all drawbacks and obstacles, the affairs of the county
at the close of 1894 were in excellent condition. About $60,000 that
had to be met by the board during 1894 was left over from the pre-
vious administration. This amount was met from the surplus earn-
ings of the county treasury. The president recommended the estab-
lishment of an emergency fund for the payment of such 'extra bills
during any administration. The sewerage system at Dunning was
greatly extended and improved. A new laundry costing over $18,-
000 was constructed there. Although the smallpox epidemic had
extended somewhat over the city and had increased the labors and
care necessary at the institutions, all had been managed ably and suc-
cessfully.
The contagious diseases of the institution at Dunning were placed
under the management and control of the Illinois Training School
for Nurses. The county agency during the year 1894 had undergone
great pressure for relief of every description. At this date it seemed
almost impossible to meet the requirements, but the agent, assisted
by the County Board, promptly and successfully met every demand.
The policy of ascertaining the friends and relatives of outside per-
sons asking for assistance was followed and a great saving to the
county resulted.
Although a new courthouse was needed, the board believed the
public were not ready yet to stand such expense, and further believed
that the present building could be made to answer the purpose for a
decade or so yet. The board experienced much trouble also in com-
pleting the Criminal court room. During the year there was appro-
priated about $30,000 for roads and bridges throughout the county.
The county attorney's office was ably and successfully conducted.
Many of the boodle cases were tried and the so-called Holland paint
case was settled for much less than was demanded. Numerous other
526 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
cases against the county were defeated or settled for comparatively
small sums. The county attorney's office likewise had given impor-
tant opinions concerning many questions of importance to the board
and to the county. As a whole, every department of the county serv-
ice was improved over the condition of the previous years.
President Healy stated in 1895 that the revenue of the county for
the fiscal year ending September 1, 1887, had been all spent but not
collected. The outstanding indebtedness on that date against this
revenue amounted to $1,584,020.37. By December, 1894, this sum
had been wholly paid, except about $140,000 which was in dispute.
He stated that it should be borne in mind that the taxes to cover the
appropriations made for any fiscal year were not levied until such
year was almost at an end, and that the collection of same was not
made in earnest until about three months after the expiration of the
year. As the cash resources of the county which came from the earn-
ings of the various offices were considerably less than the appropria-
tion for the jury services, salaries, etc., the county was compelled
annually to borrow money in anticipation of the tax levy in order to
be able to issue warrants in payment of supplies, salaries, etc., against
money actually in the treasury. He announced that the true policy
of the county should be to attain a position where it could borrow its
own money. On December 1, 1894, there was in the county treas-
ury cash on hand amounting to $1,800,000, accumulated from the
various appropriations during the preceding seven years. This ac-
count enabled the county to pay all maturing indebtedness and to do
away with the old system of issuing scrip against the tax levy. The
equalization of the taxable property of the county for 1894 amounted
to $271,954,169. The revenue from this assessment, together with
the revenue from all other sources, gave the county a total of $3,173,-
788.26 with which to pay all county expenses.
During the fall of 1894 the people of the county by a decisive vote
decided against the issuing of bonds for the erection of a new court-
house and jail. The vote was taken to mean that the county should
repair and continue to use the existing building. It was suggested
that the Probate court office should be removed to the Criminal court
building. Much complaint regarding the inefficiency of the county
jail had been passed. Mr. Healy stated that in his opinion the pres-
ent building would answer the purpose of the county, providing there
should be an increase in the cell space by the erection of a new wing.
On December 2, 1895, President Healy summed up what had been
accomplished during the preceding fiscal year. The congested con-
dition of all offices of the courthouse, owing to the immense increase
of business of all descriptions, proved that more room would have to
be provided in the near future. It was his opinion that two addi-
tional stories should be added to the courthouse, but the newspapers
and many citizens opposed and combated this view. At this date
legal proceedings to ascertain the nature of the title held by Cook
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 527
county to the west half of Block 39, the original town of Chicago,
were pending. In the meanwhile additional courtrooms were secured
temporarily in the Chicago Opera House building. During 1895
the courthouse was thoroughly overhauled and a new plumbing
system throughout was installed. The building was greatly im-
proved and rendered more suitable for public purposes than it prob-
ably had ever been before. The whole system of ventilation was
changed and electric lights were added. Early in 1895 Mr. Healy
advocated that a civil service law be passed and put into effect.
Largely through his influence and efforts such a bill was passed and
became a law on July 1 of that year.
During 1895 the county hospital as never before was taxed to its
utmost capacity. Large additional sums to maintain the county in-
stitutions were necessary and were used. The pavilion for conta-
gious diseases and the Detention hospital served excellent purposes
throughout the year. The consolidation of the Detention hospital
with the county hospital not only caused a large saving to the county,
but resulted in better and more efficient service. A clinical labora-
tory for scientific and experimental purposes connected with the
county hospital was established. All predicted that it would prove a
valuable adjunct to the county charitable institutions, and it did.
There was also established during the year a department for the
manufacture of drugs and chemicals for the county institution. The
management of the county institutions by one head continued to be
a cause of success and congratulation. The patients were now, for
the first time, under the sole management of an able and efficient
corps of physicians. A supervising medical staff was selected at this
time. Many changes and improvements in minor matters connected
with the county institutions were made throughout the year. The
poorhouse, as usual, gave the authorities considerable trouble and
annoyance. The plan of separating bad characters from the others
was adopted with excellent results. The county farm raised a large
amount of produce of all kinds, which assisted materially in support-
ing the wants of that institution. The county agent necessarily was
required not only to be honest but to be able, energetic, attentive
and watchful. George F. Olson occupied that important position,
and was complimented on his management of the department. One
of the most difficult problems before the board was the wise, econom-
ical and proper expenditure of money appropriated for the care and
relief of paupers. During 1895 the county agent's department was
required to pay out about $140,000 for the needy poor. The total
number of families aided was 1,477. The poorhouse showed a daily
average of about 800 men. It was believed that many of these in-
dividuals could properly be required to perform much-needed work
upon the county farm.
Mr. lies, county attorney, rendered excellent service during the
year. Many important cases against the county were successfully
528 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
litigated or skilfully evaded. It was recommended that the Normal
school, which cost the county annually about $36,000, should be
turned over to the management of the Chicago Board of Education,
with the understanding that they should maintain that institution
for the education particularly of teachers for Cook county public
schools. It was recommended that a portion of the Normal school
property should be sold, as it was believed that nearly $200,000 could
be realized from idle property there. A new wing which cost about
$100,000 was added to the county jail. An additional outlay of
approximately $60,000 would furnish sufficient cells probably to meet
immediate demands. The old jail for years had been the cause of
just complaint, owing to the insanitary condition of the building.
Important improvements on the new Criminal court building were
made. On July 1, 1895, the law creating the Cook County Civil
Service Commission became operative and three commissioners began
their difficult service. During the first five months of its existence
to December 1, 1895, 1,500 applications for positions were received
and 1,200 applicants were examined. An honest attempt in the teeth
of great opposition to put the law into execution was made.
During the year the county hospital was attended by nurses from
the Illinois Training School for Nurses at a cost of $22,200. It was
suggested that the county might find it advantageous to establish its
own training school for help at the hospital. That step would
insure the retention of trained, true and efficient nurses for many
years at a time. As the office of superintendent of public service had
the expenditure of nearly three quarters of a million dollars annu-
ally, the board throughout the year exacted rigid economy and ster-
ling honesty in the management of its affairs. At the close of the
year President Healy challenged any person to make a just criti-
cism of the manner in which the institution had been conducted.
For the year 1895 the equalized valuation of all classes of property
in Cook county was $270,745,536. The law permitted the county
to levy 75 cents on each $100 of this valuation. This tax supplied
a revenue of $2,030,584 for 1896. Other receipts of the county in-
creased the amount to a total of about $3,183,584. The total bonded
indebtedness on December 1, 1895, was $4,206,000. It was seen to
be necessary that great economy in all departments should be prac-
ticed to meet the current expenses and to slowly retire the old indebt-
edness. At that date the question of a tax upon all legacies and in-
heritances was before the people. The Legislature had recently
passed an unsatisfactory law to that effect, and President Healy sug-
gested that it should be repealed and some practical law be adopted in
its place. He suggested that such tax should be applied to the sup-
port of charitable institutions. Mr. Healy favored the passage of
this law because of the conceded fact that the poor man was taxed
much higher in proportion than the rich man and that such a tax
upon an inheritance would work no hardship upon its recipient. It
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 529
was suggested that the city of Chicago should bear much of this
burden now resting upon the county. He advised that, in justice,
the care of the sick and maimed poor should be taken by the city and
that the insane and dependent children should be cared for by the
state. As it was, the county with a limited revenue was called upon
to provide a courthouse for all county offices, jail, hospital, insane
asylum, poorhouse, morgue, etc., mainly, caused by the city
itself. It was suggested that a law providing for payment of certain
fees received at the State's attorney's office into the county treasury
should be passed.
President Healy, on November 30, 1896, congratulated the County
Board on the successful and economical management of county af-
fairs during the preceding year. Although there was some friction
from political factions, and from county management, the work of
the board as a whole and of the county departments proved satisfac-
tory to the public and was generally above criticism. It must be
admitted, however, that the County Board did not throughout the
year make due and bounden efforts to put into operation the new
civil service law. To a Jarge degree this neglect or failure was the
cause of considerable sharp criticism from the newspapers. During
the year the Department of Public Service was so ably and success-
fully managed as to attract general attention. Great economy was
exercised and many improvements resulting in great savings were in-
troduced and carried into effect. It was formerly a custom to let
contracts for supplies without publicity and satisfactory competition.
This custom was done away with and all contracts were now let after
bids had been received according to specifications. In order to pre-
vent fraud, all supplies when received under contract were rigidly
inspected, with the result that ordinarily the best food and other
supplies were obtained. Contractors were informed that they must
comply with their contracts both as regards quantity and quality.
Favoritism in awarding contracts was almost wholly banished from
the departments. While it is true that the civil service law in a meas-
ure was neglected, yet considering the objections generally to the in-
troduction of the system, this board should be given credit of hav-
ing advanced the execution of that law probably as far as practica-
ble. Any change necessarily encountered such obstacles that com-
plete reform and alteration in so short a time could not properly be
expected. The merit system was installed to a degree not anticipated
by place-holders who held their tenure of office under the spoils sys-
tem.
Another important improvement was to require all county officials
to purchase their supplies through the Department of Public Service
instead, as previously, through their own department. This change
served the excellent purpose of placing under a perfect system of in-
spection all orders for supplies needed by the various county depart-
ments. Large sums were thus saved, because the service department
530 HI8TORY OF COOK COUNTY
required all persons furnishing the supplies to meet competitive bids
on specified goods and to comply with their agreements. Mr. Healy
stated in December, 1896, that during the past two years more than
$300,000 was saved from the amounts appropriated to the various
county departments. Although during 1895-96 a total of $6,103,-
799.77 was appropriated, only $5,720,977.76 was expended, leaving
on hand $367,592.24. During the year the building fund was ex-
hausted, but necessarily so, for imperative improvements. The Nor-
mal school property was transferred to the Board of Education at a
saving to the county annually of about $36,000. The question of a
county industrial school for boys and girls was settled during the
year. The expense of conducting the institution at Dunning seemed
slightly increased over previous years, but in reality was a decrease,
owing to the large additional number of persons assisted during the
year. It was believed that the institutions were so conducted that
the benefits of charity were extended to all worthy cases without
justifying, dignifying or encouraging pauperism. Two new features
in the county agent's office were introduced through the year. One
was the relief of indigent veterans under the Bogardus law and the
other was the system of visitation of county physicians. President
Healy closed his second year with the following correct statement :
"Thus it is that, in dissolving, the County Board of 1895-96 takes
with it the plaudits of an admiring public and the eight members of
it who today will depart into private life and prosperity take with
them the encomiums of all who appreciate a trust fulfilled and a duty
well done."
On December 6, 1897, President Healy in his opening address
said : "So successfully has your honorable body administered during
the past twelve months that no matter what may be the difficulties to
be surmounted and personal sacrifice demanded in the interests of
hard, painstaking and for the most part, thankless tasks, I have every
confidence in the ability of this board to successfully surmount all
obstacles and triumphantly close its career of public usefulness as the
most businesslike, economical and progressive set of public officials
ever elected to a like capacity by voters of Cook county." Notwith-
standing that the board was hampered by reduced revenues, bur-
dened with great public debt and hemmed in by vague and contra-
dictory laws and regulations, the affairs of the county were success-
fully managed. Never before had there been such demand for pub-
lic charity. The county agent, the hospital, the poorhouse and the
County Board were besieged by requests for help, the extent of
which was not comprehended. The ingenuity of all county officials
was taxed to the utmost. With only $110,000 the county agent
passed over the severest, most taxing and most distressing winter
ever experienced by his department. The people of Chicago them-
selves partly realized the amount of suffering, and also generously
contributed in many ways to its relief. At one period the demands
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 531
for temporary relief were so urgent that more than $80,000 was
subscribed by the citizens within one week.
Notwithstanding the pressure thus brought to bear, every depart-
ment except that of the county agent exhibited a marked saving at
the end of the fiscal year. Every department instituted reforms and
improvements and was in better working condition along more eco-
nomical, systematic and wiser lines than ever before. A praiseworthy
sentiment of integrity, personal responsibility and love of county in-
stitutions was shown by heads and subordinates of every depart-
ment. It could be said at the close of the year that the Cook County
hospital, jail, insane asylum, and poorhouse were, for the first time
in their history, models of their kind. A new and nobler era had
dawned upon the conduct of Cook county affairs.
During 1896 considerable legislation for the benefit of Cook
county was secured. All measures advocated were not passed, but
the Legislature showed a disposition to aid the county so far as its
wants were clearly, wisely, frankly and urgently made known. Bills
in more or less satisfactory forms, regulating fee offices and revenues
and reorganizing the jury system, were passed. Under them there
was established a new jury commission with power to audit the pay-
roll accounts of fee officers. The board and the newspapers during
1896 deserved great credit for securing desired reforms in revenue
measures. The existing method of taxation and assessment was en-
tirely reformed, but in the end did not wholly meet the requirements.
In 1896 the equalized valuation of taxable property in Cook county
was fixed at $272,920,1 17. This furnished a revenue of $2,046,900.
This amount, together with receipts from other sources, furnished a
total revenue for all purposes of $3,246,900. Under the new assess-
ment system the total valuation was reduced more than $10,000,000,
leaving the county assessed a less sum than for a decade before. This
necessitated the severest economy in the management of county af-
fairs. It was seen at the outset that the receipts for 1898 would be
less than those of 1897 by nearly $100,000. In 1886 the total lia-
bilities of the county amounted to $6,154,520.37. In 1897 the total
excess showed that from 1886 to 1897 county affairs were success-
fully managed, and in addition a saving of $4,283,520.37 was effect-
ed. It was also shown that in 1886 the annual interest paid by the
county was $254,882, and in 1897 was reduced to $161,500 annually.
President Healy summed up the situation of the county at this time
in the following language : "The showing as to liabilities is such as
to warrant the statement that if the County Board should take its
general fund, which is the amount of bank account saved during the
ten years, for the purpose of paying for bonds, there would be but
the old indebtedness created prior to the constitution of 1870 out-
standing on the debit side of the ledger. This is a condition — not a
theory — to which I respectfully call the attention of your honorable
body and invite the thought and consideration of the public." An
532 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
important fact duly considered was that the system of constantly
refunding old bonds had effected an enormous annual saving to the
county.
During 1897 the various county departments were well and ably
conducted. The institutions at Dunning were in excellent condition.
The county agent's office was the pride of the County Board. The
superintendent of public service accomplished additional improve-
ments and reforms in every detail of his department. All depart-
ments of the county showed substantial saving over previous years.
Repairs, decorations, insurance, fire-fighting apparatus, improved
grounds, surroundings, sanitation, harmony and happiness took the
place of the old wretched condition of public doubt, defalcations, ras-
cality, stupidity and shame.
In the fall of 1898 Daniel D. Healy, president of the County
Board, favored a constitutional convention that would give Chicago
a new charter divorcing the rural towns of Cook county from the
city and making the latter coextensive with the county. He did not
advocate the extinguishment of the county government, but merely
favored the territorial coincidence of city and county, the annulment
of all unnecessary offices and expenses, and the separation from the
county of such towns as did not like the arrangement. His plan was
so revolutionary that it encountered both opposition and suspicion.
The main object was to decrease public expense by so arranging the
local government as to do away with all but one tax levying power.
At this date ( 1898) the county revenues including the parks, schools,
city, county, towns and drainage taxes and the revenues from fees
and licenses aggregated over $30,000,000 each year, the most of
which under the then existing systems was frittered away without
adequate return in clean streets and good government. For many
years each party had claimed that the election of its nominee meant
civic efficiency and honesty, but in the end the elections invariably
meant otherwise. The difficulty was with the system and not with
the men elected to office. The mayors elected had generally been
incorruptible. There had been an honest effort in every department
to give clean and satisfactory service. But neither the corrupt nor
the honest could change the complicated, cumbersome and objection-
able lack of system that had been handed down as a stumbling block
heritage from the infancy and childhood of the county and city gov-
ernments. Controller Wetherell, whose honesty was never ques-
tioned, declared that he was unable to conduct the financial business
of the city as prescribed by law. Mr. Healy's plan was to change
chaos and complication to system and simplicity in both city and
county affairs. He insisted that with an income of $30,000,000 there
was no valid reason why the streets should not be cleaned and
lighted, the parks be opened, the police be properly supported, the
schools be efficiently conducted, the water supply be rendered ade-
quate and pure, the drainage canal be completed, the sewerage system
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 533
be rendered perfect, and all institutions be suitably maintained.
Enormous expense could be saved by uniting under one centralized
head the then existing seventeen taxing bodies of the county. Hon-
esty was not the only desideratum. City and county needed consol-
idation of local powers; safeguards upon expenditures; centralized
government ; a system that would balance books every night ; a cer-
tain plan that would stop leaks and waste ; the abolition within the
city limits of county and township governments with their clerks,
collectors, supervisors and town boards; the establishment of one
department of collection ; the parks placed under a department of the
city; the schools to constitute another department of the city; the
same of the drainage board and county institutions ; the legislative
functions of the city government to be placed in the hands of a coun-
cil composed of two branches like the Legislature ; all assessments to
be another department ; the upper branch of the city government to
be elected by districts and the lower by wards; the councilmen of
both branches to be paid and made to work. The plan proposed by
Mr. Healy, though revolutionary, was the most cohesive and feasible
ever presented to the public of Cook county. It holds just as good in
1909 as in 1898. The Tribune alleged that Mr. Healy had on hand
at that time two great schemes : One to crowd the city out of the city
hall building and out of its right to occupy one-half of the public
square for the inadequate sum of $1,000,000, and the other as above
described. The paper argued that little was to be gained by such a
revolution. It believed that taxes would be increased, that decentral-
ization could be carried too far as well as centralization ; that the
council, if unfaithful in a few things, would be more unfaithful in the
many duties of the proposed system. It declared openly that neither
the council nor the County Board had always been honest; that the
school management had been criminally lax and extravagant ; that
the park boards had not been immaculate ; that the Drainage Board
had been suspected, and that therefore corruption under the larger
power proposed by Mr. Healy would not only not be eradicated, but
increased corruption might be expected. The Tribune, however, did
not seem to consider duly that the proposed new form of government
was patterned after that of the United States and that of the several
states with their House, Senate and Executive to severally watch each
other. Therein safety and purity reposed. Even upon the hypothe-
sis that nearly all men are dishonest, the more there are of them in
positions of responsibility the greater chance that one honest one will
be found to check corruption. It is rare that all of any large body of
men are dishonest. The honest ones, by public outcry, can always
stir the people to prevent corruption. With two large coordinate
bodies to watch each other, and an executive, usually honest, to exer-
cise the veto power, corruption can be reduced to a minimum.
On December 5, 1898, President James C. Irwin of the County
Board said : "Although we receive the charge of the County Board
534 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
at a time when its affairs are in a condition of the highest excellence,
when its finances are in perfect order and its institutions are in a
splendid state of equipment and management, we have at the same
time our work cut out for us in disposing of new problems and in
continuing the satisfactory course that has marked the past four years
of the county history. Our predecessors have been wise, careful,
economical, far-seeing, prudent and businesslike." He stated that the
County Board was confronted with two horns of a dilemma. First,
to continue the policy of supplying the growing demands of the pub-
lic charities and second to supply the necessary funds to operate prop-
erly the new departments added to the county budget by recent legis-
lative acts. He said, "The county revenues for the next year have
been seriously reduced by the failure of the local assessors and the
State Board of Equalization to provide sufficient valuation upon
which to base the appropriation bills. It will require genuine finan-
cial talent on your part, as well as the most conservative management
on the part of the executive department, in order to prevent the issue
of scrip during the coming year."
For the fiscal year ending December, 1899, the total valuation upon
which the assessment was made was $249,775,351. Under the law
this assessment enabled the board to realize a revenue of $1,875,315.
All other resources increased the revenue to a working total of
$3,085,315. This sum was $79,248 less than the revenue for the pre-
ceding year. It was realized that the expenditures of the previous
year were augmented by the expenses of the new departments of
Boards of Review and Assessors, the Jury Commission, etc., in the
face of a less revenue. It was realized that in all probability to be
more than self-sustaining could not be expected from the fee offices.
The amounts required by the Boards of Assessors and Review and
the Jury Commission could not be forecast with accuracy. While
the bill was pending at Springfield the estimates of such expenses
were fixed at $250,000 a year. However, as it was the first year of
the experiment the expense, it was thought, might considerably ex-
ceed that amount. The original cost of setting up the plants would
have to be sustained, and unlocked for expense in getting started
would have to be met. It was to be presumed that after 1898-99
the Boards of Review and Assessors would so increase the valuation
as to cover these additional expenses, but this step could not be ex-
pected the first year of the existence of those departments. In the
meantime the Board of Commissioners faced the dilemma of meeting
a larger expenditure with less revenue. It was thought that appro-
priations for several of the departments might be reduced, and there-
fore possibly as high as $100,000 could be gained for emergency ex-
penses.
It was realized that any cut in the amount expended by the hospital
service would be neither wise nor practicable. In view of all the cir-
cumstances it was thought that the total tax levy for 1898 would be
The Chicago Harbor late
in 1839. Captain Cram.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 537
$1,873,315 against $1,952,563 for 1897. It was believed best that
instead of adopting a sweeping reduction in salaries and supplies it
would be wiser to adopt rigid business methods of economy and ex-
penditure. The Legislature was asked to relieve the situation in
Cook- county by cutting off expenses paid to certain institutions which
should be paid by the state, as for instance the industrial schools,
dieting persons at the House of Correction, the care of inmates of
state institutions, and sums spent on the jury commissions — all ag-
gregating a total of about $95,900. It was believed that the expenses
for the industrial schools, the asylums for children and for the adult
insane, etc., were improperly fastened upon Cook county. It was
further thought that the city of Chicago should pay the cost of main-
taining the House of Correction, as it was almost wholly a city insti-
tution. It was recommended by the president of the board that due
attention should be paid to proceedings that would secure necessary
changes in the laws affecting the varied interests of Cook county. It
was recommended that the present courthouse and county building
should be enlarged. This was a matter that had been previously con-
sidered by the board, but soon it was realized some definite action
must be taken. Several persons advocated two stories built on the
top of the existing courthouse, and others advocated an entirely new
building. Already the county at great expense was renting rooms
outside of the county building. The president recommended the ap-
pointment of a special committee on legislation, whose duty it should
be to give impetus and finality to the request of the County Board
upon the Legislature. He further recommended that the people
should favor a constitutional convention that would give to Cook
county reforms so sadly and steadily needed and so unlikely to be ob-
tained from the Legislature. He also favored the introduction of
civil service into the rules of the county hospital. The regulation of
the appointment, services and conduct of internes for the hospital
were duly considered. A consumptives' hospital was demanded and
projected at this date. In December, 1899, the committee on finance
reported that in order to meet the current expenses it would be neces-
sary to raise by taxation the sum of $2,616,100. In addition, there
should be levied $75,000 to meet interest on the old indebtedness and
$233,900 to be levied for payment of principal and interest on the
new debt.
In his address of December 4, 1899, President James C. Irwin
stated that the year 1899, though filled with exacting difficulties,
was successfully passed by the County Board. It was noted that the
new law concerning assessments added a considerable sum to the
fixed expenses of the county and that had it not been for the ex-
cellent condition in which the county finances were placed, and had
not the administration during 1899 been conducted thoroughly ac-
cording to business principles, the board might not have so suc-
cessfully passed all obstacles. In passing the new revenue law the
Vol. II — 31.
538 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Legislature failed to make provision for its maintenance, which
burden thereupon fell to the lot of Cook county. The same was true
of the new primary law. Notwithstanding all the obstacles the
County Board grumbled not, but paid all obligations and at the end
of the year made an excellent business showing. In order to ac-
complish this, however, the board found it necessary to eliminate
the building fund, to reduce greatly the contingent fund, and to
curtail to the minimum the ordinary running expenses of the county
offices and institutions. The Boards of Assessors and Review cost
over $279,000. As there was a decrease of over $100,000 in reve-
nue over that of the previous year, making a total of over $385,000
to be met in 1899, and in addition as the receipts fell short about
$300,000, it was highly to the credit of the board that all depart-
ments were carried on successfully, satisfactorily, efficiently and
honestly throughout the whole year. However, it was recognized
by everybody posted on county affairs that additional revenue was
absolutely necessary, owing to the fact that expenditures were
greatly increased and that only the strictest economy had enabled
the board to weather the gale during the past few years. Various
items in 1900 increased the expenditures by about $500,000.
At the end of 1899 the total bonded indebtedness, old and new,
amounted to $3,766,000. During the year there was paid of the
bonded indebtedness nearly $200,000 in principal and interest. The
County Board also refunded the $750,000 courthouse bonds at 4
per cent instead of 5 per cent as before. All of the county institu-
tions were admirably conducted and all kept within the reduced
appropriations for salaries and supplies. The county agent accom-
plished better results than ever before with less revenue. With only
$110,000 he relieved a total of 36,138 families, of whom 4,946 were
those of grand army veterans under the Bogardus law. The county
hospital admitted 20,202 patients, and at the Detention hospital
2,229 cases were disposed of. Of the latter, 1,470 were insane and
659 were dependent children. At Dunning the institutions were
likewise excellently conducted. The consumptive's hospital rec-
ords showed 940 patients admitted and 470 discharged. The num-
ber admitted to the poorhouse was 2,001. In the insane asylum
at that date were 1,396 patients. The average daily population in
the three institutions at Dunning was 2,889. Many new minor im-
provements such as sidewalks, painting, fences, boilers, flooring,
etc., were made at Dunning. Management of the office of county
agent, the county hospital and the Department of Public Service
could scarcely be improved, according to the statements of Presi-
dent Irwin. It was recommended that a separate building at the
county hospital, to be used as a temporary habitation for children
under treatment for juvenile offenses, should be constructed at once.
Such children thus far were located either in the children's ward
of the county hospital or at the Detention hospital, neither of which
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 539
was a proper place for them. It was stated that at least 100 more
beds for persons suffering from contagious diseases should be pro-
vided. The records showed that there was a notable and alarming
increase in the number of insane persons cared for by the county.
There was need now for a new morgue and for improvements of the
electrical plant at the Dunning buildings. It was thought advisable
to have a separate building for epileptic children and adults. The
president of the board recommended that the pay of members of
labor unions be graduated upon the scale adopted by the union.
It was stated by the president of the board in April, 1900, that the
reason why the bonds of Cook county were favored by purchasers
was because of the system adopted of retiring them at the rate of
one-twentieth each year and that the county for the past twelve
years had paid cash on all its obligations. The bonded indebtedness
at this date was about $3,572,000. Under the law Cook county
could issue bonds to the amount of about $17,000,000. In 1900
an important question before the whole county was the consolida-
tion of city, town and county governments.
In December, 1900, President Irwin stated that during the past
two years the Dunning institutions and the county hospital were
splendidly managed. Although the latter at all times was crowded
it performed excellent service and was specially well conducted. The
Dunning institutions were in excellent condition. Many improve-
ments in discipline, economy and management of departments were
inaugurated during 1900. The rate per capita cared-for inmates
was reduced. The dieting and care of patients in the consumptive
and sick ward were improved. It was stated by the president with
pride that the institutions were looked upon by every state in the
Union as models of their kind. Particularly was the Department
of Public Service well, ably, successfully and efficiently managed.
Improvements and reforms scarcely deemed possible were inaugu-
rated and established from time to time as the year progressed. An
expenditure system of competitive bids and of examining supplies
and accounts was carried into effect, with the result that all favorit-
ism, graft, fraud and politics were at least for the time absolutely
eliminated from the department. The county agent during 1900
accomplished wonders in his difficult duties. Although he had the
expenditure of a large sum of money, every dollar was legitimately
spent and fully accounted for as a necessity and a benefit.
The act of President Irwin of the County Board late in Novem-
ber, 1900, in vetoing several public coal bills, met the approval of
the newspapers and the public. It was shown that such bills had not
been introduced by Superintendent Lange at Dunning nor by Su-
perintendent of Public Service Healy. The importance of a step of
this character was realized when it was announced that the annual
coal bill of Cook county was about $225,000. The object of this
veto was to prevent the unauthorized acceptance of inferior coal on
county contracts.
540 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
President Irwin about this time said that the town system was a
cesspool of corruption, and that the object of an appropriation which
he had recently vetoed was to support "crews of highwaymen who
render no service whatever to the people." The newspapers deplored
that the president of the board had not previously exercised his right
to veto long before during his term, in order to prevent other and
numerous acts of extravagance on the part of the County Board,
Many salary grabs and improper contracts, it was alleged, could
have been prevented by such powers exercised at an earlier date.
Early in December, 1900, the newspapers requested that Presi-
dent Hanberg of the County Board should refuse to identify himself
with the Republican machine by reappointing the former men to the
management of charitable institutions and the heads of departments
in the county government. It was declared that the management of
county affairs, while clean and honorable in most respects, had be-
come contaminated by the bad influences of partisan spoilsmen and
therefore should be purified. Upon such pledges, it was declared,
Mr. Hanberg had been elected as president of the County Board.
It was therefore right for the public to expect Vast improvements in
the management of county affairs.
In January, 1901, the Citizens' association announced that the
City Civil Service commission had shown much greater efficiency
during the year than had been shown by the County Civil Service
commission. According to the reports the County commission had
held but one examination during the year, while the City commission
had held 109 examinations. The Citizens' association called attention
to the fact that while the county commissioners were drawing each
$1,500 per year, they had accomplished nothing in this line of duty.
The association threatened to go before the grand jury with the facts
in order to secure an improvement in existing conditions.
The press thought that the course taken by the Citizens' associa-
tion in attacking the County Civil Service commission prevented,
in all probabilty, a reign of graft in county affairs. The County
Civil Service commissioners were accused of jugglery and charged
with attempts to defeat the civil service law, and to favor political
supporters. There were 449 county positions under civil service ap-
pointment, and unless the Civil Service commissioners obeyed the
law there might result — probably would result — a season of graft
that would startle the community. The association publicly declared
that the present commissioners were guilty of malfeasance in office.
The County Board under Mr. Hanberg had made an honest effort
to enforce the civil service rules. It was the determination of the
Citizens' association to prevent in the Civil Service department any
scandal such as had disgraced the county administration in the pur-
chase of coal under contract.
In January, 1901, the Commercial club of Chicago took initial
steps to establish a modern reform school. The committee to report
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 541
on this subject was as follows: William A. Fuller, chairman; E. G.
Keith, J. H. Bradley, E. B. Butler, and C. H. McCormick. This
committee made a thorough investigation of various institutions of
this character throughout the country and recommended that Cook
county should have such a school.
The County Board in February, 1901, authorized a total expendi-
ture during the coming year of $3,402,525. The estimated receipts
for the year amounted to the same sum. The salaries of commis-
sioners were placed at $3,600. This appropriation bill had been
deadlocked in committees for about six weeks. It cut 10 per cent
from the salaries of all county officials and employes drawing $3,000
a year or more. The salary of the chief clerk of the Board of Re-
view was cut from $6,000 to $3,600. Two members of the board
insisted that the salary of each commissioner should be cut down to
$3,000. Two members of the board voluntarily reduced their sal-
aries to $3.000. One commissioner agreed to accept in full for his
year's services, $2,400. The appropriation bill was prepared with
the idea of reducing the expenditure $350,000 more than it had been
the year past. In 1900 the bill had been $3,693,304.
The dieting of jurors and the management of their lodgings were
faulty and criticised. The Board of Civil Service Commissioners,
though hampered by prejudice and by open and bitter opposition,
managed to effect a considerable advance over the previous year.
The industrial schools were recognized as a great benefit to the coun-
ty. Thev were materially assisted by the Countv Board. During the
year 1900 the two issues of bonds," one for $750,000 and the other
for $1.150,000. were refunded at a low rate of interest, thus saving
annually to the county a large sum. As a whole, the county passed
through the year in better shape than had been anticipated. Though
the revenues were smaller than before and though the expenses
were higher, rigid economy, pruning of salaries, curtailment of every
unnecessary expense and the inspection of all legitimate outgoes ac-
complished a most successful administration of county affairs. At
the close of 1900 among the important questions were, What pro-
visions should be made for sustaining the Board of Jury Commis-
sioners, Civil Service Commissioners, Assessors and Review, and
also should there be a constitutional convention, and should town and
citv governments be consolidated under one head?
In December, 1900. President John J. Hanberg stated with some
concern that from outside rumors it was to be inferred that the
countv was not in good financial condition. It was certain that the
Legislature, perhaps unwittingly, had inflicted upon Cook county the
burdens of new revenue and primary laws without providing for the
expense arising under them. They had undoubtedly crippled the
taxing power and curtailed the income without adding to the re-
sources or revenue. However, retrenchment and economy properly
and justly applied, it was argued, would no doubt carry the county
542 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
successfully through the coming year. Necessarily large sums would
have to be spent to sustain the county institutions. Still greater
efficiency under the merit system being persistently put in operation
by the Civil Service Commission could and should be obtained.
In October, 1901, the County Board emphasized very strongly its
request that the State Board of Equalization should increase the
assessed valuation on railroad and capital stock over the assessment
of the previous year. At this date they prepared statistics showing
that the departments of Jury Commissioners, Civil Service Commis-
sioners, Boards of Assessors and Review and Primary Law cost the
county annually about $400,000. In addition the general election
laws were so changed as likewise to double the expense of conduct-
ing elections. In the near future, also, additional judges and in-
creased judicial expense would add an additional cost of about
$144,000. As the county's income from fee offices had steadily de-
creased for five years, no relief could be expected from that quarter.
It was therefore apparent that the needed revenue must come from
an increased assessment or an increased levy. As already there was
much complaint concerning the burden of taxation, any new levy,
it was reasoned, should be placed upon untaxed railroad property
and the capital stock of various corporations. It was the common
belief throughout Cook county at this date that neither the railroads
nor the corporations referred to were assessed as much as they
should be under the law. It was shown that under the restoration
of the 5 per cent limit the assessment of railroads and corporations
was not increased proportionately with other property throughout
the county. Should such a proportionate increase be made, the
total assessment of railroad property would aggregate about $10,-
000,000 more than contemplated, and therefore a sufficient addi-
tional revenue would be yielded to meet all legitimate county expen-
ditures. One of the city railways, in 1901, was assessed $7,000,000,
and yet its total stock in New York on this date was worth in open
market $28,140,000. Why, it was asked, should not this corporate
property be listed for assessment at its actual cash value just as the
property of individuals was listed ?
On January 6, 1902, President Hanberg said that a rigid examina-
tion during 1901 proved that for many years the county had been
without sufficient means adequately to keep pace with the increased
population and consequently with the public service. In addition
there had been recently passed several enactments requiring large
expenditures by the county without furnishing it the means to meet
the same. To add to the annoyance the constitution prevented the
county from increasing the tax rate, thus binding it hand and foot
and rendering it practically helpless to meet expenses except through
niggardly economy and unwise retrenchment. For instance, the
average attendance at Dunning in 1895 was 2,637, while in 1901 it
was 3,042. This necessitated a much greater expenditure, and to
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 543
meet the same the board accordingly was compelled to discontinue
necessary building operations and former boards had been compelled
to check progression along modern ideas of improvement. It was
shown that in the face of increased expenditures to the amount of
$500,000, the previous board was compelled to abate $443,000 of
county taxes. But that was not all. That administration was com-
pelled to hand over to its successor about $244,000 of back bills.
and hand over the county institutions in an impoverished condition
so far as revenue was concerned. Therefore the administration in
1901 was compelled not only to meet these back bills, but likewise
to provide relief and support for the county institutions. In order
to be sure of the ground on which they stood the board made a
searching investigation of every department. As a whole the affairs
of the county could scarcely be in better condition. With a de-
creased revenue and an augmented expense, county affairs had been
conducted with almost phenomenal excellence, but necessarily a few
obligations were forced over to be met by the subsequent adminis-
tration.
During the year 1901 the following was accomplished: The
floating debt was reduced from over $244,000 to $156,000; the Civil
Service board was reorganized and rendered much more efficient ;
the county hospital was reorganized and changed in management
and system ; the medical department of the hospital was reorganized
and improved; supplies for the county institutions were inspected
and rendered better than ever before; scientific specifications and
contracts in the matter of coal deliveries were investigated and
adopted ; the soft coal contractors "gentlemen's agreement" was
broken up; the county attorney forced the collection of delinquent
taxes and in six weeks secured $15,000; a new clinical laboratory
and museum was established and equipped at the county hospital ; a
new boiler plant was established in the same institution ; a revision
of the system of management at Dunning was provided for; the
county bonded indebtedness was reduced $212.500. In addition,
every department was investigated and the service thereof still fur-
ther improved.
At the beginning of 1902 the following improvements and reforms
seemed necessary : The construction of new buildings at Dunning
or the improvement and expansion of the old ones ; the insane asy-
lum at Dunning was packed to its capacity and needed enlargement ;
the county should vote $500,000 in bonds with which to construct
new buildings and make necessary improvements at Dunning. It
was a fact not generally known that the public institutions at Dun-
ning were on a larger scale than almost any other similar institutions
in the country. The state institutions containing Cook county in-
mates were crowded so far as this county's rights were concerned.
It seemed absolutely necessary that new departments for the care of
various and numerous diseases should be provided and should be iso-
544 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
lated from each other. It was recommended that every building at
Dunning should be thoroughly inspected and that every available
room and corner should be utilized. President Hanberg recom-
mended that the board, without waiting for the bond issue to be
voted upon soon, should proceed at once to accumulate as large a
building fund as possible in order to meet requirements absolutely
necessary to be made during the next few years at Dunning.
The number of accidental deaths at railways or grade crossings
was called to the attention of the board. New elevators in the county
buildings were required. Every assistance possible should be afford-
ed the Civil Service commissioners to comply with the law. It was
recommended that the county attorney should proceed at once to
collect every dollar of delinquent taxes possible. President Han-
berg advised that the County Board instead of being elected entirely
at one time should be chosen at different times in order that the
affairs of any preceding year might be in possession of at least one-
half of each new board.
In December, 1901, the total bonded indebtedness of the county
amounted to $3,360,000 and the grand total of all county liabilities
aggregated $3,516,920.62. The total reduction of county liabilities
during 1901 amounted to $299,809.59. The president said, "From
the above statement it is obvious that a singular paradox exists in
county finances. We are retiring each year $212,500 of bonded
indebtedness while there exists a condition in county buildings at
Dunning that can only be described as intolerable." The unwisdom
of this state of affairs was clearly and ably pointed out.
During the year there was appointed a disinterested committee
of prominent citizens to investigate thoroughly the condition and
management of county institutions. Such investigation revealed
numerous weaknesses in the management of the county hospital.
The investigation resulted in the appointment of Daniel D. Healy
as warden under instruction to thoroughly reorganize the manage-
ment of that institution. It was immediately thereafter determined
to make a similar investigation of the institutions at Dunning. It
is probable that never before in the history of the county were such
search and investigation of all county institutions and departments
instituted and carried to completion. Many faults were revealed
and many little improvements were thus accomplished. The office
of the county attorney, under E. W. Simms, was conducted in a
most successful manner. An investigation showed that during the
past ten years $7.000,000 in delinquent taxes was still on the books.
Steps to collect as much of this as possible were taken. Important
reforms in fee offices and in the public service were also instituted.
As a whole, the administrations of 1900 and 1901 were successful
and satisfactory. Delinquencies could be traced almost directly to a
lack of revenue. However, the board of 1901 instituted numerous
reforms in line with the impulse that had been given to reform dur-
ing eight or ten previous years.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 545
At the close of the fiscal year 1902 excellent progress was shown
in every department of the county public service. On December 1,
1902, the following was the condition of the county: Total bonded
indebtedness, $3,147,500; floating liabilities, $196,145.56; during
two years there was a total reduction of county liabilities of $472,-
994.65 ; never was the county in better condition ; at last the officials
were no longer in perplexity and doubt as to the outcome of any
year's administration ; although the revenues were still too small in
the face of a rapidly advancing population and all its increased ex-
penditures, the board at all times felt amply secure and able to suc-
cessfully carry the county through any year with high credit.
President Henry G. Foreman on December 1, 1902, in his address
to the new County Board, noted that there was a floating debt of
several hundred thousand dollars and in addition about $150,000
due to cover the expenses of the last election. Provision for the
payment of this floating and additional indebtedness must be made.
It was therefore necessary to make a considerable reduction in the
expenditures of the various departments. There was recommended
the appointment of a special attorney to look after the tax levy and
do necessary work for the Boards of Review and Assessors and
oversee necessary legislation connected with the office of county
treasurer and collector. It was determined to make greater progress
in clearing the criminal docket in order that expenses might be les-
sened and the rights of those charged with offenses might be paid
proper regard. Improved methods of bookkeeping were recom-
mended for various departments. Advisory boards in connection
with committees of the County Board were deemed advisable.
These boards it was thought should consist of broadminded, public
spirited citizens who could be induced to devote time enough to the
consideration of public affairs to benefit the county. It was recom-
mended that one of the boards should be called the advisory legal
counsel. The County Board, it was suggested, should be the arbiter
of all salaries and appointments under its jurisdiction. The board
thought that civil service should be expanded to a still greater de-
gree. About this time it was determined to appoint a committee on
legislation whose duty should be to attend each sitting of the Legis-
lature for the purpose of securing needed laws of interest to Cook
county.
On December 7, 1903, President Foreman of the County Board
stated that the overshadowing problem of the past year was that of
finance. The board encountered serious obstacles during the year
1903. This trouble had been anticipated and predicted by preceding
boards for several years. A deficit that had grown into a floating
debt amounted in December, 1902, to over $500,000. This must be
met, but how to do it was the problem. It was resolved to issue
bonds to the amount of $1.250,000 to wipe out this indebtedness and
to prevent further accumulations of debt during the year 1903 ren-
546 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
dered certain by the lack of revenue. The next step was to increase
the revenue by legislative enactment so that they could not again
be involved in such distress. It was determined also to put the
county abstract department in such condition that an income instead
of a loss would result annually. In June, 1903, the people of the
county voted upon the bond question and decided in its favor, and
accordingly $1,250,000 in 4 per cent bonds was issued and sold in
two lots at a premium. This money was promptly used to dis-
charge the floating debt and to inaugurate a system, so far as prac-
ticable under the circumstances, of doing business on a cash basis.
Four laws were requested of the Legislature, as follows: The 2
per cent bill; the inheritance tax bill; the abstract bill and the bill to
decrease court costs. The only assistance received from Springfield
was the repeal of the law creating additional judges for Cook county.
While this cut off expense, it likewise entailed great hardship upon
the legal branch of the public service. The Legislature also passed
the bill making the county directly responsible for abstracts issued
by the recorder and creating a guaranty fund.
In November, 1902, the question of issuing $500,000 worth of
building bonds was answered affirmatively by the people. This
meant the completion of additional cottages for the insane and for
tuberculosis patients at Dunning and a separate building at the
county hospital for patients suffering from contagious diseases. An-
other important innovation during 1903 was the appointment of
several advisory boards of public-spirited citizens. A commission
to establish an outer belt or parkways and preserves was appoint-
ed and set at work. A thistle commissioner was also appointed.
During the year an immense amount of relief work was done, about
6,834 families being relieved. The county hospital and the institu-
tions at Dunning were subject to close inspection and a number of
radical changes found necessary from experience were instituted.
The medical department at Dunning was a source of much perplex-
ity, but was made satisfactory. The Civil Service department
made excellent progress during the year. The people of the county
and office holders generally came to recognize that the merit system
was an inevitable sequence of modern civilization and progress.
The county attorney's work showed greater system, better classifi-
cation and more successful methods general!}' than ever before. A
considerable sum in delinquent taxes was collected. The depart-
ments of Controller, Treasurer, Recorder, Coroner, Board of Asses-
sors. Board of Review, Jury Commissioners and Superintendent of
Schools showed progress along improved methods of management.
The following progressive steps were advised : No floating debt
should be created ; the building improvements at Dunning should be
rushed rapidly to completion : the abstract department should be
reformed and expanded in accordance with the new law : all county
buildings should be rendered fireproof or be supplied with fire es-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 547
capes; antiquated machinery and plants of all sorts should be sup-
planted with up to date and improved patterns; the county agent
needed larger and better quarters; the pathological department of
the county hospital should be made more satisfactory ; and the pres-
ent efficient system at Dunning should be continued and still greater
improvements should be made if possible.
In his annual message in January, 1905, President Brundage
stated that the income of the county was insufficient to meet neces-
sary obligations, and that under the circumstances there was little
opportunity for improvement or retrenchment. The question before
the board was how to obtain relief without assailing the Juul law.
A year before this date the County Board faced a deficit, including
disputed claims, of about $518,000. Unable to meet this obligation,
it frankly went to the county, which sanctioned the issue of $1,250,-
000 in bonds. This sum, together with $500,000 obtained from the
building fund, enabled the board to conduct county affairs on a cash
basis and to erect new buildings at Dunning and at the county hos-
pital. However, the amounts thus obtained were insufficient to carry
on county affairs, and by January, 1905, there were outstanding un-
paid bills to the amount of $538,876 and with only $199,845 cash
available. The figures thus indicated that more than $700,000 ad-
ditional over and above the present revenue was required annually to
meet the expenses of the county. Not only that, but the running
expenses were steadily increasing year by year without a correspond-
ing increase in the revenue. The new Superior Court judges, the
maintenance of the new Children's and Contagious Disease hospitals
and the new cottages for the insane asylum required an additional
outlay approximately of $60,000 per annum. In 1904 the tax levy
amounted to $2,416,483, the county rate being only about 54 cents
after being scaled down by operation of the Juul law. In 1905 both
the total assessed valuation and the county rate were reduced, show-
ing a shrinkage in taxation over the previous year of $102,804.
Thus it was shown that the county was undergoing an artificial ex-
istence and depending on the skill and audacity of its officers to suc-
cessfully conduct its affairs through any one year. Either the skill
of the officers, parsimonious retrenchment, or bond issues must be
depended upon to tide the county over each year unless some radical
changes were adopted. Generally, public opinion and the views of
the board were against any change in the 5 per cent limitation sec-
tion of the revenue law. It seemed necessary that the Board of As-
sessors must become more diligent in discovering taxable property,
or that the fees of the various county officers must be raised.
With this situation to face, the County Board in January, 1905,
favored legislation along the following lines : To enable counties to
retain a portion of the money derived from taxation upon legacies,
etc. ; to reimburse counties for the cost of collecting taxes; to trans-
fer the insane hospital at Dunning to the State government ; to place
548 J II STORY OF COOK COUNTY
the attending staff of physicians and surgeons on a six year term of
service ; to extend the civil service to all employes of Cook county.
President Brundage recommended that all these matters should be
energetically pushed by the county committee on legislation.
It was noted at this time that the dockets of the Circuit and Supe-
rior courts were congested with more than 30,000 cases and that
some measure of relief should be at once adopted. Special legislation
to remedy this condition of affairs was recommended. Owing, how-
ever, to the financial stringency of the county it was not deemed
advisable to secure at this date eight additional judges as was pro-
posed. This would mean an additional annual expense of about
$240,000 which could not be borne by the county without great in-
convenience. The judges were needed and it was a serious question,
owing to the congestion of the dockets, whether these judges should
be appointed and in some manner the expenses be covered, or whether
they should remain unappointed and the courts be left to their ex-
isting conditions with dockets two years in arrears. It was thought
that the new Municipal courts to be provided for in the new charter
would, in a large measure, clear the dockets. One reason for the
congestion in the courts was the disapproval of the decisions in
justice courts by litigants owing to the iniquitous fee system which
put a premium upon litigation. It was at once recommended that
there should be reform in both practice and procedure in the county
courts. At this date there were twenty-six Circuit and Superior
judges. Of this number four sat permanently in the Criminal court
and six in the Appellate court. Two were assigned to hear chan-
cery cases in the Superior court. This left but fourteen judges to
face the congestion of 30,000 law cases, with the knowledge that
litigation was on the increase in proportion to the growing popula-
tion.
President Brundage, in 1905, noted the following improvements:
The superior classification of insane patients ; the care of the physi-
cally sick insane; new quarters for working patients; the completion
of the new building for the use of the insane, etc. It was stated that
the hospital for the insane was not a prison, but was designed to
remedy human defects. Many of such persons could be so improved
as to be made self-supporting. In connection with the asylum should
be workshops where brushes, brooms, shoes and other articles could
be made by the inmates if able. The infirmary needed a rearrange-
ment of its service. At this date the Home for the Care of Tuber-
culosis Patients showed excellent results, as the mortality rate was
lower than before and the conditions better. There was needed a
ward of the institution down town for the moribund cases. It was
recommended that a visitation committee of five representative citi-
zens should constitute a part of the administrative service at Dun-
ning. At the county hospital a notable improvement in the attending
staff of physicians and surgeons was made. It was recommended,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 549
owing to the large amount of pathological material at the county
hospital and the institutions at Dunning, that the medical staff con-
nected with them should commence a system of scientific research
along lines that would prove a benefit to the inmates there domiciled.
The outdoor relief department was making a creditable showing.
President Brundage declared, "The Civil Service law must be en-
forced in letter and spirit." He recommended that all intoxicated
employes should be separated from the service. Considerable im-
provement on the courthouse and Criminal Court building was in
progress. The office of the county attorney needed expansion.
In his annual message of December, 1905, President Brundage
stated that the following large problems engaged the attention of the
board during the year 1905 : The new courthouse enterprise; build-
ings for the Juvenile court and allied service ; simplification of court
machinery; improvement of the Civil Service law and its extension
to the staffs of the county hospital and to the probation officers of
the Juvenile court ; the non-scholastic construction of the county in-
stitutions' medical staffs ; legislation to increase county revenue to be
used in extinguishing floating debts, etc. ; an expansion of charity
administration and the improvement of buildings and equipments;
and modernized office system for the office of State's attorney, re-
corder and coroner. The greatest work undertaken was the begin-
ning of the new courthouse. This was a gigantic enterprise and re-
quired able and honest management to prevent graft and scandal.
The construction of the building had been advocated for many years
and now was absolutely necessary, as the old structure was steadily
falling to pieces and was very dangerous. The special committee
appointed to examine the condition of the old building and report
on the advisability and wisdom of constructing a new one, reported
in favor of the new building. The County Board concurred, the
question was submitted to the public and authority to issue $5,000,-
000 in bonds for that purpose was carried by a majority of 38,445
votes. The work of planning the new building and securing tempo-
rary quarters was taken up at once. The citizens previously ap-
pointed to investigate the subject were continued as advisory mem-
bers of the Board of Commissioners. The committee of the whole
of the board, with Mr. Brundage as chairman, had general charge
of all the operations connected with the erection of the new struc-
ture. In all cases the lowest responsible bid was accepted, though
not until approved by the committee of the whole, which embraced
the entire board, but by the advisory committee as well. Every
means to prevent fraud and graft and to secure an honest and eco-
nomical management of affairs was adopted by the board. Holabird
& Roche were named as the architects and John M. Ewen was en-
gaged as expert consulting engineer. Under excellent management
and surroundings, with every plan and purpose rigidly scrutinized
and investigated, the work of the new structure was commenced.
550 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
In the meantime it was necessary to secure temporary quarters for
the various county offices. Room in different locations with offices
widely separated was secured, but it was the best course that could
be pursued and proved no serious hardship.
During the year 1905 a new building to serve both as courthouse
and detention home was projected and commenced. Great improve-
ment in the management of the courts was made. A return to the
individual calendar system of the Superior court resulted in the more
rapid accomplishment of work and in the gradual reduction of accu-
mulated cases. The same progress was not made in the Circuit
court, which refused to change its system. Amendments to the Civil
Service law effected many improvements in the details of managing
and successfully conducting the various county departments and in-
stitutions. One effect of the amendment was to give all employes
the right of appeal to the Civil Service commission. Full provision
for the investigation of all cases deserving the same was made. The
law also made the appointment of probation officers a county func-
tion.
During 1905 the financial problem still seriously confronted the
County Board. Before any relief could be expected it was necessary
for the people of the county to understand the true condition of af-
airs. The Merchants' club of Chicago did much- to explain to the
people the necessity of improved revenue laws. A law fixing a min-
imum of 65 cents below which the county rate could not go was se-
cured as an amendment to the Juul law. This amendment would
supply the county annually thereafter with about $500,000 additional
revenue. It was believed that this sum would liquidate the annual
deficit, but it did not provide for the liquidation of the floating in-
debtedness in existence, amounting to nearly $1,000,000. Another
law secured was an increase of the fees in the offices of the recorder,
county clerk and attorney, the addition amounting annually to about
$100,000. An emergency liability requiring a special appropriation
of $105,150 was created during the year at the time of the teamsters'
strike. During the year the payment of probation officers and the
expense of publishing annually a statement of real and personal
assessments were placed as additional burdens upon the county.
Thus as a whole the year saw considerable improvement in the reve-
nue receipts to be secured annually thereafter for the expenses of
the county. Several very important bills greatly desired by the
County Board and by many citizens failed to pass the Legislature.
The charity service throughout the county during 1905 was exten-
sive and was wisely and ably managed. The county hospital service
was improved in several very important particulars, especially in the
new wards and departments. The county agent, to whom was re-
cently assigned certain charity services, made a satisfactory report.
He furnished outdoor relief to 7,713 persons. The institutions at
Dunning were carefully and judiciously managed and the result
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 551
was a most satisfactory advancement at the end of the year. Many
improvements were introduced and reforms instituted. During the
year fourteen book typewriters were installed in the recorder's office.
This system at the close of the year showed a considerable saving.
The State's attorney's office, which for some time had needed atten-
tion, was considerably expanded and improved, placing that official in
better position than ever before to conduct promptly and satisfac-
torily the important affairs of this office.
In his annual message of December 3, 1906, President Brundage
said it was still his opinion that too much care and attention could
scarcely be given to the charity work of the county. During the pre-
ceding two years many improvements in the physical conditions and
professional services at the county institutions were introduced. In
many instances entirely new and up-to-date equipments were estab-
lished with most excellent results. At this date the County Board
planned the development and improvement of the scientific side of
the work at county institutions. It was proposed first to increase the
efficiency of the pathological service. An expert pathologist was
necessary in order to carry out this important step. There was
planned a new morgue and a new pathological laboratory. Wide
investigation was made with the result that the plan was found to
be not only thoroughly practicable, but up-to-date and highly serv-
iceable. A permanent X-ray department, to be a branch of the sci-
entific system proposed, was favored. It was further advocated that
non-professional employes should be required to live outside of the
hospital. A psycho-pathologist for the institutions at Dunning was
also proposed. Modern apparatus for treating the insane was in-
stalled at the County Insane asylum. Special study of this impor-
tant subject by experts in the interest of the county was made.
Other similar institutions throughout the world were visited and
other systems and methods were thoroughly inspected and studied
with the result that there was projected in Cook county one of the
most important departures for the treatment of unfortunates ever un-
dertaken in the history of the county. Scores of important details
were laboriously, patiently and successfully put in operation. Alco-
holic patients were duly considered ; new buildings for consumptives
were projected and created ; a new location for the county infirmary
was proposed and urged. It was strongly insisted that the insane
hospital should become a state institution. An important improve-
ment in the conditions surrounding all employes in the county insti-
tutions was made.
During the year a permanent home for the Juvenile court was
projected. The building was designed to cost $125,000, to accom-
modate about 130 children and to contain a court for the trial of
Juvenile cases. It was shown that hundreds of families deserted by
the husband and father had to be supported necessarily by the coun-
tv. A workhouse was recommended as a necessitv. Amendments
552 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
to the jury laws were suggested. In many instances weeks were
consumed in securing juries to try trivial cases. A way of simpli-
fying the method of selecting jurymen was devised. A still more
rigorous enforcement of the Civil Service law in every branch of the
county government was urged at this date. One of the greatest im-
provements in all departments of the county service was the intro-
duction of new, simple, accurate and satisfactory official statements.
The abstract books were largely completed and perfected. The
amendment to the Juul law fixing the minimum tax rate in the county
at 65 cents proved a great relief in the administration of county af-
fairs. However, the former deficit of about $1,000,000 was not pro-
vided for and necessarily had to be taken into account until payment
could be made. The expenses of the county increased rapidly be-
cause people demanded better service. At the same time the Legis-
lature steadily increased the county's obligations. Thus the same
lack of revenue would soon be shown unless at the same time meas-
ures to secure additional money could be adopted. The Municipal
courts entailed upon the county new and additional expense. A re-
cent decision of the Supreme court lessened the receipts of the Pro-
bate office. Increased expense in operating the new courthouse had
to be met. The publication of the assessment lists and numerous
other unforseen expenses added to the burden of the County Board.
During the past year many controverted claims were settled by
the board and by the State's attorney. Satisfactory progress on the
courthouse was made. A system of rigid investigation of all de-
partments was pursued and carried out. At the close of 1906 Mr.
Brundage recommended the following legislation : The compul-
sory installation of a uniform system of bookkeeping in all county
offices and departments; the adoption of an inexpensive process of
selecting jurymen; the extension of merit rules to all county offices;
the prompt commitment of all insanity suspects; the transfer of all
insane persons to the care of the state; additional revenue of the
county for current expenses; and additional legislation to prevent
wife desertion.
In April, 1907, President Brundage resigned as president and
member of the County Board. He briefly reviewed what had been
accomplished during his administration. The new courthouse was
nearing completion ; the Juvenile court building was practically un-
der roof ; plans for quarters to be occupied by jurors in the Criminal
court building were ready ; a new law of the Legislature provided for
checking up the accounts of the various fee offices and for the inau-
guration of a uniform system of bookkeeping in all county depart-
ments; two consumptive hospitals had recently been built, one on the
hospital grounds and one at Dunning ; special apparatus for treating
the insane had been installed at the insane hospital, and important
improvements on the infirmary were under way. Mr. Brundage
recommended an emergency hospital as a branch of the county hos-
1 -Original City 1837; 2-Additions
1847; 3-Aildition 1853; 4-Additione
1863; .5-Addition 1869; 6-AdcUtion
1887; 7-Additions 1889; 8-Jefferson,
Lake View and Part of Cicero 1889;
13-West Ridge and Rogers ParK 1893;
14-Norwood Park 1893; 16-Part or
Cicero 1899.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 555
pital, to be established within the loop district down town, and fur-
ther recommended that the offer of the Iroquois Memorial associa-
tion for a proposed site be accepted. Commissioner Busse, on behalf
of the board, expressed the regret of the county commissioners at
the resignation of Mr. Brundage and complimented him highly on
the progress made and the efficiency shown in county affairs during
the entire period of his administration. Immediately thereafter
William Busse was elected president of the County Board.
On August 5, 1907, President Busse congratulated the commis-
sioners on the effective work they had done during the past two
years. The press and the public generally agreed at this time that
in the construction of the new courthouse a new record for speed
and honesty was attained. Mr. Busse said, "It is conceded that no
public work of like magnitude in this country has been constructed
with as great a rapidity, energy and business capacity, and that few
private persons or corporations have equaled the record made by this
board Not only in construction, but in its plans and
architectural details is the present county building a new departure.
It is a modern office building adapted to public business. The build-
ing has been planned and equipped with a view to the convenient
transactions of business and the comfort and health of employes and
the public. The County Board has demonstrated the proposition
that a municipal corporation may successfully carry on a business
enterprise on the same lines pursued by a private person or corpora-
tion. Too much credit can not be given the men who have had con-
trol of the work."
In his first annual message of December 2, 1907, President Will-
iam Busse noted that during the past year the board had finished
and moved into the new county building; erected and equipped the
Juvenile court and Detention home and organized its executive force ;
prepared plans for the improvement of the county hospital service ;
made preparation for the care of persons suffering from contagious
diseases and acute alcoholism ; devised plans for an emergency, medi-
cal and ambulance service; made important progress toward the
construction of the new county infirmary on the site at Oak Forest ;
reorganized the psycho-pathological department at the Dunning in-
stitutions ; extended the interne service to the Detention hospital ; put
in service a new consumptive hospital with a full corps of physicians,
nurses and employes and installed a free medical dispensary at the
Juvenile Detention home.
The financial condition of the county was not satisfactory, but was
improving. During 1907 over $300,000 more taxes were received
than during 1906, but the receipts from the fee offices and from
the various court clerks showed a decrease of about $280,000. An
increase for the maintenance of nearly all of the county institutions
was noted. Charity particularly showed increased and imperative
demand for help. A deficit of $1,500,000 had accumulated and
Vol. II— 32.
556 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
would have to be carried over until 1908. The cause of this deficien-
cy was mainly due to the continued creation of new departments
without any provision being made for their support. From 1903 to
1907, inclusive, the following departments showed greatly increased
demands for revenue: Board of Assessors, Board of Review, Ju-
venile court, Detention home, Jury commissioners, Civil Service
commission, Bogardus law, election and primary expenses and
judges' salaries. In 1903 these departments required a total of
$512,850, but in 1907 required $856,860. During the same time the
county hospital, the Dunning institutions and the county agent in-
creased their expenses from $766,113 in 1903 to $931,026 in 1907.
In December, 1908, President William Busse noted the progress
in county affairs during the past year. Although the year was char-
acterized by great financial depression, the deficit was no greater
than it was the year before. There was a vast increase in the number
of persons cared for at the various county institutions. The revenue
act of 1898 contemplated a quadrennial assessment of real estate.
The amendment of 1905 authorized the existing tribunals to make re-
valuations in any year. Acting under this amendment the existing
tody found the value of lands and lots, exclusive of improvements
in Cook county, to be nearly $26,000,000 less than that of the pre-
ceding year. It was suggested therefore that the amendment be re-
pealed and the valuations be returned under the revenue act of 1898.
During 1908 various improvements were undertaken or suggest-
ed. One was to deaden the street noises which disturbed the court
rooms. The new Juvenile home and Juvenile court for their first
year were pronounced in satisfactory condition. There were re-
ceived 2,641 children. A system compelling parents to take care
of their children was adopted and put in execution. The Juvenile
court dispensary conducted by the Children's Hospital society was a
most important and useful appendage of the charitable institutions.
Six sessions per week of the Juvenile court were held. Provision
for a complete record of all children received in the establishment
were made. The evils of wife and family desertion were on the in-
crease. No doubt fathers and even mothers, believing their children
would be cared for by the county, deliberately deserted them with
that objct and expectation in view. Steps to compel parents to sus-
tain their children were taken. The Outdoor Relief department
showed great expansion and improvement. More than 12,000 fami-
lies probably by reason of the panic, applied for and received aid
from the county agent in 1908. He assisted many unemployed per-
sons to secure work. Special care of acute alcoholic patients was
taken. Clinical apparatus for pathological work in the various wards
of the hospital was needed. Conditions at the morgue were greatly
improved. It was stated that the county hospital was richest in
pathological material of any in the United States. A well equipped
pathological laboratory was required. Work on the consumptive
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 557
hospital was well advanced. The early completion of this institu-
tion and of the new County Infirmary at Oak Forest was urgently
demanded. The overcrowding of the county charitable institutions
was earnestly considered with a view to improvement. By rear-
ranging the county hospital and purchasing a strip of land on the
Polk street side, space was secured for the new consumptive hospital.
Many necessary improvements on the new infirmary grounds at
Oak Forest were made. When this institution should be finished
it was expected to be the most complete of its kind in the country.
The adoption of a plan of administration at the new poorhouse puz-
zled the County Board. The citizens' or advisory committee, which
during the last few years had so greatly assisted the board with ad-
vice, was asked now to cooperate in devising plans for the proper ad-
ministration of the infirmary. The fight against the white plague
was pushed as far as the means and advantages allowed. Previously
the board cared for persons only in advanced stages of the disease.
Now it was demanded that early stages as well should receive the
attention of the county authorities. In April, 1909, the county voted
as follows on the question of a tuberculosis sanitarium tax : For
tax, 167,230; against tax, 39,410.
It was generally demanded early in 1909 that the feeding of pris-
oners in the county jail should be taken from the county sheriff and
placed in the hands of the superintendent of public service. Later
a law to this effect passed the Legislature. In June, 1909, the Cook
County Historical society was organized, Jesse Holdom, John M.
Ewen and J. Seymour Curry, being the incorporators. The new
inheritance law gave to the county in June $185,000. In June and
July, 1909, for the first time in the history of Cook county, there
was made a comprehensive attempt by the board of assessors to list
for taxation the capital stock of Illinois corporations. It was shown
by John C. Harding in June that thirteen big corporations here had
evaded assessment to the amount of $1,034,314,870. The total as-
sessed valuation of real estate in thirty country towns of Cook county
as returned by the assessors was $30.801,437.
During the fiscal year, 1909, the county completed the Tubercu-
losis hospital; let contracts for nineteen new infirmary buildings;
constructed sewerage, water systems and roadways at the new
infirmary plant ; made extensive improvements to the criminal
court building and the county jail ; installed a new ventilating system
in the juvenile court building; made important alterations at the
county hospital and the detention hospital ; improved the nursing
and interne service at the county and detention hospitals ; established
a library at the county hospital ; improved the buildings at Dunning
and put a new roof on the Consumptive hospital ; united the State
Free Employment bureau with the County Agent's office; established
the Bogardus Relief bureau ; founded two new branches of the County
Agent's office ; reorganized the medical service at the Juvenile De-
558 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
tention Home and furnished seed potatoes for one hundred gardens
of the City Gardens association. During 1909 the admissions to the
county and detention hospitals were 32,540. County affairs were
in a satisfactory condition at the end of 1909.
On January 19, 1910, the County Board passed its annual budget,
the estimated income being as follows :
Taxes . ..$7,626,309.22
Fee offices 1,682,500.00
Sundry resources 427,037.89
Bonds and interest 66,587.88
New infirmary fund 645,580.15
Total $10,446,015.14
The actual appropriations amounted to $7,086,337.08. Under the
Juul law, which reduced the tax rate, the county lost $3,140,244.06
from the estimated revenues, and it was estimated that $221,434
would be lost in collecting the taxes.
POLITICS OF COOK COUNTY
1866-1909
THE election of aldermen in the spring of 1866 was spirited and
bitter. The terms "Union Men" and "Copperheads" were
used unsparingly — the latter with unnecessary hate and se-
verity. "Copperheads should not be permitted to hold office
under the government they tried to destroy," was the slogan. Old
soldiers were in high favor. The Democrats were quiet, and hoped
by secretive measures to elect a majority of the council. All voters
were required to register. There were sixteen wards, each having
two precincts. The Eight-Hour party put a ticket in the field.
The Republican Union county convention met on July 19 in the
Circuit court rooms and consisted of all "who are in favor of keq>ing
traitors out of the halls of Congress and of assisting and maintaining
the right of the people, through their representatives in Congress, to
fix and determine the condition in which states lately in rebellion shall
be permitted to participate in the government of the United States."
"Out with the hereditary officeholders and give the old soldiers a
chance," was the cry. In 1865 there had been a few soldiers and a
few Copperheads on the Republican ticket. This ticket came near
defeat. It was now proposed to nominate old soldiers for nearly all
offices. The Democrats nominated Timothy Bradley for sheriff and
shrewdly induced old soldiers to run on their tickets.
Lyman Trumbull, John A. Logan, Governor Oglesby, S. W. Moul-
ton and Schuyler Colfax addressed an immense audience here in
August, 1866. The reception to General Logan was a memorable
event; his speech attracted the attention of the whole country. In
the fall of 1866 many advocated direct voting for candidates instead
of delegates at the primaries. There was an attempt to form an old
soldiers' independent ticket made, but it resulted finally in a union
with the Republicans.
Mr. Judd was the candidate selected to defeat Mr. Wentworth for
the Congressional nomination. On October 17 Gen. B. F. Butler de-
livered a powerful union speech here concerning national politics,
particularly concerning the impeachment proceedings against Presi-
dent Johnson. The Republicans nominated Dr. William Wagner for
coroner, J. D. Ward for the state senate, and General Beveridge for
sheriff. All voters were required to register in October, 1866. At the
election the Republicans were victorious with every candidate, mem-
ber of Congress, sheriff, coroner, senator and seven members of the
Legislature. In the first Congressional district Judd received 15,247
and his opponent, General Wallace, 5,667.
5,59
560 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The election of April 16, 1867, embraced a mayor, collector, treas-
urer, attorney, clerk of the police court and one alderman and one
constable from each ward. During March, 1867, the Democratic
party, led in the main by Connett, Chase and Comiskey, thoroughly
organized and held a series of meetings in the wards. It was under-
stood that the Cook county and city Democracy could expect no suc-
cess whatever without perfect organization. The election of Demo-
cratic aldermen was declared to be imperative because it would herald
resistance to the alleged despotism of Congress.
The Republican Union city central committee thoroughly organ-
ized for work late in March, 1867. On April 3, 1867, the Democratic
party nominated Francis C. Sherman for mayor. Their platform
stated little concerning national politics, but dwelt upon the inefficien-
cy of the municipal administration of Chicago and asked the people
to make a change. The Republican newspapers called this a Copper-
head convention. Among those who took part were F. C. Sherman,
Dr. J. A. Hahn, St. Clair Southerland, M. R. M. Wallace, H. M.
Chase, Thomas Holt, J. L. Marsh, J. W. Horton, J. H. Winkelman
and Capt. J. W. Connett.
John B. Rice was renominated for mayor by the Republicans. The
total registration in the sixteen wards of the city in April, 1867, num-
bered 20,980. The election resulted in a sweeping victory for the
Republican ticket. John B. Rice received 11,904 and F. C. Sherman
7,971, the majority being 3,933. A total of 19,875 votes was polled
at this election. Two years before Mr. Rice had received for mayor
a total of 11,078 votes and Mr. Sherman his Democratic opponent,
5,478. Democratic aldermen were elected in the Sixth, Eighth,
Twelfth and Sixteenth wards. The new council stood twenty-four
Republicans to eight Democrats ; thus the Republicans lost in numeri-
cal strength in the council. The judicial election in June, 1867, was
one of the quietest and uneventful ever held in the city. Out of a
total population of about 220,000 there were only 1,068 votes polled.
The political campaign in the spring of 1868 did not possess strong
partisan features. A few aldermen, the treasurer, recorder and sev-
eral others were involved in this issue. Here was to be nominated
the Republican candidate for the Presidency. In fact, already pre-
liminaries for the National Republican convention were in progress.
The total vote polled was 23,655 against 27,079 at the last Presiden-
tial election. The Republicans elected ten of the new aldermen and
the Democrats seven. The former still had a large working majority
in the council. The popularity of Judge McAllister rendered his elec-
tion over Colonel Smith, the Republican nominee, a foregone conclu-
sion. The bar voted and worked almost solidly for Judge McAllister.
On October 25, 1868, Horatio Seymour, Democratic candidate for
the Presidency, delivered a speech of great power in Chicago. An
audience of fully 10,000 people listened to him. The speech was de-
livered on the courthouse square. Frank C. Sherman was chairman
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 561
of the meeting. The sentiments of Mr. Seymour received the warm-
est commendation of the Democratic press and politicians of this city.
It was unquestionably a masterpiece of art, logic and brilliancy.
The campaign closed with brilliant processions and meetings by
both Democrats and Republicans. All available halls and theaters
in the city were used by the various partisans. The election held
November 3, 1868, was noted for its excitement and enthusiasm and
for the intense, concerted efforts made by each party to secure the
success of their tickets. Even on election day there was much sup-
pressed excitement at the polls. The Republicans did not win all of
the old soldiers. Many of them joined the ranks of Democracy; in
fact during the campaign it was clearly shown that principles and
policies which had controlled public opinion during the war in no way
actuated the voters now. New policies and principles had arisen,
perhaps as a consequence of the war ; the old soldiers divided on the
new propaganda. As a whole, the election was orderly throughout
the city and county.
On November 6 the Republicans of Cook county celebrated their
success by an immense demonstration, probably one of the most mem-
orable and brilliant ever witnessed in the city. The Democrats
looked on with complacency, but did not do much shouting.
The total vote for Grant and Col fax in Cook county was 27,527 ;
that cast for Seymour and Blair, 19,104. For Governor, Mr. Pal-
mer received in this county 27,492, and Mr. Eden 19,141. The vote
in Chicago was Grant, 22,300; Seymour, 17,029; Palmer, 22,265,
and Eden, 17,064.
In June, 1869, an attempt to organize the People's party was inau-
gurated. Among those connected with the movement were J. M.
Reynolds, Charles Bates, G. M. Salomon, Colonel Schaffner, Alder-
man Carpenter, Justice Summerfield, Dr. Wickersham, Henry M.
Smith and Mr. Eddy. The latter was elected chairman. He said,
"I am tired of that condition of things where two or three men have
ruled this city and county for their own pecuniary benefit for several
years past and have declared it their intentions to rule it so long as
they live. The people of this city and county are sick and tired of
this dynasty. It has ruled with an iron hand and ignorant rod for
the last five, six or seven years — a blatherskiting, lick-spittal class of
men who will enter into an alliance with any political organization
which will afford them offices and emoluments."
At the election held in November the Citizen's ticket received the
votes of a majority of the Democrats and Republicans of Chicago.
The result was an unparalleled triumph for reform. It was a sting-
ing rebuke to the corrupt ringsters and the incurable primary system
which had ruled the city and county for nearly ten years. The elec-
tion was orderly, but there was much feting, and a great deal of
beer and whiskey was consumed. On the evening of election day
crowds assembled at headquarters to listen to the returns. The
562 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Citizen's ticket supporters assembled at Farwell hall and were ad-
dressed by the various candidates amid much enthusiasm. When it
became known that the Citizens' ticket had swept the county the
supporters of that ticket were overjoyed and prepared an elaborate
demonstration.
The total vote cast for mayor was 31,259. Mr. Mason of the Citi-
zens' ticket received 19,878 and George W. Gage, Republican, 11,-
381, Mason's majority being 8,497 votes. About the same majority
elected the other candidates of the Citizens' ticket. That party like-
wise elected a majority of aldermen. The county vote was shown
approximately by that cast for county treasurer. Mr. Rexford of the
Citizens' ticket received for county treasurer 22,796 and Mr. Ham,
Cook county in October, 1870, was greater than at any time in the
history of the city. They were as follows: Three State senators,
twenty-two assemblymen, fifty-two town supervisors, twenty alder-
men, thirty town clerks, thirty county assessors ; thirty tax collectors,
one sheriff, one coroner, town constables, highwaymen, city assessors,
city collectors, etc. In addition there were numerous deputies, bail-
iffs, clerks and fuglemen, all of whom had to be provided for by the
Republican, 13,147.
The number of officials to be chosen for the various positions in
successful party. No wonder this was considered an important elec-
tion. Both Democrats and Republicans exerted themselves as never
before to elect their tickets. The Democrats, owing to recent defec-
tions from the ranks of the Republicans, believed they had an excel-
lent chance to win. The Republicans, though disheartened, neverthe-
less entered the campaign vigorously and thoroughly organized
throughout the whole county. The Times called it the "Tax-eater's
campaign." It said, "The people of the county behold an army, or
rather two armies, one city and one county, of official tax-eaters
preying upon their substance, because 90 per cent of them are not
needed." Although the new constitution provided for a Board of
County commissioners numbering fifteen, it was necessary to elect
supervisors under the old order until the constitution should be
adopted or put into effect.
The Republican party of Cook county declared in October, 1870,
that the candidates of its party for the state Legislature must be citi-
zens "equal in ability and integrity to the Cook county delegation in
the Constitutional convention." The reason was that the work to be
done by the first Legislature under the new constitution was scarcely
less important than the proceedings of the convention itself had been.
The Chicago Times declared that Chicago and Cook county could
furnish any number of men equal in abilitv and integrity to the dele-
gates to the Constitutional convention. It cited the few following
names to prove its statement : Charles Hitchcock, Clinton Briggs,
Thomas Hoyne, Samuel W. Fuller, Aaron Haven. Wirt Dexter, M.
W. Fuller, Mark Kimball, John B. Calhoun, E. B. McCagg, William
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 563
B. Ogden, Elliot Anthony, Grant Goodrich, Daniel Cameron, George
L. Dunlap, S. S. Hayes, Joseph Medill, John Owsley, Richard T.
Crane, John C. Haines, Carter H. Harrison, Charles C. Bonney and
George A. Ingalls. Among the men mentioned in connection with
the Democratic nomination for Congress were : W. F. Coolbaugh,
James H. McVickar, David A. Gage, Wirt Dexter, James R. Doo-
little, Thomas Hoyne, Samuel W. Fuller, and William B. Ogden.
Here certainly was good material if the party could elect one of them.
As a whole, both parties presented strong tickets. Men of unusual
ability, probity and integrity were placed before the people for their
votes. Immediately after the conventions both parties entered upon
a spirited campaign, putting more speakers out, probably, than ever
before. The local interest was intense. The Times of October 27
said, "When the Citizens' ticket was elected in Chicago in opposition
to the Barnacle ring the candidates were pledged openly or implicitly
to such reform in the city and county offices as would secure their
enormous fees to the people to whom they rightfully belonged. This
was the main issue of the campaign. The gentlemen who went to the
Constitutional convention were elected on this platform and gave the
spirit of the purpose a practical embodiment in the instrument which
was afterwards so enthusiastically adopted by the people. The Citi-
zens' ticket, composed of Democrats and Republicans, joined in their
agreement to the reform doctrine and appealed commonly to the Peo-
ple's suffrage on that basis."
The Times of November 7 said concerning the November election :
"To the inhabitants of Chicago and Cook county it is of peculiar im-
portance. It is an event that will determine the second stage in the
popular revolution against political corruption that was initiated in
this county last fall. The decision at the ballot box tomorrow will
decide whether the good people of Cook county shall realize the bene-
fits of your revolution or be remitted to the domination of political
scalawags that manipulate the machinery of the party caucus, not to
serve the public good, but to put themselves in official situations
where they can grow rich at the public cost. The central idea of the
citizens' movement last fall was that we want capable and faithful
men in office more than we want Democrats or Republicans. The
fact that some scalawags were elected to office last fall in spite of the
popular effort to purge the public offices from such vermin detracts
nothing from the vast amount of good which that movement accom-
plished. It placed in the Constitutional convention the ablest and
best delegation that has ever represented Cook county at the state
capital ; it gave to Illinois the best organic law ever framed in Amer-
ica ; it secured a basis for the most important reforms in our country
and municipal organizations; it secured the future reduction in the
vast emoluments of the county officeholders ; it established the basis
of future economy in our county administration ; it saved $100,000 in
one year in a single fee office; it cut off a multitude of gross and
564 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
costly official abuses; and it established the foundation upon which a
host of other gross and costly abuses will be cured. The central idea
of the citizens' movement is as valid and as important now as it was
then. We want capable and trustworthy men in office more than we •
want Democrats and Republicans. We want trustworthy men in
town offices, city offices, county offices and the Legislature."
At the election of November 8, 1870, the regular Republican ticket
was chosen generally throughout the county. Mr. Farwell for Con-
gress defeated Mr. Wentworth by over 5,300 majority. For state
treasurer, Mr. Ridgely, Democrat, received 14,232, and Mr. Bates,
Republican, 21,264 votes. County Sheriff Kean, Democrat, received
14,970 and Mr. Bradley, Republican, 20,925 votes. That was about
the majority for the balance of the ticket throughout the county.
The press declared that Republicans or Democrats were not want-
ed, but that able, conscientious and honest men were desired for mu-
nicipal offices. There were to be elected in November, 1871, twenty
aldermen and the mayor. The upbuilding of the city, it was realized,
depended upon the character of the men thus selected. All wards
were urged to choose honest and capable men for all important posi-
tions. Rice and Mason were candidates for mayor. It was insisted
that there should be no change in the officials who had proved faith-1
ful thus far.
The Republican central committee conferred with the Democratic
central committee with the object of naming a fusion ticket to secure
in this fire emergency a non-partisan council and administration.
Hundreds favored the combination ticket. The meeting adjourned
to reassemble after hearing from the Democratic central committee.
They spent an entire day in vain effort to agree on a fusion ticket.
Accordingly the Republicans nominated their candidates for half of
the offices as usual. Governor Palmer, who was here at the time,
recommended strongly unity of action. Negotiations for a fusion
ticket were continued. The Republicans were ready, but the De-
mocracy desired further time for deliberation. On October 26 the
Democratic central committee, having practically come to terms,
nominated the other portion of the fusion ticket. On October 27
this ticket was completed by both parties and seemed satisfactory
to the candidates, the people and the political organizations. The
Tribune said, "It is the best ticket ever presented to the city and
county." Joseph Medill received the nomination for mayor on the
fusion ticket. On October 27 the Democratic and Republican cen-
tral committees met to consider jointly the new ticket. The list of
nominees was ready and the ticket as a whole was adopted. The
committees issued a joint statement to the voters of the county, stat-
ing their reasons for thus uniting, and calling upon the people to
witness the rectitude of their intentions. Both committees signed
this address to the public.
However, all members of both parties were not satisfied with the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 565
fusion ticket. Accordingly a Republican Cook county convention
assembled at Rice & Jackson hall and were called to order by Mr.
Dalton. The Cook county Democratic convention of malcontents
also held a meeting on October 30. J. B. Atwood was chairman.
They went through much of the same proceedings that the alleged
Republican convention did. They effected a complete organization,
and the two malcontent factions finally decided to operate together
against the fusion or "fire" ticket.
For Congress Mr. Beveridge, Republican, received a total of 17,-
300 votes and Mr. Hayes, Democrat, 11,883. The majority for
the "fireproof" ticket in the city was, in round numbers, 10,000. It
was a sweeping victory and presumably meant good government
and reform.
In the spring of 1872 the cry was, "Anything to beat Grant." On
April 25 a large mass meeting assembled at Turner hall and was
addressed by Herman Leib, General Stiles and Leonard Swett. The
Democracy of Cook county was in a quandary as to the nominee of
the Liberal Republicans at Cincinnati. When Mr. Greeley was final-
ly nominated the- Cook County Democracy, though red in the face
and considerably confused, made the best of the nomination and pre-
pared to support the candidates. The renomination of Mr. Oglesby
for governor and the nomination of Mr. Beveridge for lieutenant
governor of Illinois on May 22, 1872, met the approval of the Re-
publicans of Cook county. J. Y. Scammon was chairman of the
committee on resolutions of the Republican state convention. Hor-
ace White and D. H. Hammond of Cook county were members of
the Liberal party ticket. A. C. Hesing was prominently mentioned
in connection with the nomination for lieutenant governor.
On September 30, 1872, the Republicans of Chicago were ad-
dressed by General Hawley of Connecticut at Burlington hall. A
large crowd was present and Lumbard's Glee club supplied the cam-
paign music. He denounced Mr. Greeley in the most scathing terms
and declared that he was a renegade Republican who, without prin-
ciple, had gone over to the Democracy for personal gain.
While the contest for Cook county offices in November, 1872,
was not extremely important, still both parties prepared to make the
nominations and actively to contest the result at the polls. The
local offices to be filled were those of state's attorney, sheriff, cir-
cuit clerk, recorder, county clerk, coroner, six county commission-
ers, seven state senators and fourteen representatives.
During the Presidential campaign of 1872 the Times openly op-
posed the election of Mr. Greeley to the Presidency. At all times
that paper ridiculed and abused the Liberal Republican candidates.
It denounced the leading supporters of the Liberal Republican ticket,
and particularly did it roast Messrs. McCormick, Harrison, Suth-
erland and Tuley. That newspaper declared that such men had sold
out the Democratic party and hopelessly divided it so that success
566 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
at the polls was impossible. During this campaign Lyman Trum-
bull supported the Liberal Republican ticket.
For governor, Oglesby received in the city 25,510 and the Liberal
ticket 16,196 votes. An important factor in local politics during this
compaign was the movement known as the Personal Liberty league,
supported and instigated by the saloon-keepers of the city. The city
of Chicago gave Grant and Wilson 24,054 votes, Greeley and
Brown 17,016, Grant's plurality being 8,038. Cook county gave
Grant arid Wilson a total of 31,318 votes and Greeley 18,836, the
total being 50,154, and Grant's majority being 12,482. Oglesby,
Republican candidate for governor, received 28,781 and his oppo-
nent, Coerner, 21,508.
The election of April, 1873, was a peculiar one. It was a victory
of the Irish population of Chicago over the native Americans and
the Germans. In the three towns composing Chicago the Irish
carried the elections by substantial majorities. The victory in
North Chicago was particularly gratifying to that nativity, because
that division was the stronghold of the German element. In the
South town and in the West town the results were equally marked
by the success of the so-called Irish candidates. This was not the
first nor the last time when the question of nativity was the deciding
factor.
The political campaign in the fall of 1873 was confused, erratic,
singular and more or less irregular. The Democratic and Republi-
can parties appeared in strength, and at the same time were willing
to make concessions to the powerful Irish and German elements
that had cut so important a figure in several previous contests, and
whose influence and support were desired. It was proposed that the
Irish and Germans should unite against both the Democratic and Re-
publican parties. Already by September they had practically formed
a coalition and were prepared to nominate a complete ticket. The
coalition leaders were called Nationalists and were led by Messrs.
Hesing, O'Hara, Lieb and others. Previous to this date the Irish
usually had been identified with the Democratic party. When the
coalition was formed they desired that the old name, in part at least,
should be retained and suggested the "Liberal Democratic Party" as
the title of the new organization. On the other hand the German
element, which had generally been identified with the Republicans,
desired the new name to be the "Liberal Conservative Party."
The coalition organization was called by the Times the "Beer and
Whisky party," the beer representing the Germans and the whisky
the Irish. The coalition party assembled about the middle of Sep-
tember and nominated a complete ticket and adopted a platform or
resolutions expressive of the principles and purposes of the new
organization. Generally the resolutions denounced the administra-
tion of public affairs throughout Cook county and demanded a
change in governmental affairs. The resolutions were a strange
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 567
commingling of Irish and German sentiments, aspirations, purposes
and maudlin Americanism. Sentiments which were clearly antag-
onistic were adopted under a platform of alleged principles. Par-
ticularly did the coalition party denounce the management of the
police department. A. C. Hesing was the holy father and savior of
this incongruous movement.
About the middle of October all factions became active. The
offices to be filled at the November election, 1873, were as follows:
Judge Superior court, judge County court, clerk of Criminal court,
county treasurer, clerk of County court, several county commis-
sioners, superintendent of schools, and in the city, mayor, treasurer,
collector, attorney, clerk of the police court and several aldermen.
The spoils were worth fighting for, hence as there were no political
principles involved, many factions appeared with banners and proc-
lamations demanding the support of the public.
By October 24, 1873, local politics surged, effervesced and boiled.
The feeling throughout the city was intense, owing to the sharp
rivalry of the various cabals. Numerous conventions representing
every shade of evanescent opinion and alleged principle were held,
candidates were announced and an active canvass of voices was in
startling progress. The greatest interest, of course, centered in the
offices of the city government.
The so-called Eclectic ticket nominated L. L. Bond for mayor,
and the coalition ticket, organized by Hesing and O'Hara, nomi-
nated H. D. Colvin for mayor. These two tickets were the princi-
pal ones before the people. The Times of November 1 said, "Chi-
cago has been the center of many exciting political campaigns, but
never of one so desperate as this, at least among professional poli-
ticians and their dummy retainers. Aside from the issues and stakes
involved, this excitement is largely due to the uncertainties that
always accompany new formations. Neither has measured the
strength of the other. Each side is afraid of the other and both
are keeping up their courage. The old parties in existence did not
fear innovations and accordingly made a serious mistake. In an
evil hour for the regular party lines a mutiny broke out in both
camps and for a time there was a beautiful fraternization. By slow
degrees political armies were again formed and without regard to
previous organization. The leaders were divided, the soldiers were
divided, and all of the old discipline went for naught, and now to
all intents and purposes both sides are composed of raw recruits.
The result will be a guerrilla warfare. The Germans now receive
orders from Daniel O'Hara and the Irish obey orders from A. C.
Hesing, the German. The same with the other factions of the old
parties. All elements are antagonistic, so that the result cannot
possibly be foretold." It was noted that on Sunday, November 2,
the political excitement was so great that men took their politics to
church and discussed measures at the close of the services.
568 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The final tickets in the field were four : The Eclectic, with L. L.
Bond for mayor; the coalition or Combined Bummer ticket, with H.
D. Colvin for mayor ; the Citizens' Union ticket, with L. L. Bond for
mayor, but with the balance of the ticket different from that of the
Eclectic ticket, and the People's ticket, with H. D. Colvin for mayor,
but with different names for the other offices. The registration
showed unusual interest for an "off-year" election. One of the
speakers called all the tickets "Office Seekers' tickets," and this
seemed to express the general opinion of the nominations by the vari-
ous coalitions and factions. At the election the People's ticket
throughout was elected by a majority ranging from five to ten thou-
sand. This was the success of the Irish and German coalition. The
Times of November 5 said "Now that the disgraceful and humiliat-
ing squabble for the local offices in this city and county is over, it is
hoped that the managers on all sides will retire from the public gaze
and devote some space of time to meditation upon their own folly
and stupidity. There has certainly never been witnessed in Chicago
an election contest exhibiting so many phases of gross mismanage-
ment, eliciting from the various champions so much damnable non-
sense, or provoking among rational and practical men so much gen-
uine contempt for men professing devotion to something which they
believe, or pretend to believe, to be right." That paper later in No-
vember said, "The excitement over the result of Tuesday's election
was more intense on yesterday than it was during the voting day.
The result as announced in the morning papers astonished every-
body. Victory had been conceded to the People's party early on the
previous afternoon, but no one expected that the rout of the other
party would be so complete and thorough as the result afterwards
showed it to be. On Yesterday morning it was developed that Mr.
Colvin's majority was over 10,000 and that Mr. O'Hara's was little
more than 100 behind him. The result was received with far greater
satisfaction than had been loked for. The fact that a very large
American vote was cast for the People's ticket did much toward re-
lieving the result from the character of triumph of the powerful for-
eign influence. This fact also did much to develop a general confi-
dence in the coming administration." The full vote cast for mayor
was 47,284, and for city treasurer 47,299. The majority for Colvin
was 10,257 and for O'Hara 10,065.
In April, 1874, the advisability of organizing a citizens' committee
was considered at the Palmer house. The object of the organization
as set forth in the preamble was as follows : To secure a more per-
fect administration of municipal affairs ; to promote the general wel-
fare and prosperity of the city; to protect citizens against the evil
consequences of careless or corrupt legislation ; to effect the prompt
enforcement and execution of the laws ; to protect and encourage
business and commercial interests; to foster and maintain credit; to
secure proper ordinances and laws; to kindle a more extended interest
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 569
in municipal legislation and administration ; to correct existing abuses
and prevent their recurrence. These principles, as announced, con-
tained many repetitions and could easily have been comprehended in
about four. It was another fanciful or factional movement along in-
dependent lines unhampered by party doctrines and restrictions. It
was openly charged, and many instances were given to prove the
statements, that the police department was in collusion with the gam-
blers of the city. In the summer of 1874 this fact was taken into
politics and cut a considerable figure during the fall campaign.
The Citizens' association was active and was supposed to be influ-
enced solely by the public welfare. It started out to reform politics
during the fall campaign of 1874, but like many other reforms it did
not accomplish all it undertook. There was now manifested a strong
disposition to disregard the new factions and to follow old mandates
and policies. The alleged reform movements were not believed to be
all that was claimed for them. The Opposition party was considered
to embrace all opposed to the existing city administration. Particu-
larly the Republicans determined to nominate and support their reg-
ular ticket. Ward meetings held throughout the city showed by the
sentiments expressed that Republicanism, after all, was believed by
members of that party to be best for city and county management.
At this time the communistic element in Chicago was so strong as not
only to influence elections, but to dictate policies of the cam-
paign. Now for the first time they took an independent stand and
threatened violence if their demands were not satisfied. Early in
October the Republicans were thoroughly organized. All other
factions united under the head of "Opposition." Meetings of the
Opposition party were held throughout the county and a thorough
organization was effected. The principle consideration was over the
offices of sheriff and coroner. William Onahan was chairman of
the county executive committee of the Opposition party. Frank Ag-
new was nominated by them for sheriff. J. D. Ward was nominated
for Congress by the Republicans and Carter H. Harrison by the
Democrats. Timothy W. Bradley was nominated for sheriff by
the Republicans.
This campaign was much more along old party lines than was
that of 1873. Then all was confusion. Now to some extent na-
tional policies ruled and guided the voters to their old party stan-
dards. Every faction in the city was thoroughly canvassed and
urged to side with the Republican or the Opposition. The Times
stated that two-thirds, probably three-fourths, of all the candidates
in Chicago for seats in the State Legislature were persons wholly
unfit to be trusted in any legislative capacity whatever. It said
that, "Most of them are political ignoramuses as well as scavenger
politicians — men without culture, experience or even fair informa-
tion in any branch or subject of public polity." This condition was
the result of that volcanic period. The grand total registration was
570 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
announced as 53,966 a few days before the election. The three Re-
publican candidates for Congress from Cook county were Sidney
Smith, Jasper D. Ward and Charles B. Farwell. The Opposition
candidates for Congress were Bernard G. Caulfield, Carter H. Har-
rison and John V. LeMoyne. The result of this election was favor-
able to Democracy, but there were many close contests. The Oppo-
sition made a better showing than had been expected.
In 1875 an important political question was whether the Chicago
city charter should be replaced with a new and better one. At this
date Hesing, Carl Clings and Alderman Campbell were proposed
for the mayoralty. Under the proposed new charter the mayor
could appoint the controller, corporation counsel, and commission-
ers of Public Works, Fire, Police and Health. The Tribune said,
"The action of the Common Council in passing a resolution com-
mendatory of the bill now pending before the Legislature for
amending the general incorporation act in its application to Chi-
cago was to be anticipated. It ought to be the best possible recom-
mendation which the bill could receive either before the Legislature
or when it comes before the people for adoption. The Common
Council is the fountain head of all the corruption that has disgraced
the city of Chicago for years, and it has been impossible under the
present city charter for the people to protect themselves against
the ring which has been formed." The fact that the Common Coun-
cil was habitually chosen under the disreputable ward system of pot-
house politics caused by the people of Chicago to demand a change.
The question of ring rule was taken into politics and controlled
party movements during 1875. The Citizens' association at this
date did most excellent work.
The original bill for the new charter of Chicago was prepared by
the Citizens' association. Early in April, 1875, it passed the Legis-
lature and was signed by the governor. It went into force on July
1 of the same year. The Tribune of April 4 said, "The opposition
to the passage of this law has been an extraordinary one. It has
been bitter, malicious, defamous and mendacious." There were
strange and artful combinations against it. The bill had for its ob-
ject the reorganization of the city government upon a responsible
and honest basis. It was designed to lift the city government out
of the rut into which it had been sinking deeper every year. It dis-
pensed with the various independent executive boards and estab-
lished one executive and responsible head. At first the Stoats
Zeitung, of which Mr. Hesing was chief proprietor, opposed the
charter, but later supported it. The Times caustically opposed it
and declared it was planned in order to make Mr. Hesing mayor.
The Journal and the Inter-Ocean opposed the new charter.
The town elections in April, 1875, were denounced in the sever-
est terms by the newspapers. There was no registration and no
check upon illegal voting. Loafers, gamblers, thieves, ward bum-
8-Lake and Hyde Park 1889; 0-oano
1890; 10-South Englewood 1890;
11-Washington Heights and West
Roseland 1890; 12-Fernwood 1891;
15-Part of Calumet 1895.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 573
mers, saloon-keepers and generally the most disreputable class of
the city managed these town elections and ruled matters with a rod
of iron. The tax-payers of the city paid accordingly by not attend-
ing; the gangs were at liberty to fleece them and did not hesitate to
do so. In the three towns large salary grabs were successfully car-
ried into execution by the ring elements and the criminals.
Candidates for mayor in the fall of 1875 were in suspense until
the Supreme court should decide whether the old charter or the new
one was in force. This election of mayor depended upon the de-
cision of the Supreme court. Accordingly all candidates were in
doubt and so were all parties until after the decision was rendered.
If the charter of 1872 ruled there would be no necessity of an elec-
tion. A special election would be necessary under the new charter.
The decision finally received postponed the election. The bulk of the '
city officials, including the aldermen, held over until the spring of
1876. This finality had been anticipated and had been vigorously
sought by the city administration under Mayor Colvin. In fact be-
fore the opinion was rendered by the Supreme court the mayor and
his friends in some mysterious manner became aware of what the
decision would be and celebrated their victory before it was official-
ly announced.
The new county courthouse became a partisan structure in 1875.
The first contract for masonry was given to professional politicians
and not to a mason. Two other lower bids from practical and ex-
perienced contractors were rejected. The foul condition of local
politics and city government in the fall of 1875 occasioned the grav-
est apprehensions. The city was in the hands of a merciless gang
that threatened it with the same shameful fate suffered by New
York under Tweed. It made no difference whether the new charter
was retained or not, the old, wolfish gang was sure to control the
city. So outrageous, brazen and barefaced had been the frauds
committed at the ballot box and so numerous were the instances of
flagrant corruption in the administration of city and county affairs,
that the people and the press felt the oppression and questioned
whether it would not be better to break summarily the rule of the
rascals and place the city again under the control of honesty and
decency. The Tribune said, "We are not crying wolf before the
wolves are here. They are already busily engaged in devouring
the substance of honest taxpayers. It will be easier to throttle them
now than a year, two years, ten years hence. Must we suffer as
New York did before we clap our rulers in jail and administer our
own affairs as she has done?"
The principal issue at the election of November, 1875, was the
honest, decent and economical administration of city and county
affairs. The Supreme court's charter decision rendered unneces-
sary a city election, but the county ticket and officials were regarded
as no less important than those of the city. A ring controlled the
Vol. U— 33.
574 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Board of Commissioners and plundered the taxpayers at every op-
portunity. The construction of the courthouse would give the ring
a splendid opportunity to display its cunning and rapacity. Five
new county commissioners and a county treasurer were to be elect-
ed. The opposition convention nominated Judge Gary and Judge
McAllister for judgships and A. C. Hesing for county treasurer.
The nomination of Judge Gary was nonpartisan and no one of either
party objected to Judge McAllister. The Republicans nominated
Louis Huck for county treasurer and Gary and McAllister for
judges. It was noted at the Republican convention that there was
a determination on the part of all who participated to name the best
possible men for the positions regardless of factions. There was a
remarkable absence of wire pulling, log rolling, trading, partisan-
ship, etc. Rousing meetings were held in all parts of the county.
At no time since 1872 were the Republicans and Democrats so thor-
oughly awake to the necessities of the hour as at this time. They
were determined to defeat the city and county rings.
The Jefferson club, a faction of the Democracy, concluded at first
to place a ticket in the field. They did not like the opposition party
which was managed by Mr. Hesing and was made up mainly of
Democrats. The election committee of the County Board refused
the demand of the Republicans for the appointment of a Republican
inspector in each voting precinct. The Jeffersonian club likewise
demanded to be so represented. On October 25 an immense meet-
ing of the Republicans was held at Central hall, Twenty-second
street and Wabash avenue. Gen. John A. Logan delivered a speech
on national issues. The Republican candidates were present and
likewise addressed the audience. When it came to a finality the
Jeffersonians joined the opposition party and did not nominate an
independent ticket. Thomas Hoyne was one of the leaders of the
Jeffersonians. Late in October a mass meeting of business men de-
nounced the action of the County Commissioners in refusing to give
each of the political parties a proper representation at the polls.
Under pressure the board finally granted the request.
The election was hotly contested and resulted in the defeat of
the opposition ticket. The entire Republican ticket was elected with
the exception of two candidates. The Tribune said : "The city
and county are at last redeemed from the burden of corruption which
has so long weighed them down. This is glory enough for one day.
For two years the city of Chicago has groaned under a government
which has been administered largely under the patronage
of the professional politicians, and which, putting public opinion
at defiance, has catered to the interests of the criminal class. The
worst feature of this whole business has been the attempted combi-
nation of all citizens of foreign birth and the criminal class in open
and direct antagonism to the general public. This combination has
possession of the city and county governments, and Mr. Hesing,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 575
placing himself at its head, sought to make the domination perpet-
ual and himself dictator." The Republicans elected their ticket by
about 4,000 majority. The vote in Chicago was the largest ever
cast in the city. Huck, Republican, received 25,237 ; Hesing, Oppo-
sition, 23,063 ; Keeley, Independent, 7,288 ; total vote cast for county
treasurer in Chicago, 55,588. The Opposition was a coalition of the
Irish and Germans who were bent on plunder and spoils.
The election of city officers in the spring of 1876 was considered
important. Both parties decided to control the City Council. On
the other hand the ring which had managed it for years did not
propose to permit either of the old parties to remove them from
their scene of plunder and power. Complete town tickets were put
out by all parties in April. At town elections in the spring of 1876
there was cast a larger vote than ever before in the history of the
county. Desperate attempts to stuff ballot boxes and othenvise per-
petrate fraud were made at the polls by the bummer element. The
election was so critical and so important that the best citizens of
both parties joined hands to defeat the old wolves, rings and gangs.
The outrages committed by the ringsters in the First and Second
wards of the South division roused the people of the city. This
was done under the eyes of the mayor and the city marshal. Sev-
eral of the old gang succeeded in electing themselves to office for
another year, to the disgust of honest Democrats and Republicans.
They triumphed by reason of the most infamous frauds at the polls.
Ballot boxes were stuffed, and honest voters were prevented from
casting their ballot. On April 6, 1876, the Republicans nominated
Clark Lipe for city treasurer and Caspar Butz for city clerk.
The Democratic convention was held at McCormick hall on April
8. M. W. Fuller was chairman. The convention nominated Clin-
ton Briggs for city treasurer and Hans Haerting for city clerk. It
is notable that the Republican and Democratic conventions passed
resolutions condemning in the strongest terms ballot box frauds and
demanding from the citizens of the county an honest vote.
The friends of Harvey D. Colvin made desperate efforts to re-
elect him mayor, but the Democrats and Republicans alike who were
honest determined otherwise. Mr. Colvin pretended to be a Demo-
crat, but was supported by the worst element of all parties. The
Democratic city convention and the Republican city convention re-
pudiated Mr. Colvin and his hungry and unprincipled crowd. A
mass meeting of Democrats and Republicans was called to meet at
the Exposition building on April 11, and the newspapers of both
parties suggested that Thomas Hoyne should be nominated for
mayor on that occasion. Mayor Colvin, however, was resolved to
hold over another year. The Tribune said, "The next step to con-
sider is how the people shall proceed so as to rid the city of Colvin's
official presence and at the same time keep within the law. This
is one of the questions to be decided by the mass meeting called for
576 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Tuesday evening at the Exposition building. There will be 20,000
people at the meeting. There will be but a single sentiment, the
time having passed for calling an election for mayor as required
by the present charter, and the council ring having insolently re-
fused to afford a lawful opportunity for the expression of the popu-
lar will, there seems to be authority provided by the charter for
holding the election. The ring judges in some precincts may possi-
bly refuse to count the votes for mayor." The mass meeting of
April 1 1 was declared to have been attended by 40,000 citizens. It
was one of the most notable gatherings ever held in Chicago. It
was a spontaneous, courageous and effective movement against the
outrageous administration of Mayor Colvin and against all ring
rule and gang methods and fraudulent practices of every descrip-
tion. The meeting was called to order by Elliott Anthony. John
Wentworth was chosen chairman. He ddelivered a strong speech
explaining the object of the meeting and calling upon the citizens
to redeem themselves from the rule of the plunderers. The commit-
tee on resolutions reported a series of the most stirring appeals ever
made here in time of peace. The resolutions did not mince terms,
but called robbers and plunderers by their right names. Thomas
Hoyne, who was previously selected as the nominee for mayor, was
called out and delivered a strong speech in favor of reform. Elliott
Anthony also addressed the meeting. Thomas A. Moran, Leonard
Swett, Arthur Mitchell, Mark Sheridan, Colonel Van Arman, Rob-
ert Collier, Judge Otis and many others delivered speeches either
at this meeting or at one of the many branch gatherings held on this
memorable occasion. The Tribune said editorially: "In point of
numbers it far exceeded any assemblage ever witnessed in the West.
The monstrous hall when the meeting organized contained not less
than 25,000 persons. Though there were two stands, one at each
end, a large part of the multitude could not hear and retired ; still
for two hours there was a constant stream of persons entering the
hall taking the places of those passing out. It is safe to say that
during the evening 40,000 persons, almost without exception voters,
attended the meeting." The assemblage demanded the resignation
of four objectionable members of the City Board. A committee
was appointed to demand of Mayor Colvin his resignation. The
meeting designated Thomas Hoyne to be voted for at the Tuesday
election for mayor. Another committee was appointed to demand
of the Common Council the appointment of honest election officers.
Four men who it was declared had usurped town offices were re-
quested to resign. Under pressure the Common Council partially
revised the list of election judges. The Democrats and Republicans
both nominated Thomas Hoyne for mayor, but kept intact the re-
mainder of their tickets. Mr. Hoyne was elected mayor by almost
a unanimous vote. Clinton Briggs, Democrat, was elected city treas-
urer, but the other offices of the city were filled by the Republicans.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 577
B. G. Caulfield was elected to Congress by a majority of 408;
C. H. Harrison by a majority of 8; C. B. Farwell by a majority of
186. The election was a surprise to everybody. Old party lines to
a large extent were obliterated. The Republicans in Cook county
unquestionably suffered more than they ever had at any previous
election.
At the November election, 1876, three senators, two representa-
tives from each of the seven districts, state's attorney, clerk of the
Circuit court, recorder, sheriff, coroner, and five county commis-
sioners were to be chosen. This ticket was sufficiently important to
justify great effort by all parties to elect it. In addition the national
campaign furnished unusual excitement and the two combined
served to spur the partisan enthusiasm of all citizens. In October,
1876, the Democratic county convention named Egbert Jamieson for
state's attorney; Charles Kern, sheriff; Dr. Quirk, coroner; John
Comiskey, recorder, and Edward Rummel, clerk of the Circuit
court, etc. This list of nominees was severely criticised by Repub-
lican newspapers. Nearly every one had made enemies, was more or
less unpopular, and not a few of them had bad records as public
officials. The Republican county convention nominated John H.
Clough for sheriff; Luther Laflin Mills, state's attorney; Jacob
Gross, clerk of the Circuit court ; Emil Dietsch, coroner ; Capt. J. W.
Brockway, recorder, and named candidates for other offices. The
men, as a whole, nominated by the Republican party were well
known, untainted by charges of fraud and presumably honest and
incorruptible. The Democrats divided their ticket almost equally
between the Irish and the Germans, with two positions given to
native Americans. The Republican convention gave the Germans
a Congressman, the coroner, and clerk of the Circuit court. The
Scandinavians were represented on the ticket, but Americans pre-
dominated.
For many years the citizens of cook county had been dissatisfied
with the County Board. It was too often controlled by dishonest
men, an immense debt had been created when it was thought wholly
unnecessary, and it had vast power over the destiny and property
of the whole county. Hence it was rightfully concluded in the fall
of 1876 that a great effort to secure honest men for that body should
be made. It was conceded that the existing board was ruled by a
majority that was corrupt and that sought the position in order to
make money through graft, presumably. As the new courthouse
was in process of erection, honest men should dominate the County
Board, it was argued. The candidates for both parties of the Legis-
lature were about equal in point of merit and honesty.
That the Democrats were in earnest in their efforts to secure
good and incorruptible men was shown by their selection of a com-
mittee of 100 citizens of Chicago, whose duty it was to purify the
Democratic nominations for the Legislature and for county com-
578 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
missioners. The Democrats themselves admitted that their Legis-
lative ticket was inferior if not worse. The Republicans also ad-
mitted that their Legislative ticket could be improved. Both par-
ties made concessions to the disreputable element. Thus on the face
of the returns both parties trifled with the public welfare by nomi-
nating inferior men. It was urged that the Republicans likewise
should appoint a large committee to purify its ticket and present
Chicago with a body of officials fit to be voted for. They did so.
On October 21, 1876, an immense meeting of the Republicans at
the Exposition building was addressed by Col. Robert G. Ingersoll in
his usual eloquent and brilliant style. The Tribune stated that at
least 50,000 people were packed in the Exposition building and that
this was the second time the building was filled. Frank Lumbard's
famous Glee club furnished the music. They sang "Old Shady" and
"The Battle Hymn of the Republic" with splendid effect. Andrew
Shuman introduced Mr. Ingersoll. As the distinguished orator arose
to address the vast audience he was greeted with tumultuous applause
that lasted for ten minutes. Frequently he attempted to speak, but
was interrupted by the applause which burst forth again and again.
His speech was audacious, argumentative, logical, picturesque and
higly ornate. He held the vast audience entranced for an hour
and a half. His speech was published in full in the newspapers and
used as a campaign document during the rest of the season.
On October 17, 1876, Gen. Benjamin Harrison of Indiana ad-
dressed a large audience at Farwell hall. His fame had preceded
him and one of the most enthusiastic assemblages of the campaign
listened to his ringing words. On the platform were John Went-
worth, Elliot Anthony, James P. Root, and George P. Bogue. In
point of logic, patriotism and wisdom this speech was not surpassed
in this city during the campaign. It was published in full by the
newspapers.
The Democratic legislative nominations were given to the Bum-
mer element as it was then called, to repay them and win their as-
sistance and cooperation. When the committee of 100 was appoint-
ed to cleanse this ticket, the action immediately encountered opposi-
tion from the faction represented by those men. Very little change
was made, because any alteration meant the withdrawal of that
element from the Democratic ranks. The Democratic nominee for
Congress, Mr. Hoxie, was not the mental or moral equal of Mr.
Aldrich, the Republican candidate.
On October 28, 1876 James G. Blaine addressed an immense au-
dience at the Exposition building. The audience was not so large
as the one which listened to Mr. Ingersoll. It was estimated that
25,000 people were present. He delivered a masterful address two
hours in length.
During October, 1876, Mr. Hendricks of Indiana, the Vice-
Presidential nominee, appeared before an immense Chicago audience.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 579
As many turned out to hear him as went to hear Mr. Elaine. His
speech was the best delivered here in the cause of Democracy during
the fall.
The vote for state's attorney in April, 1876, was as follows:
Tuthill (Republican), 27,348; Adams (Democrat), 23,003. The
Greenbackers organized and had a partial ticket in the field, but
generally split and usually joined the Democracy for a concession.
At the presidential election on November 7, 1876, the Tilden
electors received in Cook county a total of 39,302 votes. The Hayes
electors received a total of 36,898 votes. The vote for governor
was as follows: Steward, Democratic, 38,178; Cullom, Republican,
37,977. For state's attorney Jamieson received 35,914 and Mills
40,124. For sheriff Kern received 40,832 and Clough 35,099. At
this election the following townships cast a majority of votes for
the Tilden electors: Lake, Lemont, Niles, Norwood Park and
Palos. All the other country towns of the county cast a majority
of the Hayes electors.
The result of the election was nearly a clean sweep for the Dem-
ocrats. The Republicans accordingly were shrouded in gloom. At
first it was reported that the Republican national ticket was lost.
The next papers contained hope, and subsequent issues gradually
brightened the situation. Then there was the long wait before the
result was finally announced. The Tribune of November 12, 1876,
said, "Since Grant's campaign of the Wilderness there has not been
experienced here a week of such excitement as that through which
we have just passed. The vote in the city was the largest ever
polled. When news was received of the loss of New York, Hayes'
stock fell flat and the Democrats exulted in their triumph."
The Tribune of December 4, 1876, said, "The Board of County
Commissioners is no longer worthy to be dignified by that title. It
has come to be simply an organized ring for plunder and has grown
so bold that it hesitates at no outrage which is regarded as an
auxiliary to its mercenary purposes."
On April 2, 1877, Abner Taylor, candidate for mayor, withdrew
from the race. He said, "The first public act leading to a nomina-
tion is what is known in modern politics as a primary. These meet-
ings the business element as a whole do not attend. The worst
politicians, the idle and criminal classes, all do so, the leaders of
tens, twenties, and fifties bring along and deliver their followers for
pay, and thus many of the delegates to the conventions are chosen.
In theory, Republican primaries are attended by Republicans and
Democratic primaries by Democrats, but as a matter of fact the dan-
gerous classes double up and attend both primaries and get twice
paid. The delegate ticket thus chosen is largely bad and when the
conventions are held there are many dangerous and notoriously bad
characters thus in conspicuous places. After the nominations arc
made the better class of voters adhere to their politics in order to
maintain a standing and influence with the leaders."
580 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The city taxes prior to the election of Mayor Heath and the ex-
isting city government were about $6,000,000 per year. During
his term Mayor Heath and his council introduced retrenchment so
as to bring down taxes by 1877 to $4,000,000 a year. In other
words, Mayor Heath's administration saved taxpayers $2,000,000
annually. Accordingly the Republicans renominated Mayor Heath
and also nominated a list of aldermen who were pledged to support
his retrenchment policies. The reelection of Mayor Heath was de-
clared to be much more desirable than the election of Mr. Smith,
and it was equally important and desirable that the City Council
should be able to act with the mayor. Therefore, Democrats and
Republicans were urged to unite and make a clean sweep of the
municipal ticket. The Republicans nominated Monroe Heath for
mayor; C. R. Larrabee, city treasurer; R. S. Tuthill, city attorney,
and Caspar Butz, city clerk. The Democrats nominated for these
offices in the order named, Perry H. Smith, Clinton Briggs, William
J. Hynes and Rudolph Rhubaum. The Municipal Reform club was
active in investigating the character of candidates and in making
recommendations to the voters. Aldermen from all the wards were
to be elected. Sidney Smith in a speech just before this election
said that, "The April election, 1877, is more important to the tax-
payers of Chicago than was the election for President last fall."
The Chicago Times said, "Of the eighteen aldermen nominated by
the Democrats there is but one who is a respectable man and fit to
be trusted with the responsibility of serving in the council."
At the election in April, 1877, the Republicans made a clean
sweep of all the municipal offices, electing Mayor Heath by a major-
ity of about 12,000. The majority in the council was Republican,
and in minor offices the Republicans gained considerably. In every
precinct of the city, according to newspapers, repeaters were in evi-
dence. There being no registry, they were unusually bold. The
newspapers contained the names of a score of more of men who
were caught in the act of repeating. How many more were guilty
was problematical, but must have been very large. As a matter of
fact the Democrats suffered severely at the spring election, 1877,
not only in the aldermanic contests, but also in the town elections.
The town meetings in the South, West and North divisions were
controlled by business men and taxpayers, with the result that better
officers in these towns were elected than probably ever before. The
system of retrenchment adopted by the Heath administration re-
ceived the approval of the people at the ballot box. At this time
there was pending in the Legislature the Robinson bill, which pro-
posed to legislate the present corrupt Board of Cook County Com-
missioners out of existence and authorize the people to choose an
entire new board. It was recommended that this bill should be
pushed through the Legislature at once. Eighteen aldermen were
elected. It was stated that twenty-nine or thirty aldermen were
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 581
reputable men and might be depended upon to preserve the interests
of the city.
In June, 1877, the grand jury returned fourteen indictments,
among which were those against Periolat, Kimberly, O'Donnell,
Sweetzer, Johnson, McCaffrey, Carroll, Carpenter, Forsyth, Hins-
dale, Mehlick and Walker. They were charged with crimes all the
way from conspiracy to perjury.
The election of November, 1877, was important because a new
Board of Commissioners was to be chosen to take the place of the
rascals who had been turned out. Both parties nominated full tick-
ets, but in no instance was proper care taken to secure the best men ;
partisans put through slated tickets with the usual result. The
importance of the election was realized when it was known that
the board for the coming year would have the expenditure of an im-
mense sum of money, and that the people would be asked to vote
$500,000 nominally for courthouse bonds, but really for extras and
other ulterior purposes. It was shown by the grand jury investiga-
tion that the Board of Commissioners for years had made a corrupt
alliance with contracting parties whereby the county was robbed
and its poor dependents were deprived of food, clothing and medi-
cine paid for by the county. The stolen amounts were used by the
ring in the County Board. The facts showed that seven hold-over
members of the new County Board were members of the old ring,
and that they numbered only one short of a majority to rule. As
five new commissioners were to be elected it was necessary that all
of them should be upright and honest or the same deplorable and
desperate condition of affairs would again be experienced. For
the past three years there had been an almost perpetual scandal
growing out of the rapacious proceedings of the County Board.
Law suits, injunctions, trials, perjury, fraud, indictments, con-
tracts, claims, salaries, treble the number of officers, excessive taxa-
tion, immense floating debt, public credit nearly gone, were the
topics repeated over and over again by the newspapers and orators
until people were sick of the terms and the corruption. Every ne-
cessity for reform was manifested. The office of county clerk was
declared by the press to be a nest of corruption. The election was
announced to mean the continuation or the downfall of the county
ring. The same reform was now demanded in the county adminis-
tration that was accomplished eighteen months before in the city
government. The newspapers branded the men who stayed away
from the polls enemies of the public welfare. There was every indi-
cation that ballot-box stuffing would be practiced and every trick
worked upon the people by the unscrupulous ring to secure a new
lease of power.
There were to be elected at this date a county treasurer, clerk,
judges of the Superior, Circuit and Probate courts, clerk of the
Criminal court and five county commissioners. The result of the
582 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
election was the complete success of the Republican ticket. This
was taken to mean the deathblow of ring rule in the County Board.
The county ring received a deathblow. The Greenbackers and the
workingmen were strongly represented during this campaign. There
were really four tickets in the field : Republican, Democratic, Green-
backer and Communist. The latter made a better showing than
was expected. The Republican majority on the various candidates
varied from three to nine thousand. The bond issue was defeated.
The Tribune said : "Thus after a long season of notorious official
plunder and robbery, bad municipal government, city and county
were rescued from the hands of public enemies. That it cost this
fierce struggle to accomplish the change is another proof of the
tenacity with which official robbers hold on to office of which they
get possession. It cost two years of desperate struggle to get rid
of the Colvin administration. The indifference of so many business
men to the power of caucuses strengthened all kinds of corruption
in office." The main surprising feature of the local election was
that the Communist ticket polled between 6,000 and 7,000 votes in
the city. As election day approached it seemed to be forgotten that
there was any such ticket in the field. Newspapers paid no attention
whatever to it. The campaign committees ignored it. It was gener-
ally supposed that all the strength of the workingmen's movement
had been squelched by the Democrats. The result was due to a
union of the Industrials with the Communists on general principles
and not in details. The convention was held under the name of the
Industrials. Finally this faction cemented with the Communist ticket.
The vote of the Communists was confined largely to the Fifth, Sixth
and Seventh wards where the Irish and Bohemians resided ; also to
the Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth wards where the Germans
and Scandinavians dwelt. The total vote cast in Cook county at this
election was 57,584. On the question of a state house appropriation
tax the vote was as follows: For the appropriation, 12,779; against
the appropriation, 44,805.
In the spring of 1878 many disreputables were named for places
in the City Council. Never were more stringent and earnest efforts
made to get rid of them than at that election. In all of the down
town wards the clans and cohorts of the vicious element marshaled
their forces and fought desperately for the success of scheming
candidates. They depended to a large extent upon the apathy of
honest voters. They hoped that upright men, disgusted with their
mud-slinging tactics, would permit elections to go by default, and
to some extent their judgment was right. However, there never
was a more earnest effort made to weed out bad men than on this
occasion. Speakers and newspapers urged in glowing terms that
citizens should vote for honest men regardless of party affiliations.
But the wolves and rascals of every hue were active and vigorous,
particularly in the First and Second wards. They did not hesitate
HI8TORY OF COOK COUNTY 583
to name for the council men of known dishonesty. The same was
true of the town tickets. The South side Nationals largely joined
the Democrats. There was much trading of candidates. One fac-
tion, upon consideration of having their candidate supported, prom-
ised support to the candidate of another faction. Perhaps more
than ever before was this practice indulged at this election. As a
whole it was an active, vindictive and aggressive campaign, full of
disgusting personalities and squabbles and replete with lurid tales
of factional differences patched into respectable shape. It should
be said to the credit of the newspapers that they advocated the elec-
tion of the best men regardless of party considerations. The action
of Commissioner Senne of the County Board in an endeavor to re-
duce county expenses was taken into politics and its wisdom was
thoroughly discussed. The question of a new issue of city scrip
was a political subject at this election.
The result of the April election, 1878, was a disappointment to
the better element of citizens regardless of party. When the smoke
cleared away it was found that scalawag aldermen, disreputable
assessors and unscrupulous supervisors were chosen, owing mainly
to the apathy and lukewarmness of the voters. The vicious ele-
ment showed greater energy and deliberation than ever before and
succeeded. The Socialist ticket was well supported. That body
had drawn largely from the old parties during the last few years
until now a comparatively strong showing was made. It was at
this time that their candidates adopted more than ever before the
tactics of addressing large crowds of working people on the streets.
The ringsters did not hesitate to use large sums of money to cor-
rupt voters and the ballot box.
In the South, West and North towns and in Hyde Park prac-
tically the same conditions prevailed. As a whole, the election was
quiet and the vote comparatively small. The contests were almost
wholly local because there were no general city offices to be filled.
Four tickets were in the field, Republican, Democrat, National and
Socialist. There were several independent candidates for alderman
and the Nationals and Democrats generally united. In the South
town the Republicans elected their ticket with one exception. In
the West town the Democrats elected all of their candidates, and in
the North town two Republicans were elected and all the others were
Democratic. The Socialists were jubilant over their election of one
candidate and their further success in nearly electing two more.
The Greenbackers elected a few town officers and polled a creditable
vote in the South and West divisions.
In April, 1878, it was acknowledged that the Communists had a
strong organization in Chicago — one that embraced from 7,000 to
8,000 men. They openly advocated a division of property and the
overthrow of the competitive system of labor. Their object was to
unite the laboring class against the capitalistic class. It was known
584 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
that they were regularly drilled in what they called circles, and fur-
ther that they were armed. It was recognized that Socialism and
Communism were practically the same, so far as that element in
Chicago was concerned. Parsons, Schilling and McAuliff were the
leading Socialists. Prominent members of that organization admit-
ted that the movement was a general war against property.
In October, 1878, the people were asked to vote bonds to the
amount of $750,000 to assist the County Board out of its difficulties.
Generally, the newspapers opposed this step. They declared that
it meant an indorsement of the outrageous extravagance of the
county administration. All parties during October made unusually
strong efforts to elect their candidates. The Greenback party was
strong, aggressive and enthusiastic. They met, organized and final-
ly ratified the Democratic nominations with few exceptions. The
election of commissioners a year before had not proved all that was
hoped. Ring methods still ruled the County Board. It was there-
fore urged with great persistence and vehemence that the county
government should be purged and purified. The city government
had been thoroughly overhauled and improved and was at this date
fairly creditable. Now it was urged the attention of the citizens
should be directed to the complete renovation of the County Board.
The newspapers unhesitatingly called the County Board an unscru-
pulous gang of tax devourers. Cook county was urged to do its
duty in selecting clean, able and honest men for the national Legis-
lature. Members of the Legislature, upon whom would devolve the
election of the next United States senator, were held up to public
inspection. The office of sheriff was involved in this contest and
five new commissioners were to be elected. Both of the old parties
were too nearly being dominated by the irresponsible not to say
vicious element within their ranks. The parties in strength being
nearly equal resorted to various tactics more or less unscrupulous
to secure the support of irresponsible and disorganized factions, and
doing so were compelled to grant them political favors. It was well
known that for years the irresponsible element of both parties had
in a large measure dictated the selection of candidates for Congress,
the Legislature and the city and county governments. Particularly
was Sheriff Kern denounced for his cooperation with irresponsible
and vicious elements. His defeat was urged upon the people. He
would receive every vote dug from the slums and the pest houses of
crime, vagrancy, pauperism, drunkenness and vice.
The campaign of October, 1878, was bitter, personal and relent-
less. The enemies of honest government concerted in a desperate
attempt to secure prizes at the polls. Every concession, whether
fair or unfair, that would secure the cooperation of the vicious
classes was adopted by all party organizations. Partisan newspapers
supported with great acclamation and gusto the nominees of their
parties regardless of their personal unfitness and bad records. The
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 585
Communists were particularly active, vigilant, insinuating, bold, de-
ceptive and wide-awake. Every indication showed contemplated
repeating and ballot-box stuffing on election day. Accordingly the
honest factions of both parties, while winking at their own short-
comings, denounced in unsparing terms the conduct of other fac-
tions not in accordance with their views. The Greenbackers made
a considerable showing, but in a large measure were absorbed by
the other parties, to whom were offered plums of considerable value.
The newspapers tore to tatters the ambitions and hopes of irrespon-
sible candidates and exhibited in lurid colors their dishonest preten-
sions. The work of political clubs was particularly noteworthy at
this time. Every ward had its Democratic, Republican or other
club. Sundays, when the laboring element was idle, were devoted
near the close of the campaign almost wholly to political purposes.
The Socialists on that day gained more than any other party. There
was a Temperance ticket. It seems to have been an attempt to divide
the strength of the Republican party.
The success of the election November, 1878, was generally with
the Republican party. They elected the sheriff, coroner, two county
commissioners and three congressmen by ample majorities. They
likewise made a creditable showing on the state ticket. The citizens
voted for the issue of $750,000 worth of bonds despite the recom-
mendations of Republican leaders and the press. Aldrich, Davis,
and Barber, Republicans, were elected to Congress. Hoffman was
elected sheriff by about 4,000 majority. The Greenback vote was
comparatively small. The Socialists made a better showing, elect-
ing several of their candidates. The greatest sufferers were the
Democrats, although they succeeded in electing several of their
most prominent candidates. It is probable that never before in the
history of Chicago politics did any newspaper here descend to such
depths of abuse, misrepresentation, vilification and calumny as did
the Times in its attack on John Hoffman, Republican candidate for
sheriff. The Tribune was equally severe in its attack upon Mr.
Kern, the ruling sheriff. The mistake made by the Democrats at
this election, and the principal reason for their overwhelming de-
feat, was in nominating objectionable men for office.
An important political question in April, 1879, was the election
of satisfactory town tickets. A desperate fight to secure good al-
dermen was made in March. All parties and all factions of parties
carried on spirited, vindictive and memorable campaigns. In every
ward activity in political affairs took the place of nearly all other
important events. The Republican newspapers demanded the de-
feat of Carter H. Harrison for mayor. His record in Congress was
thoroughly analyzed and held up for inspection. He was popular
with all classes, even with the Republicans, although generally he
was denounced by the Republican press. The Democrats enthusi-
astically supported him, and in the end many Republicans voted for
586 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
him. A. M. Wright was the Republican candidate for mayor. All
parties, through their vicious factions, practiced more or less fraud
at the polls. Repeating was a common pastime of the disreputables
of all parties. The Republican press declared the election of Mr.
Harrison to the mayoralty meant that the old Colvin gang of thieves
and disreputables would again rule the city government. The Dem-
ocrats pointed with pride to Mr. Harrison's conduct in Congress and
to the administration of city and county affairs here.
The election of April, 1879, was a complete Democratic triumph.
It was a rebuke to the Republicans for being too partisan and for
having named a number of undesirables for office. The entire city
government passed under the control of the Democrats. The Dem-
ocratic majority was approximately 5,000. The Republicans were
faulty and unconcerned, while their vigilant and aggressive enemy
lost no opportunity to influence every faction to assist them. The
heavy Socialistic vote was lost to the Republicans. Particularly did
the Democrats gain in the Irish wards. The Republicans won in
the South town, but the Democrats won in the North and West di-
visions. As a matter of fact, the popularity of Mr. Harrison occa-
sioned in a large measure the success of the entire Democratic
ticket. Mr. Harrison was elected mayor; William Seipp, treasurer;
J. S. Grinnell, city attorney; and P. J. Howard, city clerk. Mr.
Harrison received 25,401; Mr. Wright, 20,060; and Mr. Schmidt,
Socialist, 11,818. The immense Socialist vote astonished every-
body. The Republicans elected nine aldermen, the Democrats six,
and the Socialists five. The day was unusually quiet, but there was
considerable trading and wire pulling all day at the polls. The
Democrats held a great jubilation over their success when the results
were known. The Socialists were elated, because they had been
permitted to carry measures without interruption or interference
during the campaign. The vote in Lake was the largest ever polled,
being 2,665. The Citizens' ticket, as the Democratic ticket was
called, was elected by a large majority. It was particularly noted
that there was an immense falling off in the vote of the Republican
wards and a large increase in the majority of the Democratic wards.
The question of how the City Council would be organized became
at once important. The Lawler-Tuley coalition was all-powerful, it
was thought. The design of this coalition was to control the ap-
pointment of council committees, but Mr. Harrison had something
to say on that question. The advent of Mr. Harrison and his party
meant numerous changes, and consequently the clamor for office
among the Democrats was widespread and persistent.
The election of judges in June was considered an important event.
The Democratic candidates for the Circuit bench were Rodgers,
McAllister, Moran, Burnam and Tuley, and for the Supreme bench
Judge Dickey. The Republicans nominated for judges Williams,
Booth, Reed, Rosenthal and Buell. Thomas Dent was nominated
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 587
for judge of the Supreme court. The Democrats elected their ju-
dicial ticket by a considerable majority. For the Supreme court
Dickey's majority over Dent's was 7,884. The Communists voted
with the Democrats. The excellence of the Democratic nominees
was the occasion of their success.
In the fall of 1879 both old parties worked with the object of
securing such a victory as would make an impression on the Presi-
dential campaign of 1880. Carter H. Harrison, assisted by Judge
Trumbull, led the hosts of Democracy and in a stirring campaign
demanded of the people the success of his party at the polls. Mr.
Harrison further won approval of his management of city affairs
since last spring. The Republicans were not the least backward in
making the fight along national issues. It was realized that it might
have an important bearing upon the national election which way
Chicago and Cook county went in the November election of 1879.
An interesting contest during the campaign was that of Mr. Adolph
Moses against Sidney Smith for the Superior court judgeship. So
important was the election considered that the banks and the Board
of Trade resolved to close on election day. Many merchants per-
mitted their help to leave long enough to vote. A petition signed by
hundreds of merchants to this effect was circulated. Carter H.
Harrison was a skilful politician and an adroit campaign manager,
probably one of the most able, artful and successful politicians in
the history of Chicago and Cook county. One of his tricks to gain
support and popularity was to pay off policemen, firemen, etc., in
gold coin a few days previous to election day. On this occasion
North and West Chicago were called upon to vote on the question
of consolidating the three park towns of South,. North and West
Chicago under one set of officers.
At this election the county was required to vote on the question of
refunding county bonds to the amount of $1,150,000 bearing 7 per
cent with a new issue of 5 per cent bonds. It was recommended by
the parties that this measure should be carried. Carter H. Harri-
son was criticized sharply for his arrogant control of city affairs, for
his numerous small mistakes, and for the snubs and insults he had
given respectable men in public affairs. He intimated to the police,
fire and other departments that they would be expected to vote and
work for the Democratic party. Mr. Harrison at this election was
the most imposing figure before the people of the city. Both parties,
while guilty of questionable methods themselves, took extraordinary
means to prevent fraud by the other party. Stuffing ballot boxes,
false registration, voting on fictitious names, repeating and swearing
in illegal votes were the means practiced by all parties to win success.
The result of the election in November, 1879, was a Republican
triumph in both city and county. In the city the Republican ma-
jority was about 4,500. W. T. Johnson was elected county treas-
urer, Sidney Smith, judge of the Superior court; J. J. Healy, clerk
588 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
of the Superior court; Alexander Wolcott, county surveyor. Four
Republican county commissioners were elected. The questions of
issuing county bonds and of consolidating the park districts were
carried by large majorities. The Republican success was no doubt
due largely to the general excellence of the nominations. The whole
county went to the Republicans by about 10,000 majority. Smith's
majority over Moses' for Superior judge was 11,051 and Johnson's
majority over Guerin's (Democrat) for county treasurer was 8,970.
For county treasurer Altpeter (Socialist candidate) received a total
of 4,065 votes in the county and 3,939 in Chicago. This election
was exactly the reverse of that held seven months before. It was
notable now that the Socialists were materially checked in their
development. Their vote for Schmidt, candidate for mayor in
April, 1879, was 11,818. This was taken to mean that the Socialist
propaganda had spent its force. The Citizen's League did much
good service during this campaign in holding up to public gaze the
character, record and general fitness of all candidates. They paid
particular attention to the suppression of the liquor interests in polit-
ical affairs. On the other hand the Saloon-Keepers' association was
alert, active and influential.
At the spring election, 1880, the Socialists made an elaborate ex-
hibition. The contention was for aldermen. Both Democrats and
Republicans conducted vigorous campaigns. A local newspaper
said, "The aldermanic scramble has already become, so to speak, red
hot. Persons who were thought to be politically dead years ago
have been resurrected and their acts have arisen with them to in-
struct, alarm and warn the public. The sublimity of human hardi-
hood has been achieved by at least a few of those whose names are
infamously gilded by the corruption of other years." The saloon
element during this campaign made herculean efforts to win suc-
cess. As a matter of fact this election was between the reputables
and disreputables. The better class of citizens called for ability and
personal integrity, and it must be admitted that the opposing ele-
ments were nearly equal in point of strength. In spite of themselves
the best element of both the old parties in order to win success were
forced into disgraceful and dishonorable compromises with the
disreputable element. The Times and other newspapers published
the names of from fifteen to twenty alleged bad candidates for the
City Council. There were five Republicans, eight Democrats, two
Socialists and two Independents who were pronounced bad by the
leading papers. The disreputables were sorted and labeled like bad
eggs or rotten ears of corn. They were classified as "always relia-
ble," "generally reliable," "mixed" and "bad." This gave the citi-
zens an opportunity to select the kind of a man they desired for the
City Council. There were seven good men who held over and thir-
teen men to go out in April. In order to hold the balance of power
the citizens were called upon urgently to elect twelve good men. It
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 591
? •« v •
was seen that the Socialists were likely to hold the balance of power
during another year. The shameful corruption in the City Coun-
cils of the past was held up as a frightful warning of what might be
the result of neglect to attend the polls and vote. The newspapers
appealed to the people to end what they called the "scalawag dynas-
ty." The Gage defalcation of $500,000 and the Van Hollen steal
of a large but unknown amount, were pointed to with a finger of
warning. The immense and unnecessary increase in the city debt
was called repeatedly and vigorously to the attention of the voters.
This was called a scrub race, involving no politics and being through-
out a scramble for spoils. The result of the election as between the
three parties was to give the Republicans a little the advantage.
Three alleged bad men were elected, Lawler, Cullerton and Hil-
dreth. The Republicans won in the South and West towns and the
Democrats in the North town. As a whole, the election was quiet.
The twelve men wanted were not elected and the citizens again set-
tled down to see their clouds and fancies dissipated in the corruption,
graft and dishonor that succeeded their trustful anticipations.
The fight made for the nomination of General Grant for the Pres-
idency early in June, 1880, roused the people of Chicago and of the
whole country. To begin with, an immense mass meeting, the call
for which was signed by hundreds of the most prominent citizens,
was called for May 3 1 as a preliminary to that contest. It was ad-
vertised that Conkling, Carpenter, Woodford and Storrs of Chicago
would address the meeting. This was called in the interest of Gen-
eral Grant. For nearly a week preceding the opening of the nation-
al convention committees and delegates were here making their pre-
liminary fight. The Grant forces were admirably organized and
thoroughly disciplined. On the other hand there was a powerful
feeling against General Grant's renomination. An anti-Grant mass
meeting was held May 31, on the White Stocking baseball grounds.
About 15,000 people were present. Among the speakers were Shu-
man, Moore, Hassaurek, MacVeagh, Dittenhoeffer, Hubbard, Hall
and Posey. It was alleged that opposition to a third term was in-
spired by an Illinois faction in the convention. Elaine, Sherman,
Cameron, Edmunds, Windom and Garfield were real or dark-horse
candidates before this convention. Hannibal Hamlin was in the
city. The convention opened on June 2, in the vast Exposition
building, which was crowded to the doors. The hall was appro-
priately decorated and presented a brilliant scene when the conven-
tion opened. The hammer wielded by the chairman was made from
a log in the home of Abraham Lincoln, and the handle from a tree
at the home of George Washington. Robert G. Ingersoll was in the
city. The first two days were consumed in preliminary work. The
chief supporters of General Grant were Conkling, Cameron and
Logan. The latter held the solid Illinois delegation for General
Grant. Mr. Conkling claimed to have 300 delegates at the start
Vol. II — 34.
592 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
pledged to General Grant. The Elaine leaders were particularly
active and confident. Garfield was neutral, but everybody liked him.
William E. Chandler managed Mr. Elaine's fight. After twenty-
eight consecutive ballots no result was reached. General Grant led
the list, but could not gather enough votes to secure the nomination.
Elaine received the second largest number and Sherman the third.
The first vote for Mr. Garfield came in the thirtieth ballot, when
two votes from Pennsylvania were cast for him. On the thirty-
fourth he received sixteen from Wisconsin, and on the thirty-fifth,
twenty-seven additional ones from Indiana. On the thirty-sixth
there was a general flop to Mr. Garfield, who received a total of
399. Mr. Conkling, who had so gallantly supported General Grant,
immediately moved to make the nomination of General Garfield
unanimous. The nomination of Garfield was followed by applause
which shook the building and lasted for many minutes. This great
convention was a notable event and still further added to the repu-
tation of Chicago as a convention city. Chester A. Arthur was nom-
inated for Vice-President. Nobody had anything to say against
the Republican candidates.
The compaign, both national and local, in the fall of 1880 was
one of the most enthusiastic ever conducted in Cook county. All
parties made desperate efforts to win success. Chicago, with a pop-
ulation of 503,053, was looked upon with interest from all parts of
the country. All parties expected the people here would roll up a
large majority for its candidates. The primaries of the old parties
were conducted with great spirit and unanimity. Many local ques-
tions of importance were before the people. Among them was econ-
omy in county government. There were to be nominated four
judges of the Superior court, a state's attorney, sheriff, recorder,
coroner, clerk of the Circuit court, and five county commissioners —
four from the city.
The Communists of Chicago in October, 1880, attempted in rev-
olutionary style to reform the existing system of municipal govern-
ment. At a large meeting on October 10 they passed resolutions
providing for a general overhauling of the city ordinances. Some
twenty amendments to existing ordinances were demanded. On
October 15 John Sherman of Ohio delivered a memorable speech on
national issues in this city. The meeting occurred in McCormick
hall, which was packed to the doors. Mr. Sherman was popularly
denominated by the Republicans "Old Resumption" and Old Pros-
perity." At a large Democratic meeting held at McCormick hall
on October 23 the principal speakers were Carter H. Harrison and
Mr. Breckenridge of Kentucky. A. F. Seeberger was chairman
of the meeting.
During the campaign of 1880 Mr. Harrison usurped the duties of
the Democratic campaign committee and conducted party affairs to
suit himself. This was a step that had never before been accom-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 593
plished by any candidate in Chicago. It proved his popularity and
power, not only with Democrats and the discontented, but with Re-
publicans as well. No man ever before dared to pervert the city
departments for the use of partisan objects as he did during this
compaign. There was much trading by both of the old parties with
the Greenbackers. Both exhausted every effort to gain adherents.
Mr. Harrison was denounced as dictator by the Republican press.
Even the Democrats, although they supported him, objected to his
dominating tactics. As a matter of fact, Mayor Harrison compelled
the entire city government to work in behalf of the Democratic
party. The police affairs of the city particularly were under his
domination and control. Many instances of their high-handed pro-
ceedings were noted in the newspapers. At a large meeting by the
Democrats on October 29, 1880, James R. Doolittle, John F. Farns-
worth and Lawrence Harmon were the principal speakers. The
total registry of the county of October 31, 1880, was 89,330. This
large registration proved the remarkable interest taken in the out-
come. Just previous to the election Mayor Harrison commenced
suit against the Tribune for $50,000 damages for alleged libel in
charging him with having counseled the tearing down of the polls
on election day. There was sharp contention from the judges and
constables who were to serve at the polls on election day. Judge
Drummond, Judge Rogers and Judge Moran were called upon offi-
cially to take recognition of the differences.
The result of the election on November 2, 1880, was a Republican
triumph throughout. It was a solid North against a solid South.
The national Legislature was made Republican. The result in Chi-
cago exceeded the most sanguine expectations and hopes of the Re-
publicans. There was a majority approximately of 5,000 in the city
and 10,000 in the city and county for the Republican ticket. It was
taken to mean that the citizens wanted good government in local
affairs and desired the success of the Republican party in national
affairs. It was also considered by many as a rebuke to the preten-
sions, ambitions and policies of Carter H. Harrison. To sum up the
results, there were a majority of about 10,577 for Garfield, a like
majority for the Republican state ticket, the election of three Re-
publican Congressmen and of all the Republican candidates for the
General Assembly, a Republican Board of County Commissioners,
a Republican sheriff, coroner, recorder, circuit clerk, state's attor-
ney, and four additional justices of the Supreme court. The vic-
tory was so decisive that the Republicans held a large meeting to
celebrate the result. The vote was so large and there was so much
scratching done at the polls that it took several days to announce
definite results in Cook county. On the night of the election the
streets were thronged with excited people and pandemonium reigned
until long after midnight. The Greenback ticket received an incon-
siderable vote, as did also that of the Communist or Socialist. The
594 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
total vote cast in the county was 82,250. The total vote for Gar-
field was 54,886; for Hancock, 44,309; for Weaver, 1,141; for
Cullom, Republican candidate for Governor, 53,930; for Trumbull
(Democratic), 44,719; Streeter (Greenbacker), 1,141.
In the spring of 1881 Mayor Harrison was called by the Repub-
lican newspapers "Non-enforcement Harrison," because of the fact
that he adopted the policy of promoting official success by refusing
to enforce the city ordinances in order to gain the favor and support
of the vicious element. Mr. Harrison himself in one of his speeches
practically stated that he would not enforce the exacting regulations
against the objectionable elements. At this time vice in the extreme
flourished throughout the city, and unitedly that element supported
and sustained Mr. Harrison in all his measures. This was one of
the features in the election in April, 1881. Open gambling was per-
mitted and the police were in league with vice and crime. He was
candidate for reelection at this time and conducted his campaign
with his usual skill and ability against all opposition and in the face
of fierce criticism and invective. He met all the charges against
him with his usual adroitness and effectiveness. His skilful manner
of appealing to the saloon and gambling fraternities and his insin-
uating methods of securing their support regardless of party, con-
tributed not a little to his success and to his popularity with that
class of people.
At the Saloon Keepers' convention, held in September, 1880, an
organization along political lines had been effected. Mayor Harri-
son on behalf of the city on this occasion welcomed the delegates to
the convention and dextrously praised the object of their organiza-
tions. The real issue was approval or non-approval of Mr. Harri-
son's policy of the non-enforcement of ordinances against crime
and immorality. It was now that the moral strength of Hyde Park,
South Chicago, Calumet, Pullman, Grand Crossing and a dozen
other towns and villages were felt by the citizens of Chicago. The
Republican executive committee issued a powerful address to the
voters of the city, detailing and presenting a vivid picture of the
reign of vice and crime under Mayor Harrison's administration.
His reelection was declared to be a menace to every home in Chicago
and Cook county. The laws, if executed, were sufficient to sup-
press all vice. For mayor, the Republicans nominated John M.
Clark, a business man of high character who had been a member of
the Common Council. For mayor, the Socialists named George
Schilling, and the Greenbackers, Benjamin Sibley. A faction of the
Socialists nominated Tim O'Meara. The town tickets were consid-
ered important, and the contests were fought out along partisan lines
as well as spoils lines. The support of colored voters was fought
for. Every ward was thoroughly organized and desperate efforts
to defeat Harrison were made by the Republicans. The Democratic
central committee conducted an aggressive and resolute campaign.
There was much personal abuse, misrepresentation and libel.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 595
In spite of the utmost efforts of the Republicans, Mayor Harri-
soan was reflected by a majority of about 7,000. As a matter of fact
many Republicans voted for Harrison as they had done in 1879.
Apparently, the people wanted public gambling and immorality,
judging from the results of this election. The Democrats carried
their main tickets in the three towns of the city. The new council
was composed of eighteen Republicans, thirteen Democrats, two
Independents, and three Socialists. The total vote cast for Mr.
Harrison for mayor was 35,723, and for Clark (Republican) was
28,703. It was a fact that with the exception of the Tribune, the
Republican press was not enthusiastic over the Republican candi-
dates. In other words, they damned the Republican ticket with
faint support. A remarkable event of the campaign was the number
of colored voters who peddled Democratic tickets and shouted for
Harrison and the city administration. Likewise the Jews of the
city voted almost unitedly for Harrison. The swarms of city office-
holders, the keepers of saloons, gambling and sporting resorts, to-
gether with the disaffected from the Republican and other ranks,
caused the defeat of the Republicans and the success of the Demo-
crats.
It was late in October, 1881, before the Executive committees of
the various parties took up actively the campaign for the November
election. The proceedings of the county commissioners were so sat-
isfactory that little objection was made to the existing board. The
tax-eaters and disreputables had been eliminated almost wholly from
that body. People were urged not to permit the conditions existing
a few years before to again rule the County Board. The present
board was declared to be the most economical that had ever adminis-
tered county affairs. It was solidly Republican, but the better ele-
ment ruled the weak cases. The Republican central committee
issued a strong address to the voters of the county. A complete
accounting of Republican management was exhibited, and although
faults were shown still to exist, the county government was proved
to be better and stronger than ever before. Previous to the election
the apathy of the Republicans was such as to cause comment by local
newspapers.
At the November election, 1881, there were to be selected a judge,
criminal court clerk and five county commissioners. Both parties
united on Judge Gary for the judgship. The importance of select-
ing good men for commissioners was the only important feature of
this short and uneventful campaign. The election was called the
dullest and most spiritless ever held in Cook county. The total city
vote was nearly 60,000 below that of November, 1880. Two demo-
cratic county commissioners were elected. The total city vote was
only 24,209. One Democratic commissioner outside of Chicago
was also elected. Thus the Democrats won three out of five new
countv commissioners.
596 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The newspapers in April, 1882, confessed that all parties had care-
lessly nominated doubtful or disreputable men and consequently ad-
vised that voters should exercise their preferences regardless of party
affiliations. This condition of affairs brought out an unusually large
number of independent candidates. Many came out so late in the
campaign that it was difficult to gain in time a knowledge of their
past history and character. The newspapers of all parties warned
voters to be on their guard because numerous scalawags were endeav-
oring to capture the prizes. This election involved the choosing of
assessors in the several towns — a very important duty at this time.
Beware of leaving the voting to the roughs, toughs and vicious ele-
ment. It was recognized that indifference on the part of reputable
voters opened the gate for disreputables. A feature of the campaign
which should not be overlooked was the anti-Cullerton demonstration
instituted by representatives of all parties. The contests in the vari-
ous wards were bitter and personal. The election of April, 1882,
had little political significance, but the Democrats as a whole were
benefited more than any other party. Out of the eighteen wards the
Republicans were successful in only five; the Democrats elected their
aldermen from twelve. The irrepressible Cullerton was elected as
an Independent from the Sixth ward. The Democrats were jubi-
lant and held a large and enthusiastic demonstration to celebrate
their victory. In the towns the tickets were split. The Democrats
easily carried the North town. Although the Republicans in the
West town had an excellent ticket it was generally defeated by a
small majority. In the South town the, two leading parties split on
the candidates. The result was to change completely the complexion
of the City Council. It was clear that the scalawag and tax-eating
elements of both old parties were in the majority. Accordingly the
newspapers announced that the people might expect a saturnalia of
bribery, fraud and corruption in the administration of city affairs.
The Democrats had the council, the mayor, in fact the whole city
machine. The new council consisted of fourteen Republicans, nine-
teen Democrats, two Socialists and one Independent. The Demo-
crats had a clear majority over all others. The committees were
organized by the Lawler-Hildreth element. Cullerton was in evi-
dence quietly and influentially. Mr. Lawler announced that it was
a Democratic council and that the majority intended to aid the
mayor in giving the people good government.
In the fall of 1882 the Prohibitionists put an entire ticket in nom-
ination. There was also put in the field a so-called Anti-Monopoly
ticket. There were so many factions that it was humorously sug-
gested that there should also be a Communist, Anti-Masonic, Wom-
an's Suffrage, God in the Constitution, and other tickets. It would
make the election more diversified, interesting and lurid. The Repub-
licans denominated the Democratic ticket, "Mike McDonald's ticket."
As a matter of fact the vagaries and theories of partisans in a large
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 597
measure ruled this campaign and election. It was a time for con-
flicting opinions, reforms of every description were in the air, and
people generally were not satisfied to plod along after the banner of
the old parties, but preferred to wave different flags and herald dif-
ferent doctrines. Michael C. McDonald and James Burke, next to
Mr. Harrison, were probably the leaders of the Democracy at this
date. The former endeavored not only to gain complete control of
the city government, but of the county government as well. His
dictum concerning gambling houses was final. The roughs of the
city were subject to his orders and obeyed him implicitly. But Mr.
McDonald could have done nothing without the countenance and
approbation of Mayor Harrison. The policy of the party at this
time was to win success by keeping in line regular party voters and
at the same time win all disaffected, vicious and troublesome ele-
ments with the sop of immunity. It was found necessary to make
concessions to gamblers and to the vicious elements in all parts of the
city. The city administration did not hesitate to grant such favors
and immunities. Mr. McDonald controlled the Democratic machine,
organized the primaries, directed the conventions and named the
candidates. Mr. McGarigle was the Democratic candidate for
sheriff. Both parties made strenuous efforts to win the Irish, Ger-
man and disaffected votes.
Having the city government under their thumbs, it was now de-
termined to place the county government in the same subservient
predicament. Legislative candidates, congressmen, and county com-
missioners were to be elected, and as a whole this was one of the
most important elections held for several years. The campaign
showed Mr. Harrison at his best and to the greatest advantage. He
was the recognized power not only in the city but in the county.
To defeat him it was necessary for the Republicans to work unitedly,
continuously and intelligently until the close of the polls. Immense
meetings were held by both parties and their leading orators appealed
to the people to support their tickets. A notable incident of this
campaign was the splendid canvass made by Captain John F. Finerty
in the Second congressional district. His oratory was a revelation
to the people and was listened to by immense crowds. His opponent
was Mr. Sheridan. A mass meeting at Central Music hall was ad-
dressed by General Logan and E. A. Storrs. General Stiles also
spoke there. This meeting was apparently contradictory in politics
and the speakers confined themselves mainly to the question of good
government by the selection of honest men. It was a question be-
tween orderly people and the criminal classes. The Tribune declared
that Mayor Harrison was the tool of Mike McDonald and that the
latter was the real boss and dictator of city and county Democracy.
On the other hand Mayor Harrison and Mike McDonald and their
supporters on the stump and through the press announced their de-
termination to conduct city and county governments along honest
598 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
lines and to permit no Republican disreputables to interfere with
decent and orderly government. But the menacing feature of this
campaign was the fact that the Democratic ticket had the support of
the vicious classes and unquestionably yielded important concessions
and immunities to gain their support. This did not mean that the
Republicans were free from blame. No question they themselves
would have secured such following could they have done so.
It was stated in the newspapers of October 31 that within less than
ten years Charles B. Farwell, a Republican, Marshall Field, then a
Democrat, and scores of other wealthy men of both parties were com-
pelled to raise $1,500,000 to rescue the city of Chicago from bank-
ruptcy. After the reign of Colvin's gang it required that sum to
put the city government under Mayor Heath in proper financial
order. This fact was emphasized during the campaign of October,
1882. It was now declared that an infamous cabal was in possession,
not only of the city government but probably of the Democratic and
the Republican organizations as well, with the design of corrupting
municipal politics and government as they had been under the Col-
vin administration. During the campaign Mayor Harrison appeared
in numerous public speeches in all parts of the city and his course was
declared to be undignified and improper. He addressed audiences
in saloons and in front of bar-rooms. It was well known that Mr.
McDonald was a gambler and saloon supporter. The Citizens' asso-
ciation did its best to influence voters to support good men regardless
of party. It was powerless to overturn or circumvent the cunning,
ability and success of the gang leaders. The newspapers denominat-
ed Mike McDonald as the Boss Tweed of Chicago.
The Times, usually independent, supported Mr. McGarigle, the
ticket of the Democrats and the principles of Mike McDonald gen-
erally during this campaign. The Tribune, on November 6, said,
"If the people of Cook county are not confronted with a most threat-
ening and dangerous emergency no local political situation ever pre-
sented one. The Republican who fails to see clearly that the interest
of the county and the interest of his party are absolutely identical
must be politically blind. In brief the question is, Shall the govern-
ment of Cook county be controlled by reputable citizens or shall it
be handed over to the tender mercies of the disreputable classes?
In the fate of the county ticket is bound up also that of the Congres-
sional and Legislative tickets. It is not improbable that the complex-
ion of the State Legislature may be determined by the Cook county
election." The Tribune, on November 7, election day, said, "The
local campaign ends just where it began — upon the single issue
whether or not Mike McDonald shall be the Boss Tweed of Chicago
and Cook county."
In Cook county the Republicans elected five new Republican sen-
ators. It was Mayor Harrison's plan to carry a majority of the Cook
county delegation in order to control the Legislature and elect him
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 699
United States Senator. The election defeated his plans. John F.
Finerty was elected to Congress. The Democratic machine did
everything in its power to defeat him, but failed. The election of
the Republican candidate for sheriff was considered the defeat of the
McDonald-Harrison organization. As a matter of fact the news-
papers scared the people of the county, and even Democrats voted
against the gang machine, fearing they would go to extremes in
their enthusiasm and ambition. The Republicans rejoiced greatly at
the defeat of McGarigle. It meant a body blow to the city hall gang
by the people of the county. McGarigle was defeated by about 4,000
majority. The Democrats had counted on his election by from 6,000
to 8,000 majority. This election in a large measure defeated Mayor
Harrison's ambition and hope for future state and national promi-
nence and power. However, he was yet the boss of the city govern-
ment and the City Democracy. The State Legislature was Repub-
lican, and hence Mayor Harrison had no hope for the senatorship.
This was one of the first and most notable victories of the Chicago
suburbs against the ring-rule of the city government.
In the spring of 1883 a mayor and eighteen aldermen were to be
elected. As the city was controlled by a gang of ringsters and graft-
ers, this election was regarded as highly important. Reform was
insistently demanded by the better element of all factions and parties.
The Republicans declared that the existing city government was the
creature and shadow of Mayor Harrison. Even Harrison himself
publicly admitted that the .majority of the council at this time was
more or less corrupt. He claimed that he could not help it. He was
a candidate for reelection. The Republicans nominated Eugene Gary
for the mayoralty. This campaign was one of reform, spontaneous-
ly instituted by all parties that desired improvement in the city ad-
ministration. The reform candidates were called the Citizens' Union
ticket. At an immense meeting held by its supporters at Battery D
hall, Mr. Gary declared that the existing city government was a
mere party machine. Mr. Harrison a few days before had said that
if reflected he would run the city government in the interests of the
Democratic party, which elected him, and that Democratic success
was of the greatest importance, owing to the near approach of the
national campaign. In reply, Mr. Gary said, "The city of Chicago
was not organized to be the machine of any party. The people of
the city of Chicago are not taxed to support a political machine, and
if I am elected mayor the city's government shall not be made the
machine of any party." Harrison was denounced in the severest
terms during the campaign. He was called dictator and demagogue,
and was declared to be aware of the open gambling and vice ram-
pant throughout the city. The people were called to rally against
his administration and reelection. Rousing meetings were held by
the Citizens' ticket supporters in all parts of the city. Eugene Gary
was their candidate for mayor ; Denis O'Connor, city treasurer ; Emil
600 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Dietzsch, city clerk ; B. F. Richolson, city attorney. The Democratic
ticket was Carter H. Harrison for mayor; John N. Dunphy, treas-
urer ; J. G. Neumeister, city clerk ; and J. S. Grinnell, city attorney.
The Union League club was so interested in the result and so deter-
mined to have a fair election that it offered $300 reward for the
apprehension and conviction of any person voting illegally. On
Sunday, April, 1, every minister in the city denounced the Harrison
administration, declared it the friend of vice and crime and begged
the people to end its existence. It was declared by them that Mr.
Harrison had released from the Bridewell in one year over 600 per-
sons convicted of all sorts of crimes. The following Monday Mr.
Harrison in vigorous terms paid his regards to the preachers who
had noticed him so caustically on Sunday. But the efforts of the
Fusionists and of the ministers were unavailing. Mr. Harrison was
reflected by a majority of about 10,000. The entire Democratic
ticket was chosen. An analysis of the election showed that in all
probability the Stock Yards, pork-packing and street jailway inter-
ests were the chief causes of the success of the Democratic ticket.
A remarkable feature of this memorable campaign was the speech
deliverd by Mr. Harrison on the night after the election. He abused
in his characteristic style all who had opposed him. The Democrats
held a rousing ratification meeting. In the new council were sixteen
Republicans and twenty Democrats. No doubt the question of high
or low license cut an important figure in this campaign.
The recent success of the Democracy throughout the county be-
tokened their possible success in Cook county in November, 1883.
The Democratic machine was extremely arrogant, independent, art-
ful, able and strong. Four candidates for the County Board were
to be chosen from the city and one from the outside districts. The
Republican county convention was held November 1. John M.
Smyth, chairman of the county central committee, called the con-
vention to order. Joseph Medill, who was present, was called upon
for a speech and complied, describing the condition of city and coun-
ty politics. He said among other things, "What is involved in this
election is the control of the government of Cook county and the
administration of its large affairs. If you elect your five commission-
ers you will retain that control and with its retention you will be sure
next year at the presidential election of having honest and capable
men for judges and clerks throughout this county." The Republi-
cans nominated a full ticket for the vacant offices. The Democratic
convention, which was held the same day, did likewise. Michael Mc-
Donald and Joseph Mackin were conspicuous at the latter. The Citi-
zens' League was active during this campaign. Captain Rumsey was
president of the latter.
It was a notorious fact that in April, 1883, gross, numerous and
palpable frauds were perpetrated throughout the city, not alone by
the Democrats, but by the Republicans, though this was particularly
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 601
true of the Democrats, who were determined to retain their power
regardless of measures or consequences. Particularly in the Ninth
ward were the frauds numerous and flagrant. The election of No-
vember, 1883, resulted in the selection of four Democratic county
commissioners and a Democratic Superior court judge by about
3,000 majority. This was a serious damper to Republican hopes and
prospects.
It was seen now that the polling places in Cook county at the pres-
idential election in 1884 would be controlled by Mike McDonald,
Mayor Harrison, Joseph Mackin and their supporters. Henry M.
Shepard, Democrat, was elected over John A. Jamieson, Republican,
judge of the Superior court, by about 3,400 majority. The Demo-
crats likewise elected Commissioners Leyden, Van Pelt, Hannigan
and Niesen within the city limits, but the Republicans elected Lynn
in the district consisting of Hyde Park, Calumet, Worth and Thorn-
ton.
In March, 1884, an investigation showed that the registry lists
had been doctored. Each party charged the fraud to the other. Mr.
Harrison had been so roundly abused for his administration, or mal-
administration, of city affairs that in sheer desperation during this
election he declared he would terminate and close every gambling
hole in Chicago. Immediately his friends, Joe Mackin and Mike
McDonald, became his enemies. It was thus a contest between the
mayor on one side and these distinguished, or extinguished, gentle-
men on the other. Mr. McDonald himself conducted a gambling
house which he called a store. There were many set-tos between
the parties and before long was a straight-out fight between the two
machines. The interest in this election was concerned in the selec-
tion of aldermen who would rule in the interests of the party.
Eighteen aldermen were to be chosen. The town elections were also
important. The newspapers and associations, as soon as the candi-
dates were announced, investigated their characters and standings
and forecast their probable behavior in the City Council if elected.
The result of the election generally showed little change in the polit-
ical complexion or moral character of the city government. There
were surprises and unlocked for changes, but practically the council
remained as before, in control of the same old gang. Cullerton,
Hildreth, Lawler and Colvin, known as the "big four," were there
in unbroken and undismayed unanimity. The coming council con-
tained twenty Democrats and fifteen Republicans and there was
one vacancy caused by death. The ring ticket swept the North
town. In the West town the Democrats elected their tickets. In
the South town the Republicans won with one or two exceptions.
In Lake the Citizens' ticket was elected. The taxpayers' ticket won
in Hyde Park. It is probable that had not the differences arisen
between Harrison on one side and McDonald and Mackin on the
other, the Democrats would have made a much better showing.
602 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The Republican leaders were grossly ignorant, careless and in-
competent at this time. The Tribune said, "We imagine that if the
taxpayers of Chicago and the members of the Republican party can
endure the ills which must inevitably flow from the domination of
the elements which have lately controlled the Republican party, the
active workers in the party can also submit to the infliction. There
will be no purification of the city government until the men whose
pockets are directly affected by rascality shall realize the wrongs
that are being committed against them and shall rise in some citi-
zens' movement as earnest and well directed as that of ten years
ago. Certainly the municipal administration is now sunk in a slough
of corruption and vice such as it has never before wallowed in."
The success of the old aldermanic gang was expected. Perhaps that
was why the Republicans were so apathetic and unconcerned. A
desperate effort to defeat Cullerton in the Sixth ward resulted in
failure. The majority in the City Council were known to be reck-
less and corrupt. They did not care how much the taxpayers were
plundered nor to what extent blackmail and dishonesty extended.
They were mostly ignorant ward heelers without a single aspiration
higher than the saloon or the brothel.
The Democrats inaugurated their national campaign at an im-
mense harmony banquet held by the Iroquois club about the middle
of April. Among the speakers were J. Sterling Morton, George H.
Pendleton, Governor Click of Kansas, Carter H. Harrison and
others. These men voiced the policies of the Democracy for the
coming campaign. This was a year in which Cook county was
prominent in the state conventions of both parties. The Republicans
nominated Richard J. Oglesby for governor, John C. Smith of Cook
county was nominated for lieutenant governor; Hon. Burton C.
Cook of Chicago was appointed delegate at large to the national
convention and instructed to vote for General Logan, the favorite
son of Illinois, as long as he should remain in the field. Thus Cook-
county people were represented on the state Republican ticket.
The Republican national convention was held in Chicago. Prep-
arations for that important event began to be made in April. The
people had not forgotten how well the convention of 1889 advertised
the city. At this time Carter H. Harrison was a prominent candidate
for the Democratic nomination for governor. Theodore Roosevelt
was a delegate at large to this convention. The leading Republican
candidates for President were Elaine. Arthur, Edmunds, Logan.
Sherman and Hawley. On May 14 the combined Anti-monopolists,
Women's Suffragists, Bourbon State Rights Democrats, Green-
backers, Prohibitionists. Trades Unionists. Knights of Labor, Eight-
Hour Law men and miscellaneous other factions assembled at Her-
shey hall in this city and nominated for President Benjamin F.
Butler. The national Republican convention was held in the Exposi-
tion building on the lake front. Everybody believed that Mr. Elaine
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 603
would receive the nomination. He came with a strong delegation
and many supporters. Edmunds, Hawley, Sherman and Harrison
were here to secure the nomination if possible. The supporters of
Elaine favored the nomination of Logan for Vice-President. Sun-
day was conceded to be a Elaine day. He seemed to have it all his
own way. John B. Henderson was elected temporary chairman of
the convention. Many prominent Republicans throughout the coun-
try were present and addressed the public in the various halls and in
the convention chamber during the preliminary proceedings. On
June 6 the convention nominated Mr. Elaine for President and Gen-
eral Logan for Vice-President. This had been anticipated and
caused no surprise. The Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland for
the Presidency at an exciting convention in this city. The appearance
here of Mr. Cleveland during the campaign was a notable political
event. The demonstration was immense and brilliant.
In October, 1884, the Citizens' association took steps to perfect
the enrollment of voters and to prevent fraud and false registration.
The Republicans and the Democrats prepared early for a vigorous
campaign on national, state and local issues. The full strength of
each party was called into play during the campaign. As the County
Board was under control of the same machine as the City Council
and as the leader of the latter was dominated and controlled by the
McDonald-Mackin gang, the citizens had no great difficulty in seeing
what might be the result. The Republican committee recommended
a list of judges, but the partisan County Board refused to appoint
one of them. Carter H. Harrison was the Democratic candidate for
governor of Illinois. It was at his instigation that the Republicans
were excluded from representation among the election judges of
Cook county. The various conventions met in October and nomi-
nated candidates for Appellate court clerk, recorder, Circuit court
clerk, Superior court clerk, coroner, state's attoney, surveyor and
several county commissioners. This campaign was one of the most
brilliant and enthusiastic ever held in the county. The Democrats
were particularly confident and aggressive. They thoroughly or-
ganized and resorted to all tactics necessary to win victory. The
Republicans were little behind them in efforts to achieve success.
The location of numerous voting places in saloons was denounced
vigorously by the best newspapers of the city. This led to a change
in the location in most cases. The first registration was 29,226 —
not one-half of what was expected. So much pressure was brought
to bear upon the Democratic machine that finally Harrison, McDon-
ald and Van Pelt, with other leaders of that party, promised to place
a Republican judge in every precinct. Mr. Blaine arrived in Chicago
October 25 and delivered a speech to an immense audience. One of
the most brilliant processions that ever passed through Chicago
streets greeted his visit. The scene in front of the Grand Pacific
hotel where he stopped was brilliant in the extreme. Over 50,000
604 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
people and a procession 20,000 strong, accompanied with banners,
fireworks and torches made the locality of the Grand Pacific a scene
of splendor rarely surpassed. His reception was one of the most
notable in the history of Chicago. The Tribune said, "The proces-
sion was not only the largest that has ever turned out in the history
of the city, but one of the greatest popular uprisings that has ever
been known in this country. The sight in front of the Grand Pacific
was one to be remembered for a lifetime." The last registration
day was October 28. The newspapers frantically appealed to voters
to attend and register their names. The importance of the local
ticket was not lost sight of in the enthusiasm with which the national
ticket was received. Republicans and Democrats alike took great
interest in the city nominations and fought vigorously to win suc-
cess. The Temperance party had a ticket in the field. Mr. Butler's
chances were thought to be fair. The Mugwumps were in evidence
and numerous other factions and cabals appeared before the public
for their countenance and support. The Democrats were particu-
larly active in trading in such a way as to secure the election of Car-
ter H. Harrison for governor and the selection of a strong Demo-
cratic representation in the next Legislature. On Saturday, Novem-
ber 1, the Republicans made another large demonstration and pa-
rade. For county officers Democrats and Republicans nominated
candidates for state's attorney, coroner, recorder, Superior court
clerk, clerk to the county surveyor, five county commissioners and
three candidates for the state senate. The total registration was about
113,000. Many of the Democratic candidates for the Legislature
pledged the Saloon-Keepers' league to vote for the repeal of the
Harper law should they be elected to the Legislature. Many of the
Republican candidates did likewise.
The first announcement of the result of the election was unfavora-
ble to Elaine and occasioned great depression in the Republican ranks
and intense joy to the Chicago Democrats. The national contest
was still undecided in the newspapers of Thursday morning. On the
whole, Chicago did better than the rest of the country. It gave
Elaine a majority of about 2,000. The whole county gave him ap-
proximately 7,000. This result was attained notwithstanding the
cunning system practiced by the Democratic clerks and judges. It
was alleged that the Van Pelt-McDonald machine cheated the Re-
publicans out of fully 2,000 votes in the county. The Republicans
were aroused to indignation at the announcement that in New York
attempts to cheat Elaine out of the nomination were being patched
up. The vote for Garfield in 1880 was 54,886; Hancock, 44,309.
Cook county in 1884 gave Mr. Oglesby for governor, 65,362; Har-
rison, 65,070. Harper, 302; Hobbs, 769. It gave Elaine 69,251;
Cleveland, 60,633; Butler, 812, and St. John, 996. Chicago gave
Elaine 51,420; Cleveland, 48,530; Butler, 542; St. John, 484.
In the spring of 1885 the city hall gang made a determined effort
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 605
not only to retain and increase its power, but also to extend its
influence and domination to the town tickets which were intrusted
with the assessment and collection of taxes. The city hall people
contributed means and efforts in the three principal towns and did
everything in their power to win those subdivisions to their control.
The Republicans were not behind them in similar efforts. Probably
the fiercest fight at this election was over the officers of the three
towns. Each of the two leading parties denounced the other in
acrimonious terms and charged it with all variety of fraud, misrep-
resentation and corruption. In a large measure the charges of both
were correct.
Many people at this time demanded a change in the city govern-
ment. Harrison had controlled city affairs for six years. As the
Democrats in the fall of 1884 had demanded a change in the national
government, so now, declared the Republicans, there should be a
change in the city government. It was thought necessary to count
the money, examine the books, inject new blood into the arteries of
municipal management, and the Republicans accordingly went into
this fight determined and confident. On the other hand the Demo-
crats, confident of having, as a whole, ruled well, again demanded
the support of the people. The Tribune said, "The people of Chi-
cago have had enough — too much — of Harrison. They have had
too much of Mike McDonald. They are tired of the scandals which
have disgraced the city hall during the last two years. They de-
mand a change of administration ; a new broom is needed ; higher
ideas of responsibility to public opinion must be established in the
Mayor's office and the council chamber ; Harrison and the gang must
go." The newspapers of both parties insisted that voters should dis-
regard partisan considerations and select honest men regardless of
party affiliations. There was such a strong feeling against Mr. Har-
rison and the city administration and in favor of a change that the
Democrats themselves became alarmed and apparently lost nerve
in the exciting closing scenes of the campaign. Among the Harri-
son speakers were Lawler, Hildreth, Wasserman, McGurren, Van
Pelt, McDonald, Winston, Rehm, Kerwin, Weeks, Mackin and
others. The Democrats concentrated all their strength to secure the
reelection of Mayor Harrison. They slashed tickets to the utmost
to accomplish this result. The Police and Fire departments, shovel
brigade and all the supernumerary gangs under control of the ad-
ministration contributed to this supreme object. The saloons assist-
ed the cause to the utmost. The clubs and associations as well as the
newspapers critically examined every phase of the local situation,
studied every possible chance for fraud and gave widespread and
continuous publicity to every step of the campaign. The committee
on public safety offered a reward of $100 for information that would
lead to the conviction of any person guilty of illegal voting, fraud-
ulent registration, repeating, or any violation of the election law.
GOG HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
They issued circulars or dodgers and spread them broadcast over the
city to this effect. Particularly did they direct their attention to the
cheap lodging houses of the down town wards. The registry lists
were scrutinized and investigated with a thoroughness never before
seen here. Both parties levied heavy campaign contributions upon
their supporters and members. The Republican and the Democratic
campaign committees never worked with greater determination and
desperation. Strong organizations of fighters in every ward were
perfected and set at work. Both old parties made strong efforts to
secure the united support of the Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, na-
tive Americans and every other faction in the city. In a speech
addressed to the Scandinavians Judge Sidney Smith said, "I have
been in Chicago for twenty-nine years and have witnessed many
campaigns, both national and local, but have never in my life seen
such earnestness, determination and enthusiasm as at present. A
ring has ruled Chicago for six years and now asks for a continuance
of power. When General Grant was proposed for a third term the
people said 'No.' Washington set the example of two terms, yet
the ring proposes to have a fourth. If they are allowed to succeed
this year, God save Chicago. The people will never get rid of them.
The ring call themselves the Democratic party ; that is a misnomer.
The great majority of the Democrats of Chicago are decent, honest
and law-abiding citizens, but they have no more to say in the Demo-
cratic organization than have the Republicans. The same frauds
are now likely to be repeated, with which the ring has controlled the
city for six years. The title of the present mayor is tainted with
fraud. Harrison can not deceive the people this spring. His time
has come. The rousing meetings all over the city indicate unmistak-
ably that the people are awake and ready to act." The campaign
committees, committee on public safety and the various political
clubs thoroughly investigated the registration lists and arrested nu-
merous scoundrels for false registration, etc.
People at this time had great confidence in the Committee on Pub-
lic Safety. It was a non-partisan body composed of leading
Democrats, Republicans and others and was established for the pur-
pose of securing purity at elections and honest men for local gov-
ernment. It particularly desired to prevent fraud at the polls and to
punish persons guilty of that serious offense. This committee was
thought necessary owing to the disgraceful conditions permitted un-
der the Harrison administration. Its weakness was shown by the
ring that ruled Chicago in spite of its utmost efforts. An important
feature of the campaign were the open letters signed by leading
citizens and addressed to the voters beseeching them to improve the
city administration. The Republican ticket was as follows: For
mayor, Sidney Smith; treasurer, John F. Finerty; city clerk, C.
Herman Plautz ; city attorney, Hempstead Washbume, and eighteen
aldermen.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY G09
The election gave Mr. Harrison a majority of 375 votes. In the
spring of 1883 his majority was 10,223 and in the fall of 1884 4,655.
The vote now was so close that the Republicans prepared to contest
the election. These results show how close was the contest and how
narrowly the city government which had ruled for six years with a
rod of iron came to being totally extinguished. The Republicans
swept the West town by a majority of from 1,500 to 1,700 and the
South town by a majority of from 137 to 1,785. The Democrats
elected their North town ticket by a majority ranging from 255 to
1,628. The election was followed by serious charges of ballot-box
stuffing. The committee on public safety prepared to make a thor-
ough examination. It was stated in the newspapers that $25,000
was promptly subscribed to enable the committee to make a thorough
investigation of the charges of ballot-box stuffing. The official can-
vass of votes announced about the first of June, 1885, gave Harri-
son a majority of 375 over Smith; Devine, a majority of 1,541 over
Finerty; Plautz, a majority of 190 over Neumeister, and Wash-
burne a majority of 1,986 over Ellert.
On the first of June the citizens voted nearly two to one against
the issue of $1,000,000 in county bonds. In October, 1885, the
Republicans nominated Garnett and Magruder candidates for the
bench. The judicial election resulted in favor of the Democrats.
At this election was submitted to the people the question of a new
city election law. Generally the Republicans favored the law.
Both parties demanded the election of honest commissioners at the
approaching November election, 1885. That was the all-important
object of this election. Serious fault with the County Board was
found. Its proceedings were characterized by the newspapers as
fraudulent and dishonest. Both of the old party county committees
prepared to conduct the campaign vigorously late in October, 1885.
Reform was demanded by both parties and it was a matter of doubt
which was strongest in such demand. The discovery of frauds in
previous elections and the extravagance and corruption of the city
and county administrations appealed to the better element of all
parties and occasioned a general demand for improvement and re-
form. The Democratic managers themselves determined to retire
four of their county commissioners — Ochs, Wasserman, McCarthy
and Leach. In their place four better men it was believed were nom-
inated. There were also to be chosen at this election a Supreme
court judge. The Democratic county convention refused to indorse
the proposed new election law. The gang particularly were venom-
ous concerning the law. It meant too great an interference with
their methods of conducting elections. The Republican county con-
vention, before this date, by unanimous vote had declared belief in
the election of Judge Smith to the mayoralty of Chicago. The Dem-
ocratic convention had paid no attention to the resolutions of the
Republican convention, nor did it assert in counter resolutions opin-
Vol. II — 35.
610 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ion in the lawful election of Mr. Harrison. At this date eight mem-
bers of the County Board were Democrats and the remainder Repub-
licans. Accordingly both parties made strenuous efforts — the Demo-
crats to keep control and the Republicans to win it. Both parties
nominated good men as a whole. This was demanded by the citi-
zens in terms that could not be misunderstood. The Republicans
made the strongest fight in their history to sustain the new election
law. They urged by circulars, speakers and through the press the
importance of alterations in the old methods.
The result of the election of November 3, 1885, was the adoption
of the new city election law by an overwhelming majority. Unques-
tionably thousands of Democrats of the better class voted for the law
and no doubt many ringsters among the Republicans voted against
it. It really was a question of the ring against the honest people,
and the latter won. Before this election the County Board consisted
of eight Democrats and seven Republicans. The Republicans now
won a majority of the county commissioners, and therefore had a
majority of that body. Thus, as a whole, the election was a Repub-
lican success because they won the election law, elected Judge Gar-
nett, and reversed the majority on the County Board.
The total vote for the city election law was 32,129 and the total
against it, 14,628. Hynes, Democratic candidate for judge, was
defeated. The town of Lake at this election adopted the new elec-
tion law. The Englewood Citizens' association contributed largely
to this result.
The important consideration in the spring of 1886 was the elec-
tions in the three towns. Strong candidates were nominated by both
the old parties. It was believed that the nominees were better men
than had been named for many years. The aldermanic nominations
for the city of Chicago were not so good. Both parties named ob-
jectionable men. Accordingly it was a question with honest voters
how to scratch the tickets in order to accomplish the best results.
As usual, every artifice known to modern politics was adopted by the
partisans to achieve success. Under the new election law many im-
provements had been made. Polling places were removed from the
doggeries. Honest clerks and judges composed of representatives of
both parties were appointed. New hours were chosen so that the
voting could be done in daylight. Effective provisions to prevent
stealing or tampering with ballot boxes were taken. This rendered
it certain that with proper vigilance and care from the best citizens,
regardless of party, the result would be the selection of honest men
for the new City Council. The newspapers of all parties pleaded
with the citizens to cleanse the city government at this election.
The complete registration as announced on election morning,
April 6, was 81,602. The new election law, it was announced, had
been drawn up by skillful Republican and Democratic lawyers and
had received the sanction of the Supreme court. This made the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 611
law absolutely operative, so that all good citizens were now asked to
act under its provisions and elect the right men. Rarely ever was
a stronger appeal made to the citizens by the press and leaders of
all parties than at this election. The demand was for purity in the
government of Chicago.
The result in the South, West and North towns was the election
by the Republicans of ten out of twelve candidates for office. In
Hyde Park the Citizens' Independent ticket was successful over the
regular Republican ticket. In Lake the anti-administration ticket
was successful. The old Second and Ninth wards, so long controlled
by the gang, were swept by the Republicans. Twelve Republican,
five Democratic, and one Independent aldermen were elected. It
was hoped, though not certain, that this meant an improvement in
the City Council. The new council consisted of twenty-five Repub-
licans, ten Democrats and one Independent. The better class of
Democrats were as pleased over the results as were the better class
of Republicans. All believed it to be a victory for honest city gov-
ernment, purity in politics and the control or suppression of vice.
Over two-thirds of the successful candidates were Republicans.
The new election law was tested and vindicated. It was by far the
best and cleanest election ever held in the city. This was true de-
spite the fact that there was every inducement for the gang to resort
to any device to win success. It was noted particularly how the new
law expedited the election. Everything was conducted like clock
work and there was no confusion or crowding in line at the polls.
In October, 1886, the undoubted, manifest and colossal stealing
by the County Board ring was admitted and deplored. The news-
papers denounced the county ring in the most open and scathing
terms. The city ring, they declared, never was worse than the ex-
isting county boodlers' ring. This was the strongest feature of the
fall campaign of 1886 — to get rid of the gang or ring on the County
Board. The newspapers and associations repeatedly named the ras-
cals, pointed out their criminal doings, and demanded a change. The
Union Labor people nominated a ticket and prepared to contest for
the various offices. The Socialists were likewise active and were
supposed to be strong at the polls. Carter H. Harrison accepted
the Democratic nomination for Congress and accordingly was named
for that position. He deemed it unwise to run again for mayor.
The "Reds," as the anarchists were called, had for the last year or
two exercised considerable power in the county. The Haymarket
riot put an end to their preposterous operations and sent several
of them to the gallows. This was the period when the cry against
capitalism was strongest. The working classes, the discontented
everywhere, were arrayed against the capitalistic class and the fac-
tory lords, as they were termed. Working people were called "wage
slaves," and generally socialism, communism, etc., were merged into
anarchy. The dissatisfied elements were in considerable power and
612 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
accordingly the old parties sought their support, even to the extent
of making dangerous and humiliating concessions to them.
It was argued by the ablest lawyers in October, 1886, that the
General Assembly had full power to oust the entire County Board
and to provide for the election of their successors whenever it should
be deemed proper to do so. The election of upright county commis-
sioners at the coming November election was deemed all important.
Again as before, the citizens were appealed to by every influential
element to purge the County Board as the City Council had more
than once in the past been clarified. At this election the new election
law was voted for or against in Hyde Park, Lake View, Cicero and
Jefferson. The United Labor ticket was strong. The laboring
classes, discontented with the old party treatment, united and named
a good ticket. An effort to drag religion into politics was made.
The Democratic and Republican press denounced this attempt to
blend religion with the dirty politics of Chicago and Cook county.
They resolutely opposed this attempt to make religion a test of local
or national politics. At this election state candidates, state senators
and a full county ticket were voted for. The Republicans nominated
Canute R. Matson for sheriff; George R. Davis, treasurer; Henry
Wulff, county clerk, and Albert G. Lane superintendent of schools.
There were also to be elected five county commissioners and four
congressmen.
The election showed a clean sweep on the county ticket by the
Republicans. They also elected the five county commissioners and
two of the Superior court judges. The United Labor party showed
unexpected strength. They elected Gleason to Congress in the Sec-
ond district, but the Republicans elected Dunham, Mason and Adams
elsewhere. Judge Prendergast and two other judicial candidates of
the Democracy who had the indorsement of the Labor party were
elected. The Knights of Labor and Trades Unionists in large num-
bers supported the Republican ticket, in the towns particularly. One
of the pleasing features of the election to the Republicans was the
complete success of their Legislative ticket. The McDonald-Harri-
son-Weeks coterie cut an important figure during the campaign, but
their efforts resulted in failure. It was charged that the Socialistic
ideas and teachings of Karl Marx were largely responsible for the
growth here of the Socialistic movement. Their vote was largely
German, Polish, Bohemian and Irish. The Socialists at this time
were stronger than they had been for seven years when they ran
Dr. Schmidt for Mayor and polled a total vote of about 11,500. A
total of about 16,000, of which probably not 1,000 were Americans
or Americanized foreigners, was polled in the city now by the Labor
party. In the fall of 1885 the Democrats had elected four members
of the County Board. Three of them betrayed the men who elected
them, leaving the board under the control of Van Pelt and his boodle
ringsters. In the fall of 1886 the Democratic nominees for county
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 613
commissioners were good men, but the party was feared by the
citizens. It was believed that Democrats elected would be influenced
by the old Democratic ring-sters there on the board. This probably
led to the election of the entire Republican commissioners' ticket in
November, 1886. It was a movement to reform that board regard-
less of partisan considerations. The leading man elected was J.
Prank Aldrich, from the Hyde Park district, who became president
of the new Board. Van Pelt, Lynn, Neisen, Leyden and Hannigan
were voted out of the County Board. The new election law was
adopted by the towns of Lake View, Cicero, Jefferson and Hyde
Park.
On March 31, 1887, the grand jury returned indictments against
the following county commissioners : George C. Klehm, Chris.
Geils, R. S. McCloughrey, Chris. Cassleman, R. M. Oliver, Daniel J.
Wren, J. J. McCarthy, F. A. McDonald, and against the following
ex-county commissioners: M. R. Leyden, John Hannigan, Adam
Ochs, C. J. Lynn, John E. Van Pelt, Michael Wasserman, Patrick
McCarthy, and also against W. J. McGarigle, warden of the county
hospital ; Harry Varnell, warden of the insane asylum ; Charles L.
Frey, warden of the infirmary ; and against fourteen contractors and
other business men involved in the frauds of the County Board. The
charge in most of the indictments was conspiracy, and nearly all of
the commissioners and ex-commissioners were likewise indicted for
bribery.
In the spring campaign of 1887 the Democratic committee of fifty
was an important feature. Carter H. Harrison had been defeated
for Congress in the fall of 1886. This disappointed his ambition
and hope and kindled his wrath. In March 1887, he was brought
forward again as candidate for the mayoralty, but at the last mo-
ment, seeing defeat probably inevitable, owing to the sentiment
against him and to the movement for reform, he refused to head the
Democratic ticket. The committee of fifty tendered the nomination
to him, but he declined to accept.
At this time Mr. Harrison was in favor of the election of the
Socialist candidate, Mr. Nelson, to the mayoralty. It was claimed
he took this position out of revenge and wounded pride. The Social-
ists, believing they had a fair chance of success, did everything in
their power to prevent the Democrats from nominating a separate
ticket and to induce them to support Nelson for the mayoralty. Un-
doubtedly the object of Mr. Harrison, Mr. Rubens and nearly all
other Democrat leaders was to throw the Democratic vote to the
Socialist ticket, and in order to do so to fail to nominate an inde-
pendent ticket. John A. Roche was the Republican candidate for
mayor. It was clear that his election would result unless the oppo-
sition should unite on some strong man. The Socialist ticket was
so strong that Harrison realized the Republican ticket was likely
to win in case the Democrats nominated an independent ticket. Ac-
614 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
cordingly, he advocated throwing the entire Democratic vote to the
Socialist ticket and thus to defeat the Republicans in the contest.
Jonathan P. Taylor, who was a candidate for the mayoralty before
the Democratic organization, was rejected by Harry Rubens, mainly
at the instigation of Mr. Harrison. It thus came to pass that the
real issue of this campaign was between the destructive theories of
Socialism on one hand and the American ideas of law, liberty and
security on the other. Mr. Nelson represented the former and Mr.
Roche the latter. "Now choose your candidate," said the press.
The peculiar conditions of this campaign were almost unparal-
leled. The Democrats, by refusing to take any action, left their
members to vote either the Socialist ticket, the Republican ticket, or
to remain away from the polls. The Republicans, in this emergency,
were wise enough to believe that the leading Democrats throughout
the city would rather vote for Roche, a Republican, than for Nelson,
a Socialist. It was upon this basis that they conducted the cam-
paign. During the fall Stephen A. Douglas said, "Carter H. Harri-
son has been for eight years the head of the Democratic party in
Chicago, has been mayor, chief of police, city clerk and everything
else, and has got mad because he can't hold all the offices any longer,
and so he is going to turn over his party to the Socialists and then,
like Sampson, pull the temple down about him and let them all go
to hell together. I am not against Mr. Nelson because he is a
molder. I am against him because he is either a knave or an ass.
He is going to run this city without police. How can he do it?
Why, since the Garden of Eden was closed for repairs there has
never been a time when policemen were not needed." On the same
occasion Judge Sidney Smith said, "This is a peculiar campaign. I
never witnessed anything like it. I firmly believe there is only one
ticket running. Why, it is like a man kicking at an empty bag. The
Democratic organization of this city has wholly collapsed. The
processes which brought this about are natural enough. The Demo-
cratic party has been led to destruction by the most egotistical and
most unreliable man of whom I have ever had any knowledge. He
has utterly ruined the Democratic party and now wants to hand it
over to the party of anarchy and confiscation. He can't do it. The
majority of the legal voters of the Democratic party are good, law-
abiding citizens. They disagree with us politically, but in all ques-
tions of law and order they will stand shoulder to shoulder with the
Republicans or any other party which upholds the institutions of the
country. Mr. Harrison secured the nomination for mayor, and then
discovering the feeling of the people he crawled back into his hole
and tried to pull the hole in after him. The gopher, you know,
throws up dirt all around the hole when he is in hiding. Mr. Harri-
son is throwing dirt around the hole and on everybody and it won't
stay. The proper thing to do is to vote the whole Republican ticket
from top to bottom, whether Republican or Democrat."
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 615
The gravity of the situation was not lost sight of. People realized
after the bomb-throwing at Haymarket square that the disorderly
elements were bent on rule or ruin. Anarchy, though down flat,
was fighting here under its red flag and its redder purpose. Mr.
Harrison made no concealment of his intention to support the So-
cialist ticket. It is doubtful if any man ever deserved and received
greater denunciation and scarification than did Mr. Harrison during
the fall of 1886 and the spring of 1887. Scores of Democrats de-
nounced him and openly stated their intention of voting for the Re-
publican candidate for mayor. The newspapers published long lists
of such Democrats. It was called to the attention of the citizens
that the platform of the Socialists, drafted by Thomas Morgan of
Hyde Park and adopted by the late convention, announced the fol-
lowing doctrines: That all unoccupied lots should be taxed to the
full limit ; that the municipal government should become the owner
of and operate all street railway lines, gas works and mains, electric
light plants and telephone lines; that all railroads should enter the
city by one common trunk line. The remarkable fact about this sub-
ject is that at a later date Republicans and Democrats alike advo-
cated almost every point then supported by the Socialists. Even un-
occupied lands, particularly of corporations, are now taxed ; and the
railroads have a few common depots or stations.
The result of the April election, 1887, was a triumph for the com-
bined Republican and Democratic tickets. John A. Roche was elect-
ed mayor; R. S. Tuthill, Circuit court judge; C. H. Plautz, city
treasurer ; Hempstead Washburne, city attorney ; and D. W. Nicker-
son, city clerk. Roche's majority over Robert Nelson, the Socialist
candidate for mayor, was 27,85.8. Thirteen Republican, four Dem-
ocratic and one Socialist aldermen were elected. The Republicans
also elected their town tickets. There was a general vote for the
annexation of Lake View, Hyde Park, Jefferson and Lake. The
combined Republican and Democratic ticket was called "Law and
Order," and the Socialist ticket was called the "United Labor."
The result of the aldermanic contest was to give to Mayor Roche an
excellent working and honest council.
"Cook county presents a spectacle unique and unprecedented. For
the first time in the history of civilization the public affairs of a
million people are in the hands of jail birds who refuse to reform or
resign. The County Board and the chief administrators appointed
by that body are under indictment, and were it not for the right
of bail they would today be behind prison bars. We have hoped
for relief from the board itself. Seven of the fifteen have steadily
pulled together for reform and one of the other eight has not been
indicted. vThe indicted boodlers and crooks now feel that they are
masters of the situation, and so they are unless the General Assem-
bly comes to the rescue of the plundered people. The thing to do is
to ask the Legislature to provide that at the June election an entire
616 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
new board throughout shall be elected. This can be done with but lit-
tle expense at the same time the six judges are to be elected. As it
now stands the indicted crooks have the drawing of the petit jury
to sit upon their own trials. Will the Thirty-fifth General Assembly
allow such a mockery of justice?" said the Tribune of April 6.
Mayor Roche's majority was 27,348. He received a total of 51,266
and Mr. Nelson 23,918. The Prohibition ticket received nearly 400
votes.
The jury commission bill before the Legislature in May and June,
1887, was wanted by 90 per cent of the people of Cook county irre-
spective of party. It was opposed only by the boodlers, by the vi-
cious and criminal classes, by those unfaithful to their public trusts,
by shyster lawyers and others concerned in jury-fixing and bribery.
The result of the June election was the triumph of good government
and honest political methods over the combined efforts of dema-
gogy, disorder, anarchy and political corruption. The Socialist
vote declined heavily. Under the new law the county elected an
entirely new County Board throughout of fifteen members. The
Republicans nominated fifteen — ten from the city and five from the
county, and nominated Henry C. Senne for president of the board.
It was declared by the Tribune that this commissioners' ticket was
not surpassed by any since the new constitution of 1870 was pro-
mulgated. The newspapers congratulated the citizens of the county
on the strong tickets for commissioners put up by the Republicans
and the Democrats.
On November 8, 1887, the citizens were called upon to vote con-
cerning the annexation of several suburbs to Chicago. The people
generally favored the annexation. Many within those sections of the
county were opposed to it, fearing the influence of city politics and
dreading to lose their own political town identities. The majority
in Hyde Park for annexation, as shown by the election of Novem-
ber 8, 1887, was 721; Central Park, in Cicero, 543; Brighton, in
Cicero 703; Lake, against annexation, 1,207; Jefferson, in favor of
annexation, 408, and Lake View, against annexation, 1,066.
The November election, 1887, was an overwhelming victory for
the Republicans. The entire Republican commissioners' ticket was
elected. The jury commission law was carried by a small majority.
The South, West and North towns voted in favor of the admission
of the petitioned territory — Lake View, Lake, Hyde Park and Jef-
ferson by substantial majorities. Cicero, Hyde Park, Central Park,
Crawford and Section 25 of Jefferson were included in the petition
for annexation. The additions were to be attached to the three di-
visions of the city where they were located. Hyde Park included
Oakland, Forestville, Grand boulevard, Wabash avenue, Hyde Park
Center, South Chicago and Irondale, also parts of the Stockyards
and Englewood districts. This annexation of Hyde Park extended
the boundaries of Chicago to the Indiana state line for the first time.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 617
The people voted by an immense majority to issue $1,000,000 in
county bonds required to pay off the old county indebtedness.
In the spring of 1888 both Democrats and Republicans grew care-
less and permitted the nomination of undesirable candidates for al-
dermen. There were several independent candidates. For the town
offices special Citizens' tickets were nominated and were composed
of Republicans and Democrats who desired the best government pos-
sible. The United Labor party put a ticket in the field. In Hyde
Park there was a Citizens' ticket ; also in Jefferson and South Chi-
cago. The United People's ticket in Lake was headed by Elmer
Washburn. There were to be elected in April, 1888, thirty out of
forty-eight aldermen. The importance of this election was urged
upon the people by the press. The party machines were somewhat
lukewarm and the danger of such apathy was pointed out. There
was a consolidation or a division of parties in order to secure good
men. In the Twenty-second ward, for instance, the Democrats and
Republicans of the better classes were so disgusted with the party
candidates for aldermen that they resolved to support the Radical
Labor candidate. At the election of April, 1888, every town officer
was elected by the Republicans. They also swept the city. The
Radical Labor party cast a still lighter vote than before. Of the
aldermanic candidates the Republicans elected nineteen and the
Democrats eleven. This gave the new council thirty-two Republi-
cans, fifteen Democrats and one Socialist. The total vote in the
city approximated 54,200. The Republicans cast nearly 30,000 and
the Radical Labor party 3,600. In Hyde Park a split ticket was
elected. In Lake there was a sharp, close contest. The United Peo-
ple's ticket was elected by majorities ranging from 150 to 700. In
Evanston, Jefferson, and Cicero the Republicans or People's and
Citizens' parties won victories. In Lake View the Republican ticket
was largely elected.
Early in June, 1888, preparations for the Republican national
convention at the Auditorium were in progress. The opening day
was June 19. For four years the country had been in the hands of
the Democracy and it was now demanded that the Republican should
be returned to power. An interesting incident of the convention
was the introduction to the audience of John C. Fremont, the first
Republican candidate for President. Fred Douglas, the colored
man, made an impressive speech during the opening ceremony. The
leading candidates for the Presidency were Gresham, Harrison and
Sherman. Other names were mentioned but these three were the
favorites. Mr. Estee was elected permanent chairman of the con-
vention. On the first ballot Mr. Sherman led in the number of votes.
On the fourth ballot General Harrison jumped from less than 100 to
217 votes. On the eleventh he had 278, and on the eighteenth 544,
which nominated him. Levi P. Morton was nominated for Vice-
President. As a whole the nominations suited Illinois Republicans.
618 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Both parties in October, 1888, prepared for a vigorous campaign.
The first registration day was October 9. The Labor convention,
which was held here on October 6, voted solidly against any fusion
with the Democrats or other partisans. At this meeting the Union,
Unity, Industrial Reform and Radical Labor parties united. They
nominated an independent ticket. Early in October Melville W.
Fuller took the oath of office as Chief Justice of the United States
under the appointment of President Cleveland. The total registra-
tion of the old city, excluding the towns just added, was on the first
day 89,804, and in the city, including the towns just admitted, which
were Hyde Park, Lake, Lake View, Jefferson and Cicero, a total of
114,675. Throughout the city clubs, committees and organizations
carried on a stirring campaign, both on local and national issues.
The death of John Wentworth in October, 1888, occasioned great
regret. An immense Republican meeting held here October 17 was
addressed by John M. Thurston and others. The registration for
Chicago and its recently annexed towns aggregated a total of 172,-
138. The registration of the city of Chicago was 133,937. This
registration met the highest expectations of all parties. Mr. Elaine
appeared here on Saturday, October 20, and was greeted by an im-
mense audience at Battery D. His reception and his speech were
one of the most notable events in the history of this city. Mr. Fifer,
Republican candidate for governor, and General Palmer, Democratic
candidate, addressed Chicago audiences in October. The speeches
delivered by General Palmer greatly pleased the Democracy. The
result in Chicago was mortifying to the Republicans. They had
promised 10,000 majority to the Harrison national ticket. Two
years before the Labor candidate for state treasurer received 25,000
votes in Cook county, the Democratic candidate 26,000, and the
Republican candidate 43,000. The coalition of the Democrats and
the Fusionists now caused a great change. Cook county gave Gen-
eral Harrison a majority of only 497. The county more than offset
the Cleveland majority in the city, and thus gave the county to the
Republicans. Owing to the Socialists' influence, there was a major-
ity of more than 4,500 against Joseph W. Fifer for governor. The
Republican candidates for county commissioners were defeated.
The delegation from this county to the next General Assembly was
Republican by more than two to one. The Democrats did not get a
single state senator. Of the forty members of the General Assem-
bly from Cook county, twenty-six were Republicans, thirteen Demo-
crats and one Labor man. The representation in Congress remained
practically unchanged. It was conceded that the fusion of the Dem-
ocrats and the Laborites in Chicago was the cause of the practical
defeat of the Republicans.
The spring campaign of 1889 was one of the most spirited ever
conducted in the city. Both parties were thoroughly united and de-
termined to succeed. Germans, Irish, Swedes and other national!-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 619
ties were industriously sought and urged to vote either the Repub-
lican or the Democratic ticket. The Central Labor Union was influ-
ential during the campaign. The Democrats nominated Dewitt Cre-
gier for mayor. The Republicans renominated Mr. Roche for
mayor. A few days before the election it was known that the result
would be close, although it was believed generally that the Republi-
can ticket would win by a small majority. The Republicans them-
selves thought they would have about 10,000 majority. The Re-
publicans claimed that the fight was really in favor of law and order
as against the gang rule which had ended in the Haymarket massa-
cre and the conviction of the boodlers. The Democrats claimed that
the Republican administration was weak and inefficient and that the
reforms promised had not been carried out. There was more enthu-
siasm shown among business men than ever known before. Many
local questions figured in this campaign. Rapid transit, prohibiton,
Sunday closing and high license were the deciding subjects in this
campaign. The result was that the Democrats not only received
their full party vote but also received the large floating vote opposed
to any restriction as regards Sunday closing or the sale of liquor.
Mike McDonald had charge of the Democratic campaign. The
league between Mr. Cregier and the gamblers was well understood
by every one familiar with the situation. This campaign was really
an attempt of the disorderly and saloon elements to gain control
and resume the power, liberty and immunity they had previously
held under Mr. Harrison. Mayor Roche was detested by the vicious
elements, owing to his rigid enforcement of the ordinance against
gambling and immorality. No stone was left unturned by either
party to secure the support of any and every race, faction or religion
that could be influenced in the city. In this respect the campaign
was notable. It was acknowledged just before election day that no
campaign had ever been more thoroughly or enthusiastically con-
ducted. The skill of Mike McDonald as an organizer and campaign
manager was abundantly shown during this campaign. Probably
at no time in the history of the city were the Democrats so united,
determined and confident as during this campaign. Every intrigue
or scheme likely to win votes was adopted regardless of its charac-
ter or consequences otherwise.
The result of the election was the success of the whole Democratic
ticket. The combination of the rank and file of the Democrats with
the laboring people and the gambling element was sufficient to win
success. Evidently the people did not want a rigid enforcement of
the law such as Mayor Roche carried into effect. The South town
elected Republican officers, but the West and North towns were car-
ried by the Democrats. In Hyde Park the Republicans were defeated
and the candidates of the Citizens' party were elected. In Cicero the
entire Republican ticket was elected. The People's ticket succeeded
in Jefferson. In Lake View and Lake the Republicans were suc-
cessful.
620 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
One factor which contributed to the Republicans' defeat was con-
ceded to be the weakness of their aldermanic ticket. The most of
the nominees for that important position were men of small caliber,
named by one-sided caucuses and unsupported by the mass of think-
ing and intelligent Republicans. The party was rent by intrigues in
almost every ward. Local jealousies and other considerations named
the weak men. No honest man could find fault with the Roche ad-
ministration. It was just, fair, clean, honest and able. It suppressed
vice more than had been done before for a decade, but in doing so
encountered the hatred of the elements that were compelled to obey
the law. Cregier's plurality was 12,058. The city clerk, Amberg,
Republican, was elected by a majority of 133. The new council
had twenty-five Republicans and twenty-three Democrats. The new
aldermen elected were thirteen Democrats and thirteen Republicans.
For governor, Fifer received 58,107 and Palmer 65,912 votes.
In the fall of 1889 the new primary law was put into effect and
was pronounced successful. The law took from the committeemen
their previous autocratic power. The most important object of this
election was the selection of fifteen candidates for county commis-
sioners, ten from the city and five from the county. There were
also to be elected a recorder of deeds, judge of the Circuit court,
and judge of the Superior court. The fight was good men against
incompetents. Michael C. McDonald conducted the Democratic
campaign. His ability, skill and experience were necessary to Dem-
ocratic success. The boodle claims figured in the contest. It meant
a great deal whether honest men or dishonest men were elected
county commissioners, because upon them would rest the decision
of whether to fight or not to fight such claims. Mr. McDonald
made a strong fight to secure the election of his candidates for the
County Board. A strong attack upon President Senne of that body
was made by his opponents. Nearly all charges were denied and
shown to be false. The Republicans and Democrats divided the
victory at the November election. The Republicans elected their
recorder, Circuit judge and five of the county commissioners. The
Democrats elected their candidate for Superior judge, president of
the County Board, and ten of the county commissioners.
The importance of the April election, 1890, was duly recognized.
Both parties organized and conducted spirited campaigns. ' It was
thought by many that the City Council was a more important body
to Chicago than was the State Legislature or Congress. All real-
ized that the city fathers had immense power over fortunes and hap-
piness. The problems at this time were clean streets ; smoke nui-
sance; good drinking water; separation of police department from
the vicious and gambling elements; the proper handling of city
funds ; absence of boodling ; preparing the city for the World's Fair ;
control of gambling and vice ; extension of city improvements ; good
schools ; control of the city by men of such honesty and good charac-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 621
ter as would create a good impression during the World's Fair. The
elections in the towns were not lost sight of. Town officials were
usually extravagant and were paid high salaries. Accordingly there
usually were vigorous fights for those positions. Personal interests
and considerations ruled this election. There was a multiplicity of
candidates. In most wards there were three — Republican, Demo-
crat and Independent. The Democrats swept completely the three
town tickets. The Republicans won in Hyde Park and Lake View
and only partly in Lake. This was the first time for many years that
all three old towns were controlled wholly by the Democrats. The
Democrats had thirty-four members of the new council and there-
fore held a slight majority in that body. The total registration at
the April election, 1890, was 149,441.
The campaign in the fall of 1890 was one of the most enthusiastic
and bitterly contested ever conducted in the city. The Democrats
held their convention on the last of September. It was one of the
most turbulent, disorderly and riotous ever held in the city. The
contending factions fought to a finish before the ticket was finally
selected. Numerous fist fights on the floor of the convention hall
occurred. As a whole the nominations were those of strong, able
and presumably honest men. During the campaign General Palmer,
Senator Cullom and other prominent men assisted their friends in
this county with speeches and influence. The campaign committees
were particularly active in seeing that no portion of the county was
neglected and in making every attempt to secure factional votes.
The Civil Service Reform league issued an interesting campaign
document to which very little attention was paid. The Republican
papers roasted Mr. Lawler, Democratic candidate for sheriff, and
declared him to be a demagogue and friend of the gamblers and plug-
uglies. The Citizens' committee of one hundred, representing the
British American Council, the Patriotic Order of Sons of America
and other organizations named a full ticket at this election. Both
old parties during the last week of the campaign held parades and
ratification meetings throughout the city, and particularly in the
down town districts. There was much trading done. The Demo-
crats strained every nerve to secure legislative members. There
was nominated at this time what was called an Independent ticket
for county commissioners. It was issued in the interests of a non-
partisan board based upon a business platform. A number of the
most prominent men in the city were connected with this movement.
It was conceded that this contest was not one for political advantage,
but was in the interest of good and honest government. The result
in many instances was so close that it required the official count to
settle who had the majority. The Republicans secured six of the
ten city members on the County Board, including the president.
That number, with the five county members, gave the Republicans
the majority on the County Board. As a whole, it was a Repub-
622 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
lican victory. James H. Gilbert, Republican, defeated Mr. Lawler,
Democrat, for the office of sheriff. Hull, Republican candidate for
county treasurer, was defeated by Kern, Democratic candidate. The
new delegation in Congress was three Democrats and one Republi-
can. Wolfe, Republican candidate for county clerk, defeated Haert-
ing, Democrat, by a substantial majority. Lane, Republican can-
didate for superintendent of schools, defeated Mrs. Mulligan, Dem-
ocrat, by a large majority. Frank Scales was elected County judge
over the Republican candidate, Mahert; Kettelle defeated Ball for
Superior judge; Brentano defeated Garnett for Superior judge.
For state treasurer, Cook county gave Amberg 72,291, Wilson 77,-
904 and Link 920. Wilson was a Democrat and Amberg a Repub-
lican.
In the spring of 1891 Mr. Harrison desired the nomination for
mayor, but was unable to induce the Democratic convention to think
likewise. They nominated Dewitt C. Cregier for that office. This
so incensed Mr. Harrison that he prepared to oppose savagely the
election of Mr. Cregier. He secured the nomination for mayor on
the Personal Rights League ticket on March 16, and immediately
began a bitter denunciation of the management of city affairs by
Mayor Cregier. He pronounced the administration of the latter
the most shameful and corrupt in the history of the city. He charged
the mayor with having 500 men on the pay roll in one ward, 700 in
another, and about 1,000 in another — all for election purposes, and
demanded to know out of what fund these men were paid. The
Cregier faction succeeded in capturing the support of the Trade and
Labor party.
Among the questions before the people during this campaign were
the Sunday closing ordinance, the union labor question and the
movement against gambling. Frank Lawler, the right-hand man
of Mr. Harrison, stumped the city against the Cregier and Republican
tickets; The Republicans nominated Hempstead Washburne for
mayor and in their platform demanded the following : No increase
of indebtedness ; every dollar to be accounted for ; public inspection
of accounts; publication of the city pay roll; day labor system in
place of contract system ; eight-hour day ; no one but citizens on the
city pay roll ; suppression of public gambling, and divorcement of
the police from politics, etc. The city hall (or Cregier) faction of
the Democracy during this campaign practiced the most objection-
able methods in order to secure the success of their ticket. They
colonized voters at lodging houses, padded the registration lists
and in some instances on election day stuffed the ballot boxes. The
old gang were determined to win. The business men of both par-
ties united against the Cregier ticket and administration. An im-
mense mass meeting of non-partisan business men was held at Cen-
tral Music hall on March 21. Mr. Washburne addressed the audi-
ence.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 623
The Democrats in their platform supported the following princi-
ples : The eight-hour law ; the streets are the property of the peo-
ple ; legislation for .the masses ; the city to do its own work and not
through contractors; the enforcement of the factory and tenement
laws ; the city treasurer to be paid a fixed salary ; the interest on de-
posits to belong to the city treasury. The Republicans made the
most of the attacks of Harrison and Lawler upon the Cregier ad-
ministration. The Socialist-Labor party nominated Thomas Mor-
gan for mayor and the Citizens' committee and the Prohibition party
nominated Elmer Washburne. Thus there were five mayoralty
tickets in the field. The Democratic State Central committee de-
cided that Cregier was the regular Democratic nominee. This fur-
ther complicated this unique, abusive, rascally and thrilling cam-
paign. The speeches of Stephen A. Douglas and John Finerty in
support of the Republican ticket were witty, sarcastic and brilliant.
In every ward there were sharp, personal contests. All parties paid
particular attention to the question of non-partisanship of the police
force. A remarkable fact connected with this campaign was that
although Cregier and his supporters in their speeches and documents
stated substantially the facts, they were not believed, but were ridi-
culed, condemned and finally ignored. The Republicans declared
at this time that the County Board, under Mr. Edmanson, had been
guilty of graft, corruption and scandal almost every day in the year.
Among the policies advocated by the Citizens' party candidates,
headed by Elmer Washburne, were the closing of saloons, the non-
opening of parks to the public, and the stoppage of street cars on the
Lord's day. The platform was called a Sabatarian one. The news-
papers referred pointedly and sarcastically to "Cregier and his family
trust." Thus savagely the factions approached election day. Hemp-
stead Washburne received for mayor 46,857, Cregier 46,421, Harri-
son 42,170, and Elmer Washburn 23,5%. For the City Council the
Republicans elected fifteen members, the Cregier Democrats sixteen
and the Harrison Democrats three. Charges of cheating, fraud,
false registration, colonization, and stuffing ballot boxes, were as
numerous after the election as before. The elections in the various
towns were vigorously contested. The North, South and West towns
and Lake, with slight exceptions, went Democratic. Hyde Park,
Like View, Cicero, Jefferson and Calumet, with a few exceptions,
were carried by the Republicans.
On September 26, 1891, the Democrats named Jonas Hutchinson
for Superior judge; Charles E. Babcock, superintendent of schools;
L. E. Cooley and W. S. Bogle, drainage trustees; John S. Cooper,
president of the County Board, and fifteen county commissioners.
The factions of the Democratic party united in this convention.
The Harrison wing and the Cregier wing held separate caucuses
and even sat apart in the convention, but finally united on the above
ticket. The preparation of the platform was left to the campaign
624 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
committee. The Republican county convention was held on October
1. The ticket was as follows: Theodore Brentano, Superior court
judge; Orville T. Bright, county superintendent; William Bolden-
weck and B. A. Eckhart, drainage trustees; J. M. Green, president
of the County Board, and fifteen commissioners. The Republican
newspapers boasted that their ticket was the strongest and best that
had been nominated for several years. It was a cut-and-dried slate
ticket. A special committee of seven selected these candidates in
advance of the convention. The People's Trade and Labor party
nominated Michael Healy and C. G. Dixon for drainage trustees;
Robert Nelson, president of the County Board; Homer Bevans,
county superintendent. The Prohibitionists organized and put a full
ticket in the field. Early in October the campaign committees on
all parties began active work. The new Australian ballot was to be
used and the newspapers contained full descriptions as to how it
should be voted. The registration lists were purged, lodging houses
were inspected everywhere throughout the city, and efforts to secure
a pure and untrammeled vote were made. On the other hand the
ringsters and wolves were as busy as ever. There was graft on the
County Board and graft in the City Council. Boodlers seemed to be
everywhere. The Republican newspapers singled out Mr. Cooley
as the object of their attacks. Adolph Kraus, Frank Wenter, Aus-
tin Sexton and Thomas Gahan were among the leaders who prepared
the Democratic platform. During this campaign city and county
consolidation was considered. Mr. Cooley's deep canal plan was
thoroughly discussed. It received unlimited abuse from the Repub-
lican newspapers. They declared that if his plan were put in opera-
tion it would mean enormous taxation. At the election in November
the Republicans were successful. A Republican Board of County
Commissioners was chosen. Boldenweck, Cooley and Eckhart were
elected drainage trustees. On the balance of the ticket the Repub-
licans swept the county with majorities running from 7,000 to 14,-
000.
In March, 1892, voters were urged to study the character of al-
dermanic and town candidates. The leading newspapers said there
was ten times more aldermanic corruption than at any time since
1871-72. One paper said, "In 1871 aldermen were paid for getting
places for policemen, for allowing bay-windows to be constructed in
violation of the ordinances, and for permitting a railroad to lay
down a switch track. Today they sell franchises to gas and com-
pressed air companies. They sell rights of way to trunk lines and
force elevated and street railroads to pay tribute to them. There
should be investigations, indictments and convictions." That paper
urged the grand jury to make an immediate and thorough investi-
gation. It was declared that the boodlers and bribe takers of 1871-2
were bunglers, and that it took some time for aldermen to learn how
to conceal their crimes. The council of 1876 was overwhelmingly
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY C25
honest. Almost every man was absolutely incorruptible in official
duty. People, then determined on reform, deliberately selected good
men. Why then in 1892 should not the present council be selected
from the ranks of well known and honest citizens regardless of
party? In twenty-eight of the thirty- four wards of the city there
were from three to five candidates for each aldermanic vacancy. In
each of the other six there were two candidates. This gave the citi-
zens plenty of material, such as it was, from which to choose.
Everybody liked the Australian ballot. It became popular from the
start. The existing council was Democratic and was likely to re-
main so, but there was no reason why it should not be honest as well
as Democratic. The city authorities at this time made vigorous and
praiseworthy war on poolrooms and bucket shops. That was one
item to the credit of the city administration.
About the middle of March, 1892, the Grand Jury returned in-
dictments against the following aldermen : Cremier, W. J. O'Brien,
Jackson, Dorman, Gosselin, D. R. O'Brien and Gorman. These men
protested their innocence. They were charged with bribery in the
granting of franchises. It was argued at this time that both givers
and takers of bribes should be punished. Why let a wealthy cor-
poration be free to tempt aldermanic candidates? As high as five
hundred new citizens were turned out of the naturalization mill in
two days about the middle of March. All parties, whether they ob-
tained honest men or not, were doing their utmost to achieve suc-
cess. The Democratic newspapers demanded to know why Repub-
lican aldermanic boodlers had not been indicted as well as Demo-
cratic aldermanic boodlers. Thus far indictments had been returned
against the latter only. They insisted that the state's attorney, for
partisan purposes, was proceeding against Democrats only, and de-
manded the whole truth regardless of fear or favor. The news-
papers and the federations demanded day after day that the regis-
try lists should be thoroughly purged of all fraudulent names. At
this time as never before did both parties covertly attempt coloniza-
tion plans in different portions of the city. In the Eighteenth and
Twenty-fourth wards, where the registration was unusually heavy,
such schemes were revealed. That they existed in the down town
wards all admitted. The free silver discussion cut an important
figure. The laboring people appeared upon the scene with a full
ticket. Street cleaning by special assessment was considered.
When the grand jury finished its labors about the first of April
indictments had been found against nine aldermen and one member
of the Board of Education. The newspapers, as usual just previous
to the day of election, published lists of men whose selection as alder-
men they thought most wise. These lists were regarded with sus-
picion. The newspapers themselves were partisan and therefore
made the support of party nominees the first consideration. The
town and the aldermanic contests were fought from a partisan stand-
Vol. II — 36.
626 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
point, though each party made honest efforts to secure good men.
The result of the election was more satisfactory to honest citizens
than had been anticipated. Several of the most pernicious members
of the council were retired to private life. The success of getting
good men of both parties for aldermen was particularly noted and
gratifying. Of the thirty-four aldermen whose terms expired, only
nine were reelected. Thus about twenty-five of the old aldermen
were retired from office. It was thought that the twenty-five new
men could do no worse for the city than had the twenty-five who
went out. Tw.enty of the thirty-four were Republicans, two Inde-
pendent Democrats and eleven straight-out Democrats. In the West
town the Republicans swept the field. The Democrats carried the
North town and there were split results in the South town. The
Republicans carried Hyde Park and Lake View. There were mixed
results in Jefferson and Lake. The vote to annex the town of
Cicero showed in the city a large majority in its favor. At this elec-
tion the total number of names on the revised registry lists was 208,-
021, but the total number of votes polled was only 133,257.
Early in October, 1892, the newspapers declared that the frauds
committed during the spring election of 1891 were gross in the ex-
treme and should not be permitted again in this city. There were
four full tickets and one partial ticket in the field in the fall of 1892,
namely, Republican, Democratic, Prohibition, People's, and People's
Trade and Labor. John P. Altgeld was the Democratic candidate
for governor and Joseph W. Fifer the Republican candidate. There
were to be elected state officers and judges, and in Cook county were
to be chosen senators and representatives, several judges of the
Supreme and Circuit courts, state's attorney, recorder, coroner,
county surveyor, drainage trustees, several clerks of the courts and
a full quota of county commissioners. A sample Australian ballot
was published in the newspapers. At this time Chicago was enjoy-
ing the greatest building boom in its history owing to the World's
Fair. The dedication of the World's Fair buildings in October was
an important event, although unconnected with politics. On October
23, Senator Sherman of Ohio delivered a powerful speech on na-
tional affairs in Central Music hall. There was considerable excite-
ment in October, owing to unlawful instructions sent to the election
clerks. These instructions were finally withdrawn.
The campaign for the governorship was one of the most exciting
in the history of the state. In this city particularly were state
issues, national issues and county issues thoroughly discussed and
torn to tatters. Mr. Altgeld brought into politics the question of
native born Americans and foreigners and succeeded in creating
much interest and sharp discussion concerning the character and
nationality of men chosen to office. The free silver problem and
the labor situation were fully explained during this campaign. The
total registration in the city by October 28 was about 270,000. This
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 627
list it was admitted would have been considerably larger had it not
been for the new law requiring a longer residence in precincts.
Both parties in October continued strong and vigorous cam-
paigns, particularly in behalf of the national and state tickets. Per-
haps never before was there shown such a strong disposition to dis-
regard the importance of local politics as at this time. The news-
papers themselves dwelt almost wholly on national issues and neg-
lected local interests in a large measure. Six judges of the Superior
court and two judges of the Circuit court were to be chosen. It had
been the custom for many years, in order to remove the judgeships
from politics, for the two old parties to divide the candidates for
those important positions. At this election both parties departed
from procedure and nominated full partisan tickets for county judge-
ships.
Governor Fifer was here early in November and delivered a series
of speeches throughout the city and county.
During this election there was a strong demand for speakers,
stronger in fact than the supply. People demanded arguments and
facts and accordingly immense quantities of printed campaign mat-
ter were distributed. Governor Fifer and Governor Altgeld made
aggressive campaigns. Fifer's visit to Chicago the week before
election greatly improved his chances. He particularly addressed
German audiences. He stated that if reflected he would secure the
repeal of the Edwards law and the passage of the compulsory educa-
tion law. During the campaign the Republican newspapers unspar-
ingly lampooned Judge Altgeld. He was called a disgrace to him-
self and to his party. Altgeld ignored the charges brought against
him and continued his effective work with the people whom he
thought most inclined to support him. Both parties struggled hard
to secure the Legislature with the expectation of redistricting the
state. Both had strong tickets in the field. At this election Mr. Lori-
mer was candidate for clerk of the Superior court. He was fiercely
attacked by the Democratic press and speakers. The compulsory
education law was discussed and torn to pieces during this campaign.
Its objectionable features were laid to the responsibility of Governor
Fifer. As a matter of fact it transpired that the Woman's club of
Chicago was the first to agitate a compulsory school, and that John
P. Altgeld, as attorney for the club, probably assisted in the prepa-
ration of that law. During the last few days of the campaign hun-
dreds of inflammatory pamphlets were circulated by the anarchists
among the followers of that class of people. It was presumed that
anarchy was dead in Chicago, but this act proved that it only slum-
bered.
The result of the election was a surprise to Chicago and Cook
county. The election of Mr. Cleveland was wholly unexpected even
by the Democrats themselves. The state of Illinois was swept by the
Democrats. The whole state ticket and nearly the whole county
628 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ticket were elected by that party. The Republicans were not dis-
heartened by this defeat. They felt that Governor Fifer had con-
ducted a strong and brilliant campaign. He had been fiercely and
venomously attacked, but his administration was not shown corrupt
nor inefficient. Mr. Altgeld's phenomenal campaign attracted the
attention of the whole country. He did not touch a single topic
which he did not misrepresent. Cleveland's majority over Harri-
son was 31,748; Altgeld's majority over Fifer was 30,389. This
was one of the most notable victories of Democracy ever won in
Cook county. The party swept almost the entire county. The Re-
publicans elected but one Congressman.
The feature of the spring campaign, 1893, was the candidacy of
Mr. Harrison for the mayoralty. It was his ambition to be the
World's Fair mayor, and accordingly, to secure the prize, he made
the most desperate effort of his life. Many Republicans liked Mr.
Harrison. They admired his methods, and all admitted that his
personal reputation and character were above reproach. Thus Mr.
Harrison made a strong bid for votes of this class of Republi-
cans. The Democratic city convention adopted a platform devoted
mainly to a description of what they desired in the management of
city affairs. They took the position against the granting of any
franchises without full compensation to the city. It was shown that
Mr. Harrison during his former mayoralty had given away several
valuable franchises without due compensation. But this was true
of other former mayors. Now the party took a different tack. The
platform declared that the police force should be non-partisan, that
the special assessment system should not be abused, that loss of
life at grade crossings should cease, and ended by saying, "the larg-
est measure of personal liberty consistent with the common good"
was necessary to the city. This was understood to mean conces-
sions to vice. The party announced that owing to the great honor
conferred upon Chicago by its selection as the place for the Colum-
bian Exposition, the city should respond by furnishing a superior
administration and by exhibiting to the world the high character of
Chicago men and the magnitude of local business enterprises.
It was noted at this time that the presidential campaign of 1892
had been one of the most dignified ever conducted in Cook county.
It was further noted that the spring campaign of 1893 was the re-
verse. Mr. Harrison had many bitter enemies who did not hesitate
to attack him with all the venom which real or supposed injuries
could summon. As a matter of fact many leading Republicans who
usually would not think of supporting a Democrat for any ordinary
position, quietly favored the election of Mr. Harrison as World's
Fair mayor. Voters did not lose sight of the importance of electing
good aldermen on this occasion; and the newspapers, clubs and
associations made numerous appeals and all made thorough exposi-
tion of the character and qualifications of men nominated for im-
portant positions.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 629
Unquestionably Mr. Harrison was the leader of the Democracy
of Chicago at this time. In almost every ward, although he had
bitter opponents, he succeeded in routing them and winning nearly
all the contests. He fought particularly hard to secure a Democratic
city council, knowing how vital the character of that body was to his
own administration. The power of Mr. Harrison was shown by the
fact that the Republicans were on the defensive. They even went
so far as to beg Mr. Harrison to see that honorable Democrats were
elected to the City Council. It was declared by the Tribune early in
March, 1893, that one-tenth of the convention which nominated
Mr. Harrison for Mayor had been in the penitentiary, the bridewell,
or the jail. Washington Hesing opposed Mr. Harrison. He stated
that if he could have secured forty more delegates in the convention
he would have had a majority and that those forty were offered to
him for from $500 to $20,000 a head.
Popular opinion selected Lyman J. Gage as the Republican can-
didate for mayor. He was regarded by many as an ideal man for
the World's Fair mayor. There was also a strong demand that
Samuel W. Allerton should become the Republican nominee for the
mayoralty. He was liked by business men throughout the city. The
importance of the town offices was kept in view. Both parties made
vigorous fights to secure these prizes. The Republicans held their
convention on March 15, and duly nominated Samuel W. Allerton
for mayor. They left to the city central committee the selection of
acceptable Democrats to fill the positions of treasurer and attorney.
Thus the ticket was really non-partisan, being made up of Republi-
cans and of all Democrats who would not support Mr. Harrison.
Mr. Allerton was nominated by acclamation. The discussion of
candidates which had continued for two weeks culminated in the de-
mand for his nomination. Both parties nominated full spring tick-
ets, but the Democrats were particularly unfortunate in naming for
aldermen many men of inferior character and qualifications. Both
paties in their platform demanded reform in the city administration.
Whether both meant it or not was another question. The Republi-
cans nominated Bernard J. Neibling for city treasurer and James
C. McShane for city attorney, both Democrats. There were four
tickets in the field, the Citizens' non-partisan, composed of Republi-
sans and anti-Harrison Democrats ; the Harrison ticket, the United
Citizens' or Cregier ticket, and the Socialist-Labor ticket. There
were several aldermanic candidates of excellent character and sev-
eral independents.
On March 21 the Republicans held an immense ratification meet-
ing at the Auditorium to celebrate the candidacy of Mr. Allerton.
Many of the best speakers of the city were present. Mr. Harrison
conducted one of the ablest, most aggressive campaigns in the history
of the city. Although his administrative record was considered
bad he managed by adroitness, skillful evasion and artful presenta-
630 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
tion of what he had actually accomplished to satisfy a great many
Republicans. The newspapers particularly vilified, criticised and
bespattered him without mercy. If everything concerning him could
be believed he was no more fit to be mayor than any criminal. Peo-
ple did not believe this, however, because all knew Mr. Harrison
to be personally a man of high character and knew that while he
might shield vice, he would still give a fair administration of muni-
cipal affairs. His attitude on all city affairs, particularly franchises
and immunities extended to vice, was thoroughly examined and held
up for public inspection. It was well understood that Mr. Cregier's
candidacy was due to his wish to be revenged on Mr. Harrison for
having run independently two years before. A volume could be
employed in recounting the charges, countercharges, abuses, vilifi-
cations, intrigues, misrepresentations and falsehoods in this nauseat-
ing and memorable campaign. It was a time when friends turned
against friends, when revenge, spite and hatred cut a great figure.
Mayor Harrison was in a large measure responsible for this villain-
ous and mendacious campaign.
The result was an easy victory for Mr. Harrison. The Harrison
disaffection manifested throughout the campaign shrank to an in-
considerable vote on election day. The few Democrats who did not
vote for Mr. Harrison were replaced by Republicans who did. The
candidacy of Mr. Cregier turned out what it was known to be — a
farcical, frantic, spiteful attempt to divert as many votes as possible
from Mr. Harrison. The Socialist-Labor ticket was probably run
with the same object in view. Mr. Harrison received a total of
113,929, Allerton 92,761, Cregier 3,019 and Erenpries 914. The
Democrats elected their city attorney, treasurer and clerk. Rogers
Park and West Ridge were annexed to Chicago by this election.
This gave the city two additional square miles of territory and
about 3,500 population. The Republicans elected a majority of
their aldermanic candidates. The new council was composed of
about twenty Republicans, twelve Democrats and three Independent
Democrats. The Democrats elected their entire West town ticket
by a large majority. They also carried the South town and partly
the North town. This was a great victory for the Democrats, and
they gave one of their most enthusiastic celebrations to voice their
ecstasy over the results.
In September, 1893, the Tribune said, "The present County
Board has been as reckless and extravagant as any that has controlled
since the Van Pelt-Klehm combination of boodlers. It has obstruct-
ed good work begun by the last excellent board and has outrun the
appropriations. It has existed in an atmosphere of suspicion and
jobbery. The majority of the present board should be got rid of
this fall. Capable, honest and experienced men should be elected
from the city districts that the county affairs may be honestly ad-
ministered. The Edmanson-O'Connell administration of county
affairs should be ended as soon as possible."
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 631
A scheme for redistricting the city was considered by the election
committee of the council in September, 1893. It was admitted by
all authorities that the present representation on the City Board was
unfair and disproportionate. It was said that the Twelfth ward,
with 14,000 voters, had but two aldermen, while the First and Sev-
enteenth wards, with an aggregate effective vote of only about
7,000, had four aldermen. The same disproportion was true of
other wards. A change was desirable.
In September, 1893, a certain newspaper stated that for the last
three or four years the character of the Cook county judiciary had
steadily deteriorated. That paper declared that small bore lawyers,
political pettifoggers and wire pullers had been swept into office be-
fore their true character and qualities were known. Several were
without character or conscience and had never written a brief and
were without legal ability or legal knowledge. As nine judges were
to be elected this fall the newspapers generally insisted that a com-
bination of gamblers, groggery keepers, demagogues and anarchists
which had lately been formed should not be permitted to name
judges or to defeat good men intended by honest citizens for the
bench.
Both parties, not being able to agree, decided to nominate full
party judicial tickets. The best members of both of the old parties
argued publicly the importance of nominating honest and capable
men for county commissioners on an anti-salary grabbing and
economical platform.
Mr. Hesing had fought Mr. Harrison's efforts to secure the
mayoralty nomination, but the latter was successful. Disagreeable
personalities were resorted to by both men during the campaign.
Mr. Hesing did everything in his power to prevent the election of
Mr. Harrison. Now, in October, 1893, when Mr. Hesing desired
to be postmaster Mr. Harrison opposed his appointment, probably
owing to the bitter remembrances of the former mayoralty cam-
paign.
The Bar association, anxious to secure good judges rather than
partisans, selected in September eight persons, four of each of the
old parties most conspicuous for judges, to be voted for at the
coming election for their legal ability. One of these men was Judge
Gary, whom all were willing to see elected.
At their county convention the Democrats renominated the ten
serving Democratic city commissioners and the five county Repub-
lican ones. The following day the Republicans nominated their
judicial and commissioners' tickets. Judge Gary was renominated
by acclamation, the entire delegation or convention rising and cheer-
ing his name when it was presented. George Struckman was named
for president of the County Board.
Governor Altgeld opposed the reelection of Judge Gary, owing
to his attitude in ruling against the anarchists during their trial.
G32 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
But the Democratic party of Cook county endorsed Judge Gary in
spite of the attitude of the governor. Mayor Harrison favored the
reelection of Judge Gary. There was a concerted fight made
against the reelection of Judge Gary by the Socialists and anarchists
headed by Messrs. Schilling, Morgan, Neebe and others. On the
other hand upright citizens of all parties made a determined fight
for his return to the bench. The Gary ratification meeting was one
of the most notable and complimentary ever held in Chicago. Judge
Gary in his speech said that it was the first time for thirty years he
had appeared before a political gathering. On four different occa-
sions he had been the non-partisan nominee for reelection. On this
occasion he made no partisan appeal, but stated simply that he was a
candidate for reelection. However, the attitude of Governor Altgeld
against the reelection of Judge Gary rendered it necessary, so it was
thought by his supporters, that a fight of unusual strenuosity should
be made in his behalf. Governor Altgeld himself appeared here late
in October to speak against Judge Gary, and generally to oppose the
Republican ticket.
The assassination of Carter H. Harrison, the mayor, on October
28, 1893, shocked the city, the county and the whole country. He
had been so conspicuous here for many years, and particularly was
so well liked by men of all parties, that his sudden and -violent death
occasioned profound and sincere sorrow throughout the county. This
was regarded generally as one of the resultants of the anarchistic
movement. Mr. Harrison himself had been largely instrumental in
permitting it to reach a strong standard of power. At this time there
were thirty-eight Republican aldermen in the City Council and thirty
Democrats. The vacancy caused by the death of Mayor Harrison
was filled temporarily by the City Council. On November 2 thirty-
five of the thirty-eight Republican aldermen met in caucus and nom-
inated Alderman George B. Swift to fill the vacancy. On November
3 the thirty Democrats of the City Council met in caucus and agreed
to support Alderman John McGillen for mayor. The latter was
chairman of the Democratic county campaign committee. On No-
vember 4 the council struggled over the appointment of a new
mayor. The Tribune said, "The council chamber has been the
scene of many riotous and disorderly proceedings, but the scene
enacted yesterday by the Democrats who sought to sieze the mayor-
alty was the most disgraceful ever witnessed and the most scan-
dalous in the history of Chicago. There was no regard for law,
order or civic decency. The Democratic minority of thirty tried
to usurp the functions of the majority of thirty-eight. Every step
in the Democratic program was taken in defiance of every rule of
parliamentary law. The most disgraceful feature of the proceed-
ings was the bribery of three or four weak-kneed Republican alder-
men to assist the minority in the schemes of usurpation and possibly
plunder." Mr. Swift was elected mayor by a majority of the City
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 633
Council. Of the sixty-eight aldermen, thirty-four were for Swift,
thirty-three for McGillen and one blank. On November 6, in order
to remove all doubt as to the legal election of Mr. Swift as mayor
of Chicago, a new ballot was taken in the City Council with the
following result: Mr. Swift 62 and Mr. McGillen 5. There was one
blank vote.
The death of Mayor Harrison necessitated the election of a new
mayor. The Republicans in December, 1893, named George B.
Swift for that position. The Democrats nominated John P. Hop-
kins. With but two weeks in which to conduct the campaign both
parties inaugurated vigorous work throughout the city. Mr. Swift
had served as mayor by appointment for about three weeks and dur-
ing that time had revealed several stuffed pay rolls. The Republi-
cans made the most of this discovery. There were about 281,000
registration voters. During the two weeks the campaign was one of
the hottest ever conducted in the city. The vituperation, abuse and
malignity displayed were rarely ever equaled here. Old repulsive
scores of long standing were settled. The election resulted in a
victory for Mr. Hopkins by about 1,290 plurality. Two other can-
didates were Britzius and Wakeley, put forward by the minority
parties. The election of Mr. Hopkins was a great triumph for the
city hall people and for Democracy.
Three Republicans and one Democrat were elected to the Supe-
rior court judgeship. There were also elected two Republicans to
fill vacancies on that bench. Three Republican Circuit court judges
were chosen and one Republican Circuit court judge was elected to
fill a vacancy. The entire Republican County commissioner ticket
was elected. Judge Gary was reflected by a majority of over 5,000.
A heavy majority for the annexation of Norwood Park to the city
was given. The vote on the museum project showed a heavy ma-
jority in its favor.
In the spring of 1894 the press of the city declared that for sev-
eral years the Board of Aldermen had been the worst, if possible,
in the history of the city. Papers said that a majority of the alder-
men were at all times open to bribery for franchises of every de-
scription. Their business was to rob both great and small, collect
thousands of dollars for a gas ordinance, hundreds for the laying
of a switch track, and less amounts for smaller favors. Many were
professional plunderers and graduates of rum holes and slums.
They went into the City Council for no other purpose than graft
and dishonesty generally, so said the newspapers. The election of
thirty-four new aldermen in April was declared to be very impor-
tant and all good citizens were urged to register and vote. The cry
from the press, the rostrum, the clubs, and the associations was for
municipal purity and the permanent retirement of the boodlers.
Both parties accordingly made earnest efforts to secure the nomina-
tion of good men, but in spite of their exertions several objection-
634 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
able candidates were named by each. This could not be avoided if
party success was to be the result. It was a partisan necessity, so
it was declared, to make concessions to objectionable elements in
order to secure their patronage. This has ever been the bane of
politics. Partisans, in order to achieve success, must concede im-
munity to vice.
Both Republicans and Democrats about the middle of March,
1894, nominated full aldermanic tickets of thirty-four numbers. As
a whole, the selections were good. Under the new ballot law there
were several Independent candidates by petition. Of the twenty-
nine aldermen nominated by the Democrats, nine were liquor sellers.
As it was the experience of Chicago that such men made the worst
aldermen, this fact was dwelt upon by the newspapers during this
campaign. Many local questions were involved, such as track ele-
vation, the saloons, free silver, the labor question, gambling, nickel
in the slot machines, clean streets, honest registration, cheap gas,
prize fighting, overhead wires, a new courthouse, electric lighting
and encroachments on sidewalk space. Both parties particularly
desired the election of their candidates for assessor in the various
towns within the city limits, and accordingly made a spirited cam-
paign to secure that prize. The contests in the various wards were
sharp in the extreme. Politics gave way in a large measure to
pulls, graft and personal considerations. The newspapers declared
that it was a dangerous election, owing to the desperate raid at-
tempted by political ringsters upon the taxpayers. At the April
election, 1894, the Republicans were generally successful. Their
majority in the council was increased by three. The Republicans
elected twenty-two out of the thirty-four candidates for aldermen,
and also elected the town tickets in five of the seven towns consti-
tuting the city. The Republicans elected their entire ticket in the
North town by a majority ranging from 2,000 to 6,000. They car-
ried Hyde Park, Lake View and Jefferson by substantial majorities.
The Democratic ticket won in Lake and the West town. The Re-
publicans carried Cicero and Evanston. The election of April, 1894,
was considered highly favorable to the Republicans. In the De-
cember preceding, the Democrats had elected Mayor Hopkins by
a majority of nearly 1,300. Now the results were so much the other
way as to give great encouragement to the Republicans.
The violent labor agitations and strikes during 1894 rendered the
political campaign in the fall of that year extremely interesting and
exciting. The attitude of Mr. MacVeagh in regard to the Debs
boycott was commented upon with great severity in September. He
denounced Cleveland in supporting the United States courts when
the latter asked relief in that emergency. He declared that the na-
tional government had taken an important part in local affairs
which should have been left to local governments. However, neither
Governor Altgeld nor Mayor Hopkins, both Democrats, were able
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 635
to enforce law and order during the strike. The attitude of Gov-
ernor Altgeld in support of the strikers was an important considera-
tion at this time. All of these questions rendered the campaign a
memorable and exciting one. It was a period when there was much
gush, hypocrisy and misrepresentation to secure the support of the
laboring people. Mr. MacVeagh continued in a series of strong
speeches from the standpoint of the strikers. William E. Mason
said that Mr. MacVeagh reminded him of "the Colossus of Rhodes,
not so much on account of his greatness as his ability to straddle
the silver question," and that Mr. MacVeagh called "industrial
controversies one between law and order on the one side and vio-
lence, arson and murder on the other." Senator Cullom, in a logi-
cal speech, delivered September 12, answered Mr. MacVeagh's
arguments against Republican rule. The fall campaign of 1894
was considered important, because the complexion of the General
Assembly, which was to decide the United States senatorship, was
to be determined. At this election also was to be decided the ques-
tion whether Republicans or Democrats should rule the County
Board. The congressional campaign was bitterly contested. The
Trade and Labor party of Chicago took the position that the state
militia had been diverted from its original purposes as guardian of
the peace of the commonwealth and been used to do the duty of
private corporations. This attitude opened up the whole subject of
the merits and demerits of the strike during the preceding summer.
The Civic Federation made unusual efforts to obliterate public
gambling in the city. It was shown to be the partisan policy to
grant immunity to the gambling interests, and further to favor vice
and crime as an adjunct of gambling and liquor selling. At this
date the iniquities of the old justice system were revealed and
shown to be little better than an accompaniment of vice, and there-
fore a serious blot on the integrity of judges, the justices and their
courts. It was openly and repeatedly asked by the Civic Federation
and by the citizens whether the people were willing to sumbit to the
domination of gamblers, boodlers and criminals. Mayor Hopkins,
in answer to the Civic Federation, declared that there was no gam-
bling in Chicago. In a second speech he amended this declaration
by declaring that "gambling could not be suppressed in Chicago."
Committees of the Civic Federation pointed out numerous instances
where open gambling and vice ruled and flourished. The committee
found 109 places where there were open gambling, and of these
thirty were within a stone's throw of the city hall. Accordingly
the better element of both parties denounced Hopkins and his ad-
ministration in the severest terms. The Civic Federation ascer-
tained that there were in the city nearly 2,000 professional gamblers
who made their living by fleecing the unwary sheep who fell into
their clutches. This was one of the chief objects of this campaign
— the suppression of public gambling. Never before had the citi-
636 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
zens, particularly in the suburbs, taken so much interest in this
question. Mass meetings to influence voters to suppress this dan-
gerous vice were held in every ward. The worst feature was that
the justices and the disreputable dens were the allies of the gamblers
during this compaign. It was decided by the County Board in Oc-
tober to submit to the vote of the people of the county the question
of issuing $4,000,000 in county bonds with which to erect a new
courthouse and jail.
The election of November, 1894, embraced a judge of the County
court, judge of the Probate court, county treasurer, sheriff, county
clerk, clerk of Probate court, clerk of Criminal court, county super-
intendent of schools, president of the County Board, and fifteen
county commissioners. The Republicans, Democrats, People's
party, Populist party, Prohibitionists and Independent American
citizens nominated more or less complete tickets. All parties con-
ducted a vigorous campaign. A Republican Legislature would be
called upon to elect a United States senator in the place of Mr.
MacVeagh. Judge Trumbull was the champion of the Populists
and Socialists during this campaign. He favored all the sophistries
and inconsistencies during this memorable period of misrepresenta-
tion, misinformation and demagogism. Owing to the fact that the
gambling element was vigorously attacked during this campaign
they raised an immense corruption fund, hoping thus to win success.
Money was used unsparingly throughout the county. Every effort
known to intrigue, artifice and chicanery was practiced by them.
They shuffled their cards well and in the end turned up many a
knave. Among other subjects discussed were income tax, single
tax and no tax. The first day's registration about the middle of
October was unusually heavy. The total was over 234,000. At
the close of the second day's registration the unrevised list showed
a total of over 300,000 and a total female registration of over 23,-
000. The appearance of Thomas B. Reed, speaker of the House of
Representatives, in Chicago in October, 1894, was an important
political event. At the First Regiment armory he discussed with
great power the political issues of the day.
About October 31, 1894, John P. Hopkins swore out a warrant
for the arrest of John R. Tanner, chairman of the Republican State
Central committee, charging him with criminal libel. This action
stirred up a tempest. Mr. Hopkins had charge of the Democratic
county campaign. The Populists put a full ticket for Congress in
the field. The Republican candidates for Congress were Aldrich,
Lorimer, Belknap, Woodman, White, Cooke and Foss, and the
Democratic candidates were Dembufsky, Hannahan, McGann, Ryan,
Noonan, Goldzier and Lange. Outwardly both parties thoroughly
investigated the registration lists and lodging houses, and exhausted
every known plan to prevent a dishonest election. Notwithstanding
that this was a county election and that the mayoralty campaign
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 637
would not take place until the coming spring, the Republicans now
attacked with great persistency and fury the administration of Mr.
Hopkins as mayor and generally the acts of the city hall gang.
Early in November Mr. Altgeld delivered a speech on the West
side that attracted general attention. He openly favored license to
anarchy, and even sanctioned rioting in some cases. He denounced
Mr. Cleveland for interfering in the strike of the preceding summer.
He also sustained Debs in his course during the strikes. He de-
clared that the Republicans were responsible for the large number
of workingmen out of employment.
One of the features of this campaign was a non-partisan appeal
for a pure ballot, signed by many leading Republicans, Democrats
and others. The various political clubs and associations were very
active. Tariff reform, free trade and protection were considered.
The newspapers spoke of this campaign as one of the "most tricky"
ever held in the city. Party managers used every artifice known to
modern political warfare. The result of the election in November
was the success of the Republican ticket. Every candidate of that
party was elected and a solid delegation was sent to Congress. The
three parties most in evidence during the campaign and at the elec-
tion were the Republican, Democrat and People's. The Republicans
elected all members of the County Board, with Daniel D. Healy as
president. The Republican majority in the county varied from
25,000 to nearly 50,000. For state treasurer, Wulff, Republican,
received 152,729; Claggett, Democrat, 101,031; Randolph, People's
party, 34,025. The proposition to issue $4,000,000 in county bonds
for a new courthouse was lost by a majority of nearly 25,000. The
proposed constitutional amendment was carried by over 35,000 ma-
jority.
In the spring of 1895, previous to the election, the council passed
two boodle ordinances — the Cosmopolitan Electric and the Ogden
Gas. The passage of these two ordinances kindled the wrath of the
best citizens of both parties and of the press generally throughout
the city. The newspapers begged the mayor to veto the ordinances.
The Civic Federation called an immense indignation meeting at
Central Music hall at 3 o'clock p. M., March 3, 1895. Lyman J.
Gage presided. An overflow meeting was held at the Second Regi-
ment armory. The speakers at these meetings used the severest
language ever heard on Chicago rostrums. The Republican and
Democratic councilmen who had voted for the above boodle ordi-
nances were denounced with such terms as scoundrels, hyenas, para-
sites, thieves, sand-baggers, blood-suckers, vultures, boodlers,
wolves, vampires and a dozen others. Instead of vetoing the bills,
Mayor Hopkins promptly signed the Ogden Gas ordinance and a
little later the Cosmopolitan Electric ordinance, with a few amend-
ments. This act thoroughly roused the anger and indignation of the
city. All the best citizens prepared to defeat the schemes of the
638 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
boodlers. The Democrats nominated by acclamation Frank Wenter
for mayor ; the Republicans nominated George B. Swift. The cam-
paign was personal, bitter, abusive and active. Swift and Wenter
stumped the entire city. Many demanded a civil service law. "Hon-
est aldermen" was the cry. Bryan's free silver advocacy attracted
attention. "Coin" Harvey's financial school doctrines were studied
and criticised. The merits and demerits of the Humphrey bill
which licensed gambling were discussed and compared. It was
declared that for years the council had gone from bad to worse
until now it was absolutely unbearable. Appeals for the selection of
good men came from rostrum, pulpit, committees, clubs and the
press. The result was the election of Mr. Swift by an immense
majority. The entire Republican ticket swept the field. Everything,
including the towns, went Republican. If an occasional Democrat
crept in he was overlooked in the landslide. Mr. Swift's plurality
was more than 41,000.
In 1885 Harrison's plurality was 375 ; in 1887 Roche's plurality
was 27,406; in 1889 Cregier's plurality was 12,012; in 1891 Wash-
burne's plurality was 379, in 1893 Harrison's plurality was 21,089,
in 1893 Hopkins' plurality was 1,290 and now in 1895 Swift's plu-
rality was 41,121. The citizens were overjoyed at the prospect of
an improved if not a perfect council. Civil service, which had been
voted upon, was adopted by a majority of 45,000. The new council
consisted of fifty Republicans and eighteen Democrats. There was
a clear majority of honest men of both parties. In the old council
the majority were bad, regardless of party affiliations.
The new civil service law was duly considered during the fall
campaign of 1895. The application of civil service to the employes
at the poorhouse, county hospital and insane asylum was suggested
first by Daniel D. Healy, more in the nature of a joke than with any
serious intention in view. Mr. Healy appointed the commissioners
and presumed their duties would be carried out at Dunning and
the county hospital only. But John S. Miller, corporation counsel,
expressed the opinion that the law was applicable to all departments
of the city and county. No matter what the intentions of the legis-
lature were, the bill spoke for itself and unquestionably was applica-
ble to both city and county. Alderman Madden introduced in the
council a resolution against putting the civil service law into effect
in the city departments. The reason why Mr. Healy applied civil
service to the county institutions was to prevent abuses of power and
authority. One or two patients at the insane asylum had been killed
by brutal attendants and Mr. Healy's object was to prevent the
recurrence of such barbarity.
In September, 1895, there were sharp factional fights in party
ranks to secure control of the nominations. Particularly was there
a bitter fight made to secure control of the Republican County Cen-
tral committee. The city faction opposed the county faction. The
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 639
primaries were held early in October under the new Crawford law.
This law prevented the casting of any votes except by members of
the party holding the primary. The county faction finally secured
control of the convention. At this date the advisory board of the
county commissioners was strongly in evidence. An important fact
during this campaign was the unquestioned honesty of the Drain-
age board which had spent nearly $19,000,000 without graft or
corruption. The tariff question and the free coinage of silver prob-
lem were discussed in detail. The Democrats boldly claimed that
existing prosperity was due to the Democratic national administra-
tion. The Republicans pointed to the discontent existing and to Re-
publican success in the fall of 1894 and the spring of 1895. The
ownership of the land occupied by the city hall was called in ques-
tion at this time. City finances were in bad condition and the sub-
ject was taken into politics. There was an immense floating debt
and the current revenue was insufficient for its liquidation. All
parties urged the selection of honest and able drainage trustees and
the adoption of the Torrens law. Large meetings were held by the
two leading parties in all parts of the city. The Republicans
put in the field such speakers as Mason, Roche, Mann, O'Donnell,
Schoonmaker, Boldenweck, Eckhart, Lorimer and others, and the
Democrats such as Wenter, Trude, Smyth, Kiolbassa, Sabath, De-
vine, Morrison, Jones, etc. Lorimer was chairman of the Republi-
can Central committee. The registration in November, 1895, was
about 46,000 less than that of April, 1895. Honest drainage trus-
tees was the principal issue. The result was the success of the Re-
publicans. Mr. Lorimer was given credit for the victory. Eckhart,
Carter, Braden, Mallett and Boldenweck, Republicans, and Wenter,
Smyth, Kelley and Jones, Democrats, were elected drainage trus-
tees. This gave the Republicans a majority in that body. The
total registration at this election was 309,068, of whom about 25,-
000 were women. Cicero voted against incorporation. The Tor-
rens land title system was carried by an immense majority. Judge
Ball, Republican, was elected over Judge Morrison, Democrat, by
about 35,000 plurality.
In the spring of 1896 the silver question confronted all parties.
On March 17 the Municipal Voter's League held a large mass meet-
ing at Central Music hall. Municipal reform was the topic of dis-
cussion. The character of aldermanic candidates, it was declared,
must be improved. Members of the City Council who had recently
voted for the General Electric ordinance were not wanted for re-
election. Thirty-six aldermen were to be elected in April, of whom
two were to fill vacancies.
One of the speakers at the Central Music hall mass meeting said,
"There was a clerk on the North side once, who earned $1,500 a
year salary. He was elected alderman. After four years' service
in the council he began to build great blocks of stone-front houses.
640 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
He has his Florida plantation and has made his trip to Europe. Now
he is trying to break into the council again and he has $10,000 to
pay for his nomination." It must be acknowledged that this de-
scription practically fitted hundreds of men who had served in past
years in the City Council. Many frauds were practiced in the regis-
tration of March, 1896. The Civic Federation and the Municipal
Voters' League sent agents to watch the registration. On the first
day over 61,000 names were placed on the books. As there was to
be no mayoralty election in April, 1896, the entire attention of the
citizens and voters was called to the charcter of the aldermen to be
selected. Henry Hertz was prominently mentioned in connection
with the nomination for state treasurer. John R. Tanner was a
strong candidate for the governorship. McKinley was mentioned
in connection with the nomination for the Presidency. The Trib-
une severely opposed him, principally owing to his protection doc-
trines. Civil service on the police force was discussed. The real
fight of this campaign was made in the wards. There were sharp
contests in every section of the city to secure honest men. In nu-
merous wards the boodlers were out in strong force with money and
intrigue in order to divert the voters from the path of rectitude. As
a whole, the two old parties nominated excellent men for the coun-
cil. The newspapers and the different clubs and federations rec-
ommended their particular tickets for election. The towns of South,
West and North Chicago, Hyde Park, Lake, Lake View and Jef-
ferson nominated town tickets. The newspapers particularly con-
demned the following men and advised the citizens to vote against
them: Martin, Rohde, Ryan, O'Connor, Mahoney, Powers, Col-
vin, Ackerman and Howell. Owing to the vigorous system of in-
vestigation and purging there was a smaller percentage of bogus
names on the lists than ever before. The Civic Federation offered
a reward of $100 for the arrest and conviction of any person vot-
ing illegally or of any election judge, clerk or challenger who should
violate the law.
The Republicans elected their entire tickets in all of the towns
within the city limits. The result of the aldermanic election was as
follows : Holdover Republicans, 27 ; holdover Democrats, 5 ; Re-
publicans elected, 22; Democrats elected, 14; total Republicans in
the new council, 49; total Democrats, 19. There were many sur-
prises at this election. The energy, determination and hard work of
the honest citizens secured an unusually strong and honest council.
The previous council contained fully two-thirds of corrupt members.
There were some wards that always elected bad men. Honesty in
those wards was not expected. The Republican majorities at this
election were not quite as heavy as they were one year before. It
was noted that this election was one of the quietest, most orderly
and most lawful that had been conducted here for many years. The
Republicans carried the city by about 27,000 majority.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 641
Mr. Altgeld was a prominent candidate for the gubernatorial
nomination in 18%. The Democracy of Cook county, like that
throughout the country, was divided into the Free Silver wing and
the Gold wing. Every effort to carry the Democratic national con-
vention at Chicago for free silver was made by the advocates of
that measure. The cry was "16 to 1." The struggle for free sil-
ver was begun in this city several weeks before the opening day. It
was known that the Silverites would have a two-thirds majority in
the convention. It was therefore anticipated what position that body
would assume. The Gold Democrats on July 4 held an immense
meeting at the Auditorium. It was their last united attempt to pre-
vent the adoption of a free silver plank by the convention. The
Populist-Democratic delegation, at the instigation of Mr. Altgeld,
supported Mr. Bland. It was announced at the commencement of
the convention that if a free silver plank should be adopted the Gold
men probably would bolt the ticket, hold a separate convention, and
nominate independent candidates. The opening proceedings
were characterized by desperate fighting between the Free Silver
and Gold factions. The silverites won in the contest for temporary
chairmanship. It was now clear that the Free Silverites were nu-
merically so strong that they were independent and would concede
nothing to the Gold wing. It was not until the second day of the
convention that Mr. Bryan appeared as a candidate in the character
of a dark horse. The great convention was brilliant in the extreme
during the nominating speeches. The great orators of Democracy
were here and the contests over free silver brought out the latest
brilliancy of the distinguished speakers. The nomination of Mr.
Bryan was made by Delegate Lewis of Georgia. Quietly he led up
by degrees and finally named and nominated that gentlemen. In-
stantly the entire convention went wild. The delegates began
marching around with banners, up and down the aisles of the great
hall, paying no attention to the raps of the chairman for order.
One state after another, particularly from the South, joined the
movement and continued the pandemonium for a long time. Dur-
ing this demonstration the convention came very close to nominat-
ing the distinguished Nebraskan by acclamation. Mr. Bryan de-
livered a speech of unusual eloquence and power and the convention
at its conclusion again went wild. The delegations arose and, with
their standards advanced, stood around the Nebraska delegation.
Three-fourths of the delegates stood upon their chairs, swinging
their handkerchiefs, hats, umbrellas, coats and canes. The next
day Mr. Bryan received the nomination on the fifth ballot. Illinois
started the stampede for Mr. Bryan. The nomination was no sooner
made than the Gold Democrats inaugurated a bolt against the nom-
inees of the convention. The Gold wing of the Democracy in Sep-
tember, 1896, held a convention and nominated an Independent
ticket. They nominated John M. Palmer of Chicago for President
and Simon B. Buckner of Kentucky for Vice President.
Vol. 11—37.
642 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Both parties in Cook county, in fact all parties, prepared for a
vigorous and stirring campaign, not only on local but on national
issues. During September the lawful number of voters petitioned
the County Board to submit the question of abolishing township
government to a vote of the people at the November election.
Mr. Altgeld was nominated by the Democracy for governor of
Illinois. In few elections were national questions so thoroughly
analyzed, discussed and considered as during the campaign of 18%.
The silver question particularly was made a matter of public
education. Populism, the labor question and the rights and privi-
leges of strikers and employes were discussed as never before. In
all of these questions Cook county, and particularly Chicago, was
vitally interested, and the inhabitants generally studied the subjects
in detail. A notable speech was delivered by Governor Altgeld at
Central Music hall on September 19. He addressed his remarks
particularly to the arguments made here by Carl Schurz a short
time before. His speech was dignified and lacked the usual rabid
anarchist sentiments. He dwelt particularly upon the "crime of 73."
The Republican newspapers called Governor Altgeld the Popocratic
candidate for governor. The Republicans nominated John R. Tan-
ner, who, as well as Mr. Altgeld, stumped the state.
On October 9, 1896, the "sound money" representatives held one
of the largest demonstrations ever assembled in Chicago. It was
stated that 68,307 persons, by actual count, marched through the
heart of the city. The procession was witnessed by 750,000. The
Free Silver people also held immense meetings and conducted a pro-
cession almost as large. These were pronounced the most dazzling
pageants in the history of Chicago. It was at this time that the
expression "government by injunction" was used as a party slogan.
The parade of railroad men on October 24, in the interests of sound
money to sustain the candidacy of Mr. McKinley, was a memorable
event of this remarkable campaign. Fifteen thousand railroad em-
ployes were in line. The press throughout the campaign in issue
after issue denounced Mr. Altgeld personally, politically and other-
wise.
The first day's registration in October, 1896, surpassed all expec-
tations. The total was 293,182 and exceeded the registration of
1894 by 47,402. There was a total of 347,574 in 1894. The total
registration was announced on October 21 as 383,515. This num-
ber included Cicero. This was over 52,000 more than the New
York city registration.
There were in the field the following national tickets : Republi-
can, McKinley and Hobart ; Democratic, Bryan and Sewall ; Pro-
hibition, Levering and Johnson ; People's, Bryan and Watson ; Gold
Democrats, Palmer and Buckner; Socialistic Labor, Matchett and
Maguire; National, Bentley and Southgate; Middle of the Road
Democrats, Bryan and Watson. These parties all put out more or
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 643
less complete tickets in Cook county. ' There were to be elected a
state's attorney, coroner, clerk of Circuit court, clerk of Superior
court, recorder, surveyor, and eleven members of the County Board.
The county was also required to vote upon issuing $600,000 in
bonds to be used in erecting an additional story or stories to the old
courthouse. Late in October Mr. Bryan appeared in Chicago in a
series of brilliant speeches.
At the November election, 1896, Chicago polled 46,055 more
votes for President than did New York. In Cook county the Re-
publicans elected two state senators and twenty-seven House mem-
bers. The Democrats elected one senator and eighteen members
of the House. The candidates for the Presidency received the fol-
lowing vote in Chicago and Cicero: McKinley, 204,734; Bryan,
145,740; Levering (Prohibitionist) 1,906; Palmer (Gold Demo-
crat), 2,385; Matchett (Socialist Labor), 712; Bentley (National),
141 ; Bryan and Watson (M. R.), 210. In the whole of Cook county
McKinley received 221,823; Bryan, 151,911; Palmer, 2,600; Bryan
and Watson, 236. The plurality of Governor Tanner in Cook county
was 41,682. The Constitutional amendment was carried, but the
bond issue was lost. The Republicans swept the entire county ticket.
The pluralities ranged from 43,000 to 56,000. Deneen, for state's
attorney, defeated Kern by a plurality of over 56,000. The County
Board was solidly Republican. The Republicans and Gold Democrats
ratified the election and celebrated their joy by an immense meeting
at the Auditorium on November 6.
In March, 1897, Alfred S. Trude contested with Carter H. Har-
rison before the Democratic convention for the mayoralty nomina-
tion. Mayoralty candidates, if elected, were asked to pledge them-
selves to close the saloons on Sunday. This demand was made de-
spite the fact that the mayor had no such power. Civil service re-
form and clean streets were thoroughly discussed. The bill for im-
proving the special assessment system was before the Legislature.
The question of granting a franchise to the Cook County Subway
and Terminal company was criticised by the people and discussed
by the newspapers. A. S. Trude finally withdrew from the mayor-
alty race. He did not believe in free silver, which was announced
to be a vital issue of the approaching municipal election. His
withdrawal was occasioned by the attitude of Governor Altgeld on
that question. The previous year Mr. Trude supported both Bryan
and Altgeld, who represented free silver. This year he refused
to run on a ticket having that subject as its fundamental plank. It
was announced that "16 to 1" would rule this election. At the Dem-
ocratic convention, held on March 11, Mr. Altgeld dictated the plat-
form and in a large measure named the candidates. The platform
made the free silver question the paramount issue. The platform
further supported an economical administration of city affairs and
the merit system. At this convention the Democrats nominated
644 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Carter H. Harrison for mayor. Mr. Truck nominated Mr. Harri-
son. The Chronicle opposed the nomination and election of Mr.
Harrison. It assailed his former administration with great vio-
lence. About the middle of March it said, "The alleged Democratic
machinery in Chicago is controlled by crooks, dead-beats, bunko
steerers, confidence men, and grafters who look upon the city hall
as a place for easy money if control of the municipality is delegated
to them. It cast about for a candidate who would possess three
indispensable qualities — first, money; second, popularity, and third,
pliancy. They hit upon Carter H. Harrison, and, the more easily
to compel his nomination in what they would call a Democratic
convention, they assembled Populists who declared for every ism
under the sun not Democratic, and placed him in the field. Mr.
Harrison's election would be a popular calamity. It would de-
stroy merit system of public employment. It would place Mr. Deuce
Ace at the head of the police machinery. It would establish in the
city hall a close corporation of plundering contractors. It would
deplete the treasury and would make Chicago among all cities of the
Union a hissing and by-word."
Judge Nathaniel C. Sears was nominated for mayor by the Re-
publicans. Washington Hesing and John M. Harlan were candi-
dates for mayor. All questions concerning the city administration
were thoroughly discussed during this vigorous campaign. The
newspapers declared that the election of Mr. Harrison meant the
same condition of affairs that existed under the elder Harrison's
administration. The hard money Democrats were not satisfied with
the free silver Democratic platform. They therefore determined
to nominate their own candidates for mayor. In one of his speeches
Mr. Harrison said, "Judge Sears stands for a puritanical govern-
ment of this municipality, while we Democrats believe in liberty of
individual action. This is a fight between the people and the puri-
tanical classes." Harrison openly promised the wide open policy
if elected. This gave him an immense following from the floating
and disreputable elements. He took the position that personal lib-
erty demanded that saloon keepers should be permitted to keep open
all night. The People's party South town convention indorsed the
entire Democratic ticket. The South town Republicans in a mass
meeting indorsed the entire Republican ticket. John M. Harlan
was a candidate of the Citizens' Independent ticket. Washington
Hesing was an Independent candidate for the mayoralty.
The address of the Municipal Voter's League to the citizens of
Chicago was an important document. It analyzed the local situa-
tion and did not hesitate to condemn as well as commend.
At this time the so-called Humphrey bills were before the Legis-
lature and were discussed by the Chicago people. One of the bills
extended the franchise of street railroads for fifty years — the city
to receive 3 per cent of the gross profits. The other bill provided
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 645
for taking out of the hands of the city the regulation of its common
carriers and turn them over to a state commission to be appointed
by the governor. These bills cut an important figure in this elec-
tion. They were thoroughly discussed. The issues of this campaign
were as follows: The rigid enforcement of the civil service law;
suitable compensation for public franchises ; the honest and econom-
ical administration of public trusts. The cry of the Democracy
during this campaign was "Down with the civil service law." The
repeal of that law was favored by the vicious element en masse
throughout the city. Of the four candidates for mayor, two (Sears
and Harrison) were regular nominees and the other two (John M.
Harlan and Washington Hesing) posed as reformers. It was im-
possible for either of the latter to be elected. It was claimed that
their candidacy was purely political and not in the interests of re-
form. They were induced to run for no other purpose than to dam-
age the two old party regular tickets.
At this election thirty-four aldermen, or half of the whole coun-
cil, were to be chosen. All parties nominated a full list of candidates
and vigorously fought for success. The Municipal Voter's League
did excellent service in pointing out a number of bad men who had
been proposed as candidates. The Tribune pronounced Mr. Harlan
a demagogue and declared that he was insincere. Although many
questions were discussed during this campaign, including gold basis,
free coinage of silver and high tariff, after all the real question was
a clean, honest city government, which was of interest to all citi-
zens regardless of politics. The question was, "What candidate for
mayor and what alderman would be most likely to give the city such
administration?" The result of this contest was that almost the
entire Democratic vote was cast for Mr. Harrison, while the Re-
publican vote was nearly equally split between Judge Sears and Mr.
Harlan. The latter thus was responsible for the defeat of the Re-
publican candidate. Mr. Harlan was announced as a candidate for
mayor before the Republican convention. He made this announce-
ment expecting to capture the nomination. Failing to do so he de-
termined so to split the party vote that the Republican candidates
would be defeated. This he accomplished. The three old towns
were carried by the Democrats. The council was also Democratic.
It was throughout a victory for Democracy. The new council con-
sisted of fifteen hold-over Democrats, sixteen hold-over Republicans
and three hold-over Independents. The Democrats elected were
25 ; Republicans elected, 2 ; Independents elected, 3, and Democratic
majority, 16. Mr. Harrison received 141,882, Harlan 66,448, Sears,
58,450 and Hesing 15,349. This was a remarkable success for
young Mr. Harrison. No mayor ever before received so great a
plurality. As a matter of fact many Republicans voted for Mr.
Harrison.
According to his friends, the real reason why Mr. Harlan ran
646 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
independently for mayor was because he was opposed to the machine
of the Republican party. This machine was managed by Lorimer,
Pease, Hertz, Dr. Jamieson, et al.
The spring election of 1898 was important — the right alder-
men were to be elected. The street railway franchise enigma was
on the tapis. Should the city be robbed of its streets? was the
question. The Chicago Federation of Labor resolved in March,
1898, to support for the Council only such candidates as would vote
for municipal ownership of street railways. The primaries of
March, 1898, were held under the new law. The Municipal Voters'
League was prominently engaged on this contest — the object being
to elect aldermen who would protect the city from street franchise
grabbers.
In June, 1897, eleven senators and thirty-one representatives from
Cook county had voted for the Allen Law — voted in favor of grant-
ing fifty year franchises to traction companies. This law deprived
the city annually of at least three million dollars of revenue to be
derived from the use of over six hundred miles of streets by the
traction companies. The law made the office of alderman more im-
portant than ever by investing it with greater power to dispose of
franchises. It thus came to pass that individuals, bosses, parties,
traction companies and "prominent citizens out of jobs" engaged in
a desperate struggle to elect aldermen fitted for their various pur-
poses. It was an auspicious time for wolves to break into the City
Council and they prepared to do so with howls of delight. Prior to
the voting day the election commissioners issued nearly one hundred
thousand suspect notices in an effort to prevent illegal voting.
The new Council elected in April, 1898, stood as follows: Demo-
crats, 40; Republicans, 22; Independents, 6. At this election the
Democrats secured 17 aldermen, the Republicans 16 and the Inde-
pendents 2. Thus the battle was drawn. The traction companies
seemed at least within sight of the fifty year franchise. The people
saw a possibility of franchise without compensation. As a whole the
Democrats made greater gains than the Republicans. The traction
companies however, did not have strength enough to secure the pas-
sage of a franchise ordinance over the mayor's veto. There the
safety of the public rested.
During this campaign it became known that the traction compa-
nies were willing to pay 3 per cent of their earnings to the city for
the use of the streets. After the election their willingness had in-
creased, but the people demanded greater compensation.
Next the public demanded the retirement of those members of the
Legislature who had voted in favor of the Allen law. This demand
was made, even though they had voted for that law in good faith.
The fate of these men must be settled at the primaries, was the
statement or fiat.
The Republicans opened the fall campaign in 1898, at a banquet
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 647
given by the Hamilton club. Speeches were made by Messrs. Cul-
lom, Mason, Turner, Kavanagh, Bidwell and Depew and the topic
of expansion was considered by each speaker. The following men
of Cook county who voted for the Allen law were renominated for
the Legislature; the press of the city generally demanded their de-
feat : Republicans — John Humphrey, J. J. Morrison, E. J. Dwyer,
William Thiemann, J. P. Cavanagh, P. J. Meany and A. Glade ;
Democrats— P. F. Gilligan, John C. Sterchie, W. Carmody, D. V.
McDonaugh, J. H. Farrell and B. M. Mitchell. A very large regis-
tration in the fall of 1898, despite bad weather, showed that unus-
ual interest in the coming election was taken. However, it was less
by 50,000 than in 1896 when McKinley carried Chicago and Cicero
by about 58,000 majority.
The State campaign of 1898 involved the questions of sound
money, national expansion, Tanner's administration, Allen law,
etc. The attack on Governor Tanner was violent and unjust in the
extreme, despite the fact that his administration was disliked by
everybody except his subordinate office holders. The free silver-
ites distributed cards on the streets conveying the information that
"the paramount issue in the Cook county campaign in the fall of
1898 is the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to
1." The campaign in the fall of 1898 was remarkable for the abuse
bestowed upon the Civil Service law. The merit system was derided
by every ward boss and every wolf hungry for mutton. The riff-
raff cared nothing for free silver, territorial expansion, Allen law,
free trade, or economic reforms. Like wolves after a moose they
were yelping at the heels of partisan spoils. What significance to
them had the terms Democrat, Republican, Populist, etc., unless ac-
companied by "rewards." All parties, when necessary to gain their
ends at the polls, did not hesitate to adopt unblushing methods of
campaign work.
The result of the election of November, 1898, in Cook county
might have been expected. Neither party, as a matter of fact, had
any high stake at issue. The scarecrow of the Allen law, the buga-
boo of territorial expansion and the hellabaloo of mud slinging at
trivialities were about equalized by the superficial efforts of party
leaders aided by a sensational press. The Republicans carried the
county by a few thousand votes, but did not do so on the high and
mighty grounds of civic probity and virtue. The Democrats had
even less to brag about, and the third, fourth and ragtag and bob-
tail parties, as usual, urged impracticable results from impossible
causes, and as usual succeeded merely in making a miserable show-
ing. The vaunted and self-heralded perfection claimed for each
party before election became a closed incident until resurrected for
convenience and profit at a subsequent election. Republicans, Dem-
ocrats, Populists, Socialists and Prohibitionists were in one red
burial blent. As a whole, while the Democrats succeeded here and
648 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
there, the Republicans swept the county by small majorities or plu-
ralities.
The small Republican majorities throughout Cook county and
particularly throughout Chicago were due to Governor Tanner's
act in preventing a strong plank against the Allen law to be intro-
duced into the state platform. Chicago of all places in the state
was the most interested in the repeal of the Allen law. When it
became known that the Republican state platform straddled the
Allen law and that the Democratic state platform came out strong
against it, thousands of votes in this city became lost to the Repub-
lican party. The great loss would have extended into a pronounced
defeat had not the Democrats made as great a mistake in advocat-
ing the 16 to 1 heresy and in raising the silly cry of imperialism
and non-expansion. After the election, even more than before, the
course of Governor Tanner became a political issue. A bitter feeling
against him continued to foment and sour in the ranks of the Repub-
licans. The latter, however, rejoiced at their general success in the
county, state, and nation. Despite Tanner they had carried Cook
county by a majority of nearly 20,000. Mr. Altgeld said, "one
more such a Republican victory will destroy that party."
It required thirteen days in November, 1898, for the Canvassing
Board to complete the work of counting the ballots cast on Novem-
ber 8. The result showed much scratching of tickets. A fair esti-
mate of the county vote was that for county treasurer as follows:
Raymond, (R.), 146,014; Gahan, (D), 131,515 ; Myer, (People's),
2,649; Spencer, (Prohibitionist), 1,316; Williams, (Socialist-
Labor), 2,725. For the general banking law, 42,756; against it,
14,589. For twenty-year courthouse bonds,44,880; against them,
18,933. For twenty-year refunding gold bonds, 41,613; against
them, 20,340. For the annexation of Austin, 46,585 ; against it,
18,064. Of the seven congressional districts in the county, the Re-
publicans carried four and the Democrats three.
The mayoralty campaign in the spring of 1899 was opened by
the Republicans at the Hamilton club on March 11, on which occa-
sion their candidates addressed the public. The speakers denounced
the attitude of the Harrison administration toward the Civil Service
system, but found no fault with its course concerning the Allen law.
Therefore the Republicans prepared to expose the inner workings
of the administration as to the Civil Service law. With a united
Republicanism against a divided Democracy it was thought that
the Republicans could win. But Harrison's attitude on the traction
question had endeared him to many honest Republicans who saw
little good in the Civil Service law. Stay-at-home Republicans
were appealed to and ward workers were spurred to greater en-
deavors.
The principal planks in the Altgeld platform were municipal
ownership of public utilities and advocacy of the monetary plank of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 649
the Chicago platform which declared for silver at a ratio of 16 to 1.
No doubt his candidacy was partly due to the fact that scant cour-
tesy had been paid to his ideas or demands by the Harrison admin-
istration. But his candidacy was not based upon any vital problems
which his election should settle. Municipal ownership was new and
experimental. The monetary doctrines of the Democracy had been
roundly discredited. His candidacy was expected to rock the Har-
rison administration like an earthquake, deflect from its support
thousands of Socialists and their kindred spirits, and perhaps be-
fore election force a compromise to the advantage and glory of
Mr. Altgeld himself. The anarchistic teachings of Debs, Darrow
and others of that class were placed in strong colors before the peo-
ple in 1898.
A strong appeal for honest men for aldermen was made by all
parties in the spring of 1899. The apathy of good men was criti-
cised and condemned. The primary election in March showed a
lukewarmness that might result later in a revelry of boodlers. After
much travail the Republicans put in nomination Zina R. Carter for
mayor; advocated on paper the merit system; demanded the rigid
enforcement of the Civil Service law ; favored not to exceed twenty
year franchises to traction companies ; insisted on full compensation
therefor and for lower fares; and demanded a better administration
of city affairs. Real and apparent faults of the Harrison adminis-
tration gave the Republicans considerable advantage; besides the
Democracy was split by the candidacy of John P. Altgeld for mayor
on a platform of his own promulgation.
Notwithstanding the fact that the Harrison administration had
largely disregarded the Civil Service law, the platform of the
Democracy, in March, 1899, endorsed that law and the merit sys-
tem and Harrison was renominated for mayor. But while the plat-
form was thus invested with dignity and attractiveness Mr. Harri-
son refused to commit himself in favor of Civil Service and thus
won to his ranks many Republicans who opposed that law. There
were as many spoilsmen among the Republicans as among the Dem-
ocrats. Despite the high and sounding phrases and promises of the
platforms the real question among professional politicians and men
of easy conscience out of a job was, how much is there in it for me?
Accordingly many men disregarded the clap-trap of party pledges
and learned by the shortest cut what perquisites they were to get for
their votes and support. The platforms and other party pledges
were the umbrella to turn off the hail of public censure and indigna-
tion from the contentment with spoils underneath. By his maneu-
vers Mr. Harrison managed to obtain the support of more Repub-
licans than there were Democrats who left him to support Mr. Alt-
geld. Mr. Carter, the Republican candidate, though a good man,
was unable, as was his party, to inject into the campaign the hot
blood of a vital and paramount reason why he should be elected.
650 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
The contest resulted in the reelection of Carter H. Harrison for
mayor. He received 149,158 votes; Carter— 107,225 ; Altgeld—
45,938. In the contest were tickets or partial tickets of the Repub-
lican, Democratic, Municipal Ownership, Prohibition, Socialist-
Labor, Social Democratic and Independent parties. The vote for
mayor in 1897 had been— Harrison — 148,596; Sears — 58,533;
Harlan — 60,637; Hesing — 14,780. A Democratic council was also
elected.
Mayor Harrison's reelection was due mainly to his opposition to
the Allen law and to street franchise grabbing generally. The Re-
publicans were not so undivorceably wedded to Civil Service that
they are unwilling to see him reelected. Late in the campaign he
had partially promised to carry out Civil Service regulations. He
promised just enough to get their votes without binding himself ir-
revocably to carry out Civil Service. The large vote he received
was construed as a rebuke to the vampire forces represented by Mr.
Yerkes. Mr. Harrison received the support of the wide-open policy
people also. His course had been so liberal that all people of easy
and pliable civic purity flocked to his standard. The lukewarm
goody-goody campaign conducted by the Republicans was doomed
from the start. Mr. Carter was killed by kindness — was burnt as
a sacrifice on the altar of superficial platitudes of his newspaper and
other supporters — was damned from the start with faint praise.
Mr. Altgeld said, after the election "it was evident all along the
Republican machine did not care to have Mr. Carter elected and it
made practically no effort to elect him." It turned out that many
Republicans feared that Mr. Carter, if elected, would become the
tool of the machine of Republicanism. Bosses would own him, it
was thought by many. Already the machine had become odious.
Messrs. Lorimer and Hertz were regarded with dread.
Even before 1899, while the power of Mr. Lorimer over the Re-
publican party in Illinois was admitted it was recognized even
among the members of that party that his dictatorship was extremely
objectionable principally because he had carried his authority to ex-
treme measures. Enemies among his own party had disputed his
right to be political autocrat of Cook county or the state. Already
the party suffered through his connection with it as dictator. In
1896, Chicago gave McKinley a plurality of 56,000 votes. In the
spring of 1897, when Judge Sears ran for the Republicans as can-
didate for mayor it was found that owing to the feeling against Mr.
Lorimer the Republican candidate received but 59,542 votes while
the Democratic candidate received 148,880 votes. It is true that the
Independent candidate received 69,730 votes, but the fact was for-
cibly presented that owing to Lorimer's objectionable dictatorship
the Republicans themselves knifed their own candidate in order to
stab Lorimer in the back. The pathway of the political boss was not
altogether strewn with roses. Again in 1898, Mr. Carter, the Re-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 651
publican candidate for the mayoralty, though an unexceptionable
man, was badly defeated by Mr. Harrison, the Democratic candidate,
owing, it was admitted, to the fact that Mr. Lorimer dominated the
candidate and the campaign. Thus even stronger than before the
sentiment against political bossism had become so strong as to
threaten the overthrow of any party that attempted to carry such a
system to extremes. The opposition made the most of Mr. Lori-
mer's control of the Republican party machinery. The silliest and
most extravagant statements concerning his dictation were spread
throughout this portion of the state. The Republicans began to see
the writing on the wall. If they kept Lorimer in his exalted position
it might mean the destruction of the party. Therefore in the minds
of clear-headed and independent Republicans it became an impor-
tant question whether or not Mr. Lorimer's dictatorship should not
be summarily ended. It thus came to pass that a strong faction of
the Republican party determined to make the attempt to overthrow
Lorimer and it was deemed a matter of wisdom to attack him first
in his own district.
The result of the November election, 1899, contained a number of
surprises. One was the defeat of William Lorimer by a majority
of over 2,000. He had been denominated boss of the Tenth ward ;
boss of Cook county ; boss of Illinois and other high standing and
euphonious titles, but now his glory had departed. He was shame-
fully beaten by a man comparatively unknown and his retirement
was regarded by his enemies with joy and by his friends with dis-
may and sorrow. His defeat was construed as a rebuke to his as-
sumed dictatorship and a blow to the coterie of men who had fought
so valiently for his reelection. His defeat the Democrats alleged
was to be expected in a district which normally had a decided Dem-
ocratic majority. It was realized that his commanding position thus
shorn of his influence and presence might mean important changes
not only in the political status of Cook county but throughout the
state as well. It also meant that the appointees of Lorimer would be
dropped by the machine from public service and their places be filled
by men who were subservient to the new order of affairs. His rise
in the political world was meteoric ; his fall was like that of a burned
out, disfigured rocket stick. His czar-like tactics, his imperious and
dictatorial management of the machine, his unscrupulous success in
gaining power were now nothing but a memory. People did not
realize that a man with the ability, sagacity and power of making
friends such as Lorimer was, might become rehabilitated and might
again mount the dizzy heights of political fame and popularity.
The Republican national ticket was carried in Cook county by a
plurality of 17,567. Samuel Alschuler, the Democratic candidate
for governor, carried the county by a plurality of 7,573. Charles
S. Deneen, the Republican candidate for state's attorney, carried
the county by a plurality of 26,013. Fred W. Upham, Republican
652 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
candidate for Board of Review, carried the county by a plurality of
26,699. The bond issue of $500,000 was lost by a majority of 122,-
412. These results and others equally as good all along the line sat-
isfied the Republicans. The poor showing of Mr. Yates had been
anticipated. He lacked the strength, ability and magnetism of his
opponent and this fact was shown when the returns of the election
came in. Mr. Altgeld, from whose prophetic lips ever was heard
the cry of fraud, announced immediately after the election that the
success of the Republican party "means a triumph of bitterness and
corruption." It was realized and due apology was made therefor
that Mr. Altgeld's nature was one of bitterness, malice and vituper-
ation. His imagination was redundant if not absolutely under-
mined. His reforms were therefore considered with due respect
to his infirmity. Immediately after the November election the in-
justice of the late gerrymander was duly considered by the Repub-
licans but denied by the Democrats. The Republicans claimed that
Republican wards and towns had been lumped together with over-
whelming confusion rendering it possible for the Democrats to carry
the remainder of the county with great ease and certainty. The
local newspapers demanded reform in this regard.
In the spring of 1900 Judge Hanecy and his supporters disclaimed
any connection with the Republican machine conducted and domi-
nated by Lorimer, Tanner, Jameson, et. al. This declaration, though
reiterated throughout the campaign by Hanecy and his immediate
followers, was not believed in view of the fact that so far as the
public could see the whole Hanecy coterie were cheek by jowl with
Lorimer and his lieutenants. The Republicans had learned an ex-
pensive lesson from the Tanner gubernatorial fiasco. It soon came
to be believed by many voters in Cook county that the nomination
of Hanecy for governor meant that the Tanner fetters would again
be riveted around the wrists of the Republican party in this state.
In the view of the Republican masses in this county, Hanecy's nom-
ination would represent the self-glorification and aggrandizement
of the bosses of a Republican faction and not the promotion of party
principles or the public welfare. The "Machine" gave Hanecy
solid and enthusiastic support. His defeat was therefore demanded
by the Republican masses. It was claimed that Hanecy did not rep-
resent Republican principles, because he opposed the Civil service law
and favored the spoils system.
Under the head of "The Mis-government of the Modern City"
Mayor Harrison stated in July, 1899, in the columns of the Saturday
Evening Post that "after more than two years' management of the
affairs of the most rapidly growing municipality in this country, I
fear for the character of future municipal government if education
of the masses does not progress more rapidly than it has." In his
judgment the primary cause of corruption was in the indifference of
the voters. History— discriminating, analytical, comprehensive his-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 653
tory — must take issue with him and with all other superficial think-
ers. The real cause of corruption is that quality of modern civil-
ization which under the guise of competition permits one man to
misrepresent his business and take unfair advantage of his fellows.
Mayor Harrison was not a student of economic causes and condi-
tions. His views were those of the average ward boss who has
gone no deeper into moral philosophy than to adopt the sophistry
that the sharpest man has a right to get the better of his neighbors.
The higher qualities of what is fair between man and man were un-
dreamed of in his philosophy. What but corruption in varying de-
grees could be expected of men who from childhood had been taught
as clerks to lie concerning the goods they sold, their business attain-
ments, and their fitness for responsibility? The real cause of cor-
ruption was and is due to the fact that a large proportion of men will
not hesitate to take the money of others if no penalty be attached
thereto or if they be not found out, just as many men today will vio-
late every law in the statutes if such law should be repealed. Pre-
ventive measures, not corrective ones, were needed. Arrange govern-
mental affairs so that society will be protected against the municipal
thief just as certainly and efficaciously as against a murderer. When
that is done and not till then, will municipal stealing be as rare as
murder. Trust no man absolutely, because, in spite of all platitudes,
a considerable percentage of the so-called best men will prove un-
trustworthy. Compel them to give monetary bonds and security and
punish them with stripes if guilty of malfeasance.
Judge O. N. Carter's candidacy for the gubernatorial nomination,
it was declared, embraced the following changes and reforms : Both
parties to hold their primaries on the same day and at the same place ;
non-partisan judges to be in control of the voting booths; independ-
ence of any party machine ; every voter should be free to vote for the
man of his choice. The principal plank of his platform of principals
was the one against party bosses. Opposed to him was Judge
Hanecy and the Lorimer battalions. Judge Hanecy declared that
though he was supported by the machine he had become a can-
didate before that body thought of supporting him. This campaign
was primarily against the bosses. The latter looked with equanim-
ity upon their enemies and alleged detractors and announced that
no party could be conducted without leaders and that any other
leaders than themselves would likewise be called bosses and be mis-
represented and abused. But the answer was returned that leaders
merely carried out the wishes of their constituents, while bosses
carried out their own designs regardless of their constituents.
Judge Carter adopted similar tactics to those selected by Judge
Hanecy. He secured a large endorsement to begin with. Over 200
prominent citizens were his backers. He announced his platform
publicly and it is to be presumed that his policies were endorsed by
his backers. It must be admitted that this method of going before
654 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the public with a powerful endorsement of prominent men had great
weight with the voters, who paid but little attention to the qualifica-
tions of candidates and to the policies which they supported.
The result of the Municipal election in April, 1900, showed that
the two old parties had about maintained their former strength. Six-
teen new Republican candidates were elected and 16 new Democrats
were elected. There were 23 Republican hold-overs, 1 1 Democratic
hold-overs, and 3 Independents. The new City Council had 27
Democrats, 39 Republicans and 4 Independents. This gave the
Republicans a majority of 8 in the Council. As a whole the pub-
licity which the newspapers, clubs and leagues gave to the election,
caused a large vote in the interests of pure politics. A singular, if
unimportant, feature of this election was the immense vote polled in
favor of issuing refunding bonds. It was not so much the size of
the vote cast in favor of the issue as it was in the fact that voters
took the pains to vote for the issue at all. The election was quiet
and uneventful.
An important fact connected with the spring election of 1900 was
that many objectionable persons were permanently retired to private
life. Several boodlers with records of the worst character had en-
deavored to break into the City Council but were defeated by the
efforts of the press and the Leagues. The Republicans were more
successful than the Democrats in placing reliable men in official
positions. In the North town and West town the Democrats elect-
ed their tickets, and in the South town and Lake View, Lake, Hyde
Park and Jefferson the Republicans carried off the honors. The
result in the South town was taken to indicate that the people were
tired of the policies of the town officials and desired a change.
At the November election, 1900, there was to be chosen a new
County Board, five judges, a State's attorney, a recorder, two court
clerks, two members of the Board of Review, a coroner and a Coun-
ty surveyor. Aside from the national features of the campaign the
Cook county interests, therefore, were of sufficient importance to
demand the support of the citizens. The newspapers were singular-
ly fair at this juncture. Democratic and Republican papers alike
insisted, degardless of party considerations, that the best man should
by all means be chosen for these responsible positions. Not only
should the men be of proved, reliable and upright character, but so
far as possible, they also should be men of experience, breadth and
sagacity — men who had the welfare of the public at heart and had
proved themselves the friend of public welfare in official positions
or otherwise. In more than one instance, newspapers of one party
denounced the nominee of their own party machine and openly and
earnestly advocated the election of the candidate of the opposing
party. The papers regretfully admitted that their own party had
nominated candidates who were utterly unfit to hold responsible
official positions. Naturally, where the conditions were equal the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 655
newspapers and the public supported the nominees of their own
party, but it should be noticed to the credit of all concerned that at
this election almost as never before, there was a stern, determined
disregard of party if necessary to secure election of honest and capa-
ble men. At the November election, 1900, Lorimer, who had been
elected to Congress three successive times, felt no anxiety lest he
should not be reflected the fourth time. The outlook was encourag-
ing for Republicans. They had the best of the argument on the Na-
tional policies and Mr. Lorimer expected to be continued in power,
if not through his own just deserts, at least by the flood of the ex-
pected Republican landslide. Accordingly he faced the election with
confidence. It was considered that he had the advantage of his Dem-
ocratic opponent. John J. Feeley had thus far not especially distin-
guished himself above the average useful and intelligent citizen. It
was not to be expected, therefore, that his prominence or the hostility
to Mr. Lorimer would result otherwise than in the reelection of the
latter and in the retirement of the former.
The importance of not permitting the National campaign to
overshadow political questions of a local character was called to
the attention of the people in October. The candidates for the Board
of Reviews and the Board of Assessors were particularly held up
for public inspection and criticism. The Revenue Law Campaign
committee issued a report calling particular attention to the neces-
sity of honest and efficient men for members of these two boards.
This committee had been appointed by a largely attended meeting of
the citizens of Cook county at the Sherman House in October, 1898.
The object of the appointment was to secure an honest, non-parti-
san campaign in order that the best man possible, regardless of
party affiliations, could be placed in official positions of great mo-
ment and responsibility. One object of the committee was to in-
vestigate thoroughly the character and standing of every candidate
for office. This committee openly declared that several of the candi-
dates for these responsible positions were wholly unworthy of public
confidence. They called attention to the fact that the danger existed
of overlooking the importance of selecting the proper men for these
positions during the excitement incident to the national campaign.
The committee, therefore, recommended the following candidates:
Fred W. Upham, Republican, for member of Board of Review,
Peter Kiolbassa, August W. Miller and Charles E. Randall, candi-
dates for members of the Board of Assessors.
During the fall of 1900 the national campaign and the local cam-
paign were probably the most elaborately and systematically con-
ducted of any ever witnessed in Cook county. The campaign just
before election was brilliant in the extreme. Every phase of the
great questions before the people was discussed in detail and held
up to the light of public investigation and comment. Congressmen
Lorimer, who headed the Republican committee and Robert E.
656 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Burke, the Democratic leader, were particularly active and particu-
larly bold in methods and in claims that would bring victory. There
was not a ward in the city that did not witness numerous meetings
where the subjects at issue were thoroughly discussed.
The total vote cast in the city of Chicago in November, 1900, for
presidential electors was 372,451. That number exceeded by 1900
the vote of governor.
About the middle of February, 1901, all parties began to be active
in Cook county over the spring campaign. Clubs were organized
in every ward and the party machine was put in working condition
ready for the primaries. The Republican county committee and the
Municipal Voters' League were particularly active during the bal-
ance of February. All candidates for office were asked to appear
and make statements concerning themselves. The new ward boun-
daries and conditions were duly considered by both parties. Steps
to centralize or unite on a single candidate for mayor were taken
before the primaries, but without result. Mr. Lorimer had for some
time been directing his attention to the congressional apportionment
plans.
The contests of the Democrats at the primaries in the spring of
1901 were without important features or excitement. The party
had united on the candidacy of Mr. Harrison for mayor. His re-
nomination was demanded by the party and had no opposition.
However, there was a contest over the delegates to the aldermanic
conventions. Judge Hanecy, as the candidate of the Republicans,
announced that, if elected, his administration would support the civil
service law ; would curtail and control crime and immorality ; would
sustain the policy of demanding reasonable compensation for public
franchises; would inaugurate new systems of keeping books in city
departments; would improve the special assessment departments;
would conduct a defense in all personal damage suits; would elim-
inate from all payrolls all unnecessary employes; would clean out
the city hall thoroughly, literally and morally; would conduct the
city administration along business lines and would institute reforms
in all municipal departments. Mayor Harrison's policy as an-
nounced was in many respects similar. He announced that he would
endeavor to enforce the municipal ownership of public utilities;
would grant limited franchises upon the payment of reasonable com-
pensation; would create reforms in street-car service; would carry
out the existing policy of compelling railways to elevate their tracks ;
would enforce civil service law ; would favor increasing the valuation
of city property in order that greater revenue could be secured ;
would advocate the removal of the tunnels under the Chicago river
and the substitution of bascule bridges and would carry out all re-
forms which had been adopted and enforced by his previous admin-
istration.
Early in March, 1901, Judge Hanecy opened the spring campaign
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 65?
by a strong speech before the Marquette club. He stated, among
other things, "The present campaign is not only between individuals,
it is a campaign between responsibility and good citizenship and
corruption, robbery, shame and vice. If elected mayor of Chicago,
I pledge you that I shall clean out that pest-hole of corruption which
now exists in the city hall. The present administration has prosti-
tuted therein all that is held high and sacred by a good community.
I will not call the city officials Democrats. This is
not a contest between the Democrats and Republicans. It is a con-
test between the good citizens and taxpayers and the city hall gang
who has been preying upon the public. They have hesitated at
nothing. They have debauched the city schools; have stolen from
the special assessment fund; have levied blackmail on every vice;
have increased the expenses of the city schools more than $3,000,000
in the last three years without benefits, and they have increased the
cost of the administration of the city over $7,000,000 in the last four
years."
About the middle of February, 1901, it was alleged that a large
public demand required that John M. Harlan should become the Re-
publican candidate for mayor. The petition, signed by about 70,000
names, it was alleged, was handed to him requesting* him thus to
nounce himself as a candidate. It is doubtful whether any such peti-
tion were honestly and fairly prepared independent of Mr. Marian's
wishes and cooperation. It is much more probable that he, himself,
was the instigator of such petition as had been circulated, either for
the purpose of forcing himself upon his party as the sole candidate
or of an attempt to so divide the party as to make defeat inevitable
unless he should be chosen as the sole candidate. With much cere-
mony and acclaim the long petition was heralded and the name of
Harlan, no doubt with his cooperation, was duly announced for the
mayoralty nomination. It was apparently a trick resorted to by Mr.
Harlan to secure the coveted prize or to defeat his party out of re-
venge, in case he were not known as the sole party's choice.
As an illustration of the vote cast at the November election, 1900,
and the April election, 1901, it was shown that the Hyde Park
wards polled in November, 29,935 votes for Mr. McKinley and
16,000 votes for Mr. Bryan. At the April, 1901, election the same
wards cast 18,637 votes for Mr. Hanecy and 15,135 votes for Mr.
Harrison. There was thus a falling off of about 37 per cent in the
Republican vote and of 5 per cent in the Democratic vote, or a
total falling off of 12,000 votes in the Hyde Park region alone.
It was somewhat difficult to account for this falling off. Several
newspapers declared that it was due to the fact that Mr. Hanecy
had been nominated by the machine and was not the candidate ad-
vocated by the Republican masses. It was stated that if the Repub-
licans had named a man acceptable to the party as a whole, the full
vote would have come out. The voters had stayed at home either
Vol. II — 38.
658 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
from apathy generally or because they disliked the Republican can-
didate.
Politics in March and April, 1902, involved many important
problems concerning city and county government. Among these
were the assessed valuation of property, improvements on the in-
stitutions at Dunning; the taxation of corporate property; the duties
of the Boards of Review and Assessors, and the harmonious pro-
ceedings of the various taxing and municipal bodies.
Early in March the Municipal Voters' League began stringent
preliminary investigation concerning the character of aldermanic
candidates. The newspapers published lists of such men. The
League from time to time made announcements of their findings.
The newspapers declared if political parties would do their duty
there would be no necessity for a Municipal Voters' League to in-
vestigate candidates and reveal their shortcomings. It was declared
that so long as town governments existed in Chicago they would
need watching. To teach them economy was impossible and to re-
form them was to abolish them. The Citizens' association an-
nounced that on the South town payrolls were 137 men receiving
$3,415 a week.
In April, 1902, there were to be chosen half the entire membership
of the City Council. This large number was sufficient to warrant
careful and protracted investigation. Particularly were the lodg-
ing houses inspected. It was declared that there were in Chicago
between 10,000 to 15,000 vagrants, the most of whom were known
to the managers of the Municipal Lodging house. It was necessary
to see that these men, if not qualified, were not permitted to vote.
The Municipal Voters' League, the State Board of Health, the
Union League club, the Hamilton club, the Marquette club, the
Iroquois club and other organizations became active early in March.
The newspapers deplored the light registration about the middle of
March. While it exceeded that of March, 1901, by about 14,000,
it was still far from being what it should be. Only about 90,000
names were registered the first day. This was at least 60,000 short
of what was expected. The death of Mr. Altgeld about the middle
of March, 1902, was deplored by his many political and other
friends in this city and county. In spite of every precaution party
factions succeeded in nominating unfit and undesirable candidates
for aldermen. This rendered the work of the Municipal Voters'
League doubly difficult. The newspapers during the campaign
continually dwelt upon the advisability and wisdom of abolishing
the town offices. About the middle of March the names of all al-
dermanic candidates were published in the newspapers. On Sun-
day, March 30, 1902, the newspapers published their recommenda-
tions. Thirty-five new aldermen to serve for two years were to be
chosen. The Municipal Voters' League published an independent
list which received the greatest consideration of the citizens. The
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 659
press, leagues and associations made strong appeals for the voters to
wipe out the nests of corruption in the town offices. At the election
held in April few undesirable candidates were elected to the council.
The publicity advocated and pursued accomplished its intended ob-
ject. The new council contained twenty hold-over Republicans,
thirteen hold-over Democrats and one hold-over Independent. The
Republicans elected fourteen members and the Democrats seven-
teen. The new council contained thirty-nine Republicans, thirty
Democrats and one Independent. The various referendum propo-
sitions were carried by large majorities. There was also cast a
large majority for the abolishment of township governments. The
Municipal Voters' League declared that the new council contained
fifty-three members who could be depended upon to vote and act
for the best interest of the city. A total of 204,379 votes were cast.
The feature of this election was the sweeping victory accomplished
by the Municipal Voters' League. Of the thirty-six men elected,
twenty-eight were indorsed by the League. Only eight men whom
it condemned were successful. Chicago polled a majority of nearly
100,000 votes in favor of municipal ownership. The referendum
concerning the direct nomination of candidates at the primaries
carried by over 100,000 majority.
The first day's registration in October, 1902, amounted to 175,-
379 as against 287,262 for the same day in 1900. This was such
a notable decrease as to cause surprise and comment. The total
registration in October, 1902, for the two days was 339,338. It
was not so heavy as expected, and was considered to favor the Re-
publicans. The total registration in 1900 was 401,392. A strong
fight on congressmen was made. As a whole the congressional del-
egation of Cook county elected was able, active and satisfactory.
It was difficult, it was thought, to effect much improvement in the
members. Particularly were Messrs. Mann, Boutell and Foss ad-
mired for their sterling qualities. Messrs. Lorimer and Madden
were also well known and had many friends.
The Legislative Voters' League in October, 1902, thoroughly
investigated the character and merit of the candidates named by
Cook county for the next General Assembly. People generally had
the utmost confidence in the character of the League. It was be-
lieved they had no other object than the utmost good of the commu-
nity. Even the newspapers expressed thorough trust in that organ-
ization.
The registry list as reported on November 1, 1902, was 337,073.
At the November election, 1902, the principal contests in Chicago
were in the senatorial districts. The Legislative Voters' League
reported on the candidates for the various offices just preceding the
day of election. They made recommendations for state senators and
representatives and did not hesitate to condemn a large list of unde-
sirable men.
G60 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
At the November election, 1902, the voters of the South side were
asked to vote upon the question of issuing $1,000,000 of bonds to
be devoted to new parks and playgrounds. At this election ten
congressmen and many members of the Illinois House were chosen
for Cook county. The county ticket embraced a sheriff, treasurer,
president and members of the County Board, county clerk, clerks
of the Probate, Criminal and Appellate courts and County and Pro-
bate judges and two judges of the Superior court. There were sev-
eral state offices to be filled also. The campaign during October
was vigorous and relentless and was carried to the extreme limit of
misrepresentation and slander by both parties. The various clubs,
leagues and associations made strenuous efforts to reveal the exact
character of candidates for office. The result of the election was
mixed. The Democrats elected the sheriff and the Republicans the
county treasurer. As a whole the results favored the Democracy.
It was admitted that many inferior men were candidates, and there
was a great deal of ticket scratching. The self-styled Independents
who fought Messrs. Lorimer and Madden and found no fault with
the bad elements of the Republican ticket helped to elect several in-
ferior men. The total vote cast in the city was 265,091, in the
country 19,699 and in the county was 284,790. The Republicans
elected the county clerk, clerk of the Probate court, clerk of the
Criminal court, clerk of the Appellate court, members of the Boards
of Review and Assessors, superintendent of schools, judge of the
Superior court, judge of the Probate court, judge of the County
court and president of the County Board. Thomas E. Barrett, can-
didate for sheriff, was the only Democrat elected. The result was
a great surprise to everybody. In fact the first returns were to the
effect that everything had gone Democratic. It turned out that
not only was almost the entire Republican ticket elected but three
of the candidates, Foreman, Olsen, and Cahill, ran ahead of Han-
berg. Fred Busse, Republican candidate for state treasurer, had a
large lead over the other candidates voted for. Six Republicans
were elected to the County Board from the city district and five from
the county — a total of eleven, or one more than a working ma-
jority. The delegation to Congress from Chicago was six Republi-
cans and four Democrats. The three bond propositions were carried
by large majorities. One was for county bonds and the others for
park bonds. A large majority was cast in favor of state and local
referendum.
In February, 1903, mayoralty candidates began their campaigns.
John M. Harlan was early in the race. Graeme Stewart was also
a candidate as early as the latter part of February. At this time
the Federation of Country Towns supported the Campbell bill,
which provided for a division of Cook county into two or more
counties. The Humphrey bill proposed a consolidation of all the
different municipal bodies within the corporate limits of Chicago
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 661
under one government. At a meeting of the Federation on Febru-
ary 28, 1903, it was decided to support the first named bill. Senator
Humphrey had opposed this action. He declared that 95 per cent
of the people of Evanston, Oak Park and other thickly settled com-
munities of the county bordering on Chicago opposed the Campbell
bill. It was the ambition, he said, of a number of wealthy men in
the out-towns to create new counties for their own advancement
and glorification.
.The Tribune of March 8, 1903, said, "The most exciting contest
over a mayoralty nomination that Chicago has ever witnessed came
to a close yesterday when the Republican city convention put Graeme
Stewart instead of John M. Harlan at the head of the ticket." The
contest in the convention was extremely sharp and determined. The
final vote stood 602 for Mr. Stewart and 338 for Mr. Harlan. Mr.
Stewart had already promised, if nominated, to give the people a
strictly business and honest administration. Mr. Harlan had many
friends and strong support, but his ambition, independence, egotism
and unwillingness to fall in line with his party in the past had caused
many Republicans to dislike him and accordingly, in this convention,
the}' defeated him. The convention nominated Alderman Smulski
for city attorney, Fred C. Bender for city clerk and Thomas Shaugh-
nessy for city treasurer. The Republican convention nominated a
full list of aldermen, among whom were several objectionable men.
As a whole their ticket was unusually sound. The Republican plat-
form asked for a specific waiver of rights under the ninety-nine-
year law as a condition of renewing franchises; the enactment of
municipal ownership legislation ; no grant of franchises to be longer
than twenty years ; the city to have power of control and supervision
to insure good service ; the compensation of the city to be based upon
the gross receipts and to be either cash, lower fares or other forms
satisfactory to the people. The platform pointedly demanded the
immediate settlement of the traction question.
The Democratic city convention, held on March 16, renominated
Mayor Harrison. There was no contest for the position. His sup-
porters said his popularity and administration were satisfactory and
that he should receive the support of all good citizens. The Demo-
crats nominated Ernest Hnmmel for city treasurer, John E. Owens,
city attorney, and John J. Boehm, city clerk. While the tickets of
the two old parties were as a whole fair there were undoubtedly
among the nominees men of questionable honesty and character.
Immediately both parties began an active campaign. The admin-
istrations of M«ayor Harrison were subjected to an extremely caus-
tic, rigid and critical investigation. The Juul law, which limited
taxation to 5 per cent, and the question of consolidation were dis-
cussed. Mr. Stewart had the support of Mr. Lorimer, who con-
trolled the Republican machine. On this account a number of Re-
publicans opposed the election of Mr. Stewart. It was thought by
662 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
many that the anti-Lorimer sentiment, espoused by Mr. Harlan and
others, had reached the acute stage of a distinct mania. Right-
thinking Republicans and Democrats knew the worth of Mr. Lori-
mer, appreciated his distinguished services and believed that no
party could succeed unless it had just such a leader. If Mr. Lorimer
should be dethroned another leader less able, less adroit and less
successful might be called to lead the host of Republicanism. There
was a decided sentiment expressed at this time in favor at least of
Mr. Lorimer if not of the machine.
Late in March, 1903, the Chicago charter amendment failed to
pass the House of the State Legislature. This blasted the hopes
of many. Both Mayor Harrison and Mr. Stewart continued pro-
tracted and vigorous campaigns. An immense mass meeting of all
parties on March 29 demanded the enactment of a decent state civil
service law and denounced the alleged humbug measure that had
just been passed by the House.
The result of the election of April 7, 1903, was the reelection of
Mayor Harrison. This was his third reelection. The result, it was
believed, was a majority of good men for the City Council. Many
gray wolves were beaten. The non-partisan organization of the
City Board was probably effected. This meant satisfactory action
on the important question of street railway franchises. Previous
to the election aldermanic candidates had been asked to sign an
agreement to vote for a non-partisan organization of the new coun-
cil. Carter H. Harrison received 146,323 votes, Graeme Stewart
138,485, Thomas Haines, Prohibitionist, 2,480; Charles L. Breckon,
Socialist, 11,207; Daniel L. Cruice, Independent Labor, 9,989;
Henry Sale, Socialist Labor, 1,062; total vote 309,546; Harrison's
plurality 7,838. The Democrats elected the city treasurer and the
Republicans, the city clerk and city attorney. The council was au-
thorized by the election to issue $4,000,000 in bonds with which to
refund the floating debt. The proposition carried by about 90,000
majority. Generally throughout the county towns the Republicans
"•swpn. Here and there the Democrats crawled through. Again the
Municipal Voters' League triumphed. Only four men condemned
by the League were elected to the council.
The Tribune of October 23, 1901, said, "Chicagoans have no
political questions to disturb them this fall. Thanks to thoughtful
legislation they have no primaries, no conventions and no mass meet-
ings to hinder their enjoyment of these pleasant October days.
There are no election predictions and campaign exposures to occupy
their minds. There are no candidates with records to be praised or
censured."
Early in March, 1904, candidates for aldermanic nominations
and their friends began action. The threadbare story that it was the
duty of citizens to select honest candidates was enthusiastically pa-
raded once more. In a large measure the Municipal Voters' League
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 663
had taken from the citizens their burdensome duty of looking into
the character and qualifications of candidates. People relied upon
the League to make this investigation. Often corrupt men obtained
the party nominations and support, therefore it depended on non-
partisan action to defeat such undesirables and elect suitable rep-
resentatives. Early in March the Republican candidates for governor
were Yates, Lowden, Sherman, Warner, Deneen and Hamlin. Al-
ready they had begun work throughout the state. Contests
for aldermanic nomination were early instituted in many of the
Chicago wards. At this time the Citizens' Anti-Crime committee
took up and considered many matters connected with the city admin-
istration, particularly the charges against State's Attorney Deneen.
The committee reported that in Mr. Deneen's case they found some
things to criticize and many things to commend.
All party tickets contained objectionable men. Evidently both
parties were under the dictation of factions, personal interests and
bosses. In the conventions there was desperate fighting by factions
to secure the nomination of their respective candidates. Some of
these contests were violent, sensational and disgraceful. In more
than one instance revenge, political conspiracy and financial consid-
erations controlled the action of delegates. The midnight closing
question was discussed during the campaign.
Investigation showed that the police force were in contact and
collusion with vice throughout the city. The investigation startled
Chicago. A movement to secure city cleanliness consisted of a
central body and soon had twenty-five subordinate associations. It
was called the "white wing movement." At this election, 1904, cit-
izens of the county were asked to vote on the Mueller law which en-
abled them to acquire, construct, own and operate street railroads.
During this campaign the question of segregating, abolishing or
licensing vice was thoroughly discussed. Many women of the city
joined in petitions protesting against any recognition of the social
evil. During the campaign the Municipal Ownership Central com-
mittee recommended a list of aldermen to be voted for at the coming
election. In April, 1904, the voters of South Chicago, Hyde Park
and Lake were required to vote on the questions of authorizing the
park commissioners to permit the construction of the John Crerar
library in Grant park and on an annual tax of one-half a mill to
maintain the Field Columbian museum in that park.
On April 2, the Municipal Voters' League announced publicly
the list which they recommended the citizens to vote in the alder-
manic contest. The recommendations included twenty Republicans,
thirteen Democrats, three Independents, three Prohibitionists and
one Socialist. There were some objections even to this list, but it
was the best the League could do. owing to the objectionable nature
and character of the men nominated. The newspapers and the
League published in detail brief records of every candidate.
664 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
&.:<••-•"
As a whole the election of April, 1904, was satisfactory to good
citizens. Eighteen Republicans, sixteen Democrats and one Inde-
pendent were elected. Eighteen Republicans, thirteen Democrats,
one Independent and one Socialist held over. The new council
contained thirty-one Democratic aldermen, thirty-six Republicans,
two independents and one Socialist. The Mueller law was indorsed
by an immense majority, as was also immediate municipal ownership,
election of the school board by direct vote, for the Field museum
tax in the South wards, for the Crerar library site in the South
wards and for the county license proposition. Out of a total regis-
try of 359,993 there were cast 330,771 votes. The result of the al-
dermanic contest was satisfactory to the Municipal Voters' league.
It was another triumph for that organization. Of the hold-over
aldermen indorsed by the league, twenty-seven out of twenty-nine
were elected. Of the new aldermen indorsed by the league, five out
of eight were elected. A notable circumstance connected with this
election was the power and significance of the "little ballot."
The contest for the Republican gubernatorial nomination in April
and May, 1904, was one of the bitterest in the history of Illinois.
The candidates did everything in their power to win success. The
bitterest and falsest personalities were studiously uttered by almost
every candidate. Here there was a pleasant fight between Deneen and
Lowden. Early in October, 1904, immediate municipal ownership
was rejected in the council by a vote of thirty-six to thirty-one. One
of the interesting features of the fall campaign, 1904, was the stump
made of the entire state by the candidates for the governorship. Par-
ticularly was this campaign interesting to Chicago and Cook county,
owing to the candidacy of Mr. Deneen. The first day's registration
in October was spiritless, feeble, desgraceful and discouraging. It
fell 30,000 behind the first day's registration in 1896. It was argued
that while the important question in 1896 was honest money, just as
important a question now was before the county — the new city char-
ter. Newspapers, speakers, leagues and committees prepared to bring
out on the second day's registration a satisfactory number of delin-
quents. The Marquette club and the Hamilton club were particularly
active during October. On October 13 Senator Fairbanks of Indiana
spoke at the Marquette Club's "harvest home" in the First Regiment
armory. Speaker Cannon was also present and addressed the audi-
ence. On October 13 the Legislative Voters' League issued its pre-
liminary recommendation for legislative candidates. It expressed the
opinion that in a majority of cases nominations by Republicans and
Democrats as such were not satisfactory. The League therefore rec-
ommended independent action by the voters. There were fifty-seven
legislative positions to be filled and the senatorial convention present-
ed sixty candidates — thirty-three Republicans and twenty-seven
Democrats. The League charged an inter-party conspiracy to foist
upon the voters unworthy and unfit men. The county judicial ticket
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 665
at this time was an important one. There were twelve candidates
for judges, six Republicans and six Democrats, and six only were
to be elected. Many feared the proposed new charter would increase
taxation, but the press presented facts to show otherwise. It was
suggested, owing to the splendid work done by the Municipal Vot-
ers' League, that it should institute the same reforms for the County
Board and the Drainage Board as it had effected for the City Coun-
cil. All were Legislative bodies having high power and all should
be in the hands of the best men possible. As a new County Board
was to be elected in November there was a general demand that the
League should investigate the candidates the same as it had investi-
gated those for the City Council during the last spring. Publicity
was declared to be the power to purify the County Board as well as
the City Board. The Bar association favored four Republicans out
of the six judges to be elected. The winners were Chytraus, Free-
man, Holdom, Chetlain, Stein and Rogers.
During October the newspapers particularly held up to public
gaze the character and accomplishments of the three principal can-
didates for the Presidency — Roosevelt, Parker and Watson. The
total registry at the close of the second day reached 403,811 as
against 380,245 in 1896 and 405,077 in 1900. In addition, 412
women registered. It was the heaviest second day's registration
ever shown in Chicago. The Republican organization was given
credit for this large registration. The Citizens' association was
doing important work.
The people were called upon to vote on the following "little bal-
lot" : An amendment to the Constitution providing that the Legis-
lature could grant Chicago a new scheme of self-government; an
. extension of the Torrens land title system ; the adoption of the vot-
ing machine; to issue $500,000 Cook county refunding bonds; to
amend the primary election law so that a voter could vote directly
for his candidate instead of having a delegate to vote for him at a
convention; to enable voters to veto undesirable action of their law-
making bodies ; to enable voters to adopt such system of assessing
and levying taxes as they might desire. There was demanded dur-
ing this campaign that members of the Chicago Board of Education
now being appointed by the mayor should be elected by popular vote.
This matter was discussed during the campaign. The newspapers
demanded that voters should scrutinize the financial and moral
standing of all candidates, whether for city, county, state or nation-
al tickets. Three trustees of the State University and several state
officers were to be chosen ; a large number of senators and represen-
tatives; fifteen new county commissioners, ten within the city and
five within the county outside of the city ; state's attorney, coroner,
assessor, recorder, members of the Board of Review, clerks of the
Circuit and Superior courts, surveyor, six judges and the national
ticket.
666 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
On November 1, the Legislative Voters' League indorsed fifty-
two candidates for the State Legislature and condemned twenty.
Several others were found doubtful. The League urged voters to
depose bosses who were in the habit of disfranchising voters. At
this time there were nineteen legislative districts in Cook county.
The League recommended to the consideration of voters the Inde-
pendent and Prohibition candidates whom it favored. The action
of the League was a blow at machine politics. By voting for Pro-
hibitionists and Independents voters, it was urged, could rebuke and
break up the vicious combination of party bosses which had main-
tained a political monopoly in Cook county for a generation. Eight
Chicago candidates of the League on other tickets than the regular
Prohibition were indorsed by the Anti-Saloon League, owing to the
position they had taken on the local option bill.
The campaign ended with a whirlwind finish. All speakers and
candidates were in the field actively at work until the night before
the election. This was a trying campaign for voters, owing to the
great variety of tickets, numerous candidates and conflicting prin-
ciples involved. It was impossible for any voter to know from his
own experience the qualifications and character of candidates. He
therefore followed the advice of the Munipical or the Legislative
Voters' League. It was admitted that the Republican county con-
vention in the fall of 1904 was dominated by the new Deneen-Busse-
Reddick combination which had checkmated Mr. Lorimer and that
the Democratic county convention was ruled by Mayor Harrison,
now a candidate for Congress. It thus was a question to voters
whether they should vote their party tickets under these bosses or
act independently.
At the November election, 1904, the Republicans swept Chicago
and Cook county. The largest plurality in the history of Chicago
was given to Roosevelt and Deneen. The majority in favor of the
charter was over 81,000. People were surprised to learn that Cook
county polled more than 46,000 votes for Mr. Debs, the Socialistic
candidate for governor. Ten Republican congressmen were elected
in Cook county. The Cook county district sent to the Legislature
thirty-four Republican representatives and twenty-three Demo-
cratic representatives. Again as in other recent elections the Muni-
cipal Voters' League and the Legislative Voters' League candi-
dates were mainly successful. The total vote in Cook county at
the November election, 1904, was 400,923. Four years before
the total vote in the county was 392,326. Cook county gave
Roosevelt 229,848; Parker, 103,762; Swallow (Prohibitionist),
5,290; Debs (Socialist), 47,743; Corregan (Socialistic Labor),
2,660; Watson (People's), 3,323; Holcomb (Continental), 319.
Roosevelt's plurality was 126,086, Deneen's plurality over Stringer
was 130,488. The total vote in Chicago was 371,513. The Tor-
rens extension system, the voting-machine proposition, the bond
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 667
issue, the primary law, the veto law, and the charter amendment
were carried by large majorities. It was admitted that Roose-
velt's popularity in all probability added immensely to the over-
whelming Republican majorities.
The tenth annual report of the Municipal Voters' league, made
the last of March, 1905, recommended thirty-one aldermanic can-
didates for the City Council. Ten candidates were declared to be
unworthy of support under any circumstances. In four wards no
recommendations were made. Of those who were recommended
twenty were Republicans, six Democrats, four Independents and one
Prohibitionist. Of those denounced three were Republicans and
seven Democrats. The ones denounced as "altogether unfit" be-
longed to the old wolf gang of the Council.
The mayoralty campaign closed practically on April 1, 1905. On
that date in the evening at the Auditorium the Republicans held an
immense meeting to which John M. Harlan addressed his closing
remarks. On the platform sat the "New Chicago Committee" con-
sisting of 200 representative Republican citizens. The Republican
organization was represented by James Reddick and Fred A. Busse.
Frank O. Lowden and Congressman Boutell were present and ad-
dressed the audience. Mr. Lowden declared that for eight years
the city had made not the slightest progress toward municipal gov-
ernment. It was stated at this meeting that the citizens of the city
recently to the number of nearly 120,000 had voted in favor of mu-
nicipal ownership. As the entire electorate of the city was only
about 420,000 a large portion therefore had demanded municipal
ownership. Both parties at this time sounded the slogan of "munic-
ipal ownership." During the campaign partisans disputed as to
which party first sounded that battle cry.
The Democrats shrewdly incorporated the word "immediate,"
in the campaign slogan and throughout the campaign called for
"immediate municipal ownership." Their meetings were of great
enthusiasm, determination and intensity. A feature of the campaign
were the speeches delivered in favor of the Democratic candidates
by Murray F. Tuley who was nearly four score years of age. He
urged with his usual adroitness the election of Judge Dunne to the
mayoralty and pictured his high character, inflexible integrity and
commanding ability. He took occasion to criticise the purposes and
political principles of John M. Harlan. The truth is the Republi-
cans as a whole did not favor municipal ownership. It was a popu-
lar fad adopted in toto by the Democrats in order to catch popular
sentiment and support. The Republicans not to be outdone were
also compelled in a measure to advocate its adoption. As a matter
of fact the Republicans were in favor of a franchise policy and the
Democrats presumably of municipal ownership. It has since trans-
pired that the franchise policy has been adopted and the municipal
ownership heresy has been consigned to the tomb of the Capulets.
668 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
As a matter of fact neither Harlan nor Dunne if elected could
settle the traction question. That power rested with the City Coun-
cil, therefore non-partisanship in that body was desirable and the
election of honest aldermen all important. Scarcely ever was there
a time in the history of the city when aldermanic gray wolves were
more dangerous than at this period. The immense questions pend-
ing and to be settled during the next two or three years rendered it
of the utmost importance to secure non-partisan, incorruptible al-
dermen. Immediate municipal ownership was seen by all intelli-
gent thinkers to be impracticable and utterly out of the question, ow-
ing to the enorntous cost which would be entailed upon the city by
such a step. At the best, gradual municipal ownership was the only
solution along that line. To buy the street railways of the city would
mean the practical suicide of the civic organization. The confusion
and injustice certain to result from immediate municipal ownership
was held up in powerful colors by newspapers particularly and speak-
ers generally. It might take one year or twenty years to settle the
question of municipal ownership. The tentative ordinance and meth-
od proposed to commute all existing ordinances to a single term and
then give the city the right before the expiration of that term to
assume control of the roads by paying the actual physical value. In
case of municipal ownership it was shown that the new subways
should likewise be owned and operated by the city. This meant an
immense additional outlay.
While the campaign generally was in a large measure non-par-
tisan and dealt in public policies the contests in the various wards
were decidedly partisan in character. There prudential policies
were not considered and accordingly voters were appealed to along
partisan lines. These contests were of course at the instigation of
the party machines. At this election citizens were called upon to
vote for or against an issue of $5,000,000 in county bonds with
which to build a new courthouse.
The two principal tickets were as follows: Republicans. John
M. Harlan, mayor; John F. Smulski, city attorney; N. E. Greene-
baum, city treasurer ; Francis P. Brady, city clerk. The Democratic
ticket was as follows : Edward F. Dunne, mayor ; W. B. Moak.
city attorney; F. W. Blocki, city treasurer; Adrian C. Anson, city
clerk. On Monday full lists of recommendations were published
by the newspapers and the leagues.
During this campaign the Socialists were active and determined.
A division in their ranks caused the formation of two factions enti-
tled the Dominants and the Sub-dominants. The Socialists were
particularly in their element during this campaign owing to the
prominence given their pet heresy of "municipal ownership." Pub-
lic ownership as a matter of fact was only a manifestation of Social-
ism.
With confidence all parties approached election day. The result
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 669
was a Democratic victory. Dunne, Blocki and Anson all Democrats
were elected. John F. Smulski was the only successful Republican
on the city ticket. The new Council consisted of thirty-seven Re-
publicans, thirty-two Democrats and one Independent. Of these
seventy aldermen, twenty-five holdovers were indorsed by the Mu-
nicipal Voters' League. Twenty-one newly elected candidates were
indorsed, nine holdovers were not indorsed and seven newly elected
were condemned. Thus in the new City Council were twenty-three
aldermen not indorsed by the League and one neither indorsed nor
condemned. The result of the election in the Council was to leave
that body politically about the same as it was before. There would
presumably be a check placed upon Mayor Dunne's policy of imme-
diate municipal ownership. The unpopularity of Mr. Harlan even
with the Republicans was shown by the fact that he ran behind his
ticket. The Prohibition vote did not amount to much, but the
Socialist vote was the highest ever shown at a purely city election.
During the preceding fall 45,000 votes were polled for Debs the
Socialist candidate for President. Ordinarily the Socialist vote
was from 10,000 to 12,000. Now, however, in April, 1905, it was
over 23,000. This result no doubt was occasioned by the impulse
given to municipal ownership of public utilities. Immediately after
the election Mayor Dunne upon being interrogated stated that he
expected municipal ownership would be accomplished within two
years. Alas ! the futility of human hopes ! The vote for the $5,000.-
000 bond issue showed a majority in its favor of about 35,000. For
South park bonds of $2,500,000 the majority was over 14,000.
There was also an immense majority against any franchise to the
city railways. The total vote was about 310,000. The vote for
Mayor Dunne was 163,189 and for Mr. Harlan 138,671 as reported
the next day after election. Mr. Stewart, the Prohibition candi-
date for mayor, received a total of 3,297 and Mr. Collins, Socialist,
received 23,034.
During the fall campaign, 1905, the question of immediate muni-
cipal ownership was prominently before the people. Mayor Dunne
declared his intentions of putting it in execution. Lines in the trac-
tion fight were sharply drawn. The City Council faced the refer-
endum issue. The settlement of the Ninety-nine year franchise
problem was pending in October. Mayor Dunne's contract plan for
municipal ownership was defeated in the City Council. The papers
pronounced the meeting of the Council when that measure was de-
feated as the most sensational known in the history of the city, ex-
cept when the two contesting parties fought over the election of the
mayor to fill the unexpired term caused by the death of the elder
Harrison. The mayor's object was to procure from the Council
an order to the committee on local transportation instructing it to
stop consideration of the franchise extension ordinances of the Chi-
cago City and Union Traction companies and at once report the
070 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
contract plan ordinance to the Council for its debate and determina-
tion. Twenty-two voted in favor of the mayor's plan and forty-
one against it. The second plan of Mayor Dunne was for the city
to acquire all lines covering the entire street car systems of the
municipality to be paid for in Mueller law certificates. This was
known as the city plan as against the contract plan previously de-
feated in the City Council.
At the bar primaries about the middle of October, 1905, the four
sitting judges Kavanagh, Gary, McEwen and Ball, all Republicans,
were given preference over their opponents. This was taken to
mean that the Republican candidates were considered superior to
their Democratic opponents. The bar was presumed to be non-par-
tisan. On October 16, the mayor's city plan was defeated by a vote
of thirty-seven to twenty-seven. It amounted to a rejection of mu-
nicipal ownership. There were to be voted on in November judi-
cial and sanitary tickets, four important questions on the little ballot,
bonds for parks and other important measures. About the middle
of October the fight on the judicial and drainage tickets was begun
in earnest by all parties. Meetings were held in all wards through-
out the city. In October, 1905, the sanitary trustees made a report
which showed that the drainage canal had cost to date $48,227,073.
President Carter of the Board announced that every cent had been
honestly spent and fully accounted for. One of the strongest issues
of the campaign in October was the character of drainage trustees
and of judges. An investigation of every step recently taken by the
drainage board was one of the results of this campaign. The im-
portance of having sound, honest and able men for drainage trustees
was realized and acted upon. There were to be submitted at the
November election, 1905, two measures relating to the parks, one
provided for the issue of $2,000,000 of bonds for improvements of
parks in the West district and the other for an issue of $1,000,000
in bonds for the purchase of small parks and play grounds in the
same district.
It was noted during the October campaign, 1905, that although
Mayor Dunne had been in office about seven months he had failed
utterly to fulfill any of the vital promises he had made during his
campaign. The Council turned against him and turned him down
in every proposition looking to municipal ownership which he had
submitted to its jurisdiction. As a matter of fact his promises had
been altogether too extravagant and far in advance of public opinion
and judgment. This was realized by the Council with the result that
his theories, recommendations and pet policies were defeated as fast
as presented.
The value of Chicago manufactures in 1895 was $788,400,000;
in 1905 it was $1,576,800,000; in 1895 the volume of the wholesale
trade was $1,168,600,000; in 1905 it was $2,137,200,000. At this
election the question of a four year term for the mayor was voted
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 671
on. The talk of an $8,000,000 loop or link between the North and
South side park systems was discussed at this date. The question
of a Municipal court was voted on in November, 1905. Many per-
sons interested fought the new project. Constables, justices and
their assistants unitedly opposed the new measure. The newspapers
urged voters to vote in favor of the proposed Municipal courts. The
question of a forest preserve district was considered and voted on at
the November election. Strange to say there were many opponents
of this measure which provided for an outer belt or park encircling
the entire city. One object was to take advantage of all natural
forests within the limits of the district. By placing the district un-
der the forest law it would be preserved for the future. A new
taxing body called a forest commission consisting of six members
with power to levy taxes, issue bonds and create pleasure drives
and boulevards was proposed. As the forest preserve district was
planned to lie outside of the city limits it could not be merged with
the park boards.
Nine trustees of the sanitary district, four judges of the superior
court, one judge of the Circuit court to fill a vacancy and one judge
of the Superior court to fill a vacancy were elected in November,
1905. Both of the old parties nominated as a whole excellent men
for these important positions. The revised registration was about
360,000. It was estimated that of these about 225,000 would be
polled. In the Republican ranks at this time were two distinct fac-
tions (Deneen and Lorimer) more or less opposed to each other. As
a whole the campaign was listless with violent outbreaks on special
occasions in certain sections. The newspapers and leagues as usual
made their recommendations as to the proper men to be voted for.
Split tickets were predicted and were realized. On November 7,
1905, the Republicans carried the election. Both parties were apa-
thetic and the Republicans managed to elect all their candidates on
the judicial and the sanitary tickets. On the little ballot the forest
preserve carried in the county by over 28,000 majority. The four
year mayoralty term was carried by approximately 55,000 majority.
The Municipal court won by about 78,000 majority. The Gas Reg-
ulation act was carried by over 100,000 majority. Both of the West
park bond issues were carried by substantial margins. The election
was close and the Republicans did not have much to boast of. The
forest preserve proposition did not receive a majority of all the
votes in the proposed district. It was left to the Supreme court to
decide whether the act carried. The vote was — For the charter
proposition 102,360, against it 43,851; for the Municipal court
99,092, against it 18,335 ; for the gas rates 127,656 against them
21,099.
Early in March, 1906, it was stated that the Democrats had
eight candidates for the shrievalty. They named that number for
most of the other offices to be filled this spring. There were to be
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
elected a sheriff, county clerk, clerk of Criminal court, clerk of
Municipal court, sanitary trustees, president of Count)- Board, chief
bailiff of Municipal court, full list of county commissioners, judge
of Probate court, clerk of Probate court, etc. This campaign was of
sufficient importance to warrant active efforts on the part of all par-
ties to elect their candidates. The determined effort on the part of
the good citizens of Chicago had effected the passage of the 1,000
saloon license. This was cited as an example of the power of "pub-
lie opinion.
City Attorney John F. Smulski publicly expressed the opinion
early in March, 1906. that in case the city should adopt municipal
ownership of traction lines there would result a vast increase in per-
sonal injury litigation. He pointed out that against the street rail-
ways of Chicago every year there were filed about 10,000 cases.
These would be filed against the city were the latter to adopt the
policy of municipal ownership. During 1905. in round numbers,
700 of such suits were filed against the city. This opinion may
have contributed to the growing belief that municipal ownership
was unwise. It was at this time that the Supreme court denied that
the ninety-nine year act granted the street car companies rights in
any streets for that length of time. This left the railway companies
but the shadow of a right to any street The total registration an-
nounced about the middle of March. 1906. was 409,855. The ques-
tion of traction consolidation was discussed during this campaign.
It was favored by Mayor Dunne because he believed it would, if
carried out, fulfill his promises to the public during the campaign
which elected him. It was declared that the worst grafter was the
man who did not vote. This aphorism was so true and new that it
attracted general attention and was called to the attention of voters
throughout the city and county. The pure food question was dis-
cussed during his campaign. A further demand for an election ini-
tiative was demanded. It was believed such a measure would im-
prove the new primary law. The principal issues during the cam-
paign of 1906 were as follows: Shall the city operate the street
railways? Shall the ordinance making provision for the issue of
street railway certificates not to exceed $/ 5,000,000 be approved?
The result of the election in April. 1906. was the election of fif-
teen Republicans and twenty-one Democrats to the City Council,
giving that body for the new year thirty-four Republicans and
thirty-six Democrats. Of the aldermen, twenty-eight favored mu-
nicipal ownership, thirty-two were against it and ten were doubtful.
Thirty-seven were in favor of the $1,000 license for saloons, thirty
were against it and three were doubtful. The vote for the Mueller
certificates was as follows: For their issue, 110,008; against their
issue, 106,669. It was left to the discretion of the council to deter-
mine how many certificates, if any, should be used and sold. UK
result of the election was the defeat of the plans of Mayor Dunne. .
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Out of 261,575 votes cast the Socialists polled 27,716. On April 5
the Supreme court of the state handed down an opinion declaring
the new Illinois primary law unconstitutional. Within six hours
thereafter Governor Deneen called an extra session of the Legisla-
ture to frame a new primary act that should be constitutional.
The Democrats and Republicans held their primaries late in April
or early in May, and nominated full tickets for the various vacan-
cies in judgeships. It was noted that the Democratic judicial con-
ventions were distinctly anti-Dunne, and the newspapers declared
it indicated that Mayor Dunne could not secure a renomination.
Early in October both parties began preparations for an active
campaign. They decided to hold meetings once a week in each ward
during the campaign. At the same time all made preparations to
secure a full registration. During October meetings of Chicago's
charter convention were resumed the first time for eight months.
The November election was one of great importance to the county
and city. A County Judge, Probate judge, and twenty-eight judges
of the new Municipal court were to be elected. Both the old parties
had full tickets in the field and generally the nominees were ex-
cellent men. In 1902 the first day's registration was 175,612 names ;
in 1904, 262,675; in 1906, 206,612. The latter was considered a
large number for an off year. The state campaign interested the
people of Cook county at this time. The newspapers, leagues, and
political associations during the fall of 1906 declared that voters
should not adhere to party nominations for municipal judgships.
All were asked to scrutinize the names of candidates and then to
vote regardless of party for the best men. There should be no par-
tisanship in the administration of the duties of the Municipal courts.
This had been the policy here from time immemorial. Both parties
occasionally departed from this time-honored and wise custom, but
generally in Cook county the rule had been and was to nominate
and vote for the best men for judges regardless of partisan consid-
erations. So far as possible it had been the custom to remove judi-
cial contests from the domain of politics. Democrats, Republicans
and others had held mass meetings, had decided on certain candi-
dates and then had elected them. Occasionally, where there was
dispute and private considerations involved, this time honored cus-
tom had been departed from, but usually with the result of elect-
ing judges men who not only could not but did not conceal their par-
tisanship while on the bench. Now, therefore, the papers generally
and the public entirely asked to have a non-partisan Municipal bench.
At the bar primaries held on October 19, 1906, fifteen Republicans,
four Democrats and eleven Independence League candidates were
indorsed. Presumably politics was disregarded. Candidates were
named for the six-year, the four-year and the two-year terms. The
Australian ballot sheet used in November, 1906, was two feet long
by more than one foot and a half wide and contained a total of 577
Vol. 11—39.
674 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
names. It was presumed this ticket would prove a Chinese puzzle
to voters. There were 154 county candidates, 137 Municipal court
candidates, 199 legislative candidates, 27 state candidates, 42 con-
gressional candidates and 18 sanitary candidates. All parties con-
ducted most vigorous and brilliant campaigns. Many personalities
marred the contest, and the character, qualifications and antecedents
of candidates were investigated with great care and revealed to the
public. The state campaign was particularly active. Governor De-
neen stumped the state with great effect. The Federation of Labor
recommended candidates about the middle of October. The Inde-
pendence League did likewise. It was noted during this campaign
that there was a vast difference between the methods of conducting
election campaigns now and what they were thirty, forty or fifty
years earlier. Never before was the character, qualifications and bi-
ography of candidates so held up to public inspection as at this time.
A dozen different organizations riddled the pretensions, ambitions,
purposes and character of each candidate and reported their findings
and made their recommendations to the public. There had been
evolved a wonderful system of securing thorough, fit and competent
men for public office. Formerly bad men with a little patience
and secrecy could easily secure a nomination and an election, but
now investigation and publicity revealed their true characters to
the public in advance. Formerly voters adhered closely to party
nominations, having no other criterion by which to judge of a can-
didate's merits. Now there was much independent voting. It was
far more difficult for a candidate to secure a nomination and elec-
tion than ever before in the history of county or city.
The death of Judge Joseph E. Gary on October 31, 1906, was
earnestly mourned by the entire bar and many of the citizens of
Cook county. He had sat continuously on the bench since 1863
and no whisper of incompetency or dishonesty concerning his official
acts or otherwise was ever heard. More than any other judge he
had been the non-partisan nominee in almost every campaign in
which he was induced to enter for reelection. The Municipal Vot-
ers' League recommended a non-partisan judicial ticket late in Oc-
tober— five Republicans, four Democrats and five Independents for
the six-year term ; six Republicans, three Democrats and three In-
dependents for the four-year term; and seven Republicans, two
Democrats and three Independents for the two-year term. It was
believed that the Independence League candidates represented that
faction of all parties founded and sustained by Mr. Hearst. There
were other lists recommended, but probably none better than the
above. Candidates for sheriff, treasurer, County judge, county
clerk, Probate judge, member Board of Review, president of Coun-
ty Board, clerk of Circuit court and others were voted for at the
November election, 1906. There were four tickets in the field — Re-
publicans, Democrats, Independence League and Socialist. This
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 675
campaign was dignified compared with those ordinarily conducted
in Cook county. There was less personal abuse, vilification and
slander. There was sharp fighting for Municipal judges, but these
fights were conducted with decorum and dignity. The result of the
election of November, 1906, was the success of the Republican ticket
by a large plurality. In fact the Republicans made a clean sweep
of the Cook county offices. It was called a landslide. The plurality
varied from 40,000 to 50,000. There were many surprises at this
election. Perhaps the greatest was that the Republicans elected
every candidate. Certain candidates made record runs and secured
record votes. This was one of the most interesting, one of the
pleasantest and at the same time one of the most exciting and mo-
mentous political contests ever held in Cook county. Rarely was
greater interest ever shown. The personnel of candidates cut a
greater figure than almost any other consideration; still as a whole
voters adhered to party lines because there was no object in doing
otherwise, owing to the fact that with scarcely an exception good
men had been nominated. It is doubtful if Cook county and Chi-
cago ever had a cleaner and more satisfactory election than this.
The draft for the new city charter was fully complete on March
1, 1907, after fifteen months' steady work thereon. The convention
voted as follows on the draft: Thirty-two for and eight against.
This charter was sent to the Legislature immediately. In April,
1907, the Republicans selected Judges Smith and McSurely for
candidates for the Superior court bench and the Democrats selected
Judges Witty and Dever. During this campaign the Republican
voters informally nominated Fred A. Busse for mayor in advance
of the city convention. He therefore was the deliberate choice of
the Republican party. The Democrats renominated Mr. Dunne.
Both parties prepared for and conducted an active, vigorous and
enthusiastic campaign. The comparative merits of the men were
held up to public gaze. The Republicans favored the immediate
settlement of the traction question on the basis of the pending coun-
cil ordinance. The Democrats opposed the ordinance. The Repub-
licans declared for a businesslike, constructive and common sense
city administration. The Democrats advocated the same and point-
ed with pride to the administration of Mayor Dunne thus far. The
Democratic platform called for municipal ownership of all public
utilities. The Republicans ridiculed the pretensions of the Demo-
cratic city administration and denounced it in unsparing terms. The
police department was particularly declared to be inefficient and cor-
rupt. They declared that Mayor Dunne "had utterly failed to carry
out the promises made during the campaign which elected him, and
that municipal ownership was more of a dream than it had ever
been before Mayor Dunne took his seat." During the campaign
every Republican speaker and every Republican paper dwelt upon
the condemnation proceedings that would be instituted as soon as
676 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Mayor Dunne should reassume the reigns of government. After
two years partisans pointed out that not only had he done nothing
to accomplish municipal ownership, but a large portion of his party
had come to regard that movement as a myth to be dreamed about
but never realized. The lakes to the gulf waterway plan was before
the people prominently at this time. The basis of Mr. Busse's
speeches during March, 1907, was to this effect: "We need less talk
and more action in the city's business. We need more everyday
common sense and less theory. We need business methods and re-
sults." These remarks met the approval of the Republicans of Chi-
cago. They declared that the administration of Mayor Dunne was
one of broken promises, shattered ideals and decadent hopes. The
total number of names on the unrevised registry in March, 1907,
was 418,305. The total city list as revised was 392,923. Perhaps
the principal issue in the spring of 1907 was the traction ordinance.
The Republicans favored it and the Democrats opposed it. Large
registry showed that the Chicago people were taking much interest
in this election probably owing to their desire to see the traction
question settled. The principal charge against Mayor Dunne was
the inertness of his administration. The School Board particularly
was rent with dissensions and rendered largely inefficient. There
was shown an unusual absence of order, system and business capa-
city. During the last two weeks just before election the campaign
was exciting, enthusiastic and determined. Messrs. Busse and
Dunne thoroughly canvassed the city. All parties prepared full
lists of candidates for aldermen. There were sharp rights in the
various wards. The Independence League made its nominations
about the 19th of the month. It is doubtful if any candidate for
mayor ever received severer criticism than did Mayor Dunne at this
time. It was shown in numerous instances that he had utterly failed
to carry out his political and ante-election promises. Many of the
ablest Democratic and Republican speakers of the city assisted the
candidates for mayor during this spirited and critical campaign.
After revision by the City Council the annual appropriation bill
as passed on March 21, 1907, amounted to $49,756,316. At the
bar primary early in 1907 the two Republican candidates for judge
of the Superior court — Smith and McSurely — were named by large
majorities. Governor Deneen appeared in Chicago in several speeches
in favor of Busse. Near the close of the campaign Mayor Dunne's
speeches were exceedingly keen, critical, sarcastic, evasive, eloquent
and brilliant. He ridiculed and denounced the pretensions of the
Republicans in vigorous English. One of the best speeches of the
campaign was delivered by Edward J. Brundage at the Great Nor-
thern theater on March 28. He completely refuted the charges
made against Mr. Busse. It was declared that Mayor Dunne was
the tool of Mr. Hearst, was the weather vane which pointed any
way the Hearst wind blew. This more than any campaign of re-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 677
cent years can properly be termed a campaign of vilification and
slander. Both of the old parties and also the Independence League
were guilty of inexcusable misrepresentation and distortion of
truth. They made little pretense of stating facts concerning their
opponents, but with studied depravity sought out every real or fan-
cied objection in the career of opposing candidates. Particularly
did the Republicans outrageously misrepresent the personal charac-
ter and public intentions and performances of Mayor Dunne. It
was declared that the campaign methods used at this time were
brought from New York.
At this time the question of annexation of Morgan Park to the
city was voted upon. The Citizens' Non-Partisan Traction Set-
tlement association was one of the results of the struggle and dis-
pute over the traction problem. It apparently sprang up in the
night like Jonas' gourU and kept on growing. At the last Repub-
lican meeting of the compaign held at the Auditorium on April 1,
there were present Governor Deneen, William E. Mason, John M.
Harlan, Henry S. Boutell, Emil C. Wetten, and many others.
These men all delivered short, pithy and brilliant speeches in be-
half of the candidacy of Mr. Busse. This election meant more than
appeared on the surface. It was really a test of what the people
wanted done concerning the traction question. The reelection of
Mayor Dunne meant in all probability municipal ownership carried
out during the next dozen years to almost every branch of the pub-
lic service. His defeat and the election of Mr. Busse meant at least
the temporary postponement of municipal ownership and probably
meant its final and absolute abandonment. It also decided whether
the people wanted an immediate settlement or still further delay of
the traction question. As a matter of fact the Democrats themselves
were more or less disappointed with the two years' administration by
Mayor Dunne and with his failure to carry out in a substantial man-
ner the principal promises made by him during his campaign. They
accordingly were not as enthusiastic as they were under ordinary cir-
cumstances. The Republican newspapers vigorously, continuously
and almost frantically called for the people to rescue the city from
what they denominated the maladministration of Mayor Dunne. His
reelection meant still further continuance for another four years of
his insincere and hollow administration.
The result of the election was the success of Fred A. Busse as the
first four-year mayor of Chicago. The traction ordinances were
approved by a majority of more than 33,000. The Tribune said,
"The rebuke of radicalism. Chicago the most radical city in the
world, the hotbed of isms, has repudiated carpet-bag government,
puppet government, petticoat government and pipe-dream govern-
ment. It has rejected Hearst with his imported and native mud-
slingers and slanderers, Dunne the mechanical doll ; Post, the sin-
gle tax, with anarchy on the side; Haley, De Bey, and the whole
678 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
crew of female politicians and other long-haired freaks. Chicago
is a radical city and has made a radical change. The voters of the
city have voiced their protests against the debauchery of the public
schools, the prostitution of the police department and the wrecking
of the fire department. They have set the definite seal of their dis-
approval on immediate municipal ownership of the Dunne variety.
Chicago has successfully repealed the invasion of the Hooligans, the
yellow kids and the rest of the motley array that came to bury Chi-
cago under their volleys of filth. There never had been suph a cam-
paign before. There will never be such a campaign again. No
candidate ever will be so foolish as to surrender his platform, pro-
gram and his honor into the keeping of William Randolph Hearst.
Mayor Dunne is a harmless person in himself, but he is a pendulum
and when joined to the mechanism of the Hearst wheels the com-
bination is capable of mischief. It then becomes an infernal ma-
chine." The Independence League nominated fifteen candidates in
the thirty-five aldermanic wards of the city. In one ward it had two
nominees. The aggregate vote for the League candidates in these
wards was 7,126, while in the same wards the vote of all other
parties was 125,738. Thus the "Hearst league ticket," as it was
called, received an inconsiderable portion of the total vote polled.
At this election many voting machines were used throughout the
city. The Republicans elected twenty-one of the thirty-six new
aldermen, but the council was Democratic by a majority of two,
owing to the fact that twenty-one of the hold-over aldermen were
Democrats and thirteen Republicans. The Democrats elected the
city treasurer, J. E. Traeger, and the Republicans elected the city
clerk, J. R. McCabe. Smith and McSurely, Republicans, were
elected to the Superior bench, Mr. Novak, Republican, was elected
by a large plurality to fill a vacancy on the Sanitary Board. The
majority in favor of direct primaries was over 33,000. The ma-
jority for the South park bonds was over 27,000, for the North park
bonds over 8,000 and for the Morgan Park annexation over 92,000.
In 1901 Harrison, Democrat, received a plurality of 28,343 over
Hanecy, Republican, for mayor. In 1903 Harrison, Democrat, re-
ceived a plurality of 7,679 over Stewart, Republican. In April,
1905, Dunne, Democrat, received a plurality of 24,518 over Har-
lan, Republican, and in April, 1907, Busse, Republican, received a
plurality of 13,016 over Dunne, Democrat. The total vote cast for
mayor was nearly 336,000 out of a total registration of 392,923.
This was an unusually heavy vote for the registration. Two years
before it had been 323,000 out of a total of 417,000.
On October 2, 1907, the Supreme court rendered a decision annul-
ling the primary law of 1906. This placed the elections under the
law of 1898. It was resolved immediately thereafter to commence
pressure at once to secure a new and better primary law. Direct
primaries were demanded generally by the newspapers, the leagues
and the federations late in 1908.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 679
The Municipal Voters' League in March, 1908, stated that the
coming primary would be the last under the existing system. The
new primary law would go into effect on the succeeding July 1.
Thereafter nominations would be made by the direct vote of the
people. The League made its recommendations concerning candi-
dates in the various wards. Notwithstanding the near approach of
the new primary law voters still accepted the candidates presented
by the organization heads. The boss still picked the candidate and
the voter was expected to accept. The hopelessness of fighting the
partisan heads enabled ward leaders to force people to accept the
candidates selected by the organization. More than ever it thus
became a war against party bosses and more than ever was the im-
portance of the primary law realized. In the primary contests in
almost every ward there were sharp, bitter and personal contests
with varying and sometimes grotesque and questionable results.
As a whole good men were selected. The mayors' conference and
the Aldrich bill were duly considered by the citizens. On March 5
the Democrats in their ward conventions nominated twenty-four
candidates for the City Council. Voters were asked at this election
to authorize the issuance of $2,000,000 of county bonds to provide
a new infirmary and consumptive hospital. The Republicans held
their aldermanic primaries on March 6. The consolidation of the
City Railway and the Chicago Railways companies was strongly
urged during this campaign. The Commonwealth-Edison ordi-
nance and the electrification of railway terminals were subjects dis-
cussed. The executive committee of the Democratic organization
condemned the budget voted by the City Council. The committee
declared that the aldermen displayed "utter disregard of the right
of the taxpayers." They therefore asked voters to elect aldermen
who would conduct a more economical administration. This action
was ridiculed by the Republican newspapers and speakers. The
election commissioners barred the Sunday closing question from the
ballots. Their decision was resisted by the United Societies and
others. Independent candidates were prominent features of this
campaign. The newspapers published full lists of candidates of all
parties, with critical comments as to their qualifications. Already
contests for the gubernatorial nomination were commenced by the
citizens of this city. Mr. Yates disputed Mr. Deneen's right to be
renominated. Much interest in the registration was manifested.
It was conceded that a heavy registration meant that the people
really wished to participate directly in the nomination of candidates.
A light registration indicated that the people were not interested in
the new primary law. About this time Congressman Mann intro-
duced a joint resolution authorizing a survey by the Secretary of
War of the rivers and harbors of Chicago and vicinity. The object
of this bill was commended by the public press. On March 18, the
total unrevised registration was 426,521. This was heavier than
680 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
had been expected. The public generally approved the opinion ex-
pressed by Municipal Chief Justice Olson to the effect that Munici-
pal judges should not be politically active — should not serve as
managers, committees, delegates, officials, speakers, for party ad-
vantages during campaigns or otherwise. He expressed the opin-
ion that such work was incompatible with the duties of a municipal
or other judicial officer. Judge Cleland's parole procedure was
sharply criticised at this time. During this campaign to an extent
never before seen here were aldermanic candidates if elected asked
to pledge themselves as to their attitude toward various proposed
reforms. It was the object of the people to ascertain as near as
possible what the men who were elected to that responsible position
were likely to do. The Municipal Voters' League stated that the
council needed an accretion of ability, more efficient, aggressive
members and a general raising of the level of practical competency
and a larger nucleus of high class, straight business men as leaders.
The gray wolves several years before had nearly all been ejected
from the council. Voters were urged not to become apathetic now,
but to be on their guard because the wolves were again approaching
the fold hungrier than ever.
By March 23, 48,888 names had been removed from the registry
rolls. There were thus left 381,406 available for the aldermanic
elections. Late in March Judge Walker decided that the Sunday
closing question should be submitted to the voters at the approaching
April election. Graft of an extensive, continuous and wicked charac-
ter was disclosed in the water office late in March and thencefor-
ward became a feature of the campaign. It was charged that for
several years graft had likewise existed in paving contracts through-
out the city. Late in March the Chicago Law and Order League
endeavored to unite the voters throughout the city and county re-
gardless of parties in the interest of good government. This non-
partisan attitude of the League was criticised by the newspapers.
Already the coming presidential campaign was making itself felt
in Cook county. On March 28, the United Societies made public
its report on the various aldermanic candidates. Thirty-nine were
indorsed, seven condemned and a few wards were passed over with-
out any recommendations. In March, 1908, the Business Men's
Association of Chicago Heights proposed the creation of a new
county to be composed of certain towns of Cook and Will counties,
all containing a population of about 50,000, with the village of Chi-
cago Heights as the county seat. In the spring of 1908 the news-
papers published lists of aldermen who it was alleged failed to report
to the assessors the correct value of their personal property. The
lists contained the names of many men of comparative wealth who
paid an insignificant tax. The Democrats charged the Republicans
with levying, collecting and spending too high a tax both in city
and county governments. Early in April and just before election
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 681
the newspapers and leagues published details, criticisms and state-
ments concerning the aldermanic candidates. The report and list of
the Municipal Voters' league had greater weight than those of any
other prepared or published.
The Prohibition party, owing to the fact that the saloon question
was to be voted on, was extremely active late in March and early in
April. They made preparation to poll the largest vote ever given
their nominees in Chicago. Regardless of the fact that the local
option people had failed to perfect their petition and the United
Societies might fail to get their question on the ballot, the alder-
manic campaign was made a test of strength between the saloon
and anti-saloon elements. Chicago in a measure was exempted
from the liquor fight which was conducted with such vigor and de-
termination throughout the rest of the state. Never before in the
history of Chicago did so many organizations investigate so thor-
oughly the character of aldermanic candidates. The Law and Order
League and Temperance organization was promoted to oppose the
United Societies, which was favorable to the liquor interest. The
latter favored the open saloon on Sunday. There were several bitter
independent aldermanic contests.
At the election in April the city was swept by the Republicans.
The majorities on the council ticket were larger than they had been
for thirty years. Thirty-five aldermen were elected, of whom twenty-
four were Republicans. The new aldermen elected were : Repub-
licans, twenty-three; Democrats, eleven, and Independent Repub-
licans 1. The new council contained forty-three Republicans,
twenty-six Democrats and one Independent Republican. There
were 254,964 votes polled. The Republicans received 107,646, the
Democrats 92,128, the Socialists 16,715, the Independence League
14,908, Prohibitionists 9,938, and scattering 13,630. As before in
previous elections the Municipal Voters' League candidates were
largely voted for and elected. The majority in favor of the issue
of bonds for the new infirmary was over 100,000. This election
completely overturned the political balance in the City Council. The
new council was strongly Republican. It was taken to mean the
approval of the city administration of Mayor Busse.
In the spring of 1908 local option was one of the issues in thirteen
Cook county village elections, and in all except two the liquor in-
terests were victorious. In Barrington and Morgan Park the anti-
saloon adherents won. The villages thus voting were as follows:
Barrington, Bellwood, Blue Island, Des Plaines, Gary, Gross Point,
Forest Park (Harlem), Lyons, Melrose Park, Morgan Park,
Spring Forest, Summit and Riverdale.
At the primary election in August, 1908, the Legislative Voters'
League made many important recommendations concerning can-
didates, but for the first time its advice was in a large measure dis-
regarded. It planned to retire several objectionable members of the
682 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Legislature and partly succeeded. The usefulness of the league was
generally acknowledged. However, at this election it perhaps was
too exacting, extra officious and indiscreet. It prescribed a standard
of political excellence not likely to be reached by any candidate.
But the league went further than the personnel of the Legislature.
It unwisely made other recommendations upon which there could
be an honest difference of opinion. It did not seem to think that if
a man was honest and could be trusted, much could be left to his
judgment without his being bound down by iron-clad promises in
advance of election.
At the primary election in August, 1908, Deneen, Republican
candidate for governor, received in Chicago 70,380 votes and Yates
65,551. Deneen received in the whole county 80,490 votes and
Yates 72,429. For state's attorney, John J. Healy received in the
county 64,266 and J. E. W. Wayman 65,205. At the Democratic
primary for state's attorney, Jacob J. Kern received a plurality over
Messrs. Dever, Hoyne and McKinley. Immediately after the Au-
gust primary, 1908, evidence of extensive frauds was produced.
Men of considerable prominence and officeholders were implicated.
The result of the direct primary election in August, 1908, proved
that the people desired such a law. It was pronounced satisfactory
by many, though defective in some important respects. This had
been anticipated and steps were taken at once to correct the defects,
Its merits and demerits were thoroughly discussed. The results
were compared with those under the old law. All admitted there
was much improvement. However, many citizens were opposed to
the law. It was regarded with suspicion by many who proceeded
to criticise its operations. The chief objections to the measure were
as follows : The great expense which made it impossible for a poor
man to run for office ; the advantage given certain candidates whose
names were printed first on the ballot ; the unwieldiness of the new
county sanitary committee prevented independent voting; expenses
of committee meetings; judges of the elections could easily be cor-
rupt; Democrats vote Republican ticket and vice versa; inability of
the voters to express their preferences suitably, owing to the great
number of candidates; it operated against candidates, forbidding
them from having challengers at the polling places. Probably the
principal objection was that it shut out poor men from becoming
candidates. Such men as Brundage, Hanberg, Busse and others
found objections with the law. However, it was believed that with
amendments it could be made satisfactory.
Late in July, in this city at Orchestra hall, the new Independence
party held its first national convention and placed its first ticket in
the field — Hisgen and Graves. Mr. Hisgen was nominated on the
third ballot and Mr. Graves by acclamation. Mr. Hearst's name
was placed in nomination, but without his consent. This party
named McCaskrin for governor and otherwise named a full ticket.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 683
An annoying feature of the fall campaign of 1908 was the bitter
fight made by Messrs. Lorimer, Yates, Small and others against the
reelection of Mr. Deneen to the governorship. There was no doubt
that Mr. Deneen's administration had been an excellent one and that
little, if any, fault could properly be found with it. The Lorimer-
Yates coalition resorted to the most unwarranted and objectionable
statements concerning mismanagement, particularly of state insti-
tutions, during his administration. The most outrageous misrep-
resentations and distortions were made with a degree of bitterness,
malice and revenge rarely ever witnessed in this state. The coali-
tion was a powerful one, as shown by the fact that Mr. Deneen at
the election received a greatly reduced vote. That he did not de-
serve this treatment was the view of all right-thinking people re-
gardless of party affiliations.
An important event in October, 1908, was the convention of the
Lakes- to-the-Gulf Waterway association. The meeting was held
at the Coliseum and was largely attended and enthusiastic. More
than 5,000 enthusiastic friends of the project were present. There
were here men from all parts of the Mississippi valley interested in
the project. Many able, instructive and eloquent speeches concern-
ing the benefits certain to result from the completion of such a
waterway were eagerly listened to and enthusiastically applauded
by the great convention. Messrs Taft and Bryan were both present
at the immense banquet given at the Auditorium.
The Anti-Saloon League early in October published its recom-
mendations as to candidates to be voted for at the approaching
election. The League particularly desired to elect its candidates to
the Legislature. The local option law was before the people and
the character and standing of legislators were regarded as very im-
portant. This League, after a secret conference, decided that
neither of the old party candidates nor those of the Independence
party were satisfactory to their interests. They therefore named a
full ticket of their own. The United Societies took similar action
in their own interests. In several instances they indorsed the can-
didates of the Republicans and Democrats. In naming candidates
they paid little attention to party affiliations, but based their actions
upon what candidates would do for their cause.
There was considerable complaint throughout the country gener-
ally in October, 1908, of the apathy shown concerning the approach-
ing election. Such was not the case, however, in Chicago. The
registration figures were unusually high and showed that the citi-
zens were interested in the outcome. While Chicago was a city of
political surprises it was thought, however, that a large registra-
tion was more favorable to the Republicans than to the Democrats.
The Citizens' association asked all the candidates for state's at-
torney whether, if elected, they would prohibit gambling at race
tracks in Cook county. All the candidates answered in the affirma-
684 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
tive. During October many interesting speeches were delivered
throughout Cook county by Messrs. Deneen, Stevenson, Yates and
their assistants. Late in October Senator Beveridge of Indiana
delivered here one of the most powerful and logical addresses ever
heard in Chicago. He discussed the national issues before an im-
mense crowd at Orchestra hall under the auspices of the Taft and
Sherman Business Men's club.
The last few days of the national campaign showed Chicago at its
best. In all parts of the city meetings of the various partisans were
held, eloquent addresses delivered and voters urged to support par-
tisan principles and candidates. Every newspaper, association,
league and club selected its particular ticket which voters were in-
vited to support. There were presidential, state, and county, tickets ;
Municipal court, Senate, and House candidates, and many special
candidates and tickets. It was estimated just previous to election
that probably 90 per cent of the registration would be polled. It
was in reality a whirlwind finish by all parties with all principles.
Mr. Deneen particularly was extremely active during the last few
days of the campaign. Mr. Wayman conducted a vigorous and
able campaign. A feature was the canvass of William Street, the
Prohibition candidate for state's attorney. He attacked vigorously
both Wayman and Kern, candidates of the two old parties for the
same office. It was predicted that Mr. Deneen would run behind
his ticket. His enemies had conducted a vigorous, relentless, and
effective campaign. The Democrats had the greatest confidence in
carrying Cook county for Bryan. They likewise hoped that Steven-
son would be elected governor. They believed that the division in
the Republican ranks and the hostility to Deneen would throw many
votes to Mr. Stevenson with the result of his success. Just previous
to election Democratic sporting men bet that Cook county would be
carried by Stevenson. During the campaign the Republican speak-
ers and press denounced as an outrage upon honesty and decency
the candidacy of Mr. Kern for state's attorney. His record, it was
declared, was so bad that the Democratic party should never have
nominated him, and in doing so insulted the sense of right and jus-
tice of all people. Personalities vindictive, revengeful, untruthful
and continuous, ran like a sewer through this whole campaign. Mr.
Deneen's statement of what had been accomplished during his ad-
ministration was straightforward, comprehensive and accurate.
Had it not been for his vigorous campaign and his elaborate expla-
nation of his administration he would probably have been defeated
at the subsequent election. Never before had there been created
so many alleged issues and political fictions as during this campaign.
Never before had a campaign been conducted so entirely upon false
pretenses and with such unparalleled mendacity as this against Gov-
ernor Deneen. Luckily for the Republicans, voters overthrew the
plans of his enemies and enough remained friendly to return him
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 685
to Springfield. There is no doubt that had he been defeated the
state would have fallen into the hands of the worst local and parti-
san elements.
In this city and county the principal issue was to place honest and
capable men in office. Important laws were needed, therefore the
Senate and House should be composed of the best material obtain-
able. The Municipal court judges, occupying as they did positions
of great importance, should be able, conscientious and practical
jurists. It was necessary and highly important also to keep up the
standard of the sanitary board. The state's attorney, member of the
Board of Review and president of the County Board were also
highly important officers, and the merits of the candidates were fully
and elaborately announced. It was an important election carried
forward with great energy, sagacity, acrimony, artifice and bril-
liancy by the ablest politicians of the city, county and state. With
a registration of 41 1,120 it was realized that an immense vote would
be polled. Having this in view the leaders of the parties from the
start thoroughly informed the public of the character and fitness of
all candidates. The result of the November election, 1908, was as
follows: Total for Taft, 230,400; Bryan, 152,990; Chafin, Prohi-
bitionist, 5,965; Debs, Socialist, 18,842; Watson, People's, 73; Gil-
house, Socialist Labor, 649; Hisgen, Independence, 5,994; Turney,
U. C., 178. For Governor Deneen, 192,937; Stevenson, 192,871.
The Republican majority on the Cook county principal offices varied
from 23,741 to 80,580. The Republican candidates for Municipal
court judges won by large majorities. All the Republican candi-
dates for county commissioners were elected. Large majorities
were polled for the "little ballot," which embraced a constitutional
amendment, a banking law, and an issue of bonds. The vote for the
bonds meant the early construction of the deep waterway to the gulf.
The steps to be taken were : First, the passage of the deep water-
way bill by the Illinois General Assembly; second, the appointment
of a commission to have charge of the actual construction work;
third, prohibition of the Federal government for such improvements
as were outside of Illinois. The amendment to the general banking
law mentioned above provided : First that a director must be the
owner of ten shares of the capital stock of his bank ; second, that the
power of officers and directors to borrow and the amount borrowed
should be limited ; third, that the auditor should have the same power
to close the bank that the controller of the currency has with national
banks.
Immediately after the election of November, 1908, investigation
showed that numerous election frauds had been practiced through-
out the county. The grand jury investigated and by the 21st of
November returned indictments against twenty-three men, several
of whom were officials and prominent men. In all, forty-six true
bills were returned. The most of the charges were violations of the
686 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
primary law, principally aiding and abetting illegal voting. Numer-
ous judges of election were thus indicted. William G. Hermann,
chief deputy clerk of the Municipal court, and Republican state cen-
tral committeeman from the Eighth Congressional district and a
West side boss, was among those indicted.
In January, 1909, the Municipal Voters' League called attention
to the fact that thirty-five aldermen were to be elected in the com-
ing April. The importance of this election was duly weighed and
noted. It began an analysis of the character and performances of
the existing council, named those who were believed fit to be re-
elected and condemned others and advised their permanent retire-
ment from the city board. The league urged the elevation of the
aldermanic average of integrity and efficiency. Many important
questions would have to be considered and acted upon during the
coming year. Excellent aldermen therefore should be elected. Al-
ready the names of new candidates were proposed and investigated.
As usual, some wards were certain to elect bad men, but the impor-
tance of keeping them in the minority was realized and acted upon.
The experience of the past had shown how to evade the defects in
the new primary law. It was therefore believed that the primaries
during 1909 would be much more honest, clean and satisfactory. The
people generally had demanded direct primaries and were anxious
now to perfect the law, continue its use and secure from it the great-
est possible benefit.
The Illinois Equal Suffrage association previous to the election
sent letters to the Republican and Democratic candidates for Con-
gress and the State Legislature asking for an expression of their
attitude on the question of extending suffrage to women. From
the replies they selected a list of candidates for whom they recom-
mended citizens to vote.
Early in January, 1909, the Iroquois club, Hamilton club, Union
League club, Marquette club, Legislative Voters' League, Munici-
pal Voters' League, Citizens' association, Chicago Law and Order
League, City club, Jewish Civic League and the organizations of
the Republican, Democratic, Socialist and Prohibition parties as-
sembled in Judge Rinaker's courtroom for the purpose of suggest-
ing measures that would secure honesty and accuracy in future
elections in Chicago. During the meeting it was disclosed that or-
dinarily the very important positions of judges and clerks of election
were held by irresponsibles and nonentities appointed for political
reasons by precinct captains. It was determined to make an effort to
secure in the future for such important positions men of well known
responsibility and character. It was ascertained during this meeting
that many judges were not familiar with the rules as to how split
tickets in many cases should be counted. It was stated during the
meeting that in 1908 thirty-four election officials were charged with
alleged violations of the law and in nearly every instance the mistakes
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 687
proved to be the result of ignorance. It was therefore pointed out
that the elections held in Chicago were reasonably honest and not as
fraudulent as many thought. The minor parties at this meeting in-
sisted that they should be represented on the election boards. This
meeting was important, as it led to investigations along important
paths which had been neglected.
The Municipal Voters' League made its final report concerning
sixty-two candidates for aldermanic nominations a week or two be-
fore the primary election. All the candidates were catalogued,
classified, tabulated and criticised. In twenty-four wards the league
commended thirty-three candidates in both of the old parties and
seven were reported not qualified, eleven were found objectionable
for various reasons and eleven others were condemned. The league
had little to say concerning the candidates for other offices. The
important contests were in the Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh,
Twelfth, Fourteenth, Twenty-fourth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-sev-
enth, Thirty-third and Thirty-fifth wards. Under the new primary
law the voters themselves could have settled the contests. In several
of the wards the primary election was considered more important
than the general election. Many citizens during 1908 and the first
part of 1909 advocated the measure known as the "recall." It pro-
posed to give the citizens the right to annul the election of any offi-
cial who was deemed undesirable by retiring him to private life.
An important event in March, 1909, was the completion of the
work of the charter convention. When the last provision was in-
serted and the long work of the convention was ended, it possibly
meant a great deal to the future of Chicago. It remained with the
Legislature to determine whether the measures so long struggled
over should become law.
About the middle of February, 1909, all parties began prepara-
tions for the municipal aldermanic primary elections to be held on
February 23. All candidates were announced and all began an
active canvass. The Board of Election commissioners issued speci-
men ballots. There were to be chosen a city treasurer, city clerk
and a full list of aldermen. At the primary election the party ma-
chines were victorious. The slate candidates for clerk and regulars
in council nominations swept the city. This was one of the first
times when voters in any considerable number ignored the recom-
mendations of the Municipal Voters' League. The Republicans
generally were triumphant. The total vote cast was 95,045. De-
ducting the Socialist and Prohibition vote there was 93,959 for the
Republicans and Democrats. There were bitter fights in many
wards. The liquor interests singled out for defeat men who had
supported the $1,000 saloon license ordinance in the council, but
their efforts failed signally. In nearly every instance where the
liquor forces endeavored to defeat aldermen, the latter apparently
scored an easy victory. The Prohibition and Socialist vote was so
small as scarcely to be worth counting.
688 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Late in March, 1909, Chicago's Eleven Charter bill was intro-
duced in the Legislature. Embraced in this bill were the following
propositions: For the consolidation of powers then vested in the
local authorities of this city to provide for revenue and to increase
the bonding and other powers ; to enable the City Council to adopt
a method of recall; for the regulation of public utilities; for an
amendment to the law governing municipal elections ; for the refer-
ence of public policy questions to the voters ; to require publication
of campaign expenses and to provide a corrupt practices act ; for the
amendment of the city civil service law ; to amend the acts govern-
ing the Board of Education and to reduce its membership to fifteen ;
to confer the right of municipal suffrage on women; to change the
date at which justices and officials of the Municipal courts should
be elected ; to provide for the regulation of Sunday observance.
A feature of the spring campaign, 1909, was the attack made
upon the Municipal Voters' League by aldermen who it was alleged
had been unjustly criticised by that organization. However, little
was presented by them to show that the league had done otherwise
than to work for the best interests of the people.
Late in March, 1909, owing to the importance of the coming
aldermanic elections the newspapers, clubs, associations and leagues
warned all voters to beware of the gray wolves who were ravenous
to break into the City Council. This warning caused one of the
most vigorous and searching investigations as to the character and
qualifications of candidates ever instituted in this city. An attack
by the gray wolves upon the Municipal Voters' League proved to
the voters throughout the city not only that undesirables were en-
deavoring to capture and sack the City Council, but that in all prob-
ability the attack was made as a counter to ward suspicion from such
attempts. The aldermen by a vote of 40 to 19 refused to adopt Al-
derman Mclnerney's resolution to divorce the council from the
Municipal Voters' League. This was the first blow in the council
against the gray wolf pack. .
The newspapers argued that the majority for a non-partisan or-
ganization of the council was too small. It was observed that the
city was entering upon a great constructive period. Events of im-
mense importance to future Chicago were before the people. It
was thought that public interest should not be compelled to depend
upon a margin so narrow. The gray wolves and their new recruits
in the City Council were classed as "the gang." The caustic report
of the Municipal Voters' League was published in full in the news-
papers and otherwise. Reports on every ward and on every candi-
date were made. There can be no doubt, however, that men who
were recommended by the Municipal Voters' League and the news-
papers should have been condemned, or at least should not have been
recommended, as for instance the candidates for aldermen from the
Third ward.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 689
The league warned voters that another and a covert line-up of
gray wolves menaced Chicago. To meet and countercheck the
wolfish pack the league made full examinations and recommenda-
tions. Several were urged for election ; in other cases no preference
was expressed. Several were called totally unfit and others were
classed as undesirables. The report condemned the nineteen alder-
men who precipitated the Mclnerney rebellion. The league was
fighting for honest men and for a non-partisan organization of the
council. The leaders of the gray wolf gang were named as follows :
Kenna, Powers, Brennan, Kunz, Cullerton and Mclnerney. To the
list of the gray wolf gang the league added names of men who had
favored several objectionable ordinances recently proposed in the
City Council.
Late in March, 1909, the United Societies announced their can-
didates for the City Council. The Societies gave unqualified in-
dorsement to seventeen aldermanic candidates and marked twenty-
four as acceptable. In seven wards the Societies did not discrimi-
nate between Republican and Democratic nominees. In eight wards
they did not make any recommendations. This report was made by
the Liberty League of the United Societies.
In March, 1909, many thought that as the Municipal League had
succeeded in reducing the gray wolf gang to a small minority in the
council, its purpose had been accomplished and it might be permitted
to retire on honors and laurels well won. Others argued that this
should not be permitted, because at all times the wolves were pre-
pared to leap into the council and the perpetuation of the league was
necessary to prevent such a calamity. Its work was declared to be
continuous and everlasting just as eternal vigilance is the price of
liberty. This was a question not of theory but of fact which faced
all citizens desiring an economical, honest and satisfactory adminis-
tration of city affairs.
The result of the election of April, 1909, was the complete defeat
of the gray wolf pack. The control of the City Council was placed
in the hands of the respectable element of that body. Each of the
old parties elected eighteen aldermen in the new council. There
were thirty-nine Republicans and twenty-nine Democrats, one Inde-
pendent, and one vacancy. The total vote for city treasurer was
242,865. Powell, Republican candidate for treasurer, was elected.
Connery, Democratic candidate for city clerk, was successful. There
were four tickets in the field, Republican, Democratic, Prohibition
and Socialist. As a whole, the election was close. None of the
majorities or pluralities reached 8,000 and very few exceeded 5,000.
As a whole, voters and the leagues were satisfied with the person-
nel of the new city Legislature. The Municipal Voters' League was
largely instrumental in securing this good and happy result. Only
five candidates marked as undesirables by the league were sent back
to the council. The big six of the alleged gray wolf tribe (Kenna,
Vol. 11—40.
690 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Cullerton, Kunz, Brennan, Powers and Mclnerney) were success-
ful. The league at this election thoroughly classified the candidates
under the heads of "desirable," "unfit," "undesirable," etc. The
Liberty League of the United Societies upon the Sunday closing
issue had a list of candidates either indorsed or marked acceptable.
Thirteen of the candidates thus indorsed were elected and twelve
acceptable candidates were successful. Large majorities were
polled in favor of the annexation of Evanston and Cicero. The
Republican ticket was successful in Cicero township, the Citizens'
ticket won at Winnetka and also at Oak Park. A non-partisan
ticket won at Proviso. Berwyn voted against the saloon. The Re-
publicans carried Calumet. Evanston cast a large majority against
annexation ; so did Cicero. The proposition to levy a tax of $200,-
000 with which to build a consumptive hospital was carried by an
immense majority of about four to one. New Trier township voted
out the saloon.
In April, 1909, the Republicans at the primaries elected all of
their candidates for Circuit judges by a comparatively large ma-
jority. The judges elected were Carpenter, Gibbons, Pinckney,
Smith, Baldwin, Tuthill, Ailing, Holland, Price, Scanlan, Olson,
Schmidt, Tinsman and Petit. The fourteen Democrats receiving
the highest votes were Kersten, Honore, Walker, Clifford, Baker,
Windes, Brown, Mack, McGoorty, Adams, Burke, Arthur, Merrill,
and Murray. All of the sitting Circuit judges (nine Democrats and
five Republicans) were renominated. Judge Brentano was nomi-
nated for Superior court judge without opposition by the Republi-
cans. William Brown was the unanimous choice of the Democrats
for the same position. The total vote cast in city and county at this
election was under 70,000. The highest vote on the Republican
ticket, 52,308, was given to Judge Brentano, running alone. Judge
Carpenter received the highest vote on the Democratic ticket, 45,392.
The Socialist vote was less than 1,000. Several candidates who
were favored by the Chicago Bar association were defeated.
The most important congressional act, so far as Chicago is con-
cerned, passed in recent years was the waterways bill which became
a law early in 1909. Incorporated in the bill was the Lorimer prop-
osition which authorized the government to acquire full ownership
of all property, lands and water rights north of the St. Mary's
Falls ship canal, lying between such canal and the international
boundary, and authorizing the appointment of a national waterways
commission consisting of five members of the Senate and seven
members of the House, the commission to investigate all questions
and to recommend to Congress such action as it might deem advisa-
ble. No provision for new improvements was made, but a large
number of surveys was authorized for the purpose of serving as a
basis of future considerations and appropriations. Among the sur-
veys authorized were the following: Harbor and river at or near
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 691
Chicago, including Chicago harbor, Chicago river, Calumet harbor,
Grand Calumet and Little Calumet rivers, Lake Calumet and neces-
sary connections with Calumet river, and Lake Michigan shore from
the mouth of the Chicago river to the city of Gary, Ind., for the pur-
pose of reporting a plan for a complete, systematic and comprehen-
sive improvement of harbor facilities for Chicago and adjacent terri-
tory. The bill also contemplated important improvements of the
South branch of the Chicago river.
The contest for the United States senate, with Hopkins opposed
by Lorimer and Deneen, was one of the most remarkable and spec-
tacular in the history of the state. After a long contest Lorimer was
elected on the ninety-fifth joint ballot with 108 votes, fifty-five Re-
publicans and fifty-three Democrats voting for him. In the senate
he received thirteen Republican and six Democratic votes, and in the
house forty-two Republican and forty-seven Democratic votes.
Really, from January to May, the Legislature was deadlocked on the
question of who should succeed Hopkins as senator. Lorimer could
never have succeeded without Democratic votes. How did he get
them? Probably the most charitable view is that he was thus re-
warded for his advocacy of the deep-waterway project. Many Re-
publicans regarded his course as a gross betrayal of party principles.
It was generally conceded that he was a better politician than Re-
publican.
The judicial election in the summer of 1909 was important. Ef-
forts to keep this election out of politics failed. The Republican can-
didates were introduced to the public at a "smoker" on the North
Side in May. The Chicago bar primary endorsed seven Republicans
and seven Democrats for circuit judges and one for the superior
bench. The Chicago Federation of Labor endorsed fifteen judges
of mixed politics in May. The United societies recommended a Re-
publican for superior judge and a Democrat and six Republicans for
circuit judges. Both Democratic and Republican parties nominated
partisan judicial tickets. Newspapers and civic organizations sub-
mitted their choice to the public. Powerful appeals to vote for the
best judges regardless of parties were made by press, pulpit and
purity organizations. Politicians uttered just as strong sentiments in
regard to party unity and integrity. The judges did not take the
stump, but tons of campaign literature were sent out. The result of
the election was to send in eight Republicans and six Democrats to
the circuit bench in place of nine Democrats and five Republicans
who had held the position. Republican and Democratic party or-
ganizations professed to be shocked at the result. Independent vot-
ing decided the contest. Brentano, against whom serious charges
had been made, was elected to the superior court. Eleven of the
circuit judges elected were recommended by the United societies.
Only seven of the bar primary candidates were elected. The South
Park patronage passed to the Republicans. The Socialists polled
692 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
9,328 votes for their highest man. The total vote in the county was
170,177. The registration of April, 1909, was 404,938.
The supreme court decision that declared unconstitutional the new
primary law occasioned much interest. It was thought the old law
of 1908 amended in 1901, or perhaps the law of 1885, would rule
elections until a new l#w was enacted. A readjustment of fighting
machinery was necessary. There arose a steady and agonizing cry
for a new direct primary law, but the enemies of the same shouted
defiance. Good lawyers thought the primary law of 1885 might be
in force.
In August, 1909, Carl L. Barnes was announced as a candidate
for congress to take the place of Mr. Lorimer in the Sixth district.
He began an active and trenchant campaign as an independent.
William J. Moxley was nominated by the Republicans and Frank
S. Ryan by the Democrats. This was one of the bitterest campaigns
in the history of the county. Nearly all the newspapers favored
Barnes, but Moxley was backed by the power and prestige of Lori-
mer and the money of the "machine." Mr. Moxley was elected by
a large plurality. His success could not have been accomplished
without Democratic votes. These were secured through the influ-
ence of Lorimer who, in this case, as in his candidacy for the United
States senate, held out the allurement of deep water-way promotion.
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCE
FRED Downer Countiss, an active and successful business man
of Chicago, was born in this city, June 26, 1872, and is a son
of Robert and Louise (Eakin) Countiss. He was educated
at the public schools here, and began his business career as
messenger in the Merchants' National bank. He was ambitious, in-
dustrious and honest, and soon had won a good reputation. In 1892
he accepted a position as bookkeeper with the National Bank of the
Republic, and a little later, so well had he acquitted himself, he was
advanced to the position of teller in the same institution. In May,
1896, desiring to better his prospects and feeling qualified for broader
business operations, he entered the employ of S. B. Chapin & Com-
pany, bankers and brokers, dealers in stocks, grain, provisions,
cotton, coffee, etc. Recognizing his good qualities and efforts, that
business house, in July, 1898, admitted him to a partnership and thus
he has remained associated until the present time. He is now
recognized as one of the best and broadest men in the commercial
life of this city. He is a member of the Board of Trade and of the
Stock Exchange and has greatly aided both organizations. On June
11, 1909, his prominence and popularity led to his election to the
important position of president of the Stock Exchange for a term
of one year. He is a Presbyterian and a member of the Chicago,
Union League, Mid-Day, Calumet and Bankers' clubs. His office
is in the Rookery building and his residence at 2922 Michigan
avenue.
Sietz J. DeVries, one of the well-known and substantial business
men of Chicago, was born October 29, 1853, at Howerzil, Province
of Groningen, Holland, and is a son of Jacob and Minnie (Bultheus)
DeVries. The father was a farmer by occupation and because of
his death in 1862, Sietz J. was compelled to help support the family
as a day laborer on the farm in the summers though attending local
schools in the winters. Thinking better opportunities for making
a livelihood existed in America, the family emigrated to the United
States, and in the year 1867 located in Chicago. Here the mother
died in 1893.
Sietz J. DeVries received but limited educational advantages in
youth, such as he had having been secured at the village schools of
his nativity. For two years after his arrival in Chicago he worked
on a farm, and the succeeding four years was employed in the
country by a hay buyer and shipper. When 20 years of age he be-
693
Vol. 11—41.
694 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
gaii his career in the lumber business as an employe of S. R. Howell
& Company, with whom he continued for a period of eighteen years.
During this service he thoroughly mastered all the details pertaining
to the business, serving in the different capacities of teamster, tally
man, assistant shipping clerk and the last twelve years as shipping
clerk. Succeeding this he was employed as general superintendent
for the Rittenhouse-Embree company for eight years, in which ca-
pacity he further equipped himself in the knowledge of the lumbering
business. The fall of 1898, feeling the need of relaxation from busi-
ness cares, he took a vacation of one year traveling through Europe
and visiting his old boyhood home in Holland. Returning to Chicago
he organized the firm of S. J. DeVries & Company in the spring of
1900, the junior member of the firm being W. C. Beutel. In 1903,
after the death of Mr. Beutel, who was one of the victims of the
Iroquois theatre fire, Mr. DeVries bought his interest in the busi-
ness and incorporated the present S. J. DeVries & Company, with
the following officers : S. J. DeVries, president ; J. S. DeVries, vice-
president ; Peter DeVries, secretary and treasurer.
Mr. DeVries is a fitting example to America's younger generation
of what can be accomplished under adverse conditions. His early
life was one of hardship and self denial. He came to America with-
out money or influence and with an imperfect knowledge of the
language and customs of the country. Fortunately he was im-
pressed with the importance of the two most necessary qualifications
for success — honesty and industry. Possessed of natural ability for
commercial pursuits, he has won financial success, and what is prized
even more highly, an honored name among" his fellow business men.
The firm of which he is the head sells all kinds of lumber for build-
ing purposes and are jobbers in sash, doors, blinds, building and
roofiing paper and at present employs an average of fifty hands. Mr.
DeVries is treasurer of the Englewood Hospital association, treas-
urer of the Holland St. Nicholas society and is a member of the
Dutch Reformed church. On April 13, 1876, he married Grietze
Groeneveld, and to them three children have been born, all being in
business with their father. Their names are Jacob S., Peter and
David. The business location of Mr. DeVries is at 842 Forty-
seventh Place and the family residence at 6058 South Green street.
Edwin Maurice Smith, M. D., was born at Cascade, Wis., July
30, 1861, and is a son of Simeon L. and Elizabeth (Tyffe) Smith.
The father was a farmer by occupation and was successful and use-
ful as a citizen and man.
Edwin M. was educated in the country schools, the high school
at Plymouth, Wis., and the Northwestern Medical school, graduating
from the latter in 1886 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
From 1886 to 1888 he served as interne in the Cook County hospital,
but during the latter year began a general practice in this city and
is thus engaged at the present time. He now ranks among the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 695
leading, most reliable and most successful physicians of Chicago.
He is now physician to the House of the Good Shepherd, surgeon
to the Polyclinic hospital and was formerly teacher of anatomy in
Northwestern university. He is a member of the American Medical
society, Chicago Medical society and the Chicago Orthopedic asso-
ciation. He is also a member of the National Union, Royal Arcanum
and Foresters. On June 14, 1899, he married Clara Schuyler of
Davenport, Iowa, and they have the following children: Edwin,
Elizabeth and Clarice. They reside at new No. 861 LaSalle avenue,
and the Doctor's office is at new No. 428 W. Division street.
Stephen Edward Donlon, M. D., was born in Fitchburg, Mass.,
July 24, 1864, and is a son of Patrick and Mary (Collonan) Donlon.
The father, a machinist and farmer, died in 1902, but the mother
is still living.
Stephen E. was educated in the country and high schools of
Clayton county, la., and Dixon, 111. Having made up his mind to
study medicine, he entered Rush Medical college and in 1895 was
graduated therefrom with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. For
the next two years he served as interne in the Cook County hospital,
but since then has been engaged in the general practice of his pro-
fession. At present he is instructor in surgery in Rush Medical
college and attending gynecologist in St. Anthony hospital. He is
very active and unusually successful. He is a member of the Chi-
cago Medical society and the Knights of Columbus, and his busi-
ness location is at 3048 W. Twelfth street. On June 16, 1908, he
married Mary V. Power and they reside at 3819 Wilcox avenue.
Frederick Andrew Hess, M. D., was born at Bergen, Norway,
May 22, 1851, and is a son of John C. and Anna Jensina (Oarchon)
Hess. He was educated in private schools and the academy in Ber-
gen, and in 1863 graduated from the latter institution and started
for America. He arrived in Chicago in 1863, and worked at various
occupations until 1869, when he entered Rush Medical college, and
on February 18, 1873, graduated therefrom with the degree of
Doctor of Medicine. Since that year he has pursued a general prac-
tice and until 1877 was a visiting physician for the county. From
1897 to 1899 he was attending physician to the Norwegian Tabitha
hospital. In 1899 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of
Philosophy from Montezuma university, Bessemer, Ala. He is a
member of the American Medical association, Chicago Medical
society, Scandinavian Medical society, American Association for the
Advancement of Sciences and the National Geographical society.
He is a Republican and a Methodist. His office is located at 526
W. (new number) Division street and his residence at 1433 Belle-
plaine avenue. January 2, 1883, he married in Chicago, Emma E.
Campbell and to them two children were born, Frederick A., Jr.,
and Anna Jensina.
Will Hartwell Lyford was born at Waterville, Me., September
696 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
15, 1858, and is a son of Oliver S. and Lovinia A. Lyford. He
was educated in the grammar schools, the Cleveland High school
and Colby College, Waterville, Me., and he began business for him-
self soon after finishing his education. His studies in engineering
led to his appointment as assistant engineer for the Chicago &
Eastern Illinois Railroad company in 1879. The following year he
accepted a position as stenographer for the general superintendent
and occupied the same until 1882, when he was advanced to the
office of chief clerk to the general manager, serving as such until
1883. In the latter year he became claim agent, but having studied
law and being admitted to the Illinois bar in 1884, he was appointed
to the position of assistant general solicitor of the road. He served
as such until 1887, and was then made attorney in charge of the
law department, continuing until 1889, when he became general
solicitor. Ever since March 15, 1892, he has served to the satis-
faction of the same company as general counsel. His rise has been
steady and merited, though not without obstacles and battles. He
is a director of the Belt Railway company and the Chicago & West-
ern Indiana company. He is a member of the law firm of Calhoun,
Lyford & Sheehan, one of the strongest in the city. He is a Republi-
can and a member of the Union League, Chicago, University, Chi-
cago Athletic, South Shore Country and Chicago Golf clubs. He has
offices in the Rookery building. On April 28, 1886, he married at
Nebraska City, Neb., Mary L. MacComas and to them two children
— Gertrude and Calhoun — have been born.
Samuel Shope Page, an ex- judge and eminent lawyer of this city,
was born in Metamora, 111., Woodford county, on January 27, 1851,
and is a son of Thaddeus and Cordillia E. Page, the former a native
of New Hampshire and the latter of Mississippi. The father's occupa-
tion was farming, but he also conducted a general store and dealt in
grain. The grand parents settled in Metamora, Woodford county,
about 1835, the place then being known as Black Partridge, after
the famous Indian chief probably. The father was of English and
Scotch-Irish descent and the mother of Irish and German descent.
Samuel S. encountered so many obstacles in his youth in the way
of securing an education that he received none beyond that furnished
by the graded schools of Metamora. In youth he formed high
ideals largely through the noble lives and lofty precepts of his uncles,
John W. and Adino Page. While yet a school boy his mind was
turned in the direction of the legal profession by the oratory of
such men as Robert G. Ingersoll, W. \V. O'Brien and Adlai Steven-
son, whose eloquence and consummate management of court cases
of which he was a spectator, inspired him with the ambition for a
fine legal career. At the age'of 18 years he began teaching country
school, but a year later began the study of law in a country law
office. Having finished his studies and passed the required examina-
tion, he was admitted to the bar and at once began the practice.
HISTORY OF COOK ('()( XT) 697
About 1871 he served as deputy superintendent of schools of Wood-
ford county. In 1874 he became president of the board of trustees
of Metamora and two years later was elected state's attorney of
Wood ford county. In 1885 he became circuit judge and as such
served with distinction. In 1893 he was special counsel of the
World's Columbian Exposition, and the following year was made
president of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear infirmary. About
1897 he became attorney for the Chicago City Railway company.
In later years he has been the attorney of various manufacturing
and mercantile concerns. His ability and standing as a lawyer are
high and above reproach. He is a member of the Union League,
Chicago Athletic and South Shore Country clubs. He was formerly
a member of Peoria Commandery, is an Odd Fellow, Knight of
Pythias and a member of the United Workmen. He is identified
with no political party or church, but is the earnest friend and con-
stant advocate of good citizenship generally.
George Walter Sheppard, president of the wholesale grocery firm
of Sheppard-Strassheim company, is a native of the city of Chicago,
born September 1, 1872, a son of George J. and Deborah F. (Webb)
Sheppard. After attending the public schools in boyhood he began
the active business of life in 1886 as errand boy in the grocery es-
tablishment of Charles H. Slack. Following this he was employed
by Sprague, Warner & Company', J. B. Inderrieden & Brother,
Weber & Stayart and Louis W. Stayart company, serving as sec-
retary and treasurer of the latter. Succeeding this he organized
the wholesale grocery firm of Sheppard-Strassheim company, of
which he has been the president since its inception and which, by
conservative, hard work, has become one of the successful, well-
known business houses of the city. Mr. Sheppard resides in Oak
Park and his business establishment is at 670 W. Randolph street.
He is a Republican in politics, a member of the National Union and a
Knight Templar Mason.
Adolph Borie Babcock was born in Washington, D. C., August
10, 1876, and is a son of General Orville E. and Annie (Campbell)
Babcock, the father being a distinguished member of the United
States Army.
Adolph B. was educated in the Hotchkiss school at Lakeville, Ct.,
and at the Sheffield Scientific school of Yale university, from which
latter he was graduated in 1899 with the degree of Bachelor of Phil-
osophy. Since 1900 he has been engaged in business in Chicago. He
was first a stock broker but is now with the firm of Babcock, Rushton
& Company, bankers and brokers. Their business is large and their
commercial influence widely exercised and felt. Mr. Babcock is a
member of the Chicago, University, Onwentsia, Saddle and Cycle,
and Saddle and Sirloin clubs. His office is in the Rookery building
and his residence at 150 Lincoln Park boulevard.
John T. Cooper, a member of one of the oldest and most dis-
698 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
tinguished families of Cook county, is a resident of Orland township,
where the family has resided since pioneer times. He is a native
of England and was born in Lincolnshire, November 15, 1846, and
is the son of Thomas and Eleanor (Hewson) Cooper. When in his
fourth year he came with his parents to the United States and settled
in Orland township and there he has resided ever since. He was
educated in the district schools of the township and has always fol-
lowed the occupation of farming. On January 19, 1869, he married
in this township Sarah J. Sayers, who was born in Will county,
January 23, 1848. After his marriage he located on the farm where
he now resides and engaged in farming and stock raising. In 1873
he bought eighty acres, but at the present time owns 160 acres — all
well improved. He and wife are the parents of the following chil-
dren: Albert H., a merchant of Alpine, born November 1, 1869;
Flora E., born October 6, 1873, now the wife of Thomas Beagley;
Hattie E., born November 29, 1878, now the wife of Joseph Creer;
Frank G., born March 21, 1882, unmarried; Alice L-, born July 2,
1884, unmarried; Howard G., born October 24, 1892, unmarried;
John T. Jr., born March 14, 1895, also unmarried. Mr. Cooper
and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. He is
a Republican in politics and has held numerous local offices — such as
school director and highway commissioner. No citizen of Cook
county stands higher in the estimation of his fellow men than does
Mr. Cooper.
Jacob Rodatz, a prominent and successful contractor and builder
of Chicago, was educated in Germany and came to the United States
in 1871, locating in this city immediately after his arrival. He
learned the brick mason's trade and for a time worked in the office
of E. Burling and later with the firm of Burling & Adler, under
whom he studied architecture. Subsequently he superintended the
construction of Central Music hall, and still later was in the employ
of the Chicago & Western Indiana Railway company. In 1883 he
became associated with John F. Barney and thus continued until
1893 when he established an independent business and began opera-
tions on his own account and has thus continued ever since with
signal success. He is regarded as one of the most reliable builders
in the city. He is a member of the Masonic order, and the various
builders' and kindred associations. On June 25, 1882, he married
Talitha Howard, of Kingston, Canada, and they have the following
children: Marie M., Jacob H. (deceased) and Louise T. Mr.
Rodatz was born at Grabow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany,
October 30, 1854, and is a son of Charles and Mary (Hermes)
Rodatz.
Carl M. Gottfried, secretary and general superintendent of the
Gottfried Brewing company, is a native of Cook county and the son
of Matheus Gottfried, deceased, a pioneer, and the founder of the
above company. The father was born at Hofheim, Nassau, Ger-
OF COOK COUNTY 699
many, December 11, 1822, and in early life learned the brewing busi-
ness at Frankfurt, Hanau, and otber cities of that country. On
April 17, 1857, he married Maria Gundrum, a native of Alsfeld,
Hessen Darmstadt, who was born June 9, 1839. Soon after marriage
they came to the United States and located in Chicago the same
year — 1857. He was first an employe of the Seipp & Lehmann
Brewing company, at $16 per month. By 1859 he had became fore-
man with a salary of $50 per month. The next year he entered into
partnership with Peter Schoenhofen and bought a small brewery at
Twelfth and Jefferson streets, and their business was so prosperous
that in 1862 they were compelled to erect a larger building on the
present site of the Schoenhofen Brewery. In 1867 Mr. Gottfried
sold his interest and with his family went to Europe, but returned in
1870 and bought the Saladin Brewery at Archer and Stewart
avenues. This he conducted until 1882 under the name of M. Gott-
fried, but at that date incorporated as the Gottfried Brewing com-
pany. It was then one of the largest in Chicago. In 1892 he re-
tired from business, spending most of his time at his country home,
Elkhart Lake, Wis., where he died November 3, 1902. Mr. Gott-
fried was ingenious and invented among other things a pitching
machine which came into general use. His widow still survives and
resides in the city. They were the parents of eight children as fol-
lows: Adolph (deceased), Febronia, Ida. Marguerite E., Matilda,
Carl M., Frederick (deceased) and Maude.
Carl M. was educated in the public schools of Chicago and in the
Chicago Manual Training school. In 1886 he went to Europe and
attended the world renowned schools of Frankfurt, Wiesbaden and
Munich. Also at Copenhagen he spent some time studying the
brewing business. In 1889 he returned and engaged in the brew-
ing business with his father, becoming a member of the Gottfried
Brewing company. First he was superintendent, later secretary and
now is secretary and general superintendent. He is a member of
the Germania club, Chicago Athletic club, and is one of the foremost
business men of the city. On September 2, 1897, he married Heel-
wig Brand, daughter of Rudolph and Clara (Uhlich) Brand, and
they have had three children as follows : C. Manfred, Helen and
Rudolf B.
Rudolph Brand, president of the United States Brewing company,
was born near Mainz. Hessen Darmstadt, Germany, April 10, 1851,
and is a son of Philip R. and Elizabeth (Cristmann) Brand. He
was educated in his native land and was graduated from the Real
Schule of Darmstadt in 1866. He then learned the brewers' trade
and in 1868 came to America and located in Chicago in September
of that year. He became an employe of the Busch & Brand
Brewery company and remained with the same until 1874, first
acting as. foreman and finally manager. In 1874 he bought a brewery
at Blue Island and began an independent business, but four later
700 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
sold out and bought an interest in the M. Brand Brewing company,
successors to the Busch & Brand Brewing company, and was made
vice-president and general manager. Under the merger of 1891 Mr.
Brand was elected treasurer of the five combined organizations,
known as the United States Brewing company. In 1894 he was
elected to the presidency of the company. The five concerns thus
united were as follows: M. Brand Brewing company; Bartholomae &
Roessing ; Bartholomae & Laecht ; and K. G. Schmidt, of Chicago,
and Valentine Blatz, of Milwaukee. The new organization has an
immense capital, vast trade and employs over one thousand men.
Mr. Brand is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the Germania
club and of other benevolent and social organizations. He has been
prominent and useful in public affairs. From 1881 to 1883 he was
treasurer of Chicago and from 1884 to 1887 a member of the Board
of Education. For several years he was president of the National
Organization of Brewers. In May, 1875, he married at Blue Island,
Clara Uhlich, and they have three children — Hedwig, the wife of
C. M. Gottfried ; Philip R. of the Globe Brewing Company, and
Alfred, with the Brand Brewing company.
Philip R. Brand, secretary, treasurer and general manager of the
Globe Brewing company, was born in Blue Island, this county,
October 21, 1877, and is a son of Rudolph and Clara (Uhlich)
Brand. He received his education in the Chicago public schools,
in Lake Side academy, from which he graduated in 1896, and in
Yale college, from which he also graduated in 1899 with the degree
of Bachelor of Philosophy, having taken the scientific course. Soon
after his graduation from Yale he went to Europe and pursued a
course of study in the beet sugar industry, continuing for one year
when he returned to Chicago. A little later he accepted the position
of assistant superintendent in a beet sugar factory at Rochester,
Mich., but in the fall of 1900 returned to Chicago and became an ap-
prentice with the Bartholomae & Roessing Brewing company in
order to learn the brewing industry. In June, 1901, he became
assistant manager of the United States Brewing company (Brand
branch). In March, 1904, Philip R. and Virgil M. Brand bought
the Carl Corper Brewery and in May of that year became incor-
porated under the name of Globe Brewing company, with Virgil M.
as president and Philip R. as secretary, treasurer and general man-
ager. The business now is very large. Mr. Brand is a member of
the Chicago Athletic club, Adelphia club and the Chi Phi, a college
fraternity. On May 15, 1902, he married Maude Gottfried, a na-
tive of this county and a daughter of Matheus and Maria Gottfried.
John H. Weiss, president of the Gottfried Brewing company, is
a son of George and Margaret (Orb) Weiss, natives of Germany.
He was born at Frankenthal. Rheinpfalz province, on January 26,
1856, and was educated in his native city, graduating finally from
a commercial college there. After serving one year as Einjaehrig
HISTORY OF COOK COUXTY 701
Freiwilliger in the Fifth Jaeger Battalion, he became secretary of a
lumber company and later for several years engaged in the malt
business. In 1880 he came to Chicago, arriving July 4. For two
years he was bookkeeper with Grommes & Uhlrich, importers, but
then with his brother engaged in the malt business. In 1884 he
became treasurer of the Gottfried Brewing company. In 1892,
when Mr. Gottfried retired, Mr. Weiss became president and treas-
urer, in which capacity he has officiated ever since. On October 9,
1884, he married Marguerite E. Gottfried, daughter of Matheus
and Maria Gottfried and to this union two children have been born :
Norman Matheus, born November 4, 1888, and John Herbert, Jr.,
born February 6, 1890. Mr. Weiss is a member of the Germania
club, Chicago Athletic club, Board of Trade and several other
organizations.
Armin W. Brand, secretary and treasurer of the Brand Brewing
company, president of the United States Vanadium company and
president of the Vanadium Alloys company of New York, is prob-
ably the founder of the vanadium interests in this country. He
is a native of Chicago, his birth occurring September 2, 1877, and
is the son of Michael and Philippina (Darmstaetter) Brand, both of
whom were born in Germany at Odernheim. He was educated in
the public schools of Chicago, University school of Chicago, Yale
college and the University of Michigan. In March, 1898, he en-
listed in Company G, Thirty-second Michigan Volunteer Infantry,
for the Spanish-American war and served with credit until the close.
He then returned to Chicago and for about three years was engaged
in the real estate business. In 1902 he founded the vanadium in-
dustry in this city and the same year went to New York and es-
tablished a house of the same business there. In addition to his
connection with the companies above mentioned he is president of
the Brandsville Fruit Farm company, his father having been the
founder of Brandsville, near which town the farm is located, and is
also associated with The Brand Brewing company, of Chicago, and
Brand Brothers company, wholesale liquor dealers of Chicago. He
is a director of the First National bank of West Plains, Mo., and a
member of the Chicago Athletic club and the Phi Delta Phi
fraternity. On October 10, 1905, he married Frieda Grommes, a
native of Chicago and a daughter of John B. and Bertha (Lehrkind)
Grommes, and to them one child has been born, Jane P.
Jacob Birk, one of the pioneers and highly respected citizens of
Cook county, was born at Trossingen, Wurtemburg, Germany,
September 21, 1835, and is a son of Andrew and Ursala (Pfister)
Birk. He was educated in the fatherland, and upon leaving school
at the age of about 14 years, began learning the saddlery trade, in
which he served an apprenticeship. In 1853 he came to the United
States, landing in New York City on May 1, having been thirty-
five days crossing the Atlantic in the sailing vessel "Samuel Fox."
702 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Soon after his arrival there he secured employment at his trade and
continued thus employed for about five months. He then went to
Bridgeport, Ct, and there worked at his trade for a year.
On November 11, 1854, he arrived in Chicago and secured em-
ployment at his trade with Louis Schifbauer at $22 per month. Five
months later he accepted a similar position with Savage & Jennings,
working at piece-work and making better wages. By 1857 he had
managed to save sufficient to warrant the establishment of an in-
dependent business of his own, which he accordingly did at 31 South
Market street. There he remained until 1868, building up a profit-
able and substantial trade and becoming one of the city's most enter-
prising business men and prominent citizens. In 1868 he bought
the Wheeling house on West Lake street and conducted the same
with success until 1882, when he entered into partnership with
Frederick and Charles H. Wacker and organized the Wacker &
Birk Brewing company with plant located at Indiana and Desplaines
streets. In 1888 he sold his interest in this brewing company and
three years later purchased the Korpen & Nockin brewery at 1315-25
Webster avenue, and incorporated the same with the following
officers : William A. Birk, president ; Edwin J. Birk, secretary and
treasurer. The subject of this review, Jacob Birk, retired from
active business at this time, leaving the large brewery to be managed
and operated by his sons. He has resided at his present fine home
at 455 Wellington avenue since 1893. He is a member of the Ger-
man Lutheran church, the Masonic order, the Orpheus Singing
society and the Germania club. The family is one of eminent re-
spectability and is well and favorably known to a large circle of
acquaintances. On December 24, 1859, Mr. Birk married Magdalena
Welflin, a native of Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, born May 9, 1842,
who came to Chicago with her parents in 1854. To Mr. Birk and
wife twelve children were born, eight of whom are living, as fol-
lows: William A., president of Birk Brothers Brewing company;
Bertha, wife of Albert S. Klein ; Amelia, unmarried and at home
with her parents; Edward J., secretary and treasurer of Birk
Brothers Brewing company; Carrie, wife of Hans Horner; Minnie,
wife of George J. Jaeger; Frank J., manager of the bottling depart-
ment of Birk Brothers Brewing company; Walter O., secretary of
E. J. Birk Brothers, brewers of Weiss beer, at 74 Perry street.
Edward J. Birk, one of the most enterprising of the younger busi-
ness men of Chicago and a charming companion whom it is a
pleasure to meet, is a son of Jacob and Magdalena (Welflin) Birk,
and was born in this city April 2. 1867. He was educated in the
public schools, at St. Ignatius college and Bryant & Stratton's Busi-
ness college. At the age of 18 years he became office boy and stock-
man for Hamill & Laskey, but about a year later accepted a clerk-
ship with Hamill & Congdon of the Board of Trade. In 1889 he
went to San Francisco and for ten months was in the employ of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 703
Horst Brothers, hop brokers. He then returned to Chicago and be-
came an apprentice with the Wacker Birk Brewing and Malting
company in order to learn every step of the brewing business. He
completed his studies and researches with a course in the Wahl &
Henius Brewing academy. In 1891 he became connected with the
Birk Brothers Brewing company and was elected to the position of
secretary and treasurer and has filled the same with credit ever since.,
He is also president of the firm of Edward J. Birk & Brother,
brewers and bottlers of Weiss beer, which business was established
in January, 1909. Few men who are obliged to bear the stings
and arrows of a business career are able to shoulder the burden as
placidly and smilingly as Mr. Birk. His good fellowship is spark-
ling and contagious. He is a member of the Chicago Athletic,
Illinois Athletic, South Shore Country, Chicago Automobile and
other clubs, and the Germania Maennerchor and the Society of Brew-
ing Technology. On October 5, 1892, he married Amanda Markers,
a native of Chicago, and they have one child, William J.
Albert S. Klein, president and treasurer of the A. S. Klein com-
pany, dealers in floor coverings and manufacturers of window shades
and picture frames and mirrors, with plant and offices at 409-413
South Green street, is a native of Chicago and was born February
17, 1859, being the son of Frederick W. and Caroline (Kemmler)
Klein. The parents were both natives of Wurtemburg, Germany,
and came to the United States about the year 1852, locating in Chi-
cago, where the father engaged in the manufacture of brushes at
Jefferson and Madison streets. He died March 17, 1871, but his
widow still survives and resides in this city. They were the parents
of five children, as follows : Albert S. ; Frederick W., secretary of
the A. S. Klein company; George (deceased) ; Lena, wife of Joseph
Downey, former commissioner of public works and later a member
of the Board of Education ; Ida, unmarried and living with her
mother.
Albert S. was educated at the public schools and at Bryant &
Stratton's Business college. At the age of 14 years he began work
for the Shober Lithographing company, as an apprentice, in order
to learn that trade. Before completing it he began work for F. E.
Colwell & Company, manufacturers of picture frames and mouldings,
which business he thoroughly learned during several years of
service. He then engaged with Rice & Thompson in the same busi-
ness at 259 Wabash avenue. Later this company moved to 409-13
S. Green street, where they erected a large building — five stories
and 75x125 feet. In 1891 Mr. Klein began business at 161 Fifth
avenue, but a year later, so large had become his business, he was
forced to secure larger quarters which he found at 157-9 S. Jeffer-
son street. In June, 1899, Mr. Klein bought the Rice & Thompson
plant on S. Green street, and is located there at the present time. His
business is large and profitable, and his success is due mainly to his
704 IIIKTORY OF COOK COUNTY
own exertions, ability and sound judgment. He is a member of the
Royal League, Royal Arcanum. Chicago Athletic club, Illinois
Athletic association and the Germania Maennerchor club. January
7, 1892, he married Bertha Birk, daughter of Jacob and Magdalena
Birk, and to this union two children have been born, Mildred Mag-
dalena and Albert S., Jr.
Harry B. Rouse, president of H. B. Rouse & Company, manu-
facturers of printers' specialties and weight motors, with plant and
office at 2214 Ward street, was born at Morris, 111., December 8,
1861, and is a son of Burdett C. and Eliza J. (Lannan) Rouse, na-
tives of New York and Illinois respectively. The father, when one
year old, was brought to LaSalle county, this state, in 1833, but
later was taken to Gruncly county where he lived until the second
year of the Rebellion. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company B.,
88th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, known as the "Second Board of
Trade Regiment," and after serving for a short time became sick
from exposure and died March 25, 1863, and now lies buried in the
National Cemetery at Murfreesboro, Tenn. His widow subsequently
married Samuel T. Ailing and now resides at Long Beach, Cal.
Harry B. was educated in the public schools, and at the age of 14
years began work for the Bloomington Chair company, and later
accepted a position on the Bloomington Pantagraph, manufacturing
department. Later he secured a position as traveling salesman for
the Western Publishing house. In January, 1885, he came to Chi-
cago and began work for the Shniedewend & Lee company, manu-
facturers of printers' machinery, but six years later changed to the
McKellar Smith & Jordan company, type founders, which concern
in 1892 was merged with the American Type Founders company.
Mr. Rouse remained with the latter company until 1897 and later
occupied a position with R. Hoe & Company, manufacturers of print-
ing presses. In January, 1901, he established an independent busi-
ness on Dearborn street, and two years later, in company with Wil-
liam J. Knoll, established a plant on Huron street, continuing there
until 1904, when they removed to their present quarters. They were
incorporated in April, 1906, under the name of H. B. Rouse & Com-
pany, with Harry B. Rouse president ; William J. Knoll, vice-presi-
dent, and Walter A. Sittig, secretary. In 1898 Mr. Rouse invented
a lead and rule cutter which was patented in May, 1900, and now
sold all over the world, being one of the.chief articles manufactured
by this company. The invention took first prize at the Paris Ex-
position of 1900, and the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, in
1901, receiving the highest award. Since his present company was
founded Mr. Rouse has invented and patented twelve other devices
of use to printers, among which are composing sticks, register hooks,
plate holders, printers' blocks, a safety device for acetylene gas
generators, etc. Mr. Rouse was married July 25, 1895, to Mrs.
Fannie K. Upp.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 705
Edwin Cooper is a son of Thomas and Eleanor (Hewson)
Cooper, and was born in Orland township, this county, November
5, 1862. He was reared on his father's farm and has followed farm-
ing all his life. He received his education in the public schools, and
on February 4, 1891, was united in marriage with Edith E. Har-
wood, who also is a native of this township. She was born July
19, 1873, and is a daughter of John and Mary A. (Merrill) Har-
wood, pioneers of Cook county. Soon after his marriage, Edwin
and wife settled on the old Harwood homestead and there resided
for about ten years, when they moved to the farm where they now
reside in Section 9, Orland township. There he owns sixty acres of
land and eighty acres more in Section 15 of the same township. He
is one of the substantial citizens of this part of the county. He and
wife have the following children : Raymond M., born April 15, 1892 ;
Mabel J., born October 13, 1893 ; Lavera A., bom January 18, 1896;
Edwin T., born January 16, 1904; and Laurence E., born February
17, 1906.
John J. Slomski, who conducts a general steamship agency at
2138 W. Eighteenth street, was born in Fremont, N. Y., August 10,
1874, and is a son of Charles and Magdalena (Dumalski) Slomski,
The parents were natives of Poland, came to the United States in
1872 and located in Sullivan county, N. Y., where they remained
until 1880, and then came to Chicago. Here the father died in
November, 1898, at the age of 55 years. These parents had three
children who grew to maturity, as follows: John J., Kate, wife of
Ceslaw Rafinski and Charles.
John J. was reared in Chicago after the age of six years and was
educated in St. Albert's parochial school and the public schools of
the city. Thereafter for several years he secured employment in
various factories and other establishments, but in 1904, opened on
his own account a general steamship agency on West Eighteenth
street, and has succeeded in building up a large and profitable busi-
ness. For five years he has served as notary public. On November
29, 1899, he married Anna, daughter of John and Veronica (Maz-
orowski) Zielinski, of this city, and they have one daughter,
Gertrude M. Mr. Slomski and family are members of St. Ann's
Polish Roman Catholic church. He is a member of the Polish
Turners, and in politics affiliates with the Republicans.
Rev. Charles A. Erkenswick, pastor of St. Dionysius Roman
Catholic church, at Hawthorne, is deserving of more than passing
mention for the work he has accomplished in raising his parish to
one of the most important in the country. Father Erkenswick was
born in Chicago, May 6, 1868. a son of Fred and Catharine (Gergen)
Erkenswick. Hubert and Margaret Gergen, his maternal grand-
parents, emigrated to the United States in 1843, locating in Chi-
cago when it was little more than an overgrown frontier village, and
here acquiring valuable real estate holdings. Until 1871, when his
706 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
property was destroyed by the great fire, Hubert Gergen worked
at his trade of shoemaker and conducted a shoestore, after which he
retired from active business pursuits. Fred Erkenswick came to
the United States with his mother in 1856, when he was 16 years
old. He was a carpenter by trade, at which he was employed until
he entered the employ of the Government as inspector of lumber.
In 1883 he became associated with the John Wilkinson Co., and for
eighteen years had charge of the cabinet department of this cor-
poration. In 1901 he retired from active business pursuits and he
and wife are living a retired life on Franklin street. The names
of their four children are Hubert J., Charles A., George B. and
Fred N. Charles A. Erkenswick received his earlier education in
St. Joseph's parochial school, Chicago, and his classical training at
St. Benedict's college, Atchison, Kan., later taking his theological
course at St. Francis' Seminary, Milwaukee, Wis., where he was
graduated in 1892. On June 29th of the latter year he was or-
dained to the priesthood in Chicago by Archbishop Feehan, and his
first work was that of assistant pastor of St. Theresa's parish, Chi-
cago, where he remained until July 1, 1905, then being appointed
to his present position at Hawthorne. In this connection a brief
sketch of the parish would be appropriate. The preliminary organiza-
tion was effected during the summer of 1889 by Rev. Father Denis
Thiele when more than $900 was pledged. Shortly thereafter the
present site was bought, and in 1900 the present church was erected
at a contract price of $4,000. The first mass was read by the late
Rev. Father Kavalage. Rev. Father Thiele was the first pastor, and
in 1901 a school was established. Rev. Father D. Konen succeeded
Father Thiele and he in turn by Rev. Father Erkenswick, the
present pastor. The parish, through the indefatigable labor of its
pastor, has prospered incredibly, but the changes made have been
gradual and on a strict business basis. Numerous societies have
been organized, schools brought up to a high state of efficiency,
debt has been liquidated, improvement of building and equipment has
been accomplished and loyalty and sacrifice have been continually in
evidence. Since July 1, 1895, Father Erkenswick has been the
guiding hand and directing factor in the affairs of the parish.
Rev. John Dettmer, present rector of St. Anthony's German
Roman Catholic church at Twenty-fourth Place and South Canal
street, was born in Olpe, Westphalia, Germany, January 28, 1859.
His classical and philosophical education was received in the gym-
nasium of Rheine near Munster, where he spent eight years in
study. In 1882 he came to the United States and entered St.
Francis Seminary, Milwaukee, where he pursued a full course of
study and where he was graduated in theology with high credit. On
the twenty-fourth of June, 1886, he was ordained to the priesthood
by Archbishop Heiss, of Milwaukee. His first appointment was as
assistant pastor of St. Francis Assissi church at Newberry avenue
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 707
and Twelfth street, Chicago, where he served ably and faithfully for
a year and a half. He was then promoted pastor of St. George's
parish at Thirty-ninth street and Wentworth avenue. While thus
connected he built a new church structure with school and parochial
buildings adjoining at a total cost of about $100,000. He greatly
increased and strengthened this organization. On January 9, 1909,
he was appointed irremovable rector of St. Anthony's church and
has the honor and distinction of being the only irremovable German
priest in the city. At present St. Anthony's church has a member-
ship of 600 families or about 3,000 souls. In the parochial school
are about 500 pupils under the instruction of twelve sisters of Notre
Dame. The high school connected with the church was established
by Father Dettmer in 1909, and has an enrollment of about forty
students. Father Dettmer has charge and has one assistant — his
brother, Rev. William Dettmer. All property at St. Anthony's is
free from debt, money is in the treasury and the parish is in a
flourishing condition.
John W. Becker was born April 9, 1864, and is a son of Herman
J. and Elizabeth M. (Ravensburg) Becker, both of whom were
natives of Oldenburg, Germany, and came to Chicago in 1867. The
father was for a time connected with the old banking firm of Beuler
& Company on the West Side, and later with the department of In-
ternal Revenue and still later was engaged in the wholesale liquor
business at 99 Randolph street. He is at present employed in the
office of the County Clerk, and for the last twenty years has been
an active Republican of the Twenty-fifth ward.
John W., his son, was educated in the Chicago public schools, and
while yet quite young was employed as office boy by Keller, Sturm
& Company. Later he occupied a position in the stock department
of Jansen, McClurg & Company, continuing there for three years.
At the age of 19 years he engaged in the real estate business at
Lincoln and Sheffield avenues, but two years later became chief
clerk of the Town of Lake View. He served as clerk and assistant
chief clerk in the County Treasurer's office under Mr. Kern, and
from 1894 to 1902 was chief clerk. He then established the tax
agency business at 100 Washington street under the firm name of
John W. Becker & Co. He is a Republican and has for several
years been a member of the executive committee of the Twenty-fifth
Ward Republican organization. He is a Shriner in Masonry and a
member of the Eagle River Fishing & Shooting club and the Rotary
club. He married Esther M. Walker, of Boston, on November 18,
1900, and they, with their daughter, Helen Margaret, reside at 541
Oakdale avenue.
Judson McFell was born September 12, 1859, and is a son of
Joseph and Cynthia (Olds) McFell, of Port Dover, Canada, where
for forty years the father was captain on the Great Lakes, prin-
cipally Huron, Erie and Ontario. In 1890 he retired from active
708 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTJ
service, but is still living and active at the age of ninety years. The
mother died in 1900.
Their son Judson was educated principally in the Collegiate In-
stitute at Ingersoll, Ontario. Came to Chicago in 1881 and accepted
a clerkship with S. A. Kean & Co., bankers, with whom he re-
mained for a short time. In 1882 he joined the construction depart-
ment of the Western Electric company, and was thus connected for
over ten years. In 1893 he founded the McFell Electric company,
with offices in the Rookery building, and later moved to the Mar-
quette building, finally locating at the present manufacturing plant
at 565 VanBuren street. The company has always done a general
contracting business, and for the last seven or eight years has done
nearly all the electrical work for the Illinois Central Railway com-
pany.
Mr. McFell has invented and taken out patents on several elec-
trical devices, one of which is a combination firealarm and watch-
man service system, which is so constructed that an alarm will be
received at a central station even if the circuit wires are broken or
short-circuited. One of his latest devices is a selective calling ap-
paratus, to be used in connection with telephones for train despatch-
ing on railroads. A number of railroad stations may be connected
on one circuit and anyone of them may be called from any other,
ringing two or more bells at each station if desired, the entire ap-
paratus being worked from one main set of batteries.
Mr. McFell is a member of the Masons, Odd Fellows, National
Union and Royal Arcanum. The family resides at 7209 Union
avenue.
John S. Wayman was born April 21, 1858, and is a son of Wil-
liam Wayman, a native of England who came to the United States
and settled in Chicago in 1837. His mother was Jane Outhet, who
came to Chicago in 1832 with her parents. They died about two
years after coming to this city. The mother lived in Fort Dearborn,
but after the death of her parents she lived with the family of Daniel
Elston on Elston road. The father spent four years as a journey-
man, learning the wagon makers' trade, and in 1844 established
himself in that business on Randolph street and employed several
men. In 1850 he bought ground at Desplaines and Carroll streets,
built a shop and moved his business there and continued wagon
making until 1865, when he was appointed by Governor Yates one
of the first police commissioners of Chicago under the new law.
The first police station on the West Side was located at the corner
of Union and Randolph streets. In 1861, William Wayman, A. C.
Coventry and Fred Tuttle were the first commissioners. He also
served as alderman from the old 6th Ward in 1854, and in 1872
was elected to the lower house of the Legislature.
He was one of the appointed committee of one hundred ap-
pointed as an escort to President Lincoln's body from Chicago to
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 709
Springfield. Previously he was one of the old volunteer firemen.
Mr. Wayman was active, able and prominent. In 1892, having
retired from active business, he died, aged 74 years. Elizabeth
Outhet, sister of John S. Wayman's mother, came to Chicago as
a baby in 1832 and is to-day the oldest living native and resident
of the city. She lives in Oak Park and is active and bright at the
age of 78 years.
John S. was educated in the public schools. He early learned the
wagon makers' trade and was at work in the shop of his father at
the age of 17 years. Later he worked with C. Stone on W. Lake
street, but in 1878 he located an independent shop at Lake and
Green streets. In 1882 he located at the corner of Canal street and
Milwaukee avenue. In 1883 he formed a partnership with Thomas
G. Murphy, under the firm name of Wayman & Murphy, with
shops at Sangamon and Randolph streets, and in this block they
have since remained engaged extensively in the manufacture of
carriages and wagons. In 1907 they built a large structure at Lake
and Sangamon streets, covering a tract 250x100 feet. They em-
ploy about fifty men. Mr. Wayman is a Republican and a member
of the Illinois Athletic club, Royal League and the Masonic order,
being high up in the latter. In 1907, in conjunction with E. X.
Cummings and Frank E. Locke, he was instrumental in having
Randolph street widened from Halsted to Sangamon streets. On
October 31, 1887, he married Lucy M. Whittier, of Joliet, and they
have one son, John W. The family residence is at 724 North
Pine avenue, Austin.
Theodore F. Decker was born December 21, 1868, and is a son
of Ferdinand F. and Emily Decker, natives of Southern Wurttem-
berg, Germany. The father was an extensive manufacturer of
steam engines and general machinery, employed over 1,000 men
and in the '70s conducted one of the largest machine shops and
foundries of its kind in Europe. He built the famous tunnel
which connects Switzerland and Italy, one of the largest and most
difficult engineering feats of the kind ever finished. He also erected
many large and intricate bridges. He was active and prominent in
public affairs and died in 1883 at the age of 49 years; his widow is
still living and strong at the age of 75 years. They were the parents
of four children.
Theodore was educated in the public and high schools and finished
with a thorough course in manual training, graduating in 1884.
Two years later he came to the United States and for a while was
in the employ of Gormley & Jeffries, manufacturers of bicycles.
Later he had charge of the repair and assembling department of
their works. In 1891 he opened an independent retail store for
bicycles at 310 W. Division street. He has taken several extensive
trips through Europe. In 1896 he disposed of his bicycle store and
embarked in the real estate business at 2749 W. Division street,
under the firm name of Hanson & Decker — mortgages, loans, in-
Vol. 11—42.
710 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
surance, general real estate and safety deposit vaults. He is thus
actively engaged at the present time. He is a member of the
Humboldt Park Improvement club, the Masonic fraternity and is
an active Republican. In 1906 he married a young lady of Water-
town, Wis., and they have one child, Elenor, born March 27, 1909.
They reside at 664 Wellington avenue.
Albert H. Hollander was born in Germany, August 18, 1866,
and is a son of Joseph and Caroline (Marks) Hollander, who lived
at Cologne, Germany, where the father was a horse dealer and was
authorized to buy horses for the Government during the Franco-
Prussian war. Both parents died in 1871, leaving three boys —
Edward S., Benjamin E. and Albert H.
The latter was educated in the public schools of Chicago after
the age of 14 years. He came to America with an aunt, Mrs. Lind,
with whom he lived for a number of years after his arrival in Chi-
cago. He first worked for Mr. Lind who was engaged in teaming.
In the meanwhile, until he was 16 years old, he attended the Wicker
Park schools. In 1887 he engaged in the teaming and expressing
business at 1521 Milwaukee avenue with L. J. Baer, but in 1893
this partnership was dissolved and Mr. Hollander opened in-
dependently an office at 1215 Milwaukee avenue and engaged in the
moving business. In 1894 the concern was incorporated as the
Hollander Express & Van company, Mr. Hollander becoming presi-
dent. In 1905 they built a large, modern, six-story, fireproof,
storage warehouse at 1616 and 1618 Milwaukee avenue, corner of
North avenue, the structure occupying 50x119 feet of ground space.
They also opened an office at 2005 Milwaukee avenue, with branches
throughout the North Side. They now have the largest warehouse
of the kind on the North- West Side. Mr. Hollander is president
of the organization of Furniture & Van Mover Express company,
and in 1906-7 was its treasurer. He is interested in public affairs,
and in 1905-6 was chairman of the Democratic ward organization.
He is a member of the Masonic order. In 1903 he married Mary
Trimpler, of this city, and they have two children — Joseph A. and
Ethel M. The family residence is at 2005 Milwaukee avenue.
Chauncey F. Newkirk was born December 8. 1858, and is a son
of Charles C. and Frances M. (Barnes) Newkirk, the mother be-
ing the daughter of Rev. Chauncey Barnes, of Utica, N. Y., who
distinguished himself in the Empire state. The Barnes family is
of English and Scotch descent, coming originally to the American
Colonies about the year 1700. Rev. Chauncey was a minister of
the Christian church and became well and favorably known in that
portion of New York.
Charles C. Newkirk was taken to Ingham county, Mich., when a
boy and was there reared and educated in the common schools. He
became a painting contractor. At the age of 50 years he moved to
Harbor Springs where he yet lives retired. He was a member of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 711
the 17th Michigan Volunteer Infantry, Company K, during the
Rebellion and served with credit three years, receiving a severe
wound at the hattle of South Mountain. He is 72 years old, and has
always been a Republican in his political views. He and wife be-
came the parents of four children, of whom one is deceased :
Chauncey P., John L., a Methodist minister of the Detroit Con-
ference, Sarah D., now Mrs. B. R. Barber of Kalamazoo, and Carl
C., an editor in Michigan.
Chauncey F. was educated in the public schools at Dansville and
the Normal school at Ypsilanti, Mich. Later during several sum-
mers he attended the University of Michigan, teaching during the
winter months. He finally entered the law office of E. D. Lewis
at Williamston. Mich., took a thorough course of study and was
duly admitted to the bar in 1880 at Mason. He practiced for a
time at Weberville and later at South Lyon, but finally accepted
the superintendency of the schools of the latter and was thus occu-
pied from 1881 to 1885. At the same time he was village attorney
and in 1884 founded and edited the South Lyon Picket. In 1885 he
went to Harbor Springs and was elected superintendent of schools,
whereupon he disposed of his paper. In 1888 he was elected Super-
intendent of the State Public school and held the position until 1891,
with offices at Coldwater. He then became Chicago manager for
Houghton, Mifflin & Company, publishers, of Boston, and was thus
connected until 1900, when he resigned and accepted the position of
manager of the school book and map department of Rand-McNally
& Company and is thus occupied at the present time. His duties
are important and include bringing out new school books, critical
constructive work and educational specifications. Dodge's geography,
prepared under his direction, was adopted by the Chicago School
board. Over one hundred school books brought out by him are in
use throughout the country. He is a Republican and active in the
politics of the 26th Ward. He was defeated with his ticket for
alderman in 1906, although reducing the opposition majority by
about 2,000. From 1895 to 1902 he served as president of the
precinct. In 1904-5 he was president of the Ravenswood Business
Men's association, and has served as chairman of the Y. M. C. A.
for several years. Mr. Newkirk is Past Master of Ravenswood
Lodge No. 777, A. F. & A. M., Past High Priest of Columbia
Chapter No. 202, R. A. M., Past Thrice Illustrious Master of Siloam
Council No. 53, R. & S. M. and is the present Eminent Commander
of Illinois Commandery No. 72, K. T. He is at present Grand
Lecturer for the Grand Chapter of Illinois, is an ex-president of the
National Union, and belongs to the City, Ravenswood Golf and
Masonic Standard clubs. He is a Congregationalist and a trustee
of the Ravenswood church. February 8, 1889, he married Rose E.
Dean, of Weberville, Mich., and they reside at 4313 N. Hermitage
avenue. Their only daughter, Fern E., recently became the wife
of John F. Rossall.
712 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Frank Steiskal, the son of Frank and Antonie (Danes) Steiskal,
natives of Bohemia, was born December 20. 1841, at Tabor,
Bohemia, and came to the United States with his parents, who
settled on a farm in Manitowoc county, Wis., in 1854. The follow-
ing year the son went to Green Bay, Wis., where he was employed
as an errand boy at one of the hotels. Later he entered the employ
of Lambert Nau & Company, then one of the leading business houses
of that place. Lambert Nau, being a highly educated man, en-
couraged the boy in his efforts to acquire an education, giving him
personally private instruction and also an opportunity during the
dull seasons to attend a public school, among the results of which
was that when he left his employ to go to Manitowoc, Wis., he
was able to speak fluently, read and write three languages.
After leaving Manitowoc, in 1860, he went to Chicago, where
he secured a position in a mercantile establishment, and resigning
his position in 1862 he enlisted as volunteer in the 82nd Illinois
Regiment then being organized in Chicago, and on May 2, 1863,
he participated in the stirring battle of Chancellorsville, where he
was wounded and taken prisoner, and for a time experienced all the
horrors of life in the rebel prisons at Libby and Belle Isle. After
being paroled and exchanged he was sent to Camp Chase at
Columbus, O., and from there to Jefferson Barracks, Mo., to
recuperate from the effects of brutal treatment while a prisoner.
Recovering his shattered health, he rejoined his regiment in time to
engage in the battles of Lookout mountain and Missionary ridge at
Chattanooga, Tenn., and in the relief of General Burnside at Knox-
ville. His regiment then returned to Whiteside station, Tenn., to
enter into winter quarters, and in the following early spring com-
menced the famous Atlanta campaign under General Sherman. Mr.
Steiskal participated with his regiment in the numerous battles
of that campaign, among which were the battles of Resaca, New
Hope church, and Peach Tree creek, and in the siege of Atlanta.
After Atlanta was captured he participated with his regiment in
the famous "March to the Sea," and in the campaign through the
Carolinas to the close of the war. After Johnston's surrender his
regiment was sent to Washington, taking part in the "Grand
Review."
During the war, Mr. Steiskal was in more than seventeen battles
and engagements. On July 1, 1865, he received his honorable dis-
charge from the army and returned to Chicago, where he accepted
a position with one of the leading hardware firms of the city. In
this line of employment he spent several years, after which he en-
gaged in business for himself, but during the Chicago fire in 1871,
he lost all his property and was utterly ruined. Undaunted by the
loss he sustained, he struggled hard to better his condition and
after several years of hard work he was financially able to become
one of the members of the firm of Matuska, Craig & Co., then one
of the leading furniture manufacturing establishments in the city.
HI8TQRY OF COOK COUNTY 713
In 1882 he retired from this firm and went to Kewaunee, Wis.,
where he organized a bank, becoming its cashier. In 1892 he re-
turned to Chicago and formed a partnership with John L. Novak
to engage in the real estate and mortgage banking business. Their
place of business is now at the intersection of Blue Island avenue,
Loomis and Eighteenth streets.
In politics Mr. Steiskal is a Republican, his first vote for Presi-
dent being cast for Abraham Lincoln. He is a past commander of
the J. M. Read Post, No. 54, G. A. R., of Kewaunee, Wis., and is
now a member of the Columbia Post, No. 706, G. A. R., of Chicago.
He is a past president of the John Huss Council of the National
Union ; secretary and treasurer of the Bohemian Old Settlers' asso-
ciation since its organization, arid a member of a number of Ameri-
can, German and Bohemian clubs or societies. April 25, 1870, he
was united in marriage with Miss Mary Chladek, of Chicago, and
to them have been born three children : Otto L., attorney; Frank B.
(deceased) ; and Albina L., now the wife of James E. Chwatal. The
family home is at 1343 South California avenue.
Johnson Earle, the son of Luther and Ellen (Ready) Earle, na-
tives of the Province of Ontario, Canada, where the father engaged
in farming and spent all his days, was born December 27, 1845.
The grandparents of our subject left the States at an early date and
settled in Ontario, Canada. Here_the father died March 10, 1871,
aged 53 years, the mother preceding him in 1853.
Johnson Earle was educated in the common schools, and when
16 years old served an apprenticeship of three years to the carpen-
ters' trade. In 1865 he came to Ogle county. 111., locating in the
town of Oregon and engaging in a general contracting and building
business there. He came to Austin in 1873 and located on Park
avenue near Chicago avenue, living for thirty-six years in the same
locality. Mr. Earle has, since residing in Chicago, built over 400
homes, besides many flats and stores in Austin and Oak Park. He
also erected the Episcopal church of Oak Park in 1884, the Epis-
copal church of Austin in 1889, the Library Hall of Austin in 1889
and the First Methodist church of Austin in 1909. He is a Re-
publican in politics and a member of the Methodist Episcopal church.
November 8, 1870, he was united in marriage with Ada Souther-
land, of Palatine, 111., and three children have been born to them,
Edna (deceased, 1895) ; J. Harold (living) ; and Frank Warren
(deceased, 1907).
Angelos Geocaris was born January 16, 1874, and is a son of
John and Anastasia (Limberakis) Geocaris, both natives of Tegea,
Greece, where they still reside. The father is 73 years old and the
mother 65. The father is a farmer by occupation. They had eight
children, as follows: Christos in New York City; Angelos in Chi-
cago; Alexander in Chicago; Marie, now Mrs. Thomas Massias, in
Chicago; Spyros who died in 1909; Xenophon, Vassilo and Con-
stantina, the latter three yet living in Greece.
714 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Angelos was reared and educated in his native land. In 1894 he
came to the United States and directly to Chicago, Upon his
arrival at the Polk Street depot and after paying all his expenses,
he had but three cents to his name. He could speak no English, but
had to get along some way. He had a cousin Christos Trakas, who
conducted a fruit stand at Adams and State streets, and was em-
ployed by him at $20 a month to sell fruits. He saved his money
and at the end of four months bought a horse and wagon for $45
and began an independent business as fruit peddler. In a short
time he had made $400, clear of expenses, and during the next sum-
mer he added $400 more to that sum. He then established a fruit
store at the corner of Halsted and Eighteenth streets in partnership
with Christos Trakas, but two years later sold out and went to
Dubuque, la., and was in the confectionery business for one year
and later for six months at Davenport, la. He then returned to
Chicago and engaged for three years in the hay and grain business
at 66 Blue Island avenue. Then associated with others he established
sixteen boot blacking parlors in different parts of the city and United
States, and yet owns nine of them. In 1906 he established the real
estate, loan and renting business at Halsted street and Blue Island
avenue, and in 1908 he established a private bank with safety de-
posit vaults in partnership with George Stamatides — known as the
Greek- American bank. He is interested in the Stamatides-Papakos-
tas Steamship & Labor Employment company at 612 S. Halsted
street and owns a half interest in the building at 1457-63 W. Madison
street. He also owns four vacant lots at Fifty-second avenue and
Madison street. He is a member of the Association of Commerce,
Greek Community, Pan-Hellenic Union of the United States, of
which he was one of the directors in 1908-9, Greek Society of
Phoenix and the same of Mantinia. In politics he is a Republican.
On July 29, 1900, he married Marie Colovos, of Chicago, and they
reside at 1210 McAllister Place.
Peter S. Lambros was born February 5, 1874, and is a son of
Spero and Chrysoula (Loomos) Lambros, natives of Sparta, Greece.
During his early life the father was engaged in the grocery business
at Sparta. In 1883 he was appointed by the Greek Government a
constable, and served as such with credit up to the date of his death,
July 15, 1898, aged 63 years. His widow is yet alive and is 68 years
old. To them were born the following three children: Panagiota,
Milia and Peter S.
The latter was educated in Sparta and came to Chicago in 1890,
where for four years he worked in a fruit store conducted by an
uncle. In the meantime he attended school at the Y. M. C. A. in
order to learn and perfect his English. During the World's fair
he corresponded with various Athenian newspapers. In 1894 he
became chief salesman for Garibaldi & Cuneo, wholesale fruit deal-
ers, and was thus engaged for eight years. In 1904 he established
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 715
the Greek Star, a newspaper for the Greek people here, Mr. Lambros
being editor, and later sole proprietor as well. It is issued as a
weekly and at first its circulation was about 700; now it is 15,000
copies. The size of the paper has increased from four pages to
sixteen pages. About sixty columns of advertising matter are pub-
lished weekly. It is in the Greek language, is the leading Greek
paper in the country and is Republican in politics. It takes an active
part in National politics. Mr. Lambros has letters from President
T aft and leading Republicans praising his work in support of party
principles. At the time of the devastation at Messina and elsewhere,
caused by the earthquake, the paper raised about $600 for the suf-
ferers. Mr. Lambros is a member of the Greek Community and
other orders and societies. On September 27, 1909, he married
Ariadna Papadakis, of Cairo, Egypt, and they reside at 3120
Humboldt boulevard.
Sotirios Boussoulas was born August 19, 1877, and is a son of
John and Pagona (Leoni) Boussoulas, natives of Styra, Greece.
There the father for twenty-five years was engaged first in the real
estate business and later in the mercantile business. He was an in-
fluential and successful business man. He died in December, 1900,
and his widow three years later. They had eight sons and four daugh-
ters, of whom four are deceased. Those yet living are as follows:
Georgios, Christos, Argyrios, Dimitrios, Anastasios, Fofini,
Nikalaos and Sotirios, who is the youngest of this large family.
The latter was educated in the public schools of his native land,
and at the age of 19 years engaged in merchandising with his
brother, continuing thus for two years. He then served two years
in the Greek army and during his term of service was promoted to
sergeant. He then resumed the mercantile business and in 1901
came to the United States and located in Atlanta, Ga., for two
months, then removing to New Orleans. He traveled through the
South looking for a permanent location and learning the language
and ways of the Americans. In May, 1903, he came to Chicago and
opened a steamship, railroad ticket and foreign exchange office at
748 S. Halsted street, in partnership with E. Carevelis, and in 1904
opened down town offices. In 1908 Mr. Boussoulas became sole
proprietor of the business, and the next year opened a banking,
steamship and railroad ticket house at 2 and 4 S. Clark street. At
present he is interested in the manufacture of cigarettes and tobacco,
with factory at 748 S. Halsted street, and makes several brands of
the best Turkish cigarettes and tobaccos. He is the owner of Hellas,
the Greek newspaper established in 1903. It is an eight-page journal
and has a circulation of over 4.000. They do a general printing
business also. He is a' member of the Panellemon society and has
been its president since 1907. He is also a member of the Pan-
ellenic Union society, of which he occupies the position of Counselor-
ship. He resides at 1225 S. California avenue.
716 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Pasquale Mastroianni is one of the progressive, foreign born men
of Chicago who compose her cosmopolitan citizenship. Born No-
vember 11, 1854, at Conflenti, Province of Catanzaro, Italy, he was
reared to manhood on his father's farm and received but limited
educational advantages in the schools of his native town. Having
heard of the superior opportunities for advancement in America,
he emigrated to the United States in 1881, and here began his career
as a day laborer on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railway,
at $1.25 per day, subsequently continuing similar work in Colorado
and Kansas, in fact almost every state in the Union. The winter
of 1884 he worked as a hod carrier in Chicago, but the succeeding
spring went to Bedford, Ind., where he secured employment in the
stone quarries. This he abandoned after a short time owing to his
inability to get money for his services, and returning to Chicago,
engaged his services to the Northern Pacific Railway company.
For two years he worked in British Columbia and the State of
Washington and was advanced to the position of assistant foreman
by reason of merit. From this he was advanced to a foremanship
at $100 per month. Succeeding this he was employed as foreman
doing general repair and improvement of road beds for the Great
Northern Railway company, after which, for two years, he was
foreman for the Kansas & Southern railway, and then, until 1899,
acted in the same capacity for the Union Pacific company. In the
latter year he located permanently in Chicago. His long experience
in railroad work and his influence with his fellow countrymen led
him to open an agency for the employment of labor, and this he
conducted at 137 Ewing street for six years. Since 1899 he has
contracted with the Burlington system for all Italian labor employed
by them, at present about 4,000 laborers a year. By this time he
had accumulated from his labor considerable property, and building
a commodious three-story brick building, began a general banking
business, together with handling foreign exchange, operating a
steamship and railroad ticket agency and also continuing his labor
employment bureau, and also has a sub-postal station in his establish-
ment. The three-story building erected by him was sold for $19,000
and he then bought a large four-story structure at Morgan street
and Vernon Park Place and Sholto street. Besides this he owns
the property at 2622-26 Grand avenue, purchased for $7,500, which
he has remodeled and for which he has refused $18,000. Mr.
Mastroianni is a fitting example of what grit, hard work and
economy can accomplish even when accompanied by the restrictions
of foreign birth. He began life's battle amidst humble surroundings
and has achieved success. In politics he is a Republican. Socially
he is a member of the National Union. San Pietro of Rome, Belini
Lodge K. of P. and other benevolent organizations. In 1889 he
married Flomena Maurno and to them have been born Nicola, Peter,
Vincenzo and Giovanni. The family home is at 940 Vernon Park
Place.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Lyman Ware, M. D., was born November 11, 1841, and is a son
of Ralph and Lucinda (Clark) Ware, both parents being natives
of Massachusetts, where the Ware family located in the 17th
century. On the mother's side the Clarks came to the Colonies in
1621 on the second voyage of the Mayflower and located at what is
now Conway, and there members of the family have ever since re-
sided. Ralph, father of Lyman, was born in Conway in 1804 and
became a manufacturer of shell combs, continuing until 1833, when
he came to Illinois and settled at Granville, Putnam county. There
he engaged in farming and stock raising and often drove his cattle,
hogs and sheep to the Chicago market. He was active in politics,
was a Whig and was well acquainted with Abraham Lincoln whom
he often entertained at his home. He was a Presbyterian and the main
supporter of the church in his home village. His death occurred in
1863. His children were: Edward (deceased), Caroline. Lucinda
(deceased), Lyman, Elisha (deceased 1909), Lincoln (deceased)
and Henry.
Dr. Lyman Ware was educated in the public schools of Granville
and later attended the University of Michigan. In his second year
at that institution he enlisted in the One Hundred and Thirty-second
Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and owing to his knowledge
of drugs and medicine was taken from the ranks and made hospital
steward, being located most of the time at Paducah, Ky. Upon being
mustered out in 1865 he entered the Chicago Medical college, now
medical department of Northwestern University, and after taking his
degree of M. D. entered the medical department of the University of
Pennsylvania, graduating therefrom in 1868. He returned at once
to Chicago and engaged in the general practice of medicine, becom-
ing connected with several hospitals and dispensaries. After spending
1874 and 1875 in post graduate work at Vienna and Paris, he again
returned to Chicago and then limited his practice to diseases of the
eye and ear at 125 State street. He was thus located until 1893 when
he removed his office to the corner of Wabash avenue and Washing-
ton street, Marshall Field building, and here he has since remained.
For twenty-five years he was surgeon at the Illinois Eye and Ear
hospital and for several years was connected with the Cook county
hospital. He is a Republican and a Presbyterian ; of the latter oragni-
zation he has been an elder for many years. His life has been ac-
tive, useful and replete with stirring and important professional
scenes. He has translated, by special permission, Von Arlts' clinical
lectures on diseases of the eye. He is the owner of considerable busi-
ness and flat property in this city. On June 7, 1877, Dr. Ware was
united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth A. Law, daughter of Robert
Law of this city, and to them have been born the following children:
Hildegard, born November 20, 1892; Edith, born March 18, 1894;
and Elizabeth, born February 20, 1897. The family resides at 4424
Drexel boulevard.
718 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Vincenzo Gialloreti, M. D., was born April 16, 1865, and is a son
of Antonio and Anna Galassi Gialloreti, of the Province of Aquila,
Italy. The father inherited from his parents considerable property
which he looked after during the greater part of his adult life.
His son Vincenzo was educated in the public schools, spending five
years in the gymnasium and three years in the lyceum. Then for one
year he attended the medical department of the University of Rome
and still later the medical department of the University of Naples,
graduating in medicine from the latter in 1892. Not yet satisfied
with his education and inspired with a lofty zeal and ambition he
spent two years in rigid post-graduate work in the hospital of Gesue
Maria. In 1895 he served two trips as surgeon on passenger steam-
ers plying between New York city and Naples. Succeeding this ex-
perience he practiced one year in Naples and five years in Alex-
andria, Egypt. He then located in Rome and resumed his practice
and medical studies and was thus occupied for five years. In 1904 he
crossed the Atlantic and came to Chicago, opened an office at 903
South Halsted street near Forquer street and is there located at the
present time actively engaged in a large and lucrative practice. His
professional education and experience fit him for rapid advancement
and an exalted position in the medical ranks of Chicago. He is a
member of the Chicago Medical society, the Knights of Pythias and
several Italian societies. He is official physician of the Italian Red
Cross society and resides at 903 South Halsted street.
William Stuchlik, now. living a retired life from active business
pursuits at 1915 South Ridgeway avenue, was born in Bohemia, Oc-
tober 15, 1844. His parents, Joseph and Mary (Velibil) Stuchlik,
immigrated to America in 1853, first locating in Canada, subsequent-
ly, in May, 1854, establishing a home in Chicago at Clark and Van
Buren street, where they resided three years. Mr. Stuchlik then leased
land at Twelfth and Dearborn streets where he continued the same
business until 1859, then moving to a farm near Eastman, Crawford
county, Wis. Tiring of backwoods life, he returned to Chicago with
his family in 1862 and lived at the corner of Clinton and Taylor
streets and here worked at his trade of mason and in a lumber yard
until his death. William Stuchlik, the subject of this sketch, is the
only child living born to his parents. After ten years of age he has
lived in the United States, his education having been acquired in the
public and_ German Catholic schools of Chicago. When seventeen
years old he was apprenticed to the machinist's and engineer's trade,
serving five years, and during the civil war acted as assistant engi-
neer for three months on the steamer "War Eagle," plying on the
Mississippi river. From then until 1881 he worked at his trade in
Chicago, the succeeding twelve years being passed in the grocery bus-
iness at Fisk and Eighteenth streets. He then continued in the same
line at Eighteenth street and Nutt Court until he retired from active
business pursuits in May, 1895. Mr. Stuchlik is remembered by the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 719
old settlers and by those who know him as an honorable, industrious
citizen and a credit to the city. He married Margaret, daughter of
William and Anna (Brabec) Razney, natives of Bohemia, who set-
tled in Chicago in 1867, and to them have been born seven children:
Anna (now Mrs. Frank Jindrich), William A., John, Frank (de-
ceased), Mary (now Mrs. James Friedl), Edward and Emily (the
wife of Joseph Kadec). Mr. Stuchlik, on matters of national import-
ance, is a Republican. He and wife are members of the Bohemian
Old Settlers' association of which Mrs. Stuchlik has been vice-presi-
dent since 1899.
William A. Stuchlik, a prominent pharmacist of 1758 West
Twelfth street, is a representative of one of the pioneer families of
Chicago and perhaps the first Bohemian family to settle in Cook
county. William Stuchlik, his father, appropriate mention of whom
appears elsewhere, was the only child of Joseph, the pioneer. Wil-
liam A. Stuchlik was born in Chicago, at Thirty-ninth street and
Wentworth avenue, July 14, 1872, and attended in youth the public
schools, the Lutheran German grammar school and the Cook County
Normal school. In 1904 he was graduated from the Chicago Col-
lege of Pharmacy and the following year embarked in the drug busi-
ness in partnership with his brother John. He thus continued until
1899, when he engaged in the business alone at the corner of
Eighteenth and Wood streets. Ability and natural aptitude in his
profession has brought him success in a marked degree. On October
24, 1905, he married Louise, daughter of Frank and Antonia
(Kvasnicka) Kreml, of Chicago, and they are the parents of one
daughter, Helen, born in 1906. Mr. Stuchlik is a member of the
Chicago Retail Druggists' association, the Social Drug club, the
Masonic fraternity, the Bohemian club and the Dobrosky, an
organization composed of Bohemian Masons. In politics he is a
Republican on national issues and is active in party affairs.
Edward Stuchlik, a prominent and successful pharmacist at 1012
W. Eighteenth street, was born in Chicago, May 11, 1883, and is
a son of William and Margaret (Razney) Stuchlik, pioneer Bo-
hemians of Chicago. He was reared in this city and educated in the
public schools, the Medill High school and was graduated in
pharmacy from the University of Illinois in 1904. From 1902 to
1904 he served as assistant pharmacist in various drug stores of
this city and after his graduation was employed for a year and a
half in the chemical department of Armour's laboratory and later
for the same period was manager of the drug department of the Fair,
Charles H. Fitzner, J. S. Stiles and others. In 1907 he embarked
in business for himself at his present location in the drug store
which had been founded by his brothers. William A. and John, in
1894. He now has one of the best equipped drug stores in this part
of the city and his trade is large and his reputation excellent. At
the present time he is teacher of pharmacology and chemistry in the
720 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
College of Physicians and Surgeons. This fact is so notable and un-
usual as to be worth special attention. He is a member of the
National Association of Retail Druggists, Illinois Pharmaceutical
association, the Alumni association of the Chicago College of
Pharmacy and is a shareholder in the Chicago Wholesale Drug
company and the Asepta Product company. He is also a member
of Arcana Lodge No. 717 of the Masonic fraternity.
Alfred Stromberg is a native of Sweden, born March 9, 1861. At
fifteen years of age he began his business career in the electric field
with Oiler & Company, which concern owned the first electrical fac-
tory doing business in Sweden, manufacturing telegraph instruments,
telephones and sewing machines and was one in which the great tele-
phone inventor, L. M. Ericson, received his technical training. Mr.
Stromberg installed the first battery transmitter to be used in Scan-
dinavia, in the year 1878. After the American Bell Telephone com-
pany had organized the Stockholm Bell Telephone company, with
Hugo Bratt as president, Mr. Stromberg interested "himself in their
enterprise and installed several telephone exchanges in northern
Sweden.
Realizing that the United States offered his inventive and business
genius a far wider scope than his native country, Mr. Stromberg
came to this country in the spring of 1884, his first employment be-
ing with the Chicago Telephone company. During his connection
with this corporation he invented some very valuable improvements
in the Bell telephone, some^of which are still in standard use. In
1890 he constructed the burglar and fire alarm system of the Chi-
cago Electric Protective company and operated the system until 1894.
In this year he reentered the telephone field as an independent tele-
phone manufacturer, taking in Mr. A. Carlson as partner, and found-
ing the Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Manufacturing company in the
year 1896. He capitalized this company for $50,000 and so rapid
was its growth that in the year 1901 it showed an earning of $600,-
000 per year and turned out telephones at the rate of a telephone a
minute. The spring of 1902 the company was reorganized and the
capital increased to $3,000,000, the plant being moved to Rochester,
N. Y., where the factory occupies a floor space of eight acres and
gives employment to 3,000 employes. The capitalization of the com-
pany has since been raised to $6,000,000. In 1905 Mr. Stromberg
sold out his entire interest in the company and has since devoted his
whole time to the promotion of numerous enterprises. Included
among these is the Stromberg Motor Devices company, which has
now in process of erection a large steel construction factory on
Twenty-fifth street near Michigan avenue in Chicago. This com-
pany is at present turning out carburetors which are bought and used
by all the important automobile manufacturing companies both in this
country and Europe. These carburetors are also used by all the best
motor boat companies and air ship constructors. This new car-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 721
buretor factory will have a capacity of more than one carburetor a
minute. Mr. Stromberg is also president of the Stromberg Electric
Chronograph company which furnishes the chronographs for the
United States navy and other government institutions. These chron-
ographs are for cost keeping in factories, timing-in-and-out office reg-
istrations and other purposes. He is also vice-president of the Willis
Electric Meter company which produced the first meter offered which
the public can read. Mr. Stromberg is a Knight Templar Mason, a
Noble of the Mystic Shrine, a member of the Union League club and
many other organizations. One who has enjoyed a long, intimate
business acquaintance with Mr. Stromberg has this to say of him :
"In some respects Mr. Stromberg is the most remarkable man I
have ever known. Of humble origin he has, by native ability coupled
by persistent effort, risen to his present position in the business world.
His quick perception enables him to grasp a situation at once and to
master every detail of the proposition involved. His life is wrapped
up in his various business affairs into which he has put his energies
to such an extent that only those who have been intimately associated
with him can appreciate. A capable man at the outset, he has con-
stantly developed with the growth of his business interests. From
working mechanic with a daily wage of $2 to a man of large affairs
and wealth in the short space of a dozen years is a record of which
few can boast; but with Mr. Stromberg it has had no effect in
changing the plain, simple, honest and direct manner of his life. To
his friends, his business associates and with the world generally he
is the same unassuming man as when struggling for a livelihood at
the outset of his career. Many have been financially benefited by their
association with them. He enjoys the confidence and respect of his
fellowmen."
In 1885 Mr. Stromberg married Miss Ellen Johnson, of Chicago,
and they are the parents of four children : Minnie, Alice, Emil and
Eva. Their home is at 5442 Sheridan Road.
Thomas Alexander Lemmon, a successful and well known coal op-
erator, was born in New Albany, Ind., April 16, 1841, and is a son of
Michael and Martha (Griffin) Lemmon. He was educated in the
common and high schools of New Albany, continuing therein until
1857. He then began business, but in 1861 enlisted in the Fifth Ohio
cavalry regiment and served with credit until 1865 when he was hon-
orably discharged. He participated in the first day's bloody fight at
Shiloh, his regiment being the only cavalry command thus engaged.
He served in many other battles and campaigns, and his military ca-
reer was stirring and vastly to his honor and credit. On April 27,
1865, he married Sarah C. Berry at New Albany, Ind., and they had
the following children : Mrs. Florence R. McDonald, Chandler Fon-
taine and Albert Berry. Upon his return from the army, he was for
fourteen months engaged in the clothing business at Louisville, Ky.
In July, 1866, he arrived in Chicago and became bookkeeper for E.
722 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
D. Taylor & Son. coal dealers, and later was with Taylor & Thomas
for a year. In 1871 he began business for himself in the partnership
known as Lemmon & Cornish, but was soon burned out in the big fire.
In 1872 he became bookkeeper for the Chicago, Wilmington & Ver-
million Coal company, of which he has been secretary and treasurer
since 1887. He is also at present treasurer of the Eureka Coal &
Dock company. He is a republican and a member of Columbia Post
G. A. R. He is also a Mason and a member of the Illinois Athletic
and Traffic clubs. His office is in the Old Colony building and his
residence at 2802 Washington boulevard.
Edward S. Keely, a prominent and active railway official of this
city, was born in Peru, 111., November 11, 1858, and is a son of John
and Mary Keely. He received a good common school education, and
entered the railway service in 1874 and has continued thus occupied
down to the present time. One of his first important positions was
that of division freight agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railway company, at Milwaukee, where he continued until 1891, then
receiving a well-deserved promotion to assistant general freight
agent. He thus served acceptably until 1900 when he was still fur-
ther honored by advancement to the responsible position of general
freight .agent of the same road. On January 1, 1907, he was ad-
vanced to the position of freight traffic manager and in April, 1909,
to vice-president. He is one of the most practical and experienced
railway men of this city. His offices are in the Railway Exchange
building. He is a member of the Chicago, Union League, Chicago
Athletic and Exmoor clubs.
Oscar F. Bell, traffic manager of the Crane company, has had a
successful business and social career. His grandfather, five genera-
tions removed, Capt. John Bell, was a Scotchman, master and owner
of a ship which sailed between Glasgow and the American colonies.
After a shipwreck by which his vessel was lost, he located near Balti-
more about 1650. On his mother's side Oscar F. is descended from
Lieutenant Robert Coles, who came to the colonies in 1635 as a
member of Governor Winthrop's expedition. Oscar F. received his
education at the grammar and high school of Dayton, Ohio, where
he was born and where he began his business career in 1869. After
working at various occupations he entered the railway service in
1878 as an employe under H. C. Wicker in the general freight of-
fices of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway company. Later he
was placed in control of the pool accounts and settlements of that
company with the title of "pool secretary," in which capacity he was
serving when the interstate commerce law became effective in 1887.
He also saw service as chief clerk in the office of the traffic manager
and for six months under W. H. Newman, third vice-president of the
Northwestern road. Then for two years, 1890 to 1892, he was en-
gaged in the Black Hills as secretary of the Harney Peak Tin Min-
ing company with headquarters at Hill City. S. D. In 1892 he was
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 723
purchasing agent for that company and had charge of their freight
traffic. In October. 1892, he accepted the position of traffic mana-
ger with the Crane company and ever since has satisfactorily occu-
pied that position. From 1902 to 1905 he was a member of the traf-
fic committee of the Illinois Manufacturers' association and was
chairman of the committee in 1907 and 1908. He was one of the
organizers of the National Industrial Traffic League and is at pres-
ent a member of the executive committee and the board of directors
of that organization. He is also president of the Traffic club of Chi-
cago, of which he is a charter member. He took an active interest
and part in the negotiations which resulted in the adoption of the uni-
form bill of lading in 1907. He is interested in educational matters
and is a member of the board of education of the Deerfield Township
high school in Highland Park. He married Wilhelmina Elizabeth
Mayer and they have ten children. He resides at 127 North avenue.
Highland Park, 111.
Henry G. Zander, one of Chicago's prominent real estate dealers
and loan brokers, was born in Rendsburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Ger-
many, October 4, 1869, and is the son of Claudius C. and Margot
(Van Staeding) Zander. His early education was acquired in the
gymnasium at Rendsburg, Germany, and in the North Division high
school, Chicago, from which latter institution he was graduated with
the class of 1886. He subsequently was graduated as a civil engineer
from Grant's school, and from the John Marshall Law school with
the degree of L.L. B. Mr. Zander was married in 1895 to Charlotte
M. Keitel, of Chicago, and to their union have been born two sons,
Henry G., Jr., and Karl M. On October 5, 1886, he entered the
real estate offices of Martin Van Allen, and in May, 1892, formed
his present partnership with George F. Koester, under the firm name
of Koester & Zander, doing a general real estate business. In his
political views Mr. Zander is a Democrat, he affiliates with the Luth-
eran church, is a thirty-second degree Mason and a Noble of the
Mystic Shrine. He is a member of the Union League, Irving Park,
Country and Ridgemoor Golf clubs. His offices are at 69 Dearborn
street and he resides in Irving Park.
Robert E. Sackett, vice-president of the National Life Insurance
company, traces his genealogy in an unbroken line to Simon Sackett,
who came from England to America in 1630 on board the ship
"Lyon," which also carried those pioneers, Roger Williams, John
Throckmorton and Nicholas Bailey. Simon Sackett (1), helped to
found Newto\vn (now Cambridge), Mass. From him to the subject
of this sketch the heads of the different families are as follows : John
(2), the first white child born at Newtown; John (3), of Weathers-
field; Daniel (4), of Westfield, served in colonial wars, member of
Captain A. Dewey's troop of horse, also the one commanded by Cap-
tain H. Noble, and was on dutv guarding Westfield under Captain
John Ashley: Captain Daniel (5), of Westfield and Pittsfield, served
724 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
in colonial wars and that of the revolution, in the latter as a member
of Captain Horton's company of Colonel Worthington's regiment,
commissioned captain of the seventh company of Colonel Moseley's
Hampshire county regiment April 26, 1776, mustered out November
29, 1777, reentered service soon thereafter but finally resigned in No-
vember, 1799, also credited with commanding a company in Shay's
rebellion; Lemuel (6), of Westfield; Daniel (7), of Pittsfield; Rob-
ert (8), of Pittsford, N. Y., married Laura Jane Smith and became
the father of six children of which Robert E. (9) is the third in the
order of birth.
Robert E. Sackett was born November 11, 1852, at Pittsford, N.
Y. He was reared on a farm and in early youth attended the dis-
trict schools, subsequently taking a course in Olivet college, at Oli-
vet, Mich. Upon his father's death in 1873, he took charge of the
home farm in Eckford, Mich., which he conducted about eighteen
months, then embarked in the grocery business at Cedar Rapids,
Iowa. In 1875 he became a clerk and later a bookkeeper and pay-
master of the Sioux City & Pacific Railway company and here ac-
quired the foundation of the knowledge which subsequently was of
such material assistance to him in business. In the year 1881 he
went to Denison, Iowa, to accept the office of assistant cashier in the
First National bank of that city, but two years later resigned that
position to take charge of the land sales of the Sioux City & Pacific
Railway company, with headquarters at Sioux City. While occupy-
ing this position he was nominated and elected, in 1887, to the of-
fice of the clerk of the district court of Woodbury county, and after
serving one term of four years was reelected to this position, occu-
pying the office eight years in all. In 1894 he became secretary of
the Iowa Life Insurance company, and in 1895 came to Chicago with
that company. In 1900. when the National Life Insurance Company
of the United States of America absorbed that company he was
elected secretary of the National, which position he held until the
year 1906, when he was elected vice-president of the latter company,
which position he still retains. Mr. Sackett is a Republican in poli-
tics ; a member of the Prostestant Episcopal church and of the
Grand Lodge of the Knights of Pythias of Iowa, the Union League
and Hawkeye Fellowship clubs. He was married August 31, 1886,
to Miss Juliet H. Richfield, of Marshall, Mich. They reside at
5318 East End avenue, Chicago, 111. Mr. Sackett is the owner of
one of the fine farms near Rockford, 111., a locality noted for its
splendid homes and magnificent development.
Henry W. Forward, general freight agent of the Erie railroad
company, 536 Railway Exchange building, Chicago, was born Aug-
ust 8, 1859, in Somerset, Penn., his parents being Ross and Char-
lotte (Ogle) Forward. He was educated in the grammar and high
schools of Cincinnati, and in 1876 began his railroad career as mes-
senger in the office of the general freight agent of what was then
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad company. Since that time
his progress in railroad work has been a steady advancement coupled
with hard and conscientious work. From 1884 to 1890 he was chief
clerk in the general freight office of the New York, Pennsylvania &
Ohio Railroad company at Cleveland, and from the latter year to
1896, was division freight agent of the Chicago & Erie road with
headquarters at Huntington, Ind. Succeeding this he was the assist-
ant general freight agent of the same corporation at Chicago until
September 1, 1898, when he was made the assistant general freight
agent of the Erie system. Ten years later (September 1, 1908,) he
was promoted to his present position of general freight agent. Ross
Forward, the father of Henry W., was a lawyer by profession and
a man of prominence in Pennsylvania. He held many local positions
of honor and trust. For thirty years he represented the Aetna Life
Insurance company, and being of an inventive turn of mind invented
and had patented a number of devices of merit. Henry W. For-
ward is a Republican in politics and a member of the Edgewater Golf
and Chicago Traffic clubs. He married Miss Florence A. Grover on
September 13, 1891, and he and wife are members of the Christian
church. Their home is at 1 158 Farwell avenue, Rogers Park.
Frederick H. Harwood, vice-president and general manager of
the New Kentucky Coal company, 1709 Fisher building, has passed
the greater part of his life in railroad work. He was born January
15, 1863, in Chicago, a son of Theron D. and Elizabeth (Keller)
Harwood, who were among the early settlers of Cook county. He
received his education in the public schools, and in 1879 began life
for himself as an office assistant for Field, Leiter & Company, sub-
sequently serving in a similar capacity with Schlessinger, Mayer &
Company and with Montgomery Ward & Company. He began his
railroad career in 1887 under the resident engineer on the construc-
tion of the Chicago, Kansas & Nebraska railroad, but one year later,
and until 1890, was in the service of the Illinois Central Railroad
company in the various capacities of bill clerk, rate clerk and con-
tracting freight agent. From 1890 to June, 1893, he was rate clerk
in the general freight department of the same road and from that
time to March. 1894, was contracting freight agent; subsequently,
until June 1, 1896, he was traveling freight agent and commercial
agent with headquarters at Pittsburg. The succeeding three and
one-half years he was stationed at Cincinnati as commercial agent.
On December 20, 1899, he became assistant general freight agent of
the road at Evansville, Ind., and on June 4, 1894, the coal traffic
manager at Chicago. This latter position he held until 1909,
when he embarked in his present business. Mr. Harwood is a Re-
publican in politics, a member of the Edgewater Presbyterian church
and the Edgewater Country club. His marriage with Miss Jennie
Herring was solemnized July 23, 1884, and their home is at 1260
Bryn Mawr avenue.
Vol. 11—43.
726 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Robert Letson Van Arsdale, a prominent and successful insurance
broker, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., September 26, 1876, and is a
son of Robert Letson (deceased) and Emeline (Bristol) Van Ars-
dale. He came to Chicago in 1885 when only nine years old and was
principally educated in the public schools here, graduating finally
from the Brown public school. Soon after his graduation he secured
employment with Thorson, Cassidy & Co., dealers in sporting goods,
and there remained from 1890 to 1892. In the latter year he en-
tered the offices of Charles E. and W. F. Peck, insurance brokers,
and is now a member of the firm of Willcox, Peck & Hughes, who
succeeded Charles E. and W. F. Peck. At the present time he is
manager of their Chicago office. Mr. Van Arsdale is a Republican,
and although not an applicant for office takes much interest in poli-
tics and all other worthy affairs. He is a Presbyterian. He resides
at 6502 Monroe avenue. He is a member of the Calumet Country
club, Wanderers' Cricket and Athletic club and the Illinois Athletic
club.
Alfred Brand is a son of Rudolph Brand, whose sketch appears
elsewhere in this work. He is a native of Cook county and was born
in Chicago, July 20, 1884. He was educated in the grammar schools
and the University school of Chicago, graduating from the latter in
1902. He then entered Yale college, pursued a full course of study
and was graduated in 1906 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He
then returned to Chicago and studied the art of painting at the Chi-
cago Art Institute, and in the fall of 1907 accepted the position of
managing editor of the Real Estate News. In April, 1908, he went
abroad and for five months visited many parts of Europe. He then
returned to Chicago and accepted a position with his father in the
offices of the United States Brewing company and was there engaged
until 1909. He then became connected with the Brand Brewing
company and is thus occupied at the present time. He is a member
of the Chicago Yale club and among the enterprising, art-loving and
public-spirited citizens of the city.
Peter Czaja, druggist, 1490 West Twenty-second street, was born
in Chicago, December 10, 1876, the son of John and Jennie (Bar-
todziej) Czaja. The parents were natives of Austria Poland and
immigrated to. the United States and Chicago in 1869, where the
father engaged in merchandizing for many years, retiring in 1908
at an advanced age from a long and successful business career. To
him and wife were born four children: Adam (deceased), Frank,
Peter and Julius,
In the public and parochial schools of his native city Peter Czaja
received his primary education, subsequently taking a course at the
school of pharmacy of the University of Illinois, from which he was
graduated in 1901. In 1902 he entered business for himself, open-
ing a drug store at 809 South Ashland avenue where he remained for
a year and a half. In 1904 he located at his present place of business
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 727
on West Twenty-second street and has ever since been thus success-
fully engaged. On November 25, 1903, Mr. Czaja married Lottie,
daughter of John and Jennie Cenalewski, of Chicago, and to their
union has been born two sons, Vladimir and Zenon. He is a member
of St. Casimir's Polish Roman Catholic church, Polish Turners'
Unity No. 9, St. Casimir's Society Z. P. R. K., and the National Re-
tail Druggists' association. In politics he is a Republican.
John A. Rybcinski, a prominent real estate dealer with office at
room 670, 160 Washington street and residence at 668 Holy avenue,
was born in this city July 2, 1877, and is the son of Anthony and
Mariana (Gordon) Rybcinski. The father was a native of Russian
Poland and the mother of German Poland. They came to Chicago
previous to 1871 and here they have since resided. The father was
one of the first Polish carpenters in the city, and assisted to build
the first church structure for St. Stanislaus parish. This is now
probably the largest parish of that nationality in the United States.
The father for many years was engaged in contracting and building
but retired from active business in 1893. He and wife were the par-
ents of twelve children, five of whom survive : John A., Julius,
Louise, wife of Walter Stancewski ; Pauline, wife of Frank Janis-
zeski, and Mary. John A. of this family was educated in St. Stan-
islaus parochial school, in the public schools, in the Jesuit college and
later took up commercial law in Bryant & Stratton Business college.
From 1900 to 1905 he was employed in the sheriff's and county
clerk's offices in Cook county, but then engaged in the real estate
and fire insurance business and in managing estates in the 'probate
court. He is thus occupied at the present time. On October 3, 1905,
he married Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Ciesielski, of Chicago, and
they have two children, Virginia and Alice. Mr. Rybcinski is a
member of St. Stanislaus Polish Roman Catholic church. Catholic
Order of Foresters, Knights of Columbus, Modern Woodmen, Po-
lish National Alliance of America ; Kosciusko club, Northwestern
Business Men's association and politically is a Republican. He has
taken an active interest in the success of his party and is a member
of the Sixteenth Ward Republican club.
Bruno F. Kowalewski, mortgage banker, real estate dealer and
loan insurance operator, at 1359 West Fifty-first street, was born in
Posen, German Poland, on January 25, 1874, and is a son of Andrew
and Mary (Teichert) Kowalewski. The parents immigrated to the
United States in July, 1881, and settled in Chicago where the father
worked at his trade as carpenter until his death in 1891 at the age
of 51 years. He left a widow and five children as follows : Bruno
F., Roman J., Rev. Edward A., pastor of St. Stanislaus Polish
Roman Catholic church, Kankakee, 111. ; Mary, now "Sister Zygmen-
ta" of the Felician Sisters, and Gertrude, deceased.
Bruno F. was reared in Chicago after the age of seven years, and
received his education in St. Adalbert's parochial school and the even-
728 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
ing public schools of the city. At the age of eleven years he was
put at work sandpapering wall brackets and was thus engaged for
about two years. Six months later he was placed in the canning de-
partment of Armour & Company, with which concern he remained
for a period of eighteen years, rising steadily to the responsible posi-
tion of foreman. During this period he put in all his spare time
learning the real estate and insurance business. Since 1906 he has
devoted his whole time to that pursuit, gradually adding mortgage
banking. He built his present handsome and commodious quarters
in 1907. His business is prosperous and he has won prominence as
a successful business man and a useful citizen. He is a member of St.
John of God Polish Roman Catholic church, Knights of Columbus,
Foresters, Polish National Alliance, Polish Turners and Polish Rom-
an Catholic union. He affiliates with the Republicans. On July
23, 1899, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob and Delia (Kas-
przykowski) Kiepura, of Chicago, and has two living children:
Eulalia and Edward.
Rev. Francis J. Karabasz, pastor of St. John of God Roman Cath-
olic church at 5129 Throop street, was born in Lemont, 111., on Janu-
ary 19, 1881, and is a son of Martin and Michaeline Karabasz, both
of whom were natives of German Poland. They immigrated to the
United States about the year 1872 and settled in Lemont, 111., where
they still reside. They reared to maturity a family of five children,
as follows : Frances, now a member of the Felician Sisterhood ;
Veronica, Francis J., Joseph and Stanislaus.
Francis J. attended the Polish parochial school at Lemont until
he attained the age of thirteen years, when he was sent to St. Mary's
Polish college, Detroit, Mich., from which institution he was duly
graduated in 1898. He then took up his theological studies at St.
Mary's seminary, Baltimore, and was there graduated in 1904. On
June 10 of that year he was ordained to the priesthood by Arch-
bishop Quigley at the Cathedral of the Holy Name, Chicago. His
first appointment was as assistant pastor of St. Joseph Polish Cath-
olic church, of Chicago, where he served for seven months. He was
then transferred to a like position in the Church of the Immaculate
Conception, South Chicago, where he remained about three and a
half years. He was appointed to his present parish on June 30,
1908. This parish consists of about 750 families or about 4,000
members. The school connected with the church has a membership
of 430 pupils under the instruction of six sisters of the Felician Or-
der. Connected with the church are fifteen beneficent societies.
Under Father Karabasz is one assistant, Rev. Stanislaus Doberstein.
The church building was erected in 1907 by Father Jendrzejek at a
cost of $75,000. Connected with the property are thirty-six lots
which cost the parish $18,000.
Edmund Szajkowski, engaged in real estate, loans and insurance,
at 2593 Milwaukee avenue and 495 Noble street, was born in Stens-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 729
zewo, Province of Posen, Prussian Poland, October 24, 1874, and is
a son of Teofil and Catharine (Waczynski) Szajkowski, who immi-
grated to the United States in 1881, settling in Chicago, where they
still reside. The father is a saddle maker by trade. The family
consists of six children : Frances, Roman, Edmund, Gabriel,
Sophia, wife of Joseph Wojtalewicz, and Lilian. The subject of
this sketch was reared in Chicago after the age of seven years. He
was educated at St. Stanislaus parochial school and the public schools
of Chicago and also at the Chicago Business college. He began busi-
ness as a machine operator in the saddlery house of L. Kiper & Sons
in 1889 and remained thus engaged until 1895 when he embarked
in his present business at the corner of Milwaukee avenue and Di-
vision street with Anthony Czarnecki, which partnership existed for
eighteen months, when our subject engaged in business on his own
responsibility at 598 North Ashland avenue and remained thus en-
gaged for one year. In 1897 he located at his present place of busi-
ness. He has been successful in his commercial dealings and is well
known and respected. On November 19, 1902, he married Anna,
daughter of John and Elizabeth Klafta, of Chicago, and they have
three children : Antoinette, Mary and Nicholas. Mr. Szajkowski
is a member of the Roman Catholic church. Polish National Alliance,
Polish Roman Catholic Union, Catholic Order of Foresters, Knights
of Columbus and in politics is a Republican.
Edward Starzynski, a prominent contractor and builder at 852
West Oakdale avenue, was born in Grabow, Russian Poland, on Oc-
tober 10, 1865, and is a son of Frank and Josie Starzynski. He was
reared to manhood in his native country and educated in private
schools. At the early age of fourteen years he began to learn the
carpenter trade under the instruction of his father. Having learned
the same he followed that occupation in his native land until 1891,
when he crossed the ocean to America and came direct to Chicago
and here he has since resided. He worked at his trade previous to
1902, but at that date embarked in business for himself as a general
contractor and has made a notable success — he has erected from seven
to twelve buildings annually — both business houses and dwellings.
He gives employment to from six to fifteen hands, and has erected
many large and prominent business blocks on Milwaukee avenue and
vicinity. In 1908 he erected the parochial school building at
3 Tedgewisch, Cook county, for the St. Florian Polish Roman Catholic
church at a cost of $45,000. He is a member of St. Stanislaus Po-
lish Roman Catholic church, Polish National Alliance, Polish Roman
Catholic union, Catholic Order of Foresters, Polish Turners and
King Wladislaus society. In politics he is independent. In 1892
lie married Mrs. Lizzie Halman, of Chicago, and they have six chil-
dren : Celia, Lizzie, Annie. Josie. Sophia and Leo.
Rev. John Zwierzchowski, pastor of Holy Innocents' Polish Rom-
an Catholic church, was born in Calumet, Mich., on May 9, 1877, and
730 HltiTORY OF COOK COUNTY
is a son of John and Josephine (Maciejewska) Zwierzchowski, natives
of Piotrkowo and Sroda, Poland, respectively. The parents immigrat-
ed to the United States in 1870 and settled in Calumet, Mich, where
they still reside and where the father is employed with the Calumet
& Hecla Mine company. To these parents ten children were born, as
follows: Stephen, a lawyer; Hedwig, wife of Arthur Robbilard;
Theresa, wife of N. J. Tobianski ; Wladislaus, John, Casimir, Stanis-
laus, Pelagia, wife of Frank Banaszewski, Frances and Teckla. John
of this family was reared in his native city and was educated in the
public schools, St. Viateur's college, Bourbonnais Grove, 111., where
he pursued his philosophical studies, and St. Francis seminary in
1895, where he finished his theological studies in 1899. On April
1, 1900, he was ordained to the priesthood at St. Francis seminary.
His first appointment was as assistant pastor of St. Adalbert's church
at Seventeenth and Paulina streets. After seven months he was ap-
pointed assistant of St. Michael's church, South Chicago, where he
remained five years with the present Bishop Rhode. On October
12, 1905, he was appointed pastor of his present parish, which has
about 700 families and nearly 4,000 souls. The school in connection
has over 500 pupils under the instruction of eight Felician sisters.
Connected with the church are fourteen beneficent societies. The par-
ish in a flourishing condition and is growing rapidly. There is one
assistant, Rev. Felix Feldheim.
Vincent Milaszewicz, a prominent mortgage banker at 1719 West
Forty-seventh street, was born in the state of Kowna, Lithuania,
Russia, on January 1, 1865, and is a son of Nicholas and Barbara
(Pietkewicz) Milaszewicz. He was reared to manhood in his na-
tive country and was educated at the Gymnasium of Szawli. In
1890 he immigrated to the United States and spent two years at
Mechanicsville, Saratoga county, N. Y. He then went to Minne-
apolis and there remained for six months. In 1893 he came to Chi-
cago and here he has since resided. After his arrival here his first
employment was in a restaurant, where he remained for ten months.
In November, 1894, he engaged in the restaurant business on his own
account. This he successfully conducted until November, 1900,
when he engaged in his present business. He has been usually suc-
cessful and first occupied his present commodious and handsome
quarters since January, 1909. He was married on June 26, 1895.
to Angeline, daughter of Frank and Mary (Urbanek) Niwa, of Chi-
cago, and they have six children, as follows : Sophia, Victoria, Ber-
nard, Gertrude, Vincent. Jr., and Angeline. Mrs. Milaszewicz con-
ducts an up-to-date millinery establishment in a room adjoining her
husband's offices. Mr. Milaszewicz is a member of the Holy Cross
Lithuanian Roman Catholic church. Royal Arcanum, St. Vincent's
Ferr society, St. Stanislaus society. Guards of Prince Vytonita, First
Division, National Alliance of Lithuanians and in politics is a Re-
publican.
JtltiTOltY OF COOK COI XT Y 731
Rev. Alexander Skrypko, pastor of the Holy Cross Lithuanian
Roman Catholic church at Forty-sixth street and Hermitage avenue,
was born in Lithuania, Russia, on December 3, 1867. He received
his elementary and classical education in the Gymnasium of Ryga
on the Baltic sea and his theological education at Kovno seminary,
Lithuania, at which latter institution he was ordained to the priest-
hood on February 20, 1891. Thereafter for eleven years he occu-
pied important positions in Lithuania and other parts of Europe, but_
in 1902 came to the United States and was soon afterward appointed
pastor of SS. Peter and Paul parish at Westville, 111. After re-
maining there one and one-half years he came to Chicago and in
June, 1904, organized Holy Cross parish and erected a school and
church building which, with the land, cost a total of $30,000. In
1909 a fine two-story brick rectory was erected at a cost of over
$20,000. Already the parish has outgrown the church and the school
buildings. A new church costing over $100,000 is in contemplation.
The parish now consists of about 700 families, about 4,000 souls and
is in a flourishing condition. The school is under the instruction of
five sisters of the Nazareth order and now numbers about 400 pupils.
Father Skrypko's ability, piety, energy, high character and popularity
are reflected in the unusual progress and prosperity of the parish.
Under him is an able assistant, Rev. Anthony Ezerskis, who has oc-
cupied his present position since July 5, 1908.
Michael J. Wachowski, real estate dealer, and land insurance
agent, at 1844 North Wood street, was born in German Poland on
August 24, 1855, and is a son of Frank and Josephine (Kwapiczew-
ski) Wachowski. He was reared in his native land and received a
liberal education. During his youth and early manhood he learned
the cabinet maker's trade, and this he followed before coming to the
United States. In 1881 he crossed the Atlantic and came to America
and located first in Buffalo, N. Y., where he remained nearly a year,
and then came to Chicago, where he has since made his home. For
the first fifteen years after coming to this country he followed the
cabinet maker's trade and managed to lay aside a considerable por-
tion of his income. After coming to this city he conducted for two
years a meat market on Wabansia avenue. Since then he has been
engaged in his present business. He has built up a successful busi-
ness and has the confidence of the community. He and family are
members of St. Mary's of Angels Polish Roman Catholic church, and
he is a member of the Catholic Order of Foresters. In politics he is
a Democrat. In 1879, while yet in Poland, he married Mary, daugh-
ter of Michael and Antonia Pawlek, and by her has six children, as
follows: John, Frances, Stella, wife of Stephen Biezezinski, Gusta,
Celia and Bronislawa.
Joseph L. Donat, a prominent and successful mortgage banker at
3817 West Twenty-sixth street, was born in this city on June 26,
1874, and is a son of Joseph and Zdeuka (Kucera) Donat, natives
732 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
of Bohemia, who came to the United States in 1866 and located in
Chicago, where the father followed the occupation of custom tailor-
ing until his death in 1874, leaving his widow and unborn son, the
subject of this sketch. His widow married John Prucha by whom she
had two sons now living and one daughter : Bessie, wife of Anton
Janata ; Ladimer and Frank. Joseph L. was reared in Chicago and
here he has ever since resided. He was educated in the public
schools, and early in adult life followed the occupation of architec-
tural draftsman for nine years. For the succeeding seven years he
was engaged in the business of plumbing, but in 1909 he engaged in
the business of mortgage banking on West Twenty-sixth street, and
this he has since successfully followed. He is generally known in the
community and is universally respected. He is a member of Palacky
Lodge No. 630, I.O. O.F., and is the secretary of the Narodni Build-
ing and Loan association. In politics he is a Republican. On June
28, 1903, he married Bertha, daughter of Charles and Leopoldine
Domschihitz, of Chicago, formerly of Vienna, Austria, and by her
has two daughters : Grace D. and Viola.
Rev. Louis W. Grudzinski, pastor of St. John of God Polish Rom-
an Catholic church, was born in Posen, Poland, on August 2, 1878,
and is a son of Francis and Julia (Wozniak) Grudzinski. The
parents immigrated to the United States in 1879 and settled in Chi-
cago, where the father died in 1892 at the age of fifty-one years. He
and wife were the parents of five children : Helen, wife of Francis
Tuchocki ; Wladyslawa, wife of John Manikopski ; Boleslaus,
Nicholas and Louis W.
The latter received his primary education in the Immaculate Con-
ception parochial school of South Chicago, his classical and phil-
osophical education at St. Mary's seminary at Detroit, and his theo-
logical education at St. Francis seminary, Milwaukee, Wis. On
July 11, 1903, he was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop
Quigley, and was appointed assistant pastor of the Immaculate Con-
ception church of South Chicago. There he remained actively at
work for about four years. On May 1, 1907, he was appointed pas-
tor of Holy Rosary parish. North Chicago, where he remained four-
teen months. He was then appointed administrator of St. Joseph's
church, Forty-eighth street and Hermitage avenue, where he served
for one year. On July 17, 1909, he was appointed pastor of his
present parish, which has a membership of about 750 families, or
about 4,000 souls. The parochial school has about 430 pupils under
the instruction of six sisters of the Felician order. Connected with
the parish are fifteen beneficial societies. The church school building
and rectory were built by Rev. John G. Jendrzejek and dedicated in
1907. The buildings cost a total of about $75,000. There are
thirty-six lots valued at about $18,000.
Frank Randak, architect at 1615 Ashland block and at the corner
of Trumbull and West Twenty-sixth streets, was born in Bohemia on
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 733
May 16, 1861, and is a son of Frank and Anna Randak. He was
reared to manhood in his native country and in youth received a
liberal education. He studied architecture and mastered all de-
partments pertaining to that art. Believing that the United States
afforded better opportunity for the practice of his business, he crossed
the Atlantic in 1888 and located in Chicago, where he has ever since
resided and labored. He has advanced steadily until now he is rec-
ognized as one of the best and most successful of the younger archi-
tects of the city and the west. He has designed many of the finest
buildings here. He prepared the plans for the Douglas park nata-
torium and gymnasium, the Bohemian Plzensky Sokol Hall gymna-
sium, Ashland avenue Bohemian-American hall ; Pilsen station post-
office, and many other important buildings, including private resi-
dences, business houses and flat dwellings. He is well and favorably
known in his profession. He is a member of the Bohemian-American
club, and several gymnasium societies and lodges. In 1908 he mar-
ried Beda, daughter of James Dvorak, of Bohemia.
John P. Wilkowski, mason and general contractor, 3131 Monti-
cello avenue, was born in this city, May 31, 1867, and is a son of
John and Constantia (Rybaudt) Wilkowski. The parents were na-
tives of Germany and came to the United States about the year
1865 and settled in Chicago, where the father was successfully en-
gaged in the business of general contracting up to the date of his
death in 1883 at the age of fifty-two. He and wife had seven chil-
dren who grew to maturity : Joseph, John P., Mary, wife of Anton
Teis; Philip, Martha, wife of Frank Cerney; Clara and Frances.
John P. was reared in Chicago and educated mainly in St Stan-
islaus Kostki parochial school. He early learned the mason trade
with his father and for twenty-five years followed that pursuit as a
journeyman. In 1904 he embarked in business for himself as a gen-
eral contractor and thus he is successfully occupied at the present
time. He and family are members of St. Viator's Roman Catholic
church, and he is a member of the Catholic Order of Foresters. In
politics he is a Republican. On June 2, 1891, he married Saloma,
daughter of Albert and Theodora (Szukay) Slupekowski, pioneer
Polanders of this city, and they have three children : Frances, Frank
and Benjamin.
Rev. Bronislaus Czajkowski, pastor of St. Mary of Czestochowa
Polish Roman Catholic church, of Hawthorne, 111., was born in the
province of Posen, German Poland, on April 4, 1874. There he grew
up until his sixteenth year, attending high school for two years, and
generally receiving a good preliminary education. In 1890. thinking
to better his condition, he crossed the Atlantic ocean to the United
States and located in South Chicago, where until 1893 he found em-
ployment in various capacities. In the last mentioned year he en-
tered St. Jerome college, Berlin, Ontario, Canada, and there finished
his classical education in 1897. He then entered St. Mary's semi-
734 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
nary, Baltimore, from which celebrated institution he was graduated
in philosophy and theology in 1902. In June of the same year he was
ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Gibbons, of Baltimore, and
his first appointment was as assistant pastor of St. Mary of Perpet-
ual Help Catholic church, on Thirty-second street, Chicago, where
he served for a little over two years. In July, 1904, he was appointed
pastor of his present parish. Under his active and able ministration
the parish has grown from 250 families to 700 families or about
5,000 souls. The parish was organized in 1895. The present church
and school combined was erected by Father Czajkowski in 1905 at
a cost of $50,000. The convent, which was erected in 1908, cost
$20,000. The school has 600 pupils under the instruction of nine
sisters of the Order of St. Joseph. The parish is in a most flourish-
ing condition.
Stanley J. Jerozal, a successful and prominent pharmicist at
Thirtieth street and Linden avenue, also at 1800 West Eighteenth
street, was born in this city on November 16, 1881, and is a son of
Jacob Jerozal, a native of the province of Posen, German Poland.
The father came to the United States in 1869 and settled in Chicago,
but after the great fire of 1871 he removed to Minnesota, where he
spent five years in farming. He then returned to Chicago and secured
employment on lumber vessels traversing the great lakes, an occupa-
tion he followed for several years. He then retired from active busi-
ness and is now living retired at Hawthorne. He was twice married
By his first wife he had two children : Helen, wife of John Bergman
and Stanley J. By his second marriage he also had two children:
Lucy and Celia.
Stanley J. was reared in his native city and was educated in the
public schools. Later he entered the Chicago College of Pharmacy,
and was duly graduated therefrom in 1902. During this period he
clerked for three years in a drug store at Hawthorne. The year fol-
lowing his graduation in pharmacy he purchased one of the drug
stores in Hawthorne, and has successfully conducted the same ever
since. On May 1, 1909, he opened another drug store at 1800 West
Eighteenth street, and this venture has proved a most successful
enterprise. He is a member of St. Mary of Czestochowa Polish
Roman Catholic church, of Hawthorne; Polish- American Alliance,
Polish Turners, National Association of Retail Druggists ; Social
Drug club; American Pharmaceutical association. In politics he
is a Republican and takes much interest in the success of his party
and in the progress of humanity generally.
Joseph W. Kapela was born in Chicago August 24, 1874, and is
a son of Jacob and Amelia Kapela, natives of the province of Posen,
German Poland, who came to the United States in the latter part of
the sixties and settled in Chicago. The father was a cabinet maker
by trade, but followed various other occupations until his death in
1902 at the age of sixty-eight years. His widow and five children
HISTORY OF COOK COl'.\TY 735
survive him : Louise, wife of Louis Hochsberger, John, Josephine,
wife of Leo Ricker, Sylvester W. and Joseph W. The latter was
reared to manhood in Chicago and was educated at the parochial
schools. He served an apprenticeship at the moulders' trade and later
at the bakers' trade and followed the latter business for nine years.
In 1902 he embarked in the retail liquor business in Hawthorne
and is thus engaged at the present time. He has conducted the buffet
at 2801 Forty-eighth avenue since 1907. On September 18, 1902,
he married Mary Luka, of Chicago, and they have two children liv-
ing : Joseph and Helen. Mr. Kapela is a member of St. Mary's of
Czestochowa Polish Roman Catholic church, the Polish National
Alliance of America, the Polish Turners and other societies and or-
ganizations. In politics he is a Republican and as such was elected
supervisor and treasurer ex-officio of Cicero township in 1906 and
still holds those important offices.
Charles Laskowski, a successful and enterprising painting and
electrical contractor, located at 1416 Noble street, was born in Rus-
sian Poland, May 3, 1867, and is a son of Joseph and Mary (Klep-
arski) Laskowski. He was reared to manhood in his native country,
and in 1886 crossed the Atlantic ocean to the United States and lo-
cated in Detroit, Mich. He there learned the painting and electrical
business and in 1889 came to Chicago and here he has since resided.
Upon his arrival here he at once embarked in the painting and elec-
trical business as a contractor and in this occupation has met with
marked and merited success. Not only has he succeeded in business,
but has also become well known as a public-spirited and upright citi-
zen. In 1891 he married Julia, daughter of Peter and Mary Janisew-
ski, pioneer Polanders of Chicago, and they have the following chil-
dren : Lillian, wife of Stanley Kozael ; Rosa, Angie, Martha, Wan-
da, Jennie, Edwin and Stanley. Mr. Laskowski and family are mem-
bers of the St. Stanislaus Polish Roman Catholic church. He is also
a member of St. Michael's Roman Catholic society and the Polish
National Alliance. Politically he is a stanch Republican.
John Romanowicz was born in Inowraclaw, German Poland, April
19, 1867, and is a son of Frank and Catherine (Drogowski) Roman-
owicz, who came to the United States in 1887 and located in St.
Louis, Mo. In 1891 they removed to Chicago and here the father
still resides. They were the parents of six children, as follows :
Joseph F., Tekla, wife of Martin Kurkowski, Jacob, John, Michael-
ena, wife of Martin Trzeciak, and Victoria, wife of Mathew Naklas.
John of this family was reared to manhood in Posen, Germany, and
was educated in the public schools. In early manhood he served
two years in the German army. He learned the cabinetmaker's trade,
and in 1889 came to this country and first located in St. Louis where
he remained two years, working at his trade. In 1891 he removed
to Chicago and here he has since lived and labored. After coming
here he worked at his trade one year and then embarked in business
736 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
for himself, buying and selling billiard tables and repairing and deal-
ing in billiard supplies, in which occupation he was engaged for
about fifteen years. In 1906 he embarked in the theatrical business
at 4650-52 South Ashland avenue, opening the first theatre in that
vicinity. This he has since successfully conducted as the Union Thea-
tre. In conjunction with the same he conducts a first-class buffet and
the best restaurant in this portion of the city. Mr. Romanowicz was
married February 22, 1898, to Mary, daughter of Anton and Mary
(Siwinski) Walczak, natives of Russian Poland and residents of
Chicago since 1897. Mr. Romanowicz is a member of the Roman
Catholic church, Polish National Alliance, Order of Foresters and
the National Protective Legion.
John Golombiewski, alderman from the 29th Ward, was born in
the Province of Posen, German Poland, March 24, 1872, and is a
son of Frank and Josephine (Daniel) Golombiewski, who came to
the United States in 1880 and located in Chicago. The father who
was a blacksmith by trade followed that vocation for a time, but later
engaged in the grocery business and continued the same until his
death which occurred in 1899 at the age of fifty years. His children
were as follows: John, Martha, wife of Joseph Bartik, Mary, wife
of John Hajnowski, and Benedictine, deceased. Of this family John
was reared in Chicago after the age of eight years, and received his
education in the public and parochial schools. For several years
thereafter he assisted his father in the store, and later became an
employe of the city under John F. Smulski. In 1893 he was elected
constable and held the office for four years. In 1897 he was em-
ployed in the county clerk's office and subsequently in the office of
the board of review. He is now serving his second term as alderman
of the 29th Ward, being first elected in the spring of 1906. On July
28, 1899, he married Teresa, daughter of Stanislaus and Mary
(Genge) Witkowski, of Chicago. They have two children: Ed-
ward J. and Raymond E. Mr. Golombiewski is a member of St.
Joseph's Polish Roman Catholic church, Polish National Alliance,
Polish Turners, National Union, Woodmen of America and other
organizations. In politics he is a Republican.
Joseph Jarzembowski was born near Gradenz, West Prussia,
March 3, 1874, and is a son of John and Mary (Drzynski) Jarzem-
bowski, who came to the United States in 1876 and settled in Chi-
cago. . Here the father worked at various occupations until 1880.
when he embarked in the undertaking business and continued the
same until 1903, when he sold out to his son, Joseph, and retired
from business and two years later died at the age of 68 years. His
wife died in 1893. They were the parents of five sons, as follows:
Joseph, Stanley, Bruno. Wladislaw and Bolislaw. Of this family
Joseph was reared in Chicago after the age of two years. He was
educated at St. Stanislaus parochial school and at the public schools.
He began his business career as a messenger for the Chicago Tele-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 737
phone company and rapidly made his way upward step by step until
he was manager with a salary of $200 per month. He was in the
employ of this company for eight years and during that time was
the first man to make telephonic connection between Chicago and
Boston. From 1893 to 1903 he was employed as clerk in different
clothing houses here, receiving a salary of $48 per week. In March,
1903, he purchased the undertaking business owned by his father and
has since successfully conducted the same. He has been married
twice: First to Julia, daughter of Peter Stasch, of Chicago, by
whom he had two children : Harry and Helen. His first wife died
in 1901, and on May 20, 1903, he married Helen, daughter of Anton
and Rosa (Mastak) Gutowski, natives of Russian Poland and pio-
neers of Berlin, Wis. Mr. Jarzembowski is a member of both St.
Stanislaus and Holy Trinity Polish Roman Catholic churches. He
belongs to twenty-eight different societies and orders, among which
are the following : Knights of Columbus, Foresters, Catholic Union,
Polish National Alliance, Polish Association of America, Woodmen
and St. Casimir's Young Men's society. He is a Democrat and has
been the delegate of his party to nearly all city, county and state con-
ventions since he became a voter.
Leon Zamorski, one of the leading Polish-American citizens of the
16th ward, was born in Posen, Poland, December 10, 1875, and is a
son of Ludwig and Frances (Iwanonska) Zamorski. The parents
came to the United States in 1885 and settled in Chicago and here
they still reside. To them was born a family of eight children, as
follows: Leon, Annie, wife of Ignatz Hajza; Rosie, wife of John
Kaznecki ; Nettie, Frances, wife of Mathew Gorzynski ; Ben, Felix
and Walter. Of this family Leon was reared in Chicago after the
age of ten years. He was educated in St. Stanislaus Polish parochial
school. He began his business career as a factory employe and later
was advanced to the position of bookkeeper and still later occupied
various important positions in business houses here. In July, 1903,
he embarked on his own account in the retail liquor business at 1734
Wabansia avenue, and has continued the same ever since. He is a
prominent member of St. Mary's of Angels Polish Roman Catholic
church, Foresters, Polish Maternity and Polish Catholic Union, in
the latter of which he is a director. He is a Democrat but is inde-
pendent on local issues. On January 19, 1897, he married Elizabeth,
daughter of Frank and Rosie Mika, and they have three children :
Mamie, Irene and Elizabeth.
Rt. Rev. John Piechowski, Superior of St. Stanislaus college, is
deserving of more than mere passing mention because of the great re-
sults he has accomplished within a comparatively short time. He is a
native of Stawiska, Prussian Poland, his birth occurring December
26, 1863. He received a classical education in the gymnasium at Ber-
ent, Prussia, and his philosophical and theological training in the Gre-
gorian college at Rome. Succeeding his graduation from the latter
738 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
in 1891, he was ordained to the priesthood the same year at Cracow,
Austria, by Cardinal Bishop Puzyna then, as now, the only Polish
Cardinal of his time. Father Piechowski came to the United States
in 1892, and was at once made rector of St. Stanislaus college, Chi-
cago, continuing as such for three years. He then founded St.
Hyacinth's parish on Central Park avenue, Avondale, where he
erected the church and was its pastor two years. Under the direc-
tion of Archbishop Feehan he was then sent to St. Hedwig's parish
to counteract the influence of the late Polish independent Bishop
Kozlowski. He remained at St. Hedwig's until January, 1909, when
he was appointed to his present position of Superior at St. Stanislaus
college by the General of the Congregationalists Fathers at Rome,
of which order he is a member. St. Stanislaus college is strictly Po-
lish and its graduates are numbered among the great lawyers, physi-
cians, clergymen and business men throughout the country. It is in
a most flourishing and harmonious condition and at present has 180
students in attendance under the instruction of twelve teachers and
professors. Upon his arrival at St. Hedwig's parish the membership
consisted of but 150 families, but within a comparatively short time
it numbered over 2,000 families. Father Piechowski erected the pres-
ent magnificent church, one of the finest in the United States, at a cost
of $180,000, installed the beautiful altar therein and provided a
church organ at a cost of $8,000 which is so wonderfully toned that
in a measure it resembles the human voice. Perhaps the greatest re-
nown to come to Father Piechowski was in connection with his work
at St. Hedwig's parish. He found it in a demoralized condition and
with obstacles to surmount far greater than if it had been to found a
new parish. He displayed administrative qualities of such a high
order as to attract wide attention. From chaos he brought order;
from an impoverished condition he brought wealth, and from indif-
ference he brought devotion and loyalty. That parish is now one of
the strongest and most influential in the city and in connection with
it are forty-seven societies. Father Piechowski is a member of the
Polish Roman Catholic Union and the Catholic Order of Foresters.
Frank J. Palt, lawyer at 1500 American Trust building, also oper-
ating a real estate and insurance agency at 3205 South Morgan
street, was born August 27, 1880, in Silesia, Germany, a son of John
and Josephine (Puzik) Palt, of Polish ancestry. The father, in the
early sixties, came to America in order to avoid military duties, but
later returned to his native country, married and in 1871 again came
to this country, locating permanently in Chicago. For a time he
was employed by the McCormick Reaper company, then by the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad company, and subsequently, for
many years, was engaged in the grocery business. He and wife
were the parents of six children: Frank J., Charles (deceased),
Joseph N., John S., Mary (wife of John Goriwoda), and Emily
(Mrs. Frank A. Przybylski). The father died in 1895 aged 50
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 739
years. Frank J. Palt was reared from infancy in the city of Chi-
cago receiving his literary education in the public schools and the
Northern Indiana Normal school at Valparaiso. He took up the
study of the law and was graduated from that department of the
Lake Forest university in 1893, and the same year was admitted to
the Illinois State bar. Since that time he has been engaged in legal
pursuits. In 1901 he was appointed assistant attorney of the law
department of the sanitary district of Chicago, a position he yet
occupies. In 1905, in addition to his legal work, he established a
mortgage banking, real estate and insurance business at 3205 South
Morgan street, which has been a success from inception. November
21, 1905, he married Hattie, daughter of Charles and Florence
(Lamich) Rozek, residents of Chicago for the past twenty years, and
to this union have been born two sons : Frank P. and Charles. Mr.
Palt is numbered among the progressive and enterprising Polish-
American citizens of Chicago. He is a member of the Roman Cath-
olic church, the Polish National Alliance, the Modern Woodmen of
America, and in politics is a Republican.
Wilder A. Pickard is of English descent and was born January
12, 1859. He is a son of William and Emma (Yerxa) Pickard
whose ancestors located at Raleigh, Mass., at an early period in col-
onial history, but moved to New Brunswick before the Revolution.
In the fifties William Pickard moved to Dane county, Wis., and there
engaged in grain shipping, continuing at Sun Prairie for many
years. He owned large farming interests also and was an active
member of the Baptist church. He was one of the most substantial
and prominent citizens of that portion of the state. He died in
1891 and his widow in 1904.
Wilder A. was educated in the public schools of Dane county, and
at the age of sixteen years began for himself. He came to Chicago
and for five years worked for a subscription book establishment. For
some time afterward he continued the book business, though in a
different department. In 1889 he established in Chicago a manufac-
turers' agency, representing and introducing lines of goods without
representation in this city. He thus devised and developed plans and
methods of interesting buyers in the adjoining states. In 1893, while
thus engaged, he met a man and his wife at Edgerton, Wis., who were
manufacturing hand-painted pottery which sold readily and almost
exclusively to Marshall Field & Company, of Chicago. It immediate-
ly occurred to Mr. Pickard that a splendid demand for hand-painted
china to be sold to jewelers or other traders might be created in this
country. In accordance with this idea he established at Edgerton,
Wis., a small force of young women artists, the most of whom had
had training at art institutes. He soon discovered that for the suc-
cess of the enterprise there was demanded the inspiration of a large
art center, and consequently he moved the institution to Chicago.
For several years he was located in the heart of the city, but found
740 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
the old quarters inadequate and the conditions largely unsuitable.
Thereupon he built in 1901 at Ravenswood a new building or studio,
a model of its kind both from an architectural and a utilitarian stand-
point. It is the most complete building of its kind in the world. In
the sixteen years of its existence it has surpassed all other institutions
of the kind. At this date six salesmen, each with five or six trunks
loaded with samples, cover the United States and Canada, Mexico
and other countries. Seventy-five artists who have made a life study
of china painting are steadily employed. Too much can scarcely be
said in praise of the sagacity and business judgment that saw, de-
vised and developed this most interesting industry. Mr. Pickard is
a member of the Edgewater Country club and the Edgewater Golf
club and the North Shore Congregational church. He was married
on December 26, 1894, to Minnie V. Flood of this city and they have
the following children : William John, Henry Austin and Dorothy.
The family resides in Buena Park.
George W. Walker was born November 6, 1862, and is a son of
Zena and Julia A. (Lukins) Walker, natives of Philadelphia. The
father, who was a large and successful mason contractor of that
city, passed his entire life there, dying in 1869. George W. was
educated in the public schools of Philadelphia, and afterward was
bound out to learn the bakers' and confectioners' trade at Camden,
N. J. In 1883 he came to Chicago and entered the employ of the
Deering Harvester company, where he did janitor and other work
for five years. He then established a teaming and express business
at 956 Clybourn avenue and continued doing a general teaming busi-
ness for four years. In 1893 he embarked in the real estate busi-
ness with Samuel Brown in the Chicago Opera house block. Mr.
Walker had charge of the branch office at the corner of North Clark
and Wilson streets and remained as a salesman with Mr. Brown
for six years. In 1899 he embarked in the real estate business for
himself at 3209 North Clark street, where he is still located. He is
doing a general business, principally buying and selling, but is also
engaged in building residences in Ravenswood, Edgewater and
Sheridan Park. He is a member of the Odd Fellows, Royal League
and Knights of Pythias. In 1892 he married Elizabeth H. Hartman,
of Naperville, and they have one son : Sidney V., 16 years old. The
family resides at 2714 North Hermitage avenue.
Philip L. Marsh was born in Rockford, 111., on February 27, 1875,
and is a son of Frank M. and Elizabeth (Maxwell) Marsh, both of
whom also were born in Rockford. The paternal grandparents came
west at an early date from Milford, Conn., and took up a total of
1,800 acres of land from the government in the vicinity of Rock-
ford. Frank M., the father, was engaged in the undertaking business
and is one of the leading citizens of Rockford. For the last twenty
years he has been coroner of that county. He and his brother have
ever been prominent in the politics of that portion of the state.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 741
Philip L. was educated in the public and high schools of Rockford.
While yet in school he began to drive a laundry wagon and after his
schooling days continued in the same business and after a few years
bought out his former employers. For eight years he con-
tinued in the laundry business at Rockford, but in 1901 came
to Chicago, bought the Home Laundry at Ravenswood, which con-
cern at that time had about $6,000 worth of machinery. Since he
purchased the business it has grown enormously until he was forced
to build a large two-story building and to place therein machinery
worth about $45,000. He now employs sixty-five people and con-
ducts the only laundry in Ravenswood. He is most liberal with his
help, sharing with them on a percentage basis a considerable portion
of the profits. He takes much interest in politics and in the progress
of the community in all that tends to better conditions and surround-
ings. He is a member of Ravenswood club, the Elks, and is a
thirty-second degree Mason. On September 5, 1897, he married
Louise Maxwell, of Rockford, and they have Philip and Mary
Louise. The family resides at 1522 Perry avenue.
Jens B. Madsen was born in Prasto, Denmark, on January 11,
1867, and is a son of Hans and Marguerite (Petersen) Madsen,
both of whom were also natives of Prasto, Denmark. There the
father, a successful farmer, resided during the whole period of his
life. He died in 1898 and his wife in 1886. Their son, Jens B.,
was educated in the common schools at Prasto, and at the age of
sixteen years was apprenticed for four years to learn the cabinet-
making business at Prasto. In 1890 he crossed the Atlantic and
came to Chicago and entered the employ of the Halvorsen Cabinet
shops, manufacturers of folding beds, and there he remained for a
period of five years. Succeeding this service he was with the Union
Show Case company for two years. In 1897 he opened a cabinet
shop of his own at 143 North Hermitage avenue and began the man-
ufacture of show cases, employing seven or eight men, and operat-
ing under the firm name of J. B. Madsen & Company. During the
last ten years the business has grown so enormously that he has been
forced to employ about one hundred men. He is engaged in the
manufacture of store and office fixtures, and his products find ready
sale in all portions of the United States. Mr. Madsen is a member
of the Maccabees. On August 20, 1906, he married Martha Haver-
berg, of Chicago, and they have the following children : Marguerite,
Ella, Emil and James. The family resides at 916 North Webster
avenue.
Dr. Frank Branen was born August 5, 1867, and is a son of Wil-
liam and Margaret (Briggs) Branen, the father being of Scotch
descent and the mother of English, and born in Fayette county, Ohio.
The father located in that county at an early date and engaged in
farming and stock-raising. On more than one occasion he drove
hogs all the way from Washington Courthouse to Baltimore, Md.
Vol. 11—44.
742 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
He died in September, 1893, and the mother in 1898, both well ad-
vanced in years and having the respect of all who knew them.
Their son, Dr. Frank, was educated in the public schools and
Washington Courthouse high school, and in early manhood taught
school for a few years. He finally entered Hahnemann Medical col-
lege, Philadelphia, and was graduated with credit therefrom in the
class of 1891. Immediately thereafter he served one year as interne
in the college hospital. In 1892 he came to Chicago and began prac-
ticing at the corner of Madison and San Francisco streets. He was
one of the first attending physicians of the Baptist hospital, and on
the staff of the Garfield Park sanitarium. He was one of the phy-
sicians and surgeons of the original staff of the college where he
lectured for five years. He is a member of the Cook County Homeo-
pathic society, the Illinois Homeopathic society, the American Insti-
tute of Homeopathy, the Ashland club, the Masonic order, the
Knights of Pythias. In 1884 he maried Lizzie N. Sanford, of
Charles City, Iowa. The family resides at 961 West Monroe street.
Arthur W. Lovell was born April 15, 1861, and is a son of Darus
W. and Jeanette R. (Brown) Lovell, of Hampshire county, Mass.,
whose ancestors came to the colonies in the Mayflower, and have
become numerous and prominent in all portions of the country since
that time. The father of subject was engaged in merchandising at
Cummington, Mass., for thirty years, but retired from that occupa-
tion in 1881. He came west and invested extensively in real estate
in Chicago and Battle Creek, Mich. Though seventy-five years old
he still looks after his real estate interests and takes as active an in-
terest in the progress of humanity as ever. He is a strong Republi-
can and in Massachusetts served in the Legislature, 1874-76. He
was also mayor of the town of Cummington and otherwise promi-
nent and useful in public affairs.
Arthur W., his son, was educated in the public schools and in
of 1883. He came to Chicago the same year and engaged in the
real estate business with offices in the Tacoma building and under
the name. of Lovell Real Estate agency. He began to do a general
real estate business throughout the city and has continued thus occu-
pied down to the present time with steadily expanding sphere of
labor and usefulness. At a later date he removed his offices to 180
Western avenue. He is a member of the Chicago Athletic club, is
a Republican and is active in local politics. In June, 1893, he mar-
ried Belle J. Jennings, of Chicago, and has one child, Jeanette, aged
about two years. The family resides at 1012 Monroe street.
Charles F. Gormley was born at Lexington, Ky., on July 22, 1865,
and is a son of James and Alice (Kearney) Gormley. The father,
who was born in Ireland, came to the United States in the early
fifties, located at Lexington and there engaged in the hotel business,
continuing the same for eight years. The father died when Charles
was but six years old, and the mother died when he was but twelve
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 743
years old. This unfortunate calamity threw him on his own re-
sources at an early age. He was educated in parochial schools and
in a Catholic college. He learned the carriage and piano painting
trade and after three years spent in Cincinnati, from 1880 to 1883,
he went to St. Louis where he followed his trade for one year. In
1885 he came to Chicago and for a while worked for the Tudor
Buggy company and later for the C. P. Kimball Carriage company,
continuing with the latter concern four years. He then began doing
business for himself, contracting on a small scale but gradually
widening his operations. He is now engaged in a general business of
painting, decorating, hardwood finishing and general building con-
tracting and employs fifty men during the busy seasons. He is one
of the substantial and reliable citizens of the city. He is a Republi-
can and is active and prominent in local politics and public affairs.
He is a member of the Knights of Columbus. On April 16, 1891,
he married Mary E. Curran, of Cincinnati, and they have James P.,
born March 12, 1892 ; Charles Auburn, born February 3, 1894, and
Annie Marie, born May 26, 1896. The family resides at 1233 Jack-
son boulevard.
Dr. Loren Wilder was born January 21, 1873, and is a son of Ed-
son L. and Jane (Watson) Wilder. The mother was born near Ab-
erdeen, Scotland, and came to the United States with her parents in
1871, locating in Livingston county, Illinois. Eclson L. was born
in Sandy Creek, N. Y. His ancestors date back to the time of the
Mayflower in America. At the age of sixteen years he came west
with his parents and located in Peoria county, 111., later moving to
Livingston county, where he engaged in farming near Cridley. Ten
years ago he retired and moved to Pontiac, where he still resides in
the enjoyment of good health. He is a Democrat and for many
years was active in local politics. To him and wife were born four
children : Loren, Edson A., George W. and Frances Jeanette.
Dr. Loren Wilder was educated in the public schools and at
Eureka college. In 1897 he came to Chicago and entered Rush
Medical college from which he was duly graduated with credit in the
class of 1901. He has since been engaged in a general practice in this
city. He served as interne in the Post Graduate hospital for one
year ; was also interne in the Chicago Lying-in hospital. He was for
four years surgeon for the Western Electric company. He is on the
attending staff as surgeon of the Robert Burns hospital. He is a
member of the Chicago and the Illinois Medical societies and of the
American Medical association. He is a Mason and a Knight of
Pythias. He is a Democrat and takes much interest in the success
of his party. In 1906 he married Mina E. Cody, of Windsor,
Canada. He resides at 793 West Van Buren street and his office is
at 72 Madison street.
Lyman Edgar Cooley was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., on Decem-
ber 5. 1850, and is a son of Albert B. and Aksah (Griswold) Cooley.
744 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
His ancestors came from England to the colonies in 1632 and located
at Springfield, Mass., and there the family mainly resided until after
the Revolution, when about the year 1790 Lyman, grandfather of
Lyman E., located in western New York and there engaged in
farming. His son, Albert B. father of Lyman, succeeded him
on the farm and also engaged extensively in stock-raising. To
Albert B. and wife eight children were born, all of whom are living
at the present date, as follows : Morton E. is at the head of the
engineering department of the University of Michigan ; Ernest L.
is a mechanical engineer on the Sanitary District of Chicago ; two
brothers reside in the West, and four of the children are living in the
East. The father died in 1887 and the mother in 1891.
Lyman E. received his primary education in the public schools
of Canandaigua. In 1872 he entered the Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, Troy, N. Y., and in two years completed the four years'
course, the only case of the kind in the history of the institution.
In the fall of 1874 he became professor of engineering in North-
western University, and also taught mathematics and literature, con-
tinuing until 1877. From 1875 to 1878 he was associate editor of
the Engineering Ncivs, the first paper of the kind in this country.
In 1878 he became assistant engineer of construction on the bridge
at Glasgow, Mo. — an important feat in engineering. From 1878
to 1884 he was engaged by the government to perform important
duties on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and while thus en-
gaged made valuable physical studies and surveys. In 1885 he re-
turned to Chicago, became editor of the American Engineer, and
took up his profession, that of civil engineering. It was now that his
services and studies became highly important and valuable. While
a member of the sub-committee of the Citizens' association, he pre-
pared the report which was the initial step in the publicity resulting
in the construction of the drainage canal. He helped to organize
the drainage and water supply commission, of which he was chief
assistant in 1886-7. From that time forward until 1897 Mr.
Cooley was intimately connected with every step made toward the
completion of the canal, as assistant engineer, chief, consulting en-
gineer, trustee, special representative to the legislature, and expert
committeeman. In 1888-91 he was consulting engineer to the
State Board of Health, and as such investigated the water supply
of the state. In 1896-7 he was a member of the commission that
devised the wonderful intercepting sewer system of Chicago. In
1895-7 he was a member of the International Deep Waterways
commission which considered the feasibility of a navigable route
from the great lakes to the Atlantic. He was engaged in 1897-8
as consulting engineer by a group of ten contracting firms which
contemplated building the Isthmian canal. He inspected both the
Panama and Nicaragua routes until operations were stopped by the
war in Cuba, after which the project was assumed by the govern-
OF COOK COUNTY 745
ment. At the same time he was advising engineer of the Erie canal
extension, where an expenditure of $9,000.000 was contemplated
for improvement ; he was appointed by the New York State commis-
sion to investigate the expenditure of the money. From 1899 to
1904 he served as consulting engineer for the Union Water Works
company, of Denver, which built the highest masonry dam in the
world — 225 feet. In 1900 he was a member of the United States
Postal service movement to investigate the use of the pneumatic
tube mail service. From 1900 to 1905 he served as engineer on the
immense dam across the Mississippi river at Keokuk, Iowa — a
structure 35 feet high and 7,000 feet long. During this period, also,
he was engaged in similar capacities on numerous water, drainage,
flood and other projects throughout the western states. In 1904-7
he reported on the flood situation at Grand Rapids, Mich., and in
1905 reported on the same conditions and on the location of the
barge canal at Rochester, N. Y. About this time he was called in
consultation by Omaha and Racine to aid in improving the water
systems of those cities and in estimating their values. Since 1906
he has been retained by the state of Illinois on the Great Lakes and
Gulf Deep Waterway project, promoted the legislation on the sub-
ject, and wrote the state report concerning that proposed improve-
ment. Much of his time for the last three years has been spent in the
furtherance of this vast enterprise. He has written extensively for
papers, magazines and books on the various subjects embraced in
his profession, and in addition has lectured and spoken on special
topics before the various western universities. He has practiced his
profession in twenty-one different states and in five foreign countries.
He is the author of two very important books on the deep waterway
proposition. He was president of the Western Society of Engineers
in 1890-1. is a member of the American Society of Civil Engi-
neers , member of the National Geographical Engineering Society ,
Chicago Academy of Sciences, Chicago Press club, Owl club, etc.
In 1874 he married Lticina McMillan, of New York, and has two
living children: Charles A., a resident of Toledo, Ohio, and Re-
becca L., now Mrs. C. M. Graham, of Maryville, Mo. Mr. Cooley
resides at Evanston, 111.
Fred W. Bishop is a son of Harry A. and Emma (Dower) Bishop
and was born May 22, 1879. The father came to Burlington, Iowa,
in 1857 with his parents, but soon was taken to Memphis, Tenn..
and there later Harry's father engaged in contracting and built many
notable local structures among which was the famous Peabody hotel.
In 1863 he was killed by guerrillas. His son, Harry A., went on a
prospecting tour to Colorado and Wyoming in the early seventies
and met with unexpected success. He disposed of his claims and
came to Chicago in 1878, and for about ten years was Chicago rep-
resentative and salesman of a St. Louis house. In 1888. after a
period in Arkansas, where he held land interests, he engaged in con-
746 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
tracting in Chicago, setting boilers and furnaces and was first located
in the Rookery, then in the Continental National Bank building,
but is now in the Commercial National Bank building. He is promi-
nent and successful and is fifty-three years of age.
His son, Fred W., was educated in the public and high schools
and finished in 1897 with a course in the Armour Institute. For
two years he clerked for N. K. Fairbank & Co., but in 1899 joined
his father and later had the management of estimates and engineer-
ing and while thus engaged was called to all parts of the United
States. The company are specialists in boiler construction and instal-
lation and have done ninety per cent of the high-class work in this
line in this section of the country. They installed the power house,
car barns and masonry work of the Havana Electric Railway,
Havana, Cuba. For a time they had an office in Birmingham, Ala.
They did contract work for the government on the postofrkes at
Jackson, Miss., and Versailles, Ky. They also installed all the boil-
ers for the Edison company, the Cosmopolitan Electric company, and
many others. Mr. Bishop is a member of the Masonic and Odd
Fellow orders and of the Hinsdale and Hinsdale Golf club. On June
1, 1901, he married Elizabeth A. Hoskin, of Chicago, and they have
Grace Charlotte and Ruth Emily. They reside at Hinsdale.
Patrick Henry Rice, president of the Rice Malting & Grain Co.,
was born September 9, 1849, in County Wexford, Ireland, the son
of William and Mary (Furlong) Rice. He came to America with
his parents in 1850, settling first in Belvidere, 111., and later at Elgin,
where his father was a distiller. He attended the public schools of
Elgin, graduating therefrom at the age of fourteen years, and sub-
sequently took a course at Notre Dame, South Bend., Ind., from
which institution he was graduated with the class of 1866. That
year Mr. Rice came to Chicago and entered the employ of F. E.
Rigby, retailer of paints, wall paper, etc., where he remained until
1871, then buying a small malt house at Elgin and operating it in
connection with his father. After the great fire of 1871 he estab-
lished a malt house in Chicago and in 1875 bought and enlarged a
distillery at the corner of Kinzie and Seymour streets. He subse-
quently purchased and built other malting plants, and is now presi-
dent of his company and a director of the United Breweries company.
He was director of the Fort Dearborn National Bank and was one of
the organizers and the first president of the Lake Street Elevated rail-
way. Previous to 1896 he had been a Democrat, but, with many
others, changed his political faith at that time. In 1878 he married
Mary J. Walsh, of Chicago, and they have William P., Walter J.,
Conway L., Paul H. and Vera C. Mr. Rice is a Roman Catholic
in religion, being identified with St. James church. He belongs to
the Sheridan club and the Knights of Columbus, and with his family
resides at 415 Sheridan Road. His offices are located at 255 La
Salle street, Chicago. In conjunction with his son, William P.. he
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 747
invented the Rice system of malting, which they recently sold to a
syndicate of eastern capitalists for $2,000,000. Their patents virtu-
ally control the manufacture of malt in this country and Canada, and
the Rice Malting Co., with headquarters in Chicago, will be the
greatest concern in its line. The subject of this sketch is justly proud
of this fact.
William A. Tilden has occupied for the last decade a prominent
position in banking and financial circles. He was born June 17, 1858,
at Delavan, Wis., and there grew to manhood and was educated.
While yet in his teens he went to Toronto, Canada, where
his business career began as office assistant. In the early eighties
he came to Chicago and secured employment in the army of com-
mercial travelers, representing what even then was one of the great
business centers of America. In 1888 he quit the road in order to
take charge of the office of the manufacturing firm of Heywood &
Morrill, now the firm of Heywood Brothers & Wakefield company ;
but in 1897 resigned his position in order to become assistant cashier
of the Drovers' National bank, located at the Union Stock Yards.
This bank has become one of the most widely known banking insti-
tutions of the country by reason of its extensive relations with the
great stock interests of the west. In 1899 Mr. Tilden became cashier
of this bank and in 1906 was elected its president. In June, 1908,
he was elected president of the Fort Dearborn National bank, a posi-
tion he has since occupied with conspicuous ability and fidelity. At
the same time he has been vice-president of the Drovers' Deposit
National bank. Such in brief is the career of a man typical of this
great throbbing, industrial city. Mr. Tilden is a member of the
Union League, Midday, Chicago Athletic and South Shore Country
clubs. He is married and resides at 4747 Woodlawn avenue.
Lewis B. Scharringhausen is a son of Henry and Adelaide (Land-
meier) Scharringhausen, and was born in Elk Grove township Janu-
ary 1, 1856. The father was a native of Hanover and the mother
of West Phalen. They left the old country and came by sailing ves-
sel to the United States, the father arriving in Cook county in 1833.
They were married in 1853 and had a family of ten children, all of
whom except one are still living. Lewis B. was educated in the pub-
lic schools near his home, also at Des Plaines after his thirteenth
year and still later at the Horton school in Chicago. He was then
apprenticed in the harness business to Christian Scharringhausen, of
Des Plaines and during this service attended night schools for about
three years. Then for two years he worked for Charles Wicke, of
Des Plaines, and Ortmeyer & Company, of Chicago. In 1876 he
returned to Elk Grove, his birthplace, and established a shoe and
harness shop of his own, continuing the same for three years. In
1879 he opened a store in Elgin, but in 1881 returned to Des Plaines
and reopened his harness store, but continued his real estate business
and was appointed bailiff by H. C. Senne and held the office for six-
748 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
teen years. In 1904 he was elected president of the village board
and has served as such to the present with credit and distinction.
In 1881 he was elected justice of the peace and has served as such
ever since. A number of years ago he was admitted to the bar, his
sixteen years as bailiff giving him superior knowledge of court prac-
tices. He is a Republican, a member of the German Evangelical
church, and has a family of four sons and four daughters, all of
whom are living. In 1877 he married Sophia Biermann, daughter
of William and Sophia (Heifers) Biermann, of Germany. The Des
Plaines auditorium is composed wholly of material from the old
Cook county courthouse brought to the village by Mr. Scharring-
hausen. He well recollects when as a boy of thirteen years he herded
two hundred head of cattle in Elk Grove and found shelter from
storms in one of the early prairie dug-outs.
Elwin D. Scott was born August 2, 1849, his parents being Enos
and Elizabeth A. (Upton) Scott, natives of Vermont and Massa-
chusetts, respectively, and a grandson of Alpheus Scott and Jedediah
Upton, who were both natives of Connecticut. He was born in
Somerset, Vt., and came with his parents to Des Plaines village in
1852. His early life was similar to that of the average boy of that
period. He attended the public schools of Des Plaines until he was
sixteen years old and secured in the meantime a good common school
education. In 1865, having finished his education, he began work
on his father's farm three miles south of Des Plaines and continued
thus actively employed until 1882, during which period after attain-
ing his majority, he served his township with credit in various of-
ficial capacities. In 1882 Mr. Scott moved to his present residence
in Des Plaines and since that date has been one of the prominent,
substantial and successful business men of that place. He has served
with distinction as trustee of Des Plaines and is identified with many
public movements that have made this one of the most desirable
suburbs in which to reside. He is a Mason, a Republican and a
member of the Congregational church. He is one of the most active,
reliable and successful real estate men in this portion of the country,
and also conducts an insurance agency. On June 28, 1876, he mar-
ried Ella A. Webster, and to them were born the following children :
Mary S., born March 15, 1877, and Cornelia A., born October 13,
1885. The former is now the wife of Richard C. Huston and re-
sides in Indiana.
George Runge is the son of August and the grandson of Henry
Runge, one of the pioneers of Leyclen township, who bought his
farm as school land. Henry was a native of Lansberger, Hanover,
Germany, was a teamster, and married there Dorothea Bonholtz;
they came to America about 1840 in a sailing vessel and were six
weeks in making the passage. On the way the food gave out and the
passengers were put on short rations. They came direct to Leyden
township, where Henry's brother-in-law, Franzen, known as the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 749
" cap-maker," had settled a short distance west of George's present
place. Henry bought 160 acres of school land where George now
lives, much of which was then under water, but now is the best farm
land in the township. His first cabin was of logs and contained but
one room. Three of their children were born in Germany and three
here. Henry was one of the founders of the first Evangelical church
in this section. He was one of the first "Lincoln Republicans," and
lived to the great age of 95 years. His son, August, was born on
this farm and was here reared and educated in the early schools.
He married Amelia Volberding, daughter of Fred, a pioneer of
DuPage county. August, brother of George, received eighty acres
from his father and also bought out the other heirs and thus became
the owner of the old homestead. August and wife were members
of the St. John Evangelical Lutheran church. He was a stanch
Republican and is now retired from business.
George, his son, was born on the old home farm November 21,
1871, and was reared as a farmer. He attended the public schools
and finished at Bryant & Stratton's Business college. In 1893 he
married Clara, daughter of Barney and Mary (Schoppe) Landmeier.
He is one of the prominent and substantial citizens of the county.
He has greatly improved the old home farm and has drained it with
five cars loads of tile, making it one of the best in the vicinity. He
now owns about 156 acres. He was collector for two years and is
a Republican. He is the father of the following children : Harry
and Laura. The family are members of the St. John Lutheran
Evangelical church, of which Mr. Runge has been deacon.
John M. Dunphy, who knows everybody and whom everybody
knows and respects, was born in Utica, N. Y., October 2, 1834. As
a lad he attended the common schools. During early manhood he
served an apprenticeship as a bricklayer and plasterer, his employer
being James Benton, one time mayor of Utica, and a man for whom
Mr. Dunphy has always entertained the highest regard. Our sub-
ject came first to Chicago in 1855, but after a short residence, re-
moved to Beloit, Wis., where he remained until April, 1858, when
he returned to Chicago and has ever since made this place his home.
In 1863 he began taking contracts on his own account, and in the
following year erected the first Jewish synagogue built of stone and
brick, which stood at the corner of Fourth avenue and Harrison
street. During the years immediately following he built the Cathe-
dral of the Holy Name , the diocese church of this Catholic parish :
the St. Columbian's church, at Paulina and Grand avenue ; St. Jar-
lath's church, Jackson boulevard, near Ogden avenue, and the Italian
Catholic church on Illinois street. These well-known structures rep-
resent but a small percentage of the buildings erected under the
supervision of Mr. Dunphy. He built the whole block on Washing-
ton street, between State and Dearborn streets, the magnificent resi-
dence of George M. Pullman at Prairie avenue and Eighteenth
750 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
street, and scores of other business blocks and residences throughout
the city. Mr. Dunphy, because of his personal worth and unblem-
ished character, was elected West Town collector in 1879. He
served in this position with great credit, and was in 1883 elected
city treasurer. To this position he gave the best that was in him,
and consequently in 1899 was appointed building commissioner by
Mayor Dewitt C. Cregier. It can be said of him that during the
whole of his public career he never was accused of anything of a
shady or underhand character; that he served the people honestly
and with the same careful regard to the highest principles of right
that have been the measure of his conduct both in public and private
life. His wife was Miss Mary Doyle, of Chicago, who died Janu-
ary 28, 1907. Mr. Dunphy, who has passed the allotted age by sev-
eral years, is still actively engaged in business.
James Cooper was reared as a farmer and has always pursued that
occupation. He is a son of Thomas and Eleanor (Hewson) Cooper,
members of the most prominent families in this part of the county.
He was born in this township, August 5, 1851, and was educated in
the common schools of his district. He remained with his parents
until he was about twenty-five years old, when he bought forty acres
of land in Orland township and began farming on his own account.
On October 6, 1875, he married Mary A. Daniel, who is also a na-
tive of this township, her birth occurring July 17, 1856, being the
daughter of Thomas and Martha (Stone) Daniel. Her parents were
early and respected citizens of Cook county. Mary A. died April 2,
1890, having borne her husband the following children: Thomas
D., bom August 18, 1877; Elmer L., born July 14, 1879; Celia M.,
born July 13, 1884. On January 2, 1895, Mr. Cooper married
Katherine Wiler, who was born in this township May 29, 1874, and
is a daughter of Martin and Mary (Hustard) Wiler. Her parents
were natives of Germany and among the early and prominent citizens
of this county. To Mr. Cooper's second marriage the following chil-
dren were born: Cora H., born October 16, 1897, and Everett J.,
born May 20, 1906. He is a Republican, takes much interest in the
success of his party, but does not aspire to office. He has served his
township as collector and for over twenty years has been school di-
rector.
Wladislaus Dyniewicz, publisher of the Gazeta Polska, the oldest
Polish paper in America, located on Noble street, is of Lithuanian
stock and was born at Chwalkowo, Prussian Poland, June 13, 1843,
a son of Karol and Julianna (Szutczynski) Dyniewicz. The paternal
grandfather, Adam Dyniewicz, left Lithuania in 1815 on account of
a revolution in which he was a participant, and fled to Prussian
Poland, and while there added the middle syllable to his name, which
has since been retained by his descendants. Wladislaus Dyniewicz
was reared in his native country, educated in the principal schools
of Wrzesnia, and there learned the trade of a machinist. In Febru-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 751
ary, 1866, he started for the United States and was three months
making the passage on a sailing vessel. He located first in Chats-
worth, 111., and there secured employment in a sugar-beet factory as
a machinist. In 1867 he located in Chicago and entered the employ
of the McCormick Harvester company. He later was employed in
the lumber yards and subsequently for about six years was an em-
ploye of the Northwestern Railway company. During the last three
years of this period he was gang boss on locomotive work. The first
safety valve used on locomotives was the invention of Wladislaus
Dyniewicz, but unfortunately was never patented by him. In 1873 he
established the Gazcta Polska, a weekly publication, and this he has
since conducted. It probably was the first Polish paper established
in America and at the present time has a circulation of about 12,000.
January 17, 1863, Mr. Dyniewicz married Albertina, daughter of
John Nepumocen Krygier, of Roznowo, Province of Posen, Prussian
Poland, and to them eight children have been born : Casimir W ; An-
gela, wife of Paul A. Leischner; Wanda, wife of Joseph
Kwasieswski ; Edwin M., editor of Gazcta Polska; Leon W., mana-
ger of Gazeta Polska; Mary P., wife of Stanislaus Kuflewski ; Yad-
wiga, wife of Leon J. Nowak, and Matthew J. Mr. Dyniewicz has
nineteen grandchildren of whom he is justly proud. He is a mem-
ber of the Holy Trinity Polish Roman Catholic church, the Polish
National Alliance and the Art Institute of Chicago. He is a Republi-
can in politics but his paper is Independent Republican. The first
present Mr. Dyniewicz gave his wife before their marriage was the
reproduction of a pin, the emblem of Poland, with the name of Boze
Zbaw Polska thereon.
Casimir W. Dyniewicz, dealer in real estate, loans, insurance, rent-
ing and a notary public at 1151 Milwaukee avenue, was born in
Posen, Prussian Poland, February 6, 1865, the oldest son of Wladis-
laus Dyniewicz, a prominent citizen and publisher of Chicago, appro-
priate mention of whom immediately precedes this. When two years
old he came with his parents to the United States and has practically
lived his entire life in Chicago. He received his education in the
public schools of the city and at St. Ignatius college, and then began
learning the trade of printer, as printer's "devil," in his father's es-
tablishment. After serving in all departments of the printing busi-
ness up to that of editor, he embarked in the real estate business in
1899, and this he has since successfully continued. He began his
real estate operations in a small way, but close application to business
and a practical knowledge of real estate values has enabled him to en-
large his field of operations until he is now considered one of the
large dealers of Chicago. One of the more recent bargains closed
by him was the purchase during the spring of 1909, of forty
acres at Higgins and North Sixtieth avenues in Jefferson Park,
which he has subdivided under the name of Angeline Dyniewicz
Park, it being a subdivision of the northeast quarter of the southwest
752 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
quarter of section 8, township 40 north, range 13 east of the third
principal meridian. This property is divided into half acre pieces and
business lots. Mr. Dyniewicz is one of the prominent Polish-Ameri-
can citizens of Chicago. In politics he is a Republican on national
issues. He is also president of the W. Dyniewicz Publishing com-
pany, a corporation doing a general publishing, printing and binding
business in the Polish language, besides publishing the oldest Polish
newspaper in the United States, the Gascta Polska. He belongs to
the Holy Trinity Polish Roman Catholic church, the National Po-
lish Alliance, the Royal League and the Royal Arcanum. On August
4, 1887, he married Angeline, daughter of Joseph and Joan (Marsch-
ank) Wysocki, of Chicago, and to them six children have been born :
Adela, Jadwiga. Bronislawa, Washington, Jeanette and Casimira.
Arcangelo Mercola is one of the representative Chicago Italian
business men who has achieved success in the land of his adoption.
His parents, Thomas and Mary R. (Rossi) Mercola, were of the
Province of Caserta, Baia-Latina, Italy, where the father for more
than a score of years followed his trade of ladies' tailor. He later
engaged as general steamship agent, real estate dealer and attorney.
He died in 1898 leaving an honored name for his descendants to
cherish ; his widow survives him and lives on the old homestead. They
were the parents of the following four children, the first three named
residing in Chicago: Arcangelo. Michael, Arcangelina and Joseph.
Arcangelo Mercola was born February 27, 1883, and was reared to
man's estate in his lative land, securing his education in the public
schools and two years and a half in the private schools of Caserta.
Under the careful training of his father he learned the ladies' tailor-
ing trade and when sixteen years old embarked in this line of busi-
ness for himself.. Believing that better opportunities existed in
America for his advancement he came to the United States in 1900,
and for a short time worked at his trade in New York and in Mead-
ville, Penn., and for eighteen months in St. Louis. In 1903 he came
to Chicago and entered the employ of Lincoln Bartlett for whom, in
a short time, he became head tailor. Wisely concluding that it was
to his best interests to be in business for himself, he opened an estab-
lishment in the ladies' tailoring business at 33 Auditorium building
and here he continued until 1909. Possessed of a pleasing person-
ality and. being a complete master of his trade, it was not long until
he acquired a large patronage which has grown to such an extent that
he is known as one of the foremost in his line of business in the city.
On May 1. 1909, in order to procure more suitable quarters to accom-
modate his growing business, he moved to his present location, 189-91
Wabash avenue. Mr. Mercola, while of foreign birth, is in all essen-
tials an enterprising American, thoroughly loyal to Chicago and a be-
liever in its present and future greatness, and a willing contributor
in all that presages good for the city and country. February 2, 1907,
he was united in marriage with Miss Elizabeth Halloran, and to them
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 753
two sons, Thomas and Arcangelo, have been born. The family home
is at 5318 Drexel avenue.
Everett Austin Thornton, president of the E. A. Thornton Lumber
company, 1 103 Chamber of Commerce building, was born in De
Peyster, N. Y., July 2, 1869, and is a son of Alonzo and Mary Eliza-
beth (Austin) Thornton. He was educated in the schools of
Heuvelton, N. Y., and at the St. Lawrence University, Canton, N.
Y., graduating from the latter in 1891 with the degree of Bachelor
of Science. He then taught school, and in 1892 came to Chicago and
entered the employ of the Central Lumber company, later engaging
his services to C. H. Mears & Company and remaining thus occupied
until 1901. He then entered into partnership with C. M. Smalley in
the lumber trade and did an independent business under partnership-
agreement, with headquarters at Chicago. While thus engaged Mr.
Thornton established a lumber brokerage business, handled northern
woods and operated in the name of E. A. Thornton. In 1907 the E.
A. Thornton Lumber company was organized and Mr. Thornton was
elected its president and still occupies this position. The firm has since
added a box department which is doing a large and increasing busi-
ness. He is president of the Marquette Box & Lumber company, of
Marquette, Mich. He is a member of the University, Chicago, Auto-
mobile and Edgewater clubs, the Masonic and Knights of Pythias
fraternities and of the Alpha Tau Omega college brotherhood.
Mr. Thornton's father was a native of De Peyster, N. Y., and was
engaged in the lumber business. He owned large tracts of lumber
lands and several lumber mills. He was of English descent and his
wife of Dutch descent. Everett A. owns considerable land in Ches-
terton and Porter, I ml. He was married December 21, 1898, to
Edith Frances Grosse and resides at 4143 Sheridan Road.
George F. Thompson, M. D., was born March 17, 1875, and is a
son of Moses C. and Margaret (Bellew) Thompson, the father being
a native of Bangor, Maine, and the mother of Chicago. The latter
was of Irish descent and a daughter of John Bellew, who located
here in the fifties. Moses C. Thompson came to Oconto, Wis., in
1856, and began work as a laborer in the lumber camps, but was soon
advanced to foreman and finally to superintendent. He and his wife
are now living retired and both are active and well. Their children
were as follows: George F., Leola, now the wife of Dr. A. B.
Sturm, of Elgin, and May.
Dr. George F., their son, was educated in the public and high
schools of Oconto and finished his literary education by attending the
University of Wisconsin at Madison, being duly graduated there-
from in 1896 with the degree of Bachelor of Science. He then came
to Chicago, entered Rush Medical college from which he was also
graduated in the class of 1899. After serving a year and a half in-
terneship in the Cook County hospital, he began the general practice
of his profession with offices at the corner of Blue Island avenue and
754 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Harrison street. Since 1901 he has been attending surgeon at the
Cook County hospital, and since 1900 has been instructor in surgery
at Rush Medical college. He is professor of Gynecology at the Illi-
nois Post Graduate college and surgeon for the Wisconsin Central
railway. He is a member of the Chicago Medical Society and the
Knights of Columbus. On June 11, 1902, he married Irma Sturm,
of Chicago, and they, with their three daughters, Dorothy, Irma and
Helen, reside at 1440 Congress street.
Lawrence G. Hallberg was born at Wenersnas, Sweden, Septem-
ber 4, 1844, and is only son of Jonas and Mary Christina Hallberg.
He was educated in public and private schools and at the Chalmers
Polytechnic Institute at Gothenburg, Sweden, from which he gradu-
ated, 1866, and afterwards at the Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm.
In early life spent some time in travel throughout Europe. He
studied architecture, desiring to make that his business throughout
life. He began practicing that profession at Gothenburg and Gefle,
Sweden, but finally, in 1871, came to Chicago and here he has resid-
ed and practiced ever since.
Mr. Hallberg was the first to raise serious objection to the manner
of turning the Chicago sewage into its water supply. He advocated
keeping water courses and lakes free from pollution; and in 1879
presented a large petition to the Chicago city council to keep the sew-
age out of the lake and the river ; but to return it to the earth where
it belongs. His ideas, however, were not fully appreciated because
a temporary relief costing about $50,000,000 was the subsequent re-
sult.
Mr. Hallberg is also the originator of plain sagged bars for rein-
forced concrete floor construction and has erected many buildings in
that manner very creditably. He says that will be the building con-
struction in the future.
He has built up an excellent reputation in his most difficult profes-
sion. Numerous buildings throughout the city attest the thorough-
ness of his knowledge and the attractiveness and usefulness of his
art and skill. He is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects,
member of the Western Society of Engineers, an associate member
of the Chicago Real Estate Board, and a member of the Chicago As-
sociation of Commerce. He is a Republican and resides at Evanston,
and his office is at 84 La Salle street. In October, 1881, he married
Florence P. Estey, and they have the following children : Margaret
L., Marie Josephine, Lawrence G. and Norman D'Este.
Joseph Corson Llewellyn, distinguished architect of Chicago, was
born in Philadelphia, Penn., July 22, 1855, and is a son of David R.
and Huldah S. (Corson) Llewellyn. He was educated in the com-
mon schools and finished his technical education in the University of
Illinois, graduating from that institution in 1877. For the succeed-
ing two years he was an instructor in the University of Illinois. From
1879 to 1880 was building superintendent with J. W. Givens of St.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 755
Louis. From 1880 to 1886 he occupied the office of superintendent
with the Lindell railway, of St. Louis. From 1886 to 1893 he was
engaged in various branches of work, but since 1893 he has devoted
himself wholly to the practice of his profession of architecture. He
is recognized as one of the ablest architects in the city. For two
terms he was president of the Architectural League of America, and
is a member of the following organizations : Union League club,
American Institute of Architects, Chicago Architectural club and the
LaGrange Country club. In his political views Mr. Llewellyn is a
Republican. His office is in the First National Bank building and his
residence at LaGrange. In May, 1883, he married at Monticello,
111., Emma C. Piatt, and their children are Ralph C., Clarinne, Ruth
and Vida.
Frank C. Weber, founder and president of the wholesale grocery
firm of Frank C. Weber & Company, is a native of Chicago, his birth
occurring August 11, 1874. Philip J. and Elizabeth (Koehler)
Weber, his parents, were natives of Baden, Germany, and there the
father received his education in the public schools and learned the
carpenter's trade during early manhood. He also bears an honored
record as a veteran of the Franco-Prussian war. In 1871, realizing
the advantages to be had in America, the family came to this country
and located in Chicago, where the father embarked in the retail gro-
cery business. He continued thus occupied at different locations until
1894, when he returned on a visit to his native country. Shortlyafter-
wards he returned to Chicago and was admitted to the present whole-
sale firm which had been established by his son, Frank C. Web-
er. At this writing the concern is officered by Frank C. Weber, presi-
dent ; Antone H. Weber, vice-president ; Philip J. Weber, Sr., treas-
urer, and Philip J. Weber, Jr., secretary. The steady growth of
commercial houses from small concerns to commanding positions in
the business world is brought about by certain fixed principles. In
the present instance only first-class goods are handled, only reputable
men are employed and the word and credit of the house have been
so safe-guarded that it is considered one of the best firms of its line
in the city.
Frank C. Weber, the subject of this review, received his education
in the public and parochial schools of this city, and began his busi-
ness career at the age of thirteen years as a clerk in his father's re-
tail store. He mastered the details of the retail trade and when only
nineteen years old embarked in the wholesale business on his own ac-
count. Later he admitted his father and two brothers to the business
and to their combined efforts is due the present size and excellent
reputation of the firm. At the present time they transact an annual
business of over $1,000,000, and by confining it to the South Side
are enabled to make deliveries with great convenience and prompt-
ness. Although actively engaged in the business at the present time,
Mr. Weber also has seen fit to cultivate the social side of life, and his
756 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
fine home at 1638 West Garfield boulevard has been the scene of
many dinners and entertainments to his friends. He is a member of
the Knights of Columbus and of the Sherman Park club. On June
22, 1897, he was united in marriage with Mary H. Enzenbacher, of
Chicago, and the daughter of a West Side wholesale cigar manufac-
turer. His business location is at 619-23 West Sixty-third street.
Oswald James Arnold, secretary of the Illinois Life Insurance
company, was born at Rochester, N. Y., October 29, 1873. James
Arnold, his father, was a native of County Louth, Ireland, his birth
occurring March 17, 1839, and to his marriage with Elizabeth Mc-
Kenna, also a native of County Louth, there were born these chil-
dren: Charlotte E., Mary (Mrs. Mann, deceased), William (de-
ceased), Oswald J. and Harriet (Mrs. McKenzie). To better his
circumstances James Arnold immigrated to America and for a num-
ber of years resided in the state of New York, where he followed the
occupation of a general building contractor, a part of the time being
associated with the late George Chambers and R. E. Moss. Prior
to this he served as general superintendent on the Brown-Howard
& Company division of the Croton Aqueduct, N. Y. Since the year
1888, Oswald J. Arnold has been a resident of Cook county, 111., and
since 1897 has resided in Palos township, where he is engaged in the
life insurance business and banking and is now the president of the
board of school trustees of Palos township. The family home is at
Palos Park. Oswald James Arnold received his education in the
public schools of Tarrytown, N. Y., and the North Division high
school, Chicago. From the University of Chicago he received the
degree of Bachelor of Science in 1897. Originally he had decided
to become a lawyer, but abandoning this he entered the employ of
the Illinois Life Insurance company, also taking up the study of
actuarial science. He made rapid progress in the field of insurance
and after serving in various capacities was elected assistant secretary
in 1900, and one year later ( 1901 ) was elected secretary, actuary and
director of the company, positions he has since occupied, and is also a
member of the executive and finance committees. Mr. Arnold is also
a director and chairman of the examining committee of the Prairie
National bank, and a director of the Hotel LaSalle company. In re-
ligion he is an Episcopalian and in politics a Republican. He is a
Fellow of the American Institute of Actuaries and a member of its
board of governors. In the Masonic fraternity he has attained the
thirty-second degree in Oriental Consistory, and is a Noble
of Medinah Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. In social affairs Mr. Arnold
holds membership in the Union League, University, Chicago Ath-
letic, South Shore, Midlothian Country and Hamilton clubs. He is
unmarried and resides at Palos Park and at the Hotel LaSalle, Chi-
cago.
William F. Roach, the son of Michael and Mary (Radley) Roach,
was born April 30, 1874. The parents were natives of Ireland, the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 757
father coming from County Tipperary and the mother, County Cork.
The father immigrated to the United States and Buffalo in 1842, at
the age of fifteen years, and here he learned the blacksmith's trade.
In 1854 he came to Chicago and secured employment as an iron
worker with the Willetts, carriage builders, in time becoming their
superintendent and remaining with them for thirty years. He then
retired for one year, but working had become a strong habit with him,
and he was, upon solicitation, appointed park policeman at Douglas
Park. He lived for thirty years at 191 Twelfth street, one block
from where the big fire of 1871 started and died April 24, 1897, at
1112 Hamlin avenue. The mother died April 24, 1901, at the age
of sixty-eight years. To them were born the following children, all
but one of whom are yet living: John, James T., Simon, Joseph
(deceased), Anna, Katie, Mary, Elizabeth, Julia, Emma and Aggie.
They were the grandparents of twenty-six children.
The education of William, our subject, was acquired in public and
parochial schools and at St. Patrick's Academy. He also attended
one year at the Metropolitan Business college, shortly after which he
entered the claim department of the Fort Wayne branch of the Penn-
sylvania railroad. Here he remained until 1892, when he became
cashier and paymaster for the Wuerpel Switch and Signal company,
having charge of all the switches and signals entering the main depot
at the World's Columbian Exposition. During 1894-6 he served as
desk sergeant of the police force detailed in the drainage canal. In
1896 he engaged in the undertaking business at 3343 Ogden avenue,
Lawndale, where he still continues. In politics he is a Democrat,
though locally independent. He is identified with the following or-
ganizations: Knights of Columbus, Columbian Knights, Macca-
bees, Knights of Pythias, Catholic Order of Foresters, Modern
Woodmen of America, Royal League, Ancient Order of Hibernians,
Bankers' Life Association, and the Eagles. March 13, 1897, he mar-
ried Mollie Kane, of Chicago, and they have two children, William
and Erma. They reside at 3343 Ogden avenue.
Frank Joseph Reichmann, vice-president and general manager of
Street's Western Stable Car line, is a native of this city, born October
1, 1860, a son of Joseph and Dorothea (Kriete) Reichmann. The
father was born near the city of Stuttgart, Germany, and received
his education in the engineering schools of that country. He first be-
gan practicing his profession in England, but subsequently came to
America and entered the office of George Weisenborn, designing en-
gineer, New York city. He then came to Chicago and conducted a
machine shop, but failed with many others in the panic of 1857. He
next went to Dubuque, Iowa, in connection with a steamboat enter-
prise on the Mississippi river, but later returned to Chicago where
he had charge of the installation of all machinery in the original
South Chicago Steel mills (North Chicago Rolling Mill Co.), of
which concern his brother-in-law, Henry C. Kriete, was chief engi-
Vol. II— 45.
758 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
neer for thirty years. Mr. Reichmann was also master mechanic for
a number of years in the North Side Rolling mills, and in this en-
vironment, Frank J. Reichmann, received the fine practical training
that was to be of such material use to him in his future business deal-
ings. To the father and mother thirteen children were born of which
there are now living: Frank Joseph (our subject), Albert, resident
engineer of the American Bridge company for years and treasurer of
the Western Society of Engineers ; Edward, a chemist in Indianapo-
lis; Louis A. F., an attorney; Joseph, a director and member of ex-
ecutive committee of the Corn Products Refining company, president
and director of the Carnegie Trust company and director of the Van
Norden Trust Company of New York City; Emma F., a teacher in
the LaSalle school, Chicago, and Charlotte, an instructor in language
at the Iowa State University.
Of this family, Frank Joseph Reichmann, the subject of this re-
view, received his earlier education in the public schools of Dubuque,
Iowa, and the Dubuque Commercial college. From 1877 to 1879 he
was bookkeeper and general office man in the general merchandise
store of Alexander Reichmann, Le Mars, Iowa, but in January, 1880,
he entered the general offices of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway
company, at Chicago. He resigned his position of chief clerk in the
freight auditor's office of that road in June, 1884, to go with the
National Despatch Fast Freight Line (Grand Trunk railway) as
general contracting freight agent, etc. In September, 1897, when
the various refrigerator car lines operating over the Grand Trunk
system were consolidated under the control of the Chicago, New York
& Boston Refrigerator Co., he was made general manager, serving
thus until November 1, 1902. He then became general manager of
Street's Western Stable Car Line, and in February, 1903, was elected
a director and made vice-president and general manager of the same
concern. Assuming the responsibilities of life at a very early age
Mr. Reichmann has nevertheless been a close student, his bent being
mechanics, political economy and law. During the term 1900-4 Mr.
Reichmann served as trustee and chairman of the committee on
finance of the village of River Forest. He is a life member of the
Press Club of Chicago. On January 5, 1885, he was united in mar-
riage with Josephine Lemos, of Chicago, and they, with their chil-
dren, Julia, Frank J., Jr. ; Josephine D. and Ernest R., reside at 5207
Kimbark avenue. Mr. Reichmann's business location is at 1003, 77
Jackson boulevard.
Antonio Romano is a native of Italy, his birth occurring May 15,
1872. He is the son of Michele and Teresa (Motta) Romano, both
of whom were natives of the town of Laurenzana, Province of Po-
tenza, Italy. The father was engaged in merchandising and in the
grain, flour and grocery business, but retired in 1898. He came on
a visit to Chicago in 1899, but after his return to Italy died in 1901,
at the age of seventy -five years. The mother died October 16, 1894,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 759
aged fifty-six years. They were the parents of thirteen children :
Joseph, Frank, Rocco and Antonio, living, and two other boys, de-
ceased, and Rosa and Carmela, living, and five other girls, de-
ceased.
Antonio came to the United States at the age of seven years in
company with his brother, Rocco. For six years he followed the vo-
cation of musician in New York, Buffalo, Toronto, Canada and
other cities. He then returned to Italy and entered college at Vig-
giano. In 1890 he came to Chicago and worked for a year in his
brother's jewelry store, and later for a year as a clerk in a drug store.
Then in partnership with Dr. Joseph De Stefano, he bought the drug
store at Jefferson and Polk streets and continued thus occupied for
three years. Later he was associated in the drug business with Mr.
A. Gaul and others. He is a graduate of the Chicago College of
Pharmacy — class of 1895. Since 1904 he has conducted a steamship,
foreign exchange, telegraph office, water and gas office, express of-
fice, postal sub station, etc., and is agent for daily papers. He pros-
pered and in 1904 bought the four-story building which he now oc-
cupies. It is 78x215 feet and has seven storerooms with flats above.
He owns considerable other valuable property. He is a member of
the Knights of Pythias and of several Italian societies. In politics
he is a Republican. October 23, 1899, he married Josephine De Stef-
ano, of this city, and they, with their children : Teresa, Minnie and
Jennie, reside at 501 N. Halsted street. The family are of the Rom-
an Catholic religion.
In the year 1845 there was born in the city of Amsterdam, Hol-
land, a boy who was destined to leave the land of his nativity and
achieve distinction in America. This boy was Henry Bosch, the
founder of the present Henry Bosch company, of Chicago. His early
education was of the practical kind, and his training was based upon
the principles of thrift and honesty. In order to take advantage of
the better opportunities afforded in America, he crossed the ocean
in 1867, and after a brief stay in New York, went to Michigan where,
for a period, he worked at his trade as a journeyman. About this
time Chicago was attracting wide attention by reason of its commer-
cial aggressiveness and its wonderful advancement in population.
Thither, in 1869, Mr. Bosch came and for two years continued to
work as a journeyman. In 1871 he organized the firm of Johnson &
Bosch, general contractors, painting and paper hanging being the
principal lines of business, and this firm continued in successful oper-
ation until 1879, when it was dissolved by mutual consent. Mr.
Bosch then bought out the paper hanging and decorating firm of
Otto Brothers, 120 Blue Island avenue, and this was the beginning of
the firm that has become, under his wise management, the largest of
its kind in the country. The principles of hard work and unswerving
honesty engrafted into his character in the fatherland when a boy
were carried by him into his business methods. Many men under
760 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
similar conditions and of less sturdy character would have succumbed
to the commercial vicissitudes and panics of the times, or, at best,
would only have achieved a moderate degree of success. Mr. Bosch
not only successfully overcame the numerous obstacles with which he
was confronted, but kept his business integrity spotlessly clean. In
1892 he incorporated the Henry Bosch company of which he became
the head and of which his oldest son, Peter, was a minority stock-
holder. The business prospered to such an extent that it became nec-
essary to have more central location and more commodious quarters.
In 1895, the property at 307-9 Wabash avenue was acquired and
business was here continued until they were burned out in July, 1902.
Temporary quarters were then secured, but in November of the same
year they moved to 338-44 Wabash avenue in a building especially
erected for their requirements. This building has a frontage of
eighty feet with a depth of one hundred and eighty feet, is a modern,
substantial, seven-story structure equipped with special machinery of
the latest and most approved character. The salesrooms are un-
equalled for spaciousness, perfect proportion and artistic elegance.
Mr. Bosch lived to see the business established by him become one
of the great commercial houses of Chicago and was gratified to know
that he left it in safe, capable hands. On coming to Chicago he met,
and on May 30, 1869, married Reina Mulder who died October 16,
1883. In religious belief both Mr. and Mrs. Bosch were Protestants.
To their marriage eight children were born, two dying in infancy.
Those living are as follows : Peter, married Katharine Robinson ;
Frederica, the wife of Leslie C. Orrell ; Henry, married Lauretta
Schlegel ; Charles, married Imogene Lartz ; Fannie, the wife of J. O.
Wells, of St. Joseph, Mich., and Reina. Mr. Bosch died on March
8, 1908, after a life of singular usefulness and honor. He belonged
to that desirable and excellent class whose sturdy industry, good fel-
lowship, public spirit and high character have shed honor on the city
and luster on the family name.
George Frederick Koester, of the real estate firm of Koester &
Zander, is a native of the City of Chicago, his birth occurring No-
vember 8, 1862. He is a son of John H. and Mary A. (Schultz) Koes-
ter. He received his education in the Chicago public schools gradu-
ating from the West Division high school in 1878. In 1881 he en-
tered the real estate office of Albert Wisner, where he remained until
1892 when he formed a partnership with Henry G. Zander, under
the firm name of Koester & Zander, to transact a general real estate
and loan business. This firm has ever since continued and ranks
high among the creditable concerns in the city. Mr. Koester has
been active in social and benevolent secret orders and is a thirty-sec-
ond degree Mason, a Shriner, an Odd Fellow, a member of the Na-
tional Union and Royal Arcanum insurance orders. He is a member
of the Union League club, Ravenswood club, Irving Park Country
club and Riclgemoor Golf club. He is at present a member of the
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 761
board of education. In politics he is a Republican, and he attends the
Congregational church. On September 3, 1891, he married Miss
Fannie C. Martin. They have four children, two boys and two girls,
George F., Jr.; Harold M., Frances C. and Genevieve. The family
home is at 4606 North Hermitage avenue, Ravenswood. His office
is at 69 Dearborn street, corner Randolph street, where he has been
located since 1881.
Otto Hermann Matz was born in Berlin, Prussia, March 8, 1830,
and is a son of John Christian and Augusta (Dahlman) Matz. He
grew up in his native land and was educated in the Royal technical
school of Berlin, graduating in 1852. He came to the United States
in the early fifties and spent the first two years with compass, level
and transit in the service of the Illinois Central railway from Free-
port to Galena and Dubuque. In 1854 he was ordered to Chicago by
the company to assist in the construction of their buildings, and was
soon appointed to the position of architect to the road, owing to the
death of John Perriere who had previously occupied that position.
Mr. Matz was immediately set at work on the plans for the com-
pany's buildings — shops, depots, stations, eating houses, freight
houses, etc., along 705 miles of road. There were many obstacles, as
draughtsmen were rare, conditions and requirements new and the
best workmen inexperienced. There were no technical schools in
the west and the architect's office was headquarters. But the excel-
lent training Mr. Matz had received in the fatherland now stood him
well and he successfully passed through all the requirements of that
strenuous railroad period. It was the custom to work without cessa-
tion all winter using salt and hot water in the mortar. The immense
growth of the city also called for the services of Mr. Matz in the con-
struction of private residences, business blocks, school houses and
churches. He had to compete with such men as Van Osdel, Burling,
Carter, Bauer, Bauman, Boyington, Wheelock, Wadskier, Nicholson,
Olmsted, Schmid, etc. He was one of the leaders in the movement
that raised the grade of Chicago to and over six feet — an undertak-
ing of vast magnitude in the fifties, and which gave the city its first
real system of sewerage. He was also actively concerned in many
house raising and house moving operations. All these operations
were considered so unusual and indeed so wonderful, that Mr. Matz
described them fully in a newspaper of Berlin, Germany. In 1857
he left the services of the Illinois Central railway and devoted him-
self to private practice, but soon after the Civil War broke out en-
listed, and for three years was on duty as an engineer officer at the
headquarters of Generals Fremont, Halleck and Grant. Upon his
return to Chicago he resumed the practice of architecture. During
1870-71 he was architect for the school board and the board of edu-
cation. The great fire swept away all his possessions, but not his
knowledge, experience and grit. In 1873 he was awarded first prize
of $5,000 in the competition for designs for a new courthouse and
762 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
city hall, but for some reason his plans were sidetracked and others
substituted. Many buildings throughout the city were designed by
him. He designed the criminal court building on Michigan street
and numerous other pretentious structures. He is a member of the
American Institute of Architects, the Apollo Commandery and in his
political views is a Republican. On October 26, 1857, he married
Mary E. Lewis and to them were born the following children : Her-
mann L., Rudolph and Evelyn. His office is at 78 LaSalle street and
residence at 120 East Oak street.
Walter Z. Brown was born in Coventry, Tolland county, Conn.,
October 26, 1855, and is a son of Walter C. and Sarah A. (Clark)
Brown, both of whom were natives of Connecticut, the former of
English and the latter Dutch descent. The father was a successful
farmer, held several of the town offices, was a member of the legis-
lature, and was prominent in public affairs.
Walter Z. received his education in the common and high schools
in the vicinity of his home and was obliged to begin work on his own
account at a comparatively early age. Upon reaching manhood he
took up the fire insurance business, and a little later became cashier
and bookkeeper for B. F. Spinney & Co., shoe manufacturers of Lynn,
Mass. From 1880 to 1890 he was associated with Bowden &
Jenkins, bankers of 48 Wall street, New York city, and from 1885
to 1892 was treasurer to the receiver of the Lackawanna & Pittsburg
railroad and treasurer of the Lackawanna & South- Western railroad.
He removed to Chicago in 1892 and in 1894 became associated with
the Illinois Life Insurance Co. For four years he was treasurer of
the company and has been auditor for the same for eleven years. His
acquaintance with John H. Washburn, president of the Home Insur-
ance Company of New York, determined his occupation through life.
For the last sixteen years insurance has been his principal business.
He is not actively interested in politics, but is a friend of improve-
ment and progress. He is a trustee of the Church of the Covenant
and was president of the board of Deacons for six years. He is a
member of the Hamilton club, the Y. M. C. A., Odd Fellows and
New England Society. He is a Republican and a Presbyterian.
On June 24, 1880, he married Mabel G. Phelps, of Paris, Maine,
by whom he had five children, one of whom is deceased. His wife
died April 24, 1908, and on June 28, 1909, he was again married to
Marie A. Luce, of Salt Lake City, Utah.
Lawrence Joseph Reed, a well-known contractor of Chicago, is a
native of this city, where he was reared, educated and where he has
passed practically his entire life. He was born on October 7, 1866,
a son of William and Annie (Conway) Reed. He received his
schooling at St. Patrick's Academy, and in March, 1879, started out
in life for himself as a cash boy in the retail dry goods store of Field,
Leiter & Company. In September of the year following he began
clerking in the office of the Chicago & Eastern Indiana Railroad
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 763
company, but since 1889 he has been engaged in the paving contract-
ing business almost exclusively. Mr. Reed is treasurer and director
of the R. F. Conway Company, contractors for asphalt paving, and
also occupies a similar position for the International Asphalt com-
pany, dealers in asphalt, and is a director of the Warner-Quinlan
Asphalt company, importers and refiners, with a refinery at Tremley
Point, N. J. He is a member of the Chicago Athletic, South Shore
Country ar>d Chicago Yacht clubs, and has his office in the Chamber
of Commerce building. To his marriage with Miss Helena J. Quirk,
solemnized at Chicago, June 28, 1893, five children have been born,
named Richard J., Lawrence C., Mildred, Constance and Muriel.
The family home is at 3146 Washington boulevard.
Dr. Joseph Damiani, son of Pietro and Grace (Borrello) Damiani,
was born January 25, 1873, in the city of Termini, Sicily, where his
father was engaged in the restaurant and hotel business and as con-
tractor. The elder Damiani was a man of note in Termini, having
had charge of the street lightning system there. His wife died in
1875 after having borne her husband three children: Rosina, Ig-
nazia and Joseph. In 1893 Mr. Damiani retired from active life and
coming to America to visit the World's Fair, has since made Chicago
his home and is now seventy-one years old.
The immediate subject of this sketch, Dr. Joseph Damiani, was
educated in the public grammar schools and the technical schools of
his native country. When seventeen years old (1890) he came to
America, and securing temporary employment, also attended private
night schools in order to better equip himself for American citizen-
ship. Having decided to become a physician, he began the study of
that profession, supporting himself by working at various employ-
ments which he could secure, and in this way attended college, gradu-
ating in 1900. He began practicing his profession at 174 North
Halsted street, later locating at Milwaukee avenue and Green street,
and finally at his present location, 904 Grand avenue. Dr. Damiani
has accepted every opportunity of improving himself in his profes-
sion, and he has succeeded in building up a successful and increasing
practice. In 1903 he completed a special course in electro-thera-
peutics, and in 1904 one of diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat.
Dr. Damiani is a member of the Chicago Medical Society, the Ameri-
can Medical Association, the Illinois State Medical Society, the
Unione Sicilani, the largest Italian society in Chicago, and in 1909
was president of the White Hand Society. June 30, 1903, he mar-
ried Josephine Samuelson, of Chicago, and with his wife and two
daughters, Grace Esther and Eleanor Santilia. resides at 627 Arling-
ton Place.
Albert Mussey Johnson, one of the well-known men of Chicago,
identified with life insurance, was born May 31, 1872, at Oberiin,
Ohio, receiving his earlier education in the public schools and the re-
nowned college of that place. He subsequently entered Cornell Uni-
764 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
versity, from which he was graduated in 1895. He began his busi-
ness career as station agent for the Arkansas Midland Railroad com-
pany in 1888. After completing his education he was secretary and
manager of the Mussey Stone Company, of Elyria, Ohio. He was
next interested in the lead and zinc mines of Joplin, Mo., for one
year, succeeding which he served as vice-president of the Arkansas
Midland Railroad company, and president of the Oberlin Gas &
Electric company, one year each. In 1902 he became largely inter-
' ested in the National Life Insurance Company of the United States
of America. After serving for a few years as vice-president and
treasurer, he was elected president in 1906, and has held that office
since. He is also president of the North American Cold Storage
company, and the National Life Building company, and is a director
of the Broadway Savings & Trust company, of Cleveland, Ohio, and
a director of the Columbus Safe Deposit company, of Chicago. In
religion Mr. Johnson is a Congregationalist ; in politics a Republi-
can. November 19, 1896, at Oakland, Cal., he married Miss Bessie
Morris Penniman and their home is at 2835 Sheridan Road.
George Mortimer Davis, for many years a resident of Chicago and
one of the first to settle in Austin, was a man who accomplished
things and who was a credit to the community in which he lived. He
was born August 25, 1844, at Eaton, N. Y., his parents being Rich-
ard M. and Rowena (Wells) Davis. Nathaniel and Sophronia
(Johnson) Davis were his grandparents. His boyhood days were
passed in his native city and when fifteen years old he began learning
the machinist's trade. Two years later he secured employment in a
gun factory at Binghamton, N. Y., which concern had large con-
tracts for furnishing firearms for the government. Succeeding this
he worked in gun factories at Watertown and Illion, N. Y., then, af-
ter six months spent at Oil City, Penn., came to Chicago in 1866.
He here began the manufacture of steam gauges and was ever after-
wards identified with this work. His prosperity was substantial, of
steady growth and in no small measure was attributable to many in-
genious and important inventions devised by him. He was the origi-
nator of the automatic air valve on steam radiators for the use of
steam-heated buildings, an automatic steam regulator for reducing
steam pressure for heating purposes and many other inventions and
appliances for the public good. In 1870 he established his factory at
Chicago. In 1894 he also became the owner of the Cicero Light,
Heat & Power Co. plant. He became connected with other commer-
cial enterprises and founded the Davis Regulator company. Decem-
ber 31, 1867, he married Miss Henrietta Dales, daughter of Dr. Ira
and Frances (Coit) Dales and granddaughter of John and Sarah (Cal-
vin) Dales, Sarah Dales being a cousin of Alexander Hamilton. To
this marriage two sons have been born : Walter Edgar and George
Coit. Mr. Davis was active in public matters and for twelve years
was a member of the board of education prior to the annexation of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 765
Austin to Chicago. His life was a clean, wholesome one, devoid of
ostentation, but filled with many acts of kindness and charity. He
was a Republican, an Odd Fellow, served as president of the Oaks
club of Austin and was an attendant of the Presbyterian church.
While on a trip south in 1908 he was stricken down with paralysis
at Morrell, Texas, and on November 18, died. Such, in brief, was
the career of a man who did much for the good of the public. His
career is well worthy the emulations of the younger generations.
The following poem by Mrs. Frances Page was written in mem-
ory of George M. Davis :
Sleep, veteran, sleep.
Who sows for others to reap,
Has earned at day's soft close,
This most sublime repose: —
Sleep, veteran, sleep.
Sleep, veteran, sleep,
Humanity will keep
The memory of thy noble deeds,
Thy ministry to human needs;
Sleep, veteran, sleep.
Sleep, veteran, sleep,
Ah, who would idly weep,
Or o'er the heavenly fiat grieve,
When souls like these get their reprieve;
Sleep, veteran, sleep.
Sleep, veteran, sleep,
This rest of thine how deep,
But may thy kindly mantle fall.
Like a rich blessing o'er us all;
Sleep, veteran, sleep.
Leander Devine Condee, attorney at law, was born in Athens
county, Ohio, September 26, 1847, and is a son of Henry M. and
Jane (Rickey) Condee. The father, a farmer by occupation, saw
active service in the Union army during the Civil war. In 1861 he
enlisted in the Third Illinois Cavalry regiment as lieutenant of Com-
pany M. He is still alive at the age of eighty-five years.
In 1854 the family moved from Ohio to Coles county, 111., and
there Leander D. received his primary education. Later he attend-
ed Saint Paul's academy at Kankakee, 111., and still later the Uni-
versity of Michigan, from the law department of which he was gradu-
ated in 1868 with degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was admitted
to the bar and began practice in Butler, Bates county, Mo., and thus
continued for six years. In 1873 he came to Chicago and the fol-
lowing year became a member of the law firm of Richmond & Con-
dee which continued in active practice until 1876 when it was dis-
solved and the new firm of Condee & Bliss was formed. A little later
the firm of Condee & Rose was formed and finally that of Condee &
Condee, of which he is senior partner. They are now engaged in
766 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
general practice. He was elected attorney for the village of Hyde
Park in 1879, in which capacity he served for four years. Since at-
taining his majority he had taken great interest in political and other
public affairs and continued the same after coming to Chicago. He
was elected to the state senate in 1880. As a member of that body
he was active in shaping legislation. He was nominated for judge
of the superior court in 1892, but suffered defeat with the rest of his
party. Again in 1904 he received the nomination for judge of the
circuit court, but again suffered defeat with his ticket. He is a mem-
ber of the Union League and Kenwood clubs and is a Knight
Templar Mason. He is married and resides with his family at 4552
Woodlawn avenue. His offices are at 107 Dearborn street.
Clarence Myron Converse, now president of the Chicago Heater
& Supply company, at 56-58 Dearborn street, was born at Rindge,
N. H., November 19, 1854, and is a son of Ebenezer H. and Sarah
(Darling) Converse. He was educated in the common schools, the
grammar schools and in due time entered Appleton Academy, New
Ipswich, N. H., from which he was graduated with credit. Upon
leaving school he became an apprentice to the plumbing and heating
trade, and upon its completion engaged in that business on his own
account at Fitchburg and Gardner, Mass. In 1884 he sold his inter-
ests and came to Chicago where he joined the firm of Spear & Con-
verse, with store at 86 Lake street. After five years of successful
operation he embarked in the manufacture of radiators and heaters
and established a plant known as the Model Radiator company, at
Elwood, Ind., and another, the Columbia Radiator company, at Ben-
ton Harbor, Mich. In August, 1901, he organized the Chicago
Heater Supply company, of which organization he became presi-
dent and thus officiates at the present time. He is also president of
the Chicago Teaming company. He is a director of the Chicago
Missionary Society and was one of the superintendents of Armour
Mission for several years. He has been actively identified with
church and mission work for the past twenty years. He is a Knight
Templar and a thirty-second degree Mason and a member of
Plymouth church, also of the Hamilton, Congregational and Illinois
Athletic clubs. In February, 1907, he married Irene Grace Anthony
and their home is at 3108 Grand boulevard. Ebenezer H. Converse,
his father, was a lumberman, and was captain of Company K Sixth
New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry during the Civil war. He had
two brothers, Captain O. I., who served with credit in the state leg-
islature of New Hampshire, afterwards serving in the Civil war, and
the remainder of his life in the United States army, and Morton E.,
who served in both branches of the state legislature of Massa-
chusetts, and is the owner of the largest wooden toy factory in the
world, located at Winchendon, Mass. One of his sisters, Mrs. Sarah
Antoinette (Converse) Spear, was prominent as a member of the
Chicago Woman's club and in philanthropic work.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 767
Samuel M. Hastings, manufacturer, is a native of Reimersburg,
Penn., his birth occurring August 14, 1860, a son of Eli and Rachel
(Kerr) Hastings. His parents came to Illinois when he was yet a
child and his early years were passed at Gardner, subsequently going
to Braidwood, 111., where he began his business career as clerk in a
dry goods store. In 1879 he embarked in the retail dry goods busi-
ness in Braidwood, but in 1884 moved to Streator, 111., where he con-
tinued the same occupation. He traveled extensively throughout
Europe, but returning to America located in Chicago, and for a time
was engaged in the contracting business. In 1893, under the firm
name of Mills & Hastings, he embarked in the manufacture of scales,
continuing thus until 1899 when the business was incorporated under
the name of the Moneyweight Scale company of which he is secre-
tary and treasurer. Aside from this Mr. Hastings has been active in
other lines of business, particularly as identified with scale manu-
facturing. He is president of the Computing Company, of Dayton,
Ohio ; vice-president of the Computing Scale company, limited, of
Canada ; treasurer of the Computing Scale Company of America ;
president of the Moneyweight Scale Company, of Europe, and is a
director of the W. F. Stimpson company, of Detroit, Mich. ; the
Stimpson Computing Scale company, of Elkhart, Ind., and the
Acorn Brass Manufacturing company, of Chicago. In politics Mr.
Hastings is a Republican. He is a Knight Templar Mason and a
member of the Chicago Athletic, Owentsia clubs and the Exmoor
club, of Highland Park. At Braidwood, 111., he married Miss
Jeanette Rankin, and their home is at Highland Park.
Harry J. Farnham, of the real estate firm of Farnham, Willoughby
& Company, was born May 14, 1875, at Milwaukee, Wis., a son of
E. W. and Emma J. (Dykins) Farnham. The removal of his par-
ents to Chicago when he was a boy led to his acquiring his early edu-
cation in the grammar and high schools of this city which he later
supplemented with a business course. At the age of sixteen years
he entered the wholesale house of Marshall Field & Company where
he remained one year. In November, 1892, he joined the firm of
Aldis, Aldis & Northcote, continuing with this firm until January,
1899. For about a year following this he was manager of the rent-
ing department of Henry A. Knott & Company, and since December
1, 1899, has been a member of the firm of Farnham, Willoughby &
Company which he founded. The business of the firm is chiefly de-
voted to real estate transactions in the business district and the man-
agement of business property. Mr. Farnham is a member of the
Chicago Real Estate Board and the Building Managers' Associa-
tion.
September 3, 1907, at Chicago, Mr. Farnham married Miss Alice
S. Dickinson and they have one daughter, named Ursula Mae. In
politics Mr. Farnham is a Republican. He is a thirty-second degree
and Knight Templar Mason and a member of the Mystic Shrine.
768 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
He is also a member of the National Union, the Chicago Athletic
Association and the Union League, Hamilton, Edgewater Country
and Edgewater Golf clubs.
Dr. Benjamin A. McBurney, well-known surgeon of Chicago, is
a native of the state of Pennsylvania, and was born July 6, 1872, a
son of William and Rachael (Ride) McBurney. The parents were
reared and educated in Mercer, Penn., but later removed to Sandy
Lake, same state, where the father engaged in the jewelry business
and is thus occupied at the present time. To him and wife three
children were born, as follows: Harry (deceased in 1889), Dr.
Benjamin A. and Florence, aged twelve years.
Dr. Benjamin A. McBurney received his earlier education in the
public schools of Sandy Lake, Penn., subsequently taking a course in
and graduating from the Grove City college in 1893 with the de-
gree of Bachelor of Science. He then came to Chicago and entered
the Homeopathic college from which he was graduated in 1896. He
served an interneship at the Chicago Homeopathic college and the
Garfield sanitarium, also a year and a half in the Cook County
hospital. Since 1899 he has been engaged in the general practice of
his profession at Austin and his clientele has grown large and
lucrative. Since 1899 he has served as attending surgeon on the
staff of the Cook County hospital, also in the same capacity at the
Chicago Homeopathic and Hahnemann hospitals. Since 1905 he
has been lecturer and surgical demonstrator at Hahnemann hospital.
For several years Dr. McBurney has been specializing in surgery
and has written several articles on medical surgery for medical mag-
azines. He was at one time honored by being offered the chair of
surgery of the Iowa State university but declined by reason of
broader fields in Chicago. He is a member of the Chicago and
State Homeopathic Medical societies and the American Institute of
Homeopathy, and was one of the organizers and the first president
of the western branch of the Chicago Homeopathic Society. He is
also identified with the Masonic order, the Oaks' Club of Austin, the
Westward Ho Golf club and the Austin Methodist Episcopal church.
In his political views he is independent. September 5, 1899, he mar-
ried Miss Kittie Howe, of Chicago, and they with their three chil-
dren, George Howe, Catherine and Benjamin, Jr., reside at 247 N.
Park avenue, Austin Station, Chicago.
Charles La Tour Furey was born in New York on August 19,
1860, a son of Edward F. and Mary E. (La Tour) Furey. Of
excellent parentage and ancestry, the subject of this review came
upon the stage of earthly action at an eventful and auspicious time.
Edward F. Furey was an officer in the regular army and served
with credit in the Mexican and Civil wars, and his father, the
grandfather of Charles, served in the War of 1812 under Commo-
dore Perry. The great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch
was an early settler of South Carolina where he assisted the colonies
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 769
during the Revolution. For a time he was stationed in New
York where he was wounded and out of service for a short time.
He then joined with Col. Henry Jackson in the organization of the
Sixteenth Colonial Massachusetts Volunteers. He served with dis-
tinction and after the war married and settled in New York City
at the corner of Wall and Broad streets the present site of the
banking house of J. Pierpont Morgan & Co. There he became one
of the prominent land owners and business men of the metropolis.
At his house the Marquis de Lafayette was entertained upon his
visit to this country about the year 1825. Lafayette's second daugh-
ter married his nephew.
Charles La Tour Furey, the subject of this review, was educated
in the city of New York, finishing at the Polytechnic Institute of
Brooklyn. Early in life he went to Colorado and for a time worked
as a teamster and day laborer on the Denver & Rio Grande rail-
road ; later he prospected for valuable minerals and mined in Sum-
mit and Lake counties, Colorado, continuing thus for about three
years. He afterward engaged in wholesale merchandising in Den-
ver. His business career was very active and led him into banking
as well as other pursuits. In recent years he served as receiver
of several Chicago banks and filled other important positions with
fidelity and credit. He was president of the Marquette club. Such
a position required wide information on public affairs, a thorough
knowledge of modern business relations and conditions and the
acquaintance of leaders of thought and action. Mr. Furey was a
member of the Union League, Midlothian Country, South Shore
Country, Chicago Automobile clubs and the Lawyers' club of New
York City. He was president of the Women's and Children's Con-
valescent Home, of Chicago.
Judging Mr. Furey by his accomplishments against great odds
and obstacles he was gifted with qualities that would have carried
him to the mountain top of any pursuit in life. He was stockholder
in several of the Chicago banks and director in one of the city's
largest manufacturing plants and vice-president of the American
Guaranty company. In politics Mr. Furey was a Republican. In
1889, while in Denver, he married Caroline Rebecca Smith and
they have one daughter, Caroline La Tour Furey, born in 1890.
The family resides at 135 Lincoln Park boulevard. His death was
a public loss at a time when the future was golden with hope and
promise. He passed away on November 29, 1908, and now sleeps
his last sleep in Rosehill cemetery.
Patrick J. Boland was born on Easter Sunday, 1868, and is a son
of John and Anna (Conley) Boland, both of County Monihan,
North Ireland, where the father was engaged in farming. The
mother died in 1889 and the father in 1894. To them were born
fourteen children, of whom the following located in the United
States : Mary, Rose, Charles, Patrick J., Hugh and John.
770 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Patrick J. was educated in the national schools of Ireland and in
1882 came to Chicago and for ten years was in the employ of the
street car companies. In 1893 he established a livery barn at 4021-
23 West Madison street and a little later engaged in undertaking.
He now owns another livery and sale stable at 4204-06 West Madi-
son street which he established in 1904. He now has the largest
and best equipped undertaking establishment of the West Side. He
is a member of the following organizations : Knights of Columbus,
Foresters, Hibernians, Royal Arcanum, North American Union,
Maccabees and Knight and Ladies of Securities. In 1892 he mar-
ried Elizabeth McArdle, of County Monihan, Ireland, and they have
the following children : Frank, Mary, Bessie, Margaret, Ellen and
John. The family resides at 4047 Washington boulevard.
Herman J. Troch was born in Chicago, May 5, 1875, and is a
son of William and Ida (Knuth) Troch, natives of Germany. The
father when but two years old came to the United States with his
father, Carl, and was educated in the public schools. Here, early
in life, he learned the harness maker's trade and in 1873 engaged in
that profession on Milwaukee avenue, near Western avenue. Wil-
liam Troch died May 19, 1894.
Herman J. was educated in the public schools and at the age of
fourteen years began business as an errand boy, later becoming a
messenger boy for the Chicago Telephone company. For five years
he was connected with Charles P. Riehl in the real estate business,
having charge of the renting department. He was then for about
one year associated with W. M. Merrigold & Company at 152
La Salle street and still later with the Smith-Premier Typewriter
company, beginning with the latter as shipping clerk in 1897 and
continued until 1902, doing their drayage and teaming. In 1903 he
established the coal, grain, hay, feed and general teaming business
at 2088 Milwaukee avenue and also located an office at 2947-49
Milwaukee avenue. Since 1905 he has had the contract for sprink-
ling the streets north of North avenue and west of the river. He is
a strong Republican and a member of the Ward organization of
that party. He is a member of the North American Union, Looper's
Business Men's club, and resides at 2088 Milwaukee avenue. On
May 28, 1902, he married Adelaide Verden, of Chicago, and they
have one child, Robert, aged four years.
Hans Blase, son of John and Maggie (Seivert) Blase, was born
February 14, 1872. The parents were natives of Holstein, Ger-
many, where the father followed the occupation of a farmer. In
1881 he came to Chicago and for fifteen years engaged in the lum-
ber, sash and door business. Later he went into the cement business
at 3865 Milwaukee avenue. In 1898 he retired in favor of his son,
Hans. Mr. Blase was a Democrat and a member of the Lutheran
church. To him and wife were born four children as follows: Hans,
George, a painting contractor; Maggie (now Mrs. Jacob Henyel),
and Katie (now Mrs. Marcus Runge). All are still living.
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 111
The subject of this review acquired his early education in the pub-
lic schools of Chicago. For a time he engaged in gardening and
farming, later, with Mr. Runge, establishing the cement firm of
Blase & Runge. In 1902 he bought out his partner's interest and
continued alone. Mr. Blase also has building and real estate inter-
ests in Irving Park and in 1908 the firm of Hans Blase & Co. was
incorporated with Mr. Blase, president; Henry J. Seivert, secretary
and treasurer, and Christian Colsen, superintendent. July 15, 1893,
Mr. Blase was united in marriage with Carrie Richter, of Chicago,
and to them were born Annie, Maggie, Carrie, Esther, John and
Walter. He has been active in local politics, serving as alderman
from the twenty-seventh ward during the years 1906-7. He is a
member of the Knights of Pythias, Royal League, Graylan club and
several German orders. Mr. Blase and family reside at 4515 Mil-
waukee avenue.
Dr. Thomas J. Conley was born March 4, 1859, and is a son of
Patrick and Catherine (Diamond) Conley, natives of Galway, Ire-
land. The parents, realizing the advantages to be had in America,
came here in 1849, settling in Whitewater, Wis., where they engaged
in farming. Here both father and mother died, the former in 1886
at the age of seventy-two years and the latter in 1891. To them
were born the following children: Dr. P. H. (deceased), who
was professor at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and on the
advisory staff of the Cook County hospital ; Dr. Martin J., dentist,
103 State street, Chicago ; Thomas J. ; J. F., Mayor of Cazenovia,
Wis. ; Dr. Sarah, wife of Dr. R. J. O'Connell ; Dr. Catherine, wife of
Ed Corcoran ; Mary and Margaret.
The subject of this memoir received his early education in the pub-
lic and high schools of Richland Center, Wis., later taking a course
at Rush Medical college, from which he was graduated in 1885. Dr.
Conley has served as associate physician in the Cook County Insane
Asylum, 1885-6; medical superintendent of Cook County Infirmary,
1886; surgeon in Cook County hospital, 1889-1894; physician to
St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum for the last twenty years ; surgeon
West Side hospital, and professor of surgery at the Illinois Post
Graduate school since 1907. He was one of the twenty-five promi-
nent physicians and surgeons appointed on the consulting staff of the
Cook County hospital for the term 1905-11, and is identified with
the Chicago and American Medical societies. He belongs to the
Knights of Columbus and the Catholic Order of Foresters. Decem-
ber 19, 1906, he was united in marriage with Laura Sexauer, of Chi-
cago, and to their union were born Thomas J. and Catherine. The
doctor and family reside on Humboldt boulevard and his offices are
at 100 State street, Chicago.
Frederick E. Krause, son of Carl and Barbara (Marquart)
Krause, was born July 7, 1857. The parents were natives of Ger-
many, the father coming from Leipsic, Saxony, and the mother
772 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Hesse-Darmstadt. In 1851 the family immigrated to America, locat-
ing at Cresline, Crawford county, Ohio, where Mr. Krause followed
contracting until his death in April, 1866. His widow survived him
until 1891.
The education of Frederick E. Krause was secured in the public
schools of Cresline, Ohio, and early in life he worked as a railroad
laborer and farm hand. When twenty-three years old he established
a butter and egg business at Lowdonville, Ohio, but after two years
sold out and went into the dry goods business. He later disposed of
these interests and in 1883 became the editor and proprietor of the
Chicago Timer, at Chicago Junction, Ohio. In 1886 he sold out
there and came to Chicago where for five years he worked as sales-
man for Armour & Co. His first real estate venture was at Ashland
avenue and Forty-second street, where he stayed one year, then mov-
ing down town to 236 La Salle street and engaging in the general
real estate business until 1896. About this time he became connected
with the police force, but in 1901 he again engaged in the general
real estate business, locating at 3349 Ogden avenue and where he
still continues. He married Lillie Castell, of Nashville, Ohio, De-
cember 15, 1881, and to them were born two sons, Clarence J. and
Carl R. (deceased). Mr. Krause is identified with the Knights of
Pythias, Odd Fellows, Schiller club and Hermannison German So-
ciety. The family residence is at 5327 Washington avenue.
Dr. Edward M. Holmes was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 27,
1876, and is the son of Michael J. and Mary (O'Shea) Holmes. The
mother was a native of County Limerick, Ireland, and the father of
County Cork. The family came to America in 1872 and after travel-
ing through the state of New York, located for a time at Brooklyn
and at Buffalo, where the father followed his trade of tailoring. In
1880 he was accidentally drowned in the Erie canal, having become,
at the time of his death, very successful and well known.
In 1882 Dr. Edward M. Holmes came with his sister, Catherine,
to Chicago, where he was educated in the parochial schools and in
Lewis Institute. He then entered the Illinois Medical college from
which institution he was graduated with the class of 1903. He
served an interneship of a year and a half in St. Elizabeth's hospital
and then took up his residence and began the practice of his profes-
sion at 3726 Ogden avenue. Dr. Holmes is identified with the Chi-
cago, Illinois and American Medical societies, and is a member of
the Knights of Columbus and the Catholic Order of Foresters. He
is independent in politics. June 7, 1903, he was united in marriage
with Sadie Clohsey, of Chicago, and they have one daughter, Ruth.
Josef Tuma, prominent Chicago Bohemian banker, was born in
Bohemia, July 21, 1868, the son of Vaclar and Anna Bares (Wen-
caseans) Tuma. The father served in the cavalry of the Austrian
army during the Prussian and Austrian war and was wounded dur-
ing this campaign. Both he and wife are yet living on a farm in
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 773
Bohemia, he sixty-eight and she sixty-six years of age, and to them
were born four children : Anna, Marie, Frances and Josef.
The latter was educated in the Gymnasium at Prague and after-
wards taught school in the capital city. He was the first tutor of
Emma Destinn, now a noted soprano grand opera singer. In 1893
he came to Chicago to see the World's Columbian Exposition, and
after spending two months here, decided to make it his home. He
accepted a position as teacher in the Bohemian school at 400 West
Eighteenth street, and remained here three years, studying English
in the meantime and taking an evening course in the Metropolitan
Business college. He then gave up one year to study of banking,
bookkeeping, etc., then being employed by the Union Trust bank as
clearing house clerk, later as bookkeeper and finally, from 1903-8,
as manager of the transit and collecting department. September 1,
1908, Mr. Tuma resigned this position to establish a private bank at
4013 West Twelfth street, styled the Tuma Savings bank, and do-
ing a general line of banking. His building is 28x95 feet and is two-
stories high. In politics he is a Republican nationally, but independ-
ent locally. He is a member of the National and North American
unions. Fraternal Tribune, Bohemian Turner club, C. S. P. S., the
Bankers' Association of the State of Illinois and the Chicago Chapter
of the American Bankers' Institute. Mr. Tuma married, in 1887,
Emily Radesinsky, of Bohemia, and they, with their one daughter,
Emily, a graduate of the Chicago University, reside at 4013 West
Twelfth street.
Robert C. Barr was born February 4, 1855, and is a son of James
and Jane (Scott) Barr, natives of Glasgow, Scotland. They came
to the United States in 1859 and located first at Kenosha, Wis. The
father before coming to America was engaged in the hat business.
The year after his arrival in this country, while traveling in the
south, he took sick with yellow fever and died in 1860 at the age of
thirty-one years. His widow lived to be seventy-two years old. He
was a member of the Masonic order. To them the following five
sons were born : James, Charles, of Kenosha ; Robert C., Peter and
John, of Chicago.
Robert C. was educated in the public schools of Kenosha and at
the age of eighteen years began learning the moulding trade serving
an apprenticeship of four years at Kenosha and Racine. He then
for a time traveled and worked at his trade, but in 1878 came to Chi-
cago and a little later went to Piano and here worked as moulder in
the Deering factory until 1881 and later in Chicago. In 1882 he
joined the McCormick Harvester company, continuing with them un-
til 1886. That year during the moulder's strike, while secretary of
the union, he was mainly instrumental in securing a good settlement
for the strikers. Then until 1893 he worked at various places, but
at the latter date, in partnership with Richard Cleveland, bought out
the "Big Four Foundry Company" at 30-40 East Erie street. They
Vol. 11—46.
1U HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
did a large general jobbing business until 1905, at which date, Mr.
Cleveland having died, Mr. Barr formed a partnership with Charles
Kellerman, and they are doing a large business. Mr. Barr is a mem-
ber of the Masonic order, A. A. O. N. M. S. and of the Republican
Boosters' club. He is active in politics. On May 11, 1879, he mar-
ried Annie Cotter, of Kenosha, and they have one son, Charles, who
is foreman in his father's shops. The family resides at 3848 Perry
street.
J. Charles Stamm, M. D., was born February 2, 1868, and is a
son of Andreas and Helena (Fiele) Stamm, who were natives of the
Grand Dutchy of Baden, Germany. They came to Chicago in 1864
and located at 203 Blue Island avenue, where the father embarked
in the drug business, having previously followed the same occupation
in the old country. He had prepared himself as a pharmacist at the
University at Heidelberg. At the time of his death in 1895 at the
age of fifty-eight years, he had been in the drug businejs at the above
stand for thirty-one years. His store was a land-mark in that vicin-
ity. His residence was at 99 McAllister Place. He was a Republi-
can and lived an honorable and useful life. The business is still con-
ducted by his widow. In 1902 the store was moved to the corner of
Twelfth and Fortieth avenue with the daughter, Lena, in charge.
Their children were as follows: Dr. J. Charles, William (died in
1903), Lena, Louis (died in 1903) and Anna, now Mrs. Dr. E. R.
Moras.
Dr. J. Charles was educated in St. Ignatius college and Rush
Medical college, graduating from the latter with the class of 1889.
He began a general practice at 203 Blue Island avenue, but in 1902
located at Fortieth avenue and Twelfth streets, with residence at 131 1
Springfield avenue. His success attests his skill. He is a member of
the American, Illinois and Chicago Medical societies and of the Cath-
olic Foresters, Maccabees and Knights of Columbus. On October 16,
1901, he married Jennie McCue, of Chicago, and their children are
Ruth, J. Charles, Jr. ; Ogden, Mary and Josephine, the latter two be-
ing deceased.
Michael Schiavone was born in 1887 and is a son of Pasquale and
Carmela (Romano) Schiavone, who were natives of Laurenzana of
the Province of Potenza, Italy. The father, who was a gunsmith by
trade, came to the United States in 1890, had then but three dollars,
and first began working for the American Cutlery company. He
made good wages, saved the same and at the end of one year en-
gaged in the jewelry business with headquarters at Chicago. He
was both firm and salesman and for two years sold jewelry in the
Italian colonies of the principal cities of the United States. In 1892
he located his family in this city and the following year established
an office at 77 Ewing street, selling jewelry and steamship tickets
and doing a foreign banking business. In 1906 he located at Taylor
and Halsted streets. He has used good judgment and now owns
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 775
considerable valuable real estate. He owns property at 466 North
Halsted street where he has a branch office. The father and mother
are both actively engaged in the business. They have two children,
Michael and Angelina.
Michael was educated in the schools of Chicago, having come to
this city at the age of five years. He finished with a course at a busi-
ness college and at the age of ten years began to clerk for his father.
When fifteen years old he was able to take charge of the business and
is now a partner under the firm name of P. Schiavone & Son.
Michael is a member of the Association of Commerce and the
Knights of Pythias and resides with his parents at Taylor and Hal-
sted streets.
Frank Biggio was born July 14, 1862, and is a son of Lawrence
and Barbara (Angeline) Biggio, both of whom were natives of
Genoa, Italy, where the father followed the occupation of farming
on land owned by his father. In the spring of 1847, when Lawrence
was still young, he came with two of his brothers to the United
States and two years later went with the rush to California in the
search for gold. He was lucky and managed to gather $20,000 with
which he returned to New York City and opened a combined grocery
and liquor store, but in a short time failed and came to Chicago in
1850. Here he engaged in the liquor business at the corner of
Franklin and Van Buren streets, continuing there eight years, then
at 36 West Madison street for six years, after which he visited his
old home in Italy. In 1866 he located where the business is now
carried on under the management of his sons — the old Western Ho-
tel site. The Biggio family was the fifth of that nativity to settle in
Chicago. In connection with his liquor business Mr. Biggio con-
ducted a cafe. He lived to the great age of eighty-six years, dying
in 1888. The mother died in 1893, aged sixty-eight years. Their
children were Joseph, Anthony, Mary (deceased), Frank and John.
Of this family Frank was educated in the public schools of Chi-
cago and engaged in the same business as his father. Upon the
death of tfie latter his business was assumed and continued by the
sons. They opened another store at Polk and Lincoln streets, also
one at 18 North Wells street. Frank and Anthony are yet unmar-
ried and have conducted the business at their present location to
good advantage since the passing away of the father.
Gaetano S. De Stefano was born in Cairano, Province of Avellino,
Italy, May 8, 1859, and is a son of Angelo and Maria Giuseppa De
Stefano. The father was a successful lawyer, and during the revo-
lution and war for the independence of Italy, 1859-61, was captain of
militia at Cairano, and continued to hold that position until 1867.
The father died in 1892 at the age of eighty-nine years, and the
mother in 1893 at the age of sixty-six years. Their children were:
Gaetano, Giuseppe, Nicola, Maria, Serafina and Anna.
Gaetano was educated in the public schools of Cairano and at S.
776 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Andrea seminary, and before completing his studies was placed on a
farm owned by his father, where he remained six years. In 1883 he
came to the United States, and for six months worked as clerk in an
Italian bank at New York, and then moved to Buffalo, N. Y., where
he established a steamship agency, foreign exchange banking and
employment agency in partnership with Dr. P. Pasini. Two years
afterward and for several consecutive years he engaged in contracting
for railroad grading, construction, and other public improvements in
Canada and the United States, making his home in Chicago since
1891. Since 1900 he has been located at 374 South Clark street, and
has established a general banking and foreign exchange business,
representing all steamship lines doing the Mediterranean service, and
conducting also a large employment office.
He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, a member of the Italian
Chamber of Commerce and the Chicago Association of Commerce.
To his marriage the following children were born : Angelo,
Frank, Victor and Josephine. The family resides at 1817 South
Clifton Park avenue.
Vincent Formusa, a successful business man of Chicago, was born
February 23, 1864, and is a son of Pietro and Teresa (Catalano)
Formusa, of Termini, Imerese, Province of Palermo, Sicily. The
father when a young man learned the jewelry business which he fol-
lowed for a period of about fifty years. He died September 29,
1888, aged seventy years. His widow died March 12, 1908, being
seventy-eight years of age. They were the parents of the following
children : Salvatore, Antonino, Vincent, Rev. Joseph, of the Italian
church in Bagheria ; Joseppa and Lucia, all of whom reside in Ter-
mini, except Rev. Joseph and Vincent. Lucia died December 6, 1900.
Vincent spent five years of his youth in the public schools and
then entered a technical school where for three years he studied
mechanics. At the age of fifteen years he began learning watch-
making and music, and having mastered the former, followed the
same in Termini for thirteen years. In 1892 he came to Chicago
and was employed at his trade for a short time, but he
opened business on his own account as a watch maker, jeweler and
commission merchant. For three years he was located at 75
Grand avenue, near Milwaukee avenue, engaged in importing
olive oil, macaroni, etc., on commission and doing a profitable busi-
ness. In 1895 he began an independent business along the same line,
but two years later went to Italy and was there married on June 12,
1898, to Grazia Formusa, of Termini, Italy. Upon his return to
the United States in 1898 he located at his present address, 710
Grand avenue, and ever since has clone a large business. He now
owns a three-story brick building, 22x68 feet, consisting of one
storeroom and three flats. He makes a specialty of importing olive
oils of the name Pietro E. Vincenzo Formusa, macaroni and other
staple Italian products. In connection with this line he conducts a
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 777
jewelry store and a steamship and foreign exchange agency. He
and his wife carry insurance policies in the New York Life and the
Prudential Insurance companies, respectively. He is a member of
the Frinacria Benevolent Association, Italian Chamber of Commerce,
Italian Steamship Agents' Society, honorary member of the Imera
Benevolent Association and other organizations. He and wife have
had four children, three of whom are living — Teresa, Pietro and
Giuseppe. They reside at 710 Grand avenue.
John M. Kott, the present postmaster and village clerk of Orland,
was born in Bremen township, Cook county, June 11, 1866. His
parents, William and Anna (Stoehr) Kott, were natives of Muehl-
hausen, Province of Saxony, Germany, the father's birth occurring
May 15, 1825, and the mother's June 11, 1836. They both came to
the United States in 1844 and located in Bremen township, Cook
county. There they became acquainted and on November 28, 1854,
were united in marriage. Soon afterward they bought a tract of
land in the same township where they made their home until Febru-
ary, 1884, when they moved to Orland and engaged in merchandis-
ing, continuing until 1896. The father was then succeeded by his
son, John M., the subject of this sketch, who has continued the busi-
iness with success ever since. The father died on January 3, 1905,
but the mother still survives and resides at Orland. William Kott
was an industrious and successful farmer and took an active part in
the upbuilding of the township, in the education of youth, in the ad-
vancement of morals and in the prosperity of the township. He has
served as assessor and also as supervisor. He was much interested
in politics in which he took an active and prominent part. He and
his family were members of the German Evangelical church. Wil-
liam and wife were the parents of six children as follows : Eliza-
beth, wife of Joseph Horn, of Orland; Henry C., a resident of Or-
land ; Anna, wife of August Witt, of Orland ; Magdalena, wife of
Fred Dreisherf, of Hammond, Incl. ; Matilda, who died in infancy,
and John M., named above. The latter was educated in the district
schools and at the age of sixteen years accepted a clerkship in the
store of C. Andres, of Tinley Park. Later he worked in the store
of Henry Vogt, of the same village, but finally came to Orland and
clerked a while for his father. In January, 1896, he succeeded his
father in business and has continued the same occupation ever since.
In 1889 he was elected clerk of Orland township, serving with credit
for four years. In 1892 he was elected clerk of the village of Or-
land and has thus served ever since to the satisfaction of the citizens.
On March 22, 1896, Mr. Kott married in Orland, Bertha Kramer,
who was born in Chicago, July 26, 1875, and was brought to Or-
land by her parents when about five years old. Her father was
Philip Kramer, a native of Germany, born about 1850, and came to
America when about sixteen years old. He settled first in Chicago
and there worked in stores for several years. While thus engaged
778 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
he married Christina Kloss, a native of Will county, born in Mokena
in 1858. In 1881 the Kramers moved to Orland, where the husband
and father engaged in the lumber and coal business and at the same
time kept hotel. He continued thus occupied until his death Febru-
ary 17, 1900. His widow still survives. They were the parents of
five children, three of whom died in infancy. The other two are
Bertha, wife of the subject, and Elizabeth, wife of Alexander Wag-
ner. To Mr. Kott and wife have been born six children as follows :
John P., Luella E., Wellington J., Earl C., Edwin H. and Harlow
A. Mr._Kott is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America,
Orland Camp No. 4951, of which he has been clerk since its organi-
zation. He and family are members of the Evangelical German
church. They are well known and have the respect of everybody.
Norman Powell, one of the early settlers of Cook county, was
born in Oneida county, N. Y., March 24, 1829, and is the son of
Melancthon A. and Clarenda A. (Treat) Powell. The parents
moved from New York to Cook county in 1837, coming overland,
of course, by team and requiring about six weeks to make the trip.
They settled in Palos township and there subsequently bought land
and continued to live until death. Melancthon A. Powell was one of
the first supervisors also school treasurer for more than thirty years
and was the first postmaster in the township. To him and wife were
born eight children as follows: Helen (deceased), Amelia (de-
ceased), John (deceased), Nancy, the widow of Lewis Winden-
burgh, resides at Lemont, Iowa; Julius and Julia, twins, the latter
deceased, and the former residing at Adrian, Mich. ; Hannah, wife
of John Bush, of Orland, and Norman, named above. The latter
was brought to this county when about eight years old and here he
has ever since resided. When a young man he learned the black-
smithing trade and followed the same for several years. At the
same time he was engaged in farming. In 1857 in Palos township
he married Mary Anderson, a native of Onondaga county, N. Y.,
the daughter of William and Polly Anderson. Mr. Powell con-
tinued to reside in Palos township until about 1895 when he moved
to Orland which is his present residence. To him and wife two chil-
dren have been born as follows: Edwin M., who resides in Palos
township, and Frank, who resides in Chicago. Mr. Powell has been
prominent in the communities where he has resided. He held the
office of supervisor of Palos township and trustee of Orland village
and is regarded as one of the most reliable, substantial and honorable
citizens of this portion of the county.
Benjamin F. Sayers, one of the highly respected citizens of Or-
land township, Cook county, 111., was born in Will county, 111., Aug-
ust 29, 1851, the son of John and Harriet (Goddard) Sayers. Ben-
jamin F. was reared on a farm and has always followed that vo-
cation. He received his education in much the same way as other
boys of those times, in the public schools of the neighborhood. Feb-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 779
ruary 17, 1875, he was united in marriage with Ellen Cooper, of Or-
land township, Cook county. She was born November 5, 1853,
the daughter of Thomas and Eleanor (Hewson) Cooper. Soon af-
ter his marriage Mr. Sayers settled on the same farm as that on
which he now resides, and he has made this place his home ever
since. To him and wife were born the following six children : Ed-
win C., of Howard county, Iowa; Frank B., of Orland township,
Cook county; Hattie E. (deceased), Gilbert A., now residing at
home with his parents; John T., at home with parents, and Jessie
M., also at home. Mr. Sayers and family affiliate with the Metho-
dist Episcopal church, he having served as trustee in same for some
time. He is a Republican in his political views, and although not
an office seeker, has served creditably as school director and drain-
age commissioner. The family is among the highly respected ones
of Cook county.
Edgar H. Cooper was born on the farm where he now resides —
section 16, Orland township — August 13, 1864. He was reared as a
farmer and has always followed that occupation. He received a
common school education, and on March 20, 1888, married Lydia
Holstein, who is a native of Cook county, born in 1869, her parents
being Charles E. and Catherine (Moeller) Holstein, both natives of
Germany and early settlers of Cook county. To Edgar H. and wife
the following children have been born : Arthur O., born 1888, died
1889; Lydia E., born 1890, died 1894; Charles H. and Thomas
E., twins, born 1893; Harvey I., born 1897; Pearl P., born 1909.
The family is well known and respected by everybody of their ac-
quaintance. The parents of Edgar H. were Thomas and Eleanor
(Hewson) Cooper, both natives of Lincolnshire, England. They
were married in 1845 and in 1850 came to the United States, locat-
ing in Orland township. Both died in 1897 from the effects of in-
juries received in a runaway accident while out driving. They were
the parents of thirteen children as follows: John T., William (de-
ceased), William H. (also deceased), James, Ellen, Elizabeth (de-
ceased, George H., Hannah E. (deceased), Hannah (deceased),
Anna E., Edwin, Edgar H. and Willie. Charles E. and Catherine
Holstein had the following children: Mary, John, Charles C.,
Christina (deceased), William C., Christina L. (deceased), Lydia,
Leo, Louisa E., Catherine S., Caroline (deceased), Benjamin F.
(deceased) , Huldah H. and Arthur B. Charles E. Holstein and wife
moved to Will County in 1891 and there they still reside. Mr. Hol-
stein was born November 5, 1838, and his wife October 13, 1839.
Thomas Cooper was born September 28, 1821, and his wife March
13, 1826.
Albert H. Cooper, who conducts a general store including coal
and feed at Alpine, Cook county, and who is at present postmaster of
that place, is a native of this township, his birth occurring November
1, 1869. He is a son of John T. and Sarah (Sayers) Cooper and
780 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
was reared on his father's farm. He was educated at the common
schools and on March 11, 1902, married Hannah Ryan, who died in
March, 1905. He was engaged in farming until after his wife's
death, and then for awhile worked in a grocery in Chicago, but a
year later came to Alpine and embarked in his present business. He
has made the same successful and is now prosperous. Soon after
coming here he was appointed assistant postmaster and served as
such until January, 1909, when he received the appointment as post-
master. On December 19, 1908, Mr. Cooper married Anna Pease,
a native of Will county and the daughter of Orville Pease. Mr.
Cooper is one of the most prominent and influential citizens and busi-
ness men in this part of Cook county.
George H. Cooper is a son of Thomas and Eleanor (Hewson)
Cooper, a more extensive sketch of whom appears on another page
of this work. He was born in Orland township, May 18, 1856, and
was reared on his father's farm, securing at the district schools a
fair education. He remained with his parents until he was twenty-
four years old and then bought forty acres in this township on which
he located and continued his farming operations. On March 24,
1880, he married Fannie Newton, who was born in this township,
October 4, 1857, the daughter of James and Ann (Sherman) New-
ton. Her parents were among the pioneers of the county and were
people of eminent respectability. Immediately after his marriage
Mr. Cooper located on his forty-acre farm in section 15 and there
remained for about two years, when he purchased 120 acres in Will
county, moved thereon and resided until 1890, when he returned to
Orland township and located on the farm where he now resides, in
section 31. At the present time he owns 237 acres — a splendid farm.
In addition he owns 181 acres in the same section and there one of
his sons resides. He also is the owner of 520 acres in Todd county,
Minn. Mr. Cooper deals extensively in stock and makes a specialty
of cattle and horses. He is one of the best and most progressive
farmers and stock raisers in this portion of the state. To him and
wife six children have been born, as follows: Walter, born Decem-
ber 31, 1880, married Lillie Crcer and resides in Orland township;
Herbert, born July 2, 1883 ; Gilbert, born September 7, 1885 ; Fan-
nie, born June 14, 1887, died 1887; Maude, born April 28, 1889;
George H., Jr., born September 25, 1894. Mr. Cooper is a Repub-
lican in his political views and is interested in party affairs and in all
movements calculated to improve his community and the county gen-
erally. For six years he has been highway commissioner and has
served as school director. He is a member of the Illinois State
Board of Agriculture and is superintendent of poultry and forage in
that society. He belongs to the Modern Woodmen, Court of Honor
and White Cross. He and wife are Methodists in their religious
views.
Frederick E. Walther, retired contractor and builder now living
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 781
in Palos Park, came with his parents to Chicago in 1863, but before
coming here'learned the millwright trade in his native land. He there
received a fair education in the public schools. Upon his arrival in
Chicago he took up the carpenter trade and first worked under his
father for two years and then under William Vogt. He continued
thus occupied until 1872 when he began contracting and building on
his own account and was thus actively and successfully engaged un-
til 1906. At times he did an immense business in Chicago and the
surrounding country, employing at different times as many as fifty
men. He was one of the best, most reliable and most popular build-
ers in the city, and his reputation for honest operations was second
to that of no other builder of Chicago. He retired in 1907 and now
lives in a beautiful home in Palos Park. He was born in Prussia,
Germany, September 13, 1851, and is a son of Charles and Henrietta
(Weiss) Walther, both of whom also were natives of Prussia. The
parents immigrated to the United States in 1863, came direct to
Chicago and here lived until their respective deaths.
Virgil M. Brand, president of the Brand Brewing Company, is a
son of Michael and Philippine (Darmstaetter) Brand, and was born
in Blue Island, Cook county, January 16, 1862. The parents set-
tled in Blue Island at an early date and in 1866 located in Chicago.
Their son, Virgil M., was educated in the public schools and in
1878 became office boy in the brewery of Michael Brand & Co. and
remained with that concern under different names for twelve years.
During the last few years he was acting secretary and treasurer. The
second year after the plant was sold to the United States Brewing
company, Mr. Brand was elected its president and served as such a
short time. In 1898 the Brand Brewing company was reorganized
and incorporated with Virgil M. as president; Horace L. Brand,
vice-president, and Armin W. Brand, secretary and treasurer. In
1904, in partnership with Philip R. Brand, he bought out the Carl
Cooper Brewery and incorporated under the name of Globe Brewing
company, with Virgil M. Brand as president. They do a large and
profitable business. Mr. Brand is a member of the Illinois Athletic
club, Knights of Pythias, Chicago Art Institute, Chicago Numis-
matic Society and several other organizations. He is public-spirit-
ed and awake to the importance of good government.
William A. Birk, president of Birk Brothers Brewing company,
was born in Chicago, November 11, 1861, and is a son of Jacob and
Magdalena (Welflin) Birk. He received his education in the pub-
lic schools and at Bryant & Stratton's Business college, and when
sixteen years old accepted a position with a Board of Trade firm, but
soon afterward was given a position with Wacker & Birk Brewing
and Malting company. He remained with this organization for sev-
eral years and during that time became thoroughly familiar with
every branch of the business. In 1891 he became associated with
others in organizing and putting into successful operation the Birk
782 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Brothers Brewing company, of which he was elected first president
and has occupied that important and responsible position until the
present time. He has seen it grow from a small concern to one of
the largest, most successful and most profitable companies of its kind
in this city. Much of its success is due to his energy, foresight and
sound business qualities. He has not confined himself wholly to this
company, and is one of the directors of the Metropolitan Trust &
Savings bank; secretary of the Northern Malt company; treasurer
of F. Bockius Leather company and treasurer of the German hos-
pital, of Chicago. Nor has he neglected the social phase of his char-
acter. He is a member of the Masonic order, Chicago Athletic As-
sociation, Germania Maennerchor, the South Shore Country and In-
dustrial clubs. On September 21, 1903, he married Rose Britton.
George J. Jaeger, president, treasurer and general manager of
the Central Candy company, with plant and offices at 506-8 South
Desplaines street, is one of the most successful business men and
public-spirited citizens of the city at the present time. He was born
in Chicago, July 29, 1873, and is a son of Philip and Victoria (Bol-
singer) Jaeger, who were among the pioneers of that city. He was
educated in the public schools, the German-American Academy of
Chicago and Racine College, Racine, Wis. At the age of eighteen
years he was given employment in the wholesale grocery house
owned by his father and Christopher Strassheim at South Water
and La Salle streets. Here he remained at work for twelve years
during which time he advanced from one position to another, finally
becoming a member of the firm, Strassheim, Jaeger & Company.
In 1904 when this firm sold out to Steele, Wedeles Company, Mr,
Jaeger was employed by the latter as superintendent. In 1906 he
gave up this position and for a short time was engaged with his
father in the meat business. In March, 1908, when the Central
Candy company was organized and incorporated Mr. Jaeger became
one of its members and was elected to the position he now occupies.
They occupy a five-story building with basement, 90x125 feet, and
employ an average of 110 people in the manufacture of all kinds of
confectionery. Mr. Jaeger is a member of the Germania Maenner-
chor club and also of the Illinois Commercial Men's Association.
On December 15, 1896, he married Minnie Birk, a daughter of
Jacob and Magdalena Birk, and they have one child, George J., Jr.,
born October 8, 1909.
Philjp Jaeger, for over half a century one of the active business
men of Chicago, was born February 27, 1836, in Holszheims, Hes-
sen Darmstadt, Germany, a son of Jacob and Gretchen (Zeisz)
Jaeger. He was educated in the public schools of his native country
and there learned the butcher's trade. In 1854, when a boy of but
eighteen years, he crossed the ocean to the United States, landing at
New York City on July 4 of that year. Shortly thereafter he went
to Buffalo, N. Y., where he worked at his trade, and subsequently
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 783
was similarly employed at St. Catherines, Canada. In August,
1856, he came to Chicago, which place has since been his home. He
first secured employment with Haas & Powell, and after working for
five years with different concerns, embarked in business for himself
in 1862 at Blue Island avenue and Polk street. His next location
was on Fifth avenue, between Washington and Madison streets, then
at the Union Stock Yards and next on Kinzie street, where he was
burned out during the great fire of 1871. Following this he con-
ducted a market on Randolph street, then on Jackson. street, but in
1887 began business at his present location, Fulton Market, corner
of Green and Fulton streets, as a member of the Fulton Market
Wholesale Meat company. This is an incorporated company of-
ficered by Richard Collins, president ; Philip Jaeger, treasurer and
Cornelius Quinlan, secretary, and is one of the best known and most
prosperous mercantile houses of Chicago. In 1886 Mr. Jaeger em-
barked in the wholesale grocery business at the corner of South
Water and La Salle streets which he conducted about ten years, but
his principal occupation through life has been handling meats, at
which he has amassed a comfortable fortune. For fifty-four years
he has been a resident of Chicago. Coming here at a time when the
city was little more than a straggling frontier village, he has seen
it grow and develop through fire and panic until it has become one
of the greatest cities in the world. To his marriage with Miss Vic-
toria Bolsinger, solemnized December 31, 1859, ten children have
been born, the following of whom are yet living : Victoria, Anna,
George J., Philip J. and Charles. Mrs. Jaeger died June 21, 1903, a
member of the German Evangelical church, as is also Mr. Jaeger.
B. J. Lagona, proprietor of the Kosciuszko Pharmacy, 519 Mil-
waukee avenue, is a native of the village of Staw.iany, Poland, and
is a son of John and.Josie Lagona. He was reared to manhood in
his native country and received a public school education. He early
learned the drug business, and in 1892 immigrated to the United
States and settled in Chicago where he still resides. In 1901 he em-
barked in the drug business at 519 Milwaukee avenue, where he has
built up a successful trade and become popular. He is a member of
the Chicago Druggists' Association, St. Casimir's Society, Svoboda
Slovenska and St. John's Canton Polish Roman Catholic church. In
politics he is a Democrat.
David B. Lyman was born on the island Hilo of the Sandwich
group March 27, 1840, his parents being Rev. David B. and Sarah
(Joiner) Lyman, who at the time were Christian laborers among the
natives there. His youth and early manhood were spent on those is-
lands and his early education was obtained mainly from his parents,
both of whom had had a thorough New England training in litera-
ture and theology. As a young man he occupied various positions
under the government of Hawaii, but when twenty years old came
to the United States to finish preparing himself for life's pleasing but
784 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
arduous duties. He entered Yale college in 1860 and four years later
was graduated therefrom with credit. He then entered Harvard
Law school and in two years finished his legal studies and was ad-
mitted to the bar. He won one of the two prizes offered for the best
legal essays. He then came to Chicago and for two years clerked in
a law office, after which he entered into partnership with W. H.
Jackson, which association was continued until 1895 and was known
as one of the strongest and most reliable at the local bar. From
1895 to 1901 he devoted his whole time to business transacted by the
Chicago Title & Trust company, of which he had become president
in 1891. Since 1901 he has been a director of the reorganized com-
pany. From 1901 to 1906 he was senior member of the law firm of
Lyman, Busby & Lyman. In 1906 the firm was reorganized as Ly-
man, Lyman & O'Connor. Since 1901 the firm has given particular
attention to corporation and real estate law. Mr. Lyman has held
several important trusts — Pullman Land Association and Grant
Land Association, etc. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal
church. In 1891 he became first president of the first church club in
this city and for many years he has been a regular delegate to the
general conventions of his church. For thirty years he was a mem-
ber of the LaGrange board of education. He is or has been con-
nected with many other organizations designed to improve human
character and society such as the Union League, Chicago, Univer-
sity, Country and Suburban and Chicago Literary clubs, Chicago
Bar Association, etc. On October 5, 1870, he married Mary E.,
daughter of F. D. Cossitt, of Chicago, and to them were born the
following children : David B., Jr., who is associated in business
with his father, and Mary Ellen, wife of Murray M. Baker, of
Peoria.
Charles Edwin Caldwell, M. D., was born at Manchester, 111., and
is a son of Brice and Mary A. (Thompson) Caldwell. The father
was a farmer and also a railway contractor.
Charles E. was educated in the public schools of Logan county,
Illinois, at Lincoln University and at Rush Medical college, gradu-
ating from the latter institution in 1877 with the degree of Doctor
of Medicine. In 1877 and 1878 he was interne in the Cook County
hospital, but during the latter year began a general practice at
Twenty-ninth and State streets. In 1887-8 he occupied the chair of
Surgical Anatomy in the College of Physicians & Surgeons. His
practice is large and lucrative. In Masonry he is a member of Me-
dinah Temple and Oriental Consistory. On August 20, 1884, he
was united in marriage with Katherine Eigenman, and they, with
their children, Christian B., Carl E., Reginald A. and Millett B., re-
side at 5454 Jefferson avenue.
Harry Irving Miller was born at Cleveland, Ohio, January, 1862,
and is a son of John F. and Almira G. Miller. He was educated at
the public schools, Russell's college. New Haven, Conn. ; St. Mary's
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 785
college, Emmitsburg, Maryland, and Cornell university. Soon af-
ter finishing his education he married May B. Burbank and by her
has one son, Alvin Ford. In 1880 he entered the employ of the
Pennsylvania Company and was assigned work as clerk in the office
of the superintendent at Richmond, Incl. After filling various posi-
tions in the engineering department on that line, he was appointed
in 1888 superintendent of the Richmond division of the Pennsylvania
lines. Two years later he became superintendent of the Louisville
division of the Pennsylvania lines, but in April, 1894, became super-
intendent of the main line division of the Vandalia Railway. In
June, 1901, he was appointed general manager of the Vandalia line
with headquarters at St. Louis. While a resident of St. Louis he
was a director of the Mechanics National bank and of the American
Central Trust company. From December, 1903, to March, 1905,
he served as general manager of the Chicago Rock Island & Pacific
Railway company with office in Chicago. At the latter date he as-
sumed the position of second vice-president and general manager of
the Chicago & Eastern Illinois railway, and in ? became presi-
dent of the same company. Thus step by step he has advanced
through sheer merit from one position to another each with increas-
ing and widening responsibility until he is recognized today as one
of the ablest constructive railway men of the world. This ability
was recognized and appreciated by the Japan railway commission a
few years ago, when his judgment, advice and assistance vastly aided
that body in formulating practical plans for the railway system of
that country. As a further testimonial of the gratitude of that com-
mission, Mr. Miller was decorated by the Emperor of Japan with the
Order of the Sacred Treasure. Mr. Miller is a member of the
Kappa Alpha fraternity, Union League, Chicago Athletic, Chicago
Golf, Midday, Union, University of St. Louis, University of Indian-
apolis and other clubs and organizations. He resides at 234 Lincoln
Park boulevard, and his office is at the La Salle Street railway sta-
tion.
Richard Sweet Folsom was born in Chicago, August 5, 1872, and
is a son of Charles A. and Sarah T. (Sweet) Folsom. The father,
who was an able and successful lawyer, was a native of Maine and
came to Chicago in 1868. Under President Lincoln's first call he
enlisted in the Twenty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and
served with credit until he was honorably discharged as captain for
disability contracted from disease while in the service. He passed
away in 1905, but his widow is still living.
Richard S. was educated in the public schools and was graduated
from Williams college in 1894 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
He then entered the Northwestern Law school, duly graduated there-
from in 1896 and in October of the same year was admitted to the
bar of the supreme court at Springfield. He immediately began a
general practice and has continued the same with signal success
786 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
down to the present time. He is a member of the University club,
Illinois Athletic Association, Chicago Bar Association and is a Dem-
ocrat. His office is at 952 First National Bank building and his
residence at 2119 Calumet avenue. On May 30, 1905, he married
Dorothy Moulton.
Edward John Koch, manufacturer of rich cut-glass, is a son of
G. Charles and Caroline Sophia (Francke) Koch, and was born in
this city August 27, 1861. He was educated at the parochial schools
and also spent four months in attendance at the Og"den school. He
began his business career in 1875 as an employe of Burley & Tyrrell
at a salary of two dollars per week, but was soon advanced to a
higher position and better wages. In 1889 he became traveling sales-
man for the Mt. Washington Glass company, of New Bedford,
Mass., makers of the best and highest grades of cut-glass, and held
this position until 1898, learning in the meantime all details of that
art and business. On January 1, 1899, he established a concern of
his own under the style of Edward J. Koch & Company and began
the manufacture of cut-glass and has thus continued to the present
time. The operations of the company from the start have been con-
fined to cut-glass products manufactured by themselves. Their
trade is now large and lucrative. Mr. Koch is a Republican and a
member of the Jeweler's club, of Chicago. His business location is
at 40-42 State street and his residence at 1732 Arlington Place. On
May 9, 1889, he married at St. Louis, Mo., Pauline J., daughter of
E. F. W. Meier, ex-president of the St. Louis city council, who was
at one time the most prominent queensware merchant in that city.
George Walter Sheppard, president of the wholesale grocery firm
of Sheppard-Strassheim company, is a native of the city of Chicago,
born September 1, 1872, a son of George J. and Deborah F. (Webb)
Sheppard. After attending the public schools in boyhood he began
the active business of life in 1886 as errand boy in the grocery es-
tablishment of Charles H. Slack. Following this he was employed
by Sprague, Warner & Company, J. B. Inderrieden & Brother,
Weber & Stayart and Louis W. Stayart Company, serving as secre-
tary and treasurer of the latter. Succeeding this he organized the
wholesale grocery firm of Sheppard-Strassheim company, of which
he has been the president since its inception and which, by conserv-
ative, hard work, has became one of the successful, well-known
business houses of the city. Mr. Sheppard resides in Oak Park and
his business establishment is at 670 West Randolph street. He is a
Republican in politics, a member of the National Union and a
Knight Templar Mason of Siloam Commandery No. 54, and a
Noble of the Mystic Shrine.
Dr. John A. McHugh, Chicago physician, was born April 17,
1873, in Brooklyn, N. Y., and is a son of John and Anna E. (Per-
lettes) McHugh. The father was born at Marshall, Mich., July 1,
1844, and when about nineteen years old went to New York, where
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 787
he was connected with the dry goods firm of E. S. Jaffray & Com-
pany, and also with Paton & Company, representing the latter as
foreign buyer. About the year 1871 he engaged in the jobbing busi-
ness under the firm name of Dickey & McHugh, but in 1873 the firm
failed, succeeding which he became connected with the firm of H.
B. Clafin & Company. He later became the Michigan representative
of Hood, Bonbright & Company, Philadelphia, and was also con-
nected with James H. Walker & Company, Chicago, and William
Fletcher & Company, New York, representing each firm successive-
ly in the state of Michigan. After a protracted illness he died at
Marshall, Mich., on November 26, 1898, aged fifty-eight years. His
wife died in Brooklyn, N. Y., August 13, 1875, her birth having oc-
curred in New York City November 4, 1848. They were the par-
ents of four children: Thomas E. (deceased), Mary, Anna (de-
ceased), and John A.
The latter received his early education in the parochial schools of
Brooklyn, N. Y., and between the ages of ten and seventeen years
attended the public and parochial schools of Marshall, Mich. In
1890 he came to Chicago and entered the employ of Marshall Field
& Company, retail establishment, and during this time supplemented
his earlier acquired education by taking thorough courses in the night
schools. Having decided upon the practice of medicine as his fu-
ture profession he entered the Harvey Medical college, of Chicago,
in 1897, from which he was graduated with the class of 1901. Suc-
ceeding his graduation he served eighteen months in St. Anthony
de Padua hospital, and finally began the practice of his profession
at 3435 Ogden avenue. During the years 1903 and 1904 he served
on the associate medical staff of the Cook county hospital. He is a
member of the Douglas Park branch Chicago Medical Society. In
July, 1899, he married Miss Agnes Allie, and to them have been
born, John A., Thomas F., Ruth S., Bertrand A. and Perlette. The
family home is at 1958 St. Louis avenue.
Aside from his splendid work as a successful physician, there is
another side to Dr. McHugh's character. During his leisure
moments he has written a number of poems which have been repub-
lished around the English-speaking world. He has also written a
number of popular songs, the music of several of which is his own.
If he were not a successful man, professionally, Dr. McHugh in-
evitably would rise to eminence as a literateur and artist. Happily
married, in possession of a pleasant home, surrounded by books,
flowers, pictures and music, his life is an ideal one and his advance
to distinction practically assured. All who know him esteem him
highly, and stand ready to affirm that he deserves all good things
that time may bring to him.
Rev. Francis Gordon, C. R., pastor of St. Mary's of the Angels
church and manager of the Polish Daily News, was born in Prussian
Poland in 1860. At the required age he attended the district school
788 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
and after graduating from there took up the higher studies in the
local high school. In 1881 he came to Chicago and almost immedi-
ately joined the Congregation of the Resurrection, located in this
city. The superior seeing that the young man's vocation was for
the priesthood, sent him to one of the colleges of the order — to St.
Mary's college, Marion county, Ky. There he completed his classi-
cal course. For the philosophical and the theological courses he
was sent to the Gregorian University in Rome. He was ordained
priest, April 20, 1889.
The Congregation of the Resurrection, of which Father Gordon
was a member, had charge of the St. Stanislaus church in Chicago,
reputed to be the largest parish in the United States. To this parish
Father Gordon was assigned as one of the assistants. He remained
here until December, 1892. In addition to the parochial work he
was appointed manager of the Polish Publishing company, publish-
ers of Catholic books and periodicals. The fathers of the Congrega-
tion of the Resurrection were interested in this company. Father
Gordon suggested the idea of starting a Polish daily paper, which
would give its readers the news of the day, and treat the various
questions that come within the range of a live, up-to-date newspaper,
in a quiet, conservative and dignified manner. The religious ques-
tions were to be treated from the Roman Catholic point of view.
The idea was put into action. The Polish Daily News became a
reality December 15, 1890. It has been published daily, except Sun-
days and holidays of obligation, ever since.
The latter part of December, 1892, Father Gordon was called to
Rome and from there transferred to Adrianople, in Turkey, to be-
come professor in one of the colleges in charge of the Fathers of
the Congregation of the Resurrection. On account of ill health he
was called back to Rome, where he soon became acting-procurator
general of the congregation.
In 1896 Father Gordon returned to Chicago where he again be-
came assistant at the St. Stanislaus church and manager of the
Polish Daily Nezvs. The latter position he holds to the present time.
In 1897 he founded the Macierz Polska, a benevolent organization
with the insurance feature in it. The organization has grown very
rapidly until now it numbers several thousand members of both sexes
in various parts of the United States. Father Gordon became its
first moderator which position he holds today, having been reelected
at the expiration of each term. In 1899 he organized St. Mary's of
the Angels Parish at Hermitage avenue and Clybourn Place and be-
came its first pastor. Seven years later he was transferred to become
pastor of St. Stanislaus church. During his three years stay, the
new St. Stanislaus school, hall and Sisters' home were built. They
belong to the finest and most up-to-date buildings of their kind in
this country. In 1909, in accordance with the rules and regulations
of the Congregation of the Resurrection regarding the transfer of
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 789
pastors every three years, he was again assigned to the pastorship of
St. Mary's of the Angels church, which position he now holds.
Father Gordon is also general manager of the Polish-Bohemian
cemetery of St. Adalbert in Norwood Park, 111. In the Chicago
Examiner popularity contest, including a trip to the Holy Land,
Father Gordon won first place by 138,354 plurality, receiving in all
1,132,534 votes.
Fred M. Pease is a native of Rockland, Maine, as were also his
parents, Alonzo C. and Emma (Furbish) Pease. The father was the
owner of several large granite quarries near Rockland which he op-
erated the greater part of his life and from which, in 1873, he fur-
nished all the granite entering into the construction of the East River
bridge at New York. In 1873 he came to Chicago and here lived a
retired life until his death on October 17, 1907, aged seventy-three
years. His widow survives him and resides with the subject of this
sketch.
Fred M. Pease was born May 25, 1865, and received his education
in the public and high schools of Rockland, Maine. He came to
Chicago with his parents in 1873, but returned to Rockland to com-
plete his schooling. He then traveled extensively throughout the
west identified with various business enterprises, and during the
early '80s and until 1887, was associated with interests identified with
the old Alton Railroad company in the operation of lime quarries at
Auxvasse, Mo. He established a plant for the manufacture of plas-
ter at Blue Rapids, Kan., it being the first of its kind in the West,
and also one for the manufacture of cement at Kansas City, Mo. In
1887 he sold out his interests and embarked in the buying and sell-
ing of live stock in Kansas and shipping hogs to Mexico. In 1889
he came to Chicago and engaged in the railway supply business at
155 Washington street, also acting as the western agent for the
Murray Dougal & Company, of Milton, Penn., pioneer tank car
builders. In 1893 he moved to 355 Dearborn street where he has
since maintained his office. Mr. Pease erected the F. M. Pease Lo-
comotive works at Hegevvisch, Cook county, 111., where he made a
specialty of rebuilding cars and locomotives, this being the first com-
plete works of this character. During the well-remembered activities
in the oil fields of Texas he alone was able to supply hundreds of
tank cars to various railway lines, and the promptness of supplying
orders enabled his company to reach very substantial profits. The
factory was enlarged until, when completed, it covered over twenty-
six acres, employed over 800 hands and operated over three miles of
switches. Mr. Pease was the first to embark in the field of rebuild-
ing of old railroad rolling stock, to which he added the buying and
selling of private railroads. During the '90s he bought and sold the
Washburn, Bayfield & Iron River railroad, the Baltimore & Lehigh
railroad, the Danville & Western railroad, the Ashland, Siskiwit &
Iron River railroad, and other important railroads of that time. Mr.
Vol. 11—47.
790 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Pease is the owner of 1,200 acres of land in Missouri, near Jefferson
City, and is also largely interested in Chicago real estate, in the
management of which he devotes his time.
Dr. W. C. Abbott, Ravenswood, Chicago, president of the Abbott
Alkaloidal company and Clinic Publishing company, was born on a
farm in Woodstock, Vt., 1857, and was educated in the schools of
the time. He later graduated at the Randolph State Normal school
and the St. Johnsbury Academy preparatory to entering college,
teaching as a stepping stone. He took his first courses in medicine
at Dartmouth and his degree at the Michigan University in 1885, be-
ing self-supporting all the way through. For a few months he then
practiced medicine in Ruthland, Vt., after which he came to Chicago,
locating in Ravenswood in 1886. He then continuously and widely
pursued his profession as a general practitioner for twelve years, dur-
ing the later part of which period he established the Abbott Alka-
loidal company and the Clinic Publishing company, teaching and
promoting active-principle therapeutics. To this work he had given
and is now giving the major portion of his time, and is doing only
consultation work professionally. He has built up a big business
and is one of the widest and most favorably known shapers of medi-
cal thought in America, his work being favorably received in foreign .
countries as well. He was early married to Clara Ingraham, likewise
of Vermont, and has one child.
Dr. William M. Stearns, a specialist who has attained distinction
in the practice of special medicine and surgery, is a son of George
W. and Harriet N. (Chaffee) Stearns. His ancestors settled in
New England about the year 1630, and his paternal grandfather
and great grandfather were soldiers in the War of 1812. Shortly
after the birth of Dr. Stearns in western New York, on June 20,
1856, his parents moved to Will county, Illinois, and there he re-
ceived the foundation of his education in the common and high
schools. When nineteen years old he began teaching geometry, Lat-
in and physiology, but having decided to become a physician he took
up the study of that profession in 1878 and in 1880 was graduated
from the Chicago Homeopathic Medical college. For nearly three
years succeeding this he served by appointment as house physician
and surgeon of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet, then resigned
and in order to better equip himself in his profession, continued his
studies for two years in the best clinics and hospitals of Germany
and Austria. Late in 1885 he returned to Chicago and was appointed
assistant professor of Otology and Ophthalmology in the Chicago
Homeopathic Medical college; and in 1890 he was elected adjunct
professor of Rhinology and Laryngology and soon thereafter was
elected to a full professorship, a position he retained until the college
was consolidated with the Hahnemann Medical college in 1904, in
which he has been senior professor of the same branches till the pres-
ent time. He was also one of the board of directors and secretary, and
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 791
from 1901 to 1904 dean of the faculty of the Chicago Homeopathic
Medical college. Dr. Stearns is a member of various medical and be-
nevolent societies and besides his native tongue is well versed in the
German and French languages. For many years he has confined his
practice to diseases of the ear, nose and throat and as such is recog-
nized as an authority. He was raised a Master Mason in 1881 ; ex-
alted a Royal Arch Mason in 1882 ; Knighted in 1882, and became
a member of Apollo Commandery No. 1, in 1885. In 1887 he was
made a thirty-second degree Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite Mason
of Oriental Consistory, and a Noble of the Mystic Shrine of Medinah
Temple. During his early Masonic career Dr. Stearns held many
important offices within the gift of the craft. His home in one of
culture and comfort where, surrounded by his family, a large general
library and other distinguishing social influences, he most enjoys
life. On June 1, 1887, he married Miss Fannie Foote, daughter of
Dr. William S. Foote, of Belvidere, 111., who was the eighth son in
lineal descent of Nathaniel Foote, the progenitor of that family in
America in 1620. To Doctor and. Mrs. Stearns have been born five
children, three of whom, Helen Frances, Eugene Marion and Clar-
ence Foote, are still living.
Frank Wengierski, who is engaged in business at 574 North Ash-
land avenue, was born at Zempelburg, West Prussia, Germany, on
August 3, 1858, and is a son of Joseph and Tekla (Szlezerski) Wen-
gierski. The father was a carpenter by trade and first came to the
United States in 1866. He engaged in business and found it neces-
sary to cross the ocean fourteen different times. In all he spent
about thirty-five years of his life in America, but finally died in
Zempelburg, Germany, in the year 1900. His life was full of inci-
dents and exertions. On March 17, 1828, he was born in German
and at his death was seventy-two years old. His widow died in 1907
at the age of seventy-three years. Their four children now reside
in Chicago. They are Frank, John, Felix J. and Theodore.
Frank is at present engaged in insurahce, real estate, loaning, etc.,
and has an agency for several steamship lines. He was educated in
the public and private schools of Germany and in June, 1877, came
to the United States on the vessel Braunschweig, landing at Balti-
more and from there proceeded directly to Chicago where he se-
cured employment in a picture frame factory where he continued for
a year. He then clerked in a grocery store for six years, but in 1884
passed the civil service examination and secured a position as a let-
ter carrier in which capacity he served four years under the adminis-
tration of Postmasters Palmer and Judd. He then resigned and en-
gaged in his present business which he has successfully conducted.
He resides in the Sixteenth ward where he owns property. On April
15, 1882, he married Magdalena, daughter of Frederick and Mar-
garet Billmayer, of Chicago. They have four children: Julius F.,
a graduate of the law department of Northwestern University; Al-
792 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
phonso S-, Tekla, wife of Max Thies, and Frances. The oldest son is
located near Rockford where he at present holds the position of sup-
erintendent of the Winnebago Farm school for delinquent boys,
which position he has held since 1907.
Frank, the subject of this review, while yet a boy, was employed
for two years as record writer in the courthouse at Zempelburg,
Germany. He took private lessons in foreign languages evenings
while thus engaged. He is a member of the Polish National Alli-
ance, Catholic Order of Foresters, Royal Arcanum, St. Stanislaus
Polish Roman Catholic church, and is a member of the choir of this
church. Politically he is a Republican. He speaks and writes Polish,
German and English. He takes a warm interest in the progress and
advancement of Chicago and hopes to see it the first city in the
world.
Joseph Beifeld, manufacturer and merchant, was born August 22,
1853, in Hungary. Having relatives in America he came to this
country in 1867, and for one year succeeding his arrival attended the
Chicago public schools. In 1869 he entered the employ of Field,
Leiter & Company, and in the wholesale establishment of this firm
occupied the positions of entry clerk and bookkeeper until 1878. In
company with his brother, Morris, he then embarked in the whole-
sale manufacture of cloaks at which he continued until 1902, when,
associated with Nelson Monroe, he bought the Sherman House.
Three months later he purchased the interest of Mr. Monroe and
thereafter conducted the hotel until it was razed, in 1909, to make
way for the new structure now in process of construction. On ac-
quiring possession of the Sherman House property in 1902, the lease
was for twenty years, but in 1906, the original lease was abrogated
and a new one executed for ninety-nine years. In 1903 he origi-
nated and established the College Inn, a restaurant that has since be-
come famous, and in 1905, encouraged by his previous succsses, he
financed and promoted the White City, the pioneer of that kind of
public resorts in the west. Mr. Beifeld was president of the White
City until January 1, 1910, although still retaining his large stock
interest. His brother, Morris, succeeded him as presiding officer.
Perhaps one of the greatest undertakings in which Mr. Beifield has
thus far engaged is the erection of the new Hotel Sherman. When
completed it will have 757 rooms, each bedroom having a bathroom,
and will be equipped in the most substantial and modern manner as
applied to hotel construction. The entire second floor will be de-
voted to public gatherings and banquets, and the building will be
ready for occupancy in December, 1910.
On May 25, 1876, Mr. Beifeld married Miss Fannie Grossman, of
Chicago. The three children born to them are, Dr. Albert H., now
finishing his education in Europe ; Eugene V. and Ernest L., the last
named being associated with his father in business. Mr. Beifeld is
a member of the Standard and Hamilton clubs, and in politics has
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 793
been a life-long Republican. On October 17, 1900, he delivered an
address, "The Present Campaign from the Standpoint of a Business
Man." It was of such merit and so applicable to the questions of the
day that it was published in booklet form under the auspices of The
Business Men's Sound Money Association.
Jesse Spalding, whose name is indelibly imprinted on the history
of lumbering in Chicago and the northwest, was a man of unusual
force and high character. He came to Chicago in the year 1860,
at a time when lumbering was yet in its crude stages and full of
possibilities. Here he made his home during the remainder of his
days and became prominent in commercial and political life and in
all ways that contributed to good citizenship. Born April 15, 1837,
in Bradford county, Penn., he was a son of John Spalding, a de-
scendant of English ancestry, the progenitor of the family being
Joseph Spalding who settled in Braintree, Mass., sometime between
the years 1630 and 1633. The early years of Jesse Spalding were
passed on his father's farm and in attending the public schools and
the academy at Athens. About the time of attaining his majority
he found employment in rafting lumber on the Susquehanna river
and tributary streams, subsequently becoming purchasing agent for
his employers. When twenty-three years old he began buying, ship-
ping and selling for himself. In 1860, impressed with the wonderful
opportunities and advantages of the west, he came to Chicago with
the belief that this city was destined to become a great metropolis
and commercial center. Subsequent events proved his judgment to
have been well founded. His first venture was the purchase of a
saw mill at Menekaunee, Wis., at the mouth of the Menominee river.
He subsequently purchased a mill at the mouth of Cedar river some
thirty miles north of Menominee. During this time he maintained a
lumber yard at the corner of Lumber and Twelfth streets, Chicago,
and was afterwards one of the first to take a location in the "new"
district at Twenty-second street. Associated with others, he estab-
lished the first planing mill in this district at the corner of Fisk and
Twenty-second streets. In connection with William B. Ogden, N.
Ludington and H. B. Gardner, Mr. Spalding, in 1880, organized
the Sturgeon Bay & Lake Michigan Ship Canal & Harbor company.
This corporation dug a canal across the peninsula from Sturgeon
Bay to Lake Michigan, thereby saving 150 miles of dangerous navi-
gation on a round trip. A harbor of refuge was built at the Lake
Michigan end of the canal where third order coast and range lights,
steam fog signal and a life-saving station were established. To aid
in this enterprise the government made a grant of 200,000 acres of
land. In 1892 congress made an appropriation for purchasing the
canal, and in 1893 it was made free to the shipping interests of the
country. For eight years Mr. Spalding served as president of the
canal company. When Civil War was declared between the states
Mr. Spalding was employed by the adjutant-general of Illinois to
794 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
build Camp Douglas, accepting as remuneration for lumber and
labor warrants issued by the state auditor, which later were re-
deemed by national currency of the government. As a Republican
in politics he occupied a prominent position in the councils of his
party. By appointment of President Arthur he was collector of cus-
toms of the port of Chicago in 1883, and in 1889 was appointed one
of the government commissioners in its relation with the Union Pa-
cific railroad. For three years he was a member of the city council
of Chicago under Mayor Colvin, where as chairman of the commit-
tee on finance, his sound judgment and practical experience proved
of great value. He became prominently identified with banking and
other financial concerns of Chicago. To the marriage of Mr. Spald-
ing with Adelphia Moody, of Athens, Bradford county, Pennsylva-
nia, three sons and three daughters were born.
Charles F. Spalding, a son of Jesse Spalding, appropriate mention
of whom immediately precedes this, was born October 5, 1865, in
Chicago. After receiving his education in the Harvard school, Chi-
cago, and the Exeter Academy, N. H., he began his business career
with his father. He was first stationed in the mill of the Spalding
Lumber company at the mouth of Cedar river, where he thoroughly
mastered the intricacies of felling trees, transporting logs to the
mill, converting the same into lumber and marketing the product.
Upon the death of his father he was elected to succeed him as presi-
dent of the company. He was one of the substantial business men of
Chicago, a city famed the world over for its many successful men in
all avenues and walks of life. He was a director of the Hibernian
bank, resident vice-president of the American Surety company, direc-
tor of the First National bank (Marinette, Wis.), of the Menominee
River Lumber company, Commercial National bank (Chicago),
Commercial bank (Iron Mountain, Mich.), vice-president of the
Tennessee Central Railroad, vice-president of the Waccamaw Lum-
ber company, located in Wilmington, N C., and president of the
Holcomb-Hayes company, which manufactures railway ties.
On February 1, 1888, Mr. Spalding married Miss Elizabeth
Clarke, daughter of John V. Clarke, of Chicago, and the children
born to them have been as follows : Jesse, Jr. ; Lillian, Bertrande
and John Vaughn Clarke. In his religious faith Mr. Spalding was
an Episcopalian ; was a Republican in politics, and identified with
the Chicago, Union League, St. Louis, Chicago, Athletic, Germania,
Forty, Glen View, Exmoor, Saddle and Cycle, Edgewater Golf and
Mid Day clubs. He died in 1909.
Harry Stillson Hart is one of the younger present generation of
Chicago business men who has achieved success in his chosen pro-
fession. Born at Clinton, Iowa, September 2, 1870, he is a son of EH
S. and Olive Miriam (Williams) Hart. In youth he attended the
public schools and was graduated from the Clinton high school in
1889. Having a desire to secure a technical education, he entered
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 795
the Rose Polytechnic Institute at Terre Haute, Ind., from which,
after completing the mechanical and electrical engineering courses,
he received the degree of B. S. in 1893. For six months succeeding
his graudation he was employed as electrical constructing engineer
for the well-known firm of Siemans & Halske Electric company, and
from 1889 to 1894, was the eastern manager in New York for the
Crouse-Tremaine Carbon company. In April of the latter year he
was elected secretary of the Rodger Ballast Car company, and Janu-
ary 1, 1902, was elected vice-president and general manager of the
same concern. From this position he was elected president of the
company, a position he has since occupied with signal ability and
satisfaction. Aside from his business interests Mr. Hart devotes
considerable of his time to his books, special studies and in fellowship
with his neighbors. He is a member of the Union League club, the
University club, the South Shore Country club and the Chicago Ath-
letic Association. January 29, 1905, he was united in marriage with
Miss Zalome Sherman and they are the parents of one daughter,
Miriam, two years old. Mr. Hart's home life is divided between his
country residence at Barrington,. 111., which he occupies about nine
months of the year, and his Chicago residence at 2922 Prairie ave-
nue. His business location is in the Railway Exchange building.
Norman D. Fraser, president of the Chicago Portland Cement
company, was born in this city February 25, 1857, and is a son of
David R. and Lydia H. (Scoville) Fraser. He was educated in the
Chicago public schools and upon leaving school in 1874 he became
connected with the firm of Fraser & Chalmers, manufacturers of
mining machinery, etc. He remained actively connected with this
firm for a period of seventeen years — 1876 to 1893. Then for two
years he was out of business but in 1895 became president of his
present company. They are manufacturers of Portland Cement and
have a large and profitable trade. Mr. Fraser is a member of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Western Society
of Engineers. He is a Republican and a member of the following
clubs: Union League and Illinois. His office is at 108 La Salle
street and his residence at 2928 Washington boulevard.
Col. James Donovan was born April 2, 1847, in a log cabin built
by his father one mile from North Adams, Hillsdale county, Mich.,
and is of Irish ancestry on his paternal side. Michael Donovan, his
father, came from the North of Ireland to Syracuse, N. Y., in 1813,
later moving to Toledo, Ohio, where in 1832, he married Rhoda
Chambers. James Chambers, her uncle, who died in Birmingham,
England, in 1864, and after whom our subject was named, was of
royal family and left a large estate, which now, after many years,
is about to be divided among the heirs. Two brothers, Josiah
and Joseph, and four sisters, Sarah, Ellen, Caroline and Ann, located
in Toledo, Ohio, in 1830. Originally they were from Hampton,
England. Josiah was a miller and brought with him a grist mill"
796 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
which he erected on Summit street, it being the first in that section.
He died at the great age of 101 years. Among the valued posses-
sions of Col. James Donovan are two old English prayer books
presented to his mother in 1805 by Esther Etheridge, who was a
relative of Queen Victoria and also related to the Chambers. An-
other prayer book in the possession of Colonel Donovan has a super-
scription on the fly-leaf in the handwriting of the queen, having
date of 1816.
The owner of these antique and valuable relics was educated in
the public schools at North Adams and at Hillsdale college, receiv-
ing his diploma from the latter in 1867 after having completed the
prescribed English course. Previous to this, when the Confederate
General Morgan threatened the invasion of Ohio, he joined the First
Michigan zouaves, organized in his native town, the date of his en-
listment being January 1862. He was assigned to Company A, of
which he was later elected captain, but the capture of General Mor-
gan and the dispersement of his command led to the disbanding of
the organization. After leaving college Colonel Donovan taught
school in Jackson county, Michigan, and among his pupils was Clara
E. Conley, whom he subsequently married December 24, 1867, she
being the daughter of James Conley who was at that time one of the
wealthiest men of that section. Succeeding this he was engaged in
merchandising at Ivesdale, 111., but disposing of his interests in 1869,
moved to Quincy, Mich., where he embarked in the lumber business,
and practiced law for some time. He acquired large property inter-
ests and his career for many years thereafter was one of great ac-
tivity and absorbing interests. Unfortunately he became connected
with some unscrupulous men who endeavored to rob him of his pos-
sessions, but the fighting stock from which he sprang and his own
good sense and untiring perseverance led to the final vanquishing of
his enemies. Since 1884, and even before then, Colonel Donovan has
been closely identified with commercial Chicago. He built the Don-
ovan Opera House in 1872, and for many years has been engaged in
looking after his own large property interests and those of his
friends with whom he has been associated. He is now the owner of
80,000 acres of choice timber land in the states of Michigan, Wiscon-
sin and Minnesota, valued at several millions of dollars.
Hon. Thomas G. McElligott, one of the well-known lawyers of
Chicago, was born here September 26, 1861, a son of John and Sarah
Jane (Cusack) McElligott, both of whom were of Irish descent.
The father, a cooper by occupation, was a sober, honest and excel-
lent citizen. He came to America in 1850 and to Chicago in 1851,
and here he resided until his death. May 6, 1908.
His son, Thomas G. McElligott, received his primary education
in the common schools, subsequently taking courses at night schools,
the Athenjeum and Metropolitan Business college. At an early age
he began working at his father's trade of cooper and a little later en-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 797
gaged in the tea and coffee business and was thus engaged in 1886
when first elected to the legislature. He was reelected in 1888. He
was one of the most active and useful members of the House. He
finally sold his tea and coffee business and soon afterward began the
study of law for which he was by nature admirably fitted. He was
admitted to the bar in the spring of 1890 and the following Novem-
ber was elected clerk of the appellate court of the first district for a
term of six years. He was a candidate for reelection in 1896, but
was defeated with the rest of his ticket in the great Republican land-
slide of that year. He is an unswerving Democrat and in all his
official duties has brought into service all his ability, honesty and
energy. On February 12, 1888, he was united in marriage with
Mary A. Storen and to them were born six children, of whom the
following five are living: Sarah A., John, Thomas, Jr. , James and
Marie. His wife died May 12, 1899. Mr. McElligott's offices are
located in the Unity building.
Abijah O. Cooper, well-known Chicago attorney at law, with of-
fices at 145 LaSalle street, was born in Burlington, Iowa, March 9,
1858. He received his education in the public schools of his native
city, subsequently coming to Chicago where he embarked in the
wholesale tobacco business at 1169 Taylor street. This business he
conducted with much success for a period of about twenty years
(1874 to 1894). Possessing great natural ability as a campaigner
and a public speaker, he attracted many friends and was finally pre-
vailed upon by men high in the political circles of Cook county to
put his talents to a practical use. He entered the Chicago College of
Law, graduating therefrom in 1897 with the degree of LL. B. In
the campaign of 1894 he was elected clerk of the probate court by a
plurality of 56,000 votes and upon the completion of his most sat-
isfactory term of office, began the practice of law which he still con-
tinues. His clientele is large and lucrative.
Mr. Cooper was one of the leading spirits in promoting the night
schools of Chicago, which have proved an invaluable acquisition to
the city's educational facilities, and was also largely instrumental in
the organization of over twenty debating societies. He is an arduous
supporter of advancement and has devoted a large portion of his life
to this cause. He is unmarried, a stanch Republican and resides at
2440 Taylor street.
Abraham Robert Marriott, vice-president of the Chicago Title &
Trust company, was born on a farm in DuPage county, Illinois, May
26, 1860, a son of William and Kittie (Gresham) Marriott. He re-
ceived his early education in the public schools of Wheaton, 111., and
later took a course in the Chicago College of Law. From 1875 to
1891 he was employed in the clerical department of the firm of Had-
dock, Coxe & Company, and Haddock, Vallette & Rickcords (ab-
stracts of title) ; from 1891 to 1895 he was superintendent of Had-
dock, Vallette & Rickcords company; from 1895 to 1901 he was
798 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
vice-president of the Security Title & Trust company, and since
1901 has acted as vice-president and director of the Chicago Title
& Trust company. On September 1, 1904, he was awarded the con-
tract for re-writing the abstract books and records of Cook county
by the county board, the work to be completed in two years. Mr.
Marriott is a member of the Chicago Real Estate Board, the Ham-
ilton club, the Republican club and the Oaks club, of Austin. On
October 19, 1882, he was united in marriage with Minnie C. Cooper
and to them the following children have been born : Ida Elizabeth,
Arthur Cooper, Robert William and Thomas Benton.
Louis Joseph Sankar, engaged in the newspaper advertising busi-
ness at 115 Dearborn street and representing practically all Slavic
publications in the United States, was born January 19, 1877, in
Lysa, Bohemia. His parents, Ignatius Hynek and Anna (Svoboda),
Sankar, were also natives of Bohemia, and were of old and highly
esteemed families. In 1888 they immigrated to the United States
and here the father followed his trade of mason. The early edu-
cation of Louis Joseph Sankar was obtained in the public schools of
Bohemia and in the public schools of Chicago. He also attended the
evening high schools that he might more rapidly acquire a
knowledge of the English language and American customs. Very
few Chicago men are better linguists than Mr. Sankar as he is well
versed in Bohemian, Slavic, Polish, French, Spanish and English.
His first commercial venture was as a correspondent for various pub-
lications, later taking up advertising and establishing himself in that
particular field of operation. In this he has prospered and is con-
sidered an expert in the advertising world. Mr. Sankar is a member
of the Bohemian Methodist Episcopal church, is independent in his
political views and belongs to the Masonic and Odd Fellows' fratern-
ities and is vice-president of Lafayette Council of the Royal League.
He is a lover of art and music. To his marriage with Miss Anna B.
Jaros, of Chicago, and of Bohemian ancestry, one son has been born,
named Alfred Cotton Sankar.
Ferdinand W. Dierssen, wholesale fish and oyster dealer at the
Union fish market, is a native of the city of Chicago, his birth oc-
curring on June 6, 1877. He is a son of Frederick and Emma (Tan-
nenberger) Dierssen who were born in Hanover, Germany, and are
among the old and highly respected citizens of Chicago.
Ferdinand W. Dierssen in early youth attended the public schools,
subsequently taking a course in the Metropolitan Business college.
He began his business career as an assistant to his father, who was
then senior member of the firm of F. Dierssen & Brother, at four
dollars per week, his duties being of a miscellaneous character. From
this humble beginning he grew with the business until he had ad-
vanced to the head of the establishment. When consolidation seemed
to pervade most lines of expanding buiness pursuits, the concern, in
1898, was merged into the A. Booth interests, and Frederick Diers-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 799
sen, the father, retired from active participation in its affairs and
confined his attention to various other business enterprises, the son
becoming the head and active agent of the Union market. He is also
interested in other lines and is the present vice-president of the Chi-
cago Sash, Door & Blind Manufacturing company. Such, in brief,
is the career of a Chicago boy whose life, while uneventful, has been
one of activity and usefulness. He is a lover of out-door sports, is
unmarried and resides with his parents at 2052 Ewing Place.
William Henry Burns, general auditor, Rock Island lines, was
born in Chicago, April 23, 1865, and is a son of Patrick and Mar-
garet (Casey) Burns. He was educated in the common schools —
grammar and high — and finished at Bryant & Stratton's Business col-
lege. He began the active duties of life in 1881 as clerk in the store
department of the Rock Island road. Later, he was clerk in the
roadmaster's and freight auditor's offices, and on June 1, 1898, was
advanced to freight auditor of the same road. On July 1, 1902, he
became auditor freight traffic, October 1, 1905, assistant general au-
ditor, and on December 10, 1909, general auditor, Rock Island lines.
He is a member of the Railway Club of Chicago and the Knights of
Columbus. His wife was formerly Elizabeth Ryan, of Albany, N.
Y. They have four children : Warren, Esther, Frances and How-
ard. Mr. Burns is a Democrat. He lives at 7317 Princeton avenue.
His father was in the employ of the Rock Island road for about
thirty-five years.
William Frank Mulvihill, the subject of this sketch, was born on a
farm in Oswego county, New York, February 6, 1872. Leaving the
farm at the age of fourteen years he learned the trade of a furni-
ture finisher, working in Whitesboro and Utica, N. Y., where he at-
tended night school and business college. In 1892 he became half
owner of the Central Nnv York Navs, a local prohibition paper
published at Utica, and since that time has been actively identified
with various religious and temperance periodicals, including the
Facts, afterward the Defender, of New York, the Northern Chris-
tian Advocate and the Christian Century.
Mr. Mulvihill came to Chicago in 1899 to take an editorial posi-
tion on the New Voice, then the national organ of the prohibition
movement; in 1900 he was the managing editor of the Daily Voice,
and in 1901 became general manager of the company. Later Mr.
Mulvihill effected a merger of the New Voice list with that of the
Defender, of New York, and the Home Defender, of Chicago, the
consolidated papers being now published in this city as the National
Prohibitionist, of which he is treasurer. Before coming to Chicago
Mr. Mulvihill was secretary of the New York State Prohibition
committee for two years and is considered an authority on the ques-
tions of prohibition and law enforcement. He was the author and
compiler of the Campaign Text-Books of the Prohibition party for
1900 and 1904. He is just closing a three years course at Chicago-
800 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Kent College of Law paying special attention to the subjects of con-
stitutional law and the construction and interpretation of statutes. He
graduates as orator of his class, having been chosen by his colleagues
for that honor by acclamation.
Mr. Mulvihill was elected secretary of the Englewood Law and
Order League in 1903, serving until July, 1909. He has also served
the Chicago Law and Order League as executive-secretary since its
incorporation. He was married December 28, 1898, to Emma M.
Elliott, nee Hubbard, and has one son, Stewart Pearson, seven years
old. He is a member of the Church of Christ (Disciples), a Good
Templar and a charter member of Park Manor Lodge No. 899, A. F.
&A. M.
James Nelson Buchanan was born on Adams street, Chicago, Oc-
tober 16, 1849. At that time Dearborn street did not extend south
of Monroe street, but later when this street was extended, the house
was on the southeast corner of the two thoroughfares, where the
Bedford building now stands, and was burned October 9, 1871. His
parents were Nelson and Ellen M. (Paine) Buchanan.
He attended the Brown (public) school, Palmers and Dyrenfurth
Academies. His business career commenced as errand boy for Cul-
ver, Page & Hoyne, and later he was a clerk in the office of Hollis-
ter & Phelps' carpet house, when Lake street was the principal re-
tail street of Chicago, and later took up the real estate business, in
which he is now engaged.
Mr. Buchanan was elected a member of the state legislature on
the Harrison and Morton ticket in 1888 and served two years repre-
senting in the thirty-sixth general assembly, the second senatorial
district, in which was located the World's fair. The same body also
enacted the drainage law under which Chicago's big canal was built.
He was a charter member of Company A, First Regiment Illinois
National Guard, and served eight and a half years as private, cor-
poral, sergeant, lieutenant, and the last two and a half years as cap-
tain of the company. After severing his connection with the First
Regiment, he served six and a half years as commissary and assist-
ant inspector general, on the staff of Gen. Charles Fitz Simons, when
he commanded the First Brigade, Illinois National Guard.
On October 17, 1876, he was united in marriage with Miss Isadora
Berry, daughter of Capt. William M. Berry, of Hyde Park, and to
"them three children have been born : Grace Buchanan Lamberton,
William Nelson Buchanan, both now residents of Chicago, and Isa-
dora B. Buchanan, who died in infancy.
Mr. Buchannan is a member of the Cook County Real Estate
Board and the Chicago Press club, and resides at No. 5555 Monroe
avenue.
James S. Paine came to Chicago in the spring of 1842 from
Hallowell, Maine. He lived in Dearborn street between South
Water and Lake streets, where he conducted a harness and saddlery
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 801
business until the spring of 1850, when he crossed the plains to Cali-
fornia. Returning in 1857, he felt the restraint of Chicago's civili-
zation, and in the fall of that year took his family to Linn county,
Kansas, where he died in September, 1866.
Nelson Buchanan was born in Montreal, June 20, 1820, and came
to Chicago in 1837, being one of the early druggists. In December,
1848, he was married to Ellen Maria Paine, and died October 31,
1858.
Ellen Maria (Paine) Buchanan was born in Hallowell, Maine,
March 4, 1829, and came to Chicago with her father, James S.
Paine, in 1842, the family coming by boat from Buffalo. They
lived for many years in Dearborn street, between Lake and South
Water streets. In 1848 she was married to Nelson Buchanan, and
died February 3, 1907, at her residence 5555 Monroe avenue, where
she had lived for seventeen years. Three sons, James N., Dr.
Charles H. and Edward P. Buchanan, all residents of Chicago, sur-
vive her.
Dr. Charles Henry Buchanan was born in Chicago, August 2,
1851. His parents were Nelson and Ellen M. (Paine) Buchanan.
He received his early education in the public schools, and afterward
graduated from Kenyon college at Gambier, Ohio. He also is a
graduate of Rush Medical college, and resides at 6608 Yale avenue.
In 1881 he was united in marriage with Mary N. Slichter. They
have one daughter, Maybelle (Buchanan) Avery.
Edward Paine Buchanan was born in Harrison street between
Buffalo street and Medina Place, May 21, 1853, a son of Nelson and
Ellen M. (Paine) Buchanan. He was a student in the Brown (pub-
lic) school, and afterward at Racine college, Racine, Wis. After
leaving school he was a clerk with the New York Life Insurance
company, later taking up the contracting business. He served five
years as a member of Company A, First Regiment, Illinois National
Guard, and has been for many years a member of the veteran corps,
of which he is now commander. In 1881 he was married to Imogene
(Fowler) Buchanan. They have two daughters, Jessie and Imogene
Buchanan. Mr. Buchanan is a member of the Illinois Athletic club.
George Russell Carr, vice-president and general manager of the
Dearborn Drug & Chemical Works, was born in Argenta, 111., Janu-
ary 23, 1878, and is a son of Dr. Robert F. and Emily (Smick)
Carr. He attended the public schools of Argenta and the Austin
high school, graduating from the latter with the class of 1897. He
then entered the University of Illinois, took a full course in chemis-
try and graduated in 1901 with the degree of Bachelor of Science.
On July 1, 1901, he began active work as an employe of the Dear-
born Drug & Chemical Works, with which concern he has been asso-
ciated ever since. He was first a salesman, then manager of a de-
partment, then assistant general manager, then in July, 1906, vice-
president and in 1907 vice-president and general manager, which
802 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
dual position he still occupies. He is also connected with outside
business interests. He is vice-president of the Blue Island Rolling
Mill & Car company at 124th street and Marshfield avenue and vice-
president of the Sheffield Car & Equipment company, of Kansas City,
Mo. He is secretary and a director of the Emerson Typewriter com-
pany. He is a thirty-second degree Mason and a member of the
Kappa Sigma fraternity and the University, Chicago Athletic, South,
Shore Country, Midlothian Golf, Westward Ho Golf and Oak Park
clubs and the American Chemical Society. He resides at 416 Home
avenue, Oak Park.
Robert James McKay, general passenger agent of the Chicago &
Alton ; Toledo, St. Louis & Western ; Minneapolis & St. Louis, and
the Iowa Central railroads, was born in Aurora, 111., February 26,
1871, and is a son of John H. and Anna (Turner) McKay. The fath-
er, who was a skillful mechanic, was a resident of Aurora and was
long in the employ of one or more of the above roads.
In youth Robert J. attended the* public schools of Aurora and at
the age of eighteen years began the active duties of life in the office
of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy telegraphic office, occupying
the various positions of bill clerk, messenger, clerk in the freight of-
fice, clerk in roadmaster's office, etc. While thus engaged he be-
came thoroughly familiar with the intricate details of practical rail-
roading. In July, 1892, he became assistant ticket agent at Aurora
and four years later ticket agent there. In 1900 he came to Chicago
as city ticket agent at 211 Clark street and was there employed until
September, 1904, when he went to St. Louis as district passenger
agent of the Toledo, St. Louis & Western system. On January 1,
1906, he was promoted to assistant general passenger agent of the
same road and was thus occupied until June 1, 1908, when he re-
turned to Chicago and assumed the duties of assistant general pas-
senger agent for the two roads — Toledo, St. Louis & Western and
the Chicago & Alton. On March 1, 1909, he became first assistant
general passenger agent of those roads and on December 1, 1909,
general passenger agent of the four roads named first in this sketch.
His advance has been steady, rapid and merited. He is a Republican
and lives at 4860 Kenmore avenue. On May 4, 1898, he married
Elizabeth DuBrock, of Aurora, and they have one son, George Rob-
ert.
Kempster B. Miller, of the firm of McMeen & Miller, consulting
engineers, 1452 Monadnock Block, and with a branch establishment
at 333 Grant avenue, San Francisco, is a native of Boston, Mass.,
born August 14, 1870, a son of Joseph K. and Eliza (Blanchard)
Miller. His father was an expert mechanic in early life and pos-
sessed literary talent of a high order. While yet a young man he
moved to Washington, D. C., where for many years he was em-
ployed in the office of the comptroller of the currency. It was in the
latter city that Kempster B. Miller grew to manhood and secured his
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 803
primary education. He later entered the engineering department of
Cornell University from which he was graduated with the degree of
mechanical engineer in the class of 1893. He began life for himself
as examiner of patents in the electrical division of the United States
Patent office at Washington, D. C. From 1893 to 1896 he was thus
employed, then came to Chicago where for three years he was con-
nected with the Western Telephone Construction company. From
then until 1905 he was in the employ of the Kellogg Switchboard &
Supply company as electrical engineer. The first office -established
as consulting engineers in the telephone field was that of McMeen &
Miller in 1905, and this has proved a marked success. The firm has
recently executed important work for the New York Board of Under-
writers, and for the city of New York on the fire alarm system.
They are now building a telephone system for the Home Telephone
company, of San Francisco, which is designed to be the largest ever
constructed. Mr. Miller inherited from his father his taste for litera-
ture, and "American Telephone Practice," a technical work of high
merit, is from his pen. His contributions to various periodicals on
technical subjects have also attracted much attention and praise from
the critics. In social affairs he is identified with the Union League,
Quadrangle and Illinois Athletic clubs, the Engineer's Club of New
York, the Engineer's Club of Chicago, the American Institute of
Electrical Engineering and the Western Society of Engineers. He
is a director of the Kellogg Switchboard & Supply company and of
the Belden Manufacturing company. To his marriage with Miss
Antha Knowlton, solemnized July 3, 1897, three children have been
born : Dorothea, Antha and Ruth. The family home is at 1232 E.
Fifty-sixth street.
Frank O. Melcher, second vice-president of the Chicago, Rock Is-
land & Pacific Railroad company, is a native of Maine, born at Dam-
ariscotta, June 14, 1864, a son of Franklin B. and Harriet Newell
(Harrington) Melcher. In boyhood he attended the public schools,
then entered Tufts college from which he was graduated in 1887, and
subsequently, in 1895, graduating as a civil engineer from the same
institution. In 1887 he began his railroad career as instrument man
on the Fitchburg road, then became assistant engineer, chief engi-
neer, division superintendent and general superintendent of the same
road. He next became superintendent of the Fitchburg division of
the Boston & Maine railroad, but in November, 1902, came west as
the division superintendent for Illinois of the Chicago, Rock Island
& Pacific railway, later occupying the position of general superin-
tendent of the Choctaw district for the same company. In June,
1905, he was promoted to general manager of the Central and North-
ern districts, and from this, on December 10, 1909, he was appoint-
ed second vice-president of the road, a position he now occupies. Mr.
Melcher is a member of the Union League and Exmoor Country
clubs and resides at Winnetka. On October 1, 1895, he was united
in marriage with Miss Edna Elizabeth Lane, of Yonkers, N. Y.
804 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
Henry U. Mudge, president of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific
Railroad company^ was born June 9, 1856, at Minden, Mich., and
received his early education in the public schools. Practically his en-
tire life has been passed in railroad work and was begun as water
boy (when only fourteen years old) on track with the Atchison,
Topeka & Sante Fe railway. Having learned telegraphy, he served
in the different capacities of operator, brakeman, baggageman, con-
ductor of work, freight and passenger trains, roadmaster, train-
master, division superintendent of different roads, general superin-
tendent, and from 1900 to 1905 was general manager of the Atchi-
son, Topeka & Santa Fe railway. On May 1, of the latter year he be-
came connected with the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railway, as
second vice-president, and in December, 1909, was elected president
of this road. This record speaks for itself and is one to which the
aspiring youth of the land can turn with benefit.
Dr. Byron Robinson for many years has occupied high rank
among the medical practitioners of Chicago. He is a native of Wis-
consin, his parents being William and Mary Robinson. His early
education was acquired in a log school house, subsequently attending
a seminary at Mineral Point and the University of Wisconsin. He
received the degree of Bachelor of Science from the latter in 1878.
During his senior year at the university he was assistant to the pro-
fessor of chemistry. The two following years he was principal of
the high school at Ashland and at Black Earth and during this time
took up the study of medicine under Dr. U. P. Stair. He then en-
tered Rush Medical college from which he was graduated in 1882,
and the ensuing two years he was engaged in practice at Grand Rap-
ids, Wis. In 1884-5, in order to better equip himself in his profes-
sion, he pursued special studies and investigations in gynecology and
abdominal surgery at Heidelberg, Berlin, and London, then return-
ing to America and resuming his practice at Grand Rapids. In
1887 he again went to Europe where he took up special studies in
gynecology at the University of Vienna, and in 1888, located at To-
ledo, Ohio, where he became professor of anatomy and clinical sur-
gery in the Toledo Medical college. During this period he made
numerous experiments and devised improved methods in intestinal
anastomasis operations. Since 1891 Dr. Robinson has been engaged
at his profession in Chicago.
To give a complete resume of original operations performed by
Dr. Robinson would alone fill a volume. As an author he has con-
tributed two volumes entitled "Landmarks of Gynecology," two vol-
umes on "Practical Intestinal Surgery," one volume each on "Auto-
matic Menstrual Ganglia," "Urachal Cysts," "The Abdominal
Brain, Its Rhythm and Reflexes," and a work on the "Peritoneum."
In addition to this he has also published monographs on the "Great
Omentum," "Colopo-Perineorrhaphy," "Utero-ovarian Artery" and
a chart on the "Sympathetic Nerve." He has contributed ex-
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 805
tensively to current medical literature special articles on abdominal
anatomy and surgery. Dr. Robinson is a member of most of the
medical societies. His wife, to whom he was married in 1894, was
Dr. Lucy Waite, a physician and surgeon of note in Chicago
Meyer Blum (deceased) is a son of N. and Flora Blum and was
born in Alsace, France, October 28, 1828. He came to America
in 1854 and first located at East Wheeling where he engaged in the
meat business, continuing thus for three years. He then moved to
West Wheeling, now known as Arlington Heights, and embarked
in merchandising and dealing in stock. In 1862 he bought the
Madison House of which he was proprietor and manager for thirteen
years. He then rented the place, but finally sold it. He was an
active Republican and for many years was influential in shaping
public affairs of this community. In 1876 he was appointed deputy
sheriff, reappointed in 1878 and in 1882. Altogether he held the
positions of deputy sheriff and jailer for about thirty years. He
served a like time on the school board and was trustee of the village
for several years. He was a popular and successful auctioneer for
about thirty years. He was for many years a member of Emanuel
Congregation (Jewish) of Chicago. He died in 1903 while occu-
pying a position in the office of the treasurer of Cook County. He
was a Royal Arch Mason, having been a member of the order for
forty-three years. On November 19, 1857, he married Henrietta
Minchrod and they became the parents of nine children as follows :
Abraham, Joseph, Isaac, Jacob, Clara, Bertha, Sarah, and two
daughters, Pauline and Flora, who died young.
Of these children, Isaac was reared in this country and re-
ceived a good education. On October 8, 1889, he married Minnie
Dahens and they have four children — William, Laura, Ben and
Earl. Mr. Blum is a Republican and has spent much of his adult
life in the service of the International Harvester company and its
predecessors. He has represented them on the road and is an expert
in his department. He resides at Palatine.
Edward Schwarz, recognized as one of the foremost wood en-
gravers of the city, was born in Chicago on March 27, 1880, a son
of Frank and Meta (Schultz) Schwarz. The father was a native
of Prussia, but in order to better his circumstances immigrated to
America when a young man, and locating in Chicago, worked at
his trade of pattern making. Edward Schwarz has always made
Chicago his home. Educated in the public schools he early took
up the study of wood engraving from an artistic and commercial
point of view and after serving four years as an apprentice worked
for a time for the Chicago Engraving company. The first six
months of his apprenticeship were passed without any pay whatever,
and the succeeding six months he received pay at the rate of one
dollar per week. After each remaining six months of his apprentice-
ship his wages were advanced one dollar per week. After his first
Vol. 11—48.
806 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
employment he secured a position with the firm of J. Manz & Com-
pany with whom he continued for three years ; then for short periods
was connected with other firms. Previous to this he had decided to
go into business for himself as soon as Circumstances warranted
and accordingly, in 1906, he opened his own studio. In 1909 he
moved to his present location in the Isabella building. Mr. Schwarz
has been an earnest and a close student of his art, especially as ap-
plied to commercial pursuits, and his success is the result of knowl-
edge and industry.
William Senne, a representative of one of the pioneer families
of Cook County, was born at Plum Grove, January 2, 1866. His
parents, Fred and Frederica (Roper) Senne, were natives of Han-
over, Germany. About the year 1831 they sailed to America and
coming to the frontier, entered land from the government at what
is now known as Plum Grove. Two years later they moved to the
farm now owned by the subject of this sketch where they resided
until their respective deaths. William Senne was brought up on
his father's farm, his boyhood days being passed in such work as
was required of him and in attending the district schools. In 1891
he assumed charge of the old home place where he now resides.
In politics he is a firm believer in the principles of the Republican
party and for many years has served his district as school director.
On October 18, 1891, he was united in marriage with Miss Louise
Homier and to this union four sons have been born, named, William,
Edward, Arthur and George. The family attend worship at the
German Lutheran Church in Plum Grove.
Mark G. Harris, president of Mark G. Harris & Company, located
at 375-383 Fifth avenue, is a native of the State of Illinois, born
August 4, 1863, in Newark, Kendall county, a son of Isaac and
Rachel Harris. He was educated in the Foster and high schools of
Chicago, and in 1883 began his business career at Joliet, engaging
in the merchant tailoring business. He was awarded first prize
gold medal for superior cut and fit of garments at the convention
of the Custom Foreman Tailors' Association of America, held at
Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1891. He was also awarded first prize at the
Illinois Merchant Tailors' and Garment Designers' convention, held
at Chicago the same year. He was chairman of the Will County
Democratic central committee for three years and was a member
of the Joliet city council for six years as alderman from the Second
ward. March 1, 1894%, he was appointed postmaster of Joliet by
President Cleveland and at the expiration of his term the business
men of Joliet presented him with a diamond charm inscribed "Joliet's
Best Postmaster." He took an evening course at the Chicago Col-
lege of Law and in June, 1897, was admitted to the bar. In October,
1900, Mr. Harris engaged in the wholesale tailoring business in
Chicago in the firms of Calumet Woolen Company and Gold Medal
Tailors, being vice-president and manager of both until January,
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 807
1904, when the two above firms consolidated under the style of Mark
G. Harris & Company, Gold Medal Tailors, Mr. Harris being presi-
dent and manager. He patented the Mark G. Harris front, shoulder
and sleeve head and is the author of the Mark G. Harris describing
method and the Mark G. Harris cutting chart. Mr. Harris is a life
member of Joliet Lodge No. 296, B. P. O. E-, of which order he
was elected exalted ruler for two terms. He resides at 4236 Grand
Boulevard, Chicago.
William Jenson is of Danish descent and was born in Chicago,
August 14, 1875. His father, N. P. Jenson, is a cabinet maker and
in 1867 came to America and Chicago, accompanied by his wife,
Annie Jenson. Their son William, the subject of this review, re-
ceived his early education in the public schools of his native city,
later taking, for three years, a night course in a commercial college
and a two years course at the Chicago College of Law. In July,
1890, he began his business career as clerk for the abstract company
which was succeeded by the Chicago Title & Trust company, and here
he remained two years. He then entered the employ of James H. Van
Vlissingen, engaged in the real estate and loan business, and was thus
engaged for five years. He next became connected with the firm
of Haberer & Del fosse, real estate dealers, in the capacity of mana-
ger and here he remained for a period of three years. He then
formed a partnership with W. C. Regelin, under the firm name of
Regelin & Jenson, doing a general business in real estate, loans and
insurance. They first located at 119 La Salle street but one year
later, on account of their big increase in business, removed to their
present location in the Reaper block. They also have branch offices
at Sheridan Park, Buena Park and Logan Square. Mr. Jenson
has traveled extensively throughout the United States, Cuba, Can-
ada and Europe. He is vice-president of the Ravenswood club
and one of the charter members of the Rotary club. He also is
identified with the Royal Arcanum, Royal League and the Masonic
fraternity, being a member of St. Bernard Commandery and of the
Shrine. In his political views he is a Republican and in religion a
member of the Evangelical Church. In June, 1890, he was united
in marriage with Mabel M. Spiarr, and their residence is at 5546
Magnolia avenue.
Edward C. Waller was born in Kentucky, November 21, 1845,
and is a son of Henry and Sarah B. (Langhorne) Waller. The
father was born in Frankfort, Ky., was a son of William S. Waller
and was a graduate of West Point. He became eminent as a member
of the bar and was prominent as a Whig and a supporter of Henry
Clay. He was a member of the Kentucky legislature. He came to
Chicago in 1855, continued the practice of law and was regarded
as one of the ablest members of the bar.
Edward C. Waller received his primary education in Kentucky,
before reaching the age of fifteen years, afterward in Chicago. In
808 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
1866 he began on his own account an independent business in real
estate and has continued the same until the present time — a period of
nearly forty years. He is one of the oldest members of the Chicago
Real Estate Board. In a large measure the Rookery building was
the result of his suggestions and plans. He is president of the North
American Accident Insurance company and secretary and treasurer
of the Central Safety Deposit company. His office is in the Rookery
building and his residence at River Forest.
Frank Hahn, of the firm of Hahn Brothers, was born November
27^1877, a son of Gustave and Lottie (Kospinsky) Hahn, who were
natives of eastern Prussia. The father died in 1883, but the mother
is now living in Chicago at the age of seventy years. Frank Hahn,
the subject of this sketch, received a common, practical education,
and after coming to America, located in Chicago and in 1895 estab-
lished himself in the laundry business at 217 (old number) West
North avenue. He subsequently bought the lot at 3527 West North
avenue, on which he caused to be erected a modern 41x120 foot,
two-story building, especially adapted for laundry purposes. This
is the only modern, up-to-date laundry in the city of Chicago west
of Humboldt Park. Associated with him in business is his brother,
Gustave Hahn, and the firm of Hahn Brothers is among the first
of their line of business in the city today.
Dr. Nathan S. Davis. Perhaps no other man of the medical
profession has been more widely known or more highly honored
than was Dr. Davis. Probably no one exerted a like influence in
bringing into intimate relation and fraternal fellowship the leading
members of the medical profession in this country. The powerful
organization known as the American Medical association has done
more to secure this result than all other influences combined, and
to him as to no other it is indebted for its organization and suc-
cessful development. It would require a volume to give adequate
expression to the work which he accomplished. Our limits only
permit a brief outline of his life and labors.
He was born in Chenango county, New York, in 1817. Until he
was 16 years old he labored on his father's farm and had the
educational advantages of the common district school. Although
. the youngest of seven children, such was his love of books that he
was permitted to attend the Cazenovia Academy, then in the zenith
of its prosperity, and from which so many eminent men entered
public life. He commenced the study of medicine at the early age
of seventeen years, under the supervision of Dr. Daniel Clark, one
of the most prominent physicians in his native county. He attended
his first course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Sur-
geons in New York City during the winter of 1834-35. In the
spring of '35 he registered with Dr. Thomas Jackson, one of the
leading physicians in Binghamton, New York, and graduated at
Fairfield in 1837, when he was not yet twenty-one years old. The
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 809
same year he opened an office in Binghamton and in 1838 was hap-
pily married to Miss Anna Maria, daughter of Hon. John Parker
of Vienna, New York. He was soon elected a member of Brown
County Medical society, and was an officer continuously in that
organization until he removed from the county. In 1842 he was
appointed to represent the county in the New York State Medical
society and took his seat in that body in Albany in February, 1844.
At this first meeting with the state society he offered a series of
resolutions having for their object the securing of a higher stan-
dard of medical education, and so ably did he advocate that at the
next annual meeting, in 1845, the following resolution presented by
him was adopted, to-wit : "Resolved, That the New York Medical
society earnestly recommend a national convention of delegates
from medical societies and colleges in the whole Union to convene
in the city of New York on the first Tuesday in May, 1846, for the
purpose of adopting some concerted action on the subject set forth
in the preamble." The resolution was adopted, and a committee
appointed to carry out the purpose of the resolution, of which Dr.
Davis was made chairman. As the result of extended correspond-
ence, a large and influential meeting was held in New York City
in 1846 representing nearly every State in the Union. At this
meeting committees were appointed to perfect a permanent organ-
ization. The meeting adjourned to meet in Philadelphia the fol-
lowing year. At that meeting the committees reported, plans were
duly perfected, and the American Medical Association was organ-
ized. By reason of the arduous labors in organization and later
development, by common consent Dr. Davis has been recognized
as the "father" of the association. In 1847 he removed from Bing-
hamton to New York City and became connected with the College
of Physicians and Surgeons. While thus connected and also en-
gaged in private practice, he still found time to edit the medical
journal called The Analyst. In 1849 he accepted a call to the chair
of physiology and general pathology in Rush Medical college, and
came to reside in Chicago in the fall of that year.
At the close of his first course of lectures in Rush Medical college
he was transferred to the chair of principles and practice of medicine
and of clinical medicine. He occupied this position for ten years.
When the medical department of Lind university was organized in
1859 he resigned to accept a like position in that institution.
Though not present at the organization of the Illinois State Medi-
cal society, he was elected a member and rarely through all the
successive years until the time of his death was he absent from
its annual meetings. He was elected its president in 1855,
and for twelve consecutive years served as its secretary. Whether
in local, State or national society, his labors were alike con-
spicuous and helpful. He wielded the pen of a ready writer,
and his productions were able, terse and convincing. In 1855 he
had become the leading editor of the Chicago Medical Journal, and
810 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
held that position until 1859. In 1860 he began the publication
of a new journal named the Medical Examiner, and continued
the same until 1873, when it became the property of the Medical
Publication Society and was merged with the Chicago Medical
Journal with the two names united.
When in 1853 it was determined by the American Medical as-
sociation to journalize its transactions and issue them weekly, Dr.
Davis was by common consent chosen editor of the journal. He
gave to it a vast amount of personal attention until it was success-
fully and permanently established. At the eighth International
Medical Congress held in Copenhagen in 1884, it was voted to hold
its next session in Washington, District of Columbia, in 1887. In
the preparation for the meeting the arduous work of the general sec-
retary rested upon Dr. Davis. While in the midst of the labors inci-
dent to this responsible position, Prof. Austin Flint, Sr., the presi-
dent-elect of the coming congress, suddenly died, and Dr. Davis was
at once called to that position. In the furtherance of its interests
he visited England and held extended correspondence with most
of the principal men in Europe who were specially interested in the
congress. The congress at Washington was an eminent success.
Dr. Davis presided over its deliberations with conspicuous ability.
It is hardly needful to say that he was closely identified with the
educational, moral and philanthropic institutions of the city when-
ever in civic relations his influence could be felt. He was one of
the founders of the Northwestern university and one of its most
influential trustees until his death. In the Union Law school of
Chicago he held the chair of medical jurisprudence. He gave
years of time to the management of the Washingtonian Home for
the reclamation of inebriates. He was also one of the founders
of the Chicago Historical society, the Academy of Sciences and of
the Chicago Microscopical society. During his years of collegiate
instruction be found time to publish his extended work on the
"Principles and Practice of Medicine," in which his teachings are
concisely embodied. Early in life he set himself to the accomplish-
ment of three important purposes. The first was the organization
of an American Medical association which should unify the medical
profession of the entire Union. The second was the founda-
tion of a medical college in which a graded course of instruction
should be inaugurated. The third was the publication of a text
book upon the "Principles and Practice of Medicine." Each of
these in due time he lived to see realized.
Personally Dr. Davis, though slight in form, was a man of al-
most unparalleled endurance, which, with intense adherence to his
convictions, coupled with untiring industry, made him eminently
successful in the accomplishment of his purposes. He was a man
of strong religious convictions and an active member of the Meth-
odist Episcopal church, and one of its most constant attendants.
His home relations were ideal. Until almost the last he continued
HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY 811
his daily visits to his office. When at last he fell asleep his loving
family was at his side. He died June 16, 1904, aged 87 years.
Dr. William H. Byford was a native of Easton, Ohio, where he
was born May 21, 1817. When he reached the age of 9 years his
father died, whereupon he became an apprentice to a tailor in Pales-
tine, but completed his apprenticeship at Vincennes, Indiana. Al-
most from his start in life he designed to study medicine, and upon
reaching a suitable age, knowing the importance of a liberal educa-
tion, he not only perfected himself in the English language but
also in the Greek and Latin classics.
He began the study of medicine under Dr. Joseph Matteson of
Vincennes, and so rapid was his progress he passed the necessary
examination and at the end of eighteen months was granted a cer-
tificate by the examining board. He hung out his shingle at Vin-
cennes, Indiana, and there remained for two years, when he be-
came a partner of Dr. Hezekiah Hammond of Mount Vernon,
Indiana. In 1844 Dr. Byford still further increased his medical
knowledge and usefulness by special lectures at the Ohio Medical
college, from which he received his medical degree. In 1850 he
accepted the chair of anatomy in the Evansville college, and a year
later was promoted to that of theory and practice of medicine. In
1857 he became one of the vice-presidents of the American Medical
association, and the same year accepted the chair of obstetrics and
diseases of children in Rush Medical college.
In 1859 he became connected with the medical department of
Lind university. Dr. Byford was the originator of many reforms in
practice. He was the founder of gynecology as a specialty in Chi-
cago. He first projected a woman's hospital in 1865, to which he
afterward devoted much time and means. In 1876 he assisted in
organizing the American Gynecological association and was one of
its first vice-presidents, becoming later its president. He distin-
guished himself as writer on medical subjects. In 1875 he became
editor-in-chief of the Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner,
which he conducted for a number of years. He published many
works on private diseases, several of which passed through a series
of editions. His writings were based wholly upon his own wide
and observant experiences. At the zenith of his career, he passed
away.
Christian Fenger was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1840
and in that city graduated in medicine in 1867. Succeeding his
graduation he served as assistant in Meyer's Ear Clinic and later
as an interne for two years in the Royal Fredericks hospital. He
then began a private practice in Copenhagen and thus continued
until the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war, in which struggle
he served as surgeon in the International Ambulance association.
At the end of the war he returned to Copenhagen and for three
years was prosector of the City Hospital, in which there were
about one thousand beds. His thesis on "Cancer of the Stomach"
812 HISTORY OF COOK COUNTY
prepared for the purpose of securing a lectureship in the University
was successful and he received the appointment as lecturer on path-
ological anatomy. It should be said in this connection that as a
medical and surgical specialist on cancer he attained the highest
rank in the United States.
In 1875 he went to Egypt and there continued to practice his
profession with the highest success. He became a member of the
Sanitary Council of Alexandria, but in 1860 he removed to Cairo,
where he served by special appointment under the khedive. Ill
health obliged him to leave Egypt and in 1877 he located in Chi-
cago. Here his reputation was still further enhanced. In clinical
surgery particularly he attained the highest distinction. He was
connected with the Northwestern Medical school and occupied the
chair of surgery in Chicago's Polyclinic. He was also surgeon-in-
chief of the German hospital for many years and was attending
surgeon at the Passavant Memorial hospital and consulting sur-
geon at some half dozen other hospitals of this city. He was an
active member and at one time was vice-president of the American
Surgical association and was identified prominently and conspicu-
ously with many other medical societies and organizations. Durim
his practice in Chicago he was consulted as a specialist by hundreu:-
of physicians and surgeons throughout the country who desired
the benefit of his marvelous examinations and splendid medical
judgment.
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